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A GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BENGALEE LANGUAGE. 
 
 / 
 
A 
 
 G R A M M A 11 
 
 of THE 
 
 BENGALEE LANGUAGE. 
 
 THE FOURTH EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. 
 
 By W. CAREY, D. D. 
 
 Professor of the Sc/ngskr/t.^ and Bengalee Lafignagcs^ 
 in the College of Fort Williajm. 
 
 PRiNTEU AT THE MI5;S10N PRESS, 
 
 1818, 
 
1 
 
PREFACE 
 
 to 
 
 THE THIRD EDITION. 
 
 BENGAL, as the seat of the British government in India, 
 and the centre of a great part of the commerce of the East, must 
 be viewed as a country of very great importance. Its soil is fertile, 
 its population great, and the necessary intercourse subsisting be- 
 tween its inhabitants and those of other countries who visit its 
 ports, is rapidly increasing. A knovvledge of the language of this 
 country must therefore be a very desirable object. 
 
 The pleasure which a person feels in being able to converse upon 
 any subject with those who have occasion to visit him, is very 
 great. Many of the natives of this country, who are conversant 
 with Europeans, are men of great respectability, well informed 
 upon a variety of subjects both commercial and literary, and able 
 to mix in conversation with pleasure and advantage. Indeed, 
 husbandmen, labourers, and people in the lowest stations, are 
 often able to give that information on local affairs which every 
 friend of science would be proud to obtain. The pleasure and 
 advantage, therefore, of free conversation with all classes of peo- 
 ple, will amply repay any person for the labour of acquiring thp 
 language. 
 
 An ability to transact business, and inspect all the minutiae, 
 of mercantile concerns, without the intervention of an interpre- 
 ter, must be an object of importance to- every one engaged in 
 
 
vl PREFACE. 
 
 such undertakings : and in the important concerns of a:\'r»inis^ 
 terin^ justice, collecting the revenues, and preventing impo^'itions 
 and misunderstandings in all the common affairs of life, the dis- 
 advantages to \Nhith every one i% subject who is ignorant of the 
 language, not only plejd in favour of the study thereof, but 
 strongly mark, the necessity of acijuiring it. 
 
 A benevolent man feels much pleasure in making enquiries in- 
 to, and relieving the distresses, of other?. But in a foreign coun- 
 try he must be unable to do this, to his own satisfaction, so long 
 as he is unacquainted with the current language of the coantry ; 
 for should he attempt to do it through the medium of servants, 
 he would not only be liable to innumerable impositions, but his 
 kind intentions must be frequently rendered abortive by the ig- 
 norance or inattention of those to whom the management there- 
 of is committed. 
 
 The advantac;es of being able to communicate useful knowledge 
 to the heathens, with uhom we liave a daily intercourse ; to point 
 out their mistakes ; and to impress upon them sentiments of mo- 
 rality and religion, are confess dly very important. Indeed, the 
 high gratification which must arise from aj« ability to contribute 
 in any degree to the happiness of a body of people supposed to 
 be equal to the whole population of Great Britain, can scarcely 
 fail of recommending the more general study of the Bengalee, a 
 language w hich is spoken from the Bay of Bengal in the south, 
 to the mountains of P-ootan iii the north, and from the borders 
 of Ramgur to Araka-i. 
 
 It has been supposed by some, lliat a knowledge of the H/n- 
 drtosthanee language is sufficient for every purpose of business in 
 any part of India. This idea is very far from correct ; for though 
 it be admitted, that persons may be found in e>ery part of India 
 who speak that language, yet Hnidoosthanee is almost as much a 
 imL\gu language, in all tlie countries of India, except those to the 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 north-west of Bengal, which may be called Hmdoosthan proper, 
 as the French is in the other countries of Europe. In all the 
 courts of justice in Bengal, and most probably in every other part 
 of India, the poor usually give their evidence in the dialect of 
 that particular country, and seldom understand any other; which 
 is also usually the case with the litigating parties. 
 
 In Bengal all bonds, leases, and other agrt^ements, or instru- 
 ments, are generally written in the current language ; and the 
 greater part of those persons with whom a European is concern- 
 ed, especially in the collection of the revenue, and in commercial 
 undertakings, speak no other: to this may be added, that, with a 
 few exceptions, those wlio have a smattering of H/ndoosthanee, 
 speak it too imperfectly to express their sentiments with preci* 
 sion. 
 
 The Bengalee may be considered as more nearly allied to the 
 Szingskr/ta than any of the other languages of India ; for though 
 it contains many words of Persian and Arabic origin, yet four 
 fifths of the words in the language are pure Swngskr/ta. Words 
 may be compounded with such facility, and to so great an extent 
 in Bengalee, as to convey ideas with the utmost precision, a cir- 
 cumstance which adds much to its copiousness. On these, and 
 many other accounts, it may be esteemed one of the most expres- 
 sive and elegant languages of the East. 
 
 Since the first and second editions of this work were publish- 
 ed, the writer has had an opportunity of studying this language 
 with more attention, and of examining its structure more closely 
 than he had done before. The result of his studies he has endea- 
 voured to give in the following pages, which, on account of the 
 variations from the former editions, may be esteemed a new work. 
 
 W. CAREY. 
 
 SeramporCf March ^ 1818. 
 
 ri 
 
A GRAMMAR, &c. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Of Letters, 
 
 THERE are fifty letters (otj?) in the Bengalee Alphabet, of 
 which thirty-four are consonants (^T^i^,, and sixteen vowels .5?,. 
 
 COl^SONANTS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ?t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 ka* 
 
 kha 
 
 
 ga 
 
 
 gha 
 
 gnoo'a 
 
 •E 
 
 ' ^ 
 
 
 ^ - ' 
 
 
 ?f 
 
 ^ 
 
 cha 
 
 chha 
 
 ja 
 
 
 jha 
 
 gnee'a 
 
 ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■& 
 
 ei 
 
 ta 
 
 Xha 
 
 
 da 
 
 
 dha 
 
 na 
 
 « 
 
 -il 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 ta 
 
 tha 
 
 
 da 
 
 
 dha 
 
 na - 
 
 ^ 
 
 TT 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 35 
 
 pa 
 
 pha 
 
 
 ba 
 
 
 bha 
 
 ma 
 
 tr 
 
 ? 
 
 
 ?;! 
 
 
 ■z. 
 
 — 
 
 ja 
 
 va 
 
 
 la 
 
 
 ha 
 
 — - 
 
 «J 
 
 H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 sha 
 
 sha 
 
 
 sa 
 VOWELS. 
 
 
 ha 
 
 khy'a 
 
 tsj 
 
 
 311 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 it 
 
 \ 
 
 ee 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 « 
 
 - 
 
 « 
 
 00 
 
 
 od 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 ree 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 >2J. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 
 lee 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 vSI»» 
 
 
 SIS 
 
 
 
 
 o\v 
 
 
 ung 
 
 
 oh 
 
 * In repeating the alphabet, the short inherent vowel has the sound of 
 aw, but is sounded much shorter v/hen the letters are formed into words. 
 See remarks on the sounds of the letters. 
 
 t Italic letters must always be pronounced short in giving the sounds of 
 
 Bengalee words, 
 
 B 
 
^ B£.NGALF.E GRAMMli:. 
 
 1. Tin first five classes of letters arc caikii ^>it?, (bi'ion^inj 
 to a class) from ^sf, n clms^ and an tively denominated ^- 
 
 ^^f', TJ-liTj^-T.r', :5-T.., and«1-T:T'. from the fir'.t letter of each ( 
 The other T>>np lrttrr«; nrr" rallrd 3IT9f't'^. or niisccllanrous. 
 
 C. The'first and third letter^ of each class are un.u'.irnt-(| 
 (3i^'"Mi) ; the second and fourth iire aspirated (^TTtJ^i). »«ini die 
 1.! ' ofcacli class is a nasal (^rr^^tfR??). 
 
 Tlio vowels are short C"^), as "JT, "?, 8, *, ^) ; or long 
 (TCt^), as ;sr, ir, d, «, I. 
 
 I ii^y are a!;o biuuKir ("' '' as ^ uiiu vxi, q^ ui;d ^, ^ and 
 'S, 3t and ft, and ^> a d !^ ; or lii i" 31 anil "$, "f 
 
 and S, « and -3^ 5:c. viz. every Yowel lar t( :Mid to 
 
 its correspond'M - lond- or sliort vowel, and. ccnsequrntly, dissimi- 
 lar to all otli.io. 
 
 5. 11, ?, 5lj ^, a ia :, arc th; . 1 -vuMcls, and ^, ^, *<, ^' and 
 31 are the nasals. 
 
 G. 1 lie livecia-'SCS are so arrunijod that every letter in tlie same 
 class is pronounced with the same organ,?, e. the ^-Ta are guttur- 
 als, the ^--Jcsf palatines, the t-Tif Unguals, the "S-T^ dentals, and 
 the 'l-^-.f l:il)iali. T'lc (»t!ir>r r'»n=:r>rinr>t« and th'"" vmrrls ;irt < la=.- 
 iiLcl wiiu tiie "I^Vli iCiLc:":> nt lo.luui : 
 
 ^. J, or (.;i.iu!.ii.'. ; i: u; uj -5; <? .if jr ^ "S. 
 
 '■ '^7, or P.i iT ^ ST 3S ?F ^ ** J ^ TI. 
 
 3;^fJ,* or Linmial" r^f^ti^TH?!!. 
 
 >3tT, or T..'il)iais :«d»tir?«3T7l-^^. 
 
 • '1 liis word properly »igj»itic> hi-iui ItlUrs ; thoy have bccu gcucrnily 
 call- <l cru I 
 
 t Acrordinf to "omc, tlil* letter i •* dental and foinotimcs In- 
 
 bial) it is tl. in»<rted ai» bclv. loi butli org:.uis. 
 
Oy LETTKRS. 2 
 
 On the Pronimciation (SFt?-0 of the 'Letters. 
 
 55 sounds exactly as the English k. 
 
 ^ is the same letter aspirated. The sound will be best express- 
 ed by t\\^i junction of k and h in the English word bric/:./iouse. 
 
 •st is g liard as in gate. 
 
 ^. The same letter aspirated, like g-iriti lo^-Aousc. 
 
 'S. This letter is seldom used in its simple state, but is com- 
 monly compounded with another letter, as % ngkrt. 
 
 U, ^, The first of these letters is ch, as in c/zurch; the other is 
 sounded with an aspirate, as chh in muc/i /laste. In the southern 
 parts of Bengal both of them have a soynd resembling that of s. 
 
 :ST, ^. Are j and its corresponding aspirated lettor; these are 
 often, though improperly, pronounced like z and its aspirate. The 
 proper sound is expressed by j in^'ust, and ge-h in CoUeo-e-Aall. 
 
 vip is very seldom used, unless compounded with another letter, 
 as % njrt. 
 
 ^, i The English t and its corresponding aspirated letter. The 
 aspirated letter must never be pronounced as ih in thesa, but like 
 the t-h in peni-/iouse. 
 
 ^, ^. The English d and its corresponding aspirated letter.. The 
 sound of the latter is expressed by the d and h in olJ-/;ouse. 
 AYhen written with a dot under them thus, 3, f, they are pro- 
 nounced as a liucrual r and rh. 
 
 *»' 
 
 a| h.is t'iiQ same sound as n. 
 
 B 2 
 
4 BEN'GALF.E GRAMMAR. 
 
 ^, li. Thp dental t and Its rorr^cpondinw aspirated letter. The 
 sound of the fir.-.t of these letters is expressed in the provincial 
 pronunciation of butter in Yorkshire. 
 
 K, t. The dental d and its corresponding aspirated letter. 
 
 f is pronounced as the English n. 
 
 *t, TT. P and its corresponding; aspirated letter. The aspirated 
 letter is pronounced likeph in hj^;Aazard ; and sometimes, though 
 corruptly, like f. 
 
 7, o, ai. B and its aspirate, and m. 
 
 H. This letter is properly the consonant y, but is pronounced 
 like j, and sometimes, though improperly, like z. \N ith a dot 
 under it thus,?, and when compounded with a consonant, it ex- 
 presses the sound of y. 
 
 ?, RT, T. The two first of these letters are r and 1. The last is 
 properly v or w. When nut compounded, it is always pronounc- 
 ed as h ; when compounded with another consonant it has the 
 sound of w. 
 
 "t, B, 7^. The natives make little or no distinction between these 
 letters, though they belong to ditl'erent organs. The two tirst 
 
 ought to be pronounc(>d nearly like sh, and the last like s. 
 
 T is the English h. 
 
 % is comjiounded of 3P and H, but gcncr.iily sounded like an 
 a5piratcd k, with ya following it. 
 
OP LETTERS. 5 
 
 'SI* sounds like aw at the beginning of a word, and generally 
 like the short u in bwtter in the middle. It often, howeYer, ap- 
 proaches to the sound of o in bottle. 
 
 311 sounds as a in father. This is accounted the long sound of 
 the preceding letter. 
 
 :t, ^. The first of these letters sounds like i in hzs or him. The 
 last like ee in sweet. 
 
 s, ^. The first of these letters sounds like oo in good; the last 
 like 00 iniooze. 
 
 2iy %5 are pronounced as n in r/ch, and ree in reed. 
 
 ;>, %. The first is pronounced as li in little ; the last like lee in 
 leek. 
 
 >3, 4. The first of these letters sounds like a in name, the other 
 like i in t/;ne. 
 
 .3, v^. The sound of the first is that of o in cold ; the other that 
 of ow in owl. 
 
 "•j s. The first of these characters is called wnooswz^r, and 
 sounds like ung ; the other is called biswrga, and is pronounced 
 like uh, ending very abruptly. 
 
 * In expressing the vowels by English letters the following sounds are 
 to be adliered to : 
 
 a sounds like a in father. 
 
 e - - like a in name, fame. 
 
 i - - like i in his, him. 
 
 i - - like 1 in time. 
 
 o - - like o in robe. 
 
 M - - like u in hut, hut. 
 
 00 - - like 00 in good. 
 
 00 - - like 00 in rood. 
 
 y - - like y in you. This letter never has the souud of a vowel. 
 
6 BilNGALLE GRAMMAi:. 
 
 JrTCTION 11. 
 
 Of Compounding Letters. 
 
 Tiir ■ ■" 1 -^' ;, iuhcicut in every con'-!>na'» • •• htnevc 
 fore, a tou^oiuiii is followed by any other Iciur, mat leut*r laust 
 be represeuted by a symbol which will occupy the place of the iu- 
 herent >owel. Exam, ^^ must not be pronounctil kr but k///, 
 and ^ nuibt not be pronounced k'«, but kwrrt. To express ki 
 and ki<.', M'C must "write Vf and 2?. This luark undpr n l.tt r c\n~ 
 notes that the inherent vomt! is suppressed. 
 
 Consonants may be compounded \s\{\\ vowels or ^^ith conso- 
 nants. The compound letter thus formed is called irsi1 or Try 3:^Tr. 
 
 Of Compounding a Co;:^nrm:f rr^'fh n I'aicel. 
 
 1. A consonant when compouudcu ^ith a vowel always pre- 
 cedes it. 
 
 'J. Tlic vowel 31 b;.ing included in every consonant lias iiu 
 representative mark, it being sufficient to write the consonant. 
 Exam. ^, kuy ^i, kh«. 
 
 3. Tlic oti.er vowels are represented by the following sym- 
 bols : 
 
 la. 
 hi. 
 hrr. 
 
 vj . - . - ;r - - - boo. 
 
 be. 
 - - bi. 
 
 bo. 
 
 bou. 
 
 Vowel. 
 
 Symbol. 
 
 Conjpo 
 
 ;sii 
 
 - -t 
 
 - 
 
 t - 
 
 - f 
 
 1- 
 
 «r - 
 
 i 
 
 ••I 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 f 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 • a 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 U 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 <1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 c^\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 • 
 
 M 
 
 n 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 (-0 
 
ni 
 
 OF LETTEPvS. - 7 
 
 4. Every consonant mr^y take a vowel after it in the above 
 aniisr. Exam, 'pe, k« ; 9?t, gee ; (K, de ; (X% ho. 
 
 5. The consonant with its annexed vowel is esteemed one let- 
 ter or rather syllable, an \ is pronounced as such. Exan. 1% is 
 not to, be read kw-z, but k/. The junction of a consonant with a 
 Towel is called ^In't^, or f^V^ n!jfi1. 
 
 Of Compounding Consonants. 
 
 T>v J or more consonants may be joined so as to be pronounc- 
 ed without an intervening vowel. There are eleven regular forms 
 of compounding consonants, viz. 
 
 G. Ky«-pho]a, or the junction of ? with a preceding consonant. 
 This is pronounced like y following the consonant,^ and is express- 
 ed by this character J. Exam. 'PJ, ^1., ?f7, ^J; pronounced ky«, 
 Wiya^ gyU) ghj«j with the y sounded as in ^ou. 
 
 7. Krf/-phola, or the junction of li with a preceding conso- 
 nant. This is expressed by subjoined, fe.;.^. ^j ^, ^, ^, kr«, 
 khrf/, grr/j ghr«. 
 
 8. Kna-phola is ^ subjoined. Exam. W, -t, ^•) !■? knfz, khna, 
 gna, ghn«. 
 
 9. K^a-phola is ^ subjoined. Exam. ^, ^, % 1, kl^?, khla, 
 gla, ghi«. 
 
 10. Kwa-phola is ^ subjoined. Ej:a,7i. ^, ^, kw«. khw«. This 
 is generally, though improperly, \j onounced as if the consonant 
 ■were doubled: thus, 'p.'^l^, generally pronounced n/shshas, 
 
 should be pronounced nzshwas. 
 
 11. Km«-phola is 3r subjoined. Exam. ^, ^, kra«, khmrt. 
 This compound has two sounds, the one, which occurs when com- 
 bined with ^5 is very simple, as li'^n, junm« ; the other is a com- 
 pound sound, as in ^t^l^ ^i^, which cannot be expressed, by Eng- 
 lish letters. 
 
8 ncvGXLr.E grammvti. 
 
 12. Ki7-[)'»ola i«; 9 subjoin.^fl. It i^ expressed bj thi^ cha- 
 racter^. Exam. ^, -W, krf, klir/'. 
 
 13. Kl/-phola, or ^ subjoined. Exam. ?, ^, kl/, khl/. This 
 conipouiul is s( Mom used. 
 
 14. Aik«-phola is the mark ^,'siibstitut'd for? placed over 
 a consonant. In this compound the vr mui.t be pronounced fust. 
 Exam. K^, (.\uvpa. 
 
 15. Each nasat may be compounded with all the letters of its 
 own class, and with no other ; except that "S is compounded with 
 all the 33^^i"t?, or miscellaneous letters. The compounds thus 
 formed are called i7nk(7-phoIa. 
 
 N. B. The nasal is the first member of these compounds, which 
 are thirty-threej viz. 
 
 ni^ka 
 
 n;^kha 
 
 
 iigha 
 
 1 
 
 nc!m 
 
 nclilia 
 
 
 njliff 
 
 9 
 
 nta 
 
 lUliii 
 
 3 
 nd(i 
 
 ndlia 
 
 nna 
 
 nla 
 
 iitha 
 
 
 nUha 
 
 nna 
 
 W 
 nip (I 
 
 iii|)lia 
 
 niba 
 
 iiitilia 
 
 luiiia 
 
 IIJU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 ii;;!>iia 
 
 
 n:;llu 
 
 i 
 
 ii^kli> 
 
 10. 6<?ka-phola i>» the conjposition ol •'t, n, and ^ with other 
 letters of tiie same oi-an. It comprizes a few other comi)ounds, 
 making in all tliirt) -three, viz. 
 

 
 OF lETTERS. 
 
 
 « 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 -^ 
 
 1 
 
 ak'i 
 
 skha 
 
 dga 
 
 d^ha 
 
 ngstra 
 
 shcha 
 
 shchha 
 
 bja 
 
 bjha 
 
 grrya 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 3 
 
 f 
 
 "^ 
 
 sta 
 
 stha 
 
 bda 
 
 buha 
 
 shna 
 
 sta 
 
 stha 
 
 bda 
 
 bdha 
 
 hna 
 
 spa 
 
 3C 
 
 spha 
 
 dha 
 
 1- 
 dbha 
 
 hiiia 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 hia 
 
 hwa 
 
 
 hja 
 
 
 
 
 
 tslia 
 
 t 
 tsha 
 
 ,tsa 
 
 tha 
 
 
 
 
 17. All the letters may be doubled, as ?, J, «h. &c. When 
 an aspirated letter is doubled, the first member is changed for its 
 corresponding unaspirated letter, as 5, ^, &c. 
 
 18. Though 2J and ^i are vowels, yet their combinations ar& 
 reckoned among those of the consonants, and not in the baaan«^ 
 
 or combination of a consonant vvith a vowel. 
 
 19. The following are Contractions, some used for elegance^ 
 others for expedition : 
 
 3F kr«. 
 
 ^ \i.ta. 
 
 T[ kooo 
 
 % moo. 
 
 tta and too. It ought never to be used 
 
 for the latter. 
 
 ^ 
 
 goo. 
 
 ^ 
 
 shoo. 
 
 ^ 
 
 hoc. 
 
 ^ 
 
 tra. 
 
 o 
 
 ttra. 
 
 
 € 
 
10 DENCiALEE GHAMMAU. 
 
 ^r, hn. 
 
 "Sfj hra. 
 
 ^, 5, roo, TOO. 
 
 3^5 hn«- 
 
 V, hja. 
 
 T5, stoo. 
 
 ^5, strfl. 
 
 St, gdha. 
 
 ^, t. 
 
 251, shree. 
 
 '\, gi/nc§h, (the name of a Ilmdoo god.) 
 
 ty, eeshwuTU) or lord. 
 
 20. v4» this mark on the right side of a:iy letter signifies Ji if 
 turned upwards, and 5 if turned downwards. 
 
 21. * placed over a vowel, represents the nasal, which pro- 
 perly coalesces w ith the following consonant, and gives the letter 
 over "Nvhich it is placed a strong nasal sound. 
 
 N. B. Every one who wishes to learn the Bengalee language 
 should make himself perfectly acquainted with the characters and 
 their powers before he proceeds any further. A superficial know- 
 ledge of these generally occasions a vicious pronunciation, which 
 is with dilikulty corrected. 
 
OF SUBSTANTIVES. IX 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Of Words. 
 
 1. WORDS are divided into nouns, verbs, and indeclinable 
 particles. 
 
 2. Nouns are distinguished into ir<j^'t3^, substantives, or 
 names of things ; ?5oj^i-"^^, names of qualities, or adjectives ; and 
 vSi^grjTol ^^, imitative sounds. Some of these sounds are substan- 
 tives, others are adjectives, and others adverbs. 
 
 3. Substantives are further divided into '^tsiTi^^, proper names, 
 ^'tfs^t^'P, generic names, and 'Sl^^Ti-^'P, abstract nouns ; these 
 are of two sorts, viz. «1^^13:^, names of abstract ideas, and pF^ 
 Tf^sF, verbal nouns. 
 
 4. Nouns are also further distinguished into ^"tciRtls^, names 
 of animals, and ^^'tf^^tTS^, names of inanimate things. 
 
 5. The most useful distribution of words is into f3:r'^cj^ discri- 
 minating words, and prf-tHj, words to be discriminated ; the first 
 are adjectives, adverbs, &c. which express' the quality or circum- 
 stance of a thing or action, and the last the thing or action itself. 
 
 Of Substantives. 
 
 There are but two declensions of nouns ; the difference between 
 those ending with a consonant, and those ending with a vowel, 
 being too inconsiderable to require that a. distinction should be 
 made in their declension. 
 
 There are seven cases : the Nominative, Accusative, Instru= 
 mental, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Locative, which, an* 
 
 C 2 
 
12 BLNUALLE GRAMMAR. 
 
 swerin:; to the Sznigsknta cases, are placed in the same order as 
 in t!> .1 language. When merely enumerated thry are called ^niai, 
 the firsiy tW?, the iccviid, T5l9, tlic thuil, nj, the fourth, 
 '^'iJi, the/ijth. H5), the ii.ith, and ^^JT, the seventh. AVheii con- 
 sidered as in construction ^vith verbs, they are called 9i^, the 
 cgent ; 5J3jf, the object ; 3TH, the instrument; 'Tjtvt^r, the giving ; 
 S-ltTt'l, the icithclrauing ; '^■^'8. the connecting ; an J 3:f^^?.<, 
 the pcfsseising form. 
 
 6. There are two numbers, the singular (J^T^), aud the plural 
 (TTST^r^). Ej.am. ^Tn, o wan, ^r^Tl. 7ncn. 
 
 7. There are tliree genders (f^^) : tlic masculine (^^'T'^^), 
 the feminine (S^tf^lfr), and the neuter (^« or 'T'^'JTyf^fv.) 
 Exam. 't'FB, a mule, ^]f[, u zcoman, ^\^, knoicledzc. 
 
 8. In masculine a»id feminine nouns, the different case are 
 formed by aihxing the following inlbitivi; li'nnination> (f55f^ , 
 %vhich serve equally for the singular and |)!aial numbers, \\i, 
 for the Accusative c^, fur llie Instruineutal f3, for tlie Dative f?, 
 for thf Abhitive C3 or ^^C5, for thi' Possessive or (»enitive ?. 
 aiifl for the Locative «3 or C3. Tl» • ^ of the locative case never 
 follows a vowel. 
 
