i 
 
I HEBREW GRAMMAR, 
 
 COATPILBD FROM 
 
 SOME OF THE BEST AUTHORITIES, 
 
 BY 
 
 SIDNEY WILLARD, A.M. 
 
 iJiXCOCK PROFESSOR OF liEBREW AND OTHER ORlIiNlAr. I.AXRrA(?ES IV 
 
 HAUTAan coi.ttcir. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE 
 
 PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 3Y HIM.IAl 
 AND METCALF. 
 1817. 
 
District of Massachusetts^ to wit: 
 
 District Clerk*s 0ice. 
 
 Bb it remembered, that on the thirteenth day of February, A. D. 1817, 
 and in the forty first year of the independence of the United States of 
 America, Sidney Wili^rd, A. M. of the said District, has deposited in this 
 office tlie title of a book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words 
 following-, viz. 
 
 " A Hebrew Grammar, compiled from some of the best authorities, by 
 Sidney Wielard A. M. Hancock professor of Hebrew and other oriental 
 languages in Harvard College." 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, 
 "An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of 
 maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, dur- 
 ing the times therein mentioned ;*' and also to an act, entitled, " An act 
 supplementary to an act, entitled. An act for the encouragement of learning, 
 by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and pro- 
 prietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and extending 
 the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching histor- 
 ical and other prints." 
 
 \hj V2 CTT A TV 5 ^^^'^^^ of the district 
 \y . fe. feu A vv , ^^j. j^fassachusetts. 
 
 "^''^ ,^^ ' *^^^-\Xg^^^'^^^ 
 
?JHSS^ 
 
 VIS 
 
 Main 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The great attention which has of late been paid to acquiring 
 a knowledge of the Hebrew language, by students in theology, 
 in our country, and the great expense of procuring suitable 
 grammars, have induced the author to compile one, which he 
 hopes will in some degree answer the purpose, for which it is 
 intended. 
 
 It will no doubt be asked, since the vowel points have been 
 so long neglected in our public seminaries, why they are now 
 revived. Anticipating this inquiry, I shall give a very brief ac- 
 count of the controversy concerning the vowel points, and en- 
 deavour to show the amount of their usefulness. 
 
 In regard to the antiquity of the voivel points, some have 
 contended that they are coeval with the letters. Others refer 
 them to Moses, others to Ezra and the great synagogue, and 
 others to the Masorites, who, about five hundred years after 
 Christ, (some fix a time more modern,) added them to the He- 
 brew text. 
 
 We may pass by the arguments of those, who contend for the 
 greatest antiquity of the points ; they are founded in the suppos- 
 ed necessity of the case, and not in any facts, adduced for the 
 basis of those arguments. 
 
 To the two Buxtorfs, father and son, whpm we are com- 
 pelled to respect for their learning, however much their judg- 
 ment might have been seduced by Rabbinical lore, we look for 
 the strongest arguments upon facts, on the side of the high au- 
 thority and early origin of the vowel points. 
 
 The elder Buxtorf traces their history in the Masora, or book 
 of traditions, held in veneration by the Jews, and containing 
 
 ^50407 
 
IV 
 
 their Critica Sacra, from the hands of a succession of men, who 
 were reputed to be the most wise and learned. The Masora 
 comprises all those points and accents, and diacritical marks, 
 those letters greater and smaller than the common impression of 
 . the text, those inverted and suspended letters, and divisions of 
 the text, and marginal notes, and remarks subjoined to the sev- 
 eral books, which we see in our common editions of the Maso- 
 retic Bibles. All this is the application of the critical labours of 
 the Masorites, already existing in separate books, to the Hebrew 
 text. 
 
 An important part of the controversy, in which the partisans 
 of the Masoretic points and their adversaries have taken oppo- 
 site sides, relates to the origin of the Masorites, who attempted 
 to fix irrevocably the text of the Old Testament, and to guard it 
 against corruption. It is not pretended on either side, that the 
 whole apparatus of the Masorites, or even that of the points 
 alone, was the work of one contemporaneous body of men. 
 
 The elder Buxtorf, in his commentaries upon the Masora, 
 remarks, that, after the destruction of Jerusalem by Vespasian, 
 many learned Jews must have remained in the land of Israel, 
 where, in various places, they restored their schools and relig- 
 ious institutions. Among these places Tiberias, which received 
 its name from Herod the Tetrarch, in honour of Tiberius Cesar, 
 was particularly illustrious, and continued so till the year two 
 hundred and thirty after Christ. For all this he quotes sever- 
 al learned Rabbins 5 but here the chronicles of the Hebrews fail 
 to relate any thing remarkable of the schools, and of the study 
 of letters in Judea ; and new, the Jerusalem Talmud being com- 
 pleted, and learning being on the decline in Judea, the schools 
 were transferred to Babylon, whither they drew the most learn- 
 ed men. Afterwards, however, learning, which had never ex- 
 pired there, revived at Tiberias, till, about the commencement 
 of the sixth century, it became the most celebrated seat of Jew- 
 ish literature. 
 
1 have not yet fully expounded the claims, maintained by the 
 Buxtorfs for the great antiquity of the vowel points. It is not 
 their opinion that the Masorites, who completed what we now 
 call the Masora, were the inventors of the points ; but only that 
 they acted as censors upon words, already marked by points and 
 accents. This they infer as well from the inconstant pointing 
 itself, as from the Masoretic notes of censure. If this part of 
 criticism, says Buxtorf, pertains to the Masora, and all who 
 were the authors of it are called Masorites, certainly the men of 
 the great synagogue were the first Masorites, and consequently 
 Ezra the scribe was among the number. 
 
 The Buxtorfs appear to have been more credulous concerning 
 certain Rabbinical fables, than some of the more learned Jews 
 themselves. Elias Levita, a Jew, celebrated for learning, believ- 
 ed that the vowel points were devised, and added to the saci'ed 
 text, after the completion of the Babylonish Talmud, by certain 
 Jewish critics, about the five hundredth year of Christ. This 
 is the ground taken and vindicated by Capellus, against the Bux- 
 torfs, and almost the whole host of the Rabbins. Those, says 
 Capellus, who attribute the points to Ezra, acknowledge that tlie 
 aid of such a punctuation was unnecessary for the people, to 
 whom the language was vernacular, as it was to the Jews, before 
 the Babylonish captivity. It is further manifest from the expe- 
 rience of many ages, that none of the Jewish books, written in 
 Hebrew, except the Bible, were furnished with points ; and yet 
 they were read and understood, even by those, to whom the lan- 
 guage was not vernacular, but known only from a course of in- 
 struction. 
 
 The argument, which he thinks conclusive against the snp- 
 position that the vowel points originated with Ezra, is drawn 
 from the Septuagint version, from the Chaldee paraphrases, from 
 the Greek of Jquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, and from 
 other versions, and from the Latin o{ Jerom ; the authors of all 
 which, he endeavours to prove, were destitute of any pointer? 
 
VI 
 
 codes. To these he adds the Talmud, and the writings and 
 commentaries of Jerom, in which there is no mention of the 
 points, and no figures, names, or vestiges of them to be found ; 
 which, he concludes, could not have been the case, if they had 
 then existed. 
 
 Further, he remarks, we have the tacit consent of the Jews, 
 that the volume of the law, which was preserved in their syna- 
 gogues with great veneration, and shown to the people, was 
 without points and accents ; that the Cabbalistic and Talmudic- 
 al writings deduce none of their mystical interpretations from 
 these points and accents, and that the Samaritan, or ancient 
 Hebrew, has no vowel marks. He pursues in detail all the ar- 
 guments drawn from the Jewish history, from grammarians, and 
 critics, and cabbalists, in order to refute them from their intrin- 
 sic inconsistency, or by means of superior and opposite authori- 
 ties. 
 
 On the whole, he concludes, that the points now in use were 
 not introduced, till after the completion of five centuries from 
 the birth of Christ, and that they were then contrived only for 
 the sake of those, who were not familiar with the Hebrew, and 
 who required this aid to read the Hebrew text with accuracy. 
 As for the rest, says Capellus, who they were that invented the 
 points, whether one person or many, whence they sprung, and 
 at what time, whether in the sixth, seventh, or eighth century, 
 cannot be precisely determined, on account of the defect of his- 
 torical monuments, and the dark ignorance that obscures those 
 times ; though it is pretty manifest that they were introduced by 
 the Masorites of Tiberias, after the fifth century ; not at one 
 and the same time, but by degrees, and at different times, ex- 
 tending to the tvv'elflh cintury, when they were last of all elab- 
 orated by Ben-Aschev and Ben-^aphtali, 
 
 Such is a very brief view of the controversy concerning the 
 Hebrew vowel points. And may we not reasonably suppose 
 with Eichhorn and otherS; that the sacred writers, since they used 
 
Vll 
 
 the Phenician or PhemcO'Egyptian character, might also have 
 adopted the vowel marks ? It seems highly probable, that, al- 
 though no Hebrew manuscripts of the Bible, before the fifth cen- 
 tury, were pointed throughout, single words and phrases were 
 pointed by the authors themselves, or by those who succeeded 
 them. Even this partial punctuation, says Eichhorn, would be 
 useful ; and it is also agreeable to analogy, deduced from the 
 Arabic and Syriac. Agreeably to the same analogy, it is proba- 
 ble that the ancient Hebrews had three vowel points, perhaps of 
 variable quantity ; that they furnished their manuscripts with 
 them in ambiguous passages ; and that, when the Hebrew ceased 
 to be a living language, the present punctuation was introduced 
 by grammarians, to preserve the sounds of the words, and the 
 customary interpretation of the writings. 
 
 Capellus and his adherents, aware of the existence of vow- 
 els in the Hebrew scriptures, from what appeared in the early 
 versions, from the critical writings of the Jews, from Origen's 
 specimens of the Hebrew text in Greek characters, &c. sought for 
 them in the alphabet itself. 
 
 There is an obscure passage in Jerom, concerning the He- 
 brew vowels, or jnatres lectionis, as they have sometimes been 
 called. He says, that, among the Hebrews of his time, the four 
 aspirates X, n, n, and y^ were vowels ; that these fouir aspirates, 
 followed by 1 and % form diphthongs, and that 1 and " are some- 
 times vowels. But, notwithstanding this testimony, none of the 
 modern critics contend for the vocal power of n, and none, till 
 Masclef, for that of V ; and those who find vowels in the alpha- 
 bet, differ from Jerom, by claiming ) and " generally. Besides, 
 it is manifest that Jerom attached a different notion to the term 
 vowel, applied to the aspirates, from that which is adopted by 
 some modern critics 5 for he considers them as commutable, and 
 depending on their alliance with every kind of vowel sound for 
 their pronunciation. This, in connexion with other vague and 
 contradictory accounts of the vowel letters, renders it probable 
 
via 
 
 that Jerom, if he had any definite notions concerning these let- 
 tei-s, drew them from circumstances, with which he has not made 
 us acquainted, and not from the inherent power of the letters 
 themselves. 
 
 The same indeterminateness already observed in Jerom, ap- 
 pears from the specimens of Hebrew, expressed in Greek let- 
 ters, in Origen^s Hexapla. According to these, 5< for example is 
 represented in different places by several vowels of difierent 
 powers ; so that if K, says a French critic, be one of the matres 
 lectionis, it is indeed a mother of wonderful fruitfulness. All 
 then that seems to be proved from these writers is, that the He- 
 brew text was not accompanied in their time with the punctua- 
 tion now in use. 
 
