OXFORD UNlVERSlTy COLLEGE HISTORIES ALL SOULS XT CD l%'^^^^?^'^'"^V\N -V-\H Co. At the Ballantyne Press VISITATORI ARCHIEPISCOPALI CUSTODI ET SOCIIS DEBITA REVERENTIA 120074 eZNERAL PREFACE To write in two hundred pages an exhaustive history of All Souls College, the materials for which are so full and varied, would be a task beyond the power of even the most skilful pen. With the space at my disposal it has only [been possible to indicate, mainly by means of the Archives and other College Records, an outline of the chief features of general interest in each successive stage of the historic development of the College. Nor has any attempt been made to supply even miniature biographies of the distinguished men such as Sheldon, Wren, Black- stone, and many others whom All Souls is proud to own as her sons, since abler and more learned authorities have already more than fulfilled the duty in the magnificent Dictionary of National Biography , not to mention the well- known volume of The Worthies of All Souls, by Prof. Burrows. The tenth chapter represents an effort to frame from internal resources a sketch of the constitutional evolution of the College in the present century, the story of which, though a deeply interesting episode in the history of the modem University, has so far not been narrated in print. Yet for reasons that will easily be understood the narrative has been confined to a statement of facts. For a viii PREFACE junior Fellow, even if he had the wish, to appreciate or eulogise the career of any member of All Souls now living would be either superfluous or impertinent. To two kind friends I gladly confess I am under special obligations. The Warden from first to last has done everything in his power to smooth the difficulties of the annalist's task. He has allowed me to importune him in season and out of season : nor have even the arduous labours of the Vice-Chancellorship prevented him from reading the following pages in MS. The last chapter, indeed, could never have been written had it not been for his aid. Would that the result as a whole proved more satisfactorily how much I have profited by his knowledge, criticism, and advice. Prof. Burrows not only put at my disposal his volume on The Worthies of All Souls, but most generously handed over to me all the notes he had made for a second edition. Only those who know how complete a master Prof. Burrows is of everything relating to the history of the College, can understand the value of this assistance. The writer can but hope that some of those who may turn over the pages of this little book may be led to increase their knowledge in the ampler and more sustaining air of Prof. Burrows' Mag)ium Opus. Yet gratitude must not be permitted to shift the burden of the written word. For any statement made, or opinion expressed, the author is alone responsible. Notice may perhaps be drawn here to the Frontispiece, the view of All Souls known as Warden Hovenden's Typos Cbllegii. It is now published from the Archives for PREFACE ix the first time, and the Oxford Camera Club and the Publisher have spared no pains to make the facsimile a success, though the difficulties of printing a very reduced reproduction of an old and singularly detailed drawing have been almost insuperable. Finally, my best thanks are due to Mr. G. H. Holden, the sub-librarian of " the Codrington," for much timely help, and to my colleague Mr. H. W. C. Davis, a contributor to this series, whose criticism and advice, both on the MS. and the proofs, have saved me from numerous errors and slips. C. GRANT ROBERTSON. All Souls College, March i6, 1899. [Note. — Apart from printed sources of information indicated in the text, reference in the main is made to the following MSS. : (i) The Archives; (2) The Register, i.e., the Register of Fellows from the Foundation of the College, which is full of illustrative comments ; (3) The Acta in CapituUs or Minute Book, which begins in 1609 The earliest Minute Book commences in 1572 under Warden Hovenden ; but in 1609 it is practically displaced by the fuller Acta; (4) The Punishment Book ; (5) The Wenman MSS. These two latter are in the custody of the Warden. The quotations in chapter vii. are for the most part drawn from The Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian, vol. 340. Other scattered references to MSS. are explained in the text.] CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE PREFACE Vii NOTES ON THE PLATES xiv 1. THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE .... I II. ALL SOULS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY . . 3I III. ALL SOULS DURING THE REFORMATION ... 48 IV. THE AGE OF ELIZABETH AND WARDEN HOVENDEN 66 V. THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON .... 96 VI. CIVIL WAR AND COMMONWEALTH* . . . . I16 VII. THE RESTORATION AND WARDEN JEAMES . . 137 VIII. STORM AND STRESS — WARDEN GARDINER . . 1 56 IX. ALL SOULS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY . . 1 77 X. ALL SOULS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . . I93 MISCELLANEA THE MALLARD SONG PORTRAITS IN THE HALL 211 212 xii CONTENTS PAGE THE CODRINGTON LIBRARY 214 THE MSS. IN THE LIBRARY 217 THE ARCHIVES 220 THE COLLEGE PLATE 222 THE founder's TOMB 224 ATHLETICS 226 INDEX 227 ILLUSTRATIONS The TypUS Collegii of warden H oven den. FrontispUce THE FRONT QUADRANGLE .... Facing page 10 THE CHAPEL (EAST END) .... THE warden's quadrangle THE OLD LIBRARY ALL SOULS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY THE CODRINGTON LIBRARY . . . . THE GREAT QUADRANGLE . . . . THE HALL 34 52 72 140 170 182 194 NOTES ON THE PLATES I.— THE FRONTISPIECE. This is a reduced reproduction of the Typus Colkgii which is the Frontispiece to the series of maps of the College property drawn up by Warden Hovenden in 1598. It is the earliest view of the College in existence. It shows very clearly the original plan as developed in the sixteenth century {cf. p. 69). To the right of the Front Quadrangle are the new Warden's Lodgings with garden (" The Rose Inn"). Notice the pump mentioned p. 73. North are the Cloisters, and " The Grove," and Orchard. Note that the statues of Henry VI. and the Founder over the gateway are not represented. II.— THE FRONT QUADRANGLE. This is the Tower entrance from the High Street to the Front Quadrangle as seen from the Chapel door. It practically represents the original fifteenth century Quadrangle, as beyond refacing of the Tower it has hardly been touched by restoration. The door in the left hand corner (S.E.) was the entrance for the first Lodgings (two rooms) of the Warden, one room of which was above the gateway. Notice therefore the characteristic position of these apartments, guarding the incomings and outgoings of the College. The two windows in the Tower are those of the original Treasury and Muniment Rooms. The statue of Our Lord over the gateway was put up in 1895 by Mr. Raleigh to replace the one formerly there, which probably disappeared in 1649. '^^ t^^ original Quadrangle there was no central grass plot, but simply paving. The grass was laid down in the eighteenth century. NOTES ON THE PLATES xv III.— INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL (EAST END). This represents the Chapel as it is to-day, with the reredos and hammer-beam ceiling restored to their former design. The centre of the reredos — the faithful rising at the Last Day — is the Cruci- fixion with Henry VI. and Archbishop Chichele on either side. Over head is our Lord seated in Judgment. The figures are those of prominent statesmen and ecclesiastics in the fifteenth century. The last figure in the bottom row to the extreme left is that of Earl Bathurst,*at whose expense the reredos was replaced. The stalls are probably those of the original Chapel almost unrestored, the carved seats of which are fine. The brass eagle and candlesticks were a gift of G. Clarke's. IV.— THE WARDEN'S QUADRANGLE. This view represents the new Quadrangle annexed when the new Warden's Lodgings were built by Warden Warner (1557), and is taken from the entrance to the Hall. On the right are the windows of the Old Library (see plate v. p. 72). The door with the steps leads to the Warden's Lodgings of 1558, the windows on the second floor being those of the great Dining Room, ornamented by Warden Hovenden. To the left (not shown) is the Warden's Garden, leading to the present Warden's Lodgings, built by G. Clarke (1706). v.— THE OLD LIBRARY. This is the interior of the Old Library (now the large Lecture Room in the Front Quadrangle). It shows very well the beautiful "barrel ceiling," the coats of arms, the panelling and carved chimney-piece introduced by Warden Hovenden. VI.— ALL SOULS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. A reduced reproduction of Loggan's print of All Souls (1675). If compared carefully with the frontispiece a few changes may be remarked : (a) The statues of Henry VI, and Chichele are in their niches over the gateway : (6) Warden Hovenden's study has been added (1606) to the east of the Lodgings ; (c) the Warden's Garden and " The Grove " have been planted ; (d) there have been slight alterations in the offices to the east of the Hall ; (e) Wren's Dial, now on the Codrington Library, is in its original position on the xvi NOTES ON THE PLATES south wall of the Chapel. Note that the spires beyond the Chapel are those of the Cloisters, and that the door in the Chapel wall to the left of the pilaster has been blocked up. The other door leading by steps down to the crypt is still in existence, but has changed slightly in structure (probably in the restoration under Warden Gardiner, 17 lo). VII.— THE CODRINGTON LIBRARY (INTERIOR). Taken from the west end, and showing the bookcases which run all round, the gallery and second tier of bookshelves. The statue in the centre is that of Codrington (Cheere), and that at the east end of Blackstone (Bacon). Above the second tier of bookcases may be seen the "bustoes " of Worthies of All Souls, for a list of which see p. 219. The "Orrery" (p. 216) is just behind the Codrington statue. VIII.— THE GREAT QUADRANGLE. This is a view of Hawkesmoor's Quadrangle (1737), occupying the site very largely of the fifteenth century Cloisters. To the left is the Chapel, the square end being the antechapel ; to the right the entrance to the Codrington Library. Between the two are the Piazza Cloisters and the "Dovecot Gateway," leading from "St. Catherine " Street. The spire on the left is that of St. Mary's (the University Church), and the dome is that of the Radcliffe Library. Between it and the gateway may be seen the spire of All Saints. IX.— THE HALL (INTERIOR). Taken from the doorway. On the left can be seen one of the new stained glass windows. The portrait in the centre is that of Archbishop Chichele (Thornhill), and immediately below that of Jeremy Taylor, and below again that of The Marquis of Salisbury (Richmond). To the left of the Marquis are Warden Leighton and Archbishop Sheldon; to the right Sir W. Heathcote, and above Wardens Tracy and Isham. Over the fireplace are the two paintings by Thornhill (see p. 213) ; the bust is that of Reginald Heber. CHAPTER I THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE The date of the foundation of All Souls College, 1437 or 1438, according as the facts are interpreted, makes it the ninth in order of the Colleges of the modem University, and gives it, in chronology at least, the honour of being the connecting link between the purely Mediaeval and the pui-ely Renaissance epoch. The historical circumstances under which All Souls started, the character and aim of the Founder, Henry Chichele, are so clearly marked on the structure that, even did not pious gratitude enjoin the duty, a brief glance at his career is necessary to appreciate correctly not only what All Souls originally was but what it was intended to become. Henry Chichele, the son, according to tradition, of a " broker or draper," was born at Higham Ferrers, in Northamptonshire, probably in the year 1362. He was first educated at the College of St. John the Baptist at Winchester, and then at New College, Oxford, which he entered as a scholar in 1386, and of which he became a Fellow in 1392. Thus early in life he was brought under the influence of the ideas of William of Wykeham, the greatest, because the most original, of the Founders of Oxford Colleges, and learned, if nothing else, " the ^ ALL SOULS COLLEGE noble example of piety and liberality set to the opulent prelates of our Church." Chichele graduated with the degree of B.C.L., and though he shortly entered priests'* orders, he seems to have devoted his first years to the lucrative profession of an ecclesiastical lawyer with such success that, later, Lyndwood, who dedicated to him his notable Provinciale, called him hwerna juris, " the lamp of the law." His energy and abilities soon made their mark, and with the establishment of the Lancastrian dynasty on the throne his rise was rapid. The second phase of his life begins with the year 1405, when he was entrusted with his first public mission to Pope Innocent VII. In the same year he was appointed a Commissioner to treat for peace with France; and henceforward his life as an ecclesiastic, a lawyer, a diplomatist, and a staunch adherent of the Lancastrian House, is indissolubly bound up with all the great public questions of England in the fifteenth century. In 1410, and 1413, for example, he was despatched on embassies to France ; still earlier, in 1409, as Bishop of St. David's, he had been one of the English representa- tives at the Council of Pisa. Finally, in 1419, he attained the highest reward open to an English Church- man when he succeeded Arundel in the See of Canterbury. On the accession of Henry V. he became one of the most influential advisers of the Crown, and after his master'^s death continued to occupy an important position in the Council. In the history of the English Church, Chichele is perhaps chiefly remembered not as the Archbishop in whose primacy the alien priories were suppressed, nor as the man who successfully resisted the efforts of the Pope to give Cardinal Beau- THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE S fort precedence over the See of Canterbury, but as the unhappy Primate who was forced to yield to Cardinal Kemp, Archbishop of York, the precedence rightly re- fused to Cardinal Beaufort, and who, worse still, allowed himself to be coerced by Martin V. and Eugenius IV. into demanding from King and Parliament the abroga- tion of the " damnable "" statutes of Provisors and Praemunire. It is this which, together with an unkind misinterpretation of his policy towards the Lollards, has earned for him Fuller'^s harsh verdict that " he was thoroughpaced in all spiritual Popery." A greater than Fuller, Shakespeare, has in the play of Henry the Fifth immortalised the tradition of his most conspi- cuous contribution to English secular politics. On the authority of the chronicler Hall, Chichele has been represented as the advocate for that war " with blood and sword and fire " against France which was to cause the downfall of the Lancastrian House. Nor has the dramatist scrupled to put into his mouth a speech which he probably never made in a Parliament in which he did not sit. The question has more than an academic interest, for All Souls College has been popularly reputed to be the Archbishop's magnificent expiation for his " sin " in inspiring an unjust and disastrous war. Yet the view that Chichele was "the cause" of the war rests at best on a superficial analysis of its origin and aim ; it certainly cannot be proved by the evidence available. The most that can be said is that he cordially agreed with Henry V.'s war policy, and that, both as head of the English Church and a responsible administrator of the Crown, he devoted all his abilities during Henry's reign and the unhappy years of Regency 4 ALL SOULS COLLEGE that followed to make that policy a success. With still less justice then can its ultimate failure be laid at his door. These, however, are problems which do not concern us here. To the chronicler of the annals of All Souls, Chichele''s career and achievements as a lawyer, a dip- lomatist, a statesman-primate are important mainly because they show how the splendid use which, as a " pious benefactor," he made of his wealth, had been moulded and coloured by the lessons, the bitter lessons, learned in forty years'* experience of the affairs of Church and State. All Souls College, if the most imposing, was not the first or only benefaction connected with Chichele's name. Both at Lambeth and at Canterbury he left his mark by his buildings and his generosity ; in 1429 he had founded at his birthplace, Higham Ferrers, a col- lege for eight priests, seculars be it noted, the head of which was to be a University graduate, and had en- dowed the foundation with lands bought from the properties of the suppressed alien priories. He had started in the University of Oxford a chest of 200 marks, " Chichele's hutch," as it was called,* for the benefit of poor students, and had in 1436 bought five acres of land " in the suburbs of Oxford and builded a * Mr. Anstey has recently published {Epistola Academica, Oxf. Hist. Soc. i. 83) the ordinance for the Chichele Chest, which was to " relieve poor scholars seeking the priceless pearl of knowledge in the field of divine learning." As with the similar chest in All Souls, every borrower was bound to say five times the " Pater Noster " or " Ave Maria " for the souls of the Founder and all the Faithful Departed. And Chichele himself was to be reckoned amongst the Benefactors of the University. THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 5 college house of free-stone quadrantwise,'"' only to hand it over to "the order of St. Bernard called White Monks or Pied Monks . . . and it was called Bernarde College/' a foundation which, thanks to the liberality of Sir Thomas Whyte, was in due time to emerge as St. John's College. In the following year, 1437, these tentative efforts culminated in the erection of All Souls, the date of whose origin may be claimed for December 14 of that year, on which day Berford Hall, " vulgarly called Charleton's Inn, standing at the corner of Cat Street, directly opposite the eastern end of St. Mary's Church," was purchased. Other tenements were shortly acquired, and the building of a college at once begun. The foundation-stone was laid on February 10, 1437-38, and it will not be amiss to note in this connection that in our own century that day was solemnly observed as the anniversary of the quattro-centenary of All Souls, and a great day of thanksgiving. The then Warden, Lewis Sneyd, has himself recorded how he " preached a special sermon on a text from Psalm cxxii. 6 and the following verses," and " the permission of the Visitor, Archbishop Howley, was expressly given for lengthening the time spent in Hall." The site of the new foundation was a block of tene- ments, inns and halls, the chief of which, besides Berford Hall, already alluded to, were Skibbowe's Tenement, St. Thomas' Hall, Tingswick Inn, " antiently called Corbet's Hall," and Stodely's Entry — fronting west on Cat Street and south on the High Street. For the most part these tenements were first rented and then by degrees purchased outright. Chichele's next step was 6 ALL SOULS COLLEGE to procure a Royal Charter of Incorporation. This was issued on the twentieth of May in the sixteenth year of Henry \Vs reign (1438). The document makes it clear that (following the example of " The King's Hall," Oriel College) the Archbishop had " surrendered " the properties bought to the King, who now, in virtue of this transfer and by exercise of the royal prerogative, " founds " and incorporates the College by the titles of " All Soulen College '' or "The Warden and College of all Faithful Souls deceased of Oxford."*' In the deed the Warden and twenty Fellows, who are to constitute the new society, are named, and to them is delegated the power to elect — co-opt we should say — twenty more on condition that the whole number is not to exceed forty- Hence it is that Henry VI. has earned the right to be regarded technically as the Founder of All Souls, for in the Patent the real author of its existence, Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, is merely associated with the King as Co-Founder. The building of the College was entrusted to Roger Keyes, afterwards Warden, as chief architect, and Robert Druell, elected a Fellow in 1440, as chief over- seer or supervisor of the works. From the Rationariujn Fundationis, or book of the building accounts, an elabo- rate picture of the process and cost of construction could be made. It must suffice to observe that the stone employed was brought from the quarries of " Hedington, Teynton, Sherborn, Henxey and Sun- ningwell,"' the timber from the woods of Shotover, Stowood, Horsham, Eynsham, Cumnor and Beckley. Twelve trees were presented by the King, twenty by the Abbot of Abingdon. The wages paid to the workmen THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 7 have been held to prove that " they were the ablest that could be procured," and, if further proof were required, the transference per mandatum regis of some of the stonemasons 'to the repair of Windsor Castle might supply it. The building was carried on under the eyes of the Founder, for we are told he " repeatedly " visited the growing College, residing at the monastery of South Osney. Another prominent University benefactor, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, was also, we learn, on a single occasion " an interested spectator "" of the works. Five years elapsed before the newly constituted Fellows could take definite possession. During that time they were housed, under the headship of their first Warden, Andrewe, in " a hired hall at the Founder's expense." The exact date of their entry and the com- mencement of the corporate life proper of All Souls cannot be fixed, but it must have been dm-ing the year 1442, for on St. Editha's Day in that year the chapel was solemnly consecrated by the Archbishop himself, the Bishops of Lincoln, Norwich, Worcester " and other suffragans " — " a day long celebrated in the College by an annual Feast." Another entry relates how on the occasion of the first mass " a breakfast was given in the ante-chapel which cost sixteen shillings and eleven pence.*" Finally, in the October of the same year, John Wraby, afterwards a Fellow, was sent by the Founder to provide the Fellows, in the absence of proper statutes, with instructions as to their duties. While the College was' building, Chichele had seized every opportunity to strengthen its rights and privileges. Not content with the Koyal Patent of 1438, he had. 8 ALL SOULS COLLEGE " according to the superstition of the times," despatched Warden Andrewe himself on a mission to Eugenius IV. to obtain the Papal ratification and licence. Andrewe was successful. In a Bull dated June 21, 1439, the Pope approved of the objects of the foundation and granted several valuable privileges. The College is authorised to have an oratory or chapel without the licence of the Ordinary (the Bishop of Lincoln), the Vicar of St. Mary''s Church (in whose parish it stood), the Provost of King'*s Hall (Oriel), or any other who might claim ecclesiastical jurisdiction ; it is empowered to possess a cemetery of its own and to bury its mem- bers and servants within the consecrated precincts ; during an Interdict divine service may be celebrated in the chapel " with hushed voice, closed doors and without peal of bells," provided that no excommunicate person be present and the College itself be not involved in the sentence. The Papal exemption from the possible Rectorial claims of Oriel College and St. Mary''s Church was completed by an Indenture dated November 1, 1443, in which, in consideration of 200 marks, the Provost, Walter Lyhert, and Fellows of Oriel on the one side, and Roger Keyes, the Warden and Fellows of All Souls on the other, solemnly ratified the clause in the Bull affecting both societies. Finally, in 1442, Henry VI. had confirmed his previous Charter of Incor- poration by a supplementary elaborate Charter of Privi- leges, in which he exempted the College from a formidable list of taxes, aids^allages, and so forth, guaranteed their lands and franchises by similar immunities, and promised for himself and his heirs the royal protection in perpetuity. THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 9 Thus the privileges, ecclesiastical and secular, of Chichele''s Society were fenced by the triple bronze of private con- tract, Royal Patent, and Papal Bull. Though the buildings were not completed for some time to come, the consummation of the Foundation may be regarded as reached on April 2, 1443, on which day the Archbishop, having sealed the statutes which were to regulate its government, delivered them to his College. It was his last work. He had for some time been in failing health, and had already asked the Pope to relieve him of his duties as Primate. On April 12 he died, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, the tomb lying in the south side of the northern aisle adjoining the choir. The College archives contain, as was but fit, an " agree- ment of the Prior and Convent of Christchurch, Canter- bury, to celebrate the obit of Archbishop Chichele on the anniversary of his death in consideration of an annuity of £1 to be paid by All Souls College.^' The College, it may be remarked, is unfortunate in not possessing any indubitably authentic portrait of its Founder, though it has manfully endeavoured to supply the deficiency by various more or less imaginary likenesses, notably the full-length portrait in the Hall by Sir J. Thornhill, and the picture in the Common Room, which is probably " Chichley's picture " that Pepys paid five shillings to see, and also the beautiful bust by Roubiliac, likewise in th^ Hall, which dates from the eighteenth century. The head, however, of the recumbent figure on the tomb has every appearance of being a portrait, and may have been sculptured from a mask taken after death. A likeness too in stained glass, now in the north window of the ante-chapel, though by no means closely resembling 10 ALL SOULS COLLEGE the features of the tomb figure, is, judging by the evident antiquity of the glass, probably a contemporary if ideal- ised portrait. " It conveys," as Professor Burrows says, " the impression of a wise, benevolent old man." As regards the College itself, though the first authori- tative drawings date as late as the Wardenship of Hovenden, in the reign of Elizabeth, and various restora- tions and the great rebuilding of the College in the eighteenth century have profoundly altered and extended the original plan, it is not very difficult to frame a rough idea of the building as completed in the fifteenth century. The general scheme seems to have been inspired by that of New College, but executed on a smaller scale. There was only one quadrangle, the present small Front one facing south on to the High Street and running west along Cat Street. Both in its architectural lines and form this quadrangle is to-day substantially identical with the original of the fifteenth century, save for the change in the seventeenth century, when the mouldings and cusps of the windows were cut squarer. Here were situated the Fellows'* rooms, the Warden's Lodgings being located in the south-east corner. The main entrance was from the High Street under the tower, the upper floors of which served as a treasury for the College chest and a muniment-room for its deeds and archives. The position of the Warden's Lodgings is both remarkable and characteristic, and was probably borrowed from New College. The Warden is housed over the main gateway, whence he can watch everything that comes into or goes out from his College ; and his apartments have a private access to the muniment-room and treasury. On the east side of the Quadrangle on the second floor was placed the THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 11 Library (now the large lecture-room), since Chichele's day completed and beautified by Wardens Warner and Hovenden. The north side is bounded by the chapel. The original Hall continued the east line of the Quad- rangle, running at right angles to the chapel. One of its most conspicuous features must have been the lofty embattled louvre or lantern resembling an octagonal turret, a design apparently borrowed from the Hall of New College. Unfortunately, beyond Wood's record that its windows were adorned with various coats of arms, little is known of its interior. Part of its site is now occupied by the present Hall, which, however, is in a diametrically different position. North of the chapel lay a small oblong court, and north again of this, with a west front on Cat Street, were the cloisters. These, like the Hall, disappeared when the great Quadrangle and Codrington's Library were built, but the existing cloisters at New College, which apparently served as a model, remain to convey a fair idea of their form. Wood, who had seen them, writes : " They were begun in the Founder's time and finished in 1491 with the monies of Thomas Overy, Bp. Goldwell and one Thomas Calfoxe ; also with the monies of John Danvers whose arms are at this day remaining carved in stone over the east door. This cloister was afterwards consecrated for the burial of the dead, processions and performing certain suffrages in private. Arms in the windows of this cloister, for so there have been, yet not in the memory of man — John Vaughan, Nich. Halswell, Bp. Goldwell and Warden Broke." To the east of the cloister, and also slightly north, ran a stretch of open ground, lined on the Cat Street side 12 ALL SOULS COLLEGE by a fringe of private tenements. This ground the College rented and used as an orchard and garden. It was only bought when the College expanded in the time of Warden Gardiner (1710-20). The tale of buildings is completed by the buttery, kitchen, brewery, store- houses, and offices situated to the east of the Hall, amongst which must be reckoned the stables for the horses provided by the statutes. What is at present known as the Warden's Quadrangle was in 1450 mainly waste land, partly occupied by such tenements as " The Rose Inn" of later days, and only passed into the possession of the College with the first expansion under Warden Warner. Modest as these buildings may seem (it is not easy to imagine how forty Fellows and their Warden were packed into the extremely limited houseroom of the Front Quadrangle), with their appointments they cost the Founder nearly d£'9000. The exact figures would seem to be £4il56 5s, Sd. for the expenses of the first five years, while ^4302 3s. 8d. were laid out on the purchase of "the site, books, and other necessary articles "'' ; and if to this be added .