 0. If tlie word end in a consonant, «3 inu'<( b ' inserted before 
 the terminations, the accusative termination (.f, and the locative 
 J excepted : if tlie word ha\e a lin.il 3i, the inserted J and tliu 
 lo;alive termination ^ must occuj)y its place. Exam. aJ^rBJi3, /<v 
 a man. r^nn^. vi'in. T^^'nf. in a nnn. 
 
 The Dative is optionally made by c?, like the accusative. 
 Exam. ^t^TT?, or ^tT:??, tu a servant. 
 
 10. XI is optionally bubstituted for the lermiuatiou «a of the 
 
OF SUBSTAN'ilvES. 13 
 
 iocatiTe case^ when the word has a final ^1. Exam, f^^rt?, Pt^tc^^ 
 in the father. 
 
 11. The nominative plural is formed by affixing ?, or <rt^, to 
 the word ; ^ must be inserted before it unless the word have a 
 final vowel. Exam, vSC*^, or ^^'?t?l't^, horses ; 9f^?n, or st^?t^, 
 cows. 
 
 12. To make the plural, the syllable f^TT is inserted before the 
 terminations of all the cases except the nominative ; -^ must be 
 inserted after Ti^" in all cases, except when followed by the c^ of 
 the accusative, and the ^ of the locative case. Exam, trf^^^f^^t" 
 fo, bj/ servants / ^ti:Trfrpi-?ij:^. servants ; Kk^Tf^'^, among ser- 
 vants. , 
 
 13. ? is optionally inserted before the syllable f^?T. If the 
 word end in ^ or a consonant, -3 must be inserted t)efore <rwhen 
 thus introduced. Exam, r^^^f^r^tc?, ^l^rfK^?!!?:, to servants ; T^t^l? 
 t^?t^?5 ^■t7it[^:9tT?:, to female servants. 
 
 14. f^-Jt is optionally inserted in the genitive plural. Exam. 
 XW^TK^. ^^?(k^^, ot relations. 
 
 Oi? is optionally substituted for the inserted syllable fR9r in 
 the ablative and possessive plural. When this substitution takes 
 place in the possessive, the termination of the case is suppressed. 
 Exam. 3inTaj^^tv?^C^, or sj^^Hj^^tTt^^, from men ; 2r^HJ?:CK?r, 
 and 2l^Hjt^^?r7, men. 
 
 15. Words which in Sungskr/ta have a final '^'T, end in '^ in 
 the Bengalee language. The final long vowel of these words 
 
 becomes short Mhen the word is declined. Exam. ^\^S\^\f.^ a 
 commander^ ^sri^^lttc^, by a commander. 
 
A. 
 
 14 BEXGAr.T? r-RAMMAH. 
 
 'Example of n regular Noun. 
 
 Masc. or Fem. 
 
 Sinp. Pliir. 
 
 N- ^nnr, a dog, ?2T??n, li(^?1^, dogs. 
 
 Ac. :3nr?^^, dog. 5^?Tf^<?^T3», rfo«-.?. 
 
 J- ^rarnr^^, <^i/ a f/o^:r- 5f:TTf^f^^, bij dogs. 
 
 i>. •JT^^rr?, ^o a dog. T^"?Jfk(.'iUj^ to dogs. 
 
 ^[^^■^3, />7)/7/ a dog. \T^^J^<7^f.rs, from a (og. 
 
 P. rSTf??, a dog's. T$T??^^?, ^[Tr??t^<r?, c/o^s*. 
 
 O/' Neuter Noutis. 
 
 15. Neuter nouns hare no plural, unless they are personified. 
 In that case they lose their neuter signifiration, and b-Monie ei- 
 ther masculine or feminine. Exam, ^t^ 5^ 7C^?t^9!^ ^^1 ^f^, 
 (he abided man spoke to the trees. 
 
 The followiuT is an e\am;)le of th3 Declension of a noun with 
 a final vou'( 1. 
 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 
 Sinp:. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 N. 
 
 ^o , a lord. 
 
 *to^l, lords. 
 
 Ac, 
 
 . ^'-r.^. lord. 
 
 ^bdfHitrJy, lords. 
 
 I. 
 
 ^'^.'S, bu a lord. 
 
 2^!rficsU>5, hjj lords. 
 
 n. 
 
 ^ aC?, to a lord. 
 
 
 A. 
 
 Ca-^^^t'-^./rom a lord. 
 
 i^riifirTtr3,y>o//i lords. 
 
 W 
 
 ^■ojr, a li)) (is. 
 
 
 L. 
 
 •t|^3, /// (I lord. 
 
 ^■^f IHC^^, «/* yi u.viu//^' i'v/tU' 
 
 iVouns ending in ^ ar.3 dccliued thu.1 : 
 
OF SUBSTANTIVES. 15 
 
 Sing. 
 N. "pt^i, a father, 
 
 Ac. ^^tl^y father, 
 
 I. pt^tcs, bi/ a father. 
 
 D. fi^1r?, to a father. 
 
 A. ^^.-^^Ti^^t^'S, from a father. 
 
 P. fHTt^, father's. 
 L. "B^t?, pl^it^, m a father. 
 The plural as ^^. 
 
 17. Neuters are inflected by the following f^of>, or termina- 
 tions, viz. Instrumental «3, or 05 ; Dative ^5 or C5 ; Ablative «a, C^, 
 or TtC3 ; Possessive or Genitive 9 ; and Locative ^5 or C^. The 
 Accusative is the same as the Nominative. 
 
 Sing, and Piur. 
 N. JTi^, a hand. 
 Ac. T15) hand. 
 
 I. "5:113, and Tt'T^r^, % a hand. 
 D. "5:1^3, and ^13^3, to a hand. 
 A. "5:1:3, Tt^^z^, and 5l3^:t^, /ro;w a hand. 
 P. "^rtrs^, of a /zawf/. 
 L. ^3, and ^iT^rs^ 2?? a hand. 
 
 18. Common nouns are declined like masculines or feminines. 
 
 19. *=i, or *5Ti: is often affixed to neuter nouns, to express 
 the plural number : it is also sometimes inserted between the 
 noun and the inflection in masculines and feminines signifying 
 brute animals, to distinguish them as inferior to men. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 N. f1f?, a pot. 
 Ac. fifs, po^. 
 I. 'f'tffrs, by a pot. 
 D. ^^tfsr?; to a pot. 
 
IG revgalfe grammar. 
 
 A . 1* r '3 , a n d \ 'T^X^.^, from a pot. 
 P. t^-J^ofapof. 
 L. ftfjrs, in a put. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 N. 'if^^, rar///. 
 
 Ac. X r^^1, earth. 
 
 I. 3rfj;v-tr5, bj/ earth. 
 
 D. :fff^^T3, to earth. 
 
 A. 3if^»ti'3, arf^'?iir^7,//-6>wj earth. 
 
 P. :irfj»TT, qrtv//'///. 
 
 L. 3rfg;5Ftii, 3ifj;Ttl3, in earth. 
 
 > 0l)scrv(itinjis on the ?\()UJis. 
 
 20. Wh( n a p rsfui j;oes to a place by some particular road, 
 or through some town or other intermediate place, the participles 
 ^91, or t^:t^, are construct( d with the nouns instead of the ter- 
 mination of the third case. Exam, "st-pr ^.Trrs:'^? yfxil or t^^i 3Ff^ 
 ^t3.Ti c^t^Ji, / i:cnt brj or through Scrampore to Calcutta. 
 
 21. ^\'hen the means of accomplishing any thing is compared 
 in the mind to a wav, the instrumental is often expressed by the 
 pirticij)les f^?', or J^fTTrl. The simple instrumental noun is also 
 often ex[)rc.ssed in th'^ same manner. Exam. 3rtfir ^Tt^ntr Tt3 
 f^TTl ?Fr^Trtrn, / (tifl it :rith my oicn hand. ^STTpl C'^l^\ ^fiV '^^V 
 ^r..'^. hozc shall I do it .^ 
 
 22. When a il.ing is accomplished by means of sotip int ^rren- 
 inj^ circu*nstanre, or p t^^ou, the third case is optionally express- 
 ed by fftri, which is the S/zn^^kr/tr/ instmmental case of T*?, a 
 door. Eram. TTt?' or ^rtTT CTtJlt? 3I'?<;TT tt^^.f^, I obtained 
 ijourf(tV'>">- 'h rough him., or if. 
 
 26. When a thin;; is accomplished by some instrument, the 
 
©F SUBSTANTIVES. 17 
 
 third case is optionally expressed by compounding the word with 
 ^?W, a doing ; ^ must be affixed to this compouud. Exam, 3]tf« 
 ^^fjsi^^ej^ or <PcfiC3ir5 fsif^j / write with a pen, 
 
 24. The third case is used when an action is represented as 
 done by the agent of a passive verb; this sense is also expressed 
 by compounding the word with ^'j an agent ; ^ must be affixed 
 to this compound. Exam. ^^'Sf.jii^ or tt>5tir5^ ^st^- tt^ t^- the 
 
 uorld was created by God. 
 
 \ 
 
 25. The third case is employed w hen a thing is said to be dons 
 by the intervention of some predisposing circumstance : this sense 
 may also be expressed by compounding the word with '^f , before ; 
 ^ must be affixed to this compound. Ejcain. ^jf^^l^ ^TiTTT^c'^' or 
 
 smjT''J^^ ^^ pi^ \%^y the business was accomplished by your 
 kindiiess. . 
 
 26. The instrumental case is sometimes expressed by the ab- 
 lative form in r^^, when an action is perform.ed by the agent of 
 a passive verb. Exam, cs^-^tl'^ S^? ^<i'« "^^T- ^'A ?5F1 ^?^, the 
 preservation of viy preceptor's and of my sons life was ejfccted 
 by thee. 
 
 27. All the words and particles by which the instrumental 
 case is expressed are affixed to the word, or its substitute, in the 
 same manner as the inflective terminations : sometimes, however, 
 though it is manifestly improper, except in the instance of ^i'Tl, 
 they govern the possessive case. Exam. TJ^jll or^t'^ii"? Tf?n 'tt^ 
 yt^, / obtained it through him. 
 
 28. The ablative of masculine and feminine nouns is option- 
 ally made by compounding or constructing the word with ^1"^, Of 
 ^t^fp a place, or with 51K, a shore, vici?uty ; ^51^ and ^t^, are ia 
 
18 nrxGALEr grammar- 
 
 tl.is instauro put in Ihraljlafivc ra«r. F.xam. 3trt^TS, ^^.Ttr^TJ, 
 
 ^IT-*? "^t.-^, TtTt? ^l!n.lt:3, TtT'? ^Tlf , •3tTt7 TtT? Of TtTt? ^TM 
 ri^o 3: f) "-rt"^ T", I ohtaine l it I nun him. ^tftTT 3qT4f^3 or r-^t 
 r^ 1*1? «it R'"^^ Tt^^f^, ///f c///'5e icr/f proceeding from her 
 f/tOuih, 
 
 29. Siirh English |)hrasos as, '•• the darku^'ss of (liMn-':," '•' the 
 waters of aflliction," Sec. are usually expressed by ronipounding 
 ^*f, aform^ uith tlie word whiclj would otherwise be in the pos- 
 sessive ca«;e. Exam. Hi<5^'1 3:Qi^t?r, (lie (hnkvc^s of distress. 
 
 ir9ff5T*1 3rnT, the icaters of a(fliclioii. The possessive east- would 
 be improper Iicre, because d.iikness and w.itcr are not things bc- 
 longinjj to. or possessed by grief or allliction, but figurative ex- 
 pressions denoting them. 
 
 30. The loeadve rase is nptlonallv rvpressed by eitlier mni- 
 pounding or constructing the woid uitii the words x^j or 3r*TF, (he 
 midst. These words muft in tliis instance be in thr locative ease. 
 Exam, ^trt^l^ ^itl or ^tnffj amon^ them. ^Tit: or 31T17 sritj, 
 in it, 
 
 31. Th^ vocative CT^tt^; is not reckoued a di-tinct case, but 
 oidy ii particular niodilicalion of the Nondujtivj* case. 
 
 In the vo.'ativc, >a is substituted for tlu final of words ending 
 in t, and O for that of words efidiiii; in "4. 'J'ln' vocative of fr- 
 njinincs with a (inal sn is made by tii.- sub tif uhon of ^ fi»r it. 
 ii..ia>n.\iz^ lluri. ^a-*, O Etrd. t^C?, O In-loved. 
 
 The vocative case is usually preceded by tlie pai tides (<tl, c^, 
 nr. ev, (w, i%, ft, est. Tr?, or ltij. 
 
 CW is used in addrtssiiig parents, toachcrs, an tlder brat her, or 
 •ny person to wlionj wc intentl respect. 
 
OF SUBSTANXiYES. 19 
 
 <^ is seldom usedj but is indiscriminately applied to all genders. 
 
 C^ is used in addressing an equal ; and C? a familiar friendj or 
 an inferior. 
 
 CSI1 is used in addressing an inferior wom2,n^ c^ a young woman^ 
 and f^ a child. 
 
 c9t is used only in the north of BengaL 
 
 T'K^ or cXl^ is used in addressing common ot inferior people. 
 
 32. When the person called to is at a distance, but within ^ight^ 
 the vocative particle is preceded by >3, ^1, or vq. E.vnm. -S^.^A st^l, 
 O mother. 3V^ prsi, O father, vsrt ?"t3i, Rama. ^iT?, ^27?, or 
 >flr<r fcrt3ri, bojj. -Ql^^ 2lt<rft, O woman, -a^st sr^sl, mother. -3,1% 
 ttt^ft, handmaid, ^f^ ^i5^, girl. If the person be very dis- 
 tant, the >at is much lengthened. 
 
 When the person or thing is present, the sign of the vocative 
 frequently follows the proper name. Exam. ^Wr-Tfl, fat her ^ 
 atcsn, O mother* ^'Wil'^^ elder brother. aiHlC'^n, O aunt. ^-t^rcF, 
 O Rama. c^-\m-\^ix^ Goluka. ^rf^irtc^, labourer, c^tt^tcal 
 C?, co^jD-keeper, »'MC?r, Pudma. 
 
 i 
 
 33. The vocative particle is often constructed with an interro- 
 gatory sentence. Exam, ^ji c^-^ z^^^ c^\ ? why do you not speak ^ 
 Sir ? ■sf (.'^^ ^"^ Ti (fi : rcAj/ dost thou not speak .^ c^=^ CJll ^n 
 ^1 ? why do you not speak, Sirl^ c^n (? ^[sf^^ r[1 ? ndiy dust thou 
 not speak ? 
 
 34. The vocative particle is often joined to the impe-'tiYe 
 veib. Exa'n. Atl^ C9t1, eat, Sir, 7^ c^, do it. ^^ C?, s^jeako 
 
 D2 
 
iO BI.NGALLE tRAMSIAIl. 
 
 Oj the Gender of N<.urs, 
 
 35. Namps of mal'^ animils ar? maicj'/iric, those of feni.*l2S 
 fcmiiiiii?, and those of all other things neuter. 
 
 no. 'I'lie ffrnKiinc of common noun", and of masculines, enr?- 
 in^^ oit'irr A\it!i a conronant or 31, is made by affixing 33. or <t. 
 Some feminiii.^s require tlic Icngtiicning of the vowel wl/u-h pre- 
 cedes the termination. Exam. "^T?, a man, Tt?t, ct zzoman. ^a, a 
 s^^Hj *^'^t, a Uuu^^htcr. ^^7, u non^ ^Sn?"!, a (laughter. 
 
 The fcfninineof words ending in ^T is made by affixing "311. '^ 
 must in this case be inserted before the final ^. Exam. *ttsnf, 
 7inurishcT\ ^ttfsi^il, ajcmile nourhher. d'it?, a uriicVj c«l(4*'S '^ 
 female icrittr. 
 
 37. Names of animals ending with a vowel usually make the 
 feminine iu ^. 
 
 Examples- 
 
 Mase. Fern. 
 
 3rt^, a tj/ger. 5^, and Tt(^»ft. 
 
 ["^3lcii, a cut. t<?t<n"t- 
 
 ^t^, a (./('iv. *tf\. 
 
 ^TfTTTfi, a bulbul. T-i{T^. 
 
 Ttvfo*, a (tccr. Tf^i'it. 
 
 a^t, a detr. arstt. 
 
 9:1^, UH ass. s\1t\. 
 
 fS^i, a sheep. rsst- 
 
 The frminiiie of ilio.ne words endiiiu; in it, wliuli lu Sungsknta 
 )ia\e a final "^'T, is constantly made by alhxing ^ fo the orit;inal 
 
 Sf/n^'-ki/t// ff'rm <.f flic nm^tulinc. Exam. X^H^., a ft'maU rU* 
 phatif, »lf'i-;t. a f-mii^-^ '>>'d. 
 
 38. M.ipy \\ords endi-i^ iu )t ui s) do not admit t'.icsc terminal* 
 
• F SUBSTANTIVES. 21 
 
 t'on?5 but are distinguished by the v/ords *^Hj matey and ^t, /<?- 
 tuule. 
 
 39. The feminine of some words with a final fs is made hj 
 substituting ift for the final syllable. Exam. Ttf^, an elephant^ 
 tt"ft, a female elephant. «^, a lord or husband^ 'iTt? « Zi^i/«» 
 
 The following faminines are irregular : 
 
 Blase. Fern. 
 
 t^"?^, a man. ^5 a woman. 
 
 *f 'FH, 5/j/nY or Me creating pozser. ^A^ plastic matter, 
 
 ft3% a father. 3it^1, a mother. 
 
 ^«=t, a father. ^, a mother. 
 
 Sit, « brother. ^tt'lt or ^r?!, o */*/«r. 
 
 crt^n, ff he- cat. carijt, a she-cat. 
 
 ^35^ « species of parrot. ^tt^ the female parrot. 
 
 annrl, « species of parrot. ^tsi<'!l, the female parrot. 
 
 ?t^5 tf A-//:^. ?ri"crt, a queen. 
 
 Of Enclitic Particles. 
 
 40. The words t1 and c?lt^1, a7/o/e, ^iTM, apiece^ ^faF, a ^zV^/^, 
 ^sil, -sf^^ and 13^, tf hall^ or a /wwjp, are in many instances 
 compounded with words in the manner of enclitic particles, but 
 they never throw the accent forward. These words are often 
 thus constructed with nouns and pronouns, and with adjectires, 
 when put absolutely, or in the place of substantives. 
 
 41 When any one asks anothrr for a number of articles, with- 
 out saying how many, C9rtt^1 is introduced as the first word of the 
 sentence. Exam. C^\i^\ fsn^P ctTvS, give me about three. 
 
 If the article wanted be specified, the name is generally put 
 first. Exam. ^^ «tt^1 ^i?;^ ch:^, give me about three mangos. 
 
•2 BlNtjALrT r.n AMMAR. 
 
 If Mic mimbfr be mention*. 1 jHivi>eiy, i.'. mu^t be adilcd iu- 
 itcail of (5ft61. Exam. K*t^t^t^ f^-s, ^-/i'f ;we ten tuangus. 
 
 42. tl is aiUUnl, first, to nouns whicli sij^nify uncompoundcd 
 substduccs, as fruits and vegotables ; secondly, to nam* s of ani- 
 mals ; thirdly, to names of vessels which have their sides raised 
 up, sucii as bottles, cup«?, pitchers, jars, Sec. ; fourthly, to the 
 n jnu'S of complete substances, utensils, and olh«-r things which 
 are composed of several subordinate parts ; filtLly, to the namef 
 of almost all t!ie nuinbers of the bofiy ; sixthly, to all numerals; 
 and s(^venth!y, t(» all the pronouns, exe«^pt s:tfji, aj"^, -^ and ^.'t. 
 Exam. C^?1srttl, ft cup ; c*lVf?r:i? , a i^uuva ; ^JJ^', a dog ; Ttit 
 ■fe1, a hoiisc^ (iiuiudin^ all its olTjce.''); f^TT^C", a chest • 3:*?rp.tl, 
 ajiugei, 
 
 43. At"t!^ is lidded, first, to flic names of all vessels which are 
 flat or n' jrly so, such as plates, s.jucers, <S:c. also to bricks and 
 tiles ; secondly, to the names <if weapon^ and working tools, ex* 
 <ept Tfir. II spear., ^^^, a gtin., ^1?, an arroic^ and a few others ; 
 thirdly, to the uaincs of the subordinate parts of compounded 
 substanc<'s ; and fourthh, lo Tl5, (i lunul^ «tl, afoot, and ar>r, a 
 
 face. Exam. fifTfS'^'t^. a saucer ; «?-4rt^, a sin^^lc house or orifice 
 6c/ow;'-//7«- /n fi homestead ; "SfsitJ-r'T, the cover of a chest j TVs 
 Jirr^, a hand. 
 
 4 J. ^^ is ofttjii joinrd t'> pr«>notnis, .iiid (o ntuins sinnifyinij 
 aininals, instead of iJl. E.iam. l^"^, a sun. 
 
 45. 3^^, a man, i'- frcfjumtly put before nt>nns «iit;nifyinij mrn. 
 
 tl ii only used after such words i;i i diininuiive sense. ICiam. 
 iT-t r^ ai3.n* 3t?P, r/iH ten labuujui. 
 
 46. TJ and f^ are airixeti to w.«rds si^nifyim; yonni; persons, 
 iud to tii»>ic which si^MiIfy infcrioi uuiniaU when we dc8ii;n to 
 
OF SUBSTANTIVES. ^3 
 
 expresf? affection or pity towards fhem. . Exam. 5:if^,-?"tf^ "^^ 
 ^^, the child is docile, tnthj. 3il3rt^ ^? 1=^t^? f"^^'^ 't^^j ^ -"''^^ 
 g-/ue wj/ eldest son in marriage. 
 
 47. €<n1, ^f^, Q'^ and l^f^'T, are affixed to plural nouns. t^fsTn 
 and jS^ are rather more respectful tiiau ^wD, and are used when 
 affection or pity towards man or inferior animals is to be expres- 
 sed. Exam. ^i^1^ ^r^^ fjfsi^ ■siatn, he had many children, 
 
 48. 9rH, « gcnusy ^itf^, « /r/ie or i'or/, ^?f, « class, and t^jT, <^m 
 army, a band, are often added to nouns which signify animals. 
 Exam, ^^f^t^fcj ax^^A c9l];st?Tj Md rrinces rose and departed, "^t^r?: 
 ^I^^lfs c^i f% TLTf:^, //ie monkey is a beast ; what docs he know P 
 ^^jzjTfjTl 3it35l ^tt^ P??^ ^f5:^, the servants having received thq 
 order, did the business. i:5H«fIj a band of Kooroos* 
 
 49. C«it^, a person, is compouuded with words signifying men. 
 Exam. '^'^^l^'\^, zcnt!eme7i. sr^rcrrt^ labourers. 
 
 When Ccrit^, a 'ccorld, is compounded w ith c^^, a ^o(/, Jj^^SJ, a 
 vian, ^"t-:?, « serpciii^ and with seyeral other words of the same 
 meaning, it signiiies the place inhabited by them. Exam. (.K^ 
 (.'s['\^, heaven, ^<;^^1t<?. the earth. ^tJiT«!t^, patalc, or the lozver 
 regions. 
 
 50. ^f^, a Utile, and -^ilf^^. soine, are affixed to words mean- 
 ing fluid substances, and to pulverized sul)stance3 which movo 
 somewliat in the manner of fluids, such as t^\, dust, ^'SST, mud. 
 Exam. ^cq^f?g ^^ti:^ CTT^, s:ive him a Hi lie zcaler. ^1^^'^ TS^tBv^, 
 there was a little milk. 
 
 51. €'Fi?, some, is added to ihp names of crumbled substance^. 
 to rice or other grain, and to v»ords signifying stra.v, grass, <Scc, 
 
 Exam. PtScYT 5>!j-|^^ ^^^ ^./.^,j, ;^,^ yy^^^p ,7,;^, ;^^:r: c;jf^7 (^^. ^^g-Zj^^ ^y,<a 
 
24 i*lN«AI.RE «UAMMMt. 
 
 SFXTION IV. 
 Of Adjectives, (I^h^I^^.) 
 
 1. Adjoctives hare no variation of rase or number, iml'"«s they 
 stand in an absolute form, and answer the purpose of substan- 
 tives. Exam. C^ ^^?) thai litHc (person's or ihifig's), 
 
 2. The genders are distinguished in the same manner as those 
 of nouns substantive. Exam, ^"tt?, IcautiJ'uiy feni. ^?t. 
 
 3. The masculine of adjectives with a final T<k and ar<- is made 
 by substituting^ ^f j for tht» ii;ii,l "ic*., and ^TPf for tliC final ai-. Tne 
 feminine of both is made by aflixini^ ^ to tlw^ i«> orai«^. Exam. 
 Neut. ^'^Tv, masc. ^«H^:'T, fem. ^^'^T^ft, bcuut'J'uL Ncut. 7?i^v, 
 masc. if^TfT, fem. 7M«^3t, voUe. 
 
 4. The feminine of almost all adjectives endiiii? in 3i is made 
 by ^^, and that of the greater part of those which end in a con- 
 sonant, and of some whicli end in 3i or ^, is maJc by It. Exam. 
 frfo^, srpara/edj fem. fVf3TI1. Ti3, t^ivcUj fem. ^'^^. '^'f?, bcauli' 
 
 ful, fem. ^?t. 
 
 5. The final 33 ac of an adjrt tir • is usually cliani^rd to 'it'J', to 
 wiake tlie feminine. Exam, ^t?"*, doin^, fem. J?!f;i5l. 
 