 Capellus maintains, that, before the introduction of the vow- 
 el points, the Hebrew was read by means of the letters N, 1, and 
 ^ ; which were a substitute for vowels, vice et loco vocalium, and 
 hence called by grammarians matres lectionis. In the same way 
 the Arabians and Syrians still write ; and m none, except their 
 sacred books, use vowel marks ; nor in these books, where they 
 are most exact, do they employ more than three such marks. 
 
 Apprehending that, by confining himself to the letters al- 
 ready mentioned, he would seem to reduce the vowel sounds to 
 a very limited rmmbcr, Capellus assigns to each such a variety 
 of offices, as to relieve the objector from this difficulty ; but at 
 the same time renders these elements more complex in their 
 combinations, than if their number were increased. He pro- 
 ceeds to an analysis in particular of the uses of 1 and % which 
 present the most plausible clai-ms to the character of vowels, and 
 exemplifies in the characteristics of conjugations, in the inflec- 
 tion of verbs, and in the formation of nouns, their employment, 
 as the governing elements of these changes. 5< and n are intro- 
 duced in the course of the argument; and, though not present- 
 ed with the same conildence, are at length invested with the 
 same prerogatives. All these, he says, are of vast importance 
 
ix 
 
 in reading Hebrew that is not pointed, and I cannot resist the 
 conclusion, that they are used in the character of vowels. He 
 proceeds to shew how these matres kctionis have been deprived 
 of their parental office, either by the intrusion of the points, or 
 by the language attaining to such a manhood, that their direction 
 became no longer necessary ; and the scribes ceased to avail 
 themselves of their aid in copying the sacred records. 
 
 In his appeal to the Arabic and Syriac, I cannot perceive 
 that Capellus has gained any thing in favour of the original vo- 
 cal power of any of the letters. It is true those languages have 
 each but three vowel marks ; but the alphabet of the Syriac is 
 so essentially the same as that of the Hebrew, that it sheds no 
 light, where this is obscure ; and the Arabic differs from the He- 
 brew, only by multiplying a few kindred consonants to express 
 slight varieties of sound. The alphabet of the Arabic language 
 is treated by grammarians, as an alphabet of consonants ; and the 
 alif, waw, he, and ya or yod are attended with the same ambigu- 
 ity, as the corresponding Hebrew letters. 
 
 After looking through the many folio pages of Capellus upon 
 the vowels of the Hebrew alphabet, I am unable to perceive the 
 force ot his arguments concerning any of them, except those 
 doubtful letters, vau and yod. The others appear to be merely 
 aspirates, coalescing with all the variety of vowel sounds, which 
 may accompany them. Vau and yod have a distinctive charac- 
 ter, insomuch as they appear in certain positions, to produce the 
 long vowel sounds, by coalescing with a vowel point. In regard 
 to all the other supposed vowels, there appears, among those 
 who claim them, much gratuitous assertion, and no small incon- 
 stancy and contradiction. These two exceptions also are equiv- 
 ocal, and have nothing of that uniformity, which we find in the 
 vowels of European languages. 
 
 Nothing need be said of other more modern attempts to find 
 b 
 
via 
 
 -that Jerom, if he had any definite notions concerning these let- 
 ter, drew them from circumstances, with which he has not made 
 us acquainted, and not from the inherent power of the letters 
 themselves. 
 
 The same indeterminateness already observed in Jerom, ap- 
 pears from the specimens of Hebrew, expressed in Greek let- 
 ters, in Origeii's H(>xapla, According to these, for example is 
 represented in different places by several vowels of different 
 powers ; so that if K, says a French critic, be one of the matres 
 lectionis, it is indeed a mother of wonderful fruitfulness. All 
 then that seems to be proved from these writers is, that the He- 
 brew text was not accompanied in their time with the punctua- 
 tion now in use. 
 
 Capellus maintains, that, before the introduction of the vow- 
 el points, the Hebrew was read by means of the letters N, 1, and 
 ^ ; which were a substitute for vowels, vice et loco vocalium, and 
 hence called by grammarians matres lectionis. In the same way 
 the Arabians and Syrians still write ; and m none, except their 
 sacred books, use vowel marks ; nor in these books, where they 
 are most exact, do they employ more than three such marks. 
 
 Apprehending that, by confining himself to the letters al- 
 ready mentioned, he would seem to reduce the vowel sounds to 
 a very limited number, Capellus assigns to each such a variety 
 of offices, as to relieve the objector from this difficulty; but at 
 the same time renders these elements more complex in their 
 combinations, than if their number were increased. He pro- 
 ceeds to an analysis in particular of the uses of ) and ', which 
 present the most plausible clai-ms to the character of vowels, and 
 exemplifies in the characteristics of conjugations, in the infec- 
 tion of verbs, and in the formation of nouns, their employment, 
 as tlie governincr elements of these chan!;es. i< and n are intro- 
 duced in the course of the argument ; and, though not present- 
 ed with the same confidence, are at length invested with the 
 same prerogatives. All these, he says, are of vast importance 
 
ix 
 
 in reading Hebrew that is not pointed, and I cannot resist the 
 conclusion, that they are used in the character of vowels. He 
 proceeds to shew how these matres lectionis have been deprived 
 of their parental office, either bj the intrusion of the points, or 
 by the language attaining to such a manhood, that their direction 
 became no longer necessary ; and the scribes ceased to avail 
 themselves of their aid in copying the sacred records. 
 
 In his appeal to the Arabic and Syriac, I cannot perceive 
 that Capellus has gained any thing in favour of the original vo- 
 cal power of any of the letters. It is true those languages have 
 each but three vowel marks ; but the alphabet of the Syriac is 
 so essentially the same as that of the Hebrew, that it sheds no 
 light, where this is obscure ; and the Arabic differs from the He- 
 brew, only by multiplying a few kindred consonants to express 
 slight varieties of sound. The alphabet of the Arabic language 
 is treated by grammarians, as an alphabet of consonants ; and the 
 alif, waw, he, and ya or yod are attended with the same ambigu- 
 ity, as the corresponding Hebrew letters. 
 
 After looking through the many folio pages of Capellus upon 
 the vowels of the Hebrew alphabet, I am unable to perceive the 
 force of his arguments concerning any of them, except those 
 doubtful letters, vau and yod. The others appear to be merely 
 aspirates, coalescing with all the variety of vowel sounds, which 
 may accompany them. Vau and yod have a distinctive charac- 
 ter, insomuch as they appear in certain positions, to produce the 
 long vowel sounds, by coalescing with a vowel point. In regard 
 to all the other supposed vowels, there appears, among those 
 who claim them, much gratuitous assertion, and no small incon- 
 stancy and contradiction. These two exceptions also are equiv- 
 ocal, and have nothing of that uniformity, which we find in the 
 vowels of European languages. 
 
 Nothing need be said of other more modern attempts to find 
 b 
 
vowels in the Hebrew alphabet, such as those of Masclef for 
 example ; because the result is merely artificial. 
 
 Amidst all this uncertainty among the advocates of original 
 vowel letters in the Hebrew alphabet, concerning their number, 
 and the inconstancy and contradiction among them concerning 
 the pronunciation, we need not approach the points with very 
 fearful prejudices ; for whatever may be determined concerning 
 their value, in respect to the genuine pronunciation of the lan- 
 guage, they are no doubt the production of Jews, who were learn- 
 ed in their sacred records, to whom these records had been trans- 
 mitted with much care, and who felt interested in preserving 
 the accounts of their national history and religion, as nearly as 
 possible, in their native, spoken, and written language. 
 
 This leads me to state, in a few words, what appears to me 
 to be the fairest estimate of the value and usefulness of the vow- 
 el points. 
 
 If, as we have reason to believe, they were gradually intro- 
 duced, (and some marks of this kind appear to be of great an- 
 tiquity, though the precise period of their origin is unknown) 
 they were probably at all times of some critical value, and trans- 
 mitted, from one age to another, the manner in which the He- 
 brews understood their own scriptures. The respect, in which 
 the vowel points are held by the Jews, is certainly no argument 
 for their rejection ; and if they sometimes mislead and betray 
 the reader, who gives them too much of his confidence, and are 
 therefore not infallible, it is not thence rashly to be inferred, that 
 they are always treacherous, and hence never to be trusted. 
 
 It is hard to believe that a body of Jews at one time, or at 
 successive periods, combined together, and contrived, with so 
 much labour as the case must have required, a complex machin- 
 ery, purposely intended to corrupt the whole collection of those 
 writings, which were held in such high and even superstitious 
 veneration, by the great mass of their nation. By the supposi- 
 
tion therefore, that the points are of no critical value, we accuse 
 the most learned men of that nation of ignorance, concerning 
 what above all things it became them to know, the records of 
 their peculiar, national religion. Unless we are willing to be- 
 lieve that the authors of these critical helps for interpreting the 
 Old Testament, were ignorant of their own sacred writings, or 
 entirely destitute of integrity, and respect for their own relig- 
 ion, we cannot maintain, that their attempts to preserve t'-e pro- 
 nunciation and genuine reading of the Hebrew scriptures, are 
 either fraudulerit or frivolous. 
 
 The most unfavourable supposition concerning the vowel 
 points is, that they have supplanted the legitimate vowels, and 
 usurped their place. But to those who knov/ how limited is the 
 province of these pretended vowels; and that the principal vio- 
 lenee is done to vau and yod^ the charge does not appear of very 
 serious import. It has been very common to charge the omis- 
 sion of these two letters entirely to the account of Masoretic 
 corruptions. But this is gratuitous ; for though the transcribers 
 of the Masoretic copies might sometimes omit them by accident 
 or even by design^ yet scribes of more ancient date were liable, 
 at least from accident, to similar omissions. In the various 
 readings of ICennicot and Be Rossi these letters are frequently 
 restored to their places on the authority of unpointed manu- 
 scripts. But it is very possible that the Masoietic recensions 
 may even here have had an influence, contrary to what has been 
 usually supposed ; and by means of preserving the sounds of 
 these letters, with long vowels, have again introduced them, 
 where they had previously been omitted. 
 
 Wherever our speculations may lead us in this dark contro- 
 versy, we can derive little consolation from reprobating the per- 
 nicious intermeddling of the Masorites with the Hebrew text ; 
 for all our Hebrew Bibles contain the text of these critics, 
 whether with or without the points ; and the helps for interpre- 
 
xii 
 
 tation, independent of the points, are very limited. Amidst all 
 the railing at the Masorites, therefore, they are siill our inter- 
 preters : and while at one moment we express our indignation 
 against them, as the authors of a mutilated text, at the very next 
 we refer to them for the signs, by which it may be restored to 
 its integrity. Surely that cannot be a very shocking corruption, 
 which contains in itself, and studiously puts in the power of its 
 adversaries, the means of correction. 
 
 May we not conclude, on the whole, that some knowledge of 
 the vowel points is necessary to one, who wishes to become well 
 versed in the original of the Hebrew Scriptures ? It has been 
 allowed by many, that they are equivalent to a version of the 
 Old Testament. They are more ; -they aflbrd to one, who will 
 take pains to understand them, a perpetual commentary, by the 
 most learned Jews, upon the sacred text of their own scriptures. 
 
