UC-NRLF EXCHANGE BY WILLIAM CHARLES HILMER tjni Cf)e 3^tme in g)tj)tUer's BY WILLIAM CHARLES HILMER B. A. German Wallace College, 1899 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In German In the Graduate School of the UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS CINCINNATI PRESS OF JENNINGS AND GRAHAM 1911 PREFACE As a basis for my investigation of the rime in Schiller's poems, I have used Goedeke's Historisch- kritische Ausgabe of 1 87 1. In this edition Schiller's "Jugendversuche" are arranged chronologically in the first volume. Volume eleven contains a similar arrangement of all poems from 1794 to 1805, while the intervening volumes contain, though scattered, the poems written during the time generally desig- nated as the second period. Goedeke gives a complete text of all authentic poems with all variant readings, so that by means of these practically all previous editions can be en- tirely reconstructed. It seems advisable for my purpose to retain the generally adopted plan of recognizing three periods in the poet's works (see page 13). His works and his life during these respective periods are so very closely knit together, that each period is an integral unit in itself. For this reason, it is not wise to shift the lines of demarcation between the periods, even though it might be more convenient to do so in the present study. By actual count we find that Schiller used 2305 rimes in the first period. The poems in which these occur are contained in Goedeke, volumes I, II, III, and IV to page 20. The poems of the second period comprise 2120 rimes. These poems we find in Goedeke, volume IV, page 21, to volume XI, page 96. 3 251828 PREFACE The poems of the third period, found in Goedeke, volume XI, page 97, to the end of volume XV, contain 2277 rimes. In the citation of impure rimes, reference is made to the text in each case as follows: I, 48, equals volume I, page 48, in like manner VI, 54. By means of these divisions we can easily group together all impure rimes belonging to each period, since we have definitely determined the volumes and pages constituting the limits of each period. Then, since each period represents a certain num- ber of rimes actually used, a comparison showing the decrease in the number of imperfect rimes from one period to another is easily made. It would be presumptuous for me to claim that my list of rime imperfections is absolutely exhaust- ive. But I do claim to have covered the ground carefully and noted every instance that came to my attention, except the a: e rime, which phonetically approaches perfection, also in the "Schriftsprache." Though this type is discussed and many cases of its occurrence quoted in a later chapter, no complete list of all cases is given. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 7 I. Vowels Riming with Vowels 15 1. Short a with long a 16 2. Short e with long e 19 3. Short i with long i 20 4. Short with long 21 5. Short u with long u 22 6. e with i 23 7. with w 24 11. Pure Vowels Riming with Umlauts 26 1. Short d : short e, long « : long e, long <2 : short e 27 2. a. with short or long l 29 3. Short : short e, long : long e, long : short e 30 4. Long with short i, long with long f 34 5. Short u with short e, long i/ with long e 34 6. Short u : short i, long m : long i, long w : short i 35 III. Umlauts Riming with Umlauts. ... 46 1. Short a with short '6, long a with long 47 2. Short a w^ith short «^ long a with long w 48 5 CONTENTS IV. Diphthongs. 1. ai riming with eu 50 2. ai riming with au 50 3. ei riming with eu 51 4. ei riming with au 53 V. Consonants. 1. d riming with / 56 2. ff riming with k 60 3. s riming with ss 60 VI. Rimes Impure in Vowels and Conso- nants (doppelt unrein) 65 VII. Full Rimes (Reiche Reime) 68 VIII. The Waning of Swabian Influence AND the Resulting Improvement in Rime 71 IX. Schiller's Revision of Earlier Poems 85 INTRODUCTION When Schiller first began to write poetry, his theoretical knowledge of versification was extremely limited. Even as late as 1795 he writes to Hum- boldt:^ "Ich bin der roheste Empiriker im Vers- bau, denn auszer Moritz' kleiner Schrift iiber Pro- sodie erinnere ich mich auch gar nichts, selbst nicht auf Schulen dariiber gelesen zu haben." As it ap- pears, the only influence this essay had on Schiller, was to strengthen his preference for the rime, and we dare say it was fortunate that he was left to follow his innate feeling for rythm, which remained unspoiled by the teachings of ancient Metrics. We shall judge more kindly as well as more in- telligently, the imperfections of his "Jugendver- suche", at least, when we recall conditions in gen- eral and his own immediate surroundings in par- ticular. The fifteenth and sixteenth century presents great confusion in the field of German metrics. Verses were commonly written only by means of counting syllables, regardless of any other regulations. Martin Opitz put an end to the existing confu- sion by establishing definite rules for versification in his Buck von der deutschen Poeterey, 1624. This marks the birth of a new period in German poetry. Instead of counting the syllables he introduced the versification according to accent and stress. ^ Brief wechsel zwischen Schiller u. Humboldt, Stuttgart, 1893, S. 202. INTRODUCTION What concerns us, however, here chiefly, is the early conception of the nature of the rime and its development before Schiller's time. Rudolf Hildebrand^ maintains, that, to secure a perfect rime not only similarity in the riming syl- lables is essential, but also dissimilarity, i. e., simi- larity in the stressed and rimed vowels, but dissimi larity in the consonants preceding the rime vowel He furthermore insists that the beauty of the rime grows in proportion as this dissimilarity increases. He tests his own statement in the following man- ner : Which rime do you prefer ? Kreis — Greis or Gleis — Greis. He says the answer is always in favor of the latter, simply because the difference preceding the rime vowel is greater in Gleis — Greis than it is in Kreis — Greis., The same thing will be increasingly apparent in rimes like: tragen — ragen, bringen — dringen, Kranz — Glanz, blau — grau, Stein — Rhein, etc. Thus we see that the true artistic beauty of the rime develops out of con- cord and discord. Opitz well understood this essential and expressed it as follows ( Poeterey, chapter 7 ) : "Ueber disz, die letzte Sylbe in den mannlichen und letzten swo in den weiblichen Reimen soUen nicht in alien Buchstaben gleich sein, als in einem weiblichen Reim: Wir sollen Fremdlingen gar billig Ehr erzeigen, Und so viel moglich ist, ein willig Hertze zeigen.'* Schottelius^ gives expression to the same thought: "Die Reimung besteht eigentlich nur recht darin, 1 Beitrage sum deutschen Unterricht, Leipzig, 1897, p. 172 ff. 2 Ausfiihrliche Arbeit von der Deutschen Hauptsprache, Braun- schweig, 1663, S. 860. 8 INTRODUCTION wenn der Reimlaut vornan (vor sich) die Mit- lautern verandert. Also wenn man sagt: Land, Hand, Band, Brand, etc." August Buchner, a friend of Opitz, agrees to the same idea in his Anleitung zur Deutschen Poeterey.^ Independently of Opitz, Christian Weise^ estab- lishes the same principle : "Vor eins sieht man zwar auf die Syllben, die einen gleichen Ton von sich geben, doch der erste Buchstabe vor der Syllbe musz anders sein." From these references we see that the real essen- tials of the rime were fully understood during the seventeenth century, though the early eighteenth cen- tury marks a decadence of this clear conception. J. G. Neukirch^ (just one hundred years after the publishing of Opitz' Poeterey) has either for- gotten to express or does not know that the dis- agreement of the consonants preceding the riming syllables is an essential to good rime; for he speaks "von den letzten Sylben, welche auf einen gleichen Klang oder Reim ausgehen." Breitinger^ does not consider it necessary to give a definition of the rime, but simply takes that for granted. Gottsched^ speaks of the rime only as a "Gleich- laut der letzten Sylben in zwoen Zeilen ;" similarly in his Worterbuch der Wissenschaften und freien Kiinste/ the definition of rime is given as "der iiber- 1 Wittenberg, 1665, S. 158. Curiose Gedanken' von Deutsclien Versen, Leipzig, 1893. 3 Anfangsgrilnde zur reinen teutschen Poesie, Halle, 1724, S. 27. 4 Critische Dichtkunst, Zurich, 1740, S. 460. 5 Versuch einer critischen Dichtkunst, 4. Auflage, Leipzig, 1751, s. 75. 6 Leipzig, 1760. INTRODUCTION einstimmende Klang der letzten Sylbe in verschie- denen Zeilen eines Gedichtes." We might continue with similar definitions, but this is sufficient to show the tendency of the eight- eenth century. It is, however, only fair to say that the opinion of writers on this point continues to waver even up to the present time between the clear expression of Opitz and the entire non-committal of Neukirch. The fact that Opitz, in spite of his clear state- ments on the rime, as expressed in his Buck von der deutchen Poeterey, makes use of rimes like : Poeten — von nothen, erhort — lehrt, Freude — Leide, ge- neiget — gezeuget, fiir — dir, etc.,^ brings us to another important phase of the rime, viz.: the pro- nunciation. If Opitz used the above rimes, we may at once conclude that to him e: 6, ei: eu, ii: i were phonetic equivalents, as they were with Saxons and Silesians generally. Then Opitz did only the natural thing, and according to his conception wrote the above as perfect rimes. The same is true of the best German poets. A little incident occurring between Schiller and Biir- ger in 1791 is quite indicative of the general con- ception of the rime at this time. When Schiller in his essay: "iiber Burgers Gedichte" criticised among others the rime bldhn — schon as impure, Burger answered:^ "Der Reim ist freilich nicht ganz rein, aber nicht unreiner als die Reime in i und ii, in ei und eUj die sich unsere correctesten Dichter gestatten," etc. Burger might further have objected ^ Gedichte, Danzig, 1641. '^ Burgers IVerke von Bohtz, Gottingen, 1835, S. 134. 