 C. Suni;^kr/t« adjectives with a final "^t end >\ith <t in Hen- 
 galer. Tho f'minine of tlipse is mar!'* l)y alVuing <r to the Skmst- 
 • knta form. Exam. 9t?t, r/o///;,'-, actt;:^, f.-m. T fjr^t. H«ft, seti'n^^ 
 fem. Kf^*i\. 
 
OF ADJECTIVES. 2^ 
 
 Of the Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 7. Adjectives are compared by adding ^? for the comparative^ 
 and ^ar for the superlative. Exam, "pfxr, beloved ^ 59^3 ^^'^^^ ^^* 
 loved; T%V^^, best-beloved. 
 
 8. The degrees of comparison are most commonly made by pre- 
 fixing 3it<[, more^ to make the comparative, and ^f^ or ^srsj^, verify 
 exceedinglj/j to form fhe superlative. Exam. '«t^, strong^ ^1?*t^, 
 stronger, ^f^»ty or 3i5j^ '•t^, most or exceedingly strong. 
 
 9. A great number of adjectives are apparently formed at plea- 
 sure, by affixing ^ or :5|xi1 to imitative sounds, which are composed 
 of two members, neither of which has any meaning singly ; as 
 i^i^t, rebounding ; ^<^2icift, unsteady.^ like a boat on rough zoatcr ; 
 ^^*tft?1, constantly moving^ like a person i?i a fever ; s^srf^^l, 
 glittering ; ^"^B^t, sounding like falling rain / ^aii?? t^, hastily ; 
 ^il'^l^, confusedy disordered* 
 
 E 
 
20 BtNCALEt CRAVMAR. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 Or rnONOUNS, {h(HUl.) 
 
 1 . Prononns liavn flic ma^jruliiiCj fcmiiiiiiCj and neuter g( nders. 
 They are declined like nouns. 
 
 2. Thoie are two kinds of personal pronouns, tlie one used to 
 rxprrss sup< rioriry or honour, the othrr inf.'riority or contempt. 
 'J'lie lionoiifir ( csTl?cT.r>) prouf-uns arc^tf^', / / ^.fthou; f^f^,* 
 fiT,* and f^f^,* lie ; tf^,+ pT,+ frA and i4T,T (his man ; 
 ^T-^tX ^^jI ^^^ *^'t fh^^ wan, (\\7. thai man to lihum I point;) 
 f>rf, nho, and ^ri'^pr, self. Those denoting inferiority ("n*tCFtr55) 
 aie ar$, // 3^, thou ; r»T, he ; »3, this person or thing, ^ or ^3, that 
 person or thin;:. Ol, kIo, and c^, uho ? fST, 1^, f^t%, 5^, ^T, 
 \X-i ii'id t'T, arc seldom ubcd in the noininatiTC case. 
 
 3. 3rMt% may be joined to an; other personal pronoun. Exam. 
 ■^^ ^^5 / wyself. fof^ ^tl!%, he himself. 
 
 4. When crilpr governs a verb of the first person, it means I 
 myself; but its most ( ommon use is to address a superior, w hirh, 
 in the polite or respectful style, is generally done in the third 
 person. Thus, ^1*i(^ ;5tr. ^^tlKT, your honour hoi done it. 
 
 5. In de( lining this pronoun, ^^ is subvtjtuted for 3:i(^, in 
 all the cases except the nonnin.itive singular. ^^ is substituted f-T 
 it in the nominative plural. 
 
 • Thnr proiimiis nr«* used uhen the person spoken of i* absent. 
 
 t These ar«" uwJ wht-u thr person is present. 
 
 X Thete are uk€«l mIcu the pcriyo i> present, but at some distance 
 
OF PK0*J0UN3. 
 
 57 
 
 6. The final t is rejected before the termination of the v.omu 
 native plural in the first and secand personal pronouns. 
 
 Ac. ^3itr<Fj me. 
 I. 3i-f3:-^, bi/ me. 
 D. ^Wc?, to me. 
 
 A. vsat^-tt^, ^rtartitc^. from me, 
 
 P. sit:i-i^, mij. 
 L, ^irtir, in me. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 ^1^5 we. 
 ^t2rt?rfK^jlT^, us. 
 ^■tJit?rt^^-tr35 by us. 
 ^3it?rfiiW^^, to us. 
 
 ^ 5E't3j1^f^'^^j^,/ro//i us. 
 
 ^t2rt?tKt?tT^, in us. 
 
 7. C!S^ 15 sul)stltuted for s?"^, in all the cases except the nomii- 
 
 native singular. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 CT-trfiC.ri:^, by us. 
 
 c^'^X^l'^Z?, !o us. [xtl'^jffom us. 
 A. c?j-tr^, Csi-\xtl^,fro)n me. OTi^f^xsnif, cart^^^T^C^, and CsrtiTiTr^ 
 P. Git^, //72/. CJTt^j:^, can?fK^-tl^, our. 
 
 L. ^3itC3, m me. CJrl^fKC'^tl^, /?i w*. 
 
 Sing. 
 N. 3rt, /. 
 Ac. c^^^ me. 
 I. catc^, 6^ me. 
 D. carte?, ?//e. 
 
 ■3 Or, thou. 
 
 8. c^^51 is substituted for^ in all the cases ezcept the nomi. 
 Jiative singular. <^t^ is substituted for it in the nominative plural. 
 
 9. >3 is substituted for the ^ of "^^5 in the nominatiye plural, 
 
 F2 
 
2S 
 
 BENGALEE CRAMMAU. 
 
 Sin?. 
 N. TfJi, fhnu. 
 Ac. rslJir^f, thcc. 
 I. fTfJilTs, hij fhee. 
 D. cTtJTtc?, tu thee. 
 
 A. » 
 
 ^ O'um thee. 
 
 P. fTtJrr?, /////, 
 L. CTtarrrr, in thee. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 r3'.3rt?f^'v7^, tyc or ^I/o?^ 
 fTt^t?rf\'C':iT5, bij i^ou. 
 C7t3lt?f^C9tt?, /o yon. 
 
 fi^^TTf ^3,/rom }jou. 
 fTt^rrrtiT, r5farr?rfKt?r7, j/owr5. 
 
 10. CTl is substituted for 3^, thmi^ (inferior) in all cases except 
 tlie iioniinalive singular. It is declined like an^. 
 
 t^f% he. 
 
 11. G5T1 and "Ttri are substituted for f^f^ in all cases except 
 the no.Tiiiiative singular. 
 
 Sin?. riiir. 
 
 Ac. 3trt'T^, cT^tu?, him. "strtrrii'TTr^, cyTfTfH-,Tr7!s, Mr/n. 
 
 D. ■s'^riTT, r3^tr?, to him. Mrf?riRT^tr?r, CSWferT?, to them. 
 
 A.S ' fr^tTtc^, rsTtrfni^frs, f3^tirnnr 
 
 I CZ^^Ttrs, from him. ( ^^^^^^^^^^3^^^.^,,,,^;^^.,^; 
 
 T.. ^tr-ty, C5^-t7, //; A/m. "crtrt^l^C^r^jCnTlftHWrs, /// them. 
 
 Thus, fJTf'i. /if, substilutin:; GRTl in the ohii(|ue cases. 
 
 12. Tfyi is snb«iti(iit( d for fir, /;r. in the oblique cases. 
 
OF PUONOU'!«S. ^9 
 
 Siing. Plur. 
 
 NT, ^, he. ^5t5:t?:1, ^^ey. 
 
 Ac. litiric^, him, ^5:t?R<riT'?, ^Ae;rt. 
 
 I. ^irti:^, by him, ^Tt<rf^^'5t{3j hy them. 
 
 D. ^tTt:?5 ^o him. ^5:i?nTifC?, /o //ie/w. 
 
 (. him. fk'^fl'S^from them. 
 
 L. ^"t?;t?5 in him. ^t^iirt^itTS, in them. 
 
 Thus t^^? A^j (very honorific), substituting ^"tCl in all the 
 cases except the nominative singular. 
 
 ^f^, this man. 
 
 13. "^1 and "^Tl are substituted for t^ in all the cases except 
 the nominative singular. 
 
 Sing'. Plur. 
 
 N. tf^5 he. t^n, t^l, they. 
 
 Ac. t^-k^, t^i"^^? him. t^^,f^^l^y t^\n^<iU:^, them. 
 
 I. t^-tt^, t^US, by him. trt^^fCT^tT^, t^il^RCTTl^, by them. 
 
 D. trtw, t^7?, ^o him. tri?t^^?, t^rt?riTi^9rc?, ^ f/iem. 
 
 Thus, ^!%, M«^ ;?za«, substituting ^^1 and ^i In all the casc^ 
 except the nominative singular. 
 
 ^5 this man. 
 
 14. "^ is substituted for ^ in all the ca^es except the no- 
 minative singular. 
 
30 Br NGALtE CHAM^'AK. 
 
 Sin? !>;„,-. 
 
 N. f^, he. fn, they. 
 
 Ar. trtr^, him. ■^^Tfrs-^^, them. 
 
 1. t?"^, ^^ A/"/. tyr?;i^r>n:3, hy them. 
 
 D. t5^tC3, /o him. tTt^l^I^r?, /o //itv/i. 
 
 A. ^'rs, T^lT-r'.5. f,-o„i linn. T - ^^ 
 
 ( t^9T^5,//o;/i fhc/n, 
 
 W Tfrl?, /'lY. -^rf?;?^?, t5~t7MC^tT, then'. 
 
 I^. "^^t?, f/i h/m. :t^t?rKT'Jtr5, /;/ ///cm. 
 
 Thus a^o arc decliiird "^'T, /A/,v luun^ "iX I'.iul 5^, /^/// ///an, 
 substituting rcypcctivcl) '^', «T1, and sr'. 
 
 1 5. ^^tn i^ subslitut( tl for 3:i»tft, se/f. OPfl, and r^ arc sub- 
 stituted for thr^ relative pronoun fk^. zchtif num. Katn. ^'^'^t.f, 
 to scff^ CTI'itrT or Trfrt^'5, by zchom. 
 
 16. The inferior j)rononn«;, ^. M/.s {man., zcowan or fhin/^y 
 o, /Art/ {man. zcoman or /////;;'■'). c^, ///a/ {absent man^ icoman or 
 thing). 01, 7c/{f// {man. iLvnirn or thing)., f^, zcho ? and f^T, r/ny 
 owr, art' respectively clianged for "^1, <8f 1, 31 or TtTi, Tl or irtri, 
 ^1 or 'Jtri, in all the rases cxci'pt tho nominative singular, c^, ^^^^ 
 and ^t^; that, and ar, tT, and tUf^ ji7/«/, arc the neuter pronouns. 
 
 c^, hty she or //. 
 
 ^TMsrnline and Feminine. 
 Si:v.-. PI UP. 
 
 N. fJT, //<-. ■31-171, /A ,/. 
 
 Ac. TlTtc^, A/'/f. Ttrt?fH:^-r>, ///c/n. 
 
 i. TTTtTT, hy him. Mrr?.tnitr3, 6^ /Acw. 
 
 \). TfrtC?, /o //i/w. TlTt?r(tt'srr?, to them. 
 
 \ hiw. f^'^^fiS, from them. 
 
 I.. TtTtTT, /n Ami. tJtTt?f^':ir'5. iv them. 
 
OF PRONOUNS. 31 
 
 The other forms differ nothing from the aLove, except iii lear- 
 4ng out the middle T^. Exam. Ac. ^^i^, Inst. ^1l^, &c. 
 
 17. The neuter pronoun C^ and ^t^"^, also oi and Ht^lj are 
 the same in all the cases except the nominative singular. 
 
 (VTj ;5lj ^tTl, it, that. 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 Sint;ularand I'lural. 
 N. C^, ^'5 ^tTS it or Ihcy. 
 Ac. ^'C5^ ^S 2^ or Me;w. 
 I. ■3t:5;lt3, ^trs, 6j/ iY *)r by them. 
 D. ^fft i"?*, 3ti3, to it or //ie//i. 
 
 A. ^t^tt^;, "^t^t^^C^, ^tr^5 ^15;^(:^5/rc?m 2Y or from them, 
 P. ^^fff, ^"t?, its or ^/le/r. 
 L -^i^t?, ^t5:"it"5, ^t?, ^it^, m ?Y or i/i them. 
 
 V 
 
 18. ^1^1 and ^1 are substituted for f%, what ? in the oblique 
 cases. ^T is optionally inserted before the terminations in all the 
 cases except the accusative. The substitution does not take place 
 wlien ^ is inserted. 
 
 19. The termination X^us of the ablative case is never used 
 when ^ is inserted. 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 Singular and Plural. 
 N. f^^what? 
 
 Ac. ^1T1, or ^1, what? 
 
 I. ^iTtc^, ^1X3, f?pr3^, t^sTTrr^, 6^ what ? 
 
 A. J^^?, ^tTF, ^5:-rTtf^, ^t5:|r5, Tn^y ^^I'^^from what f 
 
 / 
 
32 BLNGALtt GRAMMAR. 
 
 20. The pronominal adjectives are c^M, zchat? f»T^, any, 
 f*^, aniu so7nt\ 3:5^7, another. Tiie two first are iiidiHiinable. 
 The two last are regularly declined without any substitution. 
 
 •21. cirx, (Ul^Tj zchosoever^ zohalsocvcrj are declined as the sim- 
 ple forms, but in the last member only. 
 
 22. C9\^ C5T; anj/ onc^ is declined in the last member only. 
 
OF YIKBS. 33 
 
 SECTION VL 
 
 Of Vliibs, (f^-^i-ci ^.) 
 
 \ . The Ben.p-?i1ee verbs, with a few exceptions, are formed froni 
 the Sz/ngsknta dhatoos or roofs. 
 
 2. There is but one ronjugatioa of Bengalee verbs. 
 
 S. Verbs are conjugated In two forms, one a.'reeing wi'h the 
 honorific prononn<?, the oth-^r with iho^p of inferiority or contempt. 
 There is no difference in the terminations of the sin^ukir and 
 plural verb. 
 
 4. Therf^ are two voices^ the active ('i-^^lT'tiJT), and the pas- 
 sive (^ '%'l^J). 
 
 5. Th-^re n-e ^hree mo'^es, the Inf^!cative, ("^tif;) the Sub- 
 junctive, (^^'^•^llif ;) and the Imperative, (3i?^^^Tif.) 
 
 r 
 
 6. The indicative mode has ei^ht tenses (^trrT), of which two 
 are present (T"^'3it?T\ viz. the first aori^t (t^^ *=^^^ ^srt^), and 
 the p'-esent r'efinit" C^^ "^^^r^) ; f;ve are past '^^t^ or"o3), viz. 
 the «?ecoMd aorist C'SPtn^ ■«^); the perfect, (^Jrr^^^^:) the im- 
 perfect definite, (^^"3,) the perfect, (^STrrj^i-i^nT'TT -37 :) the plu- 
 p^rfrc^ C^~f:'t?t~3:) and one is fiitnre, (^f^ni^.) Fovrof these, 
 viz. the first and second aorist, the imperfert, and the future, are 
 formed imTne^^'ately from the ro^t. The others are formed by 
 means of the neuter or auxiliary verb. 
 
 7. ^?' 's si^bst'tntpd for the final a? of a verba! root wlien it is 
 followed by a termination. Exam. ^ ?, he dueny "^C?. he holds, 
 ail?, he dis$> from the roots 5p, ^, and sr. 
 
 F 
 
Zl BLNGALEF. GRAMMAR. 
 
 8. The final 9 of cyl-jf, fo aicukc^ is rejected when followed by 
 a verbal termination. Exam. 3t!st, he v:akcs. 
 
 9. Dhatous witli a pcnulliinate nasal, follouiiig 3i, usually soft- 
 en it (louii to" when followed by the verbal terminations. The 
 vowel 3: is made lon*^. Exam, ^f^, I mark, tlTi5, he shares out^ 
 ?1T^5 he Oinds^ from the roots 31^ or 3i^ — ^j ^'6, and ^^. 
 
 10. ^r? is substlliit'-d for 3r*, to hnuzc ; ftT. for id, to give ; t^, 
 for '^, to drink ; 33t=^, for 311, to measure ; in a few instances H^, 
 but f^enorally il"t^, fi-r^, to he situated ; S^, for 3t, fo/li/^ wlirn 
 preceded b} the preposition 5i«> ; si, for ^'^, fo take ; ^, for "ft, to 
 lie dozen ; ^, for ««•. /o /jer/r ; (Tij foi j^, to Oc ; f;t5T, for 9f , /o 
 szcal/ozc ; f^J^, for 3?t, /o ////^ ; and f?^ or CTF, for 3?1, wlicn pre- 
 ceded by tlie preposition f^, meanini:; to sell ; 'i\'\\^ for t'Jtj ^o i/w^, 
 and Ot-?ir, for ^T'^tj ^o .vte, when they arc conjugated. 
 
 11. ^is ontionally substituted for llu' final ^ of a verbal root 
 when it is conjui^ated. Exam. ?tc.2tj ^^, he keeps, t*k^ or («t^^, 
 he learns, 
 
 12. f^1 is substituted for xrl, to go, in the perfect and pluper- 
 fect tense, and CTf in the imperfect tense. Exam. C^tSTts, / iscnt^ 
 f^lTt^^, he has gone, fifiitfcisi, he had gone, 
 
 13. ^is substituted for^lT, when it means to zcash, and oH"?, 
 when it signiiiis to run. E.ia/n. ^.^^^^'^j f icashed ; CTir^Mt-T, / 
 ran, 
 
 li. 3:t5i is suhslitulct! for's:^?, /o Ijc. This root is only used 
 in the first aori'^t and tiic imprrfcct Icnsf. In the iniperfect teifsr, 
 lh<' 3:1 of tiic subsiitut'd 3:ti5: in optionall} oniltted. Ejuih. (?\ 
 ^'.iK, he isy '. or'^', / :.us. 
 
 IT), snt h Mibsiiiulcd In the lirbt aoriU for P, to go, when it 
 
OF VERB*. 35 
 
 is preceded by the preposition 3i1. catri is substituted for it in all 
 the other tenses. In the imperfect tense both forms are used. 
 Compounded with this preposition, the verb means (o come. Ex, 
 ^itpf, / come, ^t^i^i, or st^sitsr, 1 came, ^1pixritsr, I have 
 
 come. 
 
 16. ^tIs substituted for ^if, to speak. Excin. ^i^ <Pt<C^ruvTj 
 the master speaks, • 
 
 17. The '^ of t^-^Jl, to write J is optionally changed to «P. Exam, 
 f^.pit or C"lf5l", Izcrite. 
 
 18. The t of the fr, which is substituted for ^^^^ to give, is 
 changed to vfl, in the second and third persons of the first aorist, 
 and in the imperative mode. Exam. CK-s, thou giv'esf, Ot? or ctpr, 
 he gives, 0{-2, give. 
 
 19. >3 is substituted for the final S of a dhatoo or its substitute, 
 in the second and third persons of the first aorist, and in the im- 
 perative mode. Exam, c^, zcash., or thou loashest ; ctt?, or Ctt^, 
 he zcashes; C^"i'^<P, or c^S?t, let him zcash. 
 
 20. ^^ is substituted for ^-f, to obtain., when it is preceded 
 by the preposition ^. Exam, ^tf^ «1lt^ I obtain-^ «1tt^1'^, I oh' 
 tained. 
 
 21. ^"^3 is substituted for ttg, a staff, which is tlien conjugat- 
 ed as a verb, and signifies to stand ; 311 is inserted before the ter- 
 minations of all the tenses. Exam. G=i Ht^i'?, he stands, iff ifl3t 
 ^sTj he stood, Ki^i-Q, stand, 
 
 22. All is substituted for Ati^, io cat. Exam, -'il-it^t^, T a-fe, 
 
 itft, I eat, JilU, eat, 
 
 F2 
 
50 BEvovr.rr Gii\v.M.vn. 
 
 C*. Thr fir'^t porson lionorinc of the first norlsl is formed bj 
 aflixing"^, the second by alTixiiig >3, and tlie tliiid by ^-^; Ujp tir>t 
 person inferior by alfixing "t, the srtond by :^^, and the third by 
 
 ^. 
 
 21. Tlic Ferond aori>-t is formed by riHixing $>5*3I, ^31, "^T, 
 respectively, for the tbrcc persons honorifu-, a:.d "^Tt^T. ^f37T, f j 
 for the inferior. , 
 
 25. The i:-npcrf»et indefinite is formed bv afTnin:; "^'Tt:!, "^^^ 
 ^r^T^, respectively for the thre.^ porsons l.onorifir : and ^'Tt^I, or 
 ■^'', for the first, %f^ for tlie second, and ^, or $(M*, for the third 
 P"rson infeiior. 
 
 2C). Tljn fntnre honoiific is formed by aHlxins; i?T, or ■^3r, for 
 tlie first, ■^^■l for the second, and i^C-T, for the thinl person ; <he 
 inferior by ii^T, oi "^, for th.e first p.^r<en, :^ for tlie second, and 
 t:^, or t'.^=^, for the third. 
 
 Oj Parlidplcs. 
 
 C7. Tlie prec;ent participle active is nsnally made by afTixini; 
 T, to the root or its substitute. Exam. 7r-?3, doiyig.^ f^;4r3, r:///- 
 
 CIS. ^^'I.en this participle a£;ree<; ^\ith a word in the nomijia- 
 iive case, it is formed by "3, as above, and «hrn %\ith a word ia 
 the accusative case, or comj>ounded >vith tho nenter rerb, it is 
 formed h\ ^TJ. J\ am. ^'nb. spcakin;:^ "^"tvH'fii'rrzp ^.it^jc^ ttff»i; 
 V fsf^ ^r>fCW^5 seeing them rinn'o-: !>»' ^'Jil. 
 
 2Q. Ji'!u«'uaHy inserted aflt ra vowel before the ^ of the par- 
 ticij)le. im. CK^'Z, h'^'^b) *^t^^j oi/fiiinins^. 
 
 :n. Tlir' nr.'^rrtt rni ti. ijdr of tho?e roots which are conjn;;at« 
 
OF VERBS. S7 
 
 edin Swngskntrt, only in the middle voicp, h formed by aflixino- 
 3rt?Tj or 3r^T, to the root. Exam, ^^i^j increcmng^ '*tTrt^j repos- 
 
 -mg. 
 
 31. Tlie present participle passive is made by affixing art^f to, 
 the root ; ? is usually inserted b iforo this termination. I- a urn. 
 ^t?3rt^5 in the state of being taken awui)^ fiS^?W^i, in the state of 
 being done. 
 
 32. The adverbial participle is formed by affixing tF', to the 
 Terbal root. This participle is, sometimes contracted by omitting 
 the initial "^ of the termination, and except the root or its substi- 
 tute have a final ^ oi ?, sometimes by omitting the final ^1. Some, 
 but improperly, substitute ^ for the termination ^?1. Thi? parti- 
 ciple is either present or past as suits the meaning of the sentence. 
 Exam, ^fof, ^Tt, ^T, speaking^ or having spoken; =?tT?1, ^f?, 
 ^r?, doing, or having done ; (^(sittI, ccfof^ ciTi^ill, or Cirr"H, having 
 
 throTxn. 
 
 S3. A participle used to connect sentences which have differ- 
 ent agents is form.ed by affixing ti?Ff, to the root. This form 
 agrees with the absolute case of the G reek and Latin languages. 
 Exam. ^iTl ^t?l^ ^t^ ^it^, when he has do7ie that I will go. 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 34. Tlie passive participle past is usually form.ed by affixing 
 to the root. Exam. <^^. done; t^, seized; ^1^, renowned. 
 
 35. In all instances where a dhatoo has not an wnubwudha v^, 
 ■^ is inserted before the termination of the passive participle. 
 This is also the case in the causal. Exam, ^fi^, fallen ^ ^-i-Sy in-^ 
 creased, ^X^^, made to go. 
 
 36. The final 3r of a dhatoo is changed to ^, before the ^ of 
 the passive participle, unless "^ is inserted. In this case, the ^le- 
 
3S BENGALEE CRAMMAK. 
 
 nultimatc 3i lb ir.ade long. Exam. Ki^j suppressed^ *<rt^, lomit- 
 edy 'Jt^j Kcaiied. 
 
 37. In many in«;tancrs a final t or ai is omittrtl before the ^ of 
 the passive paiticij'ie. Exam. 5~3j suiittcv^ -tfj, gone. 
 
 .S8. The final ^ of a clhatoo is often changed to?t, In wliich 
 case the ^ of the [)a';»ive parfirlple is changed to ^, and some- 
 times it coalesces witii it, and both tocrother are expressed i)y ?. 
 Fretiuently both forms arc employed. Exam. 3:^, or ai*, fronia:*", 
 to lose sensafiofi, 
 
 39. In some instances T is subs(i(ii(ed for tlie 3 of the passive 
 paiticiple. Exam, ^t^, decayed^ emaciaU'd, ^^%JilU'd, 
 
 40. tt is substituted for the « of a verbal root to form the pas- 
 sive partiiiple. AVhenev.r this is the case, ^ is employed instead 
 of the aflix 3. Exam, f^-ftofj scattered, f^St-i', spread out, ^r^Tst^T, 
 desccndtd, incarnate. 
 
 41. The passive participle of a £;rcat proportion of the S:/ng- 
 skr/ta roots is employed in this languaiije, even tljou;;h thvir use 
 
 in a verbal form be not admitted. These j)articiples are exactly 
 the aaiiic as in li)e Swngskntr/, even if th('> are anomalo»i> in that 
 language. Exam. «ty, ripened, tt^t, agitated, frt?, borne. 
 