 I conclude with a single remark from the celebrated Semler^ 
 on the subject of the vowel points. " While," he says, " it is 
 absurd to fill our books with the dull trifling of the Jews, and the 
 vanities of their external religion; it is unfair to spurn or neg- 
 lect these public ministers of interpretation." 
 
 The author cannot forbear to mention, in this place, his ob- 
 ligation to the Rev, Frofessor Stuart, of the theological insti- 
 tution at Andover, for much valuable assistance in this compi- 
 lation. Had it not been for the encouraging aid, and animating 
 zeal of that gentleman, so well known for his ardent and suc- 
 cessful pursuit of sacred learning, the grammar would not have 
 been undertaken. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 Of the Alphabet 1 
 
 CHAP. 11. 
 
 Of Vowels 3 
 
 *^ Vagesh , - 4 
 
 ^' Maccaph - ib. 
 
 " Accents ------ ib. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 Of Reading ---.-. 5 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 Of the Article 6 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 OfJSTouns ----.- 7 
 
 ^' Formation ----- , ib. 
 
 " Gender ib. 
 
 ^^ JSTumber ------ 8 
 
 " Case aw^ Regimen - . - - 9 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Of Comparison - - - - . ^10 
 
 c 
 
XIV 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of Pronouns 11 
 
 ^^ Affixes to Pronouns - - - - 13 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of Verbs --.-.. 15 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of Imperfect Verbs - - - - 18 
 
 Paradigms of Verbs - - - - SI 
 
 i( .i Perfect Verbs - - - 32 
 
 " " PeYod . - - - 24? 
 
 u i^PeJ^iin - - . - S6 
 
 " ^^ Jin Vav . - - - 28 
 
 " " Lamed Alefh - - - 30 
 
 ^^ "Lamed He - - - - 33 
 
 ^^ ^^ .izn 6?(^w&ZeflJ - - - 34 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of Affixes to Verbs ... - 36 
 
 Example of Verbs with Affixes - - 38 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 Of Particles - ... - 40 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Concerning the Root - - - - 41 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 0/JVoMns ------ 45 
 
 " Pronouns 51 
 
 ^^ Verbs ------ 54 
 
 ^^ Particles , - - - - 63 
 
XV 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 Of the Alphabet 
 
 ^^ Dagesh Lene 
 
 ^^ Maccaph 
 
 ^^ Accents ------ 
 
 68 
 69 
 ib. 
 70 
 
 Exercises in Reading . - . 
 
 72 
 
 Variation of JVoiins . - - - 
 
 77 
 
 Forms of JSTouns . - - - - 
 
 78 
 
 Examples of Irregular JK^ouns 
 
 Of Verbs in Kal' 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 '' " " J^iphal - - . . 
 '' " " Piel - - . - - 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 '^ " ^' Pual - . - . - 
 
 ib. 
 
 '' '' Hiphil - - - . 
 " " "Hophal - - . - 
 J^umerals 
 
 ib. 
 83 
 ib. 
 
 Changes of Vowels - - - - 
 
 8^ 
 
HEBREW GRAMMAR. 
 
 CHAP. L 
 
 OF THE ALPHABET. 
 
 The Hebrew alphabet consists of twenty two let- 
 ters, five of which have a distinct form, when they are 
 used at the end of a word ; and are called final letters. 
 
 1 Final 
 lietters. 
 
 > 
 
 Fig-ure or 
 Form. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Aleph 
 Beth 
 
 Correspond- 
 ing; Roman 
 Letters 
 
 Bh or V 
 
 Nume- 
 rical 
 Power. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Similar- 
 formed. 
 
 JD2 
 
 
 :i 
 
 Gimmel 
 
 Gh 
 
 3 
 
 JJ 
 
 
 1 
 
 Daleth 
 
 Dh 
 
 4 
 
 im 
 
 
 n 
 
 He 
 
 H 
 
 5 
 
 nnn 
 
 
 1 
 
 Vav 
 
 V 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 Zain 
 
 Z 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Heth 
 
 Hh 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 ID 
 
 Teth 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 Yod 
 
 Y 
 
 10 
 
 pr' 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 Kaph 
 
 Kh 
 
 SO 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 L^med 
 
 L 
 
 30 
 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 Mem 
 
 M 
 
 40 
 
 ^ DD 
 
 f 
 
 J 
 
 Nun 
 
 N 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 Samech 
 
 S 
 
 60 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 Ain 
 
 . . 
 
 70 
 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 J-e 
 
 Ph 
 
 80 
 
 
 r 
 
 y 
 
 Tsade 
 
 Ts 
 
 90 
 
 i'r 
 
 \ 
 
 P 
 
 Koph 
 Resh 
 
 K 
 R 
 
 too 
 
 ^00 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 Shin 7 
 Sin 5 
 
 Sh 
 
 S 
 
 300 
 
 C'C'' 
 
 
 n 
 
 Tav 
 
 Th 
 
 400 
 
 
2 
 
 Aleph K is the spiritus lenis of the Greeks. 
 
 Heth n is here represented by Hh : the English 
 language has no letters which express its true sound, 
 and it can only be acquired from oral instruction. 
 
 Ain i^ was originally a strong guttural aspirate. In 
 the Septuagint version it is sometimes expressed by 
 7, and so also in our English version by g ; as Gaza, 
 Gebal, &c. but in general no corresponding letter is 
 used, and the true sound is lost. 
 
 Shin ty has a point on the right, and is pronounced 
 Sh ; Sin t^ has a point on the left, and is pronounced 
 S. These are only difl'erent powers of the same let- 
 ter. 
 
 The letters are used as numerals.* 
 
 According to the various orgdfes by which the let- 
 ters are pronounced, they are divided as follows ; 
 i;nn^ Gutturals. t:^*^Dr Dentals. 
 
 p3U Palatals. fiDD Labials. 
 
 ni^DI Linguals. 
 
 The alphabet is also divided into radical and ser- 
 vite letters. 
 
 These eleven 1p)^^^0 DHT "^fJi are called radical, 
 because, wherever they are found, they belong to the 
 root, or primitive word. 
 
 The remaining eleven Dt^ ^D/y )! I}5C are called 
 serviles, because, when they do not constitute part of 
 the primitive word, they serve to form its derivatives^ 
 to make the inflections of verbs, to vary nouns, *c. 
 
 * See appendix [A]. 
 
CHAP. 11. 
 
 The points and marks about and within the letters 
 are vowels^ mappik^ dagesh, maccaph, and accents. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 Five long. 
 
 Kamets 
 
 
 n* 
 
 a = 
 
 a in fall 
 
 Tsere 
 
 
 1 
 
 e = 
 
 ai in pain 
 
 Hirik 
 
 
 nt 
 
 i = 
 
 ee in feel 
 
 Holem 
 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 
 in cone 
 
 Shurek 
 
 
 Five 
 
 u = 
 
 short. 
 
 u in rule or oo in 
 [moon. 
 
 Pathah 
 
 
 1 
 
 a = 
 
 a in man 
 
 Segol 
 
 
 n 
 
 e = 
 
 e in men 
 
 Hirik 
 
 
 It 
 
 SJ 
 
 i in pin 
 
 Kamets 
 
 Hateph 
 
 n 
 
 = 
 
 in not 
 
 Kibbuts 
 
 
 If 
 
 -> 
 
 u in sun. 
 
 these short vowels must be added Sheva and its 
 
 )0iin(is, 
 Sheva 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 = 
 
 e in belong 
 
 Hateph 
 
 Pathah 
 
 n 
 
 a =z 
 
 a in Grermany 
 
 Hateph 
 
 Segol 
 
 T 
 
 e = 
 
 e in begin 
 
 Hateph 
 
 Kamets 
 
 t; 
 
 = 
 
 in history. f. 
 
 * The letter 1 is used merely to shew the position of the vowel. 
 
 t Long hirik is followed bj % whicji generally distinguishes it 
 from short hirik. 
 
 I By the manner in which tlie vowels %re here represented, the 
 learner will find it easy to read the lessons to be found in the ap- 
 pendix. In the long vowels, however, he may at first experi- 
 ence a little difficulty ; because some of the English letters are 
 merely artificial representations of the Hebrew vowels : but by re- 
 curring a few times to the explanation of the sounds, he will be- 
 
4 
 
 Pathah furtivum is the simple patliah (-) used un- 
 der the gutturals, at the end of a word, and is classed 
 with sheva and its compounds, as a very short vowel. 
 
 MappiTc is a point in a final H, and requires that it 
 be pronounced like h, instead of being silent; as Ty'Sb^ 
 eloah. 
 
 Bagesh is a point in the middle of a letter, and is 
 of two kinds, lene and/orfe. 
 
 Bagesh lene is found only in the letters n^DIJlIi 
 (begad-kephath) either at the beginning of a word, or 
 after a silent sheva. It takes from these letters their 
 aspiration ; so that they are sounded b, g, d, k,p, t :* 
 as ^^5 bgni D52^*P mishpat. 
 
 Bagesh forte may be found in all the letters ; and 
 it not only takes from the aspirates their aspiration, 
 but doubles the letters ; as 730 mik-kal. 
 
 Note. Dagesh is excluded from the gutturals ynHK 
 for the sake of euphony ; and is very rarely found 
 in n. 
 
 Maccaph is a small stroke, like a hyphen, joining 
 two words ; as ^7"7D, 
 
 OF ACCENTS. 
 
 Accents are used principally for directing pronun- 
 ciation, and denoting the pauses. 
 
 They are divided into tonic and euphonic. Metheg 
 ^ is euphonic ; all the rest are tonic. 
 
 Those accents which mark the pauses are 
 
 come familiar with them, and will find that the method here adopt- 
 ed is, on the whole, the most convenient method that has been de- 
 vised. 
 
 * In the alphabet J and 1 are represented bj gh and dh j but 
 these sounds are unknown to us, in contradistinction from g and 
 dj and consequently dagesh lene does not alter their sound* 
 
^ Revia, Comma. K Atlmali, Colon. 
 
 j^^ Zakeph-Katon, Semicolon. N Sillook, Period. 
 
 To these are sometimes added 
 N Tipliha, Comma j^ Segolta, Semicolon and ik< 
 Pesik, Colon or Period.^ 
 
 CHxlP. III. 
 
 OF READING. 
 
 R. 1. Hebrew is read from the right hand to the 
 left. 
 
 R. S. A syllable^ composed of one consonant and 
 one vowel, is called pure ; as 7 la : but if the vowel 
 have more than one consonant, it is a mixed syllable ; 
 as *19 mad r^lO madt. 
 
 R. 3. Every syllable begins with a consonant, ex- 
 cept 1 in the beginning of a word ; ^s ^^^1 oo-rsvoo, 
 Siud pathah furtivum ; as HH roo-ah. 
 
 R. 4. Every letter requires a vowel, except at the 
 end of a word, where a sheva quiescent is understood; 
 as ID? la-mad, instead of loS- 
 
 Except also the letters ^)tl^ (Ehevi) which are 
 sometimes without a vowel, and are quiescent ; as K 
 in il5<VD ma-tsa-tha ; 11 at the end of a word :. as HKl 
 ra-a ; 1 with holera or shurek ; as 10 u?^ shsmo, Vtl ha- 
 yoo ; and ^ in Vl^? dsva-rav. 
 