^'lOOO paid to the King for various lands, it will be seen that Chichele spent practically ,£^10,000 on his Foundation, which has been calculated to represent perhaps c^'l 50,000 in the money of to-day. Baskerville, then, was not without j ustification when he remarked, two centuries later, " As a man may say, 'twas well for him he had money to do it." Nor, when we remember the Archbishop's munifi- cence to the University, can we pronounce the dignified eulogy of the University on Henry Chichele as altogether exaggerated. In an interesting letter to the Pope, THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 13 defending him from the slanders of his enemies, the Chancellor, in the name of the Univei-sity of Oxford, calls him " the golden candlestick in the temple of the English Church,"''* and adds this striking phrase : " vitce Note. — The appended rough diagram, not drawn to scale, may add clearness to the description in the text. w L \ \ "1 K ■ \ I J H G \ M M B -' K B A /- F \ B \ I c C •, E D o High Street A. Front Quadrangle. B. Fellows' Rooms. C. Warden's Lodg- ings. D. Tower Entrance with Muniment and Treasury, adjoining the Warden's Lodgings. E. Porter and Servants' Rooms. F. The Library. //. Passages Underneath. G. Chapel. H. Ante-chapel. I. The Hall. J. Oblong Court. K. The Cloisters. L. Garden and Orchard. M. Manciple's House, Kitchen, Brewhouse and Stables. N. Present Warden's Quadrangle, added circa 1560. O. The New Warden's Lodgings as built by Warden Warner {circa 1550). 14 ALL SOULS COLLEGE speculum, vas virtutum, lucerna morum fulcitus consilio, amabilis populo, clerique specialis alumpnus.'''' The chapel clearly was the one part on which no expense was spared. Like Chichele's own tomb at Canterbury, it has suffered severely at various times from neglect, still more from "restoration"; like his tomb, it has had to wait to our own day for a munificent and reverential effort to replace the ravages of time co-operating with seventeenth- and eighteenth-century taste. More unhappy than the tomb, it felt, in the age of the Reformation, the full weight of Puritan wrath against Popish superstition and idolatry. But, thanks to the generosity and skill of thirty years ago, we can now conjure up a faint idea of its original splendour. Built on the site of St. Thomas' Hall, the chapel was dedicated to the Four Latin Fathers, SS. Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine, and Gregory ; and, as became the oratory of a college to which an important chantry was annexed, was adorned with peculiar mag- nificence. Owing to its position as regards the Hall, it was prevented (as was the case at New and Magdalen) from having an east window, and the wall behind the high altar was filled in with an elaborate reredos in stone, the traces of which, when discovered in 1872, prompted Sir Gilbert Scotfs verdict " that it must have been the most beautiful work of the age which has come down to our time." The remains disclosed " very beau- tiful tabernacle work, the carving of which was singularly delicate and graceful and richly coloured with blue, red, and gold." The high altar itself was adorned with the image of the Holy Trinity, gilt and painted, and in the space over the altar was placed a representation of the THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 15 Crucifixion, while at the summit of the reredos, " imme- diately under the roof," was the figure of our Lord seated in judgment surrounded by archangels, and marked by the inscription, '' Surgite mortui venite ad Judicium.'''' The ceiling consisted of a fine wooden roof ornamented with carved angels, and the whole painted and gilt according to fifteenth-century ideas. Six " secondary ''' altars lined the nave, three on either side, and a seventh stood in the ante-chapel. This was separated from the chapel proper by a screen (now represented by the present classical structure), and its peculiar form — for it is not a perfect parallelogram — must be ascribed to the vagaries of the line of Cat Street. It is significant of the completeness with which the chapel was furnished that it was probably the first college chapel to possess an organ. Professor Buitows has shown how in 1458 the "organ-player"" was punished and " wept bitterly " ; and an inventory, pro- bably contemporary with the Founder, clinches the proof by enumerating amongst missals, legends, tintinnabula, and other chapel furniture, the existence of " unum par organorum.'" Though architectural critics have pointed out various technical defects in the proportions, they unite in a justly sincere admiration of its beauty before the simplicity and purity of its Gothic lines (as seen especially in the unrestored windows of the ante-chapel) had been marred by the piecemeal introduction of discordant styles. And indeed it must have been a singularly noble and impressive building, magnificent and gorgeous too when the "hammer- beam" roof and the reredos with its semed rows of canopied niches. 16 ALL SOULS COLLEGE fully filled and decorated, added the splendours of their red and gold to the glories of the windows and altars. The endowment of the College, as bequeathed by the Founder, was almost wholly derived from various properties situated in different counties. The bulk of these had originally belonged to the alien priories, and were bought, after their suppression, from the Crown by the Archbishop ; and it is to this purchase most probably that one of the Foxcote deeds in the archives refers. This is a receipt by William Wenflete, Provost of Eton, of d£^1000 from Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canter- bury, "for the use of the king."" Both the Royal Charters of Privileges and Incorporation bear testimony that Chichele had followed the same course with regard to the lands acquired as he had with the College buildings. After purchase they are surrendered to the King, who then, in his capacity as Founder, regrants them with a guarantee of all rights and privileges appertaining to them. Henry VI. thus became not merely the technical Founder of All Souls, but also the technical Donor of its endowment. The chief of the lands so bestowed were a cluster of estates round Romney and Upchurch, in Kent; at Alberbury, in Shropshire ; the manors of Crendon and Foxcote, with Morton and Padbury, in Buckinghamshire; woods at Edgware and Willesden, in Middlesex ; the priories of St. Clare and Llangenith, in South Wales ; and various farms at Weedon Pinkeney and Whadborough, in Northamptonshire. The value of the endowment was roughly c^'SOO a year, and the College was granted a licence to hold lands in mortmain to that amount. A return, however, in the reign of Henry VIII. shows a THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 17 slight increase in value, the assessment being fixed at «£>392 2s. Sd. The other benefactions of the Founder were of a minor character, such as the presentation of chapel plate and vestments, and the gift of various books and MSS. to the Library. Henry VI. is also credited with the donation of twenty-six volumes — viz., eight on law, seventeen on theology, and one on philosophy. Last, and not least, the Archbishop left 200 marks to endow a "chest*" from which loans could be made to assist the poorer members of the house to pre- vent "want playing the step-dame, and those who are best qualified for studies enslaving themselves to the mechanical arts and becoming truants to the ingenious sciences."" All Souls was now equipped to start its corporate life. A brief analysis of the most striking features of its original constitution will throw no little light on its future history. A comparison of the charter of founda- tion with the declaratory preamble to the statutes clearly reveals the Founder's motives as twofold — reli- gious and secular — each characterised by a deep sense of national needs. Moved by compassion, the Archbishop recites, for the state of the unarmed soldiery of the Church and with no less pity for the general ailment of the armed militia of the world, he desires to erect a College of poor and indigent clerks bounden with all devotion to pray for the souls of the glorious memory of Henry V., lately King of England and France, the Duke of Clarence and the other lords and lieges of the realm of England whom the havoc of that warfare between the two realms hath 18 ALL SOULS COLLEGE drenched with the bowl of bitter death, and also for the souls of all the faithful departed. Hence the "funereal" name — All Souls — of the College to which this chantry is annexed. In pursu- ance of this object, prayers for the souls of the faithful departed are specially required in the private devotions of the Fellows, a weekly requiem for the dead is pre- scribed for every Friday throughout the year, while the Feast of All Souls Day is naturally singled out as '• the great day of the whole society.^ The duties of the College as a chantry are further emphasised by the studied magnificence of the chapel and shortly amplified by the minor benefactions of later members, five of whom, Bishop GoldwelJ, Robert Honey wood, Warden Broke, Richard Bartlett, and William Pouncett, left legacies that masses might be said by the College for their souls. Yet All Souls was intended to be much more than a chantry ad orandurn ; in fact the statutes creating a college ad studendum practically relegate its function as a chantry to a second place. As an academic society All Souls is to consist of a Warden and forty Fellows governed by a code, the statutes. These statutes, according to tradition drawn up by " the celebrated civilian'^ Lyndwood, Chichele^s Vicar-General in the Province of Canterbury, may be broadly divided under three heads, according as they regulate the composi- tion, the administration, and the Rule of Life of the College. As regards the first, elaborate provisions fix the number of Fellows at forty, which number is not to be exceeded. Of these, twenty-four are to be artists and THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 19 sixteen jurists, while special clauses guard against any disturbance of this balance in the proportion of artists to jurists. One Dean, for example, and one Bursar is always to be an artist, the other a jurist, and the same rule applies to the custodes jocalium, one being taken from each faculty. So, again, on a vacancy in the War- denship one candidate is to be elected from each class, the final choice resting with the Visitor. The qualifica- tions of a Fellow are that he should be of free condition, bom in lawful wedlock, have the first tonsure, so as to be " disposed "" for the priesthood, have received sufficient instruction in the rudiments of grammar and plain song, be endowed with a good character, and anxious to make progress in study. He is to be chosen after careful examination in all these requirements, and for his first year is to be simply a " Scholar,"" after which he may be admitted to the full Fellowship. Founder's kin are to be preferred to all others, then those coming from places where the College has property. Chaplains, though their number is not specified, are also provided. The four Bible clerks of the College to-day are not mentioned in the original statutes. They were a later addition ; yet quite early the records testify to the presence of three clerks and six choristers, who "by constant and uninterrupted custom '''' were appointed by the Warden, and to the payment of whose services in chapel and Hall various small benefactions were gradually devoted. Mr. Rashdall has suggested with much probability that the origin of the Bible clerk is to be found in the regulation allowing for " one clerk or honest servitor who shall diligently serve in the Hall and Common Room,"' and who may have read the Bible 20 ALL SOULS COLLEGE during dinner. The precise enumeration of the servants complete the composition of the society. They are a manciple (head butler), an under-butler, a cook with two assistants, a stable-boy, a man " to carry the books of the scholars to the schools,"" a private servant for the Warden paid for out of the common funds, and a porter who also acts as a barber and "shall duly and diligently shave the Warden and Fellows." With monastic severity all these servants must be males, with the exception of the laundress, who may be a woman " in default of a male washer.*" The administration is vested in the Warden, Sub- Warden, the two Bursars, two Deans who supervise the exercises of the Fellows, and a Seneschal chosen weekly from the Fellows. This latter is per- petuated to this day in the office oi Steward of the Week, held by each Fellow in turn. The Rule of Life is defined in a catena of complicated regulations which defy exhaustive analysis. The religious side is summed up in the injunctions as to attendance in chapel and the elaborate private prayers for the Founder to be said morning and evening, when books are borrowed or a loan made from the chest. It is worth noting that the statute prescribing that on Sundays and minor festivals a Fellow shall officiate has been held to be the origin of the present custom by which on Sundays and Saints'* days the lessons in chapel are read by a Fellow " sent out " by the Dean " at his dis- cretion,'' or in his absence by the senior Fellow. The clerical character of the society, however, is best seen in the requirement that all Masters of Arts are obliged, within two years of their Regency, to enter priests' orders. The jurists are only exempt if they proceed to the THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 21 Doctorship in their faculty, and as proceeding to the higher degrees is strictly enforced by statute, escape from this regulation is impossible save "by a lawful impediment," no definition of which is given. Strict residence is obligatory on the Warden and Fellows ; they may not be absent without " reasonable cause " (of which there is no definition), permission for such being granted by the Warden and officers. There are to be weekly " disputations " ; and attendance at all University exercises necessary for the several degi'ees is compulsory. The progress of the Fellows in their studies is to be tested three times a year by an examina- tion held by the Warden. The remaining regulations are largely monastic in character. Both within and without the precincts of the College the Fellows are to wear a suitable clothing, and for this purpose a Livery, " or dress of one suit,**' being ten yards of cloth, is to be annually provided from the common funds. Baskerville says, though the authority is uncertain, that the livery was " recom- mended to be bought at Bristole fair, being the best cloth to be had and commanded to be of purple colour."" This livery they may neither pawn nor sell. Every Fellow is to have daily commons, the Warden being allowed a double portion. The surplus in the common funds is to be reserved " to the common advantage of the College.*" These are all points bound up with the future development of the constitution. No Fellow may sleep out of College, no stranger may pass the night within. Latin is to be used in daily conversations; during dinner the Bible is to be read aloud ; there is to be no lingering in Hall after dinner, 22 ALL SOULS COLLEGE save on special occasions, when the Fellows may have a fire and "recreate themselves seriously with songs (cantilence) and other proper solaces, poems, the chronicles of the realm and the marvels of this world, and other things fitting the clerical estate/' The Fellows may not walk out alone nor go beyond defined bounds in their walks, nor wear arms. As in the codes of other mediaeval colleges, the injunctions which forbid the keeping of hawks or hounds, playing dice or gambling, injuring the buildings by arrows or other missiles, com- mitting violent or murderous assaults on their colleagues or other persons, form an instructive comment on the temptations of the mediaeval student. Finally, property of the value of one hundred shillings, marriage, the tenure of a benefice above ten marks in yearly value, entrance into any order of Regulars, or the holding of any post preventing study, as well, of course, as being found guilty of any serious moral offence, are to cause the voiding of a Fellowship. A careful comparison of these statutes with those of New College reveals the surprising extent to which Chichele was indebted to William of Wykeham. It is not without justice that All Souls has with Magdalen been called "the daughter of New College.'' Yet, remarkable as are the elements borrowed — particularly in the organisation of a college of secular priests, the exclusion of monks and friars, the number and functions of the officers, the characteristics of the Rule of Life — Chichele had in the borrowing added or emphasised certain features whose combination and later develop- ment co-operated to make the history of the daughter society distinct, perhaps unique. As regards the chantry. THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 23 the distinctive feature is not the greater elaboration nor the prominence assigned, but the connection with a national object. That this was an expiation of the Archbishop\s share in " causing "" the French war cannot now be decided ; the fact remains that the chantry annexed to All Souls is essentially national, not collegiate. It breathes, we feel, the spirit of the man who, as Archbishop, ordained that, in memory of the victory at Agincourt, the Feast of St. George should be observed as " a greater double."'' In the second place, the absence of all provision for the residence or teaching of undergraduate students will strike the modem mind. The College was to be one of Doctors and Masters, endowed to promote learning, especially in the study of philosophy, theology and law, not by being linked with a school as New College to be an institution partly for training junior students. Attempts occur from time to time to introduce undergraduates, but their presence is foreign to the original scheme. " All Souls,'' £is Mr. Rashdall has pointed out, " serves to remind us that in their origin colleges were designed to be primarily (and, we may add, in this case continuously) bodies of students, not bodies of teachers." This characteristic alone made the college distinct in the University. Thirdly, there can be no doubt that one of the chief functions of the new society was to equip priests with a proper University training for the service of the Church. Chichele's language on this point is explicit: "he desires the increase of the (secular clergy) of the realm, which at the present time is notoriously diminished." This feature again brings All Souls into close contact with national needs, for the deterioration and ignorance of 24 ALL SOULS COLLEGE the parochial clergy were amongst the most serious symptoms of the decadence of the fifteenth century. Not less remarkable, however, is the prominence assigned to the study of civil and canon law. At New College twenty out of seventy — little more than one- fourth ; at All Souls sixteen out of forty members — very nearly one half — were to be jurists. Professor Maitland has recently told us that during the Middle Ages the schools of Canon Law at Oxford and Cambridge were singularly unproductive of original work. Chichele possibly, as a distinguished lawyer, may have wished to correct this, to aid in creating a really national school of civil and canon law. And there is another important aspect. No one knew better than the Archbishop him- self that the law was the chief, if not the only certain avenue, not merely to a lucrative professional career, but to high preferment in Church and State. In 1417 he had himself laid down that Vicars-General and Com- missaries should be chosen from graduates of the two Universities. If it was the Founder's deliberate inten- tion to encourage a large proportion of the Fellows to prepare for devoting themselves to public affairs, his object was more than attained. Through the study of the law, which became a speciality of All Souls, a con- nection was built up with employment in the public services, which every subsequent development only riveted more firmly on the College. The connection was more sharply emphasised by the carefully defined powers of the Visitor, vested ex officio in the See of Canterbury. The Archbishop of the day is to stand in loco parentis to the College, which, in the language of later Wardens, is his " family '" (familia THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 25 vestra). He is permanently, in the place of the original co-Founder himself, bound, as the guardian of the rights and privileges of the society, to maintain them unim- paired, empowered to inquire into and enforce the observance of the statutes, inheriting where necessary the co-Founder'*s chartered prerogative of issuing new ordinances, provided such are not repugnant to the original constitution. On the Visitor devolves the selection of the Warden from two candidates submitted by the College, as well as the nomination of Fellows or officers when there has been a failure to elect ; he is the authority for the redressing of all grievances and the final court for all disputes, from whom there is no appeal ; in the last resort he is entitled to hold a solemn visitation or investigation into all matters affecting the condition or honour of the society, and to punish, correct, or amend in virtue of his plenary powers. These were certainly ample privileges, and from the first were claimed and gradually exercised by Chichele's successors. Though no explicit mention is made in the statutes as to the right to interpret disputed clauses, future Archbishops with good reason assumed that such a faculty was essentially included in their jurisdiction, and in time the results of this right became almost the most important of all the visitatorial powers. The archiepiscopal Injunctions alone fill a bulky volume, touching on every topic from the most trivial to the most fundamental in the life of All Souls, and this venerable record illustrates with extraordinary clearness how with every generation the College was brought into the closest contact with a series of Primates whose 26 ALL SOULS COLLEGE conscientious conception of their duties as Visitors, moulded by their public policy as statesmen, moulded in turn the whole framework of the society committed to their charge. That the history of All Souls faith- fully mirrors the broad features of the history of the nation is due, more than anything else, to the statutory powers delegated to the See of Canterbury. Once more ; Chichele's recourse to the King in the foundation of his College had placed All Souls in delicate and peculiar relations to the Crown. For the Arch- bishop it was primarily a personal tie arising from his own unique obligations to the Lancastrian dynasty, and his anxious desire that through the Crown " his founda- tion may be more surely and stably based,'' finding touching expression on Henry's side in his perpetual reference to the Archbishop as " his Godfather by whose hands we received the sacrament of holy Baptism." But the connection remained when sovereign and arch- bishop, so closely linked together, had passed away. Technically the College was a royal college ; it owed its existence to the royal prerogative; it was endowed with lands purchased from those " resumed " by the Crown ; its privileges rested on a royal guarantee. It is not, therefore, surprising to find that a literally legal interpretation of that connection was held to justify not only the interest but the active interference of the Crown in the affairs of the College. Indeed, it may be questioned whether any college in Oxford down to the eighteenth century illustrates so continuously the " in- fluence " of successive sovereigns on its corporate life as does All Souls, and for this certainly the Founder is largely res[.onsible. THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 27 The question is often asked, Why is it that All Souls has so different a history from other colleges, and to-day is so different in structure and organisation ? The actual historical process must be left to be briefly indi- cated in the sequel, yet a few conjectures in anticipation may not be out of place. A high authority, Mr. Rash- dall, has suggested that a powerful cause "has been the Founder's omission to fix a definite property limit." The statutes, however, do prescribe a limit, though successive interpretations raised the original £5 to £4^0 in 1710, and to d^lOO in 1826, and confined it to real not personal property ; and, as was pointed out in 1852, the regulation " was always acknowledged and strictly observed."" But the raising of the limit came when the " peculiar " characteristics of All Souls were already stereotyped. Undeniably it aided their development, but did it create them ? The same question arises out of the alleged influence of the Founder's kin, which is not really operative till the serious revival of their rights in the eighteenth century. Their vastly increased admission at that epoch combining with the newly raised property limit simply italicised, but did not originate, the specially characteristic features of the College. No, we must look farther afield. To begin with, a student of the annals of All Souls cannot fail to be struck by the fact that almost from the first the College came to be regarded as occupying a position distinct and apart. Its members are recruited, not from its own internal resources, but from the men of graduate standing of all the other colleges. This alone gave it a unique character ; it is a Jait accompli which not even the most revolutionary reformers in 1549, or 28 ALL SOULS COLLEGE 1650, or even 1852, attempted to alter. All Souls begins, continues and ends as a Society of Masters and Doctors. Secondly, the size of the College buildings, combined with the strict conditions of residence enforced for at least two centuries, rendered the introduction of a permanent body of resident commoners literally impossible. Thirdly, as the Commission of 1852 rightly regarded as so remarkable, the strict observance of the statutes as to proceeding to the higher degrees, and under certain conditions the taking of orders with all that these implied, caused All Souls to "retain more closely in these respects its original constitution than almost any other College.^ Fourthly, the statutory studies of its members as developed by custom pre- vented the Fellows from equipping themselves to be teachers. They had no one to teach but themselves, and in the original constitution there was an entire absence of provisions for tutorial offices. Where they were not bona Jide students they were priests looking to preferment in the Church, or men preparing for a pro- fessional career outside Oxford. It is here we trace the extreme importance of the prominence of the study of law. The jurists from the beginning naturally had recourse to the Bar and the Bench in its various forms, to public service of one kind or another, and they in turn materially influenced the habits and ideas of their colleagues the artists, helping to make them professional where they were not so already. The introduction of the study of medicine in the sixteenth century only emphasised this powerful tendency. So that, when in . 