 41. Tin' vt'i"i)al noun in 3Jl is often u:i;.'d loi" tiie pa>bi\L- i'aiil- 
 ciple. Exam. c^^-iM, z^riiten. 
 
 43. The gerund i^ formed b> aiiixing "$(3 to tlM» root or its 
 •vibstitute. This form has !)een usually, t!ioui,di improperly, call- 
 ed th(^ Infinitive mode. Exam. Ctf-^rs, to .vc, ov for the purpose 
 qf seeing. 
 
 44. Auolhcr gerund, or mure properly a \erbd noun, is foim- 
 
OF VERBS. 39 
 
 ed by affixing §?1 to the root.' This word is regularly decliaed. 
 Exam, ^f^^l, a doings ^f?Rtt^5 by doings ^fir^t?, of doing. 
 
 45. From the present participle in ^rs, and the adverbial parti- 
 ciple in ^xri, constructed with the auxiliary verb, four tenses are 
 formed, viz. the present definite, the imperfect definite, the per- 
 fect, and the pluperfect. * 
 
 ( 
 
 4 
 
 ' 46. The present definite is formed by conjugating the pre- 
 sent participle in tr5, with the presenttense of the auxiliary, its 
 first letter ^ being lost in the Swndhe or joining. Exam, ^f^'^f^r, 
 / am doing J contracted from ^^l'^ ^t{^. 
 
 47. The imperfect definite is made by conjugating one form 
 of the imperfect tense of the auxiliary with the present participle 
 in f C3. Exam, ^f^lzfk^^^, I zvas doing, 
 
 4S. The perfect tense Is formed by conjugating the adverbial 
 participle in "^91 %vith the present tense of the auxiliary. Exam. 
 ^t??if5i, / ha-ce done, 
 
 49. The pluperfect is formed by conjugating the adverbial par- 
 ticiple in t?"< with one form of the imperfect tense of the auxili- 
 ary. Exam. ^t??tf^cfri3i. 
 
 50. From these observations the following scheme of the verbal 
 termination (f^^faj) is formed : 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 
 FIRST . 
 
 \0 
 
 HIST. 
 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 
 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. t. 
 
 
 
 
 t. 
 
 2. ^, ^. 
 
 
 
 
 t*.. 
 
 3. ^^, 
 
 
 
 
 •> 
 
 ••1 • 
 
40 RCN C \ I I r. G R \ M >I A R. 
 
 sriONM AOKIST. 
 
 Honorifir. 
 
 Inferior, 
 
 1. ^3^31. 
 
 •?3tar. 
 
 2. ^. 
 
 t;^, tfs. 
 
 3. i^TT. 
 
 t3. 
 
 iMPr.nFr.rT. 
 
 FL'TniF. Tr.V^F. 
 
 1. t^, t^ t^, ^ 
 
 3. tc^. t^-^i t^^. 
 
 IMPERATIVC MODE. 
 
 1 . ?. t. 
 
 2. ^, t^. — , t^. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MODE. 
 
 
 
 PnKSHNT TF.VSi:. 
 
 1 
 
 t. 
 
 t. 
 
 
 31, J. 
 
 t'T, 
 
 3. 
 
 J^, 5T. 
 
 rnr.TER TFVsr. 
 
 1. 
 
 "^T*r. 
 
 ^it3r. 
 
 o 
 
 t5l/ 
 
 *r5^, tf^ 
 
 3. 
 
 '^'3'^. 
 
 f 5. 
 
 rt'TiriE TtN-F. 
 
 3. t^ZT. :^, t'-'». 
 
or VERBS. 41 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present^ ^, fc^. Adverbi(il, "^5 ^, t^ ^3. 
 
 Passive,'^, ^. Gerundyfl'^y'^^^» 
 
 N. B. The initial -^ of the terminations is often suppressed after 
 a vowel. 
 
 The auxiliary verb ^1"(ai:, I am. 
 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 presentP tense. 
 Honorific. InTerior. 
 
 1. cHtfai ^tfiJJj / aw. ^ ^\fk, I am, 
 
 2. ^fsitsitsi:, ihou art. ^^tfsT^, thou art. 
 S. ^sfn ^Wk^<, h§ is. C"R ^t^, Ive is. 
 
 IMPERPECT. 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 1. ^srtf^ ^sTttk^rt^r, f^t^r or f^^", / was. 
 
 2. ^ ^j-tfknil or fKc7i1, thou wast, 
 
 3. fsfif ^tf5t^«I^ or tBvCcrFT, he was. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. 31^ ^fs^tJT, fs^tsT c^r fciTr*, I was. 
 
 2. ^t ^tfsvf^ or f^t^, ihou wast. 
 
 3. c^ ^tfsi:^ or fojcsr, he was. 
 
 "^j ^ Jo, tomalcc, to perform, is thus conjugated 5 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 FIRST AORIST. 
 Honorific. Inferior. 
 
 i. tsitfsr ^!?, / do. ^t ^? ^ do. 
 
 2. ;5p -z^?, f/iow dost. ^ ^f?^, ^/ioi^ ^^^^• 
 
49 BENCAtEK GRAMMAR. 
 
 rUESEXT DEFINITE. 
 
 Honniitlr. Tnl' i. r. 
 
 1. -sT-: :?r'-r'. / (tni doinz- ~t ^TT'^I^Ts, I am do' 
 
 2. ^Vi ^rc^S. ff'iJif oJ'i (loin:r. ^f^r^fl-v^, tJiou art doin^. 
 :i r3/T Tf^n^'Tn. At' /? doin^. (^ 9fii:3::^, lie is dj/ng. 
 
 b\. 'lUo trrmiiiatiDns of the present di finite are frcqii.Mit'.y 
 
 central ted to ti'JC, ts, "^G^, tfh, tri^> t^3^- Exam. 3r:f4 s^r " 
 / am doing. 
 
 Honorific. Inferior. 
 
 1. ^rpT ^r?7tJ:, i-did. 37^ »tT3tar. / did. 
 
 2. ^fai ^f?^, ///0.7 didst. 3^ ^f?!^. ///o// r/.V/s^ 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Iloi.oi.iic. iiiltuor. 
 
 1 . 31 [5 5FRr^,t3r or f r?x» ^ <''^^- ^t ^f^t^ or ^ffin", i <//(/. 
 
 2. 3f4 ^f5r5n, Ihou didst. «^ ^firr-i, ^'/f>.'/ didst. 
 
 .'j. fifn ^f?Ts.vT, lie did. Cf^^^U^ or ^f^Cw^ff. he did. 
 
 IMn.HIK'I bLJi.Mii . 
 
 Himorifie. 
 U 3rtf2I ^,.r5fjf?frt^ or ^nc^fSc'f , / n-ns floin'T. 
 
 2. ^ ^fiiT^ffirsfi //ro!/ rcast doin^. 
 
 3. fif»T ^t^TSffiST^, he jcas doing. 
 
 IwCvt'ior. 
 
 I ' '^fsrsilar or ^nrr^nrr^, / ?,-«.»• <A>/«^. 
 
 :j. (^ ^[^i-sfk^, he rzfn doim:. 
 
4'C^^ 
 
 OF VERBS. 42 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Honorific. Interior. 
 
 1. ^tf3i ^*f3:7tf5i:, I have clone. ^ ^f<iHtfs, I have done. 
 
 2. ^ ^■HTir-tB^, thou hunt done. ^t *f^Ttfi«:^, thou, hast done,. 
 
 3. fot^ ^^flcFfi^o^^, he has done. C^^f^Wj^^ he has done. 
 
 /'fc-fTf BLUPEllFECT. 
 
 Honorll c. 
 
 1. ^••pi ^fsTrtfscfrT3r or *f^7if&x?f, I had done. 
 
 2. ■^fsi ^.fgnifdisii, than hadst done, 
 
 3. fif^ ^f^'ft^r^^'l, he had do?ie. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. 3j^ ?ff^?ti5i^t3r or ^<t?t^^'', I had done. 
 
 2. "3^ ^f^?tfs:t^, thou hadst done. 
 
 3. C^ 5ft?¥tt^x:^, he had don&. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 1. ^j-fsi ^t?^ or ^f?-^", / i^ill or shall do. 
 
 2. ^ ^t>[3:1, ^/iow zciU or shaltdo. 
 •3. fsf^ <et?<::'5^j he will or 5/2«// do. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. ^t ^f?^ c" ^f?-^\ I ^ill or shall do. 
 
 2. ^ ^fi-f^^, i'loii wilt or shalt do. 
 
 3. C^ <Ft?i:^ or ^f^:^, he zoill or */i£/// ^o. 
 
 IMPERzVTlVE MODE. 
 
 Honorific. luf-'rior. 
 
 1. ^f?c, /tc-/// rfo. [j/c. ^f?5 li-e icill do. 
 
 % 5?^, ^^, =2Pf?:^, rfo ^/io«i or do ^J, ^f<i^, t/o //lOM or do ye. 
 
 Z. ^3?^, may he or ^Aej/ t/o. ^ ^^, may he or they do. 
 
 G3 
 
44 BENGALEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 51. 'JIic first person imixTatirc is used when any action is 
 proposed to be tloiic. Exam, srfqrl ntf , ice (zcill) ^o. 
 
 • 
 
 53. Sometimes the address i-^ made by th^ verb srt^fi, cnmCy 
 ill the second person. Ejcam. ^^%'^ 33tr^i rt^j tome, v:e zcill ^o. 
 
 SUBJU.N'CTIVK modi:. 
 
 54. The subjunctive mode is formed by ronstrurtinjj (he first 
 and second aorist, or the future tense, of the indicative mode, 
 with the subjunctive particle ti[^, //, or OT, that. 
 
 rilLbLNT TENSE. 
 Honorific. Inffrior. 
 
 1. cn 3rrpr <?nr, that I majj do. m ait ^Hf, that I may do. 
 
 2. C^ ^r^ ^?, that thou maijest do. CU ^t ^f?^, that thou majjat do. 
 
 3. 01 f^fi ^CiR, that he maij do. (H (.^ ^r?, that he maj/ do. 
 
 PUETER TENSE. 
 
 Honorific. Tiiforinr. 
 
 1. irf^ "^rtfir ^f^^tar, if I had done, ilfi: ar^ ^?f?3l^, if 1 had done. 
 
 2 TifK^-^f^.if thou ha d$t dime. \ ,, "^ , , , ; 
 
 ^ I fhou hadst done. 
 
 3. irf^r f5ft J^nrrs^, // he had done. nR c^ 35f^3, //" /ic* h ad done. 
 
 rUTLKK ri.NSE. 
 Ilonorific. In;crior. 
 
 1 . -nff 3rtf3r spfit^, // / .v/<a// r/o. ifv ^^ ^^^, 'J / ''fi'tli do. .■ 
 
 2. uf^ 3ffl Jffir^l, // //"vM i/»</^ do. Tif • 3t ^f?f^, ////lo" shalt do. 
 
 3. nfk r^fr ^f.TCT'i, if he shall do. Trfa c^ -^m, if he shall ilo. 
 
 PAHTIClPI.i:^. 
 
 Present <f 5?f5tT3 and ^3, duini^. 
 Cofjtinaativr, sr^T^ '(/o/'/iiT, continufm^ tb do. 
 Adverbial, -^U^., ^f?, '?J1, 'r?, 9firC"l. 
 Passive^ 3^"5, (/u/jc. 
 
OP VERBS. / 4§ 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 ^X^^^ for the purpor.e of doing. 
 *f?T?5 doing. ^Ti:<J, of doing. ^fWc?, in doing. 
 
 Of Compound Verbs. 
 
 65. Most of the verbs may, in some of their forms, be com- 
 pounded Avitli other verbs, and Avhen thus compounded, acquire a 
 meaning different from what they had in their simple state. 
 
 The verb ^1, to stand., to he situated^ to re?nain, compounded 
 with the adverbial participle, gives the verba subjunctive or con- 
 ditional sense if constructed with a subjunctive particle. If there 
 be no particle constructed therewith, it conveys an idea of the 
 action being customary, or probable. iTfP is snbstiru^^ed for the 
 root ^1, to stand. Exam. ^Tiii ^tlr^l ^^rf^F, / do it u^uallj/- 
 
 Example. 
 
 FIRST AORIST. 
 
 1. "Jrf^ ^t^ ^f??1 ^tf%, if I fnai/ do, 
 
 2. ■JxfR: -^pi ^f?.Vi ^t^, if thou mayest do. 
 
 3. '^ fifr ^f|?1 U1T5^, if he may do. 
 
 It may be conjugated in this manner through all the tenses. 
 
 56. The adverbial participle is frequently compounded with 
 the verb CiTa!, to throio. This compound verb conveys the idea 
 of the action's being done completely, or in an excessive degree. 
 
 Example. 
 
 1. ■sitf^ "^ft?"! nrfsT, 1 do (it) effectually. 
 
 2. ^"pt ^f??1 c^^, thoH dost {it) effectually. 
 
 , 3. t^f^ ^t^?1 (irr^^, he does (it) eff'jctitally^ 
 
 Thus through all the tenses. 
 
■46 BENCAI.F.i: CUAMMAK. 
 
 N-^uter Ter!j5, and sonir" of^pr^. rlo not :i 'tnit of this com- 
 pound f' li!l. 
 
 The verb <il>T, /«> i(/v<t m (uni i /, !"» ii'-v^i'-iii ^ i <^iiii»oiiiulc«i 
 MUh tl»e gerund in ^5^. Ttie verb thus compouadt'd, ^ivcs ttie 
 idea ol tae commenceuieiit of tlie action. 1 he vowel of si^r is 
 made lon^ wliea it is conjugated. 
 
 Exawple. 
 
 riUST AORIST. 
 
 1. 3itpl ijf^ HTff^f, / 6e^///i i^ u^. 
 
 2. ^r^ ^ff^CT a\-tjt, ^/iaa be^imiest to ih. 
 
 3. fif^ ^f?:^ srrr.r^T, At? begins to dj. 
 
 Thxis through all the tenses. 
 
 57. A form wliich may be called the potential mode is formed 
 by compounding tiie verb«tr.i, lu be able, ^\lth tliu -mnid in Tt'i. 
 
 E.iayq)L. 
 1. ;srtf2i vjf^fTS «^(?, / ccn do. 
 
 'i. N5t=I ^f?C^ 'tf?, ^AjW C«/fA'f </o. 
 
 3. fif^ 'Pf''^ ^'vC^^, he can do, 
 
 Tiius liuou^ii ail liir icusfa. 
 
 Ci". to (/t>/;v, iaoluni com[)ou;i'l((l \\\\\\ the g«Tund in "^j and 
 gives the idea of N\ibhing or desiring to perform the aetion. 
 
 Ei(tmj)lc. 
 
 llii>. A«)KIsT. 
 
 '2. '^U -^Tf^J Cl3, I hull dfSii't'St (a du. 
 3. fit'' Trf?r5 LtT, he dcii/cth to do. 
 
 Thus throu-h all ♦!-■ trn«;rv. 
 
OF TERES. 47 
 
 *|i, to ohtaln^ (substituted for the root siMwhen preceded by 
 the preposition 2?) i^ frequently constructed with tlie gerund in 
 ^T^, and the verb thus compounded has the meaning of obtaining 
 the privilege of doing the action, 6r of suffering the thing intend- 
 ed by "the verb. Exam. C^ CTfaK^ ^t^cfTj he saw. 
 
 X[1, to go^ is constructed with the adverbial participle of all 
 neuter verbs, and usually gives the idea of becoming what the 
 verb indicates or of coming into the state which it describes. Exam. 
 c^ 5:^in f?r9tC5v, it is become. fJT i^f^iii nt?, he arisefh. 
 
 OF CAUSAL VERBS. 
 
 58. Causal verbs (f5?rcjtit) are formed from the simple verbs 
 (5^if), by inserting 3ii between the original root and the verbal 
 termination. Verbs with a final 3I1 require the insertion of ^ 
 before the characteristic 3i1 of the causal, which must be pro- 
 nounced like the English w. Exam. -iHrit, I cause him to eat. 
 
 N. B. It is very common to insert ir instead ofz. This is, 
 how^ever, improper, and, to mark its impropriety more decided- 
 ly, it is constantly pronounced like w. 
 
 The final of Kl, to give, is changed to ^; before the causal in- 
 crement, ^ must be inserted. Exam, c^Ti^si, he caused to give. 
 Dhatoos with a final ^S change it to ^3 ; before the causal incre- 
 ment, ^ must be inserted. Exam, ctntt^sr, / caused to Kosh. 
 
 ^<r1, io cause to do. 
 INDICATIVE MODE. 
 
 FJRST AORIST. 
 
 Honorific. Inferior. 
 
 1. ^stfsr :??rlt, I cause to do. 7i% ^^f / cause^to do. 
 
 % ^fsr ^jU, thou causcst to do. ^t ^i^^t^, thou causest to do, 
 
 3. f%f% ^r^7>[j he causeth to do. CR ^^i?, he caussth to do. 
 
48 BENGALEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 PRFSENT DEFINITE. 
 
 Hoiioiii.c. 
 
 1. ^ti^I 'P?iTjr3i^, / am CfiushiiT to do. 
 9. <;f^< ^tT^Ts^, thou xirt causing to do. 
 S. T^f^ ^|r;"^~nA5T, he is causing to do. 
 
 111'.' . ; r. 
 
 J. ^ '??t?r3vk, / am causing tu do. 
 
 2. ^^t JJ^lt^^r^, thou art causing to do, 
 
 3. c^ ^?t^3r5:, he is causing to do. 
 
 SECOND AOKTST. 
 
 Honorific. Inferior. 
 
 (. 3itt^ ^|rtt^!3r, / caused to do. 7:f ^F^t^t^r, / caused to do. 
 
 T? ^3r1-^<57T or '^Tttf 5, thou 
 
 ciiKsed.sf to do. 
 3. f^f^ ^?t^^^, he caused to do. c^i 3??1t^, he caused to do. 
 
 ^Z ^si^ ^^{^31, thou causedsl to do. 
 
 IMPKRnXT. 
 Honorific. 
 
 1. ^tf3i ?P?t^t3r or ^?t^'^', T caused to do. 
 
 2. 3fai ^lltt^'l', thou ca>fs ■ ht to do. 
 
 3. r^t^ *?t^fn'Tj he caused to do. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. 37$ -^jifj^'H or ^?t^=i', / caused to do. 
 
 2. ^ 5P?tti^, ^'" " causedst to do. 
 
 3. er ^Tt^st or 3??t$c^'P, he caused to do. 
 
 IMPEIIFECT Dl.FIMTE. 
 liuiiurifiO. 
 
 1. 3rttT: ^?ltt3fK?Jtt3i or jy^t^ufriv^', / 'j:as causing to do 
 
 2. TpT ^'Jttrifji'ili, thou Tvast causing to do. 
 
 3. U^ 3P>i1tr5t«r»5'\j /'•? -<^^ causing to da. 
 
OF VERBS. 49 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. 3r? ?j5^r|C3fs:^l3r or ^^tt^^ffl^^*, I was causing to do^ 
 
 2. "S"! ^$i:^'^f6i:f^, thou zcast causing to do. 
 
 c- 
 
 3. CT ^.il^C^t^sr, he was causing to do. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Honorific. 
 1. ^srtlr <FT'-^'tf6J, I have caused to do. 
 %. 'of3[ ^ tt toi, thoa hast caused to do. 
 3. t^f i ^,itt^^^^5 he hath caused to do. 
 
 Inferior, 
 
 1 . 31^ ^?tt^'tfa, / hrtve caused to do. 
 
 2. ^^35?r ■^zrtfBv'?, thou hast caused to do. 
 
 3. c^ ^vl't^tris, he hath caused to do. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 1. csrr'sr ^?tt5^ffe5il3r or J^^lt'Tt'^R^"*, Ihad caused to do, 
 
 2. "^i ^?"t^?tf5^"l5 thou hadst caused to do. 
 
 3. VifH ^"f^rifewi'ir, he had caused to do. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. 31^ ^<rt"^^tfs^^^ or ^^itt^tfk'f , I had caused to do, 
 
 2. ^ ^rl'^^'tf^Pi, thou hadst caused to do. 
 
 3. c^ 3??i:^it1f5iST, he had caused to do. 
 
 FUTURE- 
 
 Honorific. 
 1. ^it^ ^Tt-^?, ^?"t^, or <§.;i5i, I t^ill cause to do. 
 % ^jfif "^ji^^i or "^i 1^1, thou zcilt cause to do. 
 
 0. f^rf <?.i'^^^ or ^A.t^5 he zviU cause to do. 
 
 Inferior. 
 
 1. 31^ ^7.1^, '3? "t^ or ^?i:3r. I ziiili cause to dcu 
 
 2. ^:| ^itt'f^ or ^^f^, thou wilt cause to do» 
 
 3. G^ ^?ttR or ^$:tl^5 ke Kill cmise to do. 
 
 H 
 
30 bengAle* grammar. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MODE. 
 
 ITunorific. ^ Inferiur. 
 
 1. "^t? ^ ^i^^ cause to do. '?t^, I ^iii caus^ to do. 
 
 2. 5?t3, cause to do. [^do. ^^ J, cause to do. [to do. 
 
 3. 7Rt4^, let him or them cause to <?7rti?P, let him or them cauit 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE xMODE. 
 
 PRFSEKT. 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 1. m ^{^ ^.t^, that I maj cause to do. 
 
 2. or 3fJi ^?1o, M(i/ //iOM mayest cause to do. 
 
 3. cn fofi 7?rtT;, Ma^ Ae mo^ cau^^ to do. 
 
 The inferior form is like the first aorist indicatirp. 
 
 PRETER. 
 
 Honorific. 
 3. Trfrr ^f3i 5jr7ri->7t7T, i/ 7 had caused to do. 
 
 2. irfir '^ ^?t^T*, if thou hadst caused to do. 
 
 3. ^ f^fr ^?rftCT?T, ?/ Ae had caused to do. 
 
 The inffefior is like the second aorist indicatiYe. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 1. nffiT ^Ipl ^7t^, if I shall cause to do. 
 
 2. ttIx 3f2J T?rf Ti i/ McM shall cause to do. 
 
 3. rf^nf^ v^rrffr^. ^/^jr sA^;// cuu<:e to do. 
 
 The inferior is like the future indicative. 
 
 The compound rtrbi are used in the causal the umc as ia the 
 
OF VERM-. i5X 
 
 simple verb, tbough more sparingly. A single example of one 
 tense will be sufficient to shew the manner of forming them 
 
 FIRST AORIST. 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 1. ^ftr ^tfSr ^?^txr1 Uft^, if I may cause to do. 
 
 2. xrt^ ^t^J ?f?rrt5i ^^) if thou may est cause to do- 
 S. nf^ f<5t^ ^'^gl irk^^, if he may cause to do. 
 
 This mcde is regularly conjugated through the same tenses a$ 
 The judicative. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present^ wanting. 
 
 Continuative ^ '^^%l'^\y causing to do, 
 Adverhialj ^^rit^^irtt^l^^Tttt^, causing j ot having caus- 
 ed to do. 
 
 N 
 
 59. The passive participles of causal verbs are generally form- 
 ed by affixing ^ to' the causal root. The Swngskr/trt form is also 
 used. Exani^ ^Tt^j caused to be done. "^^3^ caused to be done. 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 ^?1t^5 to cause to do, ^?tt^1, causing to do. Gen. <5><li^<4t^, 
 of causing to do. Loc. <^'t$<iit^j in causing to do. 
 
 60. Intransitive verbs when they become transitive must be 
 in the causal. Exam. '*\'^J ^<:^, the corn dries. "'JiiJ "t^n^^ 'S^t?, 
 the sun dries the corn. W ^^ it burns, cif^ ^irt^^ C^t^xr, tht 
 
 fire burns him. 
 
 61. That form of the verb which expresses the necessity of 
 
 the act is formed by constructing the third persoB t/ « j *c ^c^ 
 
 H a 
 
•9Z BENGALF.E GRAMMAR. 
 
 with the gerund in ^C5, ^ is substituted for \y to be. The Tcrb 
 iu this form is govcnicd by the accusa'tiTc case. 
 
 KxaTTjdcs. 
 
 PHEStNT. 
 
 Honorific. 
 
 1 :srt3itr^ TTt^TS TTi^ it is ncressarif for mc to go. 
 "2. (^tartr^ il1"5t^ 511, if is necessary foj^ thee to go. 
 3. 3"W^ Tiltc^ ^?, it is ncccssarjj for him to go. 
 
 * PRETrn. 
 
 Hunorific. 
 1. ^itTtl^F irt^rs T^, it zras necesanry for me to go. 
 
 2 (Ti^tT* "ntt?^ Tt^5 it ^as 7\ccess'jrif for thee to go. 
 3. "^t^tCT xn^C3 ^s:^, it zcas necessary for him to go. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Honnrif c. 
 
 1 . ^t^T irr^rs Tiz^ I mjisf go. 
 
 2. c^sfz r^p Tit^r3 xxz, thou must go. 
 
 3. •3iTlT^ irtf:3 tr, ha must go. 
 
 The pluperfect tense is soniciinies used. 
 
 Thf fcrni of the inferior is like that of the lionoiiuc. The pro- 
 noun only is changed. 
 
 OF THK Nrr ^TIV^ VERB. 
 
 Mu>r \oi: i^T. 
 
 Ilonorif.c. 
 