 R. 5. Kamets{^) becomes kamets hateph, and is 
 to be read like short o, 
 
 1. Before a single or compounded sheva, without 
 a metheg or accent between. 
 
 * See appendix [B] for a more full account of the subjecfs of 
 this chapter, pai'ticiilarly of the accents. 
 
6 
 
 5. At the end of a word, when followed by a conso- 
 nants e?tcept K or H. 
 
 3. Before dagesh forte without a tonic accent. 
 
 R. 6. Holem is sometimes without a 1 as i^^ lo. 
 When it precedes C*, its place is supplied by the dot 
 which belongs to that letter; as Ht^'D moshe. When 
 t^ has no vowel, its own dot is also holem ; as N^tJ^ 
 sone. 
 
 B. 7 Sheva is pronounced, 
 
 1. In the beginning of a word ; as ^^5 bsni. 
 
 S. In the middle of a word after another sheva ; as 
 nD^n t^lmsdoo. 
 
 3. In the middle of a word after a long vowel with- 
 out the tonic accent ; as JV\^*7) ooUshon. 
 
 4. When under a letter which is followed by the 
 same letter, or under a letter with dagesh forte ; as 
 n^^^bS*! halglooyah, np3 pikkedoo. 
 
 But in all other cases sheva is silent ; even at the 
 end of a word, preceded by another sheva, they are 
 both silent; as fl*107 laraadt. 
 
 R. 8. Simple sheva is never found under the gut- 
 turals ; and when it is required by analogy to otlier 
 words, it takes one of its compounded forms.* 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 OF THE ARTICLE. 
 
 The Hebrews have but one article, expressed by H 
 with a pathah, prefixed to the noun, and a dagesh 
 in the succeeding letter ; as, D:Dti' H the heavens. 
 
 Excep. 1. When the letter does not admit of a da- 
 
 * For exercises and lessons in reading see appendix [C]. 
 
gesh the article has a kamets ; as ti^^Nil the man. 
 But if the letter be a H heth the article retains its pa- 
 thah ; as rTfhD the seer. 
 
 Excep. 2, When the article is succeeded by a ka- 
 mets, its pathali is changed into segol ; as Dnnri the 
 mountains. ' 
 
 Note. To distinguish the article from the H inter- 
 rogative, observe that the latter is generally pointed 
 by ( -.) hateph-pathah, as, HpIDD whether it be good. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 OF NOUNS. 
 Formation, 
 
 Nouns are generally formed from the third person 
 singular of the preterite tense of the verb in its first 
 form : 
 
 1. By changing its vowel or vowels ; as ^^"1 a 
 word, from *13*7 he spake ; or *]|7p a king, from 
 T]7p he reigned. 
 
 S. By dropping a radical letter ; as \tl grace, from 
 J^h he was gracious. 
 
 3. By adding one or more of the ^lit^Xri heemanti 
 letters, as HD^O a covering, from HD^, he did cover ; 
 or n^P, a word, from bb^ he spake ; or n^fip a gift, 
 from jri4 he gave.* 
 
 Of Gender, 
 
 Nouns are either masculine, feminine, or common. 
 
 Tliose words that consist of the radical letters only, 
 
 * X, n, and n are commonly added to the beginning. D is also 
 usually prefixed. J is generally placed at the end* and ^ at the 
 beginning, middle, or end. 
 
8 
 
 as 15*7 * word ; anil the names of men ; of offices oc- 
 cupied by men; of rivers, of mountains^ and of months^ 
 are generally masculine. 
 
 Those that end in H or D, as JipiJ^ earth, D?*! a 
 door ; also the names of women, of cities, and of coun- 
 tries, and of things double in their nature (as eyes, 
 hands, &c.) are feminine. 
 
 The names of beasts, as 'Ij^?? cattle ; jKS^, sheep ; 
 Dl% a bear ; 5^?, a wolf; also the numerals 30 
 an?7, 30 D^trS^, &c. too n^D, lOOO C]7J^, &c. are 
 common to both genders. 
 
 The feminine noun is formed by adding H and a 
 preceding ( ^^ ^^^^ masculine, as HD/^ a queen, from 
 "l^p a king. But if the last letter be jl, the points 
 only are changed^ as tl^l masc. tlpl fem. and when 
 the masG. ends in % a H is generally added ; as HVO 
 an Egyptian man, nnV9 an Egyptian woman. 
 
 Of JSTumher. 
 
 Nouns have three numbers ; singular, dual, and 
 plural. 
 
 The masc. forms its dual by adding to the sing, the 
 termination D? and a (-) pathah under the preceding 
 letter ; as 1^ a hand, dual D!T two hands ; and its 
 plural by adding D^ and a ( ) hirik under the preced- 
 ing letter ; as ^5? ^ word, plural DHl*! words. 
 
 The fem. forms its dual in the same manner as the 
 masc. but changes likewise the H into H, as rftJt^ a 
 lip, dual D^^p'w^ lips ; and its plural is formed thus : 
 
 If the sing, ends in H, that letter is changed into 
 nl, as rr'^ij;^, a damsel, plural ninj;i If in n^ with 
 a (.) hirik preceding, the * receives a 1, as n^^y9j> 
 plural nV'lV*?* If the termination be Dl the *) is 
 
9 
 
 changed into a 1 with a dageshed ^ preceding it^ 
 and a (.) under the preceding letter^ as n*lD^5? 
 
 piu. ni''5^a 
 
 Of case and regimen. 
 The cases in Hebrew nouns are not distinguish^ 
 ed by terminations, as in some other languages, but 
 by letters prefixed to the noun, or by separate par- 
 ticles, which are the same in the different numbers 
 and genders ; as, 
 
 Nom. T|79 a king 
 Gen. & Dat. Tj 7<^ 7 of or to a king 
 Ace. tl7<p"nj< a king 
 
 Voc. Ti^^iJ o king 
 
 Abl. ] l^tpS]^'''^^^''- 
 ( ^^763 ia a king 
 
 Note. Though this example is given to point 
 out the cases commonly signified by the prefixes, yet 
 there are many peculiarities in their use, which will 
 be pointed out in the syntax. 
 
 When two nouns are related to each other so as 
 to require the preposition of between them, the for- 
 mer is said to be in regimen, or construction. 
 
 The masc. sing, in regimen, shortens the vow- 
 els ; as ni*!-!?, instead of p ; or D'^rib^ nS"? the 
 word of God, instead of ^'^"l ; and the plural drops 
 its D, and changes the preceding ( ) hirik into a 
 ( ) tsere : as D^hSk n5"T, the words of God, in- 
 stead of Dn^'l. 
 
 The fern. sing, changes the tl into n,^ and the 
 preceding (-)kam8ts into ( - )pathah, as D^Pt?^ nilH 
 the law of God, instead of rT^ilD a law ; and the 
 2 
 
10 
 
 plur. shortens its first vowel, as ^^3X DlD^S, the 
 blessings of thy father; instead of HlD'lS, blessings. 
 The dual of both genders is contracted by drop- 
 ping its final D, together with the preceding ( ) hi- 
 vik, and changing the preceding ( - ) pathah into ( ) 
 tsere ; as D^t^^^^^ ^-51; the feet of men, instead of 
 
 EXAMPLES 
 Of nouns according to their variation in number 
 and regimen. 
 
 Masculine, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Rcg'inien Absolute. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Rei^inien. Absolute. Signification. 
 
 Din airr 
 
 a word. 
 
 a wise man. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 lles^lmen. Absolute. Retjimen. Absolute. 
 
 nit::?!! 
 
 niD^n ! 
 
 ntDDH 
 
 nDjrr 
 
 r\)H\ 
 
 ni^i; i 
 
 nk^ 
 
 nyr 
 
 wisdom, 
 counsel. 
 
 g the masculine 
 
 Some nouns are irregular, havin 
 termination in the singular, and the feminine, or 
 both, in the plural : as D?^ a name, pi. r\)0^ ; "2^^ 
 a cloud, pi. DOI^ and niD>/\ Others have the fem. 
 in the sing, and the masc. in the plural ; as Jlt^'K a 
 woman : pi. D^t?*!^ 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Comparison. 
 The comparative degree is formed by prefixing to 
 
 * See appendix [D] tor fui tiicr examples of the variations 
 ofuoups 
 
41 
 
 a substantive, or to the adjective belonging to it, a 
 mem with a ( ) hirik, and a dagesh in the succeeding 
 letter; as D^^^O IID DC^ a name better than sons. 
 If the letter does not admit of a dagesh, the ( ) hi- 
 rik is changed into ( ) tsere. The comparative is 
 also formed by prefixing JP and a maccaph ; as 
 nflJ^itn-ltD Q'^Wil D^niD, two are better than one. 
 
 The superlative degree is made by joining the 
 word TKD with the adjective ; as "1X0 131D. 
 
 By prefixing a 21 to the noun, as D^tJ^^^3 Ili-Jll, 
 the best amongst women. 
 
 By repeating the adjective, as ^ID ^1D, exceed- 
 ingly good. 
 
 By using two synonymous words, j V5J!?1 ^-3J^% 
 poor and needy, i. e. exceedingly poor. 
 
 By doubling the noun, as W^mn \?*^*, the 
 heaven ot heavens, or the hi;hest heaven. 
 
 Note. The variations of adjectives, in number, 
 regimen, &c. are the same as those of substantives. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 OF PRONOUNS. 
 
 Pronouns are either separable, consisting of dis- 
 tinct words ; or inseparable, i. e. letters added or 
 affixed to the noun. 
 
 Separable pronouns are either personul, relative, 
 demonstrative, or interrogative. 
 
 1. Personal Pronouns: 
 In which are to be noticed genders, numbers, 
 and cases. 
 
IS 
 
 Sing, 
 
 i. 
 
 ^i^ 
 
 I Com. 
 
 3. 
 
 
 Kin 
 Kir? 
 
 Th 
 
 ou 
 
 He 
 
 She 
 
 We^ 
 
 Ye. 
 
 They. 
 
 The personal pronouns are in a manner declin- 
 ed by means of prefixes, as follows : 
 
 1st Per. Com. 
 
 J^om. ^J5K 
 I 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 fl Per. Mas. 2d Per. Fern. 3d Per. Mas. Sd Per, Fem. 
 
 Ml 
 
 JVom. 
 
 nnK 
 
 Thou 
 
 Ofor 
 To thee 
 
 ^niK 
 
 thee 
 
 From thee 
 
 In thee 
 
 Thou 
 
 Ofor 
 To thee 
 
 nniK 
 
 Thee 
 
 From thee 
 
 In tliee 
 
 Kin 
 
 K^n 
 
 He 
 
 She 
 
 1*7 
 
 n=? 
 
 Ofor 
 
 Ofor 
 
 To him 
 
 To her 
 
 iniK 
 
 nniK 
 
 Him 
 
 Her 
 
 1:1^0 
 
 n^m 
 
 From him 
 
 From her 
 
 13 
 
 na 
 
 Inhhn 
 
 In her 
 
 AM. 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 i^nj 
 
 nm 
 
 f^?< 
 
 on 
 
 1? 
 