1709 the exigencies of residence were virtually relaxed, an ethos and tradition had been created resting on three THE FOUNDER AND HIS COLLEGE 29 centuries of continuous development which completely prevented All Souls from becoming, as other colleges, an institution for the education of junior students. And the revival of the rights of Founder"'s kin super- vened to bar any such modification, even if it had been likely, in the eighteenth century. Nor must the in- fluence of the Crown and the Visitors be forgotten. Encouraged by the Monarchy, and with the early Wardens to set the example, employment under the Crown, in ecclesiastical or civil office, came to be the regular goal of the ambitious members of All Souls. The famous decision of 1709, pronouncing that servitia regia (royal service) was a lawful impediment exempting from residence and the taking of orders, was merely a repetition of the order of 1549, which had even then merely registered the custom of the College. Most potent of all, the visitatorial right of interpretation, with cumulative effect, sanctioned the tendencies just noted, and assisted the gradual relaxation of those conditions which impeded their complete realisation. The evolu- tion of the College into a nui*sery for various professions largely lay in character, and, free from educational functions, can be read step by step in the visitatorial "Decretals." In a word, the history of All Souls is the history of a process to make explicit what was implicit in the original constitution. Henry Chichele had founded and en- dowed a society of graduates which, though a quasi- chantry, was primarily a college for the encouragement of priests and lawyers, and from the nature and scope of its studies and regulations, its peculiar relations to the Crown and See of Canterbury, could be justly 80 ALL SOULS COLLEGE held to be an institution intended to train Oxford men to be fit and ready to serve, as their Founder had served, Church and State. Such it was in 1443; and such, through all its many phases, it has remained. CHAPTER II ALL SOULS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY Wardens : Richard Andrewe, 1437 ; Roger Keyes, 1442 ; William Kele, 1445 ; William Poteman, 1459 ; John Stokys, 1466 ; Thomas Hobbys, 1494; William Broke, 1503. Richard Andrewe, the first Warden of All Souls, has been often cited as a striking example of the state- servant whom All Souls was to produce in abundance. The close friend, possibly the relation, of his patron, Archbishop Chichele, he had been educated at New College, of which he became a Fellow. He had then followed his master in a career which combined the profession of a canonist with diplomacy and high eccle- siastical office. Appointed Warden by the Charter of Foundation after obtaining, as already noted, the Papal Bull of privileges, he presided over the College until possession was formally taken of the new buildings. In 1442 he resigned, apparently because his services were required elsewhere, and his life henceforward belongs to the sphere of State affairs. A Canon of Windsor in 1451, he had been made secretary to the King in 1443, and was repeatedly employed on diplo- matic missions to France and Scotland. His ambassa- dorial efforts have won a melancholy significance since 32 ALL SOULS COLLEGE he shared with the Duke of Suffolk in the treaty which ceded Maine to France, and brought Margaret of Anjou as Queen to England — two events which were "the beginning of all the evils.*" Yet, like Warden Warner later, he retained his preferments in spite of virtual revolutions, though he only won his Deanery at York " by the thunders of the Church/' All Souls has good reason to cherish his memory. In 1469, in consideration of his benefactions, "copes and other ecclesiastical vestments, chalices and books,*" as well as the gift of 100 marks "particularly towards the kitchen," he was admitted a Brother of the Society — in fratrem quoad suffrdgia — and in 1471 the College undertook to celebrate his obit and " to invite by the bellman of the city all good Christians to say a prayer for his soul," while on his death in 1477 he left £¥) on condition that the Fellows "said after dinner every day certain psalms and prayers for the safety of his soul."" It is characteristic of the early Wardens that they followed Andrewe's example in resigning. The next four who occupied the Wardenship hardly call for detailed comment. Roger Keyes resigned after three years of office. One of the original Fellows, his work had been to supervise the building of the College and his skill may be inferred from his transference, at Henry's request, to superintend the construction of the new royal college at Eton. William Kele became Arch- deacon of Bath and Wells, but has left no mark on All Souls history. William Poteman, like Andrewe, was employed by Edward on various diplomatic missions, particularly on Scotch affairs, but save that his career illustrates the natural drift of members of the College IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 33 to the public service, his distinguished career falls out- side the limits of the College annals. As " Principal or Moderator,'** however, " of the Civil Law school '"' he occupied a position in the University which draws attention to the increasing importance of the study of law in All Souls. John Stokys resigned after being Warden for thirty years, to die a Canon of Windsor. A donor of more than forty volumes to the Library, he was also enabled definitely to complete the cloisters (1491). All Souls, in fact, like other nascent institutions, during the first decades of its life is happy in having almost no history. Successive Wardens and Fellows were more than fully occupied in finishing their build- ings, in organising a machinery for giving effect to their elaborate statutes, in keeping their accounts, col- lecting the rents of their scattered property, arranging leases, and making the annual " progresses "" of inspec- tion — at least, if we may judge from the " venerable records" on all these points, which practically date from the birth of the College, and of which the most distinguished of our Bursars, Blackstone, has remarked : '' Had they related to any Branch of Roman housekeeping would have made the Salmasius's, the Graevius's and the Gronovii almost out of their wits for very Joy." Apart from " old Computus's and College Rolls,"" but few notices of general interest can be pieced together. The Register infoi-ms us that in 1440 fourteen Fellows mysteriously resigned and were promptly replaced, and in 1443 a little rift is disclosed when " John Rivot was put in by ye Founder sociis non concordantibus.'''' The c 34. ALL SOULS COLLEGE growth in privileges is the most remarkable feature of the period. The first act of Archbishop Stafford was to obtain a fresh charter from Henry VI., amplifying those conceded in the Founder^s lifetime. In 1444 he added himself to their number by granting a Forty Days' Indulgence to all who visit the chapel annually on All Souls Day " as well as on the First Sunday after the Translation of St. Thomas, commonly called the Feast of Relics, and there pray for the souls of the Faithful Deceas''d at rest with Christ, repeating the Lord's Prayer cum salutatione angelica,'''' The chapel, be it noted, was proud to possess relics of its own, which, even without the archiepiscopal Indulgence, would have established its fame for devout pilgrims. From an indenture we learn that, along with certain images, the College owned "a tooth of St. John the Baptist " (dentem . . . tentum inter duos angelos), and a crucifix from Alberbury " containing a portion of the true cross." In 1451, a beryl had been purchased " to be fixed in the mouth of St. Jerome." Another record of 1457 has been read to prove the memorable fact that, at the celebration of the obit of Isabella, Lady Shottesbrooke, no less than 9400 " wafers " were con- sumed. A chapel of such popular resort deserved the benefactions lavished on it by two generations. One member, Robert Este, contributed £50 to "the making and setting up of Images," but the chief honour belongs to Bishop Goldwell. The completion of the cloisters was due to his generosity ; he gave ^50 "for the edification of the High altar"; and from Wood we learn that the black-letter inscription on the screen recorded that it was also his pious gift. Along I^^^I^^^^^MHSB^^K^S^"- ?^!^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^| ^^^^^^^^^HS^^^S^SS&flHriBUBI^Si^^^^^^^^^^^^^B^^^P^P' ^^^B 1 K i»Hf^4 ' J KmSMl H^t^firv fi^ih ' 4|l 5^-HH- ^j B^^> ' m i '9H, n^iillMBr^T^^^^Si^^^^^^^BI From a pJiotogrnph by the] [Oxford Camera Club THE CHAPEL (EAST END) IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 35 with a bequest of books and MSS. to the Library, he left £14i6 to endow a chantry for his own and his brother^s soul. That the privilege of the College prayei*s was highly valued even as late as 1536 may be seen in the request of the abbess and nuns of the monastery of Syon to be admitted consorores quoad suffragia of All Souls. The request was granted, and these members of a house founded under Chichele's inspiration thirty years before All Souls came into existence were permitted "to become partakers of all our Divine offices, chants, prayers, masses, studies, alms, fasts, and indulgences." The nuns were the last of an interesting list of those who successfully sued for " the fraternity of the College,'"* a list which includes amongst humbler benefactors the names of Warden Andre we. Bishop Gold well and his brother Nicholas, and three Visitors, Cardinal Morton, and Archbishops Deane and Warham. In the secular life of All Souls, Archbishop Stafford makes two appearances. Warden Warner is responsible for the statement that " he took again from the college the parsonage of Tryng in the county of Bucks which King Henry had impropriated to the college; but that was never again restored. No more was a lordship called Foxcote. And these evil chances maketh the college poor and bare and the Warden and Fellows* portion much less than they be in other colleges." Stafford also, in virtue of the visitatorial power, "notoriously recognised as belonging to the See of Canterbury,'' issued the first Injunction to be found in the archives. By this he regulated the election of the S6 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Sub-warden, Bursars ancT Deans, and "disposed'' the arrangement of chambers, about which there had clearly been disputes. To the Warden he assigned Lodgings of two rooms in the south-east corner of the Quadrangle, the remaining rooms to be distributed on the discretion of the Warden, according to academic seniority. It appears there were only sixteen rooms available for the forty Fellows ; hence the order that each Fellow was to have a bed to himself was a boon not to be despised. It is also highly characteristic that the Injunction suggests that to promote " brotherly love and charity "" between the two classes of jurists and artists, each of the jurist doctors should have two artists as " chamber fellows,"" whereby " amity and concord " between seniors and juniors will be firmly established. The next Visitor, Archbishop Bourchier, was called on to exercise his right to nominate a Sub-warden, the College having failed to elect ; and two years later (1459), as some of the Fellows had actually refused to pay their battells, he insists that payment is to be made without fail within three days after the end of each term. But these are trifles compared with the crisis in which All Souls was now involved. The College, it has been well said, knows nothing of the Wars of the Roses as such, but from the lawlessness of " the overmighty subject*" it suffered no little. The draft of a significant petition from Warden Kele to Henry VI. has survived, com- plaining " that Hugh Haddelsey, priest, and Sir Hugth. John, Knt., taking advantage of the great and inconvenient riots of late fallen within the realm have seized on the priory of Llangenith.'* IN THE FIFrEENTH CENTURY S7 Dr. Wenman also, in his MSS., relates how "one Richd Wylde the Vicar of Alberbury joining himself to a large number of riotous persons disseised the College of its lands forcibly expelling their tenants and placing in the Priory a monk of the order of Grandmont. "This was done under the pretence of religion. The College applied to Edward, prince of Wales, stating that the malefactors were of great might, affinity and number, that they could obtain no relief nor any Remedy by the due course of Law. In 1474 an appeal was made to the Abp. of Canterbury against Fawcon, a Grandmontese monk who kept the possession of the Priory . . . but soon after the College was in quiet possession of it." Nor was it easy to escape from the results of the dynastic struggle. AVhen Edward IV. definitely dis- placed Henry VI., spoliation in the shape of an Act of Resumption stared All Souls in the face. Here, to the Yorkists was an institution founded, endowed and guaranteed by the " usurping "" Lancastrian House, with an income derived from lands once " resumed "^ by the Crown. Royal logic, law, and interest alike suggested confiscation. That it did not follow must be attributed to a variety of reasons. In its Visitor All Souls had a powerful fiiend at Court. It could prove that it had been formally exempted from Henry's Acts of Resumption (1450 and 1455), that the lands of the " alien priories '"' in its possession had not been a free grant of the Crown but bought with cash down. To mutilate or ruin the chantry, solemnly bound up with the memory of a victor King, would have been adding an insult to the nation to an act of sacrilege. Probably most efficacious of all was 38 ALL SOULS COLLEGE the readiness of the College to pay " blackmail *" in the shape of a pardon purchased " for siding (' in nought else than their prayers/ as Gutch correctly interpolates), with Henry VI. nuper de facto non de jure Rex^ Edward, in short, prudently made the best of both worlds ; for, in consideration of the willingness of All Souls " to pray for his Majesty^s health, and that of Cecilia our dearest mother as long as we are alive, and for our souls when we shall have migrated from this light," he issued Royal Letters Patent confirming the College in its possessions, and these were ratified in subsequent Acts of Resumption (4, and 7 and 8 Edward IV.). In passing we may note a pitiful wail echoing from the past, significant of this period of stress. At the foot of an extract concerning the payment of the fifteenth and tenth are written these sad words : " Jhu, thy bythur pascon and thy glorious resurreccon and the holy trinyte be betjme this false fever and me." Danger, however, again loomed ahead when the battle of Bosworth had brough a fresh turn in the wheel of fortune. True, a Lancastrian could hardly presume to do what even a Yorkist had shrunk from. Yet, despite Henry VII.'s confirmation of the Letters Patent of Edward IV. and Henry VI., a humble petition to the King "of your continyell orators and true Bedesmen Maistre John Stokys Warden, and the feleshipe of All Soulen College in Oxinforde . . . that they be right late inquieted by processe made out of your Escheker/' shows that their endowments rested on no too sure a basis. Soit faite come il este desire was the welcome IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 39 royal answer, and the petition, after being duly enrolled on the records of the exchequer, was further confirmed by " Inspeximus "" in the sixth year of the reign. Once more All Souls could rest in the enjoyments of the gi-ants of Henry's "blessed uncle whose sowle God assoyle." Yet on Henry VIII.'s accession it was thought worth while to add to the archives three formal docu- ments — a pardon, an " Inspeximus "" of the original gi-ant of Henry VI., and a confirmation of the Letters Patent of the new king''s father. Timeo reges et dona ferentes. These episodes furnish indeed an instructive comment on the irony latent in Chichele's confident reference to the value of the Crown in making his foundation " more stable and sure.'' The Tudor epoch was to be one more fertile in trying crises than even " the scambling and unquiet " century which had just closed. Happily, most of the Wardens were to prove themselves fully equal to coping with the emergencies as they arose. Of Warden Thomas Hohhys (1494-1503) we unfortunately do not know all we could wish. The Register tells us "he was put in (to the Wardenship) sodis Twn concordantibus,"" yet his tenure of the office amply confirms the impression of a man of great vigour and strength of character, which his con- duct as Proctor in 1491 conveys. We read in Wood that he materially assisted in quelling " a violent quarrell between the gownsmen and the people of Woodstock. Three (of the rioters) were brought to All Souls College and thence were sent to Bocardo Prison to no other purpose but to stop or scotch the fury and malice of evil men." 40 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Perhaps it was troubles like these which made Hobbys resign in 1503. After being a Canon, like several of his predecessors, he died seven years later Dean of "His Majesty's Chaple at Windsor.'"* He was succeeded by William Broke, who also resigned in 1524, after twenty-one years of arduous office. Like Warden Poteman, he became Moderator of the School of Canon Law, and was also Commissary for the University in 1520. An entry in the Bursar's rolls indicates that he founded a chantry in the College chapel, and apparently endowed it with the proceeds of some small estates at Crendon and Bosyate. It is during these two Wardenships that there occur two pretty examples of the inconveniences brought upon the College perhaps by its technical connection with the Crown. In the reign of Henry VII., probably in the year 1496, in consequence of the King's determina- tion " to make by sea and by lande two armies royall for a substantiall werre to be continued upon the Scotts," a loan was demanded from All Souls. Warden Hobbys, however, like other wary men in a like situa- tion, pleaded the existence of a partner — the statutes. " Hee hath given an othe," were his words, " that he nedre may lend . . . except hee should borrow hytt to his grete hurte." And though he had been informed " this is a thynge of so grete a weight and importance as may not be failed," coming as it did under " our signet at our Paleys of Westminster," his plump non possumus was apparently successful. The second in- stance lies in an adroit letter mysteriously issued " By the Prince," who requested a Fellowship " for our right and well beloved William Pickering, Scholar of lawe " IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 41 and promised in return to be "the more good and gracieux lord in eny yr reasonable desires hereafter." Prof. Burrows has with great ingenuity and probability fixed the authorship on Prince Arthur, the first husband of Catherine of Aragon. As the only known letter of his in English it has a rare interest of its own, but as perhaps the earliest example of royal interference with the statutory freedom of elections it is still more profoundly significant. Edward IV., the College records prove, had demanded and gained a lease for a protege, but Prince Ai*thur''s cool request struck a more imperious note. Yet All Souls was impolite enough to refuse — at least we infer so, for Pickering does not appear on the register of Fellows. But for monarchs as for subjects, through failure lies the road to success. Prince Arthur'*s was the first royal demand ; it was not to be the last. Yet if the rapidity of succession in the Fellowships during the first hundred and fifty years of the College''s history might be cited as evidence, a Fellowship can hardly have been so tempting a post. It has been cal- culated, for instance, that the average number of vacancies in a year, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, is " four and a fraction "" as compared with two and a half in the eighteenth century. No doubt the natural passing on of many of the artists to bene- fices and the solid advantages of professional practice which lured many of the jurists to London or elsewhere, are partly responsible for the sinking of the average, but in themselves these are hardly adequate wholly to explain the difference. The meagre nature of the commons, the lack of comfortable accommodation, the 42 ALL SOULS COLLEGE trifling value of the Founder's livery, the strict conditions of residence and the monastic rule of life, while they certainly do not seem calculated to whet a courtier's appetite, can hardly have struck even those who might be reckoned needy " scollers " as a very magnificent endowment. A sharp letter from Archbishop Warham to Warden Broke, " Wardeyne of my College of All Souls," may be mentioned in support of such an infer- ence. Hearing that " Master Leycetur " pretends to keep his Fellowship while holding a benefice " contrary to th' ordinances of your statutes in that behalve,'' he severely forbids the practice, and threatens the College with little advantage or pleasure should it " make any further business in the law."' The letter, moreover, reveals the disagreeable fact that " irregularities,'" as was inevitable, had begun to crop up. As early as 1500, Cardinal Morton, in an elaborate Injunction, had been obliged to regulate carefully the celebration of Divine Service, and unless the lengthy preamble is mere verbiage, his intervention was as much in the interest of " tranquillity '' and fidelity in the observance of statu- tory duties as the settlement of complicated trifles in college etiquette. In 1519 Warham followed this up by an injunction requiring " disputations '" in theology to be held every Friday in term, and created a new office, the Rector Theologioe^ to see that the order was properly carried out. In the same year he wrote to confirm four persons as "scholars" (Probationary Fellows) " in spite of the absence of the Dean, which was wilful." After blaming the College for " their con- tentions at elections," he makes the first allusion to a charge, often to be hurled in the teeth of All Souls, IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 43 viz., "of regarding family more than merit"" in their elections. He even threatens to apply to the Pope for a statute to remedy it. Little did Visitor or Fellows dream that before long, by their own act, it would be beyond the Pope^s power to remedy this or any other " evil.""' Clearly, then, the state of the College was not altogether satisfactory. A graver abuse, however, here calls for a few remarks. It must have been at this time that there slowly grew up the so-called system of " cor- rupt resignations," by which the resigning Fellow acquired the right to nominate his successor, the other Fellows accepting the nomination, fully conscious that they in turn might be required by circumstances to avail them- selves of a similar privilege. At first there may have been no " corruption,"" but before long it is evident that the nominee supplied his nominator with an " adequate consideration " for his good offices. To anticipate for a moment ; by the seventeenth century the system had been so nicely elaborated that the Warden, who could not resign and nominate, but whose veto could render any election null and void, had been made a partner in the transaction by being tacitly privileged to nominate to " dead places *''' — i.e., Fellowships vacant by death. Whatever may have been the " causes " which originated the system — the ingenuity of the legal element in the College, the absence of commoners to act as a check, the frequent elections consequent on the comparatively large number of Fellowships — we can scarcely avoid attributing its growth largely to the strict conditions of residence which made it impossible for any one aiming at a professional career to retain his Fellowship. And once this was so, the inevitable tendencies of human U ALL SOULS COLLEGE nature operated with full effect. Two points, however, must be remembered. The practice was certainly not confined to All Souls ; and, like most abuses, its con- tinuity is not without some historical justification. True, when the College was largely ecclesiastical in character, it thoroughly deserves condemnation as " simoniacal pravity '" ; but, subsequent to the abolition of chantries, the question of varying ethical standards cannot be neglected. That the practice struck the average University man as morally wrong is by no means clear. Like bribery at elections in the past, or the system of " army purchase "" in the present century, or " commissions '''' in the commerce of to-day, the exist- ence of the evil was held to be its own justification. It was recognised ; a Fellow w£is a " corporator ^^ who regarded his Fellowship as his own property ; if he had paid, why should he not sell ? If the Crown or a Visitor could nominate a proteg-e in their interests, why could not a Fellow nominate a friend or kinsman in his ? If, as is still more remarkable, men like Laud or Sheldon refused to interfere, why should he ? In fact, the final extirpation of the abuse which plays so long and prominent part in the history of All Souls was in reality the triumph of the higher standard of the few over the lower standard of the many, and for this reason the moralist may well rejoice. That its removal also cut away the most serious obstacle to the unimpeded choice of the best men can only increase our admiration for those who grappled with the evil and overthrew it. A pleasanter prospect of the doings of the College, even at this period of incipient irregularities, is opened out when we survey its achievements in the field of learn- IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 45 ing. With the commencement of the sixteenth century the Renaissance had attained its zenith. All Souls was one of the earliest Colleges to respond to the first breaths of the new spirit moving over the face of Europe that quickened the Oxford of Colet, Grocyn and Erasmus into new life. The College books bear witness, in the permissions of absence granted to various members, to the readiness of many to study abroad. Four distin- guished names in particular connect All Souls with the Revival of Learning in England — John Leland, Thomas Caius, William Latimer and Thomas Linacre. Leland unhappily cannot be claimed as Fellow. Yet though a Cambridge graduate, he studied "some years in All Souls'" and there made the acquaintance of Thomas Caius. Caius, now unfortunately forgotten, had been elected to a Fellowship in 1525, becoming Registrar of the Univei*sity in 1552, and Master of University College in 1561. His friendship with Leland, who complimented him on his erudition and his authorship of a famous pamphlet, in which he refuted, at any rate to the satisfaction of all Oxford men, the superior antiquity asserted for Leland's own Alma Mater ^ Cam- bridge, entitles All Souls to share with University the privilege of claiming him amongst her less distinguished sons. But in Leland, the finished classical scholar, and the earliest, if not the greatest, of modem English antiquarians, the College cherishes the forerunner of its eighteenth-century antiquary. Bishop Tanner. William Latimer's fame has been quenched by his more memor- able namesake, the saintly Hugh, " the heretike that was burnt."" Elected a Fellow in 1489, William Latimer devoted himself to studying logic and philosophy in his 46 ALL SOULS COLLEGE College. Though justly " numbered amongst the lights of learning in his time," he is perhaps only known now as the friend of Pace and More and Linacre, one of the noble band to whom classical studies in England owe more than many are inclined to remember; nor does the Register exaggerate when we find written against his name : " Inter liter arum restaur atores pro eximia in philosophiis humanisque Uteris eruditione multum cele- hratus,"^ Linacre^ the greatest of them all, was elected a Fellow in 1484. His services in the cause of learning ; his position as " the father of modem medicine *" and the most distinguished of the sixteenth-century medical humanists ; his foundation of the Royal College of Physicians, of which he was the first President ; his endowment of two Lectureships in Merton College, which are now amalgamated into the University chair that bears his name, are too well known to all Oxford men to require retelling here. Personal traits are always worth recording, and Wood has pointed out the intimate tie between Linacre 'and that esprit exquis^ Sir T. More, who "constantly heard Grocyn " when he " read publicly the Greek tongue,*" and " became a great proficient in that language and other sorts of learning by the help of Lynacre his tutor."" In the history of All Souls, however, he has his own place, for it is probably due to his personal influence and brilliant career that medicine and " physic " were seriously added to philosophy, theology and law, as subjects for Fellows to study. That the Founder had contemplated such a develop- ment is proved by an incidental provision in the statutes for doctors in that faculty. But it is not till Linacre's IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 47 day that the new study took permanent root, and with him it " came to stay "" in more senses than one, as we shall see. It certainly is a gi*atifying fact to record that the College, in its encouragement of Leland and Linacre, had the honour of equipping two pioneers in the cause of science and learning. Nor is it without reason that the portrait of the latter (a replica most probably of the portrait at Kensington Palace attributed to Quintyn Matsys) is hung in the College Hall not far from that of Sydenham. CHAPTER III ALL SOULS DURING THE REFORMATION Wardens: John Coale, 1524; Robert Woodward, 1526; Roger Stokeley, 1533; John Warner, 1536; Seth Holland, 1556; John Pope, 1558 ; John Warner (again), 1558. The epoch of many-sided intellectual activity ushered in with the reign of Henry VII. was now rudely inter- rupted by the course of political and ecclesiastical events, which once more plunged the College into a series of crises, and from which it emerged with its character considerably altered. The two Wardens who rapidly succeeded Broke can be briefly dismissed. John Coale, one of the royal chaplains, though he resigned after only two years of office, managed to connect the College and himself with the educational forces then at work. He is credited with the main share of the building and endowing of a school " within the site of the monastery