 1 . ^pr ^f< n1, / do 7int. 
 
 2. ^sf4 yfTi »?i, thou dost not. 
 
 3. f4t^ 2rr?'T tI, he doth not. 
 
OF VERBS. 53 
 
 Tbe present definite, second aorist, and future are formed like 
 the above by putting the participle ^1 after the simple verb. 
 
 62. The preter tenses are the same as the present, except that 
 t'le negative particle ^t$ is substituted for ^rl. 
 
 « 
 
 PRETER. 
 
 Honorihc, 
 i. ^tp[ '<?f^ n{^, / did noty or have or had not done. 
 
 2. ^R "^^ ^% ^^^ou didst 7ioty or kast or hadst not done. 
 
 3. fifir ^^t^^T ^{^^ he did notj or hath or had not done. 
 
 Inferior. 
 ^' ^ "^^ ^^1 I fi'^ not^ or have or huhnof done. 
 2c ^^ "^O"^ ^t$, ^/<o?/ f/^V/5'/ nof^ or Ac/^^ or Ar/r/?^ not done. 
 3. c^T ^c?r T/^, he did not^ or hath or /?af/ ;io^ t/o/.e. 
 
 63. Sometime the particle ^^ is put after the simple forms of 
 the imperfect and pluperfect. 
 
 64. It is common to express Vnx^ p es°nt tense of the neuter 
 verb o, to be^ in its negative form, by indjcting the particle as 
 if it were a verb. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 Honorific. Tn'erior. 
 
 1. ^f5[ ^ or 5=?!^, / {am) not. ^rj ^tD or ^fc, / {am) not. 
 
 % <rf^ ^^ or ^5;. thou {an') not. ^% iH^ or ^^, thoic {art) not. 
 
 3. fiR f^ or ^^h;, Ae (25) not. c^r ^zr or>3T!T, /^e {is) not. 
 
 ?T^?: is sometimes substituted for the verb »tl? to bi able, when 
 preceded by the negative particle ^i, ani is regularly conjugated 
 as a verb. Exam. ^\^ ntffcsitsr, / could net ; ^ ^rf^, thou canst 
 not. 
 
54 BEN'G\LEi: GRAMMAR. 
 
 65. In po?trv. ! cJifect tense of tho<ic. verbs which haie 
 a final it or ^ - ,.ii. . . .-.jtracte?!. Exam, ^Ff^srlTr is contracted 
 to t?s!t2r ; ^is^tar to t<ISTi^; aif^sitsr to tsra^t^. 
 
 66. The word <i^, indcedy is intUHttd like a verb, in the first 
 aorist;, and agrees with the agent of tin. vcvh to which it belongs. 
 Exam. 5rf^, zl, ^TS'T, and (infer.) -<c6. 
 
 OF THE P/^ooiV b VOiv.i:>. 
 
 67. The passive voice is made two ways : the lust by conju- 
 gating' the verb ^'j ^o go, with the verbal noun in ^ ; the other 
 by conjuiTating the verb o, to be^ with the passive participle. f 
 is sub&Lituted Tor oj ^o ^e. 
 
 FIRST AOKIST. 
 
 1. ^tf4 ^?t Utt or ^ T^j I am done. 
 
 2. ^fji J^1 Tlt3 or 3^3 5:3, /AoM utt donc. 
 
 3. fif^ 553fi irt^ or ^7 ^^, /ic or j/ ?f don<. 
 Thus through all the modes and tenses. 
 
 Rcitiarks on th'j: VdJ'bs. 
 
 68. The Inst aorist is used when we express an action proper 
 to tlie agent without any particular designation of the time. Ex, 
 ^tf^l vV>r?, birds Jly. *ffar57l fr5t7i -^rsr, wise men investigate, i.t* . 
 flying is tiie common action of birds, and wise men emj)U)y them- 
 selves in investigating things. Thi^ does not m«!4n that birds are 
 vow iti the act of ilying, or that wise men are fiozo investigating. 
 
 O'J. When a per^iun a.^ijUcj Lt», or makei a proposal, his as- 
 «ent or proposal is expressed in the tiist person of the imperative 
 
•F TERB5. o5 
 
 mode. Exam. Question. ^R f^F ^"t'Bt ^ ^ii. Kill you go home .* 
 Answer. ^ttSr ir-tt, / will go. zl]^J^ ■^iii uit^ hi us go ho:7ie. 
 
 70. The present' definite is used to denote that the agent is at 
 that instant en/ployed in the act. Exam, ^"tprfii^lir ^f^lTfK; lam 
 (jwzi)) investigati?ig. 
 
 71. The second abrist ex'Jiiases an action which the agent 
 was "^ccustotiied to do^ or usually did, some time ago. Exam. 
 Tfcil^^tt^ ^srt^ '^iH'tcfrtTi t^itJt^it'T 35f3-t2r, in my childhood I 
 studied the sciences at school, viz. I was accustomed^ or used to 
 do so. "S^ ^rt^T^T ^^ ?t^ ^^Rn <pf<i5^ tr.'^'f^' 'tt^ «^^ ^tt"^, h.i 
 sat (viz. used to sit) forni?ie nights on one seat, and performed 
 (viz. used to perform) many kinds of ceremonies and acts of wor- 
 ship. 
 
 72. The impel feet tense expresses an action as past. The 
 time when it vyas done is usually, though not always^ expressed. 
 Exam. 3rt^ ^^J 5lft ^tt^Tt^r, / came home yesterday. 
 
 73. The perfect tense expresses an action as compleated. Ex. 
 ^^ w^il^ CT ?pU1 2pf^?tffej / have told him that affair, 
 
 74. The pluperfect is frequently used instead of the imper- 
 fect. In general it indicates, that the action was done prior to 
 some other circumstance'expressed or understood. Exam, f^ 
 ^ir^'t? ^? ^'^ 55f|:trtf^'«PT he gave or had given them great 
 trouble. 
 
 75. The future tense expresses the time to come. Exam. «t^ 
 ^'T <rt^ Tr5, there will be rain in the month Bhadra. 
 
 76. In the respectful style, the form of the future is often used 
 ''^r the iraperatiye. Exam, ar^t*!? ^'^'^ -^^^ apf^lT^ Tl, don't act 
 
56 BENGALTE GRAMMAH. 
 
 hastily in this manner, Sir. 3rt«^f?r J ar-w rtTr?? »Ut? 3it^ ^r.r^^ 
 rri, don't J Sir, conjitlc in zchcU thin ignorant servant saj/s. 
 
 77. The form of the first aorist is sometimes used for the im- 
 perative. Exam. =r5t«t? TtTtr^ '^-^ V^.J>r^ ^^trt? ^f? f^-if^. />^ 
 pleased, Sir, to zrritc a letter to him un i/ii/ uLLuunt. 
 
 7P. 'I'ho simple form of tlic ■subjunrlivo mode is made by ron- 
 struitiiijf; the first and second aorist, and the future tense of the 
 indicative, with a subjunctive particle. The supposition and in- 
 ference are usuall>, thoi:.;h not always, to be expressed in the 
 same tense. Euam. zf^ Tjf^ c- Tf-a- TriT.ir'x .-if 3- -^.z ^tp'^tuj 
 P^i ^f^3t=J, if thou hadst spoiwn 10 luc aboa* ili'it aD'uir., I 
 should have accomplished H, uf^ c^ :s^ ^^T3? ttt ;r^ 3rrf4 ^t^t* 
 3:t? 5J»={»t? »f<^ 'Tl, if that man be ungrateful, / xcill give hi/n tio 
 more assistance. 
 
 79. A sentence expressing the reason or scope of a precede 
 ing sentence, is erfpressed by the partir'.- -r-. fh'f, e:overn«n7 a 
 verb in the subjunctive mor?e, present t( iim . I'.jdin. ^ ^fU7 srt.S 
 cn f3-tTiTl ^37? Tf?, this was spoken that ye might believe. 
 
 80. The compound form of the subjunctive is often used with- 
 out a particle of supposition or inference. This, in the future 
 tense, expresses the probability of the action's bein^ done ; in 
 the present tense, it indicates that the action is customary. VjX. 
 fTT rttin ui^CT, he may go, (hereafter). C^ ^s^ 3:tf^l irttT, he 
 is accustomed to come. , 
 
 81. The present participle in "3 is used when it d« scribes some 
 circumstance rcspfcting ti»e ac;ent of a verb, and that in "^oS when 
 it describes som<' circumstance respecting th»? object. Exam. ^V^^ 
 3n7Tv t^it? 'f?3 vu\ 9f^lW'^, the pitiL sophcr, rcjlccting, spake. A^ 
 ^PT 3J^ f3^l 3r?3 ^IM^ ^tf? ^r^'i a blind man used to sit begging 
 hy the Kay-sidv. ^^*t Ti ?ifC3 ^fji lltl^3 ttT ^f^Tl, you uaut 
 to liave (me) nithout of spring. zttl^ 3rt^Tr3 avf^'^rt^ij J save 
 him ccming. 
 
OF VERBS. 57 
 
 82. The adjective in tt is often used as a present participle. 
 Exam. ^sitf4 c^t^it? ^^t^t^J? «^?t5l'^r..^t^, I gave advice io {hi,n 
 who 2s} folio u^ing 1/OU. * 
 
 83. The continuatirc participle, though expressing the present 
 time, denotes a continuance of the action till its end be accoai- 
 plished, or till some other event occur. Exam, "^f^l^X S'^f^^ij, 
 continuhig to go, he anivcd. -^-l^^X t|^ 'C't^t^i, coiUinuing to 
 eat, or by eating, I am satisfied. 
 
 t 
 
 84. The adverbial participle in "^irl is used to connect several 
 sentences governed by the same agent, and upon 'vvhich some 
 other action depends. Exam. ?t5»t ^V^Z'^J 'htf t^'^t?: ^?:^ ^fj^l 
 3if^?rR? ^^1 ^iKj ^i ^f3?i ^r^^:^ li^r^n^ ftT^ 3it33i ^r?!?^^, the 
 prince, remembering the former assistance of the philosopher, and 
 not regarding the zoords of the coimsellor^, ordered him to be set 
 at liberty. 
 
 85. If an action depend upon several preceding actions, done 
 by different agents, i\\e participle in "^CT is used before a new 
 agent is introduced This participle usually agrees with the ab- 
 solute case of the Latin language. Exam.^^^^ f^¥7 ''t^aTtt^ f^xrl 
 ^r^^??: 7ifi:;5 Tjfgjt^ T^WM ^tti'^ttr ^tTi"? fiRii:^ '?i%rsi'i, ^i-^ ^t^t? 
 ^rr'7tTTc"3 ^7T?ift3 ^t5i ^f^ '^^tr<5 T^:'^ '^J^^ ^ t'^fs^ f^^it^ 
 «^t^r^r^ ?P^tU Tt^1 CTtlr^ ^t^f^jsr??, When Soli/man, by means of 
 presents, had obtained an interview with Akbur, the king attend- 
 ed to his request; after which, being indulged with his favour >, 
 and raised to dignity b i obtaining an order of appointment to 
 office, and a variegated robe, he returned io Gozcr. 
 
 86. * When it is asserted that some end will be accomplished, 
 or some event happen, if a given circumstance take place, the 
 supposition is frequently expressed by the participle in "^I^, ia~ 
 
 I 
 
53 BLNGALLE GKAMMAK. 
 
 stom] of the ?erb in the subjuncfire mode. Exam. t(^ Ktl^ t^^l 
 TtX^j jf there be ruin, there zvill be rice. 
 
 87. Tho verbal noun in 3I1 has frequently the power of a pas- 
 sive participle. Exam. "^^•t-ST^ a^-^) ^IW, it is urit/en in the 
 Bible. 
 
 S>S. The gerund, when constructod with 'f^jA^ :5fJj 3C?. T^fj^ 
 or C^3, appears to have nearly the same use as the verival noun 
 %\hcn constructed with tlie same words. Exam, c^ ^\iii ^?c^? 
 'Jt?^, 5?t? ^t?^, or ^f^^f? 5-tiii fsff 3it^(?fT^, he came Jhr the 
 purpose of duin^ that business. 
 
 89. The gerund in the genitive case has often the nature of an 
 adjective. Exam. tt^J ^■pt^t^i ^t^^, the season of planting rice, 
 '^P\'^^ 51^, soii'in^r time. 
 
 90. There are three wa}s of expressing the passive voice. In 
 the first, the form of the verb is the same as in the active voice, 
 
 but the agent is in the instiumental case, and the subject in tlie 
 nominative. Exam. TtT^ or ^iT'3f3 ait^i Aitt^tra, a man zcas 
 
 devoured by a tijger. In the second the verbal noun in 331 is con- 
 structed with TI1, to go. Exam. Tt5:t?C1? nt^ ^itu ^T) irtii, mere- 
 (y their names are heard of; and in the third verb "S, to be., is 
 constructed with the passive participle. Exam. ^t5t?ri 3rf^*rt# 
 ^1 3itTC^(3 <:7Ftf%7 Tu, thij/ are distressed at not knoaing all the 
 circumstances in order. 
 
 01. The vocative particles are often placed after the v«rb in 
 the imperative mode. See the exampUs, page 19. 
 
 C2. fKfiF, fi^f^r, fnf^ and ^f^, an put after verbs in the ini- 
 pprative mode, <o arrrst the attention oi tlie person addressed. 
 Exam. CK^fHt-f (^3Rir?^, aecj uhat fruit! 
 
OF VERBS. 59 
 
 93. c^1 is often added to the first aorlst of verbs immediately 
 after the negative particle, when the preter is designed to be ex- 
 pressed. When this particle is thus used, pi is usually substitut- 
 ed for the negati?e ^tt- Exam, ^tt^r ^t? t^ C^l^ I have not dune 
 it, ^fst ^-at^ ^(5 f^ C^l, / never did it. 
 
 94. (^1, when prefixed or added to a rerb in the present tense^ 
 frequently implies a supposition that some eftect will follow. 
 Exam. 3i"tt^l3l TI1:|, or 3itpr Tttt^^l? / ^iH go {then it iiiill proha^ 
 blif be done). 
 
 95. C5] prefixed or affixed, as above, often indicates a resolu- 
 tion to perform an action though success may be uncertain. Ej.\ 
 ^tf^^1 ^f?^ (^^ ^1 ^1 Ti^), I will do it (but the result is uncer- 
 tain), ^"s^ G^rs^ ^f^xitC(S (Tf^ \IZ ^1 Tfi \uC)^ there arc so many 
 clouds^ (shall ue have rain or not ?) 
 
 96. C3l before a negative sometimes marks a certainty re- 
 specting the agent, but implies an uncertainty respecting others. 
 Exam, ^tfsi^^l ^^ ^"^t, I did not do it^ (I cannot say what ano- 
 ther 7naij have done.) ^tf^ Cc?rt^C^ OiR ^tt, I see no one ; (I sup- 
 pose I must do it mijSelf.) mfzi-^ ^tt ^tt ^sit? C^\ ^t?:?"< ^^tC^ 
 ^^_7 cUd not do it, some other person may have done it^ or — 
 {you may have done it yourself.) 
 
 12 
 
60 UENGALEK Gl'.AMMAU. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 Of the rOKMATlON OF \\ ORDS. 
 
 1. A very Ijrgc proportion of the woids in the Bengalee lanpiia^e 
 are formed from the Sz/n^skr/tw roots, ^itli wliich, and th»> man- 
 ner of lormiug words from them, every student of the Bengalee, 
 and other languages derived from tliat snurrf. ou^ht to be well 
 acquainted. 
 
 \!. Words are, 1. Verbals, or such as are formed immediately 
 from verbul roots. 
 
 Z. Derivatives, or y.ords formed from verbals by the additioQ 
 of certain terminations or formative syllables. 
 
 'J. Compound words, or such as arise from compounding two 
 or more simple words. 
 
 3. It would hcarcrK ( i>w.r w jtliiii the limits of a grammar intend- 
 ed for common u, . to insert rules for the formation of every 
 word used in the language. The increnents employed in form- 
 ing verbals, except those which oidy apply to single words, or to 
 words not introduced into the Bengalee language, follow : 
 
 ^IT. and 3n, alViX'-d to the ro(jf, form nouns sub>'tanli\f which 
 convey the idea of thr pciforming of tlu* action. As then- is no 
 inliiiilivr mode to tin: verb in anv of the Indian languages, these 
 substantives are ( onstructrd witli anotiirr word in the genitive 
 case to perforni thr ofhcc of that mode in other languages. hx. 
 CfflApT or C^M\ the Ktitin^ ; R'«t> and CK-at', the seeing of a ff''*ig. 
 ^lrt? ^^ ^jfys^virtrlT^F, to sec him is vcrj/ pleasant. 
 
FOllMATION OF WORDS. 61 
 
 f^, affixed to the root, forms a class of bubstaiitives which have 
 the same meaning as Ei^gllsl* words which terminate in -ion, -ness, 
 &c. In some instances f^ is substitutj-I for fa, Exa>n.^p, an 
 action^ ^fa?, devotedness^ sifs, opinion^ inind, ^, inieUi^ct, ^tpr? 
 loss. 
 
 U7§ is affixed to a few roots to form nouns of agency. Excim. 
 9ftU3?5 a singer. 
 
 A very large class of words, chiefly nouns of agency, is ma<ie 
 by affixing ^ to the root. In the Bengalee language ^'. is]5ubsti- 
 tuted for the * of this affix, unless the word form the first mem- 
 ber of a compound word. Exam. ^^1, a speaker.^ ^m, one zvho 
 knows. 
 
 A considerable number of nouns substantive, denoting the 
 thing which the verb performs, are made by affixing^ to the root. 
 Exam. "3^, an endeavour^ ^^, a dream. 
 
 Nouns of agency are formed by affixing ^^ to verbal roots. 
 In most instances the vowel of the root is increased by vreddhf 
 when ^^ is affixed. These words, though generally employed as 
 substantives, are in reality adjectives. Exam. ^1?^, an agenty 
 (si^^j a writer^ "^l^^^, a runner. 
 
 The affixing of ^ to a root produces a considerable number of 
 substantive nouns. When this ^ is affixed, -aF is substituted for 
 t\ve final 5 of the dhatoo, and 5t for a final ^. Exam. ^?[, a hand,, 
 ■^rc, a earlier^ ^J[%i:?l^, an exception y ^rt^t, relinciuishment. 
 
 Nouns of instrumentality are formed by several affixes ; the 
 principal are :5f, 31^, ^;r, fr^ and ^i^ : of these, those formed by 
 ^ occur more frequently than the others. Exam. (Tl'^", the eye^ 
 or organ of sight ; ^''-■^, a tooih ; c^t^^ a cord to fasten an ox to 
 
C^ JJKNGALEE CRAMMAU. 
 
 the 1/oke ; TZr^. dust, or fhat zi/iich stains ; ZTF^, fhe e\jr ; 'Tf^, 
 gjicc ; w::^, bi/(h. Tlie Jiiials of the thn^e last words, and of 
 others similarly formed, are usually omitted in t!ie Bengalee lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Manv substantives are formed bv th'^ affix ?. These, beinij fe- 
 niininc in S^ngskr/ta. must receive the fonii:jine increment 311, 
 Exatn. f^fTT!, a zcork^ "tiljl, a bed, f^T^, scie?Ke. 
 
 A class of substantives, also feminin* s in Swngskr/ta, is formed 
 by the affix ^. These must receive the feminine increment 331. 
 Exum. t^t^'^l, a desire to sec, Oiiyt^ll, a question, viz. a n^ish to 
 hiOK, "3^1. (I bcdance, ^5i, the uill, ^?^ old age, ^1ir, , a star^ 
 ttin, a rivulet^ aicay, a course or custom, fs^l, a/mW^, n^l, 
 zzoi'ship. 
 
 «, affixed to verbal roots, gives rise to a great number of words. 
 
 Exam. 5;1TI, /he zcind, ^f^ , taste or relish^ 3t^, a thisrh. 
 •^' •<♦>-■ ,^. - 
 
 A considerable number of words i?< lornipd by the affix ^- Ex. 
 fJiT, a bridge, t"t7, a metallic ore, ^.'^T, an animal, ^^, a thinly 
 c^s, a cause. 
 
 <^ 
 
 The affixing of sT gives rise to a good number of substantives. 
 The vowel of the root to which thiN increnuiit is affixed must be 
 changed by goon. Exam. (Tts, a tjurnt -sacrifice, c^t^, the moon, 
 'y^, happiness. 
 
 Sometimes, liowe^tr. the vowel of the dhatoo is not changed 
 b} ijoon. Ej.um. \JI. s/f.oke.. fi^^^^ cold, <f^, gold. 
 
 The affixing of ^r gives rise to a great number of words. Exam. 
 
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES. 63 
 
 Z^, the moon J *^, an otter y "^y the sun., '^t^^ a vulture ^ f^^, a 
 hole. 
 
 4. Those v.ho w'lih to become better acquainted with the ety- 
 mology of Bengalee words, will do well to stud^ carefully the 
 chapter of ^^'^ and SMft affixes in the Swngskr/t« grammar. The 
 rules here given will, however, sulTice for the formation of most 
 of the substantive verbals, wiiicli are used in the language. 
 
 Op the formation of Verbal Adjjxtivfs. 
 
 6. All the participles above-mentioned, page 3Qy except the pre- 
 sent participle in 33^ or "tf^, the adverbial, the conditional, and 
 the repeated one, are often used as adjectives. Exam. ^S^rt^, 
 increasing^ ^, done. 
 
 6. Adjectives which indicate a tendency or bias to some parti- 
 cular action are formed by affixing ^"^j ^? ^^ ^^ ^^j ^tf^r-) ^5 ^J^ 
 «?, <S2F,3i?r, ?, «, and a few other affixes of less frequent occurrence. 
 The above increments cannot be affixed to any root at pleasure, 
 but are proper to certain roots pointed out by S«ngskr/ttf gram- 
 marians. Exam. ?t^%, increasing, f^^, conquering. ■^^, sta- 
 tionary^ ^ , daring, ^rt^, murderous^ *l?t<fr, disposed to sleep, 
 R1^, sharpy ^smjy ravenous, ^^, biittle, f^'^jr, wise, Tt^^T^, garrU' 
 lous, «t^?, splendid, '^'^, perishable, fT^^, hurlj'ul, ^^, humble, 
 t«I^, covetous, t^f^^^y inquisitive. 
 
 7. A large class of very useful adjectives, indicating a bias to the 
 act, or simply engagedness therein, is formed by affixing^, to the 
 root. The vowel of the root must be increased by vr/ddh/. In 
 the Bengalee language the final ^ is rejected, and the ^ preced- 
 ing it is made long. This is, however, in the nominative case 
 
'j4 BENGALEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 alone. Exam, "^t^, continuing, ^FtT", performing^ 3l»t7rf^'t. guil- 
 ty ^ 3i^'^?t, proud. 
 
 S. Adjectives may be formed to almost anv extent by com- 
 pounding a vprbal root with some other word. Tliese roots receive 
 the affix ^ after them. In some instances tiie vowel of the root is 
 increased by goon, and in other by vreddhz. 
 
 9. AVhen tlie roots ^, to do., and "^5 to move., compounded with 
 words as above, require the vowel to be increased by vriddh;, the 
 words, though adjectives, are commonly us'^d as >ul)stantives in 
 the Bengalee language. JExa/w . Trgjft?. a potter^ \\z. pUcher-mak- 
 ins;. 
 
 10. More frequently, however, these two roots are thus employ- 
 ed when the vowel only siiflcrs the alteration occasioned by <];oon. 
 M ords tlrus formed are adjectives, thouf^h some of them arc em- 
 ployed as substantives. Exam. ^.^7. preceding., ^^^9^, pleas- 
 ing-f '^^^''^^^fame-pruducin \ But o^t^?, irradiating, viz. thr suHy 
 t^»?, a painter, ff^*?, ni^iil-inukinrr^ viz. the ;;/oo«, and some 
 others, are usually accounted substantives. 
 
 1 1 . The roots fh, to kill, 77?, to innvc, t^, lo sins,^ t, to hold. 3P, 
 to do, 5JT, to move, -Jf^r, to go, ^', to kno:o^ "Tl, to he situated, «n, 
 to give, and ^, to be produced, are compounded with nouns 
 f(» form adjectives which respectively indicate, destroying, mov- 
 ing, singing, h Iding, d(,ing, moving ^ knozcin.:. situated in, ai'^ins;, 
 or produced from that indicated by the word to which tiiey are 
 joined. By the above, md so;ne oth r rules, tli ' al)ove roots 
 respectively make the sy lables TT, 3?. ^, t?, '^^^ '^, 3< ^. ^, and 
 ^. Exam. ^T!!, icetdth'destroi,ini;, "35 '-E?, aquatic^ Ttar^t, chant- 
 ing the Suwa-vvda, ^'S^?, s:ca>iiu7 the sceptre, \iz. a kin<r, Hit* 
 97, tranquillizing, ^STji%^, terr/Jic.^^^i, preceding, ^tSit. descend- 
 
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES. 65 
 
 ing^ 'H'i'^^-, f('^''ig ecej^y where^ ^^, omniscient^ 'i'^^^. situated in 
 the house^ sit^viTt. giving pleasure^ '^:ii^, a7^isin<^ from labour. 
 
 Those roots whicli are distinguished in the general list by the 
 unuhuwiiha ts, are by the affix f^^ formed into adjectives which 
 indicate a quality arising from the act. Exam. ^^^^ artificial. 
 