 We 
 
 You 
 
 You 
 
 They 
 
 They 
 
 ^J^ 
 
 o:^k 
 
 P^ 
 
 DnS 
 
 fO^ 
 
 or or 
 
 Of or 
 
 Of or 
 
 Ofor 
 
 Ofor 
 
 To us 
 
 To vou 
 
 To vou 
 
 To them 
 
 To them 
 
 iiniK 
 
 D5i>^ 
 
 prix 
 
 DriiK 
 
 iniN 
 
 Us 
 
 You 
 
 You 
 
 Them 
 
 Them 
 
 1^'?0 
 
 D5^4)/t? 
 
 p.<?a 
 
 or]!? 
 
 m 
 
 From us 
 
 From vou 
 
 From vou 
 
 From them 
 
 From them 
 
 1J3 
 
 -033 
 
 m 
 
 C D3 
 
 m 
 
 In us 
 
 In you 
 
 In you 
 
 I 0? 
 
 In them 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 In them 
 
 
13 
 
 2. Relative Pronoun. 
 ^V/i^ that which, who, sing, and plur. mas. and 
 
 feminine. 
 
 3. Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 nt this, that, mas. sing.j/K 7 these 
 
 nhi^ 5 pi. 
 ^^ ) 
 
 It V this, that, fern. sing. 
 
 ^Lw i this, that, com. 
 
 4. Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 ^0 who, what person ? 
 
 r?P, nD, or np, which or what thing? 
 
 Inseparable pronouns are such as are affixed to 
 nouns, verbs, participles and adverbs. 
 
 Those affixed to nouns are contained in the fol- 
 lowing table. 
 
 TO A NOUN SINGULAR. 
 1 plural Pronoun. j1 singular Pronoun. 
 
 3. fem 3 mas flSem. 2 mas. 1 com. S.fem. 3. mas. 2. fem. 2. mas. 1 com. 
 
 ror_ ,. 
 
 my 
 
 n^ 
 
 Q their 
 
 P= 
 
 Dp. 
 
 your 
 
 GUP 
 
 her 
 
 Tin on 
 
 
 TO A NOUN PLURAL. 
 
 1D^ 
 
 \y.. 
 
 3. 
 
 i:jv 
 
 
 
 T- ' 
 
 1 
 
 * The vowel preceding the affix belongs to the last letter of 
 the noun. 
 
14 
 
 EXAMPLE 
 
 Of a JSToun Masculine, with affixes, 
 Plu. DH^I words. Sing. ^^1 ^ word. 
 
 ^:m.51 
 
 our words 
 
 0?n5^ 
 
 your words 
 
 ' P'13T 
 
 vour words 
 
 bnn.3*i 
 
 their words 
 
 Mn.5l 
 
 their words 
 
 my words 
 
 T151 
 
 thy words 
 
 T.151 
 
 tliy words 
 
 ^'151 
 
 his xrords 
 her words 
 
 1J").51 
 
 '151 
 
 our word 
 
 05151 
 
 your word 
 your word 
 
 my word 
 thy word 
 thy word 
 
 their word 
 their word 
 
 his word 
 her word 
 
 Com.i. 
 
 A'- 
 
 M. 
 
 EXAMPLE 
 
 Of a J\*oun Feminine f with affixes. 
 
 our laws 
 
 your laws 
 
 vour laws 
 
 their laws 
 
 ' their laws 
 
 laws. 
 
 my laws 
 
 thy laws 
 
 tliy laws 
 
 his laws 
 
 her laws 
 
 r?*11M^ a law 
 
 our law 
 
 Dunlin 
 
 your law 
 
 your law 
 
 T T 
 
 their law 
 tiieir law 
 
 my law 
 
 l^liri 
 
 thy law 
 
 inliii 
 
 thy law 
 
 innin 
 
 his law 
 her law 
 
 Com. 1. 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 M, 
 
 F. 
 
 3. 
 
 Note 1st. Dp? f5? Orr and \T] are called grave 
 afiixes, on account of their accentuation ; and they 
 occasion the same alteration in the word to which 
 they are joined, as regimen does. 
 
 2d. The affix ^ excludes the *> of the dual and 
 plural masculine. 
 
id 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 Verbs are either perfect or imperfect, 
 A verb generally consists of three radical let- 
 ters, the first with a kamets, and the second with a 
 pathah, as 7j^5 ; but sometimes with a tsere, as 
 Y^n^ or with a holem, as f COp^, and always witli ka- 
 mpts, when the third radical is K or H, as KVp, 
 
 In a regular verb are to be noticed, its forms,* 
 voices, moods, tenses, numbers, persons, and gen- 
 ders. 
 
 There are sgyqu forms of the verb, distinguish- 
 ed from each other by different names, characteris- 
 tic marks, and significations. 
 
 1. 7^0 paaly he wrought, which is called. b'p_ holy 
 i. e. light ; because it is simple in its form and sig- 
 nification. 
 
 2. 7i^5^ niphaiy he was wrought upon ; charac- 
 terised by a prefix ^, or by a dagesh in the first rad- 
 ical, in the tenses where } is not used. 
 
 8. ^i^3 piel^ he wrought diligently ; character- 
 ised by a dagesh in the second radical ; as 1^7, 
 4?. ^i/*B pualy he was diligently wrought upon ; 
 
 * What are commonly called conjugations^ are here called 
 forms of the verb, corresponding with the term species, used in 
 some of the best Hebrew Grammars bv German authors. These 
 various forms, besides the difference of voice, arc strictly mod- 
 al differences ; but tliey cannot be classed among the moods of 
 . the verb, without producing confusion in the arrangement ; and 
 it will be sufficient to explain the meaning of thp?e forms in 
 their proper place. . 
 
16 
 
 characterised by a kibbuts under the first radical, 
 and a dagesh in the second ; as I^S. 
 
 5. b^i/^n hiphily he caused another to work ; 
 characterised for the most part by a 11 prefix^ and a 
 ^ inserted between the second and third radicals. 
 
 6. 7^*50 hophal, he was caused to work ; char- 
 acterised by a sheva, under the first radical, and a 
 kibbuts or kamets hateph under the M prefixed. 
 
 7. /JlfBipn hithpaely he wrought upon himself; 
 characterised by the syllable ilH prefixed, and a 
 dagesh in the second radical ; as If^bntl ; except 
 when the first radical is D, 2^, or C^j the character- 
 istic il. changes place with the first radical; as 
 
 Sanpn, for ^5pnn ; ^m^n, for iwnn ; 
 
 n^rii^^n for n^b^ipn. When the first radical is f, 
 the n is changed into 1, as ft?"!?'7 for f/?tnri ; when 
 it is )^, the n is changed into D, and the D changes 
 place with the first radical ; as plDVH for plV^rr. 
 And when the first radical is 1, tD^ or D, the 
 characteristic H is omitted, and a dagesh placed in 
 the first radical ; as nf^1_i^ for H/pin?^ ; nns^n for 
 
 nnt?r.n ; ^r\t?r)n for ^n.^nr^rr. 
 
 Some verbs are not used in all the forms ; and 
 the meaning of a verb in the difl'erent forms does 
 not always agree with the account here given ; 
 some verbs having a meaning diverse or even con- 
 trary in different forms. 
 
 Voices are two, active and passive ; and verbs, 
 which from their signification are neuter, have no 
 inflection peculiar to themselves. 
 
 Of the preceding forms kal, piel, and hiphil, are 
 active ; niphal, pual, and hophal, arc passive ; and 
 hithpael, though i;'enerally active, is sometimes pas- 
 sive. 
 
17 
 
 The moods are three; indicative, imperative^ 
 and infinitive. 
 
 There are two tenses. 
 
 The past or preterite includes the perfect, the 
 imperfect, and the pluperfect. 
 
 The future declares the action yet to be done, 
 and also expresses continuance of time. 
 
 The participle called ^^1^5 benoni, i. e. between 
 the past and future, is used to express the present 
 tense.* 
 
 JSTumbers are two ; the singular and the plural. 
 
 There are three persons in most parts of the 
 verb. 
 
 Genders are two, mas. and fern, except the first 
 person sing, and plural in the preterite and future, 
 and the third person plural preterite, which are 
 common. 
 
 Note. The word used by the ancient gramma- 
 rians for an example of a verb, was ^i?5 paal, 
 whence the different paradigms have derived their 
 names. Hence the first letter of a verb is called 5, 
 the second )^, and the third ^. But modern gram- 
 marians have justly chosen another word instead of 
 7^5, because of the dagesh lefte in the 5, w^hich 
 might be mistaken for the characteristic dagesh : 
 and because of the i? which admits of no dagesh. 
 
 * This is all that can be said of the tenses in general rules : 
 they are so limited in number, that their use is sometimes vague 
 and sometimes promiscuous. In the syntax they are explained 
 by examples. 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 OF IMPERFECT VERBS. 
 
 Imperfect verbs are generally arranged under 
 seven classes : 
 
 J. Pe aleph, i. e. when the first radical, (which 
 is called t3) is K ; as ^5N, he did eat. 
 
 2. Pe yod, when the first radical is ^ ; as ^^t? 
 he did sit. 
 
 3. Pe nun, when the first radical is ^ ; as C^J-J, 
 he drew near. 
 
 4. Ain vav, when the second radical, (which is 
 called y) IS )^ as 0)p, he did arise. 
 
 5. Ain doubled, i. e. when the second and third 
 radicals are the same ; as ^3p, he surrounded. 
 
 6. Lamed aleph, when the third radical, which 
 is called % is K ; as N^P? he found. 
 
 7. Lamed he, when the third radical is tl ; as 
 ilb^, he revealed. 
 
 The following rules will be useful in learning 
 the irregular verbs. 
 
 1. Quiescent pe alej)hy as 75^^ 
 
 The first radical N is generally omitted in the 
 first person future to prevent two alephs coming to- 
 gether, as SdK for h:?m. 
 
 Exceptions. DJIK, tllK, and ^'^DK are some- 
 times formed like *1D!7. 
 
 S. Quiescent pe yod^ !l^\ 
 
 Yod, the first radical, is omitted after every one 
 of the letters ^H^DNH, and its place is generally 
 supplied by a long vowel, as 75 ^N. 
 
 The ^ is also omitted in the imperative of kal. 
 
*9 
 
 as ^f^* ; and in the infinitive of kal ; where it has 
 n added, as D^tfJ. 
 
 Excep. 1. i^T? <^*3!? ^?^ and ID^, change Mn- 
 to 1 consonant in hithpael, as i^*l!5r)D 
 
 Excep. 2. These four :}L3t, ^^J, p^^ and 101^ 
 retain the ^, as !J^tp\'l. 
 
 Sixcep. 3. The following verhs in pe yod are 
 conjugated after the manner of C^jl^ ; as ^V% J!V% 
 tlH^ y)^\ r)^% and ^p% and generally pl*^^ ^V^ 
 and Sd^ 
 
 3. Defective pe nun, t^OX 
 
 The ^ radical is dropped in the infinitive and 
 imperative of kal ; also after any of the ^r^jDS^rt let- 
 ters ; the ^ is omitted and compensated by a da^esh 
 in the second radical, except in the future of nipbal, 
 in the whole of piel, pual, and hithnael. 
 
 When the second radical is a gnttural, the ^ is 
 not omitted ; and those whose second radical is % 
 are conjugated after the example of O^p^ 
 
 The verb TH^ has in the Sd person preterite H^rj 
 and rrilll ; in the infinitive ?h^ Ihi t^^^ ri? and 
 Dfl, with the suffix ^ilfl, the imperative ?J1 < Jl tl^JTS 
 ^jp, future ]tlt< ?nn ^^Jlnn, plural fn J jnj, inf. niph- 
 al fri^n? future hophal J]l.\ 
 
 4. Quiescent ain vav^* D^p. 
 
 The *1 is omitted or quiescent in most parts of 
 the verb, as will be seen by the tables. 
 