at Faversham, making and appointing the Warden and Fellows of All Souls the electors of the Master." To-day the College still appoints one of the members of the Governing Body. It was also perhaps under Warden Coale's inspiration that one of the Fellows, John Incent, endowed another school at Berkhampstead, of which the Warden was to be the Visitor. Coale seems DURING THE REFORMATION 49 to have been haunted by architectural aspirations, for an entry in the Bursar''s books says he bequeathed £66 6s. M, "for the building of a new Quadrangle;' and in " The Tower Accounts "" i^SO is also entered as his gift, though when and what the New Quadrangle was to be is not mentioned. Possibly it is the begin- ning of the scheme finally completed by Hovenden. The name of Warden Woodward (1526-33) only occurs in three or four leases and documents, one of which is an indenture '^ granting a piece of land next to All Souls College in consideration of the burning of a taper of wax of 1 lb. weight before Seynt Jerham in the same college." But with Roger Stokeley (1533-36) the plot begins to thicken. Wood tells us how in 1533 " Two Fellows of All Souls, George Throgmorton and John Ashwell, went to Cambridge and challenged any of the Cantabrigians to dispute The Civil Law is more excellent than medicine, woman condemned to death and twice hung up ought if the noose breaks to be hung up a third time. And the said Throgmorton behaved himself so well that by the judgment of most men he came off with great applause." The next year brings distinct evidence of the legis- lative revolution in the relations of Church and State then being accomplished. A lengthy document, dated September 28, 1534, declares that the Warden and Fellows " with one mouth and voice assent and consent under our Common Seal affixed in our Chapter House '"' to accept the marriage of Henry with Anne Boleyn as fl Whether 1^ 50 ALL SOULS COLLEGE lawful, to renounce the authority "of the Bishop of Rome, who in his bulls usurps the title of Pope,*" and to regard the King as " Supreme Head of the English Church." The omission of the qualifying words " quan- tum licet per legem Christi'''' has been commented on and might be attributed to ultra-reforming zeal — Leland, we know, adopted early the principles of the Reformers — did not the subsequent history of the College prove that there was no lack of the leaven of the old conservatism. Against the name, for example, of H. Gold, elected a Fellow in 1519, is written in the Register, "hanged at Tyburn, propter crimeu laesce mcijestatis, along with Eliz. Barton, vulgarly called 'The Holy Maid of Kent,''' though the annotator adds, with patriotic caution, " since there are so many names alike so great a disgrace ought not to be lightly branded on the College." According to Wood, the Royal Visitors of 1535 were responsible for introducing two important changes into the educational organisation of the College. "In All Souls were established," are his words, "two publick Lectures, one of Greek and another of the Latin with an honest stipend ... & (the visitors) joyned a Civil to the Canon Law Lecture in every Hall and Inn." The precedent of interference thus set up was not to be forgotten, as we shall see. Another graphic little touch of the troubled time through which the University was then passing may here be cited from Wood's Fasti, under the year 1535. Edmund Shether of All Souls was Senior Proctor, and, writes Wood : DURING THE REFORMATION 51 "Which Proctors, especially the senior, having received divers affronts from the townsmen, were with their retinue forced to walk day and night armed. And when the said Shether was going out of his office it was decreed that if he should be molested by the oppidans he might defend himself at the University charge." The next year, 1536, Stokeley was succeeded by John Warner — even if we include Andrewe and Hobbys — the most remarkable Warden since the foundation of the College. The political development of the next thirty years combined with his own strongly marked person- ality to make his Wardenship memorable. Warner enjoyed a distinguished and, all things considered, a prosperous career. At the time of his election he had already served as Proctor, and his appointment in 1535 to be the first Regius Professor of Physic connects him with the new departure associated with the name of Linacre, which is also illustrated by the eminence attained by one of his contemporaries, Richard Bart- lett, elected in 1495, and later President of the College of Physicians, to which he had been admitted in 1508. Warner'^s embassy to France in 1550 moreover shows that he had not forgotten the tradition of service under < the Crown built up by his predecessors. But, after all, the best proof of his ability and tact is his wise and cool direction of his college through the bewildering changes which perplexed his age. It is difficult to pronounce what his religious convictions were. That he found favour in the sight of Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Elizabeth, and did not "suffer" in the reign of Mary, testifies to his willingness to conform, outwardly at any rate, to the authority of the Sovereign. It 52 ALL SOULS COLLEGE would not be unjust to class him with the many dis- tinguished Politiques who did not allow "the coui*t of conscience " to be an obstacle to the performance of undoubted secular duties. Warden Warner would probably have regarded Sieyes' immortal "I lived"" as an unanswerable justification of his seeming oppor- tunism during two Reigns of Terror. His guiding hand can be traced in many directions. He began the rearrangement of the College archives, and wrote a short life of the Founder, from which (p. 35) a quotation has been made. As the builder of New Lodgings for the Warden he definitely stamped his memory on the architecture of All Souls. Till Warner^s time the Warden had continued to occupy the two rooms in the south-east comer of the Quad- rangle originally assigned to him. But now, thanks to his own contributions and generous assistance from his contemporaries, such as Bartlett, Sir J. Mason, Sir W. Petre and David Pole, later Bishop of Peterborough, a new set of apartments, six in number, lying directly east of the old Lodgings, and with a frontage on the High Street, was built in 1557. The main chamber in the new set, " the great dining-room *" (now occupied by a Fellow), as finally adorned by Warden Hovenden, has been rightly called one of the finest sixteenth-century rooms in Oxford. By this substantial addition the annexing of a new quadrangle to the original plan of All Souls was only a question of time. With the Acts for suppressing the chantries spolia- tion once more threatened, yet why the College escaped has excited perhaps unnecessary speculation. The Com- missioners of 1852 in one passage assign the prominence l^-n. DURING THE REFORMATION 53 of "the collegiate element," and in another "of the literary element '"* as £he main reason. To this Pro- fessor Burrows would add the character of the College chantry as one not of monks and friars but of secular priests as well as the intellectual distinction of its members. Even simpler reasons are suggested by a consideration of the Acts themselves. By the Act of 1545 the Colleges in the Universities were, as Mr. Leach has pointed out,* " deliberately swept into the ecclesiastical net," since Henry was empowered to issue commissions, if he pleased, " to seize and take the same chantries unto the King's hands to hold to the King's Highness, his heirs and successors for ever." Wood's comment on what the facts allow of being called the King's self-restraint would have delighted Mr. Froude. " As for the colleges and chantries," he says, " he did excellently moderate himself as to the taking of them into his hands." But with Henry's death this power lapsed, and in the second Act (1 Edw. VI.) the Colleges and Halls were deliberately exempted from confiscation, provision, however, being carefully made that chantries, where they existed, were to be " altered and converted to good and godly Uses " — i.e., abolished in accordance with the principle of 'ordering' by extirpation all that made for " the continuance of superstition, blind- ness, and ignorance." All Souls escaped — that is the patent fact — very largely owing to Henry's death, for, while he lived, there was always more than a chance of any particular college falling a prey to royal or Court rapacity, especially one like All Souls, in which the prominence of its chantry lent an easy handle to gi'eedy * Cf. Leach, English Schools at the Reformation, pp. 58-61. 54. ALL SOULS COLLEGE fingers. The result of the Edwardian Act was none the less a radical change in the character of the College. Of its previous chantry functions there remained, under the definitive Elizabethan Settlement, only the Com- memorative Prayer of Thanksgiving for the Founder and his benefactions, read by the Warden to this day every Friday morning in chapel, and the Special Service of Thanksgiving on All Souls Day, which still marks that festival as " the great day of the Society." It is characteristic that, while the statutes commanding prayers for the dead were forbidden by Act of Parlia- ment, they were not formally removed from the statutes of the College until 1857. Curiously enough, too, the Commissioners of 1852 would see in the duty of caring for the Founder''s Tomb at Canterbury another relic of original chantry functions. But surely gratitude and a proper sense of obligation to a Founder are not special attributes of chantries alone. All Souls, such is the irony of events, thanks to Warden Warner, even profited to the extent of a few small pickings from the " resumptions " made by the Crown in the case of other chantries and monas- teries. A gi-ant of Henry VIII., dated July 3, 1544, under the Great Seal, confirms the purchase by John Warner, one of the royal chaplains, for the sum of =£'200 8^. 2 JtZ., of some small manors at Sutton and Roryngton, to- gether with Friarwoode, Stanton Harcourt, "late belong- ing to the preceptories of Quenyngton and Dynmore, and to the monasteries of Shrewsbury and Haughmore." Probably in the same year, reckoning, no doubt, on this signal mark of the royal favour, Cranmer writes to the Warden, demanding for the King " A Demy- DURING THE REFORMATION 55 launce and two light geldings against his Grace''s going this summer into Ffraunce." It was not Henry ^s first demand, for in 1525 he had asked for the loan of <^100 for a similar purpose. Apparently both requests were successfully evaded, but in the next year the College could not escape from its " obligations,"^ for the archives contain a "Receipt by Richard Gunter, col- lector of the benevolence granted to the King, of £20 from the Warden and his College/' The next royal missive appears in 1550, from Edward VI., and was almost an order " upon sight of these our letters to graunt unto our well-beloved servant. Dr. Mendye, our physician, under your common seal, a lease for 21 years " of the farm of Wedon Weston in Northampton- shire. The Tudors were already progressing ; but All Souls remembered Warden Hobbys, and again pleaded the inexorability of their partner — the statutes, aggra- vated by the absence of their Warden, " now with your Grace''s ambassador in the French Court.'' Proceedings were thus stayed, and as no such lease is to be found in the archives. Warden Warner on his return must have cajoled the powers at Court into forgetting the impor- tunity of Dr. Mendye. But these " rude interventions of arbitraiy power," as Dr. Wenman has courageously called them, pale before the peremptory action of the Visitor and the Crown, which now claim attention. Cranmer had already made himself thoroughly well known to " his " College of All Souls before he wrote on the King's behalf, for the year 1541 had seen the first of the four solemn Visitations which an Archbishop has thought fit to caiTy out. He had been induced to exercise his supreme 56 ALL SOULS COLLEGE visitatorial authority by complaints of " the prevalence of scandals and abuses,"" and the result of the searching investigations of his Commissary, Dr. Wright, was a sheaf of Injunctions, perhaps the best justification of his intervention. They reveal the Archbishop to us as conscientious, zealous, high-minded, with a fine com- mand of denunciatory invective, yet not without a touch of the peevishness of the overworked Puritan. In a string of lengthy clauses he urges the College to attend more strictly and devoutly to the celebration of the divine offices in the chapel (these, we may parenthetically remark, are according to the Roman ritual. Was the negligence here reprimanded due to the spread of " Protestant opinions " among the Fellows ?). The Warden is bidden loyally to reside in College and not absent himself for more than sixty days in the year; the College officers are to execute their charges with more diligence ; certain Fellows are ordered to " proceed to their degrees *" and take orders without delay as required by the statutes ; the " dis- putations "" are to be more punctually kept, and the junior Fellows are to show more obedience to their seniors — the officers and the Warden. Sharper lan- guage is used when the Archbishop passes on to the Rule of Life and the morals of the society. The per- emptory refusal to allow the Founder's livery to be paid in money shows that such commutation was being demanded, if not already begun. Cranmer's refusal was an attempt to put back the hands of the clock, for only next year he revokes his interdict " for one year only," and so led the way for Whitgift's final concession. The Fellows are not to " nourish dogs "" within the DURING THE REFORMATION 57 walls of the College ; and they are to wear " gowns reaching to the heels, shirts that are plain and not gathered round the collar or arms, or ornamented with silk.'"* The habit of sleeping out of, or allowing lads to reside within, the College, is expressly forbidden, and so is the custom of expecting newly elected Fellows to entertain the society. Furthermore, two portentous clauses dealing with intemperance and brawling urge them to abstain " ab omni scandalo, offensione, jurgiis, odiis, provocationibus, rixis, contumeliis, nee non et verbis opprobriosis " (" from all scandal, offence, brawlings, hatreds, provocations, quan*els, insults, and moreover all opprobrious words ''), as well as from all " compota- tionibus, ing'urgitationibus, crapulis, ebrietatibus, ac aliis enormibus et eiveessivis commessatwnibits "" (" potations, guzzlings, drunkennesses, tipplings and other enormous and excessive revel lings '"), clauses whose sonorous verbo- sity almost defies translation. Finally, and most serious of all, four paragraphs command the summary forfeiture of a Fellowship where the vacancy has been created by a "corrupt resignation,'*'* affording melancholy proof that the evil had already taken firm root. For those who choose cautiously to read between the lines, these Injunctions throw valuable light on the social life of All Souls. Yet it is easy to over-emphasise the laxity which they were intended to correct. The defects stigmatised are just those which increasing prosperity fosters in every institution in an " age of transition "" when the old social and religious order was crumbling away. Cranmer, too, is occupied with warnings and not with a statement of facts ; of the normal life of the society he says nothing, and though the preamble refers to 58 ALL SOULS COLLEGE " enormous abuses '" (multa enormiter ac inordinate Jieri\ the words are at best a rhetorical and pious exaggera- tion. That there were " abuses '''' we may fairly assume ; that there was a general collapse is neither asserted nor proved. In the second place, the Archbishop's simplicity as to his method of dealing with " corrupt resignations "" almost provokes a smile. He imposes no special oath, merely sworn obedience to the Injunctions as a whole, and there he stops. A century and a half were to show that far more drastic measures were required to stamp out so convenient a system of "bartering the Founder'^s bounty ."*" Most important of all, Cranmer's vigorous action marks an epoch in the evolution of the constitutional powers of the Visitor. It is true that his Injunctions are strictly corrective and interpre- tative; they lay down nothing at variance with the original statutes. None the less, they established a precedent for his successors. Hence the step from Cranmer's judicial interpretation to Whitgift'^s exercise of virtual legislative power was comparatively easy. If it be accurate to describe the statutes of the College, as they came to be prior to 1852, as a Lambeth-made constitution, Cranmer'^s Visitation is the first clearly defined turning-point in the transformation. The action of the Royal Commission followed hard on the heels of the Archbishop"'s intervention. Like most Royal Commissions, Puritan or otherwise, it had no scruples about carrying through a revolution if need be. The forty-five ordinances specially dealing with All Souls, which the Visitors with grim modesty call " hcec pauculce ordinatwnes,'^ would, if fully executed, have almost abolished the original constitution. They DURING THE REFORMATION 59 may be briefly summarised under three heads : religious, disciplinary, and scholastic. With regard to the first, the old order in religion is purged with almost snappish brevity. The Mass and all "antiquated papistical offices "" are swept away ; the new service is inserted in their place. Daily reading out of the Bible is com- manded, and the catechism, as authorised by Parlia- ment, is to be taught. To this is added the command that henceforward " There is to be but one altar, or rather Lord's table in the chapel ; all the remaining altars, images, statues, taber- nacles, the things they call organs, and all similar monu- ments of superstition and idolatry are to be altogether removed." And removed they were with a vengeance and " a zeal actuated by a superstition as great as that of their opponents." The magnificent reredos was pitilessly defaced, its images thrown down, most of the stained glass broken up, the altars taken away. Chichele's chapel, adorned with the benefactions and consecrated with the memories of six generations, was left a mere wreck, not capable, it would seem a century later, of provoking even the " godly zeal "" of a second Puritan Visitation. Why the north windows of the ante-chapel escaped to remind the nineteenth century of what the whole had once been, lies hidden in "the abysmal depth " of a rioter's conscience. One result of this cruel devas- tation is especially striking. After 1549, All Souls never again enjoyed the privilege of the "things they call organs,"' and, to our own day, has remained unique amongst Oxford colleges in that it celebrates its services 60 ALL SOULS COLLEGE without the music of an organ. The disciplinary regu- lations are similar in spirit, if more emphatically worded, to those of Cranmer. They forbid the wearing of " prodigious " garments, the sewing up of gowns in front, going out of College bareheaded, or wearing caps " unfit for scholars," and they insist on the main- tenance of a " sedate and grave "" behaviour on all occa- sions, together with the use of Latin, Greek or Hebrew in daily conversation. Chantries being abolished, the moneys arising therefrom were given to the Fellows appointed to read prayers, the names being changed into " exhibitions for the chaple."" Hence the Fellows are to cease cultivating " shaven rotundities of head,"" and two months are allowed those already possessing a tonsure to grow their hair. The frequent ringing of bells, " particularly that rustic sort of ringing which reminds one of people quarrelling or insane,"" is sharply condemned as " noxious to study.*" As to education, the Ordinances are equally explicit. From all artists attendance at the professorial lectures in theology is required ; the disputations for them and the jurists are made more stringent, and to promote progress more frequent examinations are to be held. Six important clauses deserve particular notice : (1) A Professorship in Theology was apparently created. This became a precedent to the Commission of 1852 when it "erected*" two special Professorships endowed out of "the corporate Funds." (2) No Fellow is to hold his Fellowship for more than twenty years unless he be a Professor. (3) Service under the Crown is to be recognised as a reasonable excuse for non-residence. (4) Grammar and Latin are not to be taught in the DURING THE REFORMATION 61 College — i.e., it is not to act as a boys"* school, but to continue strictly as a society of graduates. (5) One Fellow is to be always an Irishman. No reason is urged for this. (6) Since the College is essentially one " for the children of the poor," a property disqualification of ten marks is to be enforced. We have Wood^s authority for believing that a more sweeping change was contemplated, "by which the civilians in Oxford shall be in one college and the physitians and chirurgians in another." Thus All Souls was to transfer its artists to New College, receiv- ing in return the Wykehamist jurists. Wood adds truly enough : "as for the translation I find it nowhere to appear . . . neither also that they appointed a college for Physitians. It could not be brought to pass without great labour and time." All Souls was happy to escape, too, " the purging of the libraries *" which other colleges suffered. All appa- rently that was done was to blot out or erase the Pope''s name from as many MSS. and books as could be dis- covered bearing the hateful and superstitious title. The constitutional changes proposed remained in fact for the most part a dead letter. Two only were per- manently effective ; the fourth, which decisively nipped in the bud the growth of a school in connection with the College, and was a serious blow at the possibility of its developing permanent educational functions; and the second, relating to the claims of royal service, where the Visitors probably only gave legal expression to a fairly definite custom. The term was capable of the 62 ALL SOULS COLLEGE most ingenious interpretation, and could be gradually used to cover all sorts and conditions of service, from " being a Parliament man "" to attendance on the staff of an ambassador or a commission in the Fencibles. The other regulations at best stand out as interesting anticipations of the ideals of much later academic reformers. For this result the severe reaction which followed Mary's accession no doubt was partly respon- sible. Everything points to it as an interlude of con- fusion and disorder. The religious imbroglio, the scarcity of students, the serious falling off in the lectures, aggravated by the onslaughts of " a pestilential disease," are well illustrated by the "promotion" of Francis Babyngton, elected a Fellow in 1557, and Senior Proctor in 1559. "He was the only Doctor of Divinity/' writes Wood, "having before in the same year (1559) been elected Master of Balliol College and in 1 560 Commissary, Rector of Lyneoln College, and Margaret Reader ; which sudden promotions are not to be attributed to the deserts of the person, but that the University was very empty and that anyone proceeded as he pleased." Cardinal P9le, who had replaced Sir John Mason as Chancellor of the University, and who, as Archbishop, was now Visitor of All Souls, was " minded to reform the University " and " restore the laudable customs," and under his auspices a process of "purging began." In 1554 we read of Mr. Edward Anne that he was " a pupil of Jewell's, and having through the zeal he bore to the Reformation made a copy of verses against the Mass, Mr. Walsh, the Dean of Corpus, whipt him in the Common DURING THE REFORMATION 63 Hall, giving him a lash for every verse . . . and he was upon sorrow for his former errours and compliances made first chaplain and then Fellow of All Souls." Wood's fui-ther statement that the Archbishop's Visitors "made such a close and strict inquiry after Hereticks that they were forced either to dissemble or fly into corners," is confirmed with obvious zeal by the Register, which relates *' how L. Lawrence, a Fellow and Public Professor of the Greek Tongue by the aid and council of Bishop Jewel, whose chamber-fellow he had once been, escaped from the hands of the most cruel Bonner and fled to Strasburgh." And the Inventory drawn up by the College and presented "to the Visitors of my Lord Legate'' is instructive on the subject of religious ritual, for it proves that most of the chapel furniture (a "Taber- nacle and two Reliquaries" are specially mentioned) had been saved from the " purging" of 1549, to become the " superstitious monuments " of furious controversy in the next reign. Yet, as there is no record of the separate images scheduled in former inventories, nor of the relics, we infer they had already met with the fate of the reredos. The distinctly Roman services, even the chantries, certainly were resumed, for the will of Edward Napper, who to-day figures in the Commemo- rative prayer, has these provisions : He bequeaths £S to All Souls Chapel to buy orna- ments ; Qs. 8d. to the Warden ; 40^. to the Fellows and chaplains ; 10^. to the clerks and choristers present at the Mass and dirige sung for him and to the College lands in South Petherton, Somerset, lately a chantry of 64 ALL SOULS COLLEGE St. John's, and a tenement in Whateley, Oxon, on condition of their keeping his obit and giving 10*. to the poor. Mary's reign was, in fact, a St. Martin's Summer for the Roman Catholics in All Souls, though Napper's benefaction was the last of a chantry character enjoyed by the College. Yet All Souls in its frankly Roman Catholic sympathies was probably only typical of the University in general. Jewell (as quoted by Mr. Gee, The Elizabethan Clergy, p. 131) wrote in May 1559: " at Oxford there are scarcely two individuals who think with us . . . that despicable friar Soto and another Spanish monk . . . have reduced the vineyard of the Lord into a wilderness." How Warden Warner viewed these efforts is not recorded. Eighteen months after Mary came to the throne he had discreetly, if "spontaneously," resigned his Wardenship. That this was due " to a secret affec- tion to the Protestant religion and a dread of persecu- tion ■" is pure conjecture. What is certain is that he retained his ecclesiastical preferments and even obtained a new Rectory as late as 1557. Cardinal Pole, chari- tatis intuitu, promptly appointed Seth Holland in his place. But he only remained Warden until June of 1558, when he too resigned, perhaps because he knew that with Mary's death his position as a Papist was impossible. According to Strype, he was entrusted with Pole's last message to the dying Queen " to stand firm." Elizabeth deprived him of all his spiritualities for refusing to take the oath of supremacy, and he was DURING THE REFORMATION 65 sent to the Marshalsea, where he died in 1560, the first and the last of those who have been Wardens to meet their end in prison. John Pope was Pole''s next nomination, but he, too, died before he could be admitted (November 11, 1558). A few days later Pole followed his nominee to the grave. The day of his death is marked with this entry in one of the missals in the Library : " Ohitus Reginas Marioe cuius animo propitietur Dommus.'" The Cardinal seems to have been genuinely inter- ested in " his College "" of All Souls, and enriched the Library with the gift of some books and MSS. More generous still, he had on March 22, 1558, granted to the College " the tithes, Parsons wode and rectory of Stanton Harcourt," a grant which Elizabeth and her Court did not allow them to forget. The Wardenship was still vacant. On Pope's death the College had proceeded to elect, but as both artist and jurist candidates failed to get a majority of their faculties a devolution went up to the Visitor, who reappointed Warner. His return to the post under Elizabeth's auspices seems to confirm the conjecture that his previous resignation was not unconnected with Mary's aggressive policy. The Marian episode was at an end. The way was open for a new epoch. CHAPTER IV THE AGE OF ELIZABETH AND WARDEN HOVENDEN Wardens : John Warner, 1558 ; Richard Barber, 1565 ; Robert Hovenden, 1571. The new chapter in the history of All Souls opened by the accession of Elizabeth, though it has its full share of crises, constitutional and domestic, is chiefly remark- able as an era of strenuous reconstruction and definition. Just as the momentous forty-five years of the Queen's reign span the bridge by which we pass to an England ready to develop its modern structure, so it is not altogether fanciful to see in the University and the Colleges a reproduction in miniature of what was taking place on a grander scale in the nation. In this re-mould- ing of the framework of All Souls, three Archbishops as Visitors — Parker, Grindal, and especially Whitgift — play a conspicuous part, but the credit for a temperate and firm administration must be more than shared by the three Wardens who co-operated with them, Warner, Barber, and, above all, Hovenden. Warner's second period of office commences with his appointment (along with his fellow collegians. Sir John Mason. John Watson, and ( l^N/VERS/TY ) THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 67 Andrew Kingsmill) as one of the Visitors * " to make a mild and gentle, not rigorous, reformation,"' and generally reorganise the academic polity on Eliza- bethan principles. The main problem was religious, but Warner, who shortly became Dean of Winchester, true to his " Politique " maxim of quieta non mover e^ acted with the moderation eminently characteristic of the years of suspense in which Elizabeth felt her way after the Marian reaction. Though one of the primary duties of the Commission was to " purge all College chapels of superstitious utensils,*" he apparently did nothing in his own College, leaving to his successor to reveal to the Government the obstinate courage of the party of the old tradition in the matter of " the super- stitious monuments." Only two Fellows were expelled for " non-compliance *" in taking the oath of supremacy, viz., T. Dolman and T. Dorm^n, " who went abroad and became Roman priests,*" and the latter of whom settled at Douay and took up the cudgels for the Vatican against Jewel. A third Fellow, by name Jasper Heywood, probably had also to leave the College. He figures in Wood's pages " as King or Christmas Lord of," Merton '' being, it seems, the last that bore that commendable office ... as well an able poet as dis- putant. He turned Jesuit, in which order he lived and died." And Wood's statement is confirmed by the College Register. Another former Fellow, David Pole, probably the relative and reputed to be the brotjier of the late * This rests on the authority of Wood's Annals. Mr. Gee's list in his Elizabethan Clergy, p. 130 (from a MS. at Lambeth), omits Warner, Kingsmill, and Watson. 