 Adjectives corresponding with those which in English end 
 in -able, or -ible, are fornied by affixing ^^J, ^^^7, or ?, to the 
 root. These words are properly indefinite participles passive, 
 indicating that the act is to be performed, or ought, oris worthy, 
 or is fit or proper to be performed. Exam. "^"^^1 ^ practicabh ^ 
 proper to he done-, ^t'ft?, proper to he given^ R*iJ, visible, fit to be 
 seen. 
 
 The final of the roots ending in 3I1, is usually changed \o jj, 
 when ? is affixed. Exam, (.K?, proper to be given^ c^sir, capable 
 of bet Jig known. 
 
 Of Derivative Vt'oRDs, (Tf^3.) 
 
 By affixing certain syllables or letters to verbals, or to com- 
 pounds, or even to other derivative words, a numerous class of 
 
 derivative words is formed. 
 
 Of Patronymics. 
 
 These words are mostly adjectives in the Bengalee langtiage, 
 but as the custom of neglecting the substantive with which they 
 should be constructed has prevailed, they are often used as the 
 substantives themselves. 
 
 Many patronymics are made by affixing t to words with a fi- 
 nal ^, and increasing the first vowel of the word hy ▼n'ddh/. 
 Exam, ^tf^j a descendant of Kriilina. 
 
 J 
 
C(5 BLNtiALEL GRAMMAR. 
 
 JJ? is afTiX'^d to feminiiics eiuHug; in 3n, If or S. to make pa- 
 troJivm*u'>. A final » is rt jrctcd btlore this affix. Thf first vowel 
 cvf the word mist be nude lonj; by vr/ddli/. E.cum. c;nt?9, a de- 
 scendunt ofC.\]7t. 
 
 A consideral;!" number of pafronymits is formed by afliiing ?, 
 a;i(i oth'-Tj are ina I • by 317^. The tirsf vowel must be lengtlnMi- 
 
 ed bv vr/ddfi/. E.iar/i. ? t.'J, a dcscenduul of the sase Gur-a. 
 ^V^''^n, the dcscefiil.rit of a hors:. ^yt?^. u d sccndant of the 
 tiUi^e A a/ a. 
 
 Somo patronymics ar«^ formed by afTixing 3:. The first vowel 
 is leugthcned Ly tlic lult^of \r/d(II'i/. J'.iam. t^.7. n J.rv//e.T\fK^- 
 a d' scciiduul if f'ushi.yhthn. 
 
 There are a irw otiic r atVixefc wiiicli are employed in the for- 
 mation of ]'>atro[iymies, but as \\v2 words formed by them are 
 fe-.v. and i' Idom uscid, the adding tliem here is unnecessary. 
 
 Of Gent Uo ^uuuA. 
 
 CI entile nouns, or such as denominate a people from theij 
 country, city, or tovrn, are fornKtl by the samr allixes, and in the 
 ii:ne maimer as p.itronymics, an^l like tliem are in reality adjec- 
 tivce. Liafu. di)'^"}^ inhabitini:^ (fu:cr, Ct;'*tt or (T^-tt?, iuhahit- 
 iiitf a com ti\y^ l^V^ inhuOitifi^ Utinu'd or Jicji^^al^ also 7lir;tTi, 
 lhfi2(dcc. 
 
 CJentilf' lu.iv .il " b( made at j)b'aMM( h\ ullixing fK"?t, C^"t7 or 
 (K^?, to the niiine of thf t(»un(ry. linim. ^'^tT'^t, cl^fW*tj or 
 
 l'^i«tIV, also fi^y a Chinese. 
 
 Collectives arc formed in Sungski/la b> a treat number of allixes, 
 
OF DERIVATIVE ADJECTIVES. 67 
 
 anr! those words are copiously admitted into the Bengalee lan- 
 guage. T-lie most usual methods of forming collectives are by the 
 affixing of ^. and increasing the first vowel of the word by Ti/ddh/, 
 or by the affixing of Tij or ^1. Exam. (.'^<^.^ a multitude of people^ 
 5it?r^, a multitude ofmen^ iTtTjIj ajlood. ^^nri, a multiti(de of in en. 
 
 Of Abstract Substantives. 
 
 These m^y be formed from all adjectives, and from a very 
 
 gieat number of substantives, by aiTixing to the wc^ii^ "5 or "31. 
 Exam. ^^^1 or c^t, goodness^ ^H^■^^'^ or ^'^^^j lordship ^ ^'^ 
 or t!t,'^3l, lordship, domination, sovereignfi/, (Hv^^l, dciti/. 
 
 Abstract substantives may be also generally formed by aiTixing 
 ^ or TI, and increasing the first vowel of the word by vr/ddhz.. 
 Exam. .'Tfl?^, I3^^1 or g<5^, greatness. ^1t(-^, 31^31 or snr?, mild- 
 neas, t^irj, p^i^iil or T^?^, stedfastness, c^rl^tfj, TPTj-jc^i or ^^?i^, 
 leant y. 
 
 Abstract nouns are formed from names of colours, and some 
 other words, by affixing ^^^. The final H is rejected in the Ben- 
 galee language, and the vowel of 3r is made long:. These may 
 also be formed by the two preceding rules. Exam. ?f-^3i^, ?t^^^ 
 or ?'!?i:, redness, ^f^^'? "^W^i ^^"^"^ f^'' ^'^'W-) ^^hi(encss, ^'if^^n, 
 ■Q^T, g^^l or Gfl/^TT, greatness, importance. 
 
 Of Derivative Adjictives. 
 
 These are very numerous, and may be formed by different 
 affixes, so as to express almost every possible shade of mean. ng. 
 The most general affixes are 3i, tt, and ^<?, Mith the first vowel 
 lengthened by vr/ddh/. 
 
 By the above three affixes, adjectives of colour are foimcd 
 
68 BCXGALLE ORAMMA:. . 
 
 from wods mpaiiins; colouring sub taiires. Ejum. Tt(^^, colour- 
 ed z:ilh /urmeiir ; ^^V^^, dyed ic th lac. 
 
 A('jf^«tives dciiominafing food from the vessel or ihstrument 
 ^\i^h v*liicn it is cooked, setts from tlwir leader or god, and a 
 rouiitrv from it> prodiu tioiis or inhabitants, are formed bv these 
 thitH' alliies- Exntn. '^J, roasted, t'^^, zvorshipping Shiva^ ^^^^7, 
 abounding zciihjig trees. 
 
 Adj'^ctirrs iiuncatincj the mere existence of <ome quaK;\' or 
 property, arc formed by the affixing of ? o-r ^^. Exam, ^t^, 
 Pungalce ; ^rftJtf^i'F, existing in the subject ; Hifil^^lf^^, belnng- 
 i)ig to a future state ; ^\^'9^ belonging to the present icorld. 
 
 Many adjrrfirps of this class are made hv affixing ?. F.ram. 
 zrtKJ^Jirsty principal ; ^^i, dental ; JibJ, labial. 
 
 Adjectivrs of this kiml nrf formed from (•onii)OMnds M-hirh have 
 T^f, a class, for their last memb<*r, I)y affixi:ii,''itn, tt, or "^t. "^ If 
 the first member of the compound be a letter of the alpliabet. It? 
 only is affixed. J'.iam. <^T 1?, belonging to the first class of con- 
 sonants } srsr'n^sftTT, 3T3j^^;fj, or 3ns^T3st"t, belonging to O'ljoona's 
 party. 
 
 Adjortivis whicli indicate tliat a tiling is composed or made of 
 a particular substanc*' or material are formed by nft'ixinsj s to 
 the name of the matcriii', and makiiii^ the first vowel of the word 
 lon^ by vriddiu. Jjiam. ^^t*t, made of Valashu zcooif (lUitea 
 frondosa.) 
 
 M Miv adjrctives of this kind are mad.' by affixing 3iy. Lxam. 
 5it^^?, uooden ; T-^?, barley ; C^nlfJlii or C«^'lT, iron. 
 
 • Tlic final of tl»i^ atfi\ and ;i!l nthi r» Piidin:: in ^;!T, i" K^jcctr ! in tlie 
 Ben(r<>l( e lar:(,'uagt-, uuJ tlic -J nui'lr li>n;r in the noniiuanv can . 
 
OF DERIVATIVE ADJECliVM. 69 
 
 A very largo class of adjectives expres ive of the existeuce of 
 the thinij; from Avhich they are formed is made by affixing 7*v or 
 ST"^. la the masculiiiLe these are changtil to ^V[ and sJi??, and in 
 the feminine to tt^ and "srst. Exinn. ^csr^^v, neut. ^5i?-t-. masc. 
 <ai?^j fem. sLiun^y 2S\^«>5 neut. 29\33t'=r, maso. -^Sl^nrt, fern, glorious* 
 
 Tho":^ xvo rds whi cli have a final or penultimate 31^^, or '311, or 
 <tlindl consonant, exce.-t it be a nasa!, a semi-vowel, or a sibilant, 
 require ihe affix '5'^, and nearly all otliers require 3i^. Exam. 
 Wi^'^.jortunaie., v5~i:?rTt?T, wise^ fj^^"^l? intelligent. 
 
 The affix t^^ is affixed to words with a final ^"^^^ and a few other 
 M ords. Exmn. C^^^, resplendeni., 2it?t^t. illusive. 
 
 In the Sz^ngskr/t« language many other affixes are used to form 
 adjectives of thi?, class, and words thus formed are often used in 
 the Bengalee language : those of most frequent occurrence are 
 $=^, »t, ?r, "t^, ^, ^"^'^' '^'pvT, and ^'^. Exam. f^TfS^, slippery^ 
 ({^tsT'^t, hairi).^ 3it?r, snoeet^ '^f^^Jilt/iy, 33"if^^, delusive, TTTfcfi, com- 
 paisiotiatey ttiT'^tcfrt, patient^ ^"t^, hypochondriac. 
 
 ■^^ is affixed to all compounds of which the last member is 
 ^ir, an object, «ltsTj a disposition, ^^', 7'eligio?i, or ^cj, a sort, and 
 to a very large number of other words, to form this kind of ad- 
 jectives. Exam. vSicFitijt, desirous of icater, ^^^^, good-natured, 
 ^tSojfjft J of the bi^ahminicnl religion, ?'3?'Toit', red, t'^t. rich^ 
 ^'ftj wise, TTs^t^ afflicted. 
 
/v' JILXGALEK 0?:i.\lMAK. 
 
 SECTION VIII. 
 Or Compound Word-;, ^^sTfr.) 
 
 Coinjjouiid uoids are formed by joining a iiuiabcr of simplr^- 
 words to oarh othrr. Tli«- last nifn.ber (H\\y ca?i b ■ iiinprhd. 
 There are >i.x classes of Compound words. 
 
 1. Tiie first (lass railed T^ vonsi'^ts of those compounds wliitl) 
 »ie formed by colleciirig several subs(antivps into one wor^l. 
 This is uHKilly done by omitting tii*' copulative coniunction. 
 
 ^zr=T, great prince^ Spring the kijiff of all the seasons^ hits 
 entcrediuio all ijunr plcusure'^t'oinich^ and is ornamented zrdh a 
 luad of roRi.sT-AuoiiswG slw .-)HOOt«, fklit>, rr.oMiK-., cia'S- 
 TERs, and FLOwr.ri-sriKi:s. N. B. The words put in small < api- 
 tals answer to the compound. 
 
 2. The second rlass, called TT^ftn", eon<;ibls of conipouml epi- 
 thets formed by jc.ning two or more words together. This class is 
 very extensive, and nuy be formed at the pleasure of the speaker. 
 Exam. a:?ri^, dccr-ej/al ; ^\T'^V'if], moon -faced ; f?fl?i^, w /(//<?- 
 bodied ; Ht^t^, clothed in jjellrrc; f^i"^?, clothed icith the points 
 cf the compassy \'u.. naked ; ^:^7?, chdhed uilh atitgcr's shin ; 
 ^art^r*, evil-minded^ Kicked. 
 
 J. The third class ib called ^f^t^T, viz. compouml words 
 formed by the eoi'structiijti of a substantive with its adji'ctive. 
 
 vcri) am ivm Jor her little child. 
 
 N. C Tliis rule explains tl^' reason wh) adjectives arc not 
 
or COMPOUND WORDS. 
 
 71 
 
 inflected when the substantive is expres^'^H ; the a^^jective being 
 supposed to drop -its inflection, and to fonn a compound word 
 with the substantive. This is also the case with several of the 
 pronouns. K^am. ^ 'T^f?! fnTt(:<P?fK^Tr<P, to all iliese people^ not. 
 all these to the people. 
 
 4. A substantive frequently becomes the adjective to another 
 substantive ; in whicl*. case its inflection is not expressed. Exam. 
 ^tl^3: c-^(l^?i1, gentlemen ; ^jtl^f^if;, the employment of a writer. 
 
 Tlie words ^t^^^t? T^^-^>1 ^R^ '^'^IX^ in all vour pleasure- 
 grounds^ see (example 'to Rule 1) are an example of this com- 
 pound. If the words had not formed a compound, it must had 
 been rendered 2,'our pleasu?'c-!^rou?id in the collection; because 
 the last word only being inflected, the foregoing ones would in 
 that case be separated from it, and stand in the nominative case,. 
 
 i3 
 
 5. ^Tl is substituted for si^s^j great., when compounded with a 
 substantive. Exam, sr^t^^, a great king ; si^t^sT, gi'eat strength. 
 
 The final of fTtS^, a king, and ^st^t, a day. is omitted when 
 cither of them is the last member of a compound. Exam. 3r'5:t3t^. 
 a great king, ^?3it^5 «.A"^ ^^Z* 
 
 ^^pf,a day, preceded by 'i^, all, by words wliich denote a par- 
 ticular part of time, by numerals, or indeclinable?, is changed to 
 33^. Exam, ^"^t^, the whole day : sifjt^, mid-day ; '^ift^, ike 
 forenoon, 
 
 6. The fourtli class, called c^^'^rsps, consists of words formed by 
 compounding a substantive in any case, with a verb, omitting the 
 inflection of the noun. The compound words thus formed are 
 adjectives. Exam. "Z'^T^^, for est- adorning, see (the example to 
 Rule 1). In this example the noun is in the accusative. T^^'/'i', 
 
72 BrVKALtE CRAMMAK. 
 
 full of uatcr-y f^itnt^^, overlaid zcitk i^old^ an.! i';^, tnaiie 0^ 
 hamf!in are insfaun-s of participles compouu'** -' ntth a noun in 
 the tliird caa^f. Tl\c inllectioii of the fourth case »s omitted in (tt^ 
 ^1V\, sivifii; to flic ifor/*-. 'i'hr intlcction of the fifth case* is omit- 
 t' d in ^■^^fj?. J all en fruin a Irse^ and TtTllt^, cowe from the 
 hvuie. 
 
 7. A\ h'^n one su!)sia;)ti\e i-; t ounIi lutt (i vvith another in the 
 sixth case, ti»o two words nuiy form a conipound t>f this cla^s, hy 
 oiiiitting the intlection of the case. The compound** thus forn»< d 
 are often substantives. F.xun. "^^Tt^t^^l, ihc desire of happiness ; 
 J?lTfJt^:^, the supcriideridant of the zcurk ; STT*:tl, the master of 
 the house. 
 
 Words derived from the S/niE;skr/(a. wlien they arc compound- 
 ed, revert back to the original form wh'th they liad in that lan- 
 guage before thej were declined. Jifni. f^it^', the rtligion of 
 r father ; art^^^^, a rnofhcr\'; affectioi} ; 3«sPtnr, after that; "^^^y 
 upon that. These words cannot be written f*r3i t^, art^l tljf, f»? 
 «W or r5=T i^**lr?r, which they must have been if they had bee« 
 formed from the Bengalee nominative. 
 
 8. 31- and 31^311 are subsdtuttd for ^rtfii, /; ^e. and rrtn, 
 for Tst^, thou ; 3-.^- for ^1JI71, :cc ; Tr?I«>, for (^•'T^j^e; ;5«>, for 
 fif^, fsT, and CSn, he; xr«-, forf>Yf^, and .IT, zvho ; s^-^^^ for ff^Tand 
 J, this, a-ui f-T* . r r c^, ziho? and C^T, unij owe, when they are 
 compounded >\ith other words. Eaatn. ^^^i'^iTT^ ^17'i.for us all; 
 a3^*tl, wy coTulition; 31^'% through nie ; C^Jrtf:vl?tr3, in opposi- 
 tion to ijou ; TTt?«J. xfour xtords ; 3:^'^b% our lan^ua^e ; iiHll*H*\y 
 1/our country/ ; ^f<tf'Jr'5, vn that account ; II7!TJ, on zrhich account ; 
 r-n^a^, some person speaking. 
 
 0. A pussive participle is often the tirst mcnd)cr of tiiese cora- 
 pounds. Exajn. TS^f^, bereft uf undentandingy ft^Tfi, «(/* 
 
OF COMPOUND WORDS. 73 
 
 destitute of understanding^ ^^t^^, glad-hearted, Trt^3Fitj ofexcit- 
 cd anger, ^^^T^^j stripped of his all. 
 
 10. The folloVing words, viz. "^ifi^ W\jy^^ doings ^tt^ft, goings 
 ^?1, itty^, giving, ^riit, speaking, i^i^, taking away, 48^, desir^ 
 oiis, t\ov tSf, desirous, ^'^^, seeking, ?.-t'5ft, adorning, ^1^, 
 tWt, destroying, -^^^, producing, ^-TSi\i\,follozcing upon, -^tift, 
 standing, ^, existing, ^Mt, existing, fufure,^-\^^, making knon-n, 
 ^^, indicating, -^\^'^, placing. fixing, ^-^{^ifi, •S'^^t?^, assisting, 
 ^l^"^, ^s^.^^7§, expecting, xoanting, ^^t, speaking, ^Jtsl^, rt^rm- 
 do7iing, i?z\, buying, ^3pxft, selling, '^■^^ ii*t%, seeiw^^, ti"<fl, tt?^, 
 assuming, wearing, ^'\^'\^, desirous, and, if required, any other 
 Tcrbal formed by the affixes ^"^, and ti ("t^^r) rnay be employed 
 as the last member of a compound of the fourth clas«!. Exam, 
 c^3T;5t?l, c^25t?r^, loving, '^tUTltsft, going in the road, ^'ti^, 
 '^-^i^ili'^, oi-oinor happiness, Ti'^JTtRt, speakinr, zcords, ^'\^'\j\, 
 taking away crime, fKt^^^, T^^Z^K"^, benevolent, ^Jiftr^st. seeking 
 happiness, C\'>^li1'S\, country -adorning, '^•It^^t^tt, »^t'='i^t'<l^, crime- 
 destroying, "siAt^^^, happiness-producing, 3rf oat^nrt ?t, according 
 to the command, f^?r^"?t, long-continuing, ^J^^'^X, in the villaze^ 
 ^5,^5 ^emo' that, ^iTlJ^t«1?P, giving information of the bus-'ness, 
 vSjfi'qj^^, indicating evil, ^7^'^^^, placing the thing, fJTTt-l^t?!, 
 fjll^^^i^, friend-assisting, ^-^t.^^, ^aU^^^, friend -expect- 
 ing, ^t^Hotat, speaking abusively, t^itiff, apostatizing , t^^}:s?f[, 
 purchasing rice, *t^J^3?ift, selling corn, K\.W^\ ift^'^'^, loJig- 
 sighted, pi^ovident, ^is^ttjl, beating arms, ^?t^t?^, supporting 
 the world, ^^t^tit, desirous of happiness. 
 
 Passive participles are compounded with other words to any 
 desired extent. The following, viz. f^, situated, ^^jr, go7ie, 
 ?F5, done, xf^, s.iven, ^^, spoken, vsrt^, k?iozan, ^^, involved in^ 
 Tsr?, abandoned, ^3, obtained, T.^, smitten, tt^, Tre, ww/Ze^/ ^, 
 
 sif^^, connected withy "51^% desired, Zil^^ engaged in^ C5r9(T, 
 
 K 
 
"•* BENGALEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 capable, f^f-tli, ajeded bij^ ^fry, Tt?T and f^rt^r, destitute of^ are 
 the most com non. These jiarticlples mado th*.' last mombcr of 
 the compound word. Exam. T^pTS, situated in the hand, T.W,\'S, 
 ^one into uj- he'd in (he hand, ?:g^3, ynade by the hand, orrr"5, 
 given bi/ n r:od, czz^i'^^ mentioned in the veda, 'nrt^? ll"t3, ac- 
 quainted Kith the neicx^ 3rt^?9, involved in calamifu, IWT3J7. 
 Joruiken bi/ ^<;r/, tT^tt, possessed of iceallh, t^^TT, smitten }>if 
 Providence, ^rfTTtirj^, 3:t?n?TiT, 3rt^rMfVF.>y/////, tt^t^^tf, devd- 
 ed to sin, ^Hlfk^, enraged in crime, 7T'Ht^JiIt:fJ, :corthi/ of hu- 
 liuur, ^IpKM*^, joyful, tliFtT, t'Jfprft^, t^frcs, destitute jf 
 7'eligiun. 
 
 11. AVords in the seventh case are compounded as follou'c : 
 Mxam. T^?^r^', faith in Hurri. ^^Tf^, tin inhabitant cf Ben c/', 
 viz. one dzcelling in Bengal. f-t-^iTTfrt, a mountaineer ^r < ,,( 
 dicelling on a mountain. ^j»l5J, living i>i the zcater, aquatic. 
 C^^, moving in the air. "^^^ movinz, on the ground. 
 
 12. The fifth class (f^Q) consists of compound words formed 
 by co!!e(tin«T sevrral thin^js tni;.-(lier by means of a numeral. Ex. 
 fso-H, the three icorlds. U3^f^st, the lour cardinal points. TTtT'Vr, 
 the four yoogs. 
 
 13. The ^i\tii class is called ^TTJiftotT. It consists of com- 
 pounds, the first member of which is a preposition, an adverb, or 
 some other indeclinable word. These compounds are usually ad- 
 verbs. Exam. TTlTftr^. as long as life lasts. HitHTp, to the ut- 
 most extent nfone\s poicer. 
 
 14. Man^ woids which signify tin; mutual act of two ormori 
 persons, are formed by doubling the simple words. The first nuTn- 
 b(r of these words must trrminatt' in 31', and th(' last in t. E^tam. 
 ^T^trtt^, a mutual icoundina:, from Ttt^, a bounding ; stNtirtf'f, 
 
75 
 
 ::■} II f ual abuse ^ from 9ttsi, a cheek ; ^il^ri-Jitf?, a battle^ or mutual 
 smitins:, from 2rt?[1", « smitin»: ; t^tptfl or ^1"si:3lf5, a promiscU' 
 ous pursuit^ from pt^l and ^31, a pursuln^^ a smiting. 
 
 The words o_3, become^ and ^^, (/owe, are often compounded 
 with another word to signify the becoming or being made the 
 thing expressed by that other word ; t)f is in this case inserted be- 
 fore these two participles. Exam. ^'<ft^3, become subject to^ ^iil1 
 fii^'^^^ justified^ ^^"Aiw^j sanctified. The two following words 
 are compounded without the insertion of tf. ^^^'^, on the out' 
 side J) ^C^Sy excluded. 
 
 15. In this language a word is often followed by a sound of 
 no meaning which rhymes with it. These two words produce a 
 compound which means the thing expressed by the principal wordj 
 together with all others of the same class. Exam, ^si^cfi f^^^irs ; 
 is there any water or other liquid? ^\^^^•^,^ ^^ ot^jtI fjf^tt^j ne 
 has taken away all the plates^ dishes^ and other vessels. 
 
 K2 
 
!(» 
 
 BJEN'GALEE CUAMMAll. 
 
 SEClION IX. 
 
 Of Indeclinaule Particlis. 
 
 Under f!iis hrad are included Adverb'^, Prepositions, Conjunc- 
 tions, and Interjections. 
 
 Oj AJTcrbs. 
 
 1. Adverbs are naturally indeclinable, but many of those words 
 vliich correspond witii adverbs in other lan^iuages are, in thi^, 
 nouns subsfantirr, ^vhich are generallv put in the locative case 
 to express the circunistanccs of verbs. Tliey always govern the 
 possessive case of thr* nonn with which they are constructed. 
 Exam. f5f^ ?rl3rtT f>i^ 3it$r^^, he came near^ or, to the prince. 
 
 2. Nouns substantive, and adjectives, are often constructed 
 •with tho participles ^f^?1 or ^t?l, or with the words ^«t or 
 •tf^, to express the circumstances of verbs. E^am. f^f^ tt"^ Tffi 
 TT. or v^Tt^ C^Tf^7ff?a^'^^ he (lid that business carefuUjj. f^^4 
 ^l^ ^Hr^^j 1/ou have (loriJ exccUentlij. 
 
 3. Advprbs are usually divided into those of Time, Place, and 
 Circumstance. Some of the most common follow : 
 
 XT'jI'T. Tchcn. 
 
 ^^T, then. 
 
 *5Al^, nnrr. 
 ^*t^, zcheri ? 
 ^m, when. 
 ^^, then. 
 jr7, now. 
 *U, TSihen ? 
 
 Time. , 
 
 ^Tt^, at ant/ time. 
 C^sfTTFtr'^, at any time. 
 
 r5tr?, *?^TTH, earlij in the morniut(. 
 *fT^tii, «l^TtTr, ^i^'ff'i. 3itirr^T, azfiin. [morrow. 
 *f?m, the (laij before yesterday^ the day after to* 
 ^?'J, tiiv days ago^ two days hence. 
 
or AEYERBS. 
 