 The grave paradigms, i. e. those characterised 
 by a dagesh, double the last radical, as DDIp ; and 
 in some verbs both the first and last radicals are 
 doubled ; as Sp?? f**^ ^^^* 
 
 * To this class, belong those yerbs whose second radical is 
 
 vod." 
 
Those verbs whose second radical is 1, or ^ con- 
 sonant, are regularly conjugated like 1^^. 
 5. Defective ain doubled, SJp. 
 
 The second radical is frequently omitted, and 
 the omission is compensated either by a long vowel 
 under the formatives ^I^DNH, or by a dagesh in 
 the first or last radical, when an addition is made 
 to the root. 
 
 The characteristic dagesh is usually omitted, 
 and instead of it, the first radical takes holem ; as 
 
 DSiD for ::5p. 
 
 6. Quiescent lamed alejpli, KVP* 
 After the example of this verb, all verbs whose 
 third radical is K are changed ; except 
 1. Sometimes J< is omitted ; as ^il^^ 
 S. The infinitive often ends in HX ; as HK /D. 
 
 3. The third person sing. fem. often terminates 
 in D instead of H ; as HK'lp for HKIp^. 
 
 4. The verb KC^^ sometimes in the participle 
 passive changes K into *; as ^li!^^ for N^tJ^^. 
 
 7. Quiescent lamed he, H/^. 
 The n is frequently changed into ^ or n, except 
 The verbs H5^, H^J? ^^0 a^re regular. 
 In some verbs of this class, the first and second 
 radicals are doubled in the grave paradigms ; as 
 
 y^v:^ from nr^". 
 
 The infinitives generally end in Hi ; as Slwi ; 
 sometimes in rr, as lib^, and sometimes in 1, as 17^. 
 
 The radical H and the characteristic dagesh are 
 often omitted in the imperative of piel and hithpael. 
 Also in the future the H and dagesh are omitted, 
 
when the verb is prefixed by 1 conversive, and 
 when the particle 7N comes before it. 
 
 When a verb has ^ or J for the first radical, 
 and rr for the last, it has a two fold irregularity ; 
 and is varied in the beginning like !l^*, or t^')ly 
 and at the end like H?^.* 
 
 PARADIGMS. 
 
 The following paradigms are models for the 
 usual variations of the perfect and imperfect verbs, 
 according to the diflPerent forms, moods, &c. 
 
 Note. The verb pe aleph is omitted, because it 
 differs little from the perfect verb. 
 
 See Appendix (E) for further remarks upon verbs. 
 
Paradigm of perfect Verbs, 
 
 Preterite, 
 
 Future, 
 
 vi 
 
 W 
 
 .3 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 B ^ 
 
 2 
 
 2 j= 
 
 r^r'r r r r 
 
 *T *^. 4r-|. *-. .r-|. #-n- ^T *- *-|- 
 
 n' o O' O' O' n Ji' o- n. 
 
 r r r r r r r r r 
 
 n e; x: c; *" r: c :? 
 
 r rr r r r r r jr 
 n r;m:; '^ c c p 
 
 13' j:5"13. 1^. 13' 0-15' r3' 13' 
 
 r r r r r r r r r 
 n r; e; i:; '^ r; C^ 
 
 nnrzrzntzrztztz 
 
 o o 13' Oi n a o o n. 
 f- i-.r r r t^ r r r 
 
 nnn rnnn 
 
 n on 
 
 13' o o o 
 
 r r r r 
 
 c i; ^ c^ 
 
 n 
 
 no 
 
 13'0> 
 
 r-r- 
 
 nntz 
 
 13:13"13' 
 
 r r r 
 ni:; 
 
 cccc 
 
 1313 1l 13^ 
 
 r r r r 
 a 
 
 lT-' 
 
 13il3i 
 
 r r 
 
 Fara^og n tc letters. 
 
 B^ S 
 
 >>3 
 
 3 
 
 ^^ J 
 
 g; o 
 
 CD <D 
 
 J3 J= 
 
 
 2i3 13 no R n on 
 
 i::!:; 
 
 
 13: 
 
 n 
 
 .^ '^ r^ T^ TC^iT-'; /^'T^' 
 
 ^pi3.o^;^'pu3ci. 
 
 j^i^r:i:;%'j^:Pc:.c;' 
 
 
 J^J^ 
 
 .-TrJ^-J-^' 
 
 rCJ^V!'J^ 
 
 n 
 
 rz> 
 
1J2h he learned. 
 
 Imperative, 
 
 Beno 
 
 m. 
 
 Paul. 
 
 s s 
 
 
 ^ p^ 
 
 C-N-^O. 
 
 5 55 5 5 
 r r rr r 
 
 
 B Bt^ t^ 
 
 QUO O 
 
 .#T- *r- #T- *T- 
 
 r r r^ r 
 
 a 
 
 r; 
 
 finnn 
 
 n 
 
 ^s^.tr^jLTitr-' 
 
 ..X-'^ 
 
 aooo 
 
 Q 
 
 r r r r 
 
 r 
 
 - ^ *- 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 r r r r 
 n 
 
 a: 
 
 r 
 
 o n o OQ 
 r r r'r r 
 
 *-i -! *^- *-% *n- 
 
 13^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 F 
 
 on-n-n. 
 
 ir- 
 
 
 .X- 
 
 UOQ Q 
 
 n 
 
 ''rri;: 
 
 r 
 
 ^ '^n 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 
 noon o 
 
 OhO^O o O*^ 
 
 r r r'r r 
 
 
 r:^ 
 
 
 o ooo o^ 
 
 
 .j^ 
 
 
 U-VJ-^-X-JTiX-.. 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 ooooo. 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 rrrrr 
 
 n nnn 
 
 n 
 
 ooooo 
 
 
 cccc 
 
 c 
 
 ccccc 
 
 
 X^'JMJ^'X-' 
 
 .X-' 
 
 jr:'_r-Lr-Lr^'j^i 
 
 
 O O O O: 
 
 O: 
 
 OOOOO 
 
 
 r r r r 
 
 r 
 
 r r rr r 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 qHC^ 
 
 
 IZ 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
Si 
 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs whose 
 
 1 Preterite. 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 
 
 .-(. ^ t- " t-*^ l-*^ h^ ^ ..^ h 
 
 n n-^n ri r> n n n n 
 n c t; x; *" x:; i:; :? 
 
 
 n n^n n n-n n n n- 
 n i:; c i:;^ x:; c :? 
 a* 
 
 
 
 n n^n n n n n .i n.. 
 a* 
 
 .f .C"i:;"i:;;-%i:j;-t;"i::":?.- 
 
 n 
 
 
 n n^nn n n n nn 
 n cc f:^ c^ n. i;2 
 
 ^ r-i 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 ^ p r; r:; ; 13 r; r; :? 
 
 ;P- C j:; r; 5i ^^ r; r; p 
 
 11 
 
 a 
 
 ^nnnniinnii 
 
 n nnnnn nnn 
 n c c: c; '^ c c; ^2 
 
 ^ c 5 5 % 5- c c :? 
 n 
 
 
 
 ffl 
 
 iinnnnnnJin 
 
 n n n n n n n Cf n 
 n ; i:; j; ' 1^ c^:? 
 
 
25 
 
 first radical is ^ ^^Ji'^ he sat. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 1 Benoni, 
 
 1 Patt^. 
 
 .4J *a >> >^ 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 '* ^ ^- -i 
 
 W3 .2 
 
 a en 
 
 * '^ ^ r:? 
 
 n n n n 
 
 n 
 
 - ^ - - - 
 
 nnn^nn 
 
 nnn^nn 
 
 n-nnr: 
 nnnn 
 
 s: 
 
 n 
 
 
 rtnn^nn 
 
 nnnn 
 
 n 
 
 nnn nn 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 n n n^nn 
 
 n II n n 
 
 n 
 
 nnnPn 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 nnn^nn 
 
 iztzrzrz 
 
 nnnn 
 n 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 ccccc 
 n n n^nn 
 
 
S6 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs whose 
 
 
 Preterite. 
 
 I Future. 
 
 
 
 0300 ^2a3 
 
 
 
 -|i- ^K -|i- -|K -|i. ^t^ -|-.r-|...0- 
 
 :;,;i!;i:;i::%:;,:ci::::;?; 
 
 Niphal. 
 
 n n; r; e; -^ m i:; :? 
 
 p,;c; ; c % p,:c e: :;> 
 
 *-5. xr|^ #^K r-i^ #^h r-^- 'jy- ryi- ^-,. 
 
 't^ ^^: '^- '~5..'^: r^ f^- '^"s' 
 
 *^ ii ^ tJ ^ ^ 5i t. ^ 
 
 Piel. 
 
 n m J- c -" m m :? 
 
 ^^: ^t ^1 ^, *-|i ^..*-li ^1 ^: 
 J^ ^: '^: -^ n:-v. -^r T-. * 
 
 n 
 
 
 =3 
 
 n r; c c '^ j:; t; :? 
 
 *^i ^.^.^..'^.T'^.*^n^ 
 
 ^ !i 5a Ji ^ ^ 5j *i 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 nirnrrfrnnnn 
 
 *T .rr5- rsi ^i ^rji fr^..*^! *^l ^, 
 
 ^ ^ r; ; 1- -^ r; r; :? 
 
 :;,ij:;.c.e;'%.::,'i:;'i:;':;?! 
 
 
 n IT n n c c n n n^^^ 
 n i:; n; i:; '^ r; i:; :? 
 
 
 
 
 ccccccccc 
 
 -1 .r-|l ni *-ti T *^i *-%t -|l -r-li 
 
 n i:; m j; -" r; c :? 
 
 c; c c^ r ^^ P 
 
 ^: -r-,, ^. ^i ;^ .:^"::;' ::j' 'rj, 
 
 n 
 
27 
 
 first radical letter is J. t^j^ he ap proached. 
 
 Benoni. I Paul, 
 
 Imperative, 
 
 S 2 
 
 'i :^^^ 
 n 
 
 nnnn 
 n 
 
 .*-|i -r-ii .r-ii *-|i 
 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 ^ooo o 
 
 ^1 *-l jryi *-|i ,r|i 
 .^:*r^..^..*r5....,r5.. 
 
 . . ( p- 
 
 5 B Cf-S %^ 
 
 
 JI 
 
 C 
 
 
 .rrs: rs- ^r^. r^: 
 
 
 11' 
 
 O' O' 0> O' o> 
 
 *^ t- *- *- 
 
 0000 
 
 
 r: 
 
 
 0000 
 
 nnnn: 
 
 cccc 
 
 *-i *-i '-ii '-1, 
 
 
 OOOOO 
 
 -11 *-ll *-ll -ll *jl' 
 
 
Paradigm of Verbs whose second 
 Preterite, j Future. 
 
 i4 
 
 OJ 
 
 O O O 
 
 O 
 
 .riM j3 ^2 _S "" t^ 
 g (J2 ^ ^ >-< '3 k a ks ^ 
 
 a Q n Q 13 ^ Q n Q 
 
 2 ^a 
 
 , =5 == 
 
 .a c ts ^ *-( ^ ^, > ! 
 
 o 
 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 *-iK*-i^*-i..*-i-*--#-^i-*-..^n..*-i-. 
 