68 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Cardinal, fared rather worse. Elected in 1520, he had been prominent as a stern Catholic and distinguished Canonist. In 1540 he became Dean of the Arches, and as Archdeacon had sat on the Commission which " de- prived ^ Ridley and Latimer and the Visitor of his own College, Cranmer. Then Vicar-General to the Cardinal Legate, he was active in suppressing " heresy," being rewai'ded with the Bishopric of Peterborough in 1557. In 1558, on Elizabeth's accession, he seems to have declined the oath of supremacy, and was shortly " deprived.**' Though the statement of Sanders, that he was imprisoned in vinculis, does not seem correct, he was in 1562 ordered "to remain in the city of London and suburbs,"" " having no other gaoler than his own promise.'" Even this was relaxed, for in 1564 the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield bears witness to his influence; "the abiding of Dr. Poole," he wrote, "with Brian Fowler, Esquire, a little from Stafford, causeth many people to think worse of the regiment and religion than else they would do because that divers lewd priests resort thither." * He did not long trouble the Government, and on his death, in 1568, added to his previous gifts to All Souls a magnificent legacy of MSS. and books, the Library Benefaction Register recording the names of no less than 168 separate authors in law, philosophy, and theology as his be- quest — the largest benefaction of any donor, save Cod- rington, and well worthy of the "ancient and grave person " David Poje was held to be. But the time for laissez Juire was past. In 1565 we have to take leave, in W^arner, of a Warden who would * Quoted by Gee, The Elizabethan Clergy^ p. 196, THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 69 probably have been proud to sum up his policy in the famous " For Forms of Government let fools contest Whate'er is best administered is best." He was succeeded by Richard Barber, who had graduated with a law degree. The sharp contest which took place over his election strikes the keynote of his brief and stormy Wardenship (1565-71), and in- cidentally illustrates Parker'^s reprimand, issued in Warner^s last year, to pay better attention to the statutes and to cease all disputes. Barber, as might be expected from one whose election to a Fellowship dated back to 1539, naturally belonged to the old school, whose views speedily brought on a conflict with the State. In 1564, Parker had written urging All Souls to sell " its superfluous plate " and apply the proceeds to the purchase of land " lying commodiously to the College,"" a reference most probably to the waste ground so obviously marked out for annexation by the building of the New Lodgings of the Warden. Judged by the sequel, too, the advice was more than a kindly hint at what was shortly to follow ; for on March 5, 1566, Parker, apparently still as Visitor, again wrote saying he has had "information of certain plate reserved in your college, whereat divers men justly be offended to remain in such superstitious fashion as it is of," and requiring "it to be defaced/' as well as " to make a perfect Inventory of the said plate and the numbers and fashions of their vestments and tunicks." From the Inventory it is clear a mass of artihies had been zealously hidden away " which served not to use at 70 ALL SOULS COLLEGE these days." Otherwise the letter fell on deaf eai-s, for on March 26, 1567, the Archbishop, this time as Head of the High Commission, intervenes peremptorily be- cause " the superstitious monuments are still retained."' " In the Queen''s name," certain things in the present schedule annexed are to be sent up to Lambeth, mainly a list of "Mass Bookes, portmisses, grailes, antiphoners, Processionalls, an Invitatorie Book, a great Pricksong book," and others of a like character. First two, and then four, of the " refractory " Fellows were brought with their Warden up to London to "explain," and the Register of April 23 contains an order for Barber on his return " to cause the church plate to be defaced and broken . . . except six silver basons with their Ewers or Crewetes, one Tabernacle gilt with two leaves set with stones and paries, two silver holies, a silver rodd and three processionals." A certificate of compliance was also to be supplied. But the Fellows had hardened their hearts. They must have known of the struggle raging at Court, and as yet they were not to be crushed merely by " a pair of lawn sleeves." Five years actually elapse, and then in May of 1573 a new and largely Puritan Commission, dominated by Leicester's influence, brought them to book. " As you will answer to the contrary at your perill/' the order ran, '' within eight days all copes, vestments, albes, mass books, crosses, and such superstitious and idolatrous monuments " must be " defac'd." The College made the eight days eight months. On December 1573 a final! peremptory command " to make THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 71 the true certificate"" was issued, and at length was grudgingly obeyed. It had taken nine years to bring about the " defacing,"*' and the hoarded " monuments of superstition " now shared the same fate as the reredos and altars of the chapel, while all that remains to the College of to-day is the record of the stubborn struggle, two mazers, " one rimmed with gold,"" the " silver rodd,'*'' and a crumpled leaf in the archives torn out of a service book containing the names of the benefactors for whose souls prayers had once been offered. Throughout there is no mention of the relics, " the tooth of St. John the Baptist "" and the " fragment of the true Cross,*" which confirms the inference that they had disappeared before the Visitation of Cardinal Pole. All Souls, while fording the stream, had changed its Head. In 1571 the resignation of Barber, possibly oppressed by the too vast orb of his fate, introduces us to one of the finest figures in the College annals, Robert Hovenden, destined to preside over its fortunes for forty- two years. The new Warden, chosen summo consensu^ was only twenty-seven years of age, and was already domestic chaplain to Archbishop Parker. Later he became a Prebendary of Canterbury, Wells and Lincoln, and Vice-Chancellor in his own University ; yet, if he is not the most distinguished in the larger world of Church and State, judged by his purely collegiate career he is perhaps the most striking of the Wardens of the past. On almost every department of the life of All Souls he has left the unmistakable impress of his strength of character and the power and range of his administrative and organising ability, the literal truth about which is expressed in the epitaph on his monument in the 72 ALL SOULS COLLEGE ante-chape], " cum huic musarum domicilio magna cum sagacitate et prudentia per tres et quadraginta annos prcefuwset.''^ We may note among his many minor improvements the fact that the first College minute- book owes its existence to his care. He introduced a better system of keeping the College accounts, and himself catalogued and arranged the growing piles of deeds and archives, of which the massive oaken cabinet (now in the muniment-room) with its inscription, " Con- fectum 1582, R. Hovenden Ciostode,'''' is the picturesque evidence. He added to the treasures stored therein an exquisite series of maps of the College property, illus- trating in almost a unique manner the "open field system" of agriculture and prefaced by the precious Typus Collegii or " View of the Buildings,*' which is the earliest and best authority for their original plan and structure. He reorganised and beautified the old Library, where to-day we can see the handsome carved fireplace and panelling, arched over by the ornate stucco vault- ing of the barrelled roof. At the one end " the Royal Arms surrounded by a Rose, a Fleur-de-lis, a Harp and E. R.,"" at the other Chichele'^s escutcheon with " its swan supporters "' and ranged on either side the Univer- sity arms and those of the fifteen colleges then in exist- ence, would alone serve to keep his memory green. He completed the adornment of the Warden's Lodgings, begun by Warner, adding to the great dining-room, as in the Library, the Royal Arms of England, those of Chichele, and his own. Still later, in 1606, he threw out a study, which shyly peeps forth from the right-hand corner of Loggan's print. Nor did he forget the garden, about which we may quote his own words : OF THE UNIVERSIT THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 73 "The Warden's garden was some time the Rose Inn, and being purchased by Sir W. Petre and given ye coll. it lay waste till 1573, when Master R. Hovenden desired the Compy to grant it him and he would enclose it and remove the well which was called the Rose well standg in it (whereof it was said merrily the fellows wash'd every day in Rose water) upon his own charges. The week before Easter 1574 he began to level ye ground, and the whole charge came to £14> 2s. lOc?., and ye well with ye pump 40^." Last and not least, he was the first married Warden (which may explain his desire for more house room). If he had a failing, it was his strong family affection. Two brothers, both of whom were Fellows, secured during his lifetime beneficial leases of College property, and a memorial in the parish church to Christopher, the Rector of Stanton Harcourt, records the Warden^s sense of the " duties "" of a '\f rater pientissimus.'" Though the religious difficulty with the " defacing '' of the plate had received its quietus, the ground was only cleared for numerous other problems, constitu- tional, financial, disciplinary, which now pressed for solution. In Strype^s pages we can read how the young Warden at the very threshold of his career (1572) came into conflict with one of the Fellows, Henry Wood, "for not taking orders.*" Hovenden insisted on the statutory requirements being carried out, whereupon Wood procured a peremptory royal dispensation from Elizabeth " to continue as a physician not entering the ministry.*" The exemption and its reason are remark- able, as forming the earliest precedent on record of what was to become a regular custom, and against which 74 ALL SOULS COLLEGE more than a century later Warden Gardiner was to dash himself in vain. On this occasion Archbishop Parker stood by Hovenden, declaring that " the saide Wood is stept in a manifest perjurie to sue for any dispensations," and much grieved " that of fortie suche fellowes in the house there are but two preistes."" Still the Queen's Grace was the Queen's Grace, and Parker could only add: "Yf her highness will take it upon her conscience to breake suche ordinance, I referr it to her majestic."" Hovenden was not so compliant, and stuck to his pressure on the would-be " physician '"* ; whereupon he was summoned to my Lord Treasurer, Burleigh, to explain his daring opposition to the royal wishes. He appeared with an epistle from the Arch- bishop, "wherein the latter prayed his honour to be good to ithat honest young man in the care of that college,"" and the matter was compromised. It was Elizabeth"'s and Bu.rleigh"*s first proof of the dogged conscientiousness of "the honest young"" Warden of All Souls, but it was by no means to be the last. The lawyers, too, were beginning to cause no little trouble. The Tudor epoch had proved unkind to the civilian and canonist. In 1536 Henry, by stopping public lectures and degrees in the canon law, had virtually prohibited its academic study, and the civil law had suffered from its discredit. "Although the civilians,"" wrote Fuller, " kept canon law in comrmndam with their own profession, yet both twisted together are scarce strong enough in our own sad days to draw unto them a liberal livelihood"; and it has almost passed into a platitude how " the books of the civil and canon law were set aside to be devoured with worms as savour- THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 75 ing too much of popery.''' No wonder the jurists of All Souls, influenced by the growth of the common law and the desirability of residence in London if pro- fessional success was to be gained, had searchings of heart. They now desired two changes: (i) the right to interpret the statutes as including the study of common law; (ii) the right to combine a Fellowship with practice away from Oxford. But Grindal was stem ; in 1582 he pronounced that a jurist who left the College to study common law must forfeit his Fellowship, and with magnificent arbitrariness even appointed a new Fellow to a place summarily declared vacant in consequence of his ruling. Hovenden''s agree- ment with the principle can alone explain why the College did not protest against this assumed preroga- tive of nomination without a formal devolution. Whit- gift, the stern Whitgift, was more lenient. In 1586 he virtually freed the jurists from the obligations to take orders, though he forbade, on pain of forfeiting his Fellowship, any lawyer to be absent from study for more than two years or to practise as a civilian in any courts other than those within the precincts of the University. In 1609 Bancroft, however, revoked this latter injunc- tion on the ground that ''the said restraint is more prejudicial than I suppose was ever intended by my predecessor." Yet even before this the lawyei*s are almost the most flourishing element in the College, no doubt aided by the reaction in favour of the civil law, which dates from Alberico Gentilis' settlement in Oxford (1580). Through them All Souls is prominently connected with 76 ALL SOULS COLLEGE New Inn Hall, the headship of which for a time almost became a monopoly of All Souls men. Between 1545 and 1626, out of nineteen Principals twelve hailed from All Souls, a list thsit includes many of the most dis- tinguished names of sixteenth-century jurists — David Lewes ^ William Aubrey, John Griffith, Robert Lougher, and Sir Daniel Dunn^ The connection, it is remark- able, stops as suddenly as it began, for after 1618 we have to wait for Blackstone to find another All Souls man Principal. It is also noticeable that in Robert Master the College provided for St. Alban^s Hall the first Principal " that had not been either a Fellow or Scholar of Merton College." Still more striking is the connection with the early life of Jesus College. Why there were so many Welshmen studying law in All Souls at this period is a difficult problem. Some explanation may perhaps be found in the clause of the statutes giving preference to candidates coming from where the College had lands, and both at Alberbury and Llangenith there was a Welsh population to be drawn on. What is certain is that the first four Principals of Jesus College and the sixth were from All Souls, viz., David Lewes, John Griffith, Francis Bevans, John Williams, and Francis Mansell, and, furthermore, Aubrey and Lougher were amongst the original Fellows when Jesus was founded in 1571. Later, in 1625, Jesus also had to thank All Souls for one of its benefactors, Oliver Lloyd. The Welsh Fellows, Wood would have us believe, were largely responsible for much of the general rest- lessness and lack of discipline which tried Hovenden so severely. In 1587 he writes ; THE AGE OF ELIZABETH Tt "One of the colleges (I mean All Souls) was almost sub- verted as to its government by the troublesome Welsh scholars ; they, being a majority, carried all things at their pleasure," on which the College Register sharply remarks that Wood is " too credulous, and writes more harshly than is just," for, at the most, twelve Fellows of Welsh origin can be traced at the time, and twelve is not a majority amongst forty. Nor is there other evidence of this suggested " subversion " forthcoming. Yet it must be admitted all was not right in the society, as can be seen from Whitgift's Mandates and Injunctions, which from 1583 continued to flow until in 1600 they culminated in the Second Solemn Visitation which " scandals and disagreements " have nerved an Arch- bishop to make. Sir Daniel Dunn, Dean of the Arches and a former Fellow, acted as the Archbishop's com- missary, and, as in Cranmer's Visitation, the result of his investigations was a fresh sheaf of Injunctions. These summarise so conveniently the numerous problems at issue, that a brief analysis must be attempted. Like all Whitgiffs Mandates, they breathe the spirit of unblenching firmness which had led him to write in 1597: " I would have you to understand that I doe not mean to be carried with the opinion of my lawyers but by the meaning of the Founder and the long continued use and custome of your coUedge." In one ordinance the services in chapel are finally regulated. There is to be henceforward a solemn administration of the Holy Communion with a sermon 78 ALL SOULS COLLEGE four times a year. Whitgift had already provided the Prayers of Thanksgiving and Commemoration, which are still used. They were his most beautiful gift, for they have their full measure of the abiding literary quality that inspires the prayers of the Tudor divines. A group of vigorous clauses urges the stricter observ- ance of the statutes, attendance in chapel, proceeding to degrees, the taking of orders by the artists, atten- tion to "the disputations, declamations, and other scholastic exercises."" Hovenden's hand can perhaps be seen in the regulation pressing on the Bursars the special care of the College Records, books and muniments, for he had nobly striven to do his share. The Archbishop then confirms the custom by which "Royal service"" may be reckoned a reasonable excuse for non-residence. Various luxurious or " noxious '' social habits come in for strong censure. The Injunctions condemn the prac- tice of "giving banquets within or without the College,"" the use of " the beer which they call double "" (perhaps the first reference to All Souls "old ale""), continuous absences from the common meals, the "nourishing of dogs or hawks,"*"* and the playing of " dishonest games," using the College horses for private purposes, the keeping of unnecessary servants or allow- ing them to marry. As to costume, Whitgift's attitude is represented by the sentence : " My meaning is that they goe schollerlike and not lyke courtiers or laymen as though ashamed of their calling" ; and, accordingly, a Fellow who appears " without his square cap and scholastic gown "'' is to be punished by a week's loss of commons. Apparently there had been THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 79 an inclination to dispute the Warden''s veto, particu- larly in elections. By confirming it Whitgift gave the Warden a weapon which was of supreme importance later on. Save as regards " the corrupt resignations," the disci- plinary ordinances do not point to any grave violations of good morals. But the continuance of corruption stirred the Visitor''s wrath. He now tries to " mak siccar '' by imposing a special oath to bind the electors against any " corrupt contract, promise or bargain ''' on pain of forfeiting the Fellowship. Yet even here the loopholes became painfully clear. The oath could be consti-ued to apply only to the specified period — i.e., from the 30th of October to the 6th of November. Still more simply it might not be administered at all. And ultimately Whitgift was no more successful than Cranmer, and this in spite of the Act of Elizabeth (31, c. 6) forbidding under severe penalties all con*up- tion, and required to be read before every election to a Fellowship ! On two points the Archbishop broke new ground. The first is the definite licence to commute the Livery for a money payment. The second touched the problem of how to dispose of the surplus income of the College. By the statutes any such surplus was to form a reserve fund stored in the tower over the gateway. Yet by the Act 18 Elizabeth it had been provided that in future leases one third of the old rent was to be expended " for the Relief of the Commons and Diet," and both Grindal and Whitgift had in con- sequence allowed or forbade an " augmentation of commons " according to the price of corn. But this only stirred the fringe of the matter. What if the 80 ALL SOULS COLLEGE surplus, with increasing prosperity, became really con- siderable ? Would the Fellows be entitled still further to " augment their commons " by dividing it up annually as a bonus calculated pro rata on the commuted Livery ? As yet the Visitor would not hear of this, and the prob- lem was bequeathed to the seventeenth century to solve. Looked at as a whole, Whitgiffs Injunctions may not unfairly be regarded as an important appendix to Chichele's statutes. Resting on the claim of the Founder''s representative to interpret, they were really a gradual remodelling of the original code to meet new needs and widely different circumstances, and in their subtle and judicious mixture of "amendments" with practically new ordinances, they illustrate how easy is the transition from an uncontested right to declare law to the more dubious prerogative of making law. If Whitgift had done nothing else by his continuous and decisive intervention, he handed on to Bancroft, Laud and Sheldon the visitatorial power to alter, add, and even abrogate, fortified beyond all attack. Yet the subject-matter of these Injunctions by no means exhausts the topics which came to the front. The existence of certain mysterious servientes within the College demands a word of explanation. As they are clearly distinct from the famuli, or domestics, and the " chrid " (clerks), they can only have been " poor scholars/' " servitors " probably of undergraduate status who received education of some kind at All Souls. There is no reference to them in Warden Warner's day, and everything points to Hovenden as the main cause of their introduction. Hovenden, indeed, in 1575 expressly refers to a scheme of Archbishop Parker : THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 81 " to convert the choristers' places into scholarships to be elected out of Cant^ school." And a building was actually begun, ''but being left off by reason of ye plague was ended . . . and touching ye scholarships nothing done nor is like hereafter, the Abp. being long dead." Once more the efFort to dovetail an undergraduate element into the College had failed. The later allot- ment to the chaplains of the room intended for these scholars from Canterbury hits on the greatest obstacle to any such schemes, viz., the plain lack of space. Yet the servientes for a time go on. Repeated Injunctions for diminishing the number of boys and domestics " nourished '"* by many of the Fellows may allude to their steady increase. And in 1612 a return enumerates them at thirty-one as compared with nineteen Famuli. By 1660, however, they have practically disappeared, stifled, most likely, by the impoverishment of the College during the " Great Rebellion."''' We may here parenthetically note that the connection of All Souls with the grammar schools at Faversham and Berk- hampstead was put on a new basis. In the former case the right to nominate the Master, in the latter " to visit" the school was satisfactorily established. In the foundation of a gi-ammar school at Bedenden it had likewise been intended by the benefactor William Mayiiey that All Souls should have similar privileges. But as the statutes were not accepted nor sealed by the College, the scheme came to nothing. Still earlier a judicial interpretation of the Chancellor permanently linked All Souls with the visitation and examination of a much more important school, that of Tonbridge. Sir Andrew Judd, the Founder of the school, was the 82 ALL SOULS COLLEGE " nephew twice removed of Archbishop Chichele," and by his will the Warden and Fellows of All Saints' College, Oxford, were empowered to act "as advisers in matters of importance "" to the Skinners'* Company, to whom the general administration was entrusted. There being no such College, a legal decision pronounced that All Souls was the College obviously meant. Sir A. Judd had really supplied the clue by appointing as the first master John Proctor, a Fellow of All Souls who presided over the school from 1553-1559. The general advising powers of the College, however, have "been rarely, if ever,'' exercised, though the original association with Sir A. Judd's foundation is preserved under the scheme of 1825, by the right annually to nominate the classical examiner.* The energies of the Fellows, however, were not wholly absorbed in strenuous existence. They were always ready to show their loyalty and hospitality, and both in 1566 and 1592, when Elizabeth visited "her'' Uni- versity, they were conspicuous for their share in the " entertainments." Dr. Aubrey " disputed in St. Mary's before the Queen," and Andrew Kingsmill, of All Souls and Public Orator, delivered an address of eulogistic welcome in the Hall of Christchurch, "whom she thanked and said you would have done well had you had good matter." And when she left " the walls also of St. Mary's Church, All Souls and Univer- sity Colleges were hung with innumerable sheets of verses bemoaning the Queen's departure." Ao-ain, in 1592, there was a "disputation" in * See A History of Tonbridgc School, by Rev. S. Rivington. Second edition (1899)- THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 83 St. Mary's, when "the Act was determined by Mr. Thompson of All Souls with a very learned and discreet speach, not being above a quarter of an hower in length.'^ The College, as the University, was enthusiastic over the "sweet aiFable and noble carriage"" of the virgin Queen, and as in 1566 when she departed " casting her eyes on the walls of St. Mary's Church, All Souls, University, Magdalen, which were mostly hung with verses and emblematical expressions of Poetry she was often seen to give gracious nods to the scholars." It was for this Royal visit that Whitgift had specially allowed " the fine of Scotney to be divided in respect of the extraordinary charges for apparel" to which the College would be put. Wood also in 1583 tells how " a noble and learned Polonian named Albertus Alaskie (then visiting Oxford) went to All Souls' Coll. to dinner (the Warden thereof being Vice-Chancellor) where besides a speech delivered to him at the publick gate he had the view of several copies of verses made by some of that House and curiously painted with colours that were hung up there. After he had refreshed himself several of that House disputed before him in their Common Hall to his great content." It would have been well had Elizabeth confined her- self merely to intervening in the "scholastic disputa- tions "" of the College. Hovenden in a letter refers " to our dutifuU thanckfullness '' to the Queen " in graunt- ing maney her majestie''s requests in elections and leasses,'' though these were not invariably successful. 