 77 
 
 ^^^W, TTt?" ^PtCcT, in the evening* 
 
 ^ptr^, ^r^rrcoT, in the morning* 
 
 Ht^e., whilst, 
 
 ^?% so long, 
 
 "^^Jy ^tf^, yesterday y to-mort^ow. 
 
 ^sXii^ ^\r^/ to-day. 
 
 fr^J, constantly, 
 
 vii;xt5i:^j ^^'^, always c 
 -.Rlj '=nv«s, T^. always c 
 *ttt, ^J^, before. 
 
 P/aci 
 
 '3•4^tT^, /Aer^ (in sight.) 
 Ci-fiTtrT, there. 
 (XT-iIiT:^, where. 
 f^U1, where ? 
 C^artxr, where ? 
 iniiir, where. 
 ^ittTT, f//ere. 
 
 >2zri"xr5 Mere Cm sight.) 
 
 C3TU1"?, Mere. 
 
 arctJ, m Me midst. 
 
 srtc^, m Me fnidst. 
 
 f^^^, wear. 
 
 ^?/«^- «#• 
 
 TWAt, before y opposite to. 
 
 "Tt^t^-, m Me preseJice. 
 
 ^-^■^^A^ on all sides. 
 
 or, Mm^ 
 ar*?, slowly. 
 
 ^■tt, ^% ^7, f^j «o/. 
 *TiT, al It I est. 
 xSi^n^Ti?, according to. 
 
 f^^?, w/.-.r^, rerj/. 
 ^^, Aoro many. 
 
 «I3, 50 many. 
 C^"^^ zchy ? 
 
 C^H, 2 1 that manner, 
 zi%) truly ^ indeed. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 ■pF^, a little. 
 
 CySTT, 50. 
 ^STT, M?W5. 
 
 ^t<^j well. 
 >53, cf5 many. 
 
 vw-rsrc^, successively. 
 tKl'Zj by diviiie intetposition, 
 *^?^, mutually. 
 *^?W?*<,/ro7» owe ^0 another, 
 ^)f, /o wo purpose. 
 a[U1, or ^iT, m i)a/;i. 
 
78 BENGALEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 4. -^tn, ^Tt^, ^^^ and ii'f, compounded with tho pronouns «3, 
 this^ O5 that^ (3ft^, rrZ/r/^ ? or, rr^a-f, .ind C^1T, any^ form adTerbs 
 of place. ^«<, r/;j iiisfa?i(^ or 33, « manner^ (•omj)ounded with 
 the above pronouns, form adverbs of time, or circumstance. 
 Th(\sp words must be in the locative case . Ezam. 3:1(3 c^^tf^Cn 
 ftirtfs, / zceni tliillicr, ei ^tc^ f^[^ K\^\t^^y lie stood there. 
 
 5. ■$, indeed^ even, is frecjuently add''d to nouns, pronouns, 
 verb<5, and other i)articles to make the word emphatic. Exam. 
 ^srcnt, eve?i in the zcater. ^itfjif , / indeed. 3i{pj 3lTf| ^f^, / do 
 it indeed. f?PT^ ^17 , nothing trulij. 
 
 6. 71, or., and., is added in the same manner to signify doubt. 
 Eium. C^ ^tV ^fi?r5 ^1 n^ ^f<tC7, n-ill he do it or not. 
 
 Of Prepositions* 
 
 7. IMany nouns substanti\i>, and adjectives, arc in the Jicn- 
 galeelanguaTje construrtiul uitli otlu-r nouns or pronouns to per- 
 form the office of prepositions, viz. 3pT, the bottom, "^f^, 'l^, 
 'TT, "^k^^socief]/., zcith. "TfTr, "TTJit^, equal. ^*^?, upon. f^Tfor f^lTF, 
 a point of the compass, "^ft^, loio. CT3, ^Tcj, fnf^i^, a causey ^5^, 
 arising from, and several other words. These are generally in 
 
 the locative case, and follow a noun or pronoun which is in the 
 possessive. This has induced some to call them post-positions. 
 Exjm. cm.'Si^ i^*lC?, on the table, cairii? jftcu, beneath the table, 
 
 8. Some adjectives, which form compounds with those nouns 
 or pronouns with wide h they are constructed, arc employed for 
 the same purpose, as »^^j ^jvth^j fr|JF, ^iTjs, and a few more. Ex, 
 C3tTt^;^^, bij thij wj^incif. r3tJit^?"i3P, b\j thy instrumentality. 
 
 csrniir ^^^^T^^t'Pj I y oi through thy favour. (3t3rr? 3rtt'HH*Hf9j till 
 your comino;. 
 
or PREPOSITIONS. 79 
 
 ^9. The followina^ t'.venty inseparable prepositions are com~ 
 pounded with nouns or verbs, and cause a variation from their 
 simple meaning : — 
 
 ^ generally conveys the idea of excellence or eminence. Ex. 
 *>f^r*t, display/, ^^f^cj, a gomg to the south. 
 
 ^^ conveys the idea of the action's being reflected, or of its 
 having an opposite direction to what it Avould have in its simple 
 form ; sometimes also it gives the idea of eminence. Exam. *1ji1 
 3F3i^ pozcer, ^Ji'^^y conquest J '^^t^R^, repentance^ ^^^rt^^^, a re- 
 turnino-, 
 
 o 
 
 3iPt conveys the idea of privation or ablation. Exam. ^*tJI'«t, 
 dishoiiour^ ^iPtsriT, disgrace. 
 
 ^'•^ gives the idea of society, amelioration, or augmentation. 
 Exam. ^piTf^^, mixed withy '^'^fy complete. 
 
 Th expresses the idea of completeness, excellence, or certainty. 
 Exam. f^R^j thick as a forest, f%Tl■?'^^, complete prohibition. 
 
 ^SR gives the idea of ablation or privation. Exam, sra^^, bad, 
 deteriorated. 
 
 ^^ denotes following, consequent upon, or according to. Ex. 
 ^^^\f[y imitating J ^t^^^Pj^ search, intention ; ^^^M, repent- 
 
 unce. 
 
 f^?r expresses privation, negation, and sometime amelioration. 
 Exam. t%?1W3 without form ,* f^^?, deliverance^ salvation. 
 
80 BENGALF.E GRAMMAR. 
 
 *5? rxprf'fsf? ilctorioratlon or (liilu nlty in thr pcTfornrini:; of the 
 action. Ejum. R?tir^?, zcicktdy ^f^, zcukccl^ R]J?, J'JJicuU to be 
 done, ^^y iliJficuiJij aUainablc, K^taij scarce' j puisaoU. 
 
 ^ gives thii itiea of a-ifrinentation or prlTatioii. Exam. f<'.-,^i"i, 
 complete Lbcratiuiiy t^^^, dclai^, 
 
 ^sif^ i;Ivcs the idea of possession. Exam. rfjrT^c<, a placing in^ 
 s^r-^tiij one zdJw presides over. 
 
 "^ expresses excellence, ahiuHhinco, and rase in p rforminiT (lie 
 action. Exam, ^f^, KcU-disposcd^ ^T^j i^uod zcords, TS'.g, 
 easily obtain allc. 
 
 S«^ gives the id.'a of eletation. Exam. ^r^Jtstj industry^ stimu- 
 lalion. 
 
 *t ? indicates complett'ness, or the universal application of the 
 action. Ex •ni.'^Vs^^J-i quite fullj compU'te. '^!?ns'T, attendants. 
 
 •ifs t^ive?? the idea of remiinrration, or reciprocity. Exam. 
 *TTrsir, a rcj ly. *tTTPi^t3r, a gr.:tcjul letitrn. 
 
 ^3 gives tlr- idea of direction (owards an object. Exam, srfs 
 TSty facing.^ looking toz:ards. ^[o^i^, pride, self-esteem. 
 
 ^fj gives the id^a of au:;mentatlon or excess. Exam. zrsTfSy 
 exceedingly, 3-f3«txrj excessive. 
 
 ^ft gives the idea of aui^mentationj or certainty. Exam, sp! 
 Z\^, disappearing, conccaltntnt. 
 
 ^•t gives the ifloa of viciiiitv, or resemhlance. Exam. vd\ a 
 rcordy ^•tviil, tittle tattle, ^u^ a roadp ii^^iu, a by-v:ay. ifH, a 
 contiTicnty *lVlM, un island. 
 
or pREPOsiTioxs. 8i 
 
 3rt convcjs tlir" Idea of extension. Exam. ^sitnr'f«tj displeasure^ 
 33t^3rT. io the sea. 
 
 Examples to / Hast rate the pozcers of the inseparable Prepositions. 
 
 The root ^ in its rarlous forms becomes ^?W, a doing, t^FTil, 
 an action, "^n, done., <Pf%, an action, <^^, a cause, and several 
 other Avoids which, compounded with the prepositions, form new 
 words. Evrm. ^T^gs?:^, an imitation, itfs^l, rzickedness , ^^, 
 properly done, '^"'^'5, compact, consecrated, t^'fs, transformation^ 
 transmutation, ^f^^'^j, apossession, ^fifxrl, « good act ion, ^'^W^-, 
 cleanness, purilij, ^fo^t^r, /Ac returning of an action, a remedy.^ 
 
 S'^^Piir, assistance, sii^^t?, a form, f^?rt^^5 without form., and ^1 
 ^?rcj, rt grammar. 
 
 3Ti^, /io?!o?/r, mcffi-z/rt", is compounded with several prepositions; 
 and almost every word in the language admits them. Exam. ^^5 
 a proof, ^*=l3if?T, dishonour, ^^JTl^, honour, ^^^^^^^ a guess, an in-' 
 ference, pT'jftcl, « making, creating, f^sil'T, « chariot, «=tf^3:■t-^, « 
 wewi'z^re, ^r^Jit^, self-honour^ tenaciousness of honour^ s^?r, « 
 zceighing, Sec. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. ~ 
 
 10. Conjunctions admit of no inflection. The following are 
 the most common : 
 
 •^^'.i and; <l?r'^, rather ; ^, and, also, moreover, 
 t^'F, but ; c^7T?fj^ OTJ^^^. /br, because, 
 
 T), or, «;2f7. 
 
 3r3>fl^, therefore. 
 
 i^'^vaif, zcherefore. 
 
 T. 
 
8*2 BtNCALEE GRAMMAR. 
 
 JJ^'^ci, ^TSTTT. ififrr^, because. 
 ■3T. Tff, iiotnithstandins^ then. 
 
 ^:j\, ^iTTf-i, TnriptTTrte., if. 
 53irtpt, ^t7, ///<'/<, cciiuiidy. 
 5PitlS"^. j)t'i Imps. Ill anti time. 
 ^TJ, T52r- uthcrzcise. 
 
 "3:r-1, /^//.'^<>, isalTiKPfl to words^ as TTxrjf*fj if also. 
 ^a^TT?", li/:c:cisCj ujia is /rJs. 
 
 IXTmJ'CTIOXS. 
 
 11. TiiL'SJ arc but few. Th.c followin; arc n\usi cnmmonly 
 used : 
 
 E pr'cssiors cf Distrcm. 
 ^t't^V., father ! father ! 
 
 ^^\,0h! 
 
 Of Pain, 
 ti, ii:, f>/i / 
 
 Of Surprise. 
 rtiTTlF, surprising ! 
 
 Of Fitjj. 
 
 3rtrl, ^5/' iv"//a^ (lisfrcss ! 
 iS^iy uhui shall i au ! 
 
 Rules lo direct in the pronunciation of the iniierknt ^'o^VLL 
 
 at the tnti of a uord. 
 
 1. This nia)k (tli()U:;li often omiltcil) should uhvavs be insert- 
 ed wiieu a c'jnboiunt iia:> no inhciftit vo^vel. 
 
OF THE I.NHERENT yOWEL. 83, 
 
 2. Tfie final ^ is oinittrd in the pronunciation of substantives 
 which hare only two letters. Exam, ^r^r, ruiiuU ^SToT, Tvater, •3Pf, 
 relipous repetition^ ~<'\*\, a bamboo , -fttl^' a pif, ^i?, milk. 
 
 3. In numerals, and in the interroiiativf c^i% the vompI is not 
 sounded with the last letter^ but it mubt be sounded in C^Vn, anj/. 
 Exam. ^^5 one, ^\-d^five. 
 
 4. The ? of the possessive case never admits the pronuncia- 
 tion of the vowel after it. Exam, ^t^t?, his. 
 
 5. In the first person of the second aorist, and the imperfect 
 and pluperfect tenses of verbs of the indicat ve mode, andin the 
 subjunctive preter, ihe final 3r has no ini'icrMit vowel. E am, 
 ^ft^tsr, I used to do, ^f^^,P{, I did, ^n^rifcRsr-Jsr, / had done^TlfK 
 ^tt5 ^t^^t^T, if I had done. 
 
 6. The final ^ of the third person honorific, the final letter of 
 the second and third persons of the imperative inferior, and the 
 third person of the imperative honorific, do not admit tlie pro- 
 jRunciatlon of the vowel after tiiem. Exam. ^f{[l^^, he did^ ?pf? 
 a^, he icill do,-^j, do, ^^^. let him do, ^^n let him do. 
 
 7. Passive participles of two letters, ending in ^T or ^, and all 
 the enclitic partich^s, must have the last vowel expressed. Exam, 
 ^, done, 5"^, smitten. 
 
 8. The vowel must be constantly promi'ic.pd after a conip lund 
 letter. Exam. TO, bl ;ck, also the name of a llinduo ^od, 5'^«t, 
 afaufih', kW, long, ^r^, liberated. 
 
 <j* 
 
 r. '" 
 
Si BLNCALEE GRAMmAH. 
 
 f 
 
 SIXTIUN \. 
 
 Of TiiL Junction of Li:rTnR>, (^N) 
 
 The prrniutatiou of letter^ Mhen two words orsvlhil)lcs die t>o 
 l)rou:;ht into contact ihat tlio liiuil of the one coalcsc(\>» wiih the 
 initial of the other, is called Swndh/, or joinin<r. This i)crniutatioii 
 iakes place in the final of the first number, or the initial of the 
 last, or in both. This junction of words is not always necessary, 
 yet, Ijoinp; in general use, and sometimes indispensable, the rules 
 by which it is cfl'ected arc introduced lu rr. 
 
 To simplify the rules for this permutation ol IcUcrs, the alpha- 
 bet is thrown into an artificial fornj, as follows : 
 
 "t ^ 3. 
 
 Any two letters in this scheme, including; all tlu^ int( rmcdiate 
 ones, arc called ''Pit^t? or **^3ji'Tl'?, vi/,. a culLclion. 
 
 N. n. The ^, ■^, and "6 of tin? lirst line are put for the sake 
 of prononiuini; th<' S/nnaluuv/s, but muit not be jcHkoneil among 
 the letters. 
 
 AVhrn any two of these letters ;nt' iik ntionid, the intermediate 
 ones are included. Kxuin. 3J--"F i.s nil the voxels ; ^ — r all the 
 vowels except 31 and 331 (the lonir vowels beiuLi; included in their 
 fiimilar sort ones) ; "^ —2P is i?, ii, «, ^j; 5;— »l is all the seini-\owLls, 
 and ^— ^ all the ua'fals. Thus also of any other. 
 
OF St^NDHf. 
 
 85 
 
 The change of "^ to -^3, 
 ^ — 3r<r, 
 
 and s to 3ia!, is called goon. 
 
 The change of ^ to ^1, 
 
 ^ tO-^t'ST, 
 
 J -4, 
 and o to J, 
 
 is called vr/ddh/. 
 
 Swndh/ is divided into two paits, viz. the junction of to\t'cIs 
 and that of consonants. 
 
 Tlw Jiniclfon of Voi:e!s> 
 
 1. When two similar vowels come toG^etlier, they coalesce, and 
 form one long vowel. Exam. 3i"=i1, a 77iusnuifo, and ^srf^, an ene- 
 ;//^, fi-onv^TTitf?, musquito curtuuis. 
 
 2. ■$ — ^^ viz. ^, ^5 a^, and ^>, (including thir similar long 
 vowels) if they follow 31 or "311, coalesce therewith, making the 
 change called goon ; but <^ — p, v'z. >^, 4, ^ or J, following ^ or 
 ^1, require the change ca'led vr/ddh/. Exam. ''i?r3r, good, and 
 ti^<r, God., form '^'31^ ; ^^;, tltij. and o^, a lip^ form ^c^ifc. 
 
 3. If *^, affected wUh^ follow ^ or ^n, to form a compound 
 adjective, the coalition is made by vr/ddiu". This is also the case 
 with the word 2toj, a loan^ when it follows a few other words. 
 Exam. ^, and «^, form ^t^", thirsty ; K^. ten., and ajH, a loan, 
 form Tr*^"t'«r, a loan often (rupees). 
 
 N. B. If a preposition ending in 31 or ^1 precede a verb with 
 an initial A or >3, the change is made by goon instead of vTzddhz. 
 
 4. If a Snal rowel, ^ and 3il excepted., be followed by an 
 
86 LENGAI.LE CRAMMAK. 
 
 initial dissimilar vowclj the following change is rpiiuirrd in form- 
 ^ag tlie j auction : 
 
 ^ and ^ bcco^Tif X[. 
 
 i and <3 — ^. 
 
 i and ft ?. 
 
 ^ and 2 '^• 
 
 J) bi comes ^. 
 J csi^. 
 
 ^ — 3:1?, and 
 
 ^ . ^tTt. 
 
 Exam, tr^, fJ/!s, and ^rtfR:, first, form ^3rtf^ ; ^^r^, £t weiv 
 tiv/i', and 3:"t9fTT^, a con,ing^ form n^^t'^t^^. 
 
 Of the Pcrnnifcfhni of Consonant'^. 
 
 5. If a letter of the fourth class (3- ^^) precede one of the 
 second (Z — ^sf), or of fiie third {t — ^9f), il is changed into that 
 ktter. Eaam. ^5^., iJiat, and (1^1, search^ form ^a^i, that search, 
 ^\i S^^^^j ^"^ ^ts, born J form ^^t^, ^-'Or/i <>/ a }^ood (JuniH^). 
 
 6. A Irttrr of tri<; fourth class, followed by "^i is changed to 
 its correspf'iuiing letter in the second class. Exam. ^«>, that., 
 '^^?, the IjuJij^ form ^Kiit?, thai l)od\j, 
 
 7. ^ followed by »t, or any oth.M- l< tlf-r of the s' rond chss, 
 becomes *t ; follo\>ed by a l« tter of the tl.iid < 'a^-^ i' becomes H. 
 7;.r<7;;/. arTTT, ///'• /////<(/, and Ct'P, excellent., fo- ni ar^r^t 5, a i^oud 
 mind ; "^^^ ^/ I cic. and t% T, Me ^liv///^^ oj the Lu'^-string., form 
 ^^■^k^t?, the liiumr ul the boj;. 
 
 8. Any Utter of the fourth cla>s ))r''ced d by s, is changmi to 
 Us corrcspondini; letter in tli'j tlii'd cla*>s. Exu:\. "^Hythe sixth, 
 formed from EH and v. 
 
OF St/NDUJ. 87 
 
 9. ir tlif^ first, second, or fjurth letter of any class be follow- 
 ed by the third or fourth of that or any other class, it will be 
 chnsjed into the third letter of its own class. a;^ and CZK, be- 
 come SiC^^y the R/k-Vedfl. 
 
 10. Any letter of the fourth class preceding "T is changed to 
 ?^. Exam. "T^, goody and C^i^^ aperson^ form ^iC^t^, a good man. 
 
 11. The first letter of any class, if followed by a vowel, a 
 semi-vowel, a nasal, or the third or fourtli letter of any class, will 
 be changed into the third letter of its own class. Exam. '^■^^ that^ 
 and S'^?, above, form ^^Jy upon that ^ ^^v, good^ and Si<i, a qua- 
 lityy form ^^H, a good qualitij, 
 
 / ^ 
 
 f 
 
 12. If *t followed by a vowel, a semi-vowel or a nasal, follow 
 the first letter of any class, it becomes K. 5! in the same circum- 
 stances is changed to the third letter In that class. Exam. ^% 
 water., and '^ixi^, I'.yin^f doio ?, form ^^?T, lying in zcater, ^t^, a 
 uordy and ^^, a smiting, form ^g^T^, a smiting by icords. 
 
 13. The first l?tter of any class followed by a vowel is chang- 
 ed into the nasal of its own class. Exam. ^«^, that^ and sj^^T, 
 in the midst, form '^'Wfil, in the midst ofthatc 
 
 14. A nasal, prece "!ing a letter of any class besides its own, 
 is chanc^ed to the nasal o^' that class to form the junction. If 
 followed by a miscellane us letter, it beco-me: "^ or °^. Exhm, 
 *t3T, welfare, and ^^, a docr^ form '^l^?:, a prcmoier of good. 
 
 15. A final ^, cj, T, or ^, preceded by a short vowel, is dou- 
 bled if fo'lowed by a vowel. Exam. *^^,pure, and ^t5l, a spirit^ 
 form ^?T^i"^i, a pure spirit, "Z^, a tree, and '^\^'\, shade, form^i^ 
 Atlii, the shadow of a tree. 
 
S8 BnN'GAr.Ei: grammar. 
 
 in. ° bc'conio- ^, whrn f«>'!ou'0(l by any letter, cxc<*pt a com- 
 pound oih', of wlilcli the first nuMnbrr i^ '5, H, ^, i, T or it, and 
 the last *i. "3 or ^. Exam, (ho proposition its, (^7,) followod by 
 •ft'^fj, (ittdinablr. form Jrift*=f7, f/''// //// /o* be obtained. 
 
 17. : follow I Hi]; any vowol except 3i a^id 311, becomes ? if fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, a semi-vowel, a na«al, or the third or fourth 
 letter of any class. E.iani. Ff^:, .'rlici\ and '.^:'F1. an cafrr, form 
 Tf^Tct^l, a ^licC'Haler. 
 
 IS. I following 3J is chantjed to iS, if followed by "S, a sei^t- 
 vowel, a nasal, or the Miird or fourtii letter of any cla<!s, Eram. 
 
 "33?. tJi(i?i fbrrf .uul ^fef^., nivfc.. form "JTrff^^. mnrr thai' 'haf. 
 
 10. s follow in;; 3J or 33! is rejocte;!, if followed by a vowel, a 
 semi-vowel, a nasal, or the third or fouith letter of any class. 
 Exam. 3136 and ^T form 31^5 J;^, tli ere fore. 
 
 It may hr remarked here, that "when T follows ?, n^ 8, or s, in 
 the same w ord, or iri the sam > member of a compound word, if 
 must be ehang(?d to H, exce[)t it be final. This ehani^e is not pre- 
 vented if ;iiiy letter of tlie first or lifth class, a vowel, a seml- 
 Towcl, or • intervene. (^JT^t^T.) 
 
 \. n. 'I'!ir ■• iierc" meant is only that which is produced from 
 T or ^. 
 
 When ^ follows any letter of (he first elas«;, an\ w>wel, ^ ex- 
 cepted, or a semi-vow «•!, it must alwa\ s be changed to H, unless 
 it be at the (Mid of a word. This is not preT<MJtod if ^- ii^teryenc. 
 
C?r SYMAX. g5 
 
 SECTION XL 
 Or Syntax. 
 
 1. A word or sentence which expresses or describes any qua- 
 lify of a noun or verb is called 'Rf^tHo^, (vesheshz^ntfj) and the 
 
 worti, the quality of which is expressed, is called f^'lnj, (Tzshz- 
 shya'.) 
 
 2. If the ytshtshya be a noun or pronounj the v/sheshzm^ is 
 iti adjective ; if a Terb, its adverb. 
 
 3.- Sometimes tlie V2sheshzin« consists of a sentence or sen- 
 tences made up of subordinate \i^heshunas and vzshzshy^'s. Ex. 
 
 ^^ ^[tl^^, the ffieenth image^ seeing king Bhoja, (zvho zcas) 
 near the throne for the purpose of anointment^ said. In this sen- 
 tence ^t%rSfftu'f^''rt^^T^^2ftr^^!f^35 for the purpose of anoint- 
 ment situated near the throne^ is the Tz'sheslizma of ^Slt^t^sr^t^tC^, 
 i\iQ T?sh/shya. 
 
 4. A Yzsheshi^cr must be of the same gender witli its v/sh/- 
 sLya. ■^^i'^t^^H, a ^joung man^ ^^ 5% a young 7£oman. 
 
 <3^ 
 
 5. The v/sheshz/na i^sually precedes the T/shzshycf. Exam, 
 
 ^f\lj oi3iotf%.H<e i:r?:i "^t^^ fj5^Ht%?"J'^?t^ ^ft^? Mwdz/nwsi^n- 
 jf-ev«nee hearing /his, having gone thitmer, and having seen the 
 evidence, by anointing Yikkd'madityd"'3 burnt body zcith uciTi- 
 tQy tnade iiim scauless and painless-ujcied as before. 
 
 6. Tn forming sentence^, the agent is usually placed first. ihQ 
 
 oibj ect seco.id, and the verb last. Exam- '^'^ 5l^ti:^ ^ttl^ the 
 
 counsellor said to the king. 
 
 M 
 
^0 "B'.N.'iAr.EE "GlIAMMAR. 
 
 7. 
 
 If a long se'itence. or sfvcr.il sentences describe the ob- 
 ject of a v<ib, they are intro''-- '^ ^-* : aft-^r wlii( h the thing 
 described by t le sentence i^ j)ui iu jjic ;icrusative case, and fol- 
 lowed by the aq;em, whitli jmmfdiat<;ly precedes the vorb. Ex-. 
 