10 INTRODUCTION to this criticism on the ground that Schiller took no notice of the rimes: Lied — Gemiith, schon — gesehn, which occur in the very same poem not far from the rime bldhn — schon. Schiller evidently did not see these imperfections, which to him were phonetically pure rimes. Also Goethe, when he used the rime rother — spdther, thought and spoke these umlauts as phonetic equivalents. When we find that many German poets use these and similar rimes, the reason is not because they imitate their predecessors, but because these rimes are due to the natural pronunciation of the poets. We must therefore judge with moderation the rime imperfections of the young poets. As we have seen, the traditional forms had been abandoned entirely and the forms introduced by Opitz had been developed to a certain perfection, especially during Gellert's time. Goethe also em- ployed these same forms during his earliest period, but with the beginning of the "Storm and Stress" period he broke away from them, as his so-called "free rythms" (Wanderers Sturmlied, etc.) show. Because Schiller possessed a fine instinct for met- rical form even from his early youth, he was not especially impressed by the clamor arising from the Stiirmer and Dranger for freedom from form, but preferred to use and develop the old rimed and rythmical verse. When other poets hesitated to use the rime because it lacked dignity, Schiller showed preference for it and sought to elevate its dignity. When Herder at a later period ridiculed the use of the rime, Schiller quickly declared himself in its II INTRODUCTION favor,^ thereby giving expression to his life-long at- titude toward the rime. We must, however, not infer from this general attitude that Schiller's rimes became gradually faultless; for, aside from his dia- lectic rimes, we shall find many impurities — im- purities of which also many other poets are guilty. If he rimes accented syllables with the unaccented, he takes but the same liberty which Cramer, Gleim, Herder, Klopstock, Wieland, and others accorded to themselves also. In fact we find that the riming of accented with unaccented syllables goes back as far as the Old High German period. If Schiller replaces the rime by assonance, or even dispenses with the agreement of the vowels entirely, we shall find that this was done by Cramer, Schu- bart, and Goethe before him. It is true that Schiller's early rimes contain many imperfections, yet these may be accounted for, in part, by his inexperience as a beginner; in part by the unsettling tendency of the Storm and Stress pe- riod, which he could not escape entirely. But we shall see by careful investigation that the great ma- jority of Schiller's rime imperfections arise from his Swabian pronunciation.^ This is true at least for his early years, before ^Schiller writes to Goethe, June i8, 1798 (Briefwechsel swi- schen Schiller und Goethe, 3. Ausgabe, Stuttgart, 1870, B. I, S. 146) : "Seine (Herders) unversohnliche Feindschaft gegen den Reim ist mir auch viel zu weit getrieben, und was er da- gegen aufbringt, halte ich bei weitem nicht bedeutend genug. Der Ursprung des Reimes mag noch so gemein und unpoetisch sein; man musz sich an den Eindruck halten, den er macht, und dieser laszt sich durch kein Raisonnement wegdisputieren." 2 "Schiller ist besonders in seiner Jugendzeit reich an dialek- tischen und unreinen Reimen. Konsonanten und Vokale hat er gleich wenig beachtet; er reimt Sarge: Marke, Rosen: gegossen, Kiisse: susse, und natiirlich noch anstossender als Goethe, ge- rundete auf nichtgerundete Vokale." (J. Minor — Ein Hand- buck Neuhochdeutscher Metrik, 2. Auflage, Strassburg, 1893, S. 398.) 12 INTRODUCTION education and other re-casting influences from the North could reasonably be expected to affect his na- tive pronunciation. Moreover, it is claimed by care- ful observers that even the best education wall over- come only slowly the dialectical coloring of the speech of the South German. While the imperfections in regard to rime in Schiller's early poems are thereby in no way miti- gated, it is essential to bear in mind the causes from which they arise. We are inclined to judge the poet's early attempts from the standpoint of his highest poetic achievements, losing sight of the fact that he was then a mere beginner. Following Koerner, most of the editors of Schil- ler's works group his poems, as his works in gen- eral, in three periods: The first, usually known as the Storm and Stress period, embraces the years 1 775-1 785. The second period, 1 785-1 795, does not abound so much in poetry as in philosophic and historic writings. In the third period, 1 795-1 805, it was his highest ambition, in common with Goethe, to express the German "Geistes- und Gemiithsleben" in the most perfect forms of classic beauty. • 13 I VOWELS RIMING WITH VOWELS Before entering upon the discussion of pure-vowel rimes in particular, it will be helpful and clarifying to make some general statements with regard to vowel quantity. No fixed and fast rule, which will hold for vowel quantity under all circumstances, regardless of other considerations, can be given. The quantity of a vowel may depend upon its position in the word or upon the position of the word in the sentence. ( Sievers. ) Since the latter half of the fifteenth century a marked tendency toward lengthening the vowel in a stressed syllable is apparent in the Swabian dialect. Kaufifman indicates this in the following manner: MHG. short a becomes long, as: hal, hale from MHG. hal in Widerhall; pracht from MHG. praht, pracht. (Km.^ p. 43.) Short e becomes long ^^ as: her from OHG. beri, beere, Eng. berry; west from OHG. wehsit, wachst. (Km. p. 53.) Short i becomes long i, as: hir from MHG. bir, Birne; kis^ from MHG. kirse, Kirsche. (Km. p. 64.) * Kauffman, Fr. — Geschichte der schwdbischen Mundart im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit, Strassburg, 1890. ^ s has the value of sch. 15 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS Short becomes long o, as: fol from MHG. vol, voll; dochtr from MHG. tochter. (Km. p. 70.) Short u becomes long u, as: dur from Upper Ger. and MHG. dur, durch; suts from MHG. schurz, Schiirze. (Km. p. 74.) From the above examples we must, however, not conclude that all short vowels in the MHG. have been lengthened in the Swabian. Though even here Kauffman maintains that the originial quantity of the vowel was not strictly preserved, but that it suffered a slight lengthening (er "ist um ein mini- mum gelangt worden zur halbkiirze"). In spite of the uncertainty as regards vowel quan- tity, he ventures the following general rule: '*Jeder mhd. ictusvocal hat sich in pausastellung zu iiber- langem vocal entwickelt." It is interesting to notice that within Swabia itself vowel quantity varies with different localities. This is apparent from the pre- dominance of long vowels in the East, and short vowels in the Sduth. I. Short a in rime with long a. Stralet — wallet I, 28 ; stralet had a long root vowel through all the older dialects, and wallet a short one. The a in wallet was probably pro- nounced long by Schiller, according to the Swabian tendency, discussed at the beginning of this chapter. In the neighborhood of nasals, MHG. short a becomes long a nasalized, as: Swabian ndme^ (MHG. name, namme), Ger. Namen; Idjn 1 '*' is the sign of nasal quality. 16 VOWELS RIMING WITH VOWELS (MHG. lam), Eng. lame; kmn for Kamm, Eng. comb. (Km. p. 43.) This fact will account for many of Schiller's short a: long a rimes, since nahm — an, I, 48, be- comes — an; man — Kahn, I, 206, becomes man — ; Zahn — an, I, 207, 208, becomes — an. In Namen — schwamen, I, 2 18, even the orthography indicates that Schiller pronounced schwammen with long root vowel. This case is analogous to kam for Kamm, quoted above. In the following instances, Schaam — schwamm, I, 249, the poet undoubtedly pro- nounced the root vowel of schwamm long, though he conformed to the High German spelling. Zu- sammen — Namen, I, 226, a in zusammen, being the stress vowel, was surely drawn out. Mann — gethan, I, 261, 354, is really equivalent to Man, an. In the rime Fahrt — erstarrt, I, 266, the probabili- ties are that both of these words were spoken short, since the a in erstarrt is short by position, and the a in Fahrt, though long by the presence of the "dehnungs A," is short in MHG. and OHG. vart, O. S. fard. Talisman — Bahn, I, 268. So far as the vowel quantity of this rime is concerned. Talis- man becomes Talisman and agrees with Bahn. Sklaven — Waffen, I, 278, 281. In this combina- tion we are led to believe that Schiller merely em- ployed the modern spelling of Waffen, but pro- nounced the a long, as it is found in the earlier dialects; MHG. wafen, OHG. waffen or wafen, Goth, wepna. Bahn — an, I, 346; IV, 3, becomes Bahn — an. During the second period we again meet with a number of cases where short a becomes long a na- salized: Talisman — gethan, IV, 51; Menschen- 17 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS wahn — an, IV, 26; Dornenbahn — an, IV, 28; Sternenbahn — voran, IV, 51 ; namen — zusammen, IV, 181; an — aufgethan, VI, 22, 32, 357; an — Bahn, VI, 25, 376, 392; XI, 5; kam — schwamm, VI, 268; an — Lebensbahn, VI, 273; Bahn — heran, VI, 370; Bahn — hinan, XI, 6; Mann — gethan, XI, 12, 17; nahm — an, XI, 16; Grab — ab, XI, 18. Since ab is short, and Grab may be either short or long (Muret-Sanders), it is difficult to determine how Schiller pronounced this rime. The MHG. grap and OHG. grab uphold the short a, making a perfect rime in that case without any lengthening. The alternative is to accept Grab with long a as the Swabian form, and then to lengthen ab according to the general principle. Bahn — Ocean, XI, 25. In the third period such rimes occur as follows: Heran — Wahn, XI, 225; an — Zahn, XI, 248, 277; wach — sprach, XI, 262; wach was undoubt- edly lengthened, as customary, to agree with sprach, though the vowel is not nasal. Wahn — an, XI, 264, 289; Plan — an, XI, 279, 297, 356; Kahn — heran, Sinnenwahn — an, XI, 324; an — Bahn, XI, 342, 398; Schlafe — WafiFe, XI, 353. As we have seen above, the a in Wafife was long in earlier dialects, and needs no further discussion here. Kann — bahn, XI, 370; gethan — an, XI, 383, 386. The short a: long a rime occurs sixteen times in the first period, twenty-one times in the second, and seventeen times in the third. 