84 ALL SOULS COLLEGE In 1570, for example, a royal nominee to a Fellowship was rejected, and another in 1581 only was elected by a collusive devolution to the Visitor, who loyally put in the Queen's 'protege. In such matters the court took its tone from its royal mistress. A good instance is furnished by Leicester's honeyed letter in 1581 on behalf of his friend, Mr. Maddocks, the Junior Proctor who " renounced his office because he was about to travel into remote parts and supplicated the Convocation that he might have a faculty to preach the word throughout the whole world." The College granted him "a cause of absens,'" but refused him " his Livery and Commons,"" which Leicester had specially requested might be allowed him though non-resident. At this period it is the College lands which reveal most strikingly the unblushing pressure exercised by Queen and courtiers alike. From 1550 onwards All Souls was involved in a series of costly and prolonged struggles to retain its property, which bore this good fruit at least, that they necessitated a vigilant care in registering and classifying title-deeds and records. Of these struggles Hovenden is the protagonist, and in no sphere of his work is his indomitable, granite-like deter- mination thrown into finer relief. To begin with, after a sharp fight, he preserved the College right of patronage to the living of Barking which had fallen to it in 1557 by the benefaction of William Pouncett and Sir W. Petre, but which had been claimed for the Crown in 1581. He was next THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 85 called on for vigorous action by an attempt of the Cromwell family to incorporate seven hundred acres of the College lands at Whadborough. A dreary suit began in 1555 and dragged on till 1604, passing through every vexatious and expensive phase from an "Inspeximus" of proceedings in the Court of Ex- chequer, writs and counter writs, demurrers, petitions to the Crown, Bills in Chancery and pleading in the Courts of Queen's and King's Bench, and Common Pleas. Finally, in 1605, a special commission of arbi- tration decided in favour of All Souls, showing how the persistence of Warden and Fellows could wear down the land hunger of the mighty. A quaint entry in the Acta closes the dispute : "It was agreed to bestow two payre of gloves on divers personnyes who had deserved well of the College in the Whadborough sute." Had Sir F. Walsingham been living he would certainly have been one. He had done his best to get ai fair hearing for All Souls, backing up Hovenden's importunity of " my Lord Treasurer," and even writing direct to the Judges of the Common Pleas " in favour of the College." Apart from his keen interest in the Faversham Grammar School, it was not his only service to All Souls. As it was, the suit, we are told, had cost J'2500, and " by its great expence very much reduced the college, compelling them to borrow money and to sell a great part of their plate in order to defray it." The second great dispute concerned property nearer home, viz.. Cardinal Pole's grant of the rectory house and tithes of Stanton Harcom*t. By an Act of Parlia- ment in Elizabeth's first year such impropriations were 86 ALL SOULS COLLEGE to be resumed by the Crown, save where granted to colleges or schools. A further complicating element was worked in by the claims of the Bishop of Win- chester, who demanded the property for his see. Cecil cut the Gordian knot by making it over, act or no act, to the Queen, with whom Wardens Barber and Hoven- den now had to fight. By their importunity they wore the Queen down as they had worn down Lord Crom- well, and in the thirty-second year of her reign Elizabeth acceded to the petition of "your poore subjects,'" and graciously waived her "claims" in "Stanton Harcourt'*' in favour of "All Soulne Col- lege.'"* Warden Hovenden had won again. A still sharper controversy raged over the Middlesex Woods, which became essentially "^m^ qitestion de ju- pons.'''' In 1581 "by the information and lewd setting on of W. Langherne, fellow and then servant to Sir W. Raleigh," a lease of college lands — the manor of Scotney and the farm of Newlands — in Kent had, in the absence of the Warden, been granted at a nominal rent to Sir Walter'^s friends. In 1587 the Queen demanded a similar "demise" of the Middlesex Woods to Lady Jane Stafford on the gi'ound that " by our late gracious provision (Act 18 Eliz.) your rents are increased." The College plucked up courage to refuse ; whereupon two great dames. Lady Frances Cobham and Mrs. Blanche a Parry, joined Lady Jane in " mustering all their wiles, with blandish''d parlies, feminine assaults, tongue-batteries," and wrote to Whitgift supporting the demand, while Lord Hunsdon " said ditto," closing significantly " I expect you to comply." Hovenden was not frightened. " We male by no means assent there- THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 87 unto,"''' was his decision, seeing "that our woodes are our onlie stock or treasure for whatsoever other extra- ordinary charges or anie casualty should happen to our Colledge.'"* Whitgift was evidently in a disagTeeable dilemma between his duty to All Souls and the pressure of the court. "You have,"*' he wrote, "good regarde some way to satisfy the said ladie, who now much desiring to be tenaunte to your house,"' took pen and in a letter, as Mr. Fletcher says, " villainously written," tried to bribe "Mr. Doctor Hovenden" by offering " one hundrede pounde to take better consideration of me," and winding up with the remarkably candid sig- nature, " Your frende as far as you frende me." The ladies had the ear of the Queen, who, with Mary Stuart and the Armada on her mind, naturally did not care much about the scruples of an Oxford college, and so Mr. Warden and two Fellows must ride to court to explain their extraordinary conduct. But as yet plead- ing was of no avail. As Sir Walter Raleigh, " whose noeve was that he was damnable proud," put it, " Hir Majesty greately disdayned to wryte twyce to subjects of youre qualyte for a matter so reasonable." The College drew up a formidable protocol of objec- tions against " demising their woods " (which her Majesty " took to be verie frivolous and disliketh the more your slackness therein "), and the Lady Jane replied, at equal length, to the effect that the objec- tions were absurd, " and that they rather seem monkes in a rich abbey than students in a poore college." Whereupon " the poore and leane schollers," not with- out spirit, retorted that much of her reasoning was " onlie invective agaynst the Warden " and appeared 88 ALL SOULS COLLEGE " to proceede of stomake." Hovenden, however, knew only too well that mere dexterous dialectic would not kill " bedchamber intrigues,'' and he employed all his powers to keep the Archbishop firm, finding to his joy a powerful ally in Mr. Secretary Walsingham. More correspondence and visits to London followed since " Her Highness " continued to take " your bold deniall in very evill parte/' " Her princely pleasure " being for an " absolute answer " the Warden was sincerely advised to " give the ladye occasion to surcease her clamorous complaintes." He did, by appealing to " my Lord Treasurer," and thanks mainly to the kindly offices of Walsingham, the Queen was induced to listen, for the first time probably, to the case of the College, in the shape of a petition and " supplication " to " the most gracious Princesseand most roiall Majestie." The final upshot of a further correspondence was that the Lady Jane's request was definitely rejected, and even her cool suggestion, when beaten, that she " might have some consideration for her charges " was brushed aside. It is significant that Walsingham states that " I have been credibly informed by him (Raleigh) that " his lease in Kent "had been sould away for more than one thousand pounds," which explains much of Lady Jane's eagerness to became a tenant of All Souls. Hovenden and his " poore howse " could, however, congratulate themselves that they had scored another success simply because they had doggedly refused to be cajoled, bribed or browbeaten. Not without reason did Bancroft later congratulate the Warden on his ''good husbandry." But it may be doubted whether without the Visitor to act as " honest broker " and the THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 89 disinterested pleading of Walsingham, All Souls could have worsted the phalanx of greedy courtiers who fought from behind the hooped skirts of the Queen. It only remains to note the more prominent of the worthies who distinguished themselves during this singu- larly bustling and brilliant epoch. The lawyers are well to the front. In Weston, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, the College would have probably seen, had he lived, the first of its English Lord Chancellors. But death cut him off when apparently marked out for the post. Robert Lougher and John Griffiths have already introduced themselves in connection with New Inn Hall and Jesus College. They both added to this distinction the Regius Professorship of Civil Law. Another Regius Professor, William Aubrey, was even more notable. The Register describes him as " a man of exquisite erudition, singular prudence and most charming manners,"" and he was successively Principal of New Inn Hall, Chancellor to Whitgift, a Master in Chancery, and Master of Requests. His legal eminence is evinced by his employment along with his colleague David Lewes in the cause celthre of the Bishop of Ross, Mary Stuart's ambassador. The print of his portrait hardly bears out the description of his having "a delicate, quick, lively and piercing black eie, a severe eiebrow and a pale complexion,'** revealing him rather as a " sad and wise "''' Doctor of Laws. His contemporaries, John Watson, a Doctor of Medicine and Bishop of Winchester (1580-1584), and John Williams, Margaret Professor and Bishop of Gloucester, one of the translators of the Authorised Version, deserve brief mention. ' 90 ALL SOULS COLLEGE John Proctor (1540), the first Master of Tonbridge School, shows by his writings — The Fall of the lateArrian (1549), dedicated to the " most virtuous lady Marie," and The Waie Home to Christ and Truth leadmge from Anti-Christ and Errour (1556) — that he was a staunch Catholic, but in his Historie of Wyatfs Rebellion^ which was used by Holinshed, he enabled the College to furnish the only historian of the reign of Mary Tudor. Later he became reconciled to Elizabeth'^s regime and received in 1578 the Rectory of St. Andrews, Holborn, and finally died in 1584. Sir Daniel Dunn and Sir W. Bird and Sir Clement Edmonds form a trio of Burgesses for the University, Dunn " being the first Burgess that the University did choose to sit in Parliament."" Bird and Dunn were also Deans of the Arches, whilst Edmonds, " Secretary in the French tongue to Elizabeth,""' and " famous as well for military as for politic affairs," was Remembrancer to the City of London, Clerk of the Council, and a Master of Requests. With them may be ranked Charles Twysden^ " one of the Commissioners appointed by the Queen to treat with the Danes at Bremen "" ; and T. WiTkes^ whom the Register says " was twice sent as Envoy to Spain, Germany and France." Thanks to the researches of Professor Burrows the College has recovered, in the life of Sir Anthony Sherley, the memory of a truly Elizabethan Knight-Errant ready to go anywhere and do anything. In his lifetime a Mirza of Persia, he aspired at launching a new crusade against the Ottoman Power, while he died " a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and Admiral in the Levant Seas." Nor must we forget Sir John Mason, who entered All (Souls as early as 1521, and who, by THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 91 remaining a Privy Councillor through four reigns showed, like his friend Warden Warner, that he was essentially a statesman of the Tudor epoch. As Chancellor of the University from 1553-1556, and again from 1560 to 1564, he won a golden reputation, and on his retirement we are told '' the academicians took his resignation very sorrowfully." The name of Sir William Petre may fitly close the list. Elected a Fellow in 1523 he became Principal of Peckwater"'s Inn and a Master of Requests, and was, through four reigns, Secretary of State to Henry VIII., Treasurer to Edward VI., Secretary and Chancellor of the Order of the Garter to Mary, and a Privy Councillor to Elizabeth. Though his most munificent benefactions were reserved for Exeter College, of which he has justly been called the Second Founder, he left to All Souls three exhibitions for poor scholars, and his name is definitely associated with the securing of Barking and Stanton Harcourt, with the building of the Warden"*s lodgings, and the gift of the ground on which Hovenden made the Warden's garden. The College may well see in him that combination of loyalty to itself with the holding of high office under the Crown which it has always delighted to honour. The following account of expenses of a journey to London in 1587 is so interesting and characteristic that it may well find a place here. It has already been printed by Mr. C. R. L. Fletcher in Collectanea^ vol. i. pp. 199-200 (Oxford Hist. Soc), and the appended transcript has been carefully collated with the original in the College archives. 92 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Endorsement, Mr. James account for Mr, Warden, Mr. Bird and Mr. James riding to court to answer hir majesties tres about our Wood. We wente out the 17th Julie 1587 and returned the 27th of the same, in which tyme was disbursed for the Colledge as foUoweth : Imprimis for horse bread for Mr. Birds horse and mine the morning before we wente Item for oure breakfast before oure going For drinke by the waye For oure dinner at Marloe . For horse meate there .... Our supper and breakfaste at Colbrook For horse meate there .... Given to the Chamberlaine . For our dinner at Croydon . For horse meate there .... For boate hire from Lambeth to Westminster and London ..... For bottle ale at London For ferrienge oure horses first from Lambeth ..... For oure supper on Twesdaie night at the Masseys ..... For breakfaste on Wednesdy for us and the men ...... Mr. Warden's supper that night . For bottle ale that daie virf. Id, 3d. 5s. 2d. Qs. Is. lOd. Qs. 6d. 3d Qs. 8d, 22d. lOd. 4>d. 6d, 3s. 2s. 8d, I2d, 44, THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 93 For Mr. Warden's dinner on Thursdaie For bottle ale .... . For his supper on Thursdaie . , . For a candle and ale .... For Mr. Birdes dinner and myne at Stansted . . • For horse meate there .... Given awaie at Saffom Walden For drinke at Eppinge .... Bote hyre from Lambeth ... For drinke at Westminster . Given to the poare .... For Mr. Birdes supper and myne on Thurs dale To a scrivener for writing the reasons to be included in hir majesties tres For Boat hire to Barn Elmes and backe For oure dinner at Lambeth For bote hire to London Given the porter at Lambeth Laide oute by George ut patet per billam Item to him for dinner and supper 2 daies To Peter for dinner and supper 3 daies and a night To him for bote hire .... For horse meate at London from Twesdaie till Saturdaie .... Given the ostler For horse hire to the courte . For drinke at Walton .... For horse meate there .... For Mr. Birdes supper and mine at the plough . 2s. 2d, 12d. 2s. 4-d. 20d. lOd. 8d. 6d, Id. U, 2s. 12d. 3s. 6d. 3s. 4>d. 12d. 3s. 2d. 2s. 3s. 6d. 4>d. I6s. 2s. 6d. 3d. 12d. 2s 6d. 94 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Given to the poare ..... For breakfaste on Frydaie and supper that night . Saturdaie breakfaste For washing at Mtres Massies For our dinner on Sondaie For oure supper on Sondaie For a breakfaste . Given at Masseys . Given to the poare For Mondaie dinner For Mondaie supper For our dinner on Twesdaie For my supper on Twesdaie For my dinner on Wednesdaie For boate hyre to Westminster on Wednes- daie and backe to London For an horse shew at the court For washinge at the Ploughe Given there .... For my horse meat at the place 4 daies For the mending of Georg his saddle . For bread for my horse when I came awaie . . .... For drinke . . . . ... Given the ostler My supper and breakfaste at Uxbridge My horse meate there . Given the ostler and chamberlayne For my dinner at Stokenchurch . My horse meate there .... For an horse shoe there For drinke at Whatley ... 2d, THE AGE OF ELIZABETH 95 For my supper after my comming hoame . 5d. For my horse hyre and eleven daies . . 10*. For carriage of my thinges from London . 6d. For Mr. Birdes horse hire 7 daies ... 7*. Summa Total . 71. 6s. 5d. More paide the carrier for a horse in that journey left unpaide by Mr. James . l6s. 6d. by me Fran : James 8/. 2s. lid. Paide this bill the xxix*^ of Julie. CHAPTER V THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON Wardens : R. Hovenden, 1571 ; Richard Moket, 1614; Richard Astley, 1618 ; Gilbert Sheldon, 1635. The first thirty years of the seventeenth century have not unjustly been called "the Golden Age of All Souls'" because of the steady increase in material pros- perity dating from the establishment of Elizabeth^s firm rule ; and, indeed, the period covered by the phrase may be considerably extended if we look to the number of striking personalities — Hovenden, Sheldon, Jeremy Taylor, Duppa and Steward, Sydenham and Wren, carrying us on to Sancroft and Jeames, Clarke and Codrington — by whom the College was brought into touch with almost every really important develop- ment in national thought and action. No hundred years — it is but natural it should be so — have produced such startling denouments, or such profound changes in the life of the College as "the century" which began with James I.'s accession, witnessed the great battle between Crown and Parliament, Puritanism and the Established Church, the military Dictatorship of Cromwell and the Restoration, and ended with the Revolution and the Hanoverian succession. In the University throughout All Souls plays a conspicuous THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 97 part, in contrast, certainly, to its place in the century which followed. And such evidence as there is allows us fairly to infer that, in accounting for its prominence amongst the colleges. All Souls started well. The assessment of 1592 for Elizabeth's entertainment notes it as fourth in point of income, and this position is con- firmed if we add, as cautiously suggested by Professor Burrows, its rank in the Laudian Proctorial cycle (where it comes fourth like Merton and others with three turns), the large number of its Fellows still strictly residential, and the value of the plate which it contributed later to Charles I., only one college supplying more. The new epoch strictly commences with the death of Warden Hovenden in 1614. He was buried in the chapel to the left of the high altar, and his monument by the door of the ante-chapel fitly draws the attention of every incomer to his unrivalled services. Unlike other dis- tinguished Wardens, Hovenden's greatness rests solely on his wonderful identification of himself with the affairs of his College, whose history his life had spelt for forty years. Neither of his immediate successors could in any way claim to be his equal. Richard Moket, Archbishop Abbot's chaplain, though only Head for four years, has come down to later times branded with the unhappy title of The Roasted Warden, He had published a book, De Politia Ecclesice Anglkanoe, in which his Calvinism possibly had induced him to omit from the Articles all mention of the " authority of the Church." The book was condemned and burnt publicly — hence the title of its author — and the death of poor Moket, harassed by the insubordination of his colleagues, shortly followed. " Labor in via, in patria quies, perenni §8 , ALL SOtJLS COLLEGE memorial'* is the pathetic comment of his monument on the troubled years of his Wardenship. The next Head, Richard Astlei/, was also a chaplain of Abbofs. It is curious that while he had gained his Fellowship in 1595, thanks to a recommendation from Walmsley, a judge of the Common Pleas, whose services in the Whadborough suit were thus rewarded, his election in 1618 to the Wai'denship was a victory in the cause of collegiate independence, since it involved the rejection of the King"'s nominee, Dr. Beaumont. Astley proved himself a painstaking, industrious, and generous man (at his funeral Dudley Digges praises his "discreet liberality '*''), conscientious according to his lights, but "an easy Warden" and by no means fitted to cope with the numerous administrative questions which de- manded a strong hand. For Whitgiffs Injunctions had created as many problems as they had solved, and growing prosperity had fostered luxury and social habits which made discipline difficult. " Our civilians," as Professor Maitland says, " were fast acquiring what we may call the Common Law-Mind ; " hence their wresting from Bancroft in 1609 the revoca- tion already mentioned (p. 75), an important step in this transformation. Nor, again, could the question of how to deal with the surplus income of the College be longer postponed. In 1609 Bancroft allowed the balance to be " converted to the amendment of Diet," while expressly forbidding " that you should divide any part among yourselves, it being no other than a fraudu- lent diverting of the same.*" Archbishop Abbot, who became Visitor in 1611, provoked much indignation and correspondence by insisting that the surplus should THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 99 be stored up in the Tower as the statutes required, or devoted to the purchase of advowsons. Yet he too gives way, and in 1622 allows £M0, in 1624 ,^300, in 1630 ^400 to be divided, though in 1627 he had tried to go back to the old order, and still pleaded for the surplus to be used in buying up advowsons or " of books and not spent on vanities which carry nothing with them but distemper and disorder.*" Laud might require " the stock in the Tower " to be kept up to ^1000 and refuse to lay down a fixed rule for the future, but the principle of annual division had really been established by these concessions. It only required Sheldon's defi- nite consent in 1666 finally to ratify so agreeable an innovation on the Founder's ordinance. In calculating the share of each Fellow, the division of the surplus was connected with the commutation of the Livery. Roughly speaking the surplus became the dividend, the commuted Livery the divisor, and in this way a pro rata quotient of so many Liveries was obtained whose name at least couples the Fellowship thus distributed with the former annual allotment of the Founder's bounty of cloth. No neater proof of the legislative power exercised by the Visitor in co-operation with the College could be cited than the steps by which this change was accomplished. The new system, too, empha- sises the palpable increase in purely material prosperity, for with annual divisions membership in All Souls became something worth having, as may be inferred from Abbot's significant remark in 1621 : " It is strange to see what competition there is for Fellow- ships." Of the other problems of the moment, the general 100 ALL SOULS COLLEGE state of discipline most imperatively called for the guidance of a resolute and cool head. Hovenden in his later years apparently found the College increasingly troublesome to keep in hand, as may be seen from a letter from one Henry Aimy to the Warden " requesting him to send back to Queen''s College a young gentleman who has fallen into evil company and is harboured in All Souls "^ by two of the Fellows. And the correspon- dence of the archbishops is disagreeably full on this and kindred topics. Bancroft, in 1609, writes sharply on the subject, reprimanding also the way in which the Bursars keep their accounts, and " cozen ""* the College " by their traffic in coals.'"* In 1610 he refers to " the kind of beer which heretofore you have had,"" and " strictly charges that there be spent in commons no other but either small or middle beer, drink of higher rate being fitter for tippling houses.'' In 1612 the distinguished civilian, Arthur Duck, draws the attention of the Visitor to the fact that the Warden and Bursars have allotted themselves twenty marks and four marks respectively, instead of the same number of nobles allowed by the statutes, " in pretence that they think it of greater value than the money presently current." The letter drew from the Archbishop a dignified rebuke. It is not pleasant to read in 1610 that certain " refrac- tory Fellows " have shown " great contempt " for the authority of their venerable Warden; while in 1614 Abbot has to insist that the dehita reverentia of the statutes be paid to the hapless Moket, to whom verba ignominiosa had been used, just as verba brigosa had been used to Hovenden. Next year the Visitor lays it down that it is the duty of THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 101 "any of the Fellows of whatsoever degree to bee uncovered in the Warden's presence in any publicke or private place within the precincts of the college." In 1616 the Warden is required " to punish such of your Society as do spend their time in taverns and ale- houses, to the scandal of the House," which may be illustrated by Wood's statement that " the number of ale-houses was greater than ever before known." Nor do things improve under Warden Astley. From time to time the Visitor has to reprimand the College for its quarrelsome spirit ; its extravagance in " progresses " used " to get acquaintance and see novelties " ; its slack- ness in obeying the statutes and injunctions, particularly in the necessary proceeding to Degrees; its luxury in entertainments, on which the resolution of 1629, " that our College cellar should be enlarged," throws possibly some light. In 1617 there was a serious dispute about the election of a Proctor, and seven of the Fellows, who had refused to be bound to vote for the College candi- date were ordered "to confess their fault in chapel before the Warden and Fellows," by which harmony was once more restored. Abbot's triumphant remark in 1628 that he had "quelled the faction which was wont to disquiet your College," in itself very significant, was singularly premature, for in 1632 we have the famous letter with its allusion to the " great outrage " of the previous year. " Although matters," wrote the Visitor, " had formerly been carried with distemper, yet men did never break forth into that intolerable liberty as to tear off the doors and gates which are the fences of the college. . . . Civil 102 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE men should never so far forget themselves under pretence of a foolish Mallard'*' as to do things barbarously unbe- coming." A single " outrage " does not prove the existence of unrestrained licence, though it may be taken as indica- tive of something radically wrong in the tone of a section of the College. It is only fair to add that a careful study of the Punishment Booh for this period is far from confirming an inference of widespread law- lessness. The offences entered are curious rather than serious ; for example, we find mentioned " wearing long haire,"' " tardy coming to prayers,'' " missing surplesse prayers," "taking a degree without the grace of the House," refusing to pay Battells, absence at " exercises and disputations" or attending disputation "with a hat on," "reading the philosophy lecture covered," * This is the first reference to the song of the mallard (which is still sung at the college Gaudies) in which the glories of the bird are associated with All Souls. See the song quoted (p. 210). According to tradition a mallard was found in a drain when the foundations of the college were laid ; and both Wood and Hearne allude to the custom by which on Jan. 14 the Fellows singing the song " used to ramble about the College with sticks and poles in quest of it." The evidence points to the custom having grown up to the end of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeenth century. Prof. Burrows has ingeniously explained the origin of the myth as arising in the discovery of a seal with the impression of a griffin " Gulielmi Malardi clerici" in "digging a drain eastwards of the Wardens Lodgings," which was then purposely identified by some college poet with the traditional legend of the discovery of a real mallard. The bird has come to be the accredited emblem of All Souls. Cf. also Baskerville's, Wood's, and Heber's accounts of the ceremony (p. 150 and p, 194), and for full information and discussion of the various points, App. II. to Prof. Burrow's The Worthies of All Souls. THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 103 using verha hrigosa and "contumelious words" to a colleague, declining to give proper precedence to a senior, or " playing att tables/' " Noctivagation," i.e,^ going out of College after dark, and frequenting " ale- houses," is occasionally registered, and there is one refer- ence "to beating the Under-Butler."" Certainly the absence of graver violations of good morals is remark- able. The " punishments " allotted range from private reprimands and admonitions in public before the Warden and officers to "loss of commons'" for a day or days up to a week. Not unfrequently the offender is ordered to be " confined to the Library " for a speci- fied time, during which he is to execute a prescribed task ; if an artist, to copy out so many lines of a classical author ; if a Jurist, to translate a portion of one of the recognised authorities, such as The Institutes or The Digest, " with comments." The diligence of the Warden and officei*s in maintaining almost a pedantic observance of the statutes and in " punishing " even trifling peccadilloes is very striking. The whole book leaves on the mind the picture of a society, large in numbers and cramped within nan-ow limits, many of whose members were hardly more than boys, and for whom the absence of educational functions left a good deal of time unoccupied. Hence the defects springing from youth and considerable leisure was such as a vigorous Warden with tact could easily have reduced to a minimum. But neither Moket nor Astley were of the requisite fibre. With Sheldon's election there is a marked improvement. As under Whitgift's Visitorship the worst symptom of the situation lay in the steady continuance of the 104. ALL SOULS COLLEGE " corrupt resignations,"" which is now bound up with a portentous increase in the number of "recommenda- tions" to Fellowships from authority outside. The assertion of the intrinsic right of the royal prerogative to override all legal impediments, which is the special characteristic of the first two Stuart kings, slowly sapped the bases of the whole body politic and fostered the worst form of imitation in all who conceived they had any patronage to exercise. All Souls was un- deniably trained by Bancroft to accept interference. Even before he became Archbishop he had, in 1591, urged the claims of one Puroloe of St. Mary'*s Hall on the suffrages of the electors. As Archbishop he fre- quently " supports " various suits for leases, even in his first year commending " my Aunt Almond '' to favour- able notice. He repeatedly " recommends " persons for vacant college offices, his chaplain, Mr. Osbom, for example, to the Bursarship, or a Mr. Lee to be Sub- Warden, since he is a protege of Sir R. Carre, the royal favourite, whom Bancroft prefers to call " a gentleman much esteemed by his majesty.