 ^^ t^TjT ^f?:^ ^', sni/ lu.thiii^ to iJuit wan uf <> ;^- zcickcdy and 
 Viinds not zchut a::jj v;:c saj/e, and is a'.'j:ajs angj^ 
 
 8. A verb agrees with its agent, or nortii native case, in per- 
 son^ number, and quality. Eram. ^'f^ ^pfjC^riA, I am doii.g; 
 3rfx^ 7fH?tf^, KC have spoken ; 7^ V^VA'jX^^thou Ktnicit ; fo^ 
 "H.tR^., he Kill ^o*. 
 
 ?r. B. The adjectirc and prononn being generally compound- 
 ed witli tlic substantive, are to be accounted but as one word* 
 lu this case the concord is disrcgtrdcd. 
 
 P. Active T( rbs, tliose of motion, giving, and speaking cxLLpi- 
 ed, govern tlieir object in tlie accusative case. £afrw;. f^f^^^T^f^r 
 c^'T, he did the buaijicss ; 3i|-^ ^tTtt^ tr?r^I?i!ltar, 7 removed him, 
 
 10. The verb 317<=<, to do^ TJ^, iu be, anj a ftw others, are 
 construrfed uith sub>lanti\es, adjectives, (»i- i>asbiAe participles. 
 El am. (Ji tM m'?y lie ZLorks deaf ravf ion or dcatrot/s ; C^ ^ 9ZJy 
 he makes dealrojjed, \\l. destrojjs ; c>l '^'^ ^'t.U^, it is destroj/' 
 ed. 
 
 1 1. When substantives are constructed Mith'F?-*, they go\crna 
 ^vord either in the accusative m posgl-ssive case ; when \Nilh ^o't, 
 onl^ in the possessive. Whtn adjfctiv.s or passive j)ailiciples 
 are coubtructed with 37^, they ahva^s^oM in a word in the ac- 
 cusative oise; when with^J'l, the) govern a noiuinalive. Exiun. 
 
 • The u;:cm »»r vc!b> is -n' »« i.in.iicil, Iji iiitr iiu-ln'.k'tl in the vcrbit«clf. 
 The »;ii-ular ainl plui.il ..f UeiiK«»lt<-- vii un bt .u- tiic siuiic niaii> of the 
 iule5 ot concur. i. so iicce>iar\ in olhci luiiHuacr"*- ure' u><-lv>s iiJllu^. 
 
OF SYNTAX.. f/1 
 
 CH ^trt^^PT^i ^f^-'^, or ^iTiH ^W\^ ?5f?^5 he honored him ; ^iir 
 ^TTl 5:t?1t5C5 his honor is (obtained) ; ^'Jt^ ^stTtc?? ^T^ ^fl:^, / 
 zzill destroy him^ (viz. make him destroi/ed ;) fsfi ^^ ^i'^^TTClSvTj 
 he is mined. 
 
 12. Sometimes the gerund of a yerb is the agent of another rerb. 
 Exctin. ^"s^lT^ ^f^C^ TCT, great rejoicings must be made ; liter- 
 al^ j, to }naJce great rejoicing zcill be. 
 
 13. The instrumental cause of any action must be expressed 
 in the third case. Exam. fsf^^t^T ^C^3 :sj? ^i?:^^^, he conquer- 
 ed bij his ozca slrengih. 
 
 14. The agent of a pa<^sive verb must be in the third case. 
 The passive voice is sometim:,vs expressed by the active form. 
 Exam. ^J^5 Ccni^ '^t 51 ■^M'^iTl'T'Si, m iny people zosre sate?! bij ly- 
 gers. "^^fv ^^Jc?^^^"^ fscsT, the zsorld zvas created by God.^m^ 
 "^r^l^ Cf\ t^Hl ?FtC: C'^'^j that business zcas done zvith great labour, 
 
 15. Verbs which express the performance of an action by 
 means of an instrument, sometimes govern the participles f^^l, 
 ?Pflnil, &c. instead of the instrumental case. Exam. ^^ ^t?lo 
 si^rilcFrtsr or Kf^ fni1 ^I^:t, / cut it with a knife. 
 
 16. Verbs of giving, of doing obeisance, of speaking, advising, 
 &c. govern either a dative or an accusative. Exam, ^if^ T"^"^ 
 or ^^^ f^, ^3i^t? ^t?, ^^, or i^^ti^'^r t^; / gi'ce. salute^ speak, 
 OT give advice to ivy friend. 
 
 17. «^^3^, ^"t^s'T, and all verbs which signify going from, falling 
 from^ gaining from, or obtaining from, a person or thing, goTern 
 an ablative case. Exam. t^t% sii'l^T fi^-t? fn^^t^^ C9trsi^, he 
 Ti-entfrom his father, '5tj^?P 4;^^t^^ ^fiS ^'^^ child fell frcm the 
 
 irec, 
 
 >12 
 
02 BENGALEE GRA>niAU. 
 
 18. The romparativo particle ihan is fijr-ncrally expressed by 
 the abUtive in ^tc^- Exam. J ^srsT i^ ^^t^C^ f^^si ^strrr, //<?V 
 tzatcr is cleaner thm that. 
 
 19. Verbs of motion to or toTraids a plare, govern eiflicr the 
 accusative or locative case, but f^funaliy the former; those of 
 entering, living, acting, or remaining in a place, ahvays govern a 
 locative case. Exam, c^ zSlTi^T'^ f?t?"tCTn, fie is gone to S^ram- 
 pof'c, or3r'f2l 9rtr2l TTtt, J go to the villaie ; f^'^5<? ^'^l'^^ it is in 
 ihs chest i T-lTI Vc? firfJ,;iw/ it in the house. 
 
 20. Tlie pictcipt'if.Tt ten*'^ of ilie verb ^J^, to be, is used 
 instead of the present, Nvhen we speak of any thing as complet- 
 ed, or then present. Exam. ^^Tt ^U1 ^t^tC^, liierc is such tulU.^ 
 or such a report. 
 
 CI. Thp 5)llablcs f^1 and c^l are frequtMitly added to the ne- 
 gative preter. Exam. S]tfjC3l ^f?fn, / ha::e not done it ; ^11^ 
 5if5lf^ f^, / have not said it. 
 
 22. Comparative sentences, con'itrnrted Avith a iclativc and 
 antecedent prononn, or Mith adverbs answering to each otiier, 
 are generally made in the form of an antitlK.sis, the relative 
 member preceding the antecedent. Tin^ prononns in such sen- 
 tences should precede the noun as its v/sheshwn^/, and are seldom 
 permitted to follow it ns introducing an e.\phnntr>ry \void or 
 sentence. Exam, ca =i^aT? W^t] ^^ j:^.i\ (?t ^'S c^<^ htt ? zchij is 
 not that man a beist icho h<ii no u)isJoni .^ literally, zchat man''s 
 i^isdom is not, that (man) ichj/ not a beast? CvSt^t? HfT ^ 'Tffoi 
 €«4 ll!T^ SiA ^ r*?*Tt^C^ t:\^a\^ CTI.CfT 15:3. if Jon hare rll fhr^r r/V- 
 tueSjjjuic are Jit to iii on this i/irone. 
 
 23. In negative sentences the particle TiT is used when any 
 property or quality is denied concerning any person or tiling. 
 Exam. (Ji sf't ^'jj Uiut is nut a cow. 
 
, OF SYNTAX. 03 
 
 24. When the verb is suppressed, the negative particle is ia- 
 flected, and siii)i)lies its place. i>a/7^j. ^isf-;?: T'^crJSt^l ^^^ I have 
 no nionei) ; literally, my any inoneij is not. 
 
 25. When an inferior addresses a superior he is saiu fopeil" 
 Hon or rejircsent. to htm (fnc^tt^j, and the superior is said io coui' 
 maud (3]f:55i), though there be nothing of request or injunction 
 in what is said. Exam, "^t^j^l Jit ^^si ■»n^gfS5 ^isitfscH^ ^"^^^ 
 3:;trFt^^ <ff??1 J.tsii'?. fiW^t friiZK^ ^U^j the ser-oants^ having col- 
 lected all those shastra-commande d king-ar.ointing materials^ 
 told the king, ^Mt^ Ol ^t^sl ^f^xrtcsn c^ ^U ^^t, what your 
 honour has said is true. 
 
 26. Vvlienever an inferior sneaks about a superior the hono- 
 rihc style must be used< It is sometimes used when a superior 
 speaks of an inferior. The pronoun ^t is seldom Uiied except to 
 denote familiarity or contempt, sr^ is used when any one speaks 
 ■with humility, or intends to abase himself in addressing a superi-- 
 or. -^, -3, c^ and or, neither express honournor contempt. Bzam, 
 fsff (■=! -^u-\ ^ttc^''^, he said that. ^^ f^ <t^'=^j ^'hxit dost thou gab- 
 lie about :^ ^1 2i5:"i*tc?? Fi^"^ B^^^^ ^Xi^ I request your honour. 
 
 27. An affirmation is frequently made by asking a question. 
 Exam. ^^ v3>5t f^ J^iXvs '^ifj ? can I take so much medicine ^^ 
 Lieaning / cannot take so much. ^^{^. fa? 3.^1 ^f?^ ^\ ? zdHI I not 
 do it ? viz. 1 will certainly do it. 
 
 28. The necessity of an action is frequently denoted by ^^^ 
 *tJ^ or ^c?t^T, necessity^ governing the neuter verb, as c^t^lt? 
 ^ «^1? ^?t? ^t5^j^ ^tCiK, you must cross the river, c^ ^tai 
 ^WC^ \^ ti'^^^^^j "i^hat necessity is there to do that? 
 
 29. An interrogative sentence is usually formed by inserting 
 f^ before the verb, but as near it as possible. Exam. ^ fj? ^^t^ 
 '^l ? do you not In ow ? opi t% c^ ^^1 "^'i ^tt ? have you not heard 
 that account? 
 
94 
 
 . UENGAr.EE GRATJIMAR. 
 
 Cardinal. 
 w(^, one. 
 
 ir^, hco. 
 fiJ^, three. 
 
 5ig, 6/x. 
 ^t3, seven. 
 3:it, ci^ht. 
 n?, nine. 
 \^. tc:>. 
 
 wi9:t? or v^^iTt^, eleven. 
 ^1I9"i or Ttu^t, tKelve. 
 C5l?1 or ircTl^r^, ihiiiecn. 
 CtlH? or C^'^*!, foil lid n. 
 
 »^.^C?1 or M^^*t, ///:'cc;f. 
 CHlct? or C5ti!*t, sixteen. 
 ^Ii7[ or 7Tgit'«t, seventeen. 
 ^%t? or 3:^;^*t, eighteen. 
 'Sf-i^ or ^Mtii'^if^, nineteen. 
 f^*t or r^''«tf5, tzLentj; ^fv, ^/ 
 
 «fl^, iiienfij-u/ic. 
 
 ^'f^j tiitnfij'tico. 
 f^t«t, tzLenti/'threc. 
 rfy't, ti£cntij-fuiir. 
 •1f!;*t, tucntij-Jive. 
 TKtf^, tzcentj/ six. 
 »lt3l^, ticenfif-seven. 
 ^•CI^.-*, ticenfij-ei hi. 
 ^^r^j^t^ tu:cnfj-ntne. 
 
 OfXi 
 
 ^me/ 
 
 'cds. 
 
 
 Numerical fi^ 
 
 ;ure. 
 
 
 OwTmal. 
 
 'J 
 
 
 
 ^3l./rj^ 
 
 V. 
 
 \ 
 
 
 r\i^l7, second. 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 33t?, ^////f/. 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5TU, fourth. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 ^■^^.Jiflh. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 BTij 5/a//i. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^V^5 seventh. 
 
 Ir* 
 
 
 
 3IT^, er/V/;//*. 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 n^2i, ninth. 
 
 \-^^ J tenth. 
 
 t^*^ or f^'«t^, //hV/^. 
 j)ejf^«tj tliirtjj-one. 
 ^fsj^t, ihiitjj-tico. 
 csf^'t, thiil^-three. 
 (Z f^'«t, thirl ji-fnitr. 
 »irf5'»t, thirti^-fivc. 
 Kf3j»*t, ihirti/-six. 
 
 ^^f2p«t5 thirtjj -seven. 
 ^t^f5*t, thir/jj-ei^ht. 
 
 ISnir^t or^Ttf?'«t'v./c;7j/. 
 fCl '.'trrf^. f'*f't^-fnfir. 
 
 ^ ^''sJortij-ei.iht. 
 
 ^Tyt^-^\^ fort ij -nine. 
 
OF NUMERALS. 
 
 S5 
 
 i^-^^^, My -four. 
 
 Kt§t ^ fifty six. 
 '^'B\^^f\fly-sczen^ 
 ^f^^^.ffiyeioht. 
 ^^.Z'\t'^.^fffj/.?ime. 
 git^ or HU^ sixty. 
 >^5Ht^5 six(y-07ie. 
 3l'Btlj sixiy-tico. 
 C^sfii sixty-three, 
 CGlsfl, sixty-four. 
 '^'J^O, sixty -five. 
 CHsf^j sixty -six. 
 TitsHfl, sixty seven. 
 ^"i^sfij sixty-eight, 
 ^T^T'?, si I ty -nine. 
 "s^'J? or T^^R)', seventy . 
 «S5't'5?r, seventy -one. 
 ^'\X\'^J^ seventy -tzvo. 
 (;5?t^?:, seventy -three. 
 cil C ^(^5 seventy -four. 
 ^Ci^jT, seventy -five. 
 
 nA5"t^<r. seventy-six. 
 Tt'^r^?, seventy -seven. 
 vEilui^?j sevsnty-ei^hf. 
 '^T;»ft, seventy-nine. 
 Si-^it or sjAjtfs. e^. /i/'y. 
 
 '^'^\ A. eighty-one. 
 
 f^?t<T, eight y-ti^o. 
 
 t^?tMt, eighty -three. 
 
 c^l^rr^^tt, eighty-four. 
 
 ^^t*it, eighty-five, 
 
 f5i<rt»tt, eighty-six. 
 
 '^Vs\-^'\ or ^^t'^l, eighty-seven. 
 
 ^JBi-f'ftt, cigJify.ei rht. 
 
 ^^■^■^5 eighty-nine. 
 ^f t or ^^f^, ninety. 
 «^i^i?f^-?j ninetij-one. 
 X^'^'^'%%') mnety~tz;:o. 
 f^^i^l^j ninety three, 
 C^?rtTjtj ninety four. ■ 
 ^^^t^t, ninety-fize. 
 Coi:?t^1'^, ninety six. 
 '^totnTtj ninety-seven. 
 =5i,^R'5"t, ninety-eight. 
 frjtnff 5 ninety-nine. 
 1^'^j a hundred. 
 
 1. Other numerals, from twenty upwards, are formed by pre- 
 fixin . v3^, '^1, 3r:?1, ^3?r, ^t^, s^, ^^^ and ^^5 to the even tens, 
 viz. t^^'^f^, f^'-^-v, ^T{f^'^'=^^, ^"^H, s'^, ^Sf^, ^4tr5, and ^?f^. 
 hxani. ^^f^Mfo, ivcenty-one^ ^rf^^'^trs, tiQenty-t-j:o^ Sec, 
 
 % The numerals lyhich express one less than e?2n tens are 
 
C5 BINLALft GRAMMAR. 
 
 formed by prefixln:: 5^ to the nc'xt cron ten. Exam. S^f5"«t\j 
 ticcnfj/'iiiiic. pT?t^T^j 72incfjj-7une, is an exception. 
 
 3. Ordinals arc lormed by afTixinp; t^ or 1?, to thf first column 
 of numc'ials. Those ol tini second column, or S?/ngskr?t/i nume- 
 rals, arc given as fai as ten. From ten to twenty lh»*y are tlie 
 same as the cardinal iiumberF. Tlic ordinals of even tens are 
 made by allixing o^. or by omitting the last letter. Fiom sixty 
 upwards they arc made by ^5 only. The intermediate ordinals 
 are like the cardinal numbers. Exam. "^"^ or R^-t, the tenth, 
 t5'"'«t or f<'"*tf53:ii, the ticinttcth. 
 
 4. Mv.lt'nHcrs are made by aiTj.ving «3«< to the cardinal number. 
 Laam. Ts'^Zi^,, thn'ccy ^'^'S^M^Jivc times. 
 
 5. Xum' ral adverbs, indicating a tiling to be done at so many 
 times, are formed by alTixing ^^ to tl»e cardinal number. Exam. 
 »5^Tri, at uiice, Z'^<^.^ at foil f times, "^^tl, mauif times, ^"fivl, iJ- 
 isaijs. 
 
 6. Repetitive numbers are made by aiTixing Tt? to the carcli* 
 nal. Exam. 3rrp fin^i? ^R^^i, T spake three limes. 
 
 7. Numerals agreeing v. iili the English ones entiing in -fold 
 arcmadeby afiixing t1 to cardinals. Exam, t^'^1. t:co-fold, ^^'1, 
 fuur-folrl, T^^l, mau'fuld. 
 
 Ci^ivl, a fj'iar/cr. 3:-^' or 3ic^V, half, r,r^, one an J a half^ and 
 cntsi"^, tico Uiid a hulj\ arc irregular. 
 
 8. A quarter m«»nr than any oven number, is expressed by af- 
 fixin" «t3n1 <» 'Ii mimbrr : :mi half more th;jn an even number, 
 by ^\n. aiid .1 i;uu-(erless .ii> , a t^.s. i i.nmber by prefixing 
 c^m. I ' "ti. ^ ir.irs-f, ^/»/ cc and a (juarter. ^rt?F^, three ami 
 a half. (^iK-j^irt^, three and three quarters, or a quarter less than 
 four. 
 
OF MONEY, WEIGHTS, &C. 97 
 
 y. Fractions are generally expressed by-,c parts or anus, (a a 
 ana being the sixteenth part of a rupee.) Exam. "^it^^V^^ seven 
 sixteenths ; K*«t^t'T1, ten sixteenths. 
 
 Of Money ^ Weights, and Measw^es. 
 
 There are two sorts of accounts' kept in Bengal, viz. ^<5' and 
 ^^1, which are known by "^^1 being written over the »="it^i ac- 
 count, and <?f5 over the #W. ' The figures for the cowries, &c. 
 are the same in both ; but in the *it^M account ^t^1 or rupee, is 
 
 the highest denomination, and in the ^t5l account the ^t"?/!. 
 
 Money. 
 
 4 cowries (^f^, marked thus, I) make 1 gz/nda (9fQi, mark- 
 ed V . N. B. V/hen a numeral is prefixed, the cowry is call- 
 ed ^31, k?<ra. E.icim, ^^ ^^1, iT^ ^7l, &c. 
 
 20 cowries, or 5 gMndas, i boore (^, or damr?; tlt^rf? (i\ 
 
 20 gzmdas - 1 pwn (^T /). 
 4 pwns - » 1 ana, chouk, or dam, C^t^l, <.5l^5 ^t^r). 
 
 16 pz^ny - 1 kahon (^t5X *>). 
 
 16 anas - = 1 rupee' ('bii?! «>}. 
 
 Whatever the lupee be valued at in the bazr.r, the fourth pan 
 
 is called a sicca (f^^^l |o). 
 
 Ail articles bought imd sold by the lale, are coaated by g-ua 
 das and pjaiSo 
 
 Weights, 
 
 8 rwtx's* (?f^'5 or seeds of abrus precatorius, called 
 ^S) « - - = «. make 1 masa (3it^)o 
 
 10 masa - - - J tola (cTt^1} = 
 
 4 tolas - - - ^— 1 chutak {^A^)* 
 
 * Accordin*^' to the rcles observed by pbysiplans, 10 ruti- are a masa. 
 and 8 m?s>ii. a toJa, - . 
 
r. ,/'., '^ . • . -^,-.* t'y44i. i- ■ c . 
 
 9b ltF.:>GAl.LL CllAM.V.AR. 
 
 4 cliutaks - - - - 1 po:i, or quarter (:*i'TTl). 
 4 poa«;, or 10 chutaks - - 1 s-r (f'^TT). 
 40 scr> _ . - - . 1 ni/,'ii (c^ifTT). 
 
 Low a* Measure. 
 
 3 B.iilf^y corns (^ra") - 1 ungool/. rr breadth cfthefingery 
 
 4 unL-^u. 'rs - - 1 moot- or hu/urs -breadth. (^^.) 
 :i nico(s - - - 1 biiiln/t, oi .-.p'.m. (^^3.) 
 
 2 spans - - - 1 hat«, or r/z/^/V, ("yt^.) 
 
 4 hatr/s » . . - I (llu/iioo, or /<//Ao///, (tn.) 
 
 lOOOdhi/noos - - 1 kros, or kos-^, (C3?t'^.) 
 
 4 kros - « - 1 yoj//n. (ort^r^.) 
 
 Drjj Measure. 
 4 roks (f?^), or palces (*ttf^), 1 doa (cr:!^), or dron(CTT'<), 
 
 or pwisuri (*1^f?), equal to 5 scrs. 
 4 (Irons - - - 1 arli/ (^f?). 
 
 '20 (Irons, or 5 arh/s, - - 1 s.-,!/ ("yifo^). 
 4 S//1/.S - . - - 1 l)/\!, (f>5). 
 
 ir; b/.h - - - - 1 poui/ (fWlff). 
 
 Tone. 
 
 Tim tim"" \v!iil(* onr can deliberately proMouas ten Ion; sylla- 
 bles is ----_-! pr.in. J 
 
 pr.ms 1 p.fk 
 
 ;i » i>;/ls 1 th/nda. 
 
 »)0 (l/^.Jd'^s - - - - 1 (!av. 
 7 da}.s . _ - . - 1 ur(^k. 
 
 7V/C J<n/.v oj the ZL'cel:. 
 'Ill'' il.ivs of (lie \\(j( k aio named from the PJancls. 
 ?r^^t?, Suii(ia\, from 7R, the sun. 
 C^tai^t?, Monday, CTTtJI, tlio moon. 
 
OF THE DATS OF THE WEEK. 
 
 99 
 
 ar^^^l?, Tuesday, 
 ^ti\^, Wednesday, 
 \5:it^>Tt?5 Thursday, 
 i?3p^i?, Friday, 
 *tfi^l?5 Saturday, 
 
 from 2r^, Mars. 
 
 ^tj Mercury. 
 
 ■ ^^^f^, Jupiter. 
 
 'Sip, Venus. 
 
 . '*tfl, Saturn. 
 
 A day is divided into two parts f^^^riTT, viz. the time from sun- 
 rising to sun-setting, and ^tfsfsrt^, the time from sun-setting to 
 sun-rising. Each of these is subdivided into four equal parts, 
 
 called 2^, or watches, one of which is nearly equal to three 
 English hours, but varying with the season. 
 
 Of the Hindoo Months. 
 The Hindoo months always begin at what they call the ^'3ptt«, 
 viz. the moment of the sun's entering any sign of the Zodiac. 
 
 t?:"^!-^, the latter part of April, and former part of May. 
 
 
 May, 
 
 June, 
 
 July, 
 
 August, 
 
 September, 
 
 October, 
 
 November, 
 
 December, 
 January, 
 February, 
 March, 
 
 June. 
 July. 
 August. 
 September. 
 October. 
 
 November. 
 December. 
 
 January. 
 
 February. 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 The month is divided into two ^t^, or sides (of the moon), the 
 time from the change (^jarizriTjl) to the full moon (^tRVi) is call- 
 ed the ■'S^^^, bris^ht side, and from the full to the change ^^'^'^tzr, 
 (he dark side. A lunar d.iy is called t^fif. 
 
BF.VCALEL GRAMMAR, <Sk:c. 
 
 Confracfions. 
 Tlic following arc often used in writing : 
 
 f*'- for f^r^r^rs, <i villa:;c or division. 
 
 — f^f%, a l)0(if. 
 
 — W^^f^, a rent-roll, an agreement to pay bii imtalments. 
 Ct"- — Trt^^Tt^, an invoke. 
 
 — rt^?, a servant. 
 
 3f- — ^StfiPT, a surety or security. 
 
 crt^ — f^rt^', a pair (or suit) o/ any thing. 
 
 •fV — f^^1, in trust, or, in the charge of. 
 
 — fsrf^^, goods. 
 
 "T*" — '!9tTr, reaily money. 
 
 Tl* — 3~f75T'<f, a talook or small jurncendartt. 
 
 — 'Stf?:^, the date or day of the month. 
 3"'' — ^TT, a side J oi tonards. 
 
 K"' — ^'^l, price. 
 
 — ^^w, on account of. 
 
 •<•• — »^^9to<1, a purguna or hundred. 
 
 It" — ^'^^^puik OT footman. 
 
 (^ — C^-tRl, apeada (afovtnnn or messenger.) 
 
 ^. 71^;^^ 071 account of, or belonging to. 
 
 jp. — 3i!3ST, a mundul, or chief person in a village. 
 zrt« — x1t, </:c moon, a month. 
 
 — aitTTTv, //jy the hands of. 
 
 — atT^BTt, Muhumnud. 
 CJi* — the En lish Mr. 
 
 fair _ cart?fr2i, a place ^ prefixed to the name o} any place. 
 i^V — ».-t;ttt^, ending icith. 
 ^v — Ti'ppifj an habitation. 
 TV — Tt«3F?13, to the care of 
 ^ — t^^j beginning icith. 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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