 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 
 ^ c c c. c c :? 
 
 > n 
 
 5 555 95 5 
 
 -* 
 
 
 n-rLn-niXLn. n-n-n, 
 
 5 5 5' 5i 5' 5 5' 5- S 
 a Q o 13 n o n n O" 
 n i:; i:; i:; "" c c :? 
 a " 
 
 
 r- *- o 
 QHOn 
 
 5' 55' h 5 5 5 5' & 
 
 a n o 13 o Q C3 Q o 
 
 n i:; c i:; *" c c: :? 
 
 
 * # * o. 
 
 ana J?" 
 
 5 5 2' 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 rzszrzvrzvrzrzriiSZirzr 
 a 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
 a - 
 
 V- n,r^ r>l^:Lt:-x:li.n:I^-' 
 aa5a9S.5a 
 
 o 
 
 i^ i^ 1^ J^ J^ i^ i^ i^ i^ 
 
 a n o Q o o n n n 
 n mc; m-- c G :;3 
 a* 
 
 ^ m r; c; % ;. i; ; p 
 
 *^aanaynn^ 
 n 
 
 
 n n n r: n n n n n 
 ccccccccc 
 
 55 55 5b 55 5 
 
 o Q n n n n o n n 
 
 n n; r; j:; '^ j:; i:; :;;? 
 
 Ki:; 1^ C 2s; r i^ C p 
 
 g5555g55g 
 "aana9nQ^ 
 
 n 
 
S9 
 radical letter is ^ or \ 
 
 Dip to arise. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 1 1 Benoni. , 
 
 Paul. 
 
 a^ g^ 
 
 e o ^ S3 
 
 
 a in 
 5S e..S ^ 
 
 p . MD 
 
 5 5 55- 
 
 a 
 
 a^ 
 
 55 55 
 aCc; 
 
 nnnn 
 
 55 55 
 n 
 
 n 
 5 
 
 
 5555 
 a^m 
 
 55 5 5 
 a n n n 
 
 C 
 
 # 
 n 
 a 
 
 nnnn 
 
 5:5 5 5 
 
 annn 
 
 a^c 
 
 
 
 
 
 nnnn- 
 
 5555^ 
 ann.o 
 
 "nnR 
 
 a 
 
 nnnn 
 
 annn 
 a'^C 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 El 
 a 
 
 
 nnnn 
 annn 
 
 nnnn 
 cccc 
 
 5 55g 
 ano^; 
 
 n 
 c 
 
 5 
 a 
 
 nnng 
 
 55 5 n 
 a^r; 
 
 
 4* 
 
30 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs whose third 
 
 
 1 Preterite. 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 he 
 she 
 
 thou, m, 
 thou, f. 
 
 they 
 you, m, 
 you, f. 
 we 
 
 
 
 :^'^> :/i :^ ^^ ^^ >.M'^:yi'^ 
 % % % % % % 5s; 2s :2i 
 
 a' 
 
 ^TUktAlAtA^ IA>X^^ 
 
 
 
 ^S'^^^ J^= Ut- tA: tAtA lA: lA- 
 
 a* 
 
 ^ % % % % i? 5i %; ^ 
 
 Ui' ^AtA: M' >1= ^^- ^^: 7A tA: 
 
 0*^ 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 o ox)Q on no o 
 
 ^^^:^ >|: >= P\: '.-'VtA: tA: >A- 
 
 :^ %^% % % % ssi Si Si 
 
 n or; c '^ c c >? 
 
 n 
 
 y onaoh n ng 
 
 2 ^I'^M*^^*..^ y >^ >> S 
 
 
 n: r: n n n n i:: n n 
 noon nopnn 
 
 tA ^H- ^- ^^t: ^^: ^^ i^-- ^^- ^^: 
 
 *^ ^^.JC Si 5i ^i' 2S Ji 55, 
 
 ^ p c c c^ c; c :? 
 
 Hnnon> nog 
 ^ ^> ^1 tA v' > ^^ p 
 
 . 
 
 rnnnr; noiin^ 
 
 5^^,n n n n >^ n n U 
 
 ^ 
 
 n on on on no 
 
 ^ 
 
 :^.^^.,..>\: > ^t: M">-i: >\: t^^ 
 
 V ^nl^^a^:^ ^^ y vi ^^ 5 
 
 ^ Si Si SS Si - S^ 51 ^ 
 
 Cm 
 
 Q 
 
 5i S^ Ss^ % % % 2^ Si % 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 nnnnnnnnn 
 
 y 0000^.0 0' r': 
 ^% Si Si, Si ^sssi^ 
 
 O 
 
 ccccr^cccc 
 
 C3 
 
 C- 
 
 nion'on'onn-n- 
 
 >^: ^t-'^A- PX: tA: lA-.'^' tA tA: 
 
 -i-> 
 
 Si :^..si Si Si Si % 5i % 
 
 t 
 
 
 
31 
 
 radical is 
 
 ^J. NVP^^M^^. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 1 
 
 1 BenonL 
 
 i PaitL 
 
 O O ^ -^ 
 
 ^ ts >^ >^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 ZA' 
 
 n n Q n n 
 
 
 n n^n^n^ 
 
 n 
 % 
 
 
 *-|. *-. .r-i- *-|- 
 
 on on 
 a^ 
 
 nnno 
 
 Za Za>\>\' 
 
 ZA 
 
 n o n n 
 
 ZA- ZAZA Za 
 
 
 
 n 
 >< 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 n onn 
 
 ZA^ ZA. Uk ZA-- 
 
 n 
 
 O' O' Q' O 
 
 n Q o o 
 
 ZA' ZA ZA ZA 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 On no 
 
 %%52 2C 
 
 rznrzrz 
 
 O rji Q' Q. 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 5i 
 
 c c c c 
 
 >t: ZaZA za- 
 
 
3@ 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs whose tlurd 
 
 Preterite, 
 
 Future. 
 
 B 
 
 3 S 
 
 d3 c o 
 
 CO gg<0 
 
 a cg^^f-^'3 >^>ag 
 
 o o 
 
 S 
 
 la 
 
 ^^ s s >* >% sT 
 2 o o 5 
 
 
 
 ^'' ^- *^*- ^- *T- T- '^'^T- 
 
 no 
 n 
 
 C q c c c -- 
 
 
 *-5..*-V..*-T-.r-5..*-5..4r-5..#T-.r-5..#-5. 
 
 
 
 
 n. T *^- ^- T ^- T -T ^. 
 
 
 '^ n n *^ n ""^7^ ^ 
 
 ^'^.'r5--'#r5.-V5...rrs.--#r^''T^' 
 
 no? 
 
 n 
 
 one 
 
 CO 
 
 :^.-0"00"%'"^".0"0':^": 
 
 nonoo 
 
 /rGnn 
 
 ^ n f". ^ 
 
 ^ n i:: - o :s> ^ 
 n 
 
 nnrroo 
 ^ {5 oc o 
 
 nono 
 
 " ^ ^ 
 
 oo:? 
 
 o n o% :^ro o::;:. 
 
 
 
 noooo 
 ooooo 
 
 nnno 
 oooo 
 
 ^ {^ on p 
 
 Kono^r o^P 
 1:^,00 no-? no 5; 
 
B3 
 
 radical letter is 11. hS^ he revealed. 
 
 
 
 13 O O' Q- 
 
 
 
 cccc 
 
 *^i T ^i -^i 
 
 
34 
 
 Paradigm of Verbs whose second and third 
 
 
 Preterite. 
 
 1 Future, 
 
 
 x 
 
 
 
 
 0'Q.Q-Q.O'Q'Q.O.Q' 
 
 n n-^n n n n nn n 
 
 Q c; i:; i; % Q c 3'^ 
 
 i== Q Q Q Q i=? Q. O id 
 
 ^hnnh^^3'' 
 n 
 
 
 
 OiQ.QiQQ.Q,OiQ.O 
 
 n n n n n n n n n 
 
 '^nnnn^nn^ 
 n 
 
 
 Q O Q n Q o O O Q 
 
 n in ni n. fi' nn n n 
 
 n nnn nn nnn 
 
 n ; c r; *" i:; i:; :? 
 
 S Q Q Q Q i^ O Q y 
 
 2 n: n n n fj n n J? 
 ''nnnnl^nn^ 
 
 n 
 
 Q Q Q n Q O Q Q Q 
 
 n nn n n nn n n 
 n nnnnn nnn- 
 n i; i:; e;^ r; c -' 
 a* 
 
 'nn 
 
 
 Q 
 
 ex; 
 
 n n 
 nn 
 
 ^n 
 
 i=? Q Q i=! 
 
 n 
 
 n ^' ^ Vi 
 
 I? n n ^ 
 n 
 
 nirnnn'nn-n'n' 
 
 Q Q: Q Q Q O: Q O Q 
 
 n n n n n n n n n 
 
 ^ C c c "^ c c 5 
 a* 
 
 ^'nn 
 
 nn 
 
 ^^ nn ^ 
 n 
 
 nnnnnnnnn 
 
 Si 5 o 5' Si S' Si Si S. 
 n nn nn n nnn 
 
 a * 
 
 ccc 
 
 r~ki *7- .rr- *r- ^ f-i. ^rr- ^^ ri 
 
 '^'nnnn>:-"nn^ 
 
 
 
 nn nnnn jin n 
 
 *^ . 
 
 n..n..Q-Q. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 *T 
 
 CP 
 
 OO O no QQQQ 
 
 u- 
 
 Q 
 
 U 
 
 
 5 5 5 5 ^ 5 5 5 5 
 
 e 
 
 nncc 
 
 n 
 
 nn 
 
 n 
 
 ^ 
 
 n n. n' n' n n n' n' n- 
 
 n: 
 
 n n nn 
 
 n 
 
 n n 
 
 .n= 
 
 
 n nnnnn nnn 
 
 n 
 
 nnnn 
 
 n 
 
 nn 
 n 
 
 ii 
 
S5 
 
 radicals are the same letter. ^3D he surrounded. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 Benoni. 
 
 1 PauL 
 
 g S =3 
 !5 73 >> > 
 
 
 6JD 
 
 WD 
 
 a hf) 
 
 OD Ch.2 'T* 
 
 2 S^-c^- 
 
 o n Q o- 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 n 
 
 O Q Q O Q 
 
 n nnnn 
 n nn^nn 
 
 0.0 Q 
 
 nnnn 
 nnnn 
 
 nrzrzrz 
 
 n 
 
 ^) 
 n 
 
 
 QQ'Q.Q. 
 
 nnn^n 
 
 noQo 
 nnnn- 
 
 Q 
 
 n 
 
 Q Q n Q n 
 
 nnnnn 
 nnnn n 
 
 
 o 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 
 onno 
 
 O Q O Q 
 
 n^n n.fiK 
 nnnn 
 
 Q: Q: Q: n 
 
 n 
 
 nnn*^ n 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 Q' 
 
 n 
 
 
 sr- sr~ r:- *r- 
 
 nnnn 
 
 OOQQ 
 
 5 5 ^ 5 
 n n n n. 
 
 rz 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 Q o Q on. 
 
 55 55 5 
 
 nnn nn 
 nn n-^n n 
 
 
36 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 OF AFFIXES TO VERBS. 
 
 Personal pronouns belonging to verbs, in ob- 
 lique cases, are rarely expressed by separate words, 
 but are affixed to the verb. 
 