12 of the 16 cases in the first period, 20 of the 21 cases in the second period, and 15 of the 17 cases in the third period are of the short-a-becoming-long-a-nasalized type. The 18 VOWELS RIMING WITH VOWELS fact that this type is found 47 times, while all other forms combined occur only 7 times, is strong evi- dence that the lengthening of a before nasals is more pronounced than in other combinations. 2. Short e in rime with long e. Gebete — Wette, I, 193; Toilette — Gebete, I, 234 ; Welt — gefehlt, IV, 22 ; Haymarket — Poet, XI, 19; Bret (Brett) —vergeht, XI, 362. The instances where short e rimes with long e are very rare and in themselves quite odd. It seems hardly advisable to try to explain them by the lengthening of short e in the Swabian, for it is very difficult to formulate any rule concerning the de- velopment of MHG. e. "In den Entsprechungen fiir mhd. e ( — idg. e) herrscht in den Mundarten durchaus keine Einheitlichkeit." (Km. p. 58.) The use of the English word Haymarket arrests our attention, I therefore quote the connection in which it occurs, in the poem: Pegasus in der Dienst- barkeit. Auf einem Pferdemarkt — vielleicht zu Haymarket, Wo andre Dinge noch in Waare sich verwandeln, Bracht' einst ein hungriger Poet Der Musen Rosz, es zu verhandeln. Viehoff^ makes the following comment on these lines: "Haymarket, ein Flecken in England, ist gut gewahlt, da dort noch 'andre Dinge' edler Art, namlich Weiber, sich in Waare verwandeln. Nach einem uralten Recht darf dort jeder sein Weib, wenn es die eheliche Treue verletzte, an einem ^ Schillers Gedichte erklart unci erldutert, Heinrich Viehoff, 7. Auflage, Stuttgart, 1895, Band II, Seite 19. 19 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS Strick zum Markt fiihren and zum Verkauf aus- setzen." The word Haymarket is borrowed from the English, and it is quite evident that Schiller had no adequate pronunciation of the word. For, if he had, it would have seemed quite impossible for him to attempt a rime between Haymarket and Poet. He doubtless pronounced the word accord- ing to the French, which places the accent on the final syllable, thereby making the rime between Haymarket and Poet perfect in accent, though not in vowel quantity. 3. Short i in rime with long i (ie). During the first period : Gewinnst — Dienst, I, 193; hin — einzuziehn, I, 207; Lichteskonigin — ziehn, I, 219; entziffert — geliefert, I, 270; risz — stiesz — hiesz, I, 3CX); mit — versieht, I, 308; lief — begriff, I, 340; entgegenfliehn — hin, III, 167; geniessen — missen. III, 168; Sanherib — trieb, III, 173; lieszt — ist, III, 174; bist — siehst, IV, II. Second period : ihn — dahin, IV, 26 ; VI, 273 ; Berlin — Schlaferin, VI, 29; nachzukriechen — entwichen, VI, 32 ; entrissen — einzuschlieszen, VI, 389; verhiesz — entrisz, VI, 396. Third period : rief — Felsenriff, XI, 224; hin — ihn, XI, 233, 346; ist — sprieszt, XI, 235; hin — fliehn, XI, 351; Gewinst — Dienst, XI, 385. As we have seen,^ it is a Swabian tendency to lengthen short vowels under stress. This fact ap- pears also from Schiller's own orthography in the following words, which are always pronounced short and spelled accordingly, while with his spell- 1 See page 15 ff. 20 VOWELS RIMING WITH VOWELS ing they could have been long only. They are: gieng — hieng, I, 309; Umfieng — hieng, I, 310. Now, this added evidence for general lengthening would not be so convincing if he had employed the spelling for the sake of the rime. Since, however, both words in the rime are short in High German, he could have had no other reason for this spell- ing than his natural pronunciation. For this rea- son, then, he rimes words like: risz — stiesz, hin — fiiehn, etc. The short i long i rime occurs twelve times in the first period, and six times in each of the other two, showing a steady decrease throughout, when we bear in mind the fact that fewer rimes were written during the second period than either of the other two. 4. Short o in rime with long o. First period: Zofen — hoften, I, 193; Gott — droht, I, 244; Morgenroth — Gott, I, 218; Gott — Fliigelbot, I, 256; grosz — Rosz, I, 351. Second period : flosz — los, IV, 25 ; Rosz — riesengrosz, VI, 353, 355; Geschosz — bewegungs- los, VI, 356; genossen — stoszen, VI, 359; Sohn — davon, VI, 389; Gott — Gebot, XI, 4. Third period: hoch — doch, XI, 213; los — Geschosz, XI, 277; Rosz — blosz, XI, 280; Gott — Machtgebot, XI, 297, 299; Sohn — davon, XI, 326; Hellespont — wohnt, XI, 338; los — gosz, XI, 361; flosz — Schoosz, XI, 381; Gebot — Sonnengott, XI, 388. If we bear in mind that the vowel 0, under stress, is the one lengthened, then all but two of the above rimes are accounted for ; these are Helles- THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS pont — wohnt and Gebot — Sonnengott. The ir- regularity here consists in the fact that the syllables -pont and -gott, which should be lengthened, are not under primary stress. The fact that Schiller uses the short o long o rime with increasing frequency, and twice as often in the third period as in the first, though only 22 times in all, indicates that he did not especially try to avoid it, although it never became frequent with him. 5. Short u in rime v^^ith long u. First period: Rekrouten — Kutten, I, 894; wohlgemut — Schutt, I, 269. There is only one case of short ii in rime with long ii, Kiissen — biiszen, I, 246. Second period : Flusz — Fusz, VI, 9 ; Ueber- flusze — Grusze, VI, 2 ; Verflossen — Groszen, VI, 266; Flucht — sucht (suchen), VI, 404. Third period: Bibelbuch — Spruch, XI, 218; sucht (suchen) — Frucht, XI, 242; Fusz — musz, XI, 245 ; herum — Heiligtum, XI, 283 ; Heilig- tum — um, XI, 279; Fusz — Flusz, XI, 381. In the above rimes the principle of lengthening a short vowel under stress has played an impor- tant part, for several of the forms can be explained in that way only. Kutten, kiissen, Spruch, um, herum, Frucht are short and must have been length- ened according to the Swabian custom. In fact Kauffman (p. 74) gives Frucht (Lat. fructus) as one of the examples upholding the theory of vowel lengthening. As is apparent from the above list, the short u long u type is not very largely represented in Schil- ler's poems. 22 VOWELS RIMING WITH VOWELS 6. e in rime with i. First period: mir — daher, I, 218; Gesinnungen — Ihn, I, 292. This is one of the instances where an inflected polysyllabic is rimed with a monosyl- labic. The polysyllabic naturally does not lay pri- mary stress on the inflectional ending, but on the stem. Thus it becomes necessary to rime the in- flected syllable under secondary stress with the monosyllabic under primary stress. This type of rimes dates back as far as Otfried, where we find syllables under secondary stress rimed with those under either primary or secondary stress. Many^ poets since then, including Schiller, have employed the same rime-scheme. Finden — wenden, I, 305 ; sehn — dahin, I, 311; Verschwender — minder, sinken — erhenken, I, 247 ; hin — sehn, I, 256; hin — Seufzergen, I, 293; verschwinden — enden, I, 266 ; Siinderin — gesehn, I, 298; finden — einzusenden, I, 400; Dingel — Bengel, I, 352; Aszyrien — Konigin, III, 174; Winke — Geschenke, III, 176; schwinden — enden, IV, 13. Second period: Verdienst — kennst, IV, 181. Third period : Gottin — Geliebten, XI, 342. ^ So wird man namentlich bei J. A. Cramer, Gleim, Gotz und Herder in vielen Gedichten neben Reimen wie sterbliche : eh; Hcrr: ziirtlicher; allgewaltiger : hieher ; denn : zufriedenen wohl noch ofter Gebande finden wie kletterte : Hiichtige ; fer tiger : dhn- licher; traurigen : frohlichen ; Diogenes : weniges ; Grazien : Got- terchen. Auch Uz ("An Chloen" im i. B. der Oden), Klopstock (in den geistlichen Liedern, 7, 86), Chr. F. Weisse (kl. lyr. Ge- dichte 3, 27; 61), J. G. Jacobi (sammtliche Werke i, 25; 28; 33; 63; 2, 57). Wieland (21, 239), Voss (Ausg. von 1835; S. 154; 210; 257; 287), Bockingk (Gedichte 2, 167; 3, 90; 97), Gotter (Gedichte i, 16; 18; 99; 103), Schiller in seinen jiingeren Jahren (i. 3; 31 f; 3. 399; 402; 408) u. Andere haben sich mehr oder weniger oft Reime der einen oder der anderen Art erlaubt. (August Koberstein — Grundriss der Geschichte der Deutschen Nationalliteratur. Fiinfte Auflage von Bartsch, B. Ill, Leipzig 1872, S. 249.) 23 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS At this point an important Swabian peculiarity must be mentioned. It is the fact that i, e, and o before nasals rime with each other; not only that, but what applies here especially, that i before nasals becomes e^ nasalized. For this reason Schiller called his sister Christophine — Fenej^ and his mother writes as she speaks: ich ben^ for ich bin. In explanation of the rime mir — daher, we must notice that Swabian i before r in "Pausa- sellung" becomes ia, as in mir, wir, dir, which are really equivalent to miar, wiar, diar, (Km. p. 65). By this process we see that the Swabian pronunci- ation of mir and daher closely approach each other. All other rimes in this group are of the en-in type, which have been explained with regard to vowel quality. The tendency with regard to vowel quantity has been sufficiently established. It is quite striking that Schiller uses this rime fifteen times in the first period, but only once in the second and once in the third. This seems to indicate that he early became aware of its imper- fection, and abandoned it; because it must have been especially objectionable to the North German, who makes a clear distinction between in and en. 7. o in rime with u. nun — Lohn, I, 130; Monde — Elisiumssekunde, I, 225; dumm — Diplom, I, 243; Monde — Bunde, I, 181; Monde — Honigmunde, I, 188; nun — Orgelton, I, 217 ; Strom — Elisium, I, 255 ; nun — Eisenthron, I, 257; Blume — Glanzfantome, I, 259; brummen — durchkommen, I, 270; umsonst — Brunst, I, 278 ; Mond — Erdenrund, Will- ^ Kauffmann p. 63. ' Minor p. 398. ^ Goedeke I, 383. 