*" The Warden, if necessary, is " to devolve " the election^ — a pretty hint to Hovenden, who had withstood Elizabeth to her face. In 1607 he "recommends" one Martin for a Fellowship, and in 1609 Cotton, son of the Bishop of Exeter, at whose non-election he is surprised. In this latter case a remonstrance from the College draws from him an indignant denial that he had intended anything contrary to " their oaths and statutes."" The royal missives naturally do not lag behind those of the Visitor. James "recommended" Robert Gentilis, the son of the famous civilian, Alberico Gentilis, and Ban- THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 105 croft backed the demand for his election on the gi'ound of his "bringing-up and extraordinary towardness." The case was quite indefensible, for Gentilis was under the statutable age and not altogether satisfactory in other ways. He was only elected by means of a col- lusive devolution to the Visitor, who promptly " put him in.*" His career until he resigned in 1612 was distinctly disappointing; his name occurs more than once in the Punishment Book, and two years after his election he has to be sent to the Visitor, "being in question for some disorder.'' He won for himself in Oxford the sobriquet of " King of the Beggars,"*"* which is borne out by Bancroft"*s request in 1 610 " that some allowance be made him as a favour, which has been done on previous occasions."*"* The College, though obliged to obey a royal mandamus in the matter of a living, indulged itself by rejecting two Scotchmen patriotically supported by the King, and a letter to Lord Salisbury also brings out that they had passed over another "recommendation, S' Yeo,"*' because he did not " submytt hymself to any examinacion at all."*' A royal recommendation in 1605 of Charles Caesar throws a flood of light on the situation. Mr. Raleigh, we learn, " was willing' to resign to him,'"' and Bancroft advises the College to comply. In other words, the system of resignation with an object is distinctly recog- nised and has now touched hands with the system of recommendation. Yet, as the practice of "corrupt resignations" could only be successfully extirpated by building up a high standard of morality, can we alto- gether blame All Souls for carrying on what those in high places sanctioned or plastered over with pitiful 106 ALL SOULS COLLEGE palliations ? Four years later Bancroft announces that he intends to disallow resignations, " having by experi- ence found" how wrong they are, yet only one week after this courageous utterance, " in consequence of a letter from the Earl of Montgomery,"" he is ready to wink at just one more exception, the proverbial little one, "provided the Vice-Chancellor nominates," as if that made any difference. Archbishop Abbot took a distinctly higher line. True on two occasions, in 1611 and 1614, he made recommendations (by the first of which '' Mr. Dupper," better known as Brian Duppa, became a Fellow), but we have his own word in 1626 that " he had given way to no importunity," though "much pressed to write and to recommend,*" and he certainly loses no oppor- tunity of sharply criticising everything he thought amiss, from the keeping of the College accounts to the Fellows'* Latin, which he found " harsh, abrupt, and of an affected brevity rather than a Ciceronian oratory, a fault not only of the College but of the whole University." From the first he set his face against resignations, requiring Hovenden " to look into them carefully" and refuse all where corruption might be suspected; and in 1628, in order to stamp out the hateful system, he insisted on imposing " on all electors a corporal oath to make the elections freely without any reward, gift, or thing given or taken for the same." But Warden Astley either would not or could not enforce it; and "it came to be," in Sancroft''s words later, "neglected and forgotten, or rather I fear supprest and degraded into the weak attempt of an over-busy Warden ; " and so speedily went the way THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 107 of Whitgift's Injunctions. As Carlyle once said, "the difficulty is not to make constitutions, but to get men to live under them.""* Abbot's self-denying ordinance, needless to say, did not stop the flow of royal interferences. In 1620 the Visitor is obliged to back a royal nominee rejoicing in the name of Timoleon Gorges, who only succeeded the next year by the now familiar device of a collusive devolution. The climax had really been reached in 1618, when James, by a mandate of the customary non obstante kind, tried to hoist Dr. Beaumont, " though he be a married man,"'' into the Warden's chair. This was a little too much, and even "conscienceless"" corpora- tions will turn. The Fellows had no difficulty in remembering they were " bound by oath not to elect for fear, entreaty, or reward "" and, in spite of two royal letters, chose Astley, while Abbot proved his probity and courage by confirming their choice. It is not sur- prising, however, that the College found it necessary to " explain " its " disloyal " conduct, and make its peace with its offfended Sovereign. In 1633 Laud, whose Presidency of St. John's had made him thoroughly acquainted with University affairs, suc- ceeded Abbot and set to work with characteristic thoroughness to amend the ways of All Souls. The clothing of the Fellows seems to have annoyed him more than eyen slackness in management, want of thrift, or the neglect of the scholastic exercises. He requires P '* all the Fellows, but especially the officers, that they use not long, indecent hair, nor wear large falling bands, nor 108 ALL SOULS COLLEGE boots under their gowns, nor any other like unstatutable novelty." His next intervention was more questionable, not to apply a harsher expression. In 1635, Mr. Osborne having " offered his resignation *" to the Visitor, he " is resolved to pitch on Mr. Jeremy Taylor,"" and accord- ingly nominates him. Now Taylor was a Cambridge man, a former Fellow of Caius College, only incorpo- rated ten days before into the University of Oxford. Laud was not merely sanctioning a custom condemned by his predecessor, but violating every qualification laid down in the statutes. The election was vetoed by the Warden, which then devolved to the Visitor, who promptly completed "his barefaced job"" by appointing his own nominee. "I do find," Laud had written earlier, " that some things are very much out of order." The sentence neatly condemns himself; since All Souls had gained the honour of one of its most distinguished names, Jeremy Taylor, "that illustrious prelate and eminent Divine " as the Acta call him a century later, at the expense of the reputation of another equally " illustrious " prelate. Once more can we be surprised that the resignation system flourished like the green bay tree ? Taylor's election brings on the scene the best known of the notable Wardens of All Souls, Gilbert Sheldon, for it was he who had daringly reproved Laud by inter- posing his veto. Sheldon's public career is too well known to need recapitulation here. Elected a Fellow in 1624, he had stepped into Astley's place in 1635, and his Wardenship, until stopped by the outbreak of " the troubles," was one of such successful administra- THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 109 tive reform that it confirms Wenman's penetrating remark in the famous society at Great Tew that " he was born and bred to be Archbishop of Canterbury."" Under his zealous care complaints from the Visitor as to lack of discipline almost entirely cease, and if we are tempted to ascribe this to Laud^s increasing absorp- tion in public business, the steadily dwindling entries in the Punishment Book bear unmistakable witness to the bracing effects of his leadership. The improvement may also be seen in the various schemes for amending parts of the College. As early as 1611 part of the surplus had been spent on trans- forming " the cloister green " into a " garden with arbours." In 1618 "The new parlour in ye Lodgings was made into one roome and furnish'd, which formerly was three homely roomes, a kitchen, a larder, and a room for Poultry." There are several suggestions for "restoring"'*' the chapel. In 1619 "a MuiTey velvet carpet ""* is provided for the Communion Table, and in 1629 we read the record that "This year were our Responsaries, used on solemn Dayes in our Quire and our Commemoration for our Benefactors, first fram'd and placed in our 3 Communion Books." And in 1629 comes a change very significant of the spirit moving in the University, when "The Com- munion Table in ye Chaple was advanced from ye middle of ye Chancell to ye upper end above ye ascending steps. ^"' 110 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Furthermore in 1633 it was agreed that " The Auntient Fellowes should be spoken unto for their benevolence towards providing of organs and a quire for ye chappell." There still exists "a Book containing names of persons who have contributed to the beautifying of the chapel"' with entries for the year 1635, and further receipts signed by Sheldon for 1638, in which year the Warden and officers are authorised " to draw articles concerning reparation of our chapell." Silence then intervenes, and it may be doubted whether much was done. Going back to 1619 we find .^'lOO was spent on the "Founder's Tombe"" at Canterbury, while in 1622 " xxs. are to be yearly allowed to the keeper for his daily care in sweeping and preserving the same.*" And in 1633 there is information that " This Yeare our College Gates were repaired and lyned faceway towards the streete . . . and also the three statues over the Gates of our Saviour, King Henry the Sixt and our Founder were polished, smothed and renewed with vemishe and guilt/' Nor was the Library forgotten, for in 1637 an entry runs that " because the books heretofore in our Colledge Librarie have suffered much harme and losse, one of our Fellowes should bee yearly chosen as keeper and bee allowed for his paines thirty shillings by the yeare."" But I can find no trace as far as All Souls is con- cerned of a scheme mentioned by Baskerville (Rawl. MSS., 810, D.), to wit, that THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 111 " Archbishop Laud had a design to span the great squares, that is to take away the houses between them (All Souls and Brasenose)"as far as the Schools as you may find in that Bishop's Diary."* The records also permit some quaint glimpses into minor matters. Early in the century "the plague'''' was a serious trouble. From 1603-1615 "leaves of absence in plague tyme '*"' are unpleasantly frequent. To give one example in 1609, four Fellows are allowed " five shillings weeklie,'" as well as " their phisick at ye Colledge charges, provided that they should continue in ye Colledge and look to the safetie thereof."'^ And by a curious clause in the lease of "their '" house at Stanton Harcourt the tenant was to " find '''' in plague time " four chambei's furnished with bedding, linen and woollen '''' for the Fellows who chose to repair thither. In 1626 it was agreed to give £^ " towards ye main- tenance of an Arabick Lecture."'"' Entries about food naturally crop up now and then. We may notice this in 1618 : " Whereas our Gaudyies on All Souls Day to the Side Table were but five dishes to every messe; viz., Pigge, Goose, Capon, Rabet, and Bustard, this yeare our Bursars did very willingly condescend that their third messe should be for the augmentation of Gaudyes throughout the Hall." And a paper now in the archives written by the * Baskerville has apparently misread the entry in Laud's diary, which runs : "To open the Great Square at Oxford between St. Marye's and the Schools, Brasen-nose and All Souls. "—Ed. Wharton (1694), P- 69. 112 ALL SOULS COLLEGE butler, John Hollings worth, in 1640 gives an account of "the customs'"' of the College on the different Feast Days. He mentions the chief days on which there was extra food — Michaelmas Day, " All Soules Day," All Saints'* Day, Christmas Day, " New Yeares Day,'' St. Stephens, St. John's, Inocents (sic) Day, Candlemas Day, Shrove Sunday, Lady Day, Easter Sunday, Monday and Tues- day, Ascension Day, Whit Sunday, Whit Tuesday, and St. John's, St. Peter's, and St. " Jeames " Days. The servants' " messes " each had a " pye and custards " on Gaudies, but on the night of Shrove Tuesday the chief servant had " hens and caudles." On the four great Gaudies in the year — All Souls, Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide — there was a special allowance of drink, the three " clerkes " having a quart of sack between them, and the six choristers two quarts of claret. " On All Soules Day [it was] never certaine what, but altered by Mr. Warden according as corne was deare or cheape. All decrements in salt, mustard, vinegar, vergis and pepper and spice for the pot did formerly belong to the House without putting on for any of them." The ordinary standing dishes were " Plumb broth," capons, " rabetts," pig, roast beef, mutton, hens, stewed Jacks, pigeons, bacon and calves' feet, "2 to a mess " ; and the butler remarks that "whenever the Servts had roast Beefe the whole was iii^., but what any Man's portion was I did never enquire, but it was allways left to the cooke, only this I doe remember when I was at the Lodging we had v\d. for the Warden's share and the rest went altogeather among the servants." It is noticeable that whilst capons are frequently THE AGE OF LAUD AND SHELDON 113 mentioned, Bustard, the other standing dish immortal- ised in the Mallard Song (p. 211), does not appear. There was already a falling off from the golden years of fatness of 1618. The College Benefactions, of which we now begin to have a fairly continuous schedule, are not uninteresting. Besides frequent charities to the poor of the city, " payres of gloves "" to deserving persons and gifts of trees to good tenants are the commonest forms. In 1631 there is a contribution to " the House of Correc- tion newly erected in Oxford," in 1634 one "to a Pillory at Edgeware." The daughter of Dr. Fuller gets " fower pounds *" to print her father''s books, and various foreigners are assisted, such as "an Italian convert, Battista Reni," " a fFrench abbat," " the Bohe- mian Ministers," and "an Armenian priest."" But harder times were at hand. Prices had been steadily rising since 1630, and, in consequence, the Gaudies have to be cut down. In 1636, " the comons for every Monday during the publique fast*" are ordered to go " to the poore of the city."" More ominous still, there were signs of political unrest abroad. A petition from the Padbury tenants to Warden Sheldon, pleading for the favour of the College, tells its own tale. They are charged with being "rebels to the King," whereas " they have always conformed to the established religion and the laws." The significant diminution, almost break, in the records, after 1638 warns us that the deluge is at hand. If Sheldon and Laud had eased the College of most of its internal " troubles," the external, which were to be far worse, though not beyond their power to " cause " were beyond their power to " cure." H 114 ALL SOULS COLLEGE The Register does not lack during this period the names of distinguished men, but the chief characteristic of their distinction is that it was won in other spheres than the Hfe of All Souls. Sir Charles Ccesar and Sir Arthur Duck efficiently continued the traditions of the Tudor lawyers. Caesar, the third son of Sir Julius Caesar, Master of the Rolls, had gained his Fellowship '• by royal recommendation " in 1605. He sat in the Parliament of 1614, and after being a judge of the Court of Audience, became a member of the High Commission in 1633. In 1638 he purchased the Mastership of the RolJs for the enormous sum of * Sir J. H. Newbolt (artist unknown, presented by Lady Newbolt); Sir John Bligh (H. W. Pickersgill, R.A.) ; Bishop Tanner (copy of original at Christ Church) ; Sir N. Lloyd (Sir J. Thornhill) ; Bishop Stuart (E. Jackson, R.A.) ; Edward Young (J. Highmore, the only original portrait of Young extant) ; Lord Chief Justice Sir J. Willes ; Bishop Thomas (G. Hayter) ; George Clarke (Kneller) ; Bishop Bagot (H. W. Pickersgill, R. A.) ; Thomas Sydenham (E. Jackson, R.A., presented by Dr. Lathom) ; Bishop Heber (J. Phillips, R.A.) ; Sir Christopher Codrington (Sir J. Thornhill) ; Sir Charles Vaughan (Lawrence) ; Bishop Legge (H. P. Briggs, R.A.) ; Archbishop Sheldon (artist unknown) ; Warden Leighton (W. B. Richmond, R.A.) ; The Marquis of Salisbury as Chancellor of the University (W. B. Richmond, R.A.) ; Sir W. Heathcote (the picture is unsigned) ; and the present Warden, Sir W. R. Anson (H. Herkomer, R.A.). Over the mantelpiece are two paintings by Sir J. Thorn- hill, viz.. The Finding of the Law (based on 2 Kings, xxii.), and The Foundation of the College (with a portrait of George Clarke). Above the doorway is Roubiliac's Bust of the Founder. There are also in the Warden's Lodgings portraits of the following, bequeathed by George Clarke : Warden Finch, Warden Astley, Dr. Clarke, Christopher Codrington, General Monk, and King Charles I. (attributed wrongly to Vandyck and bearing the interesting inscription : " Portrait of His Most Sacred Majesty as he appeared before the pretended Court of High Commission "), and two of Clarke himself Later were acquired the following portraits ; 214 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Wardens Sneyd, Legge, Isham, Tracy, Niblett ; and one of Dr. Buckler, the author of The Stemmata Chichleiana. The Codrington Library. The Reading Room of the Library, it may be worth while to state, is open daily from 10 to 4 in full term and on other days from 11 to 4, except from August 1 to October 1. About 100 new readers are admitted each year. The number of books in the Library is probably well above 80,000, and increases yearly on the average by some 500 to 600 volumes. Of the subjects. Law and its cognate branches naturally predominate, though the Modem History section is in certain departments very well represented. The stately presence of numerous sixteenth- and seven- teenth-century theological and medical works points to the prominence of these studies in the College at that time. It is not easy to select for notice where the choice is so large, but the following are all interesting and valuable : The Treatise of Tyrannius Rufinus of Aquileia on the Apostles' Creed, formerly ascribed to St. Jerome and dated " 1468," (most probably a mistake for " 1478 "). It was given by Benjamin Buckler in 1756, and is an example of the first production of the Early Oxford Press. (For full particulars cf. Madan, Early Oxford Press [Oxford Historical Society], pp. 245-252.) Bound up with this is Aretinus' Translation of the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle, 1479 ; another example of the Early Oxford Press {cf. Madan, op. cit. p. 253). Another example of the same Press is John Lathbury's Commentary on the Lamentations of Jeremiah (1482), presented by John Gawent, a former Fellow. As Mr. Madan explains {op. cit. p. 256) : " This copy is remarkable from the fact that four names, apparently of parchment sellers, occur as MISCELLANEA 215 signing certain leaves, showing that the pieces were sold in bundles of eight (?)." As is but fitting the next in date is a volume of Lyndewode's Provincial Constitutions (1483), and to the same year belongs one of the literary treasures, viz., Gower's Cmifessio Amantis, printed by Caxton. Two samples of early German printing call for notice, viz.. The Grammatica Decani (by John of Westphalia, 1485) and The Nuremberg Chronicle (1493), with Wohlgemuth's woodcuts and the unpaged leaves — two copies. Linacre's fame is per- petuated by his Translation of Galen (1521), the first book printed at Cambridge. Lydgate's Bockas (1527) and Sebastian Brandt's Sleep of Fooles (1570) bring us back to general literature, while the Reformation movement re- presents itself in The Coverdale Bible (1535) and The Matthews Bible (1537). Le Feron's Simbol Armorial (1555) is a good example of another aspect of the sixteenth cen- tury. For the seventeenth century we have the Third Folio (1663) and the Fourth Folio (l685) of Shakespeare ; and of Milton, the first edition of Paradise Lost (I669), the second (1674), and the third (l674), as well as the first (1671) and the second (l678) editions of Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. The Library, it is perhaps worth finally noting, possesses two books from the royal library of Henry IV., viz., (1) Vaticance Lucubrationes De Tacitis et Ambiguis Conventionibus — Auctore Francisco, T.T.S., Mariae de Populo, S.R.E., Presb. Card. Mantica, ex typographia Vaticana mdcix. — in two ponderous volumes finely bound in red leather, embossed with the arms of France in gold and surrounded by an elaborate border of " H's," surmounted by crowns ; (2) Le Livre des Statuts et ordonnances de I'ordre du Benoist Sainct Esprit — drawn up for Henry HL in 1578. There is also, as noted in the text (p. 130), a series of Wren's drawings, containing the original designs for St. 216 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Paul's Cathedral, the Westminster Dormitory, plans for rebuilding London after the great fire, and many others. They were bound up in four large portfolios in red russia leather by Blackstone, and are a beautiful testimony to Wren's splendid draughtsmanship. The second volume, devoted particularly to the St. Paul's designs approved by the King, is prefaced by a letter signed by Henry Coventry, a Fellow of the College and Secretary of State, and super- scribed with the autograph "Carolus R." Attention may also be drawn, amongst other interesting things, (1) To the death mask of Wren's face bequeathed to the College by Sir Christopher's great granddaughter, on which his biographer, J. Elmes (p. 512), is moved to say : " I have contemplated it with calm delight ; it was as placid as sleep, and resembling, as his friend Steele says of Dr. South, 'that of the Saints,' might well be called falling asleep." (2) To the " Orrery " placed beside the Codrington statue. This is a planetarium designed by G. Graham (1675-1751) and called after his patron Charles Boyle, fourth Earl of Orrery, "Orreries." It does not show Uranus, nor Neptune, nor take account of Leap Year, but otherwise, as a visitor from Whitechapel remarked with surprise, "it's still a-goin'," and in the serene silences of Codrington's Hall ticks out "the little lives of men." (3) To the Case immediately behind the " Orrery." This is filled with various articles found when digging the founda- tions of the new Coffee Room in the summer of I896. Their date ranges from the reign of Elizabeth to that of George L, i.e., to the time when the new Common Room was built in Warden Gardiner's day. The discovery greatly delighted numerous antiquaries, for the articles include Greybeards (caricatures of Cardinal Bellarmine) of the seven- teenth century, Lambeth pottery of the same date, Flemish pottery of the time of William HI., metal candlesticks. MISCELLANEA 217 wine tasters and wine coolers with the College arms, glass wine flagons, handsomely shaped and with the arms of their owners cut on them, a metal tankard with cover dated l638, a money box and some clay pipes. A fine glass goblet is especially interesting ; it has on its base the inscription, Receptis dulce mihi est furere amicis, and, round the bowl, the words To the remembrance of the, and the remainder is supplied by a drawing of the Mallard. Most puzzling of all is a mutilated double wooden musical fife (?), which musical specialists pronounce to be of amateur work- manship, since such were not made in the seventeenth century. The MSS. in the Library. The Library is rich in MSS., accumulated during three centuries, for as Dr. Coxe has pointed out in his Catalogue, All Souls only possessed fifty volumes when Dr. Bernard made his Catalogue in 1697, whereas it now numbers some 300 separate entries. The character of the MSS. is akin to that of the printed books, works on Theology, Canon and Civil Law, Medicine and History predominating. Under the first head may be mentioned : Cod. v. viii. ix., con- taining the books of the New Testament "of the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries"; Cod. x., a French translation of the New Testament of the fifteenth century ; and various illuminated missals, several of which were exhibited in 1896 by the Society of Antiquaries in their collection of English Missals. Under the Law heading comes copies of the Decretals of Boniface, and the Digest with the Com- mentaries of Azzo, Accursius, and others, and the eccle- siastical constitutions of Archbishops Otto and Peckham, largely utilised by Wilkins in his Concilia. In the materials for English history ^^ the library is particularly remark- able," the earliest apparently being a twelfth-century copy 218 ALL SOULS COLLEGE of Malmesbury's De Gestis Regum, as well as examples of his Historia Novella, and of the histories of Hovenden, Geoffrey of Monmouth, and Matthew of Westminster, and a "translation of a part of Peter Langtoft's metrical chronicles upon the Wars of Edward I. in England and France." At the end of the eighteenth century Luttrell Wynne, a Fellow, bequeathed more than one hundred volumes of Parliamentary Journals and State Papers which had been collected by his ancestors Narcissus Luttrell and Owen Wynne. Cod. clxvii. contains " The Alarme : by Andrew Marvell," with the remark on the margin, " very scandalous in severall passages " ; Cod. clxvi. a set of inter- esting papers on " The Popish Plot," one item of which — " Mr. Oates his impeachment of the queen given upon oath to me Henry Coventry " (a Fellow of the (College) — has written on the margin the grim comment, "a shamm story." Under what may be called General Literature are several very interesting items. Cod. Ixxxii., Ixxxiii. — MSS. of the works of Virgil and the tragedies of Seneca — would pro- bably appeal only to classical specialists, but Cod. xcviii., containing a volume of the poems of John Gower, is probably the MS. most often consulted in the Library. With it may be ranked Cod. cxvii., a " Catalogue of all such books touch- ing as well the state ecclesiastical as temporal of the realm of England," from Henry VH. to l631, with the price of each written on the margin by Humphry Dyson ; while Cod. cxix. contains ''The orders conceyued and agreed uppon by the company exercizing the arte of ringing, knowne and called by the name of the schollers of Cheap- syde in London." Other MSS. contain (cxvi.) " a collection of Satirical Songs and Satires in the reign of Charles II." attributed to the Earl of Rochester, a truly Restoration production ; a Calendar (cxx.) of the affairs of the Company of White Bakers collected " by mee Owen Bete, MISCELLANEA «19 Gierke unto the Company l630"; the famous "libelleof Englische polycie," (ciii.) of the fifteenth century ; and the Life of Dante by Boccaccio. Some recent additions from their connection with members of the College cannot be passed over. In 1895 was acquired at the Phillipps' sale a MS. copy of the English version of The Life of Henry Chicheley, by Arthur Duck, which probably dates from 1699, in which year the English translation of the Latin version of l6l7 was published. Twenty years earlier, in 1876, were acquired various Blackstone MSS., viz., (1) The Elements of Architecture, written 1743 and revised up to 1747 ; (2) The Dissertation on the Accounts of All Souls College** (see p. 191) ; (3) thirty-five volumes of notes of lectures on the Commentaries. These are not in Blackstone's hand- writing, and may represent either a copy made by an amanuensis, or notes taken by a student for the Professor. With these may be classed Cod. cix. — Ten volumes on paper containing a course of lectures on Jurisprudence and Civil Law by T. Bever, Fellow of All Souls, read in the Vinerian Law School in 1762. They were bequeathed to the College Library on the condition that they should never be printed. Above the tier of bookshelves in the gallery are placed a series of " bustoes " which Blackstone was " empowered to order " for the final adornment of the Library. The list is as follows : Antony Sherley (1582), William Petre (1523), George Clarke (I68O), Daniel Dunn (1567), Henry Coven- try (1634), William Trumbull (l657), Robert Weston (1536), Charles Talbot (1704), Christopher Wren (l653), Richard Steward (l6l3), Thomas Tanner (I696), James Goldwell (1441), Gilbert Sheldon (l622), Brian Duppa (1612), David Pole (1520), Jeremy Taylor (l635), John Norris (I68O), Thomas Sydenham (l648), Thomas Lynaker (1484), Clement Edmonds (1590), William Byrde (1578), 220 ALL SOULS COLLEGE Nathaniel Lloyd (l689), Robert Hovenden (1565), John Mason (1521). The bust of Chiehele is placed above the entrance from the Great Quadrangle. The Archives. The College Archives are singularly full and interesting. They were thoroughly assorted and arranged by Mr. Trice Martin, F.S.A., of the Record Office, between 1874 and 1877, and a catalogue on the model of a Calendar of State Papers, drawn up by him, has been published. The docu- ments are at present kept in two rooms specially built for them at the western end of the Codrington Library, and stored in presses, amongst which is the solid oaken cabinet of Warden Hovenden, with its motto (^" Confectum, 1582 "), and a new oaken cabinet provided by the present Warden (Sir W. R. Anson). The Archives were originally kept along with " the plate and goodes " in " twoe chests " in the rooms of the tower over the gateway which served as the treasury of the College. In 1728 this room was " arched with brick or stone for the security of the muni- ments from fire " ; but in 1 766 it was ordered (Aug. 8) " that the southern room at end of the Library up one pair of stairs be fitted up for a repository for the Archives," and on Oct. 3 they were moved to their present new quarters. The last serious use made of the old Muniment Room above the tower gateway was in 1802, when on July 20 "the arms" purchased for the University Corps against Napoleon's coming were " deposited " there. The bulk of the documents naturally consists of leases and title-deeds, which in many cases go back to the thirteenth and even the twelfth century. " The earliest deeds," pronounces Mr. Martin, "are a grant by Roger of MISCELLANEA 221 Salford to Walter Rufus in the year 1 1 89, the charter of exemption granted by King John to the Friars of Grande- mont in 1203, to which a fragment of the King's great seal is still attached." Amongst earlier undated deeds "are a letter from Henry II. to the Bishop of Lincoln, the grant of Whadborough by Henry II. to Tulk Fitzwarin, the hero of the French romance which bears his name, and a letter from William of Anjou to King John — extremely curious as letters from private persons of this date are of the highest rarity." The next most prominent part of the Archives is the mass of correspondence bearing on the affairs of the College, including " signed letters from eight Sovereigns of England," viz., Edward IV., Henry VII., Henry VIII., Elizabeth, James I., Charles I., Charles II., James II. There are also numerous letters from almost every Arch- bishop of Canterbury " since Warham." Laud's last letter written from the Tower has already been noticed (p. 1 83). This section also contains the original charters, with seals showing "some very fine specimens of mediaeval work, both ecclesiastical and heraldic," amongst which may be particularly noted that attached to Archbishop Stafford's Indulgence of 1444, which represents the murder of Becket. The remainder of the Archives contain the collection of " Computus and Expense Rolls, Rent Rolls, Bursars' Books, &c." There is also, not in the Archives, but in the custody of the Warden, a mass of books and papers, containing excerpts from the Archives, copies of the Statutes with annotations and much correspondence. This collection also contains the Register of the Fellows from the Foundation, and the Wenman MSS. ALL SOULS COLLEGE The College Plate. As explained in the text (p. 117) the plate of to-day contains very few articles prior to the Restoration (I66O) and therefore hardly calls for detailed notice. But some three or four pieces have been saved from the melting- pot of Charles I. and these are important. (1 ) The Founders Salt Cellar — a standing salt of the fifteenth century of great beauty and magnificence. The technical description from Mr. Cripps' College and Corporation Plate (Chapman and Hall, 1881) is as follows: " Standing salt, formed of a circular pacted crystal in silver gilt mounts, with a cover of cut glass probably replacing the original crystal. It is borne on the head of a huntsman or wild man of silver gilt, clothed in a loose tunic with black pointed buskins, having a hunting-knife suspended in his belt, the face and the hands painted in natural colours. The base is coloured green and covered with painted figures, on a small scale, of various wild animals, dogs, and huntsmen. In the centre is a large figure, fully coloured, playing on the bagpipes. Round this base is a battlement with eight circular turrets. The cover is surmounted by a finial in form of an artichoke, partly coloured green " ; and Mr. Cripps adds : " The oldest and quaintest of salts in any English collection, it must still be questioned whether it is of English make," though his inference that it was bequeathed by Archbishop Chichele is not correct, for it only came into the possession of All Souls in the eighteenth century. A drawing of the salt will be found in Mr. Cripps' book, p. 29/ and there is a facsimile reproduction now in the collection at South Kensington Museum. The original has been deservedly requisitioned for exhibition on several occasions. (2) A Mazer or "drinking bowl," dated circa 1450, MISCELLANEA S2S " undoubtedly English, made of maple wood with a deep rim of silver gilt, the band of the mount plain. Diam., 6 in., rim 1 J in. deep." See for a reproduction, Cripps, op. cit. p. 30. (3) A Communion Cup of 1564, "with two belts of the usual fashion, one round the middle and the second round the outer rim.*' (4) "A Mazer Bowl on Foot" (1529), "mounted on silver-gilt foot and stem. English. Height 6 in., diam. of bowl 4j in." A reproduction may be found in Cripps', op. cit. p. 6l, and is interesting "though of so late a date as 1529," because of its "Gothic fashion, though the cresting round the foot shows a good deal of Renaissance detail." (5) Cup and Cover, silver gilt with two handles, temp. Charles II. This is a porringer or broth bowl ornamented with cut cardwork, engraved with the arms of Clarke and the initials G. C, showing that it was one of his numerous gifts to All Souls. (6) Mr. Cripps also notices, op. cit. p. l6, "a fragment of some fine cup made of a nautilus shell, now lost ; it is of silver gilt and of the form of a filled-up horseshoe, but having a semi-elliptical opening at the larger end, such as would receive the central curve of a nautilus shell," which he refers to the same date as the well-known magnificent Pembroke enamelled coffer {circa 1290-1300), one of the chief glories of the South Kensington collection. To these may be added the two Communion Crewets given by Warden Andrewes, circa 1440, which were spared by their sacred character in l643. These are two hand- some silver-gilt vessels, flagon shaped, with deeply fluted bowls and bases, each having weighty stoppers attached by a heavy silver-gilt chain (in form very much like an ordinary curb chain). The staples on either side of the 224 ALL SOULS COLLEGE bowl to which the chains are fastened are modelled into curved swans' necks, thus presenting the appearance of semi-swan supporters (a reference probably to the swan supporters of the Founder's Arms). The crewets, exclusive of the stoppers, stand fourteen inches high and the circumference of the bowl at its widest is twenty-one inches. The Founder's Tomb. Allusion has repeatedly been made in the text to the Founder's Tomb, particularly to the recent restoration of it (1897-1899). It is desirable therefore to specify here more precisely what exactly has been done, as the restora- tion has caused great interest ampngst antiquaries, as well as among the numerous visitors to the Cathedral. The course of events has been singularly like that which resulted in the great restoration of the Chapel (1869-1875). In I896 it had become clear that in order to preserve the Chichele monument some repairs were necessary. A detailed examination of the structure showed that as with the Chapel in I869 two courses were possible : (1) simply to make the structural alterations necessary for preserving the monument as it then existed, i.e.j as it had been "restored" by Warden Meredith (1662-1 665); or (2) to carry out a real " restoration " and bring the monument back as far as possible to its original form. Needless to say, (2) was the more expensive plan. Acting on the advice of the expert opinion of Mr. C. E. Kempe, aided by a College Committee specially appointed, the College decided to adopt the second plan. This policy, it is well to add, was rendered possible by the generous contributions of the Warden and several of the Fellows who undertook practically to double the sum voted for the purpose from the Corporate Funds. The work of " restora- MISCELLANEA 225 tion " was then entrusted to Mr. Kempe, assisted by the Committee already appointed ; and the general result has been completely satisfactory, not merely in the eyes of the College, the Dean and Chapter, but of the public. Indeed, it may be questioned whether there is now a finer fifteenth- century tomb in England. The main changes have been: (1) The removal of all the unquestionable seventeenth-century accretions — so out of harmony with the general form, so inartistic in con- ception, and so poor and vulgar in execution. Eleven of the best of the figures so removed from the niches have been placed on the screen and on a niche adjacent to the tomb. (2) A restoration of the canopy above the recumbent figure. (3) The repair and restoration of the blue and gold trellis below the canopy. (4) The repair of the figure of Chichele himself, and the introduction of correct colours into the vestments in which he is repre- sented. (5) The replacing of the Cross in the hand of the Archbishop (a clumsy copy in wood of the age of Charles II.) by one based on a design obtained from the Cross of Arch- bishop Cranley at New College, various contemporary brasses in the Cathedral, and that on Cardinal Morton's monument. (6) Filling in the vacant niches with figures — saints connected with All Souls College, persons connected with Chichele himself, and canonised Archbishops of Canterbury. (7) The erection of enamelled shields of metal along the border of the canopy. (8) And not least, painting and gilding the whole in red, blue and gold according to indications found on the tomb itself and expert knowledge of the principles of fifteenth-century decoration. The total cost may be stated at about <£600. And most visitors to the Cathedral now will be of opinion that the money has been well spent. One word more. During p 226 ALL SOULS COLLEGE the last visit of the present writer to Canterbury he and others were informed that the College " was bound by its Statutes to restore the tomb every fifty years." This, it will be well to add, is an additional and imaginative piece of embroidery which the researcher will fail to find in any Statute Book known either to the Founder himself, or the present generation. But, in so far as it emphasises that gratitude to a munificent Benefactor can be more binding than even printed statutes, it does express a real truth. Athletics. It would not be accurate to assert, as of the snakes in Iceland, that there are no athletic records for the past and present members of All Souls. But as these achievements will have been duly immortalised in the other volumes of this series it would serve no purpose to repeat them here- INDEX * Signifies Warden ; § Benefactor ; f Fellow ; J to be found in the "Dictionarif of National Biography." The Visitors ai e printed in Capitals. JABBOTT (Archbishop), 97, 98, 99, 101, 106, 107, 134,145,183 §Abingdon, Abbot of, 6 Abingdon, Earl of, 149 Acta, The, 85, 108, 116, 117, 119, 159, 191, 192 Act Suppers, 180 Almy, Henry, 100 Alaskie, Albertus, 83 Alberbury, 16, 37, 76 " Almond, my aunt," 104 "Ale, The old," 78 §»Andrewe, R., 7, 8, 31, 35, 51, 210 Anne (Queen), 163, 172 f Anne, Edward, 62 §«Anson, Sir W. K., 191, 193, 204, 210, 221 Anstey, "NV. (quoted), 4 jAnstis, W. (Garter King at Aims), 184 Antechapel, The, 15, 72, 97, 170, 171, 192 Archives, The, 127, 142, 153, 220- 221 J Arthur, Prince 41 Artists (in All Souls), 18, 20, 36, 60, 103, 162, 197 JARUNDEL (Archbp.), 2 Ashmole, Elias, 153 f Ashwell, John, 49 §«Astley, Richard, 98, 101, 104, 106, 107, 109, 145 Athletics, 227 Jt Aubrey, William, 76, 82, 89, 131 AyliflCe, 166 fAylworth, Martin, 125 fBABYNGTON, Francis, 62 JtBagot, Richard, 189 fBaldwin, Timothy, 130, 138 Balliol College, 62 JBANCROFT (Abp.), 75, 80, 98, 100,. 104, 105, 106, 144 ♦Barber, Richard, 69, 71, 86 Barking, 84, 91 Jf Bartlett, Richard, 18, 51, 62 Baskerville (quoted), 12, 21, 102,. Ill, 140, 150, 188 Bathurst, William, Earl, 201, 202 JfBeauchamp, Earl, 199 4:Beaufort, Cardinal, 2, 3 ft Beaufort, Duke of, 142 Beaumont, Dr., 98, 167 Beckley, 6 Bedenden, 81 Bemerton, 174 JBentham, Jeremy, 192 Berford Hall, 5 Berkhampstead (school at), 48, 81 fBemard, Mountague, 199, 203 Bemarde College, 5 fBertie, Dr., 189 Bettesworth, Dr., 165 f Be vans, Francis, 76 fBever, T., 219 Bible clerks (in AU Souls), 19, 196,. 197, 207 Bibliotheca Britanno-Hibemica, 174 tBird, Sir W., 90, 92 JfBirkenhead, Sir J., 132 IJlfBirkhead, John, 133 iJlfBlackstone, Sir W^, 33, 76, 118, 179, 180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 190^ 191, 192,216, 219 Blackstone (Statue of), 192 fBlencowe, Sir R., 163, 166, 175 tBlomfleld, Alfred, 199 Bonner, Bishop, 63 INDEX Boswortli, Battle of, 38 "Bounds, Beating the," 180 tBOURCHIER (Abp.), 36 I^Brent, Sir N., 156 Brewery, The, 12 Bristol Fair, 21 §» Broke, WiUiam, 11, 18, 40, 42 +f Buckler, Dr. J., 190, 191 t Bull, William, 130, 152 Burgess of the University, 90, 133 jBurleigh (Lord Treasurer), 74, 85, 8G fBurrows, Prof. M., 10, 15, 41, 53, 90, 97, 102, 121, 157,161 Bursar, The, 19, 20, 83, 36, 40, 78, 100, 119, 120, 127, 166, 208 Bursary, The, 149 Bushell, Thomas, 117 "Bustoes," The, 219 Buttery, The, 12, 172, 182 tfCAius, Thomas, 45 4:Campbell, Lord, 187, 188 Canterbury School, 81. t Carlton, Lord, 181 Carlyle, Thomas (quoted), 107 tCarr, SirK., 104 •f-Carre, Alan, 153 Castle, George, 130 Castlemaine, Lady, 142 Cat Su-eet, 5, 10, 11,15 Chalmers, 188 fChandos, Duke of, 181 Chantry, The (in All Souls), 18, 23, 37, 53, 54,60 Chapel, The, 7, 11, 14, 34, 64, 56, 59, 77, 97, 101, 109, 110, 127,128, 153, 170, 171, 179, 180, 200-202, 206 Chaplain, The (in All Souls), 104, 159, 160, 171, 190 Charities (CoUege), 113, 154, 185, 4:CharlesL (King), 117, 118, 119 JCharles II. (King), 139, 140, 141, 143, 149, 172 Charleton's Inn, 5 Charters (College), 7, 8, 221 Chaworth, Kichard, 116 §JCHICHELE, Henry (Archbp. and Founder), 1, 2, 4, 5-7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16. 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 72, 80, 82, 114, 153, 168,170, 171, 177, 188, 196 Chichele (Studentship in All Souls), 203 Choristers (in All Souls), 19 Christ church, Canterbury Prior of, 9 Clarence, Duke of, 17 JClarendon, Earl of, 153, 158 Jt§Clarke, George, 96, 146, 156, 168, 170, 172, 173, 179, 182, 191, 213 Clerici, 80 Cloisters, The (in All Souls), 11, 33, 125, 171, 172, 180, 181 *Coale, John, 48 Cobham, Lady Frances, 86 JtCffisar, Sir Charles, 105, 114 Jt§Codrington, Sir Christopher, 96, 156, 169, 170, 174, 180 Codriugton (The Library), 11, 130, 168, 170, 171, 178, 179, 181, 186, 192, 199, 200, 209, 214-220 Codrington (Statue of), 179, 216 JColet, Dean, 45 Commentaries (Blackstone's), 191, 192 Commissions (General), 193, 209 Commission (The Court of High), 70, 213 Commission (of 1549), 27, 58, 59, 207 Commission (of 1852), 27, 28, 52, 54, 185, 195-7 Commission (of 1877), 128, 198, 203, 207 Common Room, The, 9, 19, 150 fCompton, F., 204 Constitution Club, The, 187 Corbet's Hall, 5 +CORNWALLIS (Abp.), 184, 191 Corpus Christi College, 62 Corrupt Resignations, 43, 44, 57, 79, 105, 106, 108, 128, 133, 134, 144, 145, 146, 147 fCotes, Digby, 179, 189 fCotton, R., 104 IJIfCoventry, Henry, Earl of, 114, 126, 216, 218 :|:CRANMER (Abp.), 54, 55-58, 60, 79, 134 JfCreech, Thomas, 169, 174 Crendon,16, 40 Crewets, The Communion, 223 JCromwell, Henry, Lord, 85, 86 iCromwell, Oliver, 96, 124,134, 135 JCromwell, Kichard, 128 Cumuor, 6 fDANVERS, John, 11 Dean, The, 19, 20, 36, 42, 146, 166 INDEX f^2^ :J:DEANE(Abp.), 35 Dictionary of National Blograpliy, The, 173, 174 j-Dighy, K., 152 JfDigges, Dudley, 98, 114, 115, 117, 154 f Digges, Edward, 183 Discipline (in All tioiils), 100, 103, 164-167 Dispensations, 162, 165, 167, 178, 195, 196 Disraeli, 209 Dodweli, T., 159 fDolman, T., <;7 fDorman, T., 67 JfDoyle, Sir Francis, 199 fDruell, Kobert, 6 4:Dryden (The Toet), 156, 157 :J:§tDuck, Sir Arthur, 100, 114, 219 fDunn, Sir Daniel, 76, 77, 90 JtDuppa, Brian, 96, 106, 114, 115 itf Edmonds, Sir Clement, 90 IJlEdward IV. (King), 37, 38, 41 :;:Edward VI. (King), 51, 63, 55, 91 Egerton,Mr., 187 ^lElizabeth (t^ueen), 10, 51, 64, 65, 66-68, 73, 74, 82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 97, 104 Elmes, Humphrey, 120 Elmes, J. (Wren's biographer), 216 ^Erasmus, 45 gtEste, Kobert, 34 Eton CoUege, 32, 138, 141, 173, 181 Eugenius IV., Pope, 3 :;:Evelyn, T. (quoted), 131, 140, 143, 152, 153 Examination Exercises, 152 Examination (controversy as to Fellowship — see also Corrupt Re- signations), 204-206 Exclusion Bill, 154 Exeter College, 91 Eynsham, 6 « Faction," The (in All Souls), 149, 152, 158, 166 Famuli (The), 81 Faversham (school at), 48, 81, 85 JFell, Dean, 135 Fellowship (alteration in tenure of), 207 4:*I<^nch, Leopold, 149, 166, 157, 158, 159, 169, 174 tFIetcher, C. K. L., 87, 91 Founder, The, 110, 161, 163 ^see alto Henry Chichele) Founder's Kin, The, 19,27, 29, 167, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 195» 197 Founder's Salt Cellar, The, 118, 222 Founder's Tomb, The, 9, 14, 139, 224-226 Foxcote, 16, 35 Front Quadrangle, 10, 12, 182 Fuller (quoted), 3, 74, 188 Garden (The Warden's), 72, 73, 91 J§»Gardiner, Bernard, 12, 156, 160- 162, 163-168, 170, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178,210 fGardiner, S. K., 208 fGaniier, T. P., 199 Gaudies (in All Souls), 102, 111, 112, 113, 180, 181 Gee, H. (quoted), 64, 67 Geflowski (scidptor), 201 :J:Gentilis, Alberico, 75, 105 tJGeutilis, Kobert, 106 fGladstone, W. E., 199 (Honorary Fellow) Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 7 JgfGodolphiu, H., 173, 181 t?Gold,H., 50 :;:§tGoldwell, James (Bishop), 11, 18, 34, 35 tGoldwell, Nicholas, 35 tGorges, Timoleou, 107 §tGrevile, Dodiugton, 170, 180, 181 tGriffith, John, 76, 89 +GKINDAL (Abp.), 66, 75 :J:Grocyn, 45, 46 JfGuise, William, 173 Guuter, Kichard, 55 :}:Gutch, Dr. (Chaplain in All Souls), 38, 124, 190 +Gwynne, Nell, 142 Haddelsey, Hugh, 36 ^Halifax, Earl of, 142 Hall, The Chronicler (quoted), 3 Hall, The (in All Souls), 9, 11, 12, 19, 21, 83, 111, 122, 125, 130, 146, 167, 172, 180, 181, 187, 192, 197, 212 fHalswell, Nicholas, 11 JtHarcourt, E. Vernon, 189 Harpsden, 204 tHarrison, Sedgwick, 167, 175, 189 Harrington, E., 156 INDEX JHawkesmoor (Architect), 171, 181, 182 jHearne (Diarist, quoted), 102, 127, 161, 164, 166, 174, 179, 184 itHeathcote, Sir W., 199 itHeber, Keginald, 102, 180, 189, 199 "Hedington,"6 +Henry V. (King), 2, 3, 17 tHenry V. (Play of), 3 :|:§Henry VI. (Co-Founder), 6, 8, 16, 26, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 ^Heury VII., 40, 48 4:Heiiry VIII., 16, 38, 39, 49, 61, 54, 56, 74, 91 "Henxey," 6 :J:Herbert, George, 174 Heme, John, 142 Hertford College, 203 ♦f-Heywood, Jasper, 67 Higham Ferrers, 1, 4 High Street, The, 6, 10, 117 SfHill, R., 181 *Hobby8, Thomas, 39, 40, 51, 65, 210 Holinshed (Chronicler), 90 ♦Holland, Seth, 64 tHolland, T. E., 191 Hollingsworth, John, 112 §tHoneywood, Robert, 18 Horsham, 6 •{•Hovenden, Christopher, 73 4:§»Hovenden, Robert, 10, 49, 52, 66, 67, 71-73, 74-76, 78, 80, 83, 84, 96, 97, 100, 104, 106, 141, 183, 210, 220 JHOWLEY (Abp.), 5, 190 Hunsdon, Lord, 86 ■fiNCENT, John, Ingram, Dr., 198 Injimctions (Visitatorial), 25, 35, 42, 56, 67, 68, 77, 78, 80, 81, 98, 100- 101, 106-107, 134, 145, 147, 160, 165, 167, 178, 184, 185, 191, 193 Innocent VII. (Pope), 2 International Law, Ptofessor of, 197, 207 ♦Isham, Edmund, 177 Islip, 149 JJamks L (King), 96, 105, 107 4:James II. (King), 141, 149, 154, 157 tJamee, Francis, 92, 93, 94-95 tJanson, E., 117 *Jeames, Thomas, 96, 141, 142, 144- 157, 162, 163, 183 Jesus College, 76 JJewell, Bishop, 62, 63, 64 Jocalia, the, 19 Jones, Barzillai, 190 Jowett, B., 198 Judd, Sir Andrew, 81, 82 Jurists (in All Souls), 19, 20, 24, 28, 36,41,61, 74, 75, 103, 162, 177, 178, 197 ^Juxon, Bishop, 137 JKeble, J., 133 Kempe, C. E., 224, 225 *KeIe, William, 32, 36 §*Keye8, Roger, 6, 32, 118 J Kemp, Cardinal, 3 tKingsmill, Andrew, 67, 82 Kitchen, The (in All Souls), 12 luttin Court, 179 fLANGHERNE, W., 86 Latimer, Hugh, 45 f Latimer, AVilliam, 45 JLAUD(Abp.), 80, 99, 107-109, 111, 113, 122, 144, 183, 221 Laudian Cycle, The, 97 Lawrence, L., 62 fLeach, F., 53 Lee, Sidney, 174 *Legge, Hon. Edward, 177, 189, 193 :}:Leicester, Robert, Earl of, 70, 84 §*Leighton, F. K., 193, 204-207 :J:Leland, John, 45, 47, 174 f Lewes, David, 76, 89 Lewknor, 186, 209 Library (The Old), 11,17, 33, 35, 61, 65, 68, 72, 103, 110, 131, 153, 186 Librarian, The, 110, 154, 208 JfLinacre, T., 46, 47, 51, 129, 193 Lincoln College, 62 f Littleton, Fisher, 176 Livery, The Founders', 21, 79, 84, 99, 146 Llangenith, 16, 36 t Lloyd, Oliver, 76 :J:§tLloyd, Sir Nathaniel, 156, 172, 173, 179, 181 tLloyd, Sir Richard, 172 Lockinge, 190 Lodgings of the Warden, 10, 36, 52, 69, 72, 91, 102, 109, 112, 122, 123, 153, 170, 193 Lollards, The, 3 fLougher, Robert, 76, 89 INDEX 231 Lovelace, Lady, 149 JfLushington, Sir Stephen, 189 Lyhert, Walter, 8 jLyndwood, 2, 18 f]JLA.DDOCK8, J., 84 Magdalen College, 14, 22 Magdalen Hall, 129 31aitland, Prof. F. W., 24, 98 Malebranche, 174 Mallard, The, 102, 113, 150, 151, 175, 182, 194, 211, 212, 217 Mallard, The Lord, 194, 211 3Ianciple, The, 20 f 3Iansell, Francis, 76 Margaret of Anjou, 32 Marlborough, Duke of, 158 Martin, J., 104 Martin, F. Trice, 220 {see also Archives) ilartin V., Pope, 3 Mary Stuart, 87, 89 Mary Tudor, 51, 62, 64, 65, 90, 91 §^+Mason, Sir J., 62, 62, 67, 90, 91 Maud (Chaplain in All Souls), 1 71 f Mayney, William, 81 Mazer- Bowl, 222 (see also College Plate and Monuments of Super- stition) Medicine (Study of, in All Souls), 46, 51, 61, 73, 152, 162, 163, 166 Meudye, Dr. T.,65 Mercurius Aulicus, 132 Mercurius Britannicus, 132 3Iercurius Politicus, 132 Mercurius Pragmaticus, 132 §*3Ieredith, John, 138, 140, 141 Mermaid Tavern, The, 148, 168 Merton College, 97 §tMe\vs, Sir P., 181 Middlesex Woods, The, 16, 86-88 fMillington, Thomas, 130, 131, 148 Mitre Inn, The, 148, 171 Modern History, Chichele Professor of, 197, 207 *Moket, Richard, 97 Monmouth Rebellion, The, 149 3Iontgomery, Earl of, 106 Monuments of Superstition, The, 63,69, 70, 118 +MOORE (Abp.), 184 X .More, Sir Thomas, 46 Moritz, Pastor, 171 Morocco, Prince of, 153 JlIORTON, Cardinal Archbishop, 35 Morton, (Bucks.), 16, 42 :J:t Murray, Sir Charles, 188, 194 +t Napier, Sir Richard, 131 §fNapper, Edward, 63, 64 fNeedham, Marchmont (Chorister in All Souls), 132, 133 fNewbolt, Sir J., 189 New College, 1, 10, 11, 14, 22, 24, 31, 134, 179 New Inn HaU, 76, 89, 191 Newlands (Kent), 86 »Niblett, Stephen, 156, 177 Nixon, 117 JtNorris, John, 146, 173, 174 fNorth, Brownlow, 189 JfXorthington, Anthony Henley, Baron, 187, 189 Notitia Monastica, 174 :{:Nottiugham, Earl of, Orange, Prince of, 153, 168 {see also William III.) "Ordinances, The," (1858), 196, 204 Organ, The (in the Chapel), 15, 69, 110 Oriel College, 5, 8 JOrmoude, Duke of, 142 " Orrery," The, 216 fOsborn, W., 104, 108, 142 §tOvery, Thomas, 11 Padburv, 16, 113 :J:*Palmer, John (alias " Vaulx"X 122, 123, 124, 129, lai, 137 (see also " Pseudo-Custos ") §t Palmer, T., 181 5:L*ARKER (Abp.), 66, 69, 71, 74, 80 Parry, Lady Blanche a, 86 Peck water Inn, 91 Pepys, S. (Diarist, quoted), 9, 131 J§tPetre, Sir VV., 52, 73, 84, 91 :J:tPett, Sir Peter, 130, 131, 152 Pickering, Sir W., 40 Pisa, Council of, 2 Plague, The (in All Souls), 111 Plate (College), 69, 70, 97, 117, 118, 121, 222-224 t§tPole, David, 52, 65, 67, 68 :|:^POLE (Reginald, Cardinal Arch- bishop), 62, 64, 71, 85 *Pope, John, 65 gfPortman, Sir W., 170 232 INDEX Portraits in the Hall, 193, 212- 214 §*Poteman, William, 32, 40 §f Pouncett, W., 18, 84 Proast, Jonas (Chaplain in All Souls), 159 fProctor, John, 82, 90 Property Qualification in All Souls, 22, 27, 61, 178 Provisors, Statute of, 3 fPrydiaulx, Peter, 142 Prynne, 122 " Pseudo-Custos," 123, 209 (see also Palmer, J.) Punishment Book, The, 103, 104, 106, 109, 150, 175 Puritan Delegacy (1549), 128 Puroloe, S., 104 QuADKANGLE, The Great, 171, 179 180, 181 Quatrocentenary of All Souls, 5, 195 Queen's College, 123, 134 Quintyn Matsys, 47 Eadcliffe, Dr., 169 JRaleigh, Sir Walter, 86, 87, 88 fKaleigh, W., 105 Kashdall, H., 19, 23, 27 Keading Eoom, The (Library), 191, 199, 200, 214 Kector Theologiae, 42 Kefoi-m, Scheme of, in All Souls, 202-205 Eegister, The, 33, 39, 46, 70, 77, 90, 114, 119, 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 176, 183, 184, 185, 188, 208 Relics, in All Souls, 63, 71 Reni, Battista, 113 Reredos, The (see also Chapel), 15, 59, 139, 140, 201 Research Fellows, 207 Resumption, Acts of, 37, 38 Revels in All Souls, 148, 149 fEidley, Sir M. W., 203 •ffiivot, John, 33 fRobarts, C. H., 199 Romney, 16 Rose Inn, The, 12, 73 Roubiliac, 9 Royal Recommendations, 84, 104, 106, 119, 141, 142, 143, 156 Royal Service (Servitia Eegia), 29, 60, 61, 162,163 Royal Society, The, 129, 130, 131 132 St. Albans Hall, 76 St. Clare, 16 St. John's College, 5, 107 St. Johns, Henry, 119 St. Mary's Church, 5, 8, 82, 83, 1G9, 180 St. Mary Hall, 104 St. Thomas Hall, 5, 14 ^Salisbury, Earl of, 105 fSalisbury, Marquis of, 180, 206 JfSanchy, Hieronyme, 126 JSANCROFT (Abp.), 96, 107, 141, 144, 145-147, 149, 166, 159, 160 Sanders (cited), 68 Say, Lord, 117 Scotney, 86 Scott, Sir Gilbert, 14, 201 fScroope, Gervais, 142 JSECKER (Abp.), 184 Servientes (in All Souls), 80, 8 1 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 154 Shakespeare, 3 +§»SHELDON, Gilbert (Abp.), 96, 99, 104, 108, 109, 110, 113, 115, 120, 122-124, 130, 137, 138, l4l, 143, 144,210 Sheldonian Theatre, 143 Sherborn, 6 Jf Sherley, Sir Anthony, 90, 144 Sherwiu (The Beadle), 127 fShether, Edmund, 50, 61 Shotover, 6 Si^yes (quoted), 52 Skibbowe's Tenement, 6 fSmith, Lawrence, 127 *Sneyd, Lewis, 6, 185, 193, 195, 197- 199 f Spencer, Arthur, 190 fSprigge, Joshua, 126, 127 :|:STAFFORD (Abp.), 34, 35, 221 Stafford, Lady Jane, 86-88 Standard, Thomas, 119 f Stanhope, Edward, 199 Stanton Harcourt, 54, 65, 73, 85, 86, 91,111,154 •J-Stapylton, R., 146 Statutes, The, 9, 17, 66, 80, 99, 100, 151, 162, 163, 166, 167, 177, 188, 190, 195, 196, 197, 204, 226 Steed, Dr., 120 Stenunata Chichleiana, The, 185, 190 Jf Steward, Robert, 96,114, 115 Steward of the Week, 20 INDEX Jt Stewart, C. J., 189 gfStewart, Colonel, 181 btodely's Entry, 5 *Stokely, Koger, 49, 51 §*Stokys, John, a 3, 88 Stowood, 6 jStreater, Robert, 139, 170, 201 Strype, 64, 73 Sub- Warden, The, 20, 36, 104, 127, 145, 146 Suffolk, Duke of, 32 JSunderland, Earl of, 163 Sun-dial (Wren's), 130 Surplus Revenue, 21, 79, 80, 98, 99, 144, 197 I^IfSydenham, T., 47, 96, 126, 129, 130, 193 Syou, Abbees of, 35 J§tT.u.BOT, Lord Chancellor, 180, 187, 189 . JgfTauuer, Bishop, 45, 166, 160, 169, 174, 180 Tanner MSS., The, 192 Taverns and Alehouses, 1 00, 101,1 28, 130, 148, 149,151 JfTaylor, Jeremy, 96, 108, 115, 189 193 JTENISON (Abp.), 160 Ten-ae Filiue, 166, 187 Teynton, 6 f Thomas, John, 189 tThompsou, F., 83 4:Thornhill, Sir J., 9, 170, 171, 180, 201, 213 f Throgmonon, George, 49 JfTiudal, M., 156, 174-176, 187 " Tiudallites," 175 JTILLOTSON (Abp.), 159 Tingswick Inn, 5 Tomb of the Founder, 9, 14, 64 110, 139, 193 fTomkius, Mr., 153 Tonbridge Grammar School, 81, 82 *Tracy, John, Viscount, 177, 190 :J:tlrevor Richard, 189 Trinity Hall (Cambridge), 172 (see also Lloyd, N.) fTrumbull, Sir W., 133, 163 Tryng, 35 Typus CoUegil, The, 72, 127 •f-Twysden, Charies, 90 Under Butler, The, 20, 103 Undergraduates (in All Souls), 23, 81, 196, 197, 202-204,207 University College, 45, 82, 83 Upchurch, 16 JfVAUGHAN, Sir C, 189 Vaughan,John, 11 Veto (Warden's), 129, 145, 146, 147, 164, 167 Viner, Mr., 192 Vinerian Chair of iLaw, 186, 192, 207 Vinerian Reader, 207 Visitations (Archiepiscopal), 55, 77, 161, 166 Visitations (Parliamentary), 12 1-138 Visitor, The, 19, 24, 68, 60, 63, 80, 84, 108, 145, 146, 167, 178, 186, 196 JWAKE (Abp.), 161, 167, 168, 183 Walker, Obadiah, 174 Walmsley, Chief Justice, 98 Walpole, H., 182, 183 Walsingham, Sir F., 85, 88 t Watson, D., 156 fVVatson, J., 67, 89 Warden, The, 18-21,43, 48 Warden's Quadrangle, 12, 62, JWARHAM (Abp.), 35, 42 §*Wamer, John, 11, 12, 32, 35, 81, 52, 64, 64, 66, 67, 68, 80, 141, 210 §tWebb, J., 170 Weedou Tinkeney, 16 Wenflete, William, 16 fWenman, Dr. F., 37, 124, 140, 190, 221 Westminster, 40 :{:t Weston, Lord, 89 Whadborough, 16, 85, 98 Wharton, Duke of, 181, 190 W^harton BuUdings, The, 181 +WHITGIFT (Abp.), 56, 88, 66, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 83, 86, 87, 89, 134, 202 White, Sir J., 6 Wilberforce, S. (Honorary Fellow), 199 fWilles, T., 90 fWilles, Sir J., 189, 213 William IIL, 133, 169 WiUiam of Wykeham, 1, 22 fWilliams, John, 76, 89 Williamson, Sir J., 142 fWillis, R., 180 Winchester, 1 Winchester, Bishop of, 86 Windsor, 7, 31, 33, 40 ^34 INDEX Wood, Anthony, 11, 34, 39, 49, 50, 63, 61, 62, 63, 67, 76, 83, 101, 102, 117, 122, 124, 126, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 138, 141, 148, 151, 152, 163, 167, 158, 174 tWood, Henry, 73 Wood's Case, 167, 168, 183 Woodstock, 39, •Woodward, H., 49 Worcester College, 168 fWraby, John, 7 J§tWren, Sir Christopher, 96, 129, 130, 131, 140, 143, 148, 173, 180, 193, 216 Wren Drawings, The, 130, 171, 216 Wright, Dr., 56 "Teo, Sir," 105 JtYoung, Edward, 169, 189 Printed by Ballantvne, Hanson &* Co. London &* Edinburgh April i8gg SOME BOOKS PUBLISHED BY F. E. 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