24 VOWELS RIMING WITH VOWELS komm — herum, I, 353 ; bekommt — unangebrummt, III, 172. The 0: u rime seems to be about as common and as generally used by Swabian poets as the i:e:o^ rimes. Its use is justified by the following facts: Before nasals the Swabian u drops to 0^ and becomes nasal. There are many proofs of this difference between the Swabian and the High Ger- man. For example : gefonden, bronnen, gonst, komer, kontschaft, kromm^ etc. These and other forms occur frequently, and are traced back to early writings. All of the fourteen occurrences are found in Schiller's "Jugendversuche" and are of the o'.u^rnasal becomes 0:0 nasal type. But gen- eral as this type was, and had been, Schiller must have recognized it as purely Swabian, for he aban- doned it entirely after the first period. ^ Minor p. 398. - KauflFman p. 74. ^ Zimmerische Chronik (Km. p. 75). 25 II PURE VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS Hildebrand^ (p. 353) gives an account of the pronunciation of umlauts in Saxony, which is of particular importance at this point of our investi- gation, since the chief northern influence on Schiller came from Saxony. He says: "Die Sprache der Gebildeten hatte kein wirkliches b, ii, eu, sondern e, h eij oder ai dafiir. Die deutsche Treue ward mit swei ei gesprochen, ebenso der Freibeuter, di^ hochste Schonheit mit zwei e, Gottes Giite mit und i, u. s. w. Und nicht nur die kleinen Burger etwa sprachen so, sondern ebensogut die gebildeten Kaufleute, Buchhandler u. s. w., ja der Prediger auf der Kanzel, die Professoren auf dem Katheder, die Lehrer in der Schule." Hildebrand personally remembers a lecture on Goethe's Gotz, in w^hich the speaker was well aware of the quick succession of the two 6's, but was unable to pronounce them, for he said: Gethe's Getz. Although Opitz in his "Poeterei" gives some definite rules regarding pure rime, even he sur- prises us with the following combinations : horen — verkehren, fiir — dir, Poeten — von nothen, Freude — Leide, and many similar words, showing that to him they were phonetically pure. ^ Beitiage zum deut. Unterricht, Leipzig, 1897. 26 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS Now the question arises, were Schiller and Goethe exceptions to this generally prevalent pro- nunciation? They were not. How could they have been ? This is sufficiently apparent from their rimes : o — e, 6 — ii, eu — ei, ii — ij and many others. The people of Weimar, speaking of their great poet, called him Gehde. Now, in continuing the study of the various combinations, we have: I. a in rime with e. There really seems to be no need for calling at- tention to this rime. Modern German, as ordi- narily spoken, would make no distinction in the pronunciation of the riming words in this chapter, although, if each vowel were taken by itself alone, a distinction would easily be made between the « and e. Even in the fifteenth century we meet with rimes like her — war, beger — war, lar — her, indicat- ing that a and e must have been pronounced alike, or at least as closely approaching each other. a) short ii: short e rimes: Denken — ertranken, I, 128; Bette — Stadte, I, 299; himmelwarts — Herz, I, 46, 128; laszt — fest, I, 178; Wetter — Vatter, I, 179; attention must be called to the form Fatter. From Goedeke's text we should conclude at once that it is a cor- ruption for Fetter, creating an imperfection where none was necessary. This opinion must, however, be modified when we see that three texts^ agree * Hoffmann's Nachlese, Boas's Nachtrdge, Boas's Schillers Ju- gendjahre. 27 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS on the form Fater. If Schiller meant Vater, as it seems he did, he was for some reason misled to the use of tt, possibly to make the agreement with Wetter more apparent. In that case it is a rime of short e with long a. schwarmt — lermt, I, 1 86. The spelling lermt^ is incorrect according to our commonly accepted orthography. The Swa- bian spelling according to sound would easily inter- change a and e, since these vowels are constantly rimed in this chapter. Blumenschwelle — Balle, I, 187; Kranze — Lenze, I, 237; Trank — denk, I, 245. To show the setting of these words will be sufficient justification for the rime: Gallopiren auf dem Springer, Reiten ihn zur Trank, Nennen sich gar hohe Sanger - Barden ein'ge, denk! (Die Rache der Musen.) schatze — setze, I, 290 ; Veste — Pallaste, I, 295 ; Welt — fallt ; blattert — geklettert, I, 359 ; sterben — entfarben, XI, 202 ; lebt — grabt, XI, 212, 213 ; erdenken — Schranken, XI, 214; rachen — sprechen, XI, 230. b) Lonff a: long e rimes: Meere — Sphare, I, 30; geht — ersaht, I, 47; Schlagen — entgegen, I, 48; Ehre — ware, I, 51; verweht — ausgesat, I, 179; spahn — drehn, I, 181; stehn — mahn, i, 208; schamen — nehmen, I, 213; Seele — quale, I, 277; gepragt — gelegt, I, 252 ; spahn — gehn, I, 285 ; sehnen — Thranen, I, 288; Zare — Cythere, XI, 4; Speere — Mahre, XI, 232. 1 Though it was used by Luther and his contemporaries. 28 VOWELS RIMING WITH UxMLAUTS c) Long a: short e rimes: Vater — Klaggezeter, I, 130. Koerner, in his 1818 edition, improves this rime by spelling Klag- gezetter with one t, thereby presumably lengthen- ing the preceding e and forming a perfect rime of the d:e class. Heyne (Worterbuch) perfectly jus- tified Koerner's supposed intention by giving the MHG. zeter, zether, and adds the remark that zetter is of dark origin. Schiller must have pro- nounced the e long, though it is really short by position. The Schriftsprache recognizes only the long form, with one t. Herren — wahren, I, 276 ; Gefasze — Messe, XI, 253; Esse — Gefasze, XI, 296. It appears that Schiller uses this long a: short e combination only four times. In each of these cases the vowel e is short by position (followed by ss, tt, rr). By the customary lengthening of the short vowel this combination easily passes with the pre- ceding ones of equal vowel length. But the fact that it occurs only four times, and was rejected after 1799, shows that Schiller considered it im- perfect; but failing to find better terms, he was not willing to sacrifice the sense for the rime. 2. a in rime with i. a) Short a: short i runes: Gesangen — schwingen, I, 27 ; geringe — Ge- sange, I, 27 ; beschimmert — niederdammert, I, 28 ; blinzen — scharwanzen, I, 188. In the lexicons scharwdnzen is spelled with e instead of a, the a form is perhaps one of Schiller's phonetic spellings, springt — hangt, I, 235; Springer — Sanger, I, 29 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS 345 ; Banken — hinken, I, 254 ; Drangen — ein- zuschlingen, I, 281; wimmert — aufgedammert, I, 295; winkt — krankt, I, 309; Sanger — Saiten- schvvinger, I, 351; springen — Gesangen, I, 355; klingt — hangt, III, 167; Finger — Sanger, IV, 17; hangt — singt, IV, 181. b) Long a: long i rime: Trane — Miene, I, 186. As we have seen (p. 24) it is a Swabian tend- ency for i before nasals to become e nasalized. Since in every a: i rime the i is followed by ?n or n, it is safe to infer that it approaches the pho- netic value of e. If that is true, then it reduces the a: i to an ii: e rime, which has been discussed above (p. 27) and dismissed as phonetically ap- proximately pure. Of this combination we find sixteen occurrences, all but one in the "Jugendwerke," showing that Schiller must have found it awkward and ofifensive from the standpoint of the Schriftsprache. 3. o in rime with e. Here we have a number of combinations differ- ing with regard to vowel quantity, which may be grouped in the following manner: a) Short 0: short e rimes: In the first period: Gotter — Erretter, I, 127; Holle — Stelle, I, 227 ; HoUe — Freudenquelle, I, 228 ; Silberhorner — gerner, I, 244 ; Quelle — Holle, Gottern — klettern, I, 228 ; schmettern — vergottern, I, 342; Schlosser — Presser, I, 344; geklettert — vergottert, I, 359 ; selber — Gewol- 30 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS ber, I, 243. Gewolber commonly appears as a sec- ond declension noun. Whether Schiller had any other reason for using this form than a desire to rime it with selber, is not apparent. Vetter — Cot- ter, III, 171; wekt — schrokt. III, 175. Why Schiller should employ this impossible spelling for schrecken is not imaginable, unless it was caused by attraction to some other similar form which is not used here. Though the rime may have seemed good to him, it might have been made perfect by merely following the regular orthography. The second period Gotter — Retter, IV, 28 ; XI, 8; gegonnt — brennt, IV, 29; Tochter — Ge- schlechter, VI, 371; Wetter — Gotter, VI, 372; erhort — werth, VI, 379 ; Holle — Stelle, VI, 407 ; Holle — Schwelle, VI, 408 ; helfe — zwolfe, XI, 65. Third period : Welle — Holle, XI, 201 ; ge- trennt — vergonnt, XI, 202 ; Kapelle — Holle, XI, 218; Gotter — Retter, XI, 241, 275; Tochter — Geschlechter, XI, 396, 400. b) Long 6: long e rimes: schon — gehn, I, 271; Scene — Sohne, I, 51; Reh — Hoh, I, 197; Seele — Hohle, I, 182; Hohe — Fee, I, 189; sehr — Verhor, I, 193; Floten — Balsambeeten, I, 277 ; Systemen — stromen, I, 285 ; hoher — Seher, I, 287; Konig — wenig, I, 207; hohnt — sehnt, I, 289; Hohen — stehen, I, 219; Zerstorer — leerer, I, 291; reden — von nothen, I, 226; Werth — angehort, I, 255; Donnerhohe — sehe, I, 292 ; Planeten — Morgenrothen, I, 280, 359; Wangenrothe — Tapete, I, 295; Schone — Blumenscene, I, 308 ; Sehne — Angstgestohne, I, 31 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS 299; Gelehrten — schworten, III, 173. Schworen here occurs as a weak verb, which is rarely used. Second period: wiederkehren — storen,, IV, 46; hoher — Seher, IV, 50 ; Sarazenen — Weibersoh- nen, VI, 5 ; Hohen — erstehen, Schone — Athene, VI, 272 ; gewehrt — aufgestort, VI, 349 ; gehoren — entehren, VI, 350, 353 ; losen — gewesen, VI, 353 ; Hohen — geschehen, VI, 360 ; beiszustehn — erhohn, VI, 368 ; erhoren — mehren, VI, 377 ; wehn — Hohn, VI, 381 ; sehen — Hohen, VI, 382 ; Hohn — stehn, VI, 387 ; sehen — Hohen, VI, 398 ; XI, 31 ; Hohn — See'n, VI, 397 ; Hohen — Flehen, VI, 415; Hohn — untergehn, XI, 7; Wesen — Losen, XI, 15; Hohen — Lehen, XI, 63. Third period: Hohen — ungeschehen, XI, 210; Hoh — See, XI, 220, 343, 345, 351; zuruckge- kehrt — gehort, XI, 222 ; Wasserhohle — Seele, XI, 223 ; Rede — Oede, XI, 225 ; herzbethorend — verzehrend, XI, 244; Hohen — wehen, XI, 293, 312; Hohn — geschehn, Flehen — Hohen, XI, 295; Hohn — stehn, XI, 307, 402; Scene — Tone, XI, 324; ergehen — Hohen, XI, 354, 402; erhoren — Meeren, XI, 343 ; Hohlen — beseelen, XI, 356 ; erhoret — geehret, XI, 385 ; untergehen — Himmelshohen, XI, 392. c) Long 6: short e rimes: niederstromt — iiberschwemmt, I, 47 ; Welt — ausgehohlt, I, 269 ; stoszt — fest, I, 342 ; besten — trosten, XI, 320. d) Short 6: long e rimes: edelster — gottlichster, VI, 27. Minor (p. 398) calls attention to the fact that Swabian poets commonly used the rime 0; e, as, 32 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS Hohn — geschehn, HoUe — Stelle, etc., and Schil- ler was no exception, though his contemporary, of whom Goethe says: "nur ein Wieland sollte reimen," avoided it. The short rime occurs ten times in the "Jugend- werke" and nine times after the year 1782. The long rime is somewhat more common. It is found twenty times in the "Jugendwerke," and later twenty-six times. From this it would appear that Schiller saw no reason, even after he had come under the influence of the Middle German and had made considerable advancement in matters of form, why he should not use this rime. The early im- pressions which he received proved a lasting in- fluence. But it must be remembered that in the Saxon and Thiiringian dialects is commonly pro- nounced as an unrounded vowel. And that, there- fore, the influence of these dialects upon Schiller was in this instance not a corrective. However pardonable his use of this rime may be, the long 6 : short e rime is bad, as all other rimes between long and short vowels are. Schiller must have realized this, for he uses it only four times in his "Jugendwerke," and once afterwards. We must, of course, take for granted that the general lengthening^ was applied to all these short vowels, but even then the ; e rime remains ofiEensive to the ear of the cultured North German, and doubly so if the vowel quantities do not coincide. 1 See page 15 ff. 33 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS 4. o in rime with i. a) Long 6 : short i rime: stromen — schwimmen, I, 29. This rime in long short i occurs just once, in the poem "Der Abend," which is among Schiller's earliest attempts in 1776. b) Long 6 : long i rimes: This rime occurs four times, but also in the "Jugendwerke." Minen — Schonen, I, 249 ; Ju- gendschone — Miene, I, 266; Schone — Trauer- miene, I, 298 ; Seraphinen — Harfentonen, I, 359. In this exceptionally small group of ; / rimes, there does not seem to be a predominating attrac- tion of either vowel to the other. Both seem to lose their own value, to meet on neutral grounds at e about midway between and i; for i before nasals becomes e nasalized.^ Then the easily gives way to e/ as in Konig — wenig, Hohn — sehn, Scene — Tone, etc., thus making the rime pure in the dialect. What has been said about the lengthening of short vowels (p. 15 ff) applies also here. Schiller abandoned the use of the ; i rime very early. It occurs only during the first period, five times in all. It seems awkward and inadequate. 5. u in rime with e. Menschen — Wijnschen, I, 107 ; IV, 20, is the only occurrence of the short quantity of these two vowels in rime, while the long vowels occur four times: riihmen — nehmen, I, 213; Scene — Biihne, I, 250, 298; Diademen — riihmen, 8, 341. It has caused much adverse comment that Schiller 1 Page 24. 2 Page 32. 34 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS should rime Menschen with Wiinschen. Especially Schlegel finds it very ridiculous. The Northern Germans can not forgive Schiller for using such rimes. Yet they are justifiable in the Swabian dia- lect, though perhaps used somewhat freely. Fischer^ gives the following forms, which seem to justify Schiller in his use: befiirchten, schwabisch beferchten ; ankiinden, " ankenden ; beriimen, ii like e in legen. Then Schiller's Menschen — Wiinschen, Scene — Biihne, riihmen — nehmen, are quite permissible, though of course, judged from the present standard of German pronunciation, ofiEensive. 6. u in rime with i. Various combinations, as regards quantity, occur under this heading, which may be grouped in the following manner: a) Short u : short i rimes: First period: Himmel — Getiimmel, I, 27, 50; Blik — zuriik, I, 47, 49 ; Entziiken — Bliken — auszudriiken, I, 48; zugeschickt — eingedriickt, I^ 50 ; Gliike — Blike, I, 50 ; Kriikke — Blike, I, 106 ; Blik — zuriik, I, 108; entziiken — Bliken, I, 128; Kinder — Verkiinder, I, 185; Winden — verkiin- den, I, 186; Gifften — Ambradiiften, I, 187; Biichse — Crucifixe, I, I92;wiszt — kiiszt, I, 192; schikt — driikt, I, 194; Schandenliste — Geriiste, I, 194 ; gefiillet — umgetrillet, beriilpet — umge- stilpet, I, 212. In order to emphasize a peculiarity * Schw'dhisches Worterbuch, Tubingen, begun 1901. 35 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS in the last two rimes, which occur twice on the same page, I quote the entire lines: "Manchen Kopf mit Dampf gefiillet,^ Manchen hast du umgetrillet, Manchen klugen Kopf beriilpet, Manchen Magen umgestilpet." The repetition of the same word at the beginning of each line gives a peculiar uniformity and adds force to the verse. But our attention is called in particular to the rime and setting of beriilpet — umgestilpet. This rime would have been decidedly improved if Schiller had used the correct spelling: umgestwlpet. In that case the ii would have given the desired agreement. He may, however, have been attracted by the alternating of ii and i in the last words, therefore sacrificing the correct spelling, in order to preserve this regularity. Ohrgebriimmel — Himmel, I, 213; Wonnefiille — Stille, I, 218; zuriik — Blik, I, 219; richten — fliichten, I, 221; Perille — Gebriille, I, 222. Pe- rillus (pi. Perille) is supposed to have been the first Athenian who was punished for a crime, 560 B. C, by being roasted alive in a brazen bull. fliichten — lichten (-to lift), I, 223; umgerissen — kiissen, I, 226 ; vermisze — kiisze, erblikt — ent- ziikt, Sterbeblik — zuriik, I, 239 ; willst — erfiillst, I> 235 ; Sonnenblik — zuriik, I, 242 ; aufgeschmukt — erblikt, I, 246 ; zuriike — Blike, I, 253 ; zu- ruk — Blik, I, 253, 265, 288, 291, 310, 354; IV, 12; XI, 6, 58; sich — Kiich, I, 257; Gliike — Blike, I, 258; gestiket — geschmiiket, I, 277; Kin- der — Siinder, I, 276 ; entziiket — zerkniket, I, ^The general scheme in this poem is a: a, b:b, c, d:d, e:e, c, etc. 36 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS 264; Augenblike — Bruke, I, 279; Augenblike — zuriike, I, 280; nimmer — Triimmer, I, 281; Briike — erblike, I, 281, 284; Entziiken — Stra- lenblfken, I, 286, 295, 321; IV, 12; abgeknikt — pfliikt, I, 289; Getiimmels — Himmels, I, 290; ist — kiiszt, I, 294, 310; diiften — vergiften, I, 297; Trummer — Schimmer, verblinden — Siinden, I, 298; Kirchhoftstille — Lustgebriille, I, 299; nfken — schmiiken, I, 307; Stille — Hiille, Geklimper — Stiimper, I, 343 ; Gift — Hiift, I, 345 ; entzundet — windet, I, 357; pfliiket — niederbliket, I, 359; Fiirst — wirst, III, 170; Sitzen — spriitzen, IV, 4. Thfs rime was written in 1785, but several years later it appears in the "Prachtausgabe" as: sitzen — sprit zen; indicating that the rime imperfection had come to Schiller's notice and therefore been im- proved, fiillt — stillt, IV, 8; missen^ — Kiissen, Engelblicke — zuriicke, IV, 1 1 . Second period : Gliik — Blik, IV, 25 ; Entziiken — Seelenbliken, IV, 46 ; Sonnenblik — zuriik, IV, 51; schmiicken — Blicken, VI, 20; driicken — Blicken, VI, 21, 404; XI, 3; Stille — Hiille, VI, 24; Blick — zuriik, VI, 26, 268, 279, 365, 381, 419; XI, 6, 58; druckt — angeblickt, VI, 30; Geistesfulle — Stille, VI, 264 ; Geschick — zuruck, VI, 297, 357, 362, 366; umstrickt — entziickt, VI, 269 ; fliichte — Gedichte, VI, 278 ; iiberblicken — biicken, VI, 349; Blicke — Tiicke, VI, 350; Fiirst — wirst, VI, 354; Blicken — zerstiicken, VI, 356; blitzt — schutzt, VI, 358; Sitzen — schiitzen, VI, 364; Gliick — Geschick, VI, 365; verjungt — schwingt, Triimmern — Zimmern, VI, 370; Buben- stiicke — Blicke, VI, 373; ziickt — nickt, Briisten — fristen, VI, 376; Triften — Schwefelduften, 37 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS schmiickt — angeblickt, VI, 379; enthiillt — quillt, VI, 387 ; iiberlisten — riisten, VI, 389 ; BHcken — beriicken, geschmiickt — gestrickt, VI, 491; Him- mel — Getiimmel, VI, 394; Geriichte — Ange- sichte, Blitzen — verspriitzen, finden — griinden, VI, 395; Miitze — Fijrstensitze, VI, 396; BHcken — Biicken, VI, 399, 403; XI, 22; entriickt — blickt, anzukiinden — finden, VI, 399 ; Sterbeblick — zuriick, VI, 4CX); bringt — verjiingt, VI, 401; Blicke — zuriicke, VI, 408; XI, 33, 34; Geriicht — Gesicht, VI, 418; gesticket — geschmiicket, XI, 10; biicken — pfliicken, XI, 11; Felsenrissen — Giissen, XI, 15; Hiitten — Sitten, XI, 16; schmiicken — Biicken, XI, 18; fiillt — iiber- schwillt, XI, 24; Hiitte — Sitte, XI, 33; erschiit- tert — erzittert, XI, 34; Hiille — Wille, XI, 36; Triften — Liiften, XI, 49 ; Pflichten — fliichten, XI, 56; schirmen — stiirmen, XI, 57; fiillen — Willen, XI, 59 ; einzurichten — Friichten, XI, 62. Third period: Friichte — Sonnenlichte, XI, 197 ; verjiingt — springt, verkiindet — findet, XI, 199; entrissen — Fliissen, XI, 200 ; Gliick — Blick, XI, 207, 231, 233, 260, 267, 309; erblickt — driickt, XI, 218; GebruU — still, XI, 226; Hiitte— Mitte, XI, 238 ; Bergesrucken — Biicken, XI, 240 ; sitzen ' — Stutzen, XI, 243; Bruste — Christe,' XI, 253; fiillen — stillen, XI, 254 ; Stille — Hiille, XI, 262 ; Willen — erfiillen, XI, 274, 282; aufgethurmet — schirmet, XI, 276; Christuskinde — Siinde, XI, 279 ; Biicken — schmiicken, XI, 282 ; Sitten — Hutten, XI, 292, 315; Kluften — Triften, XI, 292 ; gefullt — schwillt, schmiicket — blicket, XI, 295 ; griinden — binden, XI, 296 ; Himmel — Ge- tiimmel, wimmern — Triimmern, fluchtet — ge- 38 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS lichtet, XI, 311; gefiillt — vergilt, XI, 312; Schritte — Heimathhiitte, XI, 314; bindet — griin- det, XI, 315; Ewigblinden — ziinden, XI, 318; Gliik — Liebesblik, XI, 320; verschwinden — ent- ziinden, XI, 324; Blicken — Biicken, XI, 333; Griinden — finden, XI, 334; Stille — Hiille, XI, 344; Winden — anziinden, XI, 345; driickt — blickt, XI, 349; Briicke — Augenblicke, XI, 351, 359 ; Spftzen — schiitzen, XI, 352 ; Geschwister — duster, gethurmet — schirmet, XI, 358 ; Sonnen- blfcke — Briicke, XI, 360 ; Geschick — zurijck, XI, 361; Fiille — Stille, Griinde — Priesterbinde, XI, 369; verkiinden — binden, XI, 370; schmiickt — blickt, XI, 371; finden — Siinden, XI, 373; Ge- schick — zuriick, XI, 375 ; Blicken — entziicken, XI, 383 ; Tiicke — Blicke, strickt — hochbegliickt, XI, 392; Blicken — loszudriicken, XI, 403; Ge- schwister — duster, XI, 356. b) Long u : long i (ie) rimes: First period: Gefiihl — Ziel, I, 27, 179; zieren — fiihren, I, 46; Flugeln — spiegeln, I, 47; gliihn — entziehn, I, 48 ; liegen — Vergniigen, Gebiete — Giite, I, 51; siisz — Paradis, I, 107, 180; Hiigel — Ziegel, I, 108; Fiihlen — spielen, I, 129; Niebe- siegten — liigten,^ I, 131; Gewiihl — Lottospiel, ausstaffirt — fiihrt, I, 181 ; Hiigeln — Todesriegeln, I, 182; spielt — fiihlt, I, 187; Furstenspiegel — Flugel, Thier — dafiir, I, 189; Gebliit — flieht, I, 190; gliihn — fliehn, I, 192; riihren — desertieren, I, 194; geniiget — besieget, I, 194; Ungestiim — Serafim, I, 216; zerflieszen — griiszen, I, 220; Fantasie'n — bluhn — verliehn, I, 227 ; Ziigen — ^ An unusual preterite subjunctive form. 39 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS wiegen, I, 228; Briider — wieder, I, 231, 232, 233, 233; Briider — Glieder, I, 233, 279, 282; kniet — entgliiht, bctriigt — wfegt, I, 234; Gefiihl — Won- nespiel, I, 242; driiben — lieben, I, 243; gegliiht — verrieth, I, 249; riechen — Fliichen, I, 253; be- triigen — liegen, bliihn — fortzufiiehn, I, 238; mir — fiir, I, 254; Gefiihl — niederfiel, I, 261; dir — dafiir, I, 264; voriiber — Heber, I, 267; betrii- ben — Ifeben, I, 271, 280; Hute — Gebiete, I, 282; griisen — Paradiesen, I, 283. The spelling griisen for griiszen is surprising and can be ac- counted for in either of two ways. It is possible that the poet was aiming at rime perfection, which was partly accomplished by his peculiar orthography. It is, however, probable that he was not aware of any existing difference between the value of the single s and the ss or sz. This point is discussed later, where the evidence seems to establish the lack of distinction between s, ss and sz as a. fact. Kornerweltgewule — Ziele, I, 285 ; mir — dafiir, I, 187, 310; trubten — Geliebten, I, 288; begriiszt — iiberflieszt, I, 290; liegen — pfliigen, triiben — lieben, I, 297 ; vier — dafiir. Spiel — kiihl, I, 306; Kuhle — Spiele, I, 304; Riegel — Fliigel, I, 281; Ungestiim — ihm, I, 346 ; spriihen — knieen, I, 353 ; kriechen — Fliichen, I, 358 ; voriiber — lieber, III, 164; Vergnugen — Schmiegen, III, 165; Ver- gniigen — wiegen, zuzufliegen — Vergniigen, III, 167; Lieben — iiben. III, 168; Siege — Kriige, III, 173; regieret — heimgefiihret, triibste — Liebste, III, 174; wieder — P'iirstenbriider, IV, i; Spiegel — Hugel, IV, 3 ; Flugel — Spiegel, IV, 7 ; lieber — voriiber, triigen — liegen, liebet — iibet, IV, 9 ; Federkiel — Gefuhl, Thiir — Flugelthier, IV, 17. 40 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS Second period : siisz — Paradies, spielen — f iih- len, IV, 21 ; Engelgiite — Gebiete, IV, 24; wieder — Bruder, abgebluht — flieht, IV, 27 ; Liigen — geschwiegen, IV, 29 ; anzuschlieszen — versiiszen, VI, 2; vergniigen — liegen, VI, 20; XI, 18; re- giertet — fiihrtet, VI, 21; gebieten — hiiten, VI, 22 ; gestiegen — vergniigen, VI, 23 ; Spiegel — Fliigel, VI, 29, 178; Gefiihle — Spiele, VI, 31, 271 ; XI, 15 ; Gefiihlen — spielen, VI, 31, 273 ; XI, 9; liebet — iibet, VI, 264; Spiel — Gefiihl, VI, 270 ; Trieben — iiben, VI, 272 ; Siegen — Vergnii- gen, VI, 273 ; vergniiget — durchflieget, Gefiihle — Harmonienspiele, VI, 277; verlieren — fiihren, VI, 351 ; XI, 55 ; begruszen — schlieszen, VI, 354; Sie- ger — Betriiger, VI, 363 ; Gliedern — Briidern, VI, 366; Thiiren — verlieren, VI, 369; hiiten — bieten, VI, 370; Erkiihnen — verdienen, VI, 373; biiszen — beschlieszen, VI, 375 ; gliiht — flieht, VI, 377; XI, 35; fiigen — liegen, VI, 378; gliihn — fliehn, VI, 380, 405 ; ermiiden — entschieden, VI, 382; Vergniigen — bestiegen, VI, 392; Briider — Gefieder, VI, 394 ; regieren — fiihren, VI, 396 ; umspielen — fiihlen, VI, 401 ; Siegen — triigen, VI, 405; anzubieten — vergiiten, VI, 411; Thiere — fiihre, VI, 416; Befliigelt — spiegelt, Gefiihl — Spiel, VI, 429 ; refiert — gefiihrt, XI, 3 ; Urigestiim — ihm, XI, 15 ; Siege — Liige, XI, 16 ; Gefiihle — Ziele, XI, 35; Ziige — Wiege, XI, 36; Gefiihl — Ziel, XI, 57; Ziele — Miihle, XI, 66. Third period : erschienen — griinen, Spiegel — Fliigel, XI, 199; gliiht — zieht, XI, 201 ; ziehn — gliihn, begriiszen — iiberflieszen, XI, 203 ; flieht — vergliiht, XI, 207 ; liegt — gefiigt, fiihret — regie- ret, XI, 213; Thure — gratulire, XI, 214; befiehlt 41 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS — hinwegspiilt, XI, 222 ; Gefiihl — Spiel, XI, 225 ; driiben — Heben, XI, 238 ; verdient — erkiihnt, XI, 248; bier — fiir, XI, 250; sieht — Gemiitb, XI, 258; geschwiegen — Ziigen, XI, 265; Gefiible — Spiele, XI, 267 ; Briider — nieder, XI, 282 ; Miihe — Knie, XI, 287 ; Griin — ziehn, Hiiter — Ge- bieter, XI, 288 ; geliehn — bliihn, XI, 293 ; Gefiihl — Ziel, XI, 304; zieret — spiiret, XI, 305; flieht — verbliiht, XI, 308; Mitgefiihl — Spiel, XI, 319; umschniirt — ziert, gedient — gegriint, XI, 322 ; miide — Liede, XI, 326 ; zieh'n — entgliih'n, XI, 336; bliihend — ziehend, XI, 337; Zugen — aufgestiegen, XI, 341 ; fliehend — bliihend, XI, 342 ; versiegt — gefiigt, Brudern — Gliedern, XI, 35 1 > 352; Gemiitb — geschieht, XI, 365; Miide — Pelide (Achilles), XI, 368; gliihen — ziehen, XI, 369 ; Gespielen — fiihlen, getriibt — liebt, XI, 371; Spiele — Gewiihle, gluhn — fliehn, XI, 372 ; Gefiihl — Spiel, XI, 374 ; Sieben — iiben, XI, 382; sieht — bliiht, XI, 391; ziemen — riihmen, XI, 392 ; Ziel — Schmerzgefiihl, XI, 395 ; susz — Paradiesz, XI, 396; friih — nie, XI, 399; schiirt — verliert, XI, 401 ; bliihen — ziehen, XI, 402 ; griinen — Ruinen, XI, 413; Gebiet — bliiht, XI, 333 ; begriiszen — flieszen, XI, 362 ; Wessieren — fiihren, XI, 417. A Wessier (English: vizier) is an high official in a Mohammedan country. c) The short ii : long i rime occurs only four times in the second period : Geisterwiirde — Be- gierde, VI, 265 ; Gedankenwiirde — Begierde, VI, 270; Begierde — Biirde, VI, 358; Biirde — Flug- begierde, XI, 20; and once near the close of the third period: Zierde — wiirde, XI, 316. 42 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS d) Long u : short i rimes: First period: Morgenbliith — mit, I, 178; risz — siisz, I, 180 ; Narzissen — Fiiszen, I, 238 ; bluhte — Mitte, I, 263 ; Lowengrimm — Ungestiim, I» 346 ; gliihn — Konigin, I, 28. Second period : bin — Griin, VI, 30 ; gerissen — Fiiszen, VI, 359; fristen — verwusten, VI, 401; bliihn — dahin, XI, 17; Fiissen — wissen, XI, 65. Third period: siisze — wisse, XI, 215; kiihn — bin, XI, 226; griin — bin, XI, 334; dahin — griin, XI, 339; eingebissen — Fiiszen, XI, 354; gerissen — Fiiszen, XI, 385. Fischer designates the exact value of long ii in the Swabian dialect as follows: fiiren, schw. fiere, ie being equivalent to German ie in Dieb. begriissen, schw. begriesse. Bad-kubel, schw. Badkibel. betriigen, schw. eigentlich — ie, etc. In the short vowels the quality is the same, as: Biichsej schw. Biks. Biijfei schw. Bifl. Battel, schw. Bidi. Briiste, schw. Brischte. This last form is inter- esting also because of the value of st, which in this position is equivalent to scht. Also the preceding form Biittel, in which the tt is pronounced as d only. These peculiarities, however, do not affect the ii. As we have seen above, the value of ii in the Swabian is equivalent to i. This, then, practically reduces all combinations in this chapter to i : i 43 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS rimes, and there is no irregularity except the com- bination between the long and short vowels. The following table will show at a glance the relative frequency of the ii : i rime: Rime : Quantity ; ii: I FIRST PERIOD SECOND PERIOD THIRD PERIOD TOTAL w •' *-- 74 73 61 208 — : — 80 57 56 193 '^ : — 4 I 5 — : ■^ 6- 5 6 '7 160 139 124 423 As can be seen by the frequency of its occur- rence, 423 times, the ii : i rime was quite a favorite with Schiller, as it was with other Swabian poets. From a comparison of the three periods in the above tabulation, it is obvious that Schiller never considered the ii : i type a poor rime, though its frequency of occurrence constantly decreases in each succeeding period. Northern influence can not be made responsible in this case for the decreasing fre- quency, since the Saxon and Thiiringian dialects make no distinction between ii and i. The decrease is probably largely due to the poet's growing ability to distinguish between perfect and imperfect rime schemes. The following quotation shows how commonly Schiller used this ii : i combination in his youth, for he wrote the poem containing these lines at the age of eighteen. However oblivious to its imper- 44 VOWELS RIMING WITH UMLAUTS fections he may have been at that time, in later years it is impossible to find consecutive lines with so many occurrences of the ii : i rime: "Ja ruft, mit jauchzendem Getiimmel: Er ists, Er ists, vom hohen Himmel Zum Wonnetag uns zugeschickt: Ihr sahet ihn! welch seltnes Gliike! Wem bleibt nicht jeder seiner Blike Tief in die Seele eingedriikt!" I, 50. ( Schwabisches Magazin, 1777, S. 575-578.) 45 Ill UMLAUT RIMING WITH UM- LAUT After the discussions in the preceding chapter, on pure vowels in rime with umlauts, it becomes a comparatively easy matter to dispose of the um- laut combinations. For, by either single or double substitution, we get rimes similar to those found in chapter II, page 27 fiE. Let us consider, for example, the a: 6 rime. In the Swabian dialect i, e, 6 have practically the same phonetic value, meeting at e. Take, then, Oj which is coupled in rime with e^ as : Gotter — Vetter, schon — gehn, Reh — Hoh, etc. (p. 31). In each of these cases the is phonetically equiva- lent to ej and the words in question are pronounced Getter, schen, Heh.^ Substituting this e for in the a : 6 rime, under present consideration, we get an a : e rime, which has been discussed (Chap. II, p. 27 ff), with the conclusion that it closely ap- proaches phonetic perfection. Vowel quantity may be ignored in the present chapter, for there is no discrepancy with regard to length in this class. ^Hildebrand (p. 353) verifies this statement by calling atten- tion to the fact that the Swabian pronounces hochste SchoHheit with e as the root vowel in both words, likewise Goethes Gotz •as Gehdes Gets, etc. 46 UMLAUT RIMING WITH UMLAUT I. a in rime with o. a) Short a : short 6 rime: The rime in the short vowels occurs seven times, as follows: Geholze — Gewalze, I, 248; geschopfet — abgezapfet, I, 251; blattert — vergottert, I, 359; Verachter — Tochter, III, 9; Rocken — Packen, VI, 29; Gotter — Blatter, XI, 11; Gotzen — Schatzen, XI, 410. b) The long a : long 6 rime occurs thirteen times, as follows: Waisenthrane — Jammertone, XI, 222 ; unter- thanig — Konig, I, 240; XI, 230; Thranen — Silbertonen, I, 262 ; spahte — Morgenrothe, I, 282 ; nahrt — gehort, I, 289 ; hohnen — Thranen, I, 309 ; Konig — unterthanig, III, 168; fahrt — hort, VI, 395 ; Trane — Getone, XI, 46 ; Hohe — Nahe, XI, 197, 278, 403. By the substitution of the phonetic values sug- gested above: blattert — vergottert becomes blattert — verget- tert; Trane — Getone becomes Trane — Getene ; nahrt — gehort becomes nahrt — gehert, etc. This process clearly makes the a : 6 rime identical with the type discussed in Chapter II, i, where the a : e rime is considered pure when the quantity of the riming vowels coincides. The conclusion therefore follows, that the above a :6 rime is to be regarded as pure in Swabian. Its relative frequency of occurrence by periods is as follows: First period, eleven cases; second pe- riod, five cases; and the third period, four; indi- cating a gradual decrease. 47 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS 2. a in rime with ii. We find this combination only twice in the short and once* in the long vowels. Two cases are in the poet's "Jugendwerke," the other early in the second period. Long: Sternenbiihne — Thrane, I, 237. Short: Miinze — Kranze, I, 343; bandigen — siindigen, IV, 25. According to Hildebrand (p. 353) and Fischer the Swabian ii in accented syllables is equivalent to Modern German i. (See p. 43 f.) Chapter II, 6, contains i in rime with ii, in miide — Liede, Tiicke — Blicke, Sitten — Hiitten, etc. Since this ii is equivalent to i, we have the follow- ing values: mide, Ticke, Hitte. If we now sub- stitute this i in the ii : ii rime, we have an H : i rime, which coincides with the type in chapter II, 2, where we have discussed the Swabian tendency of treating i-\-n as e nasal. (Fene for Christophine, etc.) It will now also be noticed that in each of these combinations ( Sternenbihne — Thrane, Minze — Kranze, bandigen — sindigen) the i substituted for ii is followed by n, thereby becoming e nasalized. The rime therefore virtually becomes H : e, which is phonetically pure in the Schriftsprache. If we employ the above process of substitution, Miinze becomes Minze becomes Menze — Krdnze. Sternenbiihne becomes -bihne becomes Sternen- behne — Thrane. bandigen — siindigen becomes sindigen becomes sendigen. Although in this manner the above rimes can be made to appear fairly acceptable in the Swabian 48 UMLAUT RIMING WITH UMLAUT dialect, they can not be justified from the point of view of modern pronunciation and must be rejected from the general point of view as very impure. Schiller must have realized this, for he uses the combination only twice in his "Jugendwerke," and once soon thereafter. 49 IV DIPHTHONGS 1. The ai : eu rime (Freude — Waide, I, 4) occurs only twice. Once in the very first poem written to his parents by Schiller, when but nine years old, under the title "Gedicht zum Neujahr." The second time he uses it in the year preceding his death (1804) in verses occurring in "Wilhelm Tell" (neu — May, XI, 396). Fischer gives the pronunciation of bedeuten as bedeiten, like ei in German Blei. In Beule the diphthong also has the value of ei. From these and similar words it appears that the Swabian pro- nounces eu like i in English mine, German mein. The modern German knows no phonetic differ- ence between ai and ei, as Waisen — weisen. May — dabei, etc. Then, bearing in mind Schiller's nat- ural pronunciation of eu, Freude — Waide, neu — May, were perfect rimes for him, and it is sur- prising that he does not use them oftener. 2. In "Rouszeau," 1782, we find the ai : au' rime, Kraise — Mause, I, 223. Like the Modern German, the Swabian makes no distinction between eu and du. As for example: Die Mduse sind durch das Feuer aus den Hdusern verscheucht worden. The Swabian would say: Die Meise sind duch das Feier aus den Heisern verscheicht worden. 50 DIPHTHONGS 3. ei in rime with eu. First period : schweigen — bezeugen, I, 48 ; weint — Menschenfreund, I, 50; zerstreun — seyn, I, 129; vereint — Freund, I, 133; steigt — fleugt, I, 179; Jugendfreunde — Rosenkleide, I, 180; freute — Geleite, Geist — fleuszt, I, 182 ; Schaarenweis — Prometheus, I, 186; geuszt — reiszt, I, 210; Schleyer — Feuer, I, 217, 234, 287; Seuchen — Reichen, I, 221; Basiliskenpfeile — Krokodilge-' heule, I, 222 ; Meilen — heulen, I, 227 ; Feuer — Leyer, I, 246; Neune — kleine, I, 244; Donnerkeil — Geheul, I, 255 ; beteufeln — verzweffeln, I, 270 ; euch — Fliegenreich, 277 ; Reue — verzeihe, Freude — Eingeweide, I, 278; beugt — neigt, I, 291; Zweifel — Teufel, I, 292 ; Seuchen — schleichen, I, 299 ; iiberschneyt — heut, Schmeicheley — neu, I, 303 ; Freuden — beneiden, freu'n — mein, I, 304, 306; Zeit — heut, I, 306; zwei — treu, euch — Konigreich, vorbei — treu, I, 307 ; Schmeichlern — Heuchlern, I, 308 ; Freude — Leyde, I, 31 1 ; beugen — steigen, I, 314; Donnerkeulen — eilen, I, 321; Freund — Feind, I, 346; ey — nagelneu, I, 349; feyren — Theuren, I, 352 ; freun — Pein, IH, 165 ; seyn — erfreun, IV, 3 ; getreu — vorbei, IV, 9. Second period : geweiht — bereut, IV, 25 ; Freude — weide, IV, 100; feyern — erneuern, VI, 2, 10; sein — freun, VI, 8, 276, 351; Feuer — Leier, VI, 22 ; freuten — Zeiten, VI, 27 ; Beute — vermale- deyte, VI, 30 ; geweiht — gebeut, VI, 267 ; Freuden — weiden, VI, 270; XI, 55; gebeut — Ewigkeit, VI, 274; Reich — euch, VI, 275, 276; Zeit — aus- gestreut, VI, 275; erfreute — Seite, VI, 351; Ge- heule — Beile, VI, 457; schweigen — zeugen, VI, 51 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS 358; Heulen — theilen, Heide — Freude, VI, 361; Beute — Streite, VI, 366 ; fleugt — zeigt, steiget — beuget, VI, 375; Dunkelheit — gebeut, VI, 375; Beyden — Freuden, VI, 379; Schleyer — Feuer, VI, 390; steigen — beugen, VI, 383, 384; geneigt — gezeugt, VI, 386; streun — seyn, VI, 394; be- schleunigt — gepeinigt, VI, 399; beugt — neigt, VI, 408; Beute — Streite, VI, 411; rein — freun, VI, 412; zerstreun — seyn, VI, 414; freun — Gebein, VI, 415; Freuden — Leiden, VI, 417; steigen — Zeugen, VI, 418; gebeut — Streit, VI, 419; scheut — Notwendigkeit, XI, 13; Freund — Feind, XI, 14; scheiden — Freuden, XI, 23, 27; Streit — er- neut, XI, 33 ; erfreut — geweiht, XI, 48 ; euch — Schattenreich, XI, 55; entzweye — Reue, XI, 56; schweigen — Zeugen, XI, 58 ; bleich — euch, Far- benfeuer — Schleier, Leuen — befreyen, XI, 60 ; Scheune — Seine, XI, 62. Third period: Zeus — Reis, XI, 199; Steige — Zeuge, XI, 200 ; Zweigen — Zeugen, XI, 208 ; heut — Zeit, XI, 212; Feier — theuer, XI, 214; steil — Geheul, XI, 220; heulen — Weilen, XI, 222; Leu'n — hinein, XI, 228 ; befreyet — zerstreuet, XI, 231; Neide — Freude, verleyhn — streun, XI, 232 ; Beile — Keule, XI, 235 ; Schweitz — Kreutz, XI, 236 ; euch — gleich, XI, 240 ; Reu — f rei, XI, 245 ; leicht — feucht, XI, 247 ; gebeut — Lustern- heit, XI, 249; weich — euch, XI, 250; bereit — ge- beut, XI, 251 ; verzeiht — gebeut, XI, 254; Zwei- gen — zeugen, XI, 261 ; Leu'n — befrein, XI, 275 ; Beute — Weite, XI, 276 ; Emsigkeit — erneut, XI, 277 ; keuchen — weichen, XI, 279 ; theilet — heulet, XI, 289; befreien — bereuen, XI, 284; gebeut — Zeit, XI, 285; File — Keule, gleich — euch, XI, 52 DIPHTHONGS 287; Zweye — Trcue, XI, 288; beide — Freude, XI, 289; Zeus — Kreis, XI, 299, 340; Scheu — frey, XI, 318; frey — neu, XI, 320; Schmeichel- freunde — Feinde, XI, 327 ; leiten — deuten, XI, 355; freut — Herrlichkeit, XI, 357; schweigen — zeugen, XI, 363; Vergangenheit — streut, XI, 364; Zeiten — bedeuten, XI, 364, 386; Zeus — Sternen- kreis, XI, 365 ; freuten — Zeiten, XI, 366 ; gebeut — Ewigkeit, XI, 375 ; Bliithenzeit — erneut, XI, 377 ; erfreun — Wein, XI, 388 ; Freuden — Leiden, XI, 390; freun — seyn, XI, 392 ; schweigen — zeu- gen, XI, 394; Weite — Beute, erreicht — kreucht, XI, 397; erzeugen — schweigen, XV, 418. The ei: eu rime is quite popular with Schiller. He uses it forty-five times in the first period, fifty- four times in the second, and fifty-four times in the third period, showing that he considered it a good rime. This combination has really been explained under the first case in this chapter. We there tried to show that the phonetic value of eu is ei in the Swabian, and for that reason it rimes with ai. If eu is equivalent to eij then the two terms in the ei : eu type become identical, and hence rime per- fectly. So Schiller used it freely, to the great satis- faction of the Swabian people. This fact, however, makes it by no means a pure rime in the Schrift- sprache. 4. ei in rime with au. First period: traumen — reimen, I, 182; stauben — treiben, I, 183; getraumt — gereimt, gesaugt — steigt, I, 221; Traume — Morgenkeime, I, 226; IV, 6; treibt — straubt, I, 234; Beicht — daucht, I, 257 ; Geschaume — Keime, I, 297 ; Traumen — 53 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS keimen, III, i66; Keimen — Baumen, IV, 3; auf- gehauft — durchschweift, IV, 20. Second period : gestraubt — treibt, VI, 266 ; durcheilen — Saulen, VI, 273 ; Einigkeit — dreut, VI, 274; aufgehaufet — zugereifet, VI, 276; Eile — Saule, VI, 361; gehauft — schleift, VI, 375; weit — draut, VI, 407; umzaunt — scheint, VI, 390; Keimen — Traumen, XI, 23. Third period: Fauste — Geiste, XI, 234; Strauche — Teiche, XI, 235 ; draun — Reihn, XI, 276 ; Lau- fen — greifen, XI, 277 ; weile — Saule, XI, 293 ; eilen — Saulen, XI, 297 ; braunen — erscheinen, XI, 308 ; Feuersaule — Zeile, XI, 311; Gebaude — Weide, XI, 316; gehauft — gereift, XI, 317; Sau- len — weilen, XI, 356; Saulen — heilen, XI, 366; Lorbeerreisern — Hausern, XI, 468 ; Braute — weihte, XI, 371; greifen — haufen, XI, 411. Under cases one and two in this chapter we have seen how ai^ eUj du are placed in rime with each other. Also that there is no distinction in either Swabian or Modern German between ai and ei. Consequently the ei : du combination is analogous to the above types. In fact the entire chapter con- tains nothing, phonetically speaking, but the ai : ei rime, according to the Swabian pronunciation. But according to the High German value all types may be said to be equivalent to the ai : eu type, which is^ of course, impure. From the following table we see that the ei : eu type is far more frequent than any of the others, in fact four times as common as all other types com- bined, occurring 153 times, while other forms are found 39 times. The Modern German ai : eu rime, which is pho- 54 DIPHTHONGS netically equivalent to Swabian ai: ei, occurs in the following types: FIRST PERIOD SECOND PERIOD THIRD PERIOD TOTAL ai :eu ■ I 2 ai :au I I ei :eu 45 54 54 153 ei :au 12 9 15 36 Total 59 63 70 192 In comparing the totals of the three periods, we find that Schiller did not consider it necessary to discontinue the general rime scheme of diphthongs treated in this chapter. It may seem striking that the ei : au form should occure twice as often in the third as in the second period, but this is merely a phonetic variation of the general type of the diph- thongs ei : eu. 55 CONSONANTS Several consonants, which differ slightly in Mod- ern German, are placed in rime by Schiller, regard- less of their differences; i. e., the dentals d and t, the gutturals g and k, the sibilants s, ss, szj are in each case made to rime with each other. I . The general d : t rime clearly consists of two distinct types, d : t medial and d : t final. a) Concerning the d and / in medial position, Kauffman (p. 183) says: "Die stimmlose lenis (d) entspricht mhd. d (aus d) und / (aus d) und wird gesprochen, inlautend: wide^^wtiAc, gulde^=g\i\Atn, fedic h=hrtig, krode=geTa.ten, gelungen," etc. From this statement and many examples that we might collect, we find even by the orthography that the Swabian often uses d medial where the Schrift- sprache uses /. It must be for this reason that Schiller rimes voiceless / with voiced dj as follows: First period: spriihte — miide, I, 191; rathen — laden, I, 193 ; gleichbalden — behalten, I, 208 ; Bote — Tode, I, 230; drunter — wunder, I, 246; Lande — bekannte, I, 256 ; baden — braten, I, 270 ; her- unter — Wunder, I, 272, 280; Advokaten — Wa- den, I, 276; Labyrinthen — winden, I, 281; Ge- biete — Liede, Verbannter — einander, I, 282 ; Klei- der — heiter, I, 47 ; Planeten — reden, I, 296 ; ba- den — Saaten, I, 28 ; Rosenpfaden — Thaten, I, 47 ; ausgebadet — bratet, I, 130; Helden — Welten, I, 56 CONSONANTS 27; vergolden — rollten, I, 180; tandelt — beman- telt, I, 341; Boten — Noten, I, 354; Kleinigkeiten — lelden, III, 167; Gallakleide — reite, III, 173; herunter — Wunder, III, 1 74 ; vergelten — melden, IV, 3 ; ermiidet — briitet, IV, 11; Freude — heute, IV, 14. Second period : vorgeladen — entrathen, IV, 25 ; •soke — Golde, VI, 7 ; abgeschieden — anzubieten, VI, 268; Brautgewande — Unbekannte, VI, 275; Pfaden — errathen, VI, 381 ; zitterten — liebenden, XI, 9. Third period : verodet — getotet, XI, 273 ; oden — Sturmesnothen, XI, 345 ; Norden — Engelspforten, XI, 364; bestreiten — erleiden, XI, 375; Boden — Todten, XI, 391. This type is found twenty-eight times in the first period, six times in the second, and five times in the third. b) Concerning the d and / rimed in final position, Kauffman (p. 189) says: "Tenuis aspirata (th) erscheint auslautend fiir inlautende lenis und fortis." As for example: ^o/=bote, ;w^f/— jugend, oni=und, obet=2htndi, etc. It is relevant to add here that also in Modern German the voiced stops become voiceless in final position. Examples in d and t are: Kind, Land, und. Bad, Lied, Gold, Jagd, Pferd, all of which are pronounced as with final t. We may, therefore, maintain that rimes of this type are phonetically pure, and are consequently em- ployed quite freely by Schiller as well as by Ger- man poets in general. First period: Neid — Liisternheit, I, 211; ausge- spannt — Land, I, 218 ; fort — Mord, I, 229 ; flieht 57 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS — Lied, I, 234; verirrt — wird, I, 246; gerollt — Spiegelgold, I, 253; Tumult — Pult — Schuld, I, 254; Pferd — werth, I, 255; Schild — quillt, I, 264; Ebenbild — quillt, I, 267; Welt — Held, I, 272, 344, 347; unerkannt — Band, I, 289; Bild — quillt, I, 291 ; Feld — Welt, I, 305 ; zieht — Unter- shied, I, 309, 310; wallt — bald, I, 310; Gold — rollt, I, 343 ; quillt — Resenbild, I, 227 ; einge- spannt — Schwanenland, I, 344, 347 ; flammenroth — Tod, I, 358; entquillt — mild, I, 237; bekannt — Land, angestellt — Held, HI, 170; meint — Feind, VI, 4; Held — Unterwelt, IV, 14; bekannt — Band, IV, 20 ; gestillt — Ebenbild, IV, 20. Second period: zieht — Glied, VI, 271; schwillt — Jowisbild, VI, 272; bekannt — stand, VI, 348; unbekannt — Band, VI, 369 ; quillt — mild, VI, 378; Magd — zugesagt, tagt — jagt, VI, 390; Heerd — wiederkehrt, VI, 392; Strand — unbe- kannt, VI, 400; bedroht — Tod, VI, 407; Edelmuth — lud, VI, 414; Wort — Mord, VI, 415; durch- brannt — Hand, VI, 418; Tod — roth, VI, 419; entbrarint — Rand, XI, 20 ; ausgespannt — Hand, XI, 22; ungestillt — Sonnenbild, XI, 25, 29, 32; seyd — Vergangenheit, XI, 56 ; vereint — Feind, XI, 57; alt — Wald, XI, 62, 63; Seelenhirt — wird, XI, 62. Third period: Noth — Tod, XI, 225 ; behend — rennt, XI, 227; schallt — Wald, XI, 231; unbe- kannt — Gewand, XI, 238 ; alsobald — Aufenthalt, XI, 252 ; Ministrant — Hand, XI, 253 ; Gestalt — bald, XI, 272; wuthentbrannt — stand, XI, 280; Ort — Mord, XI, 287 ; schallt — Fichtenwald, ge- wandt — Hand, XI, 297 ; gebrannt — Hand, XI, 305 ; Kind — beginnt, beginnt — pf eilgeschwind, 58 CONSONANTS XI, 307; Gebfet — Lied, XI, 324; Hexengold — zollt, XI, 327; Zufluchtsort — Mord, XI, 332; Gold — rollt, Gottermacht — Jagd, XI, 337 ; Hand — verwandt, XI, 350; bekannt — Menschenhand, XI, 358 ; Welt — Geld, schwiUt — Sonnenbild, XI, 364; Feld — Welt, XI, 366; droht — Tod, XI, 370; Sakrament — behend, XI, 384; Pferd — be- gehrt, XI, 385. The fact that this type is much more common with Schiller than the preceding one is apparent from the following summary: FIRST PERIOD SECOND PERIOD THIRD PEKIO TOTAL 28 6 5 39 31 24 27 82 59 30 32 121 Type rt (d : t medial) Type (5 (d : t final) Total As appears from a comparison of the numbers in the first column, Schiller originally exercised only slight preference between the d : t rimeSj final and medial, in favor of the final. In the second period the choice betwen the d : t final, with twenty- four cases, and the d : t medial, with only six occurrences, becomes very striking. This predominance is even greater in the third period, as comparison shows. It is strikingly apparent from the second and third columns that Schiller early recognized a vast difiEerence as to phonetic value between the d : t rimes, medial and final, accepting what is even to- day considered a good rime, and rejecting almost wholly what is objectionable up to the present time. 59 THE RIME IN SCHILLER'S POEMS The influence of the Middle German acted here as a corrective. 2. g in rime with k. nekt — hegt, I, 178; kek — weg, I, 352; III, 172; Werken — Thatenbergen, I, 179; riikt (riickt) — liigt, I, 191; weg — Spek, I, 212, 212; Schopf- ungswerke — Zwerge, I, 221 ; schwankt — bangt, I, 255; weg — keck, XI, 212, 221. Kauffman (p. 202) points otit that the Swabian pronounces final g as k, and in illustrating this fact he gives the following examples among others: frok^ragt, arek=SiTg, berk—hcTg, sc hie k=schlage, etc. Wehnert (Goethes Reim, p. 43) finds that Goethe knows of no such rime as g ; k, "von deren gleicher Aussprache nur der Oberdeutsche weiss; wie wir denn solche Reime in Menge von Schiller her kennen." In speaking of the "Menge" of such rimes, he must have in mind Schiller's entire works, or else he is mistaken, for this rime occurs only eleven times in the poems. The indications are that this combination seemed quite acceptable to Schiller in his youth, before northern influences affected him; but in the third period only one of the formerly used rimes is found, and that occurs only twice, while in the second pe- riod this rime is entirely wanting. 3. s in rime with ss or sz. Modern critics on versification generally agree that the s : ss rime is impure, for the High German makes a clear distinction between voiceless ss (fas- sen) and voiced s (blasen). This combination was 60 CONSONANTS not ' generally accepted during the eighteenth cen- tury, although employed occasionally by some poets. Burger {Grisebach, p. 428) says: "Sehr unrein und widerwartig sind das gelinde s auf das scharfe ssj wenn ein Vokel darauf folgt." The general at- titude toward this consonant combination may be inferred from poets like Canitz, Gellert, Gleim, Haller, and Hagedorn, who use no such rimes. Now the question is: how did Schiller happen to use this s : ss rime, if it was not generally used or accepted at the time? A. W. Schlegel seems to think that such rimes betray the Swabian.^ The Frankfurt dialect knows practically no dif- ference between s and ss. Wiilcker^ says: "Tonen- des s fehlt unserer Mundart." Firmenich^ adds to this: "Das gelinde s ist der Frankfurter Mundart fremd, s, ss, sz sind daher iiberall gleich ausge- sprochen." I call particular attention to these authorities on the Frankfurt dialect, because Wehnert* maintains that there is no difference between the Frankfurt and the Swabian pronunciation of s. He says: "Wir erkennen an Goethes zahlreichen s : ss Reimen '' 11/ ■ ' ■' ' ' ■'"^-4'1 X H""- ' 'y"^^. ..^■•3'