 Pronominal affixes to a verb, except in the in- 
 finitive, signify the patient or object. 
 
 The infinitive may have an affix expressing 
 either the subject or the object; as O'^^S when X 
 approach, \2^y to redeem thee. 
 
 Some of the personal terminations of verbs are 
 changed on account of the affixes. 
 
 In the preterite, third person feminine singular, 
 n is changed into D ; second person feminine, is 
 commonly changed into ^/l. The second person 
 plural of both genders changes Dil and fJD into ^Jl. 
 
 In the future tense the third and second persons 
 change il^ into 1. 
 
 Bometimes the letter ^ is inserted between the 
 verb and affix ; as T|4irT3^; they shall praise thee. 
 
 The verb lamed he loses H before the affixes. 
 
 Affixes to participles are the same as tiiose to 
 nouns. 
 
EXAMPLE 
 
 OP 
 
 VERBS 
 WITH AFFIXES. 
 
38 
 
 
 s 
 
 H 
 
 zn pd 
 P? H 
 
 o 
 
 .i3 CO 
 
 
 .x-.. .J^- <J^" ur-.. .j^" ur^ 
 
 O' n-^ rj' 13' n^ o 
 
 r' r' r r r r 
 
 :? r; j:;- c r;. r; 
 
 r r rT*^ 
 
 I-. ,- P p. 
 
 
 13 
 
 r T'^rrr r r r r 
 '- n r; C I!; r; c r; p 
 
 r r 
 
 
 .J^" 
 
 .j^ 
 
 j^. 
 
 ._r^ 
 
 j^ 
 
 .j^" 
 
 ,j-^.. 
 
 
 . n^ 
 
 n*^ 
 
 O' 
 
 o. 
 
 n^ 
 
 n. 
 
 o- 
 
 u 
 
 r' 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 r- 
 
 A 
 
 n 
 
 r;^ 
 
 r;^ 
 
 r; 
 
 o 
 
 n: 
 
 r-% 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 j^ .-T _r^ ,j^ _r^ .j^.. 
 
 n-^ O-^ O' Q' Q'^ o. 
 
 r^ r' r r r r 
 
 :? C C. r; p; C 
 
 o 
 
 rrn r- 
 
 Sua- 
 
 r r 
 
 S 
 
 o^Q n^n 2 ^' ^' ^' ^ O'O' o. n- n. 
 p.p.^.pKj- P p.p^ r r r r r 
 
 a "-C C ecu: c f: ;z:^i:; c; P ;3 
 
39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 C3 flf 
 
 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 
 f^ 
 
 
 
 .a 
 
 
 arn. 
 
 arn, 
 arn 
 
 
 US 
 
 
 M^^ 
 
 
 
 ^ -2 ^ 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 %: 
 
 c: 
 
 -J^*^ .j^ ^j^ 
 
 .J^. 
 
 
 .J^ 
 
 ,j^- 
 
 
 o n n 
 
 
 n. 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 r r- r 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 V ^ ;s 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 *-i. 
 
 ^T- 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5i:%: 
 
 ^J^ 
 
 
 -T^U^"^ 
 
 
 .^r-j-s.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 nn 
 
 
 O-^Q. 
 
 no 
 
 
 
 
 r r 
 
 
 f;p 
 
 r r 
 
 
 
 
 ITTr- 
 
 
 J H J 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5i %: 
 
 C 
 
 -r-tr^tj^ _r,. 
 
 .J^t^^^ 
 
 
 J^jX- 
 
 ,j^ 
 
 W 
 
 Q n . 
 
 
 nn. 
 
 1 
 
 on 
 r r= 
 
 r 
 n 
 
 
 err C 
 
 r r-^ 
 
 
 %SSi 
 
 
 
 Q on n 
 
 S 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 *^Q- 
 
 a 
 
 
 p4 
 
 rr' 
 
 
 rr 
 no 
 
 r 
 
 ^no B 
 
 
 ir- 
 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 j^' _r- ,j^- 
 n n n 
 r r r 
 
 n 
 r 
 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 
 ^ ^ *-| 
 
 
 *" 
 
 
 *^ 
 
 xr~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 #^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 %:%: 
 
 I:;!; 
 
 
 .J^tTs, 
 
 
 .J^:J^ 
 
 na^ 
 
 
 
 
 nn. 
 
 
 nQ. 
 
 
 
 
 r r. 
 
 
 r r 
 
 r r~ 
 
 
 
 
 nn- 
 
 
 n o- 
 
 no 
 
 
 
 
 o* 
 
 
 a 
 
 a*~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 %:% 
 
 i:;c 
 
 QO O QO 3 
 
 no 
 r r^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^Q 
 
 
 r rr r r r 
 
 
 
 rr' 
 
 r r 
 
 
 
 a*^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 n* 
 
 
 
 
 
40 
 
 CHAP. XL 
 
 OF PARTICLES. 
 
 In the terra particles are included adverbs, con- 
 junctions, prepositions, and interjections. 
 
 Since the particles are in their origin generally 
 nouns, they often admit the changes and con- 
 struction of nouns. 
 
 They are sometimes put in regimen with nouns ; 
 as ^P3 pK (there is) not of silver^ from \\i^y and 
 
 l^DH nnj^ after the kins:. 
 
 1^ 
 
 Prepositions and many other separate particles, 
 receive pronominal affixes ; which affixes are some- 
 times such as belong to verbs ; as nj4 before me, 
 inrjN of^er him^ ^45'?< not I^ )il}n hthold. him, 
 
 Tjni;; still thou. 
 
 The prefixes or inseparable particles are used 
 in composition with the separable particles, which 
 it is unnecessary to illustrate by examples. 
 
41 
 
 CHAP. XIL 
 
 CONCERNING THE ROOT. 
 
 The Hebrew letters are divided into radical 
 and servile letters. (See p. 2.) ^ 
 
 In order to find the root of a word, the learner 
 should remember the servile letters ; and his labour in 
 finding the words in the Lexicon will be mutch fa- 
 cilitated by caretul attention to the following ac- 
 count of these letters. 
 
 K, !3, 7, t^, in the middle and end of a word are 
 always radical. 
 
 K is used at the beginning of a word 1st. to form 
 nouns from verbs ; Sd. to form the first person sing. 
 com. in the future tense. 
 
 D is used 1st. as an inseparable preposition in, 
 prefixed to nouns to denote the ablative case. 2d. 
 It is prefixed to the infinitive to form a gerund. 
 
 T\ is used 1st. in the formation of nouns ; Sd. as 
 the definite article ; 8d. it is prefixed to the parti- 
 ciple as a relative pronoun ; 4th. it is prefixed as an 
 interrogative ; 5th. it is suffixed to denote the fem- 
 inine gender; 6th. it is added to nouns and verbs 
 as a paragogic letter ; 7th. it is affixed to nouns to 
 denote to or toitmrds a place ; 8th. it is prefixed to 
 verbs to form the infinitive of niphal, and as a char- 
 acteristic in hiphil, hophal, and hithpael ; 9th. it is 
 suffixed to the preterite in the third pers. sing. fem. 
 
 *) is prefixed to nouns and verbs as a conjunction 
 and conversive, (the latter see explained in the syn- 
 tax.) It is suffixed as an inseparable pronoun to 
 
 nouns and to verbs. 
 6 
 
4S 
 
 ^ is used 1st. as a formative of nouns ; Sd. it is. 
 affixed to nouns as the first person common of the 
 possessive pronoun sing, and pi. ; 3d. it is used to 
 form the ordinal numerals from the cardinals ; 4th. 
 to denote the plural and sometimes singular regi- 
 men ; 5th. it is used in the verb as a prefix to de- 
 note the third person mas. in the future^ and suffix- 
 ed to denote the second person fem. future and im- 
 perative ; 6th. it is used as a pronominal affix. 
 
 ^is prefixed, 1st. to nouns and pronouns to form 
 a comparison ; 2(1. to the infinitive to form a gerund ; 
 8d. it is suffixed to nouns and verbs to denote the 
 second person of the pronoun sing, and pi. mas, and 
 fem. 
 
 b is prefixed J 1st. to nouns to point out the cas- 
 es ; Sd. to the infinitive to form a gerund. 
 
 tJ is used to form nouns. It is prefixed to nouns, 
 1st. to denote the ablative case ; 2d. to make the 
 comparative. To verbs it is prefixed to denote the 
 participle piel, pual, hiphil, hophal and hithpael, 
 and to the infinitive to form a gerund. It is suf- 
 fixed to nouns to form the pi. mas. and the dual 
 com. and as the second and third pers. pronoun pi. 
 mas. to pronouns to denote the second and third 
 person plu. mas. and to verbs to denote the second 
 pers. pi. mas. preterite. 
 
 ^ is used to form nouns. It is prefixed to verbs 
 to denote the first pers. future pi. and also as the 
 characteristic of niphal. It is employed as an affix, 
 or part of an affix in some of the persons of the pro- 
 noun ; and also in performing several inflections at 
 iliQ end of different persons of tli verb. 
 
43 
 
 \i^ is prefixed instead of the pronoun ^^>? and 
 signifies who, or which. 
 
 n is used to form nouns. When suffixed to 
 nouns it denotes, 1st. the fem. gender ; Sd. it makes 
 the feminine in regimen ; 3d. it forms the fem. pi. 
 To verbs it is prefixed in the future to denote the 
 second pers. mas. and fem. sing, and pi. and the 
 third pers. sing, and pi. fem. and as the character- 
 istic of hithpael. It is suffixed in the preterite to 
 denote the second pers. sing, and pi. mas. and fem. 
 
 If, after the rejection of the serviles which are 
 used in the various methods here explained, there 
 should remain four letters, which will rarely be the 
 case, the root is quadriliteral. 
 
 If three letters remain, they are the radicals, as 
 0*13?J<, I will remember thee ; N is the sign of the 
 first pers. sing, future, I will ; the second D is the 
 pronominal affix second pers. sing. fem. tJieey which 
 sometimes, as in this case, has ^ after it ; the re- 
 maining letters ^Dt are the radicals. 
 
 If only two letters remain, the root is some kind 
 of defective verb, and may be found by prefixing ^ 
 or ^, by inserting *) or *> between them, by doubling 
 the second letter, or by adding H generally, (some- 
 times N, ^, or D) to the end. 
 
 It is not always easy to determine which meth- 
 od will ascertain the root ; but it may be useful to 
 subjoin a few rules. 
 
 If a noun begin with a heemantic letter, and the 
 first have a dagesh, its root commonly begins with 
 H ; as rrDD, a bed, from ilp^, sometimes with * be- 
 cause some verbs pe yod are like pe nun ; as n!}5f P; 
 a statue, from ^V% 
 
1 1 
 
 The root of most nouns beginning with ID or in 
 begins with % as H^in, a law, fi*om tl'lli and 
 :20f2, a seat, from n^\ 
 
 Many nouns liaving a long vowel under the first 
 radical J come from verbs whose second radical is 1 
 or % or whose third is H ; as Dp, HDp, from Dip. 
 But nouns having a short vowel under the lirst radi- 
 cal, or which, upon having an addition to the end, ad- 
 mit dagesh in tlic second radical, commonly have for 
 their root a verb, which doubles the second radical; 
 as !}p5, a circuit, from ^5P ; Jl/P? a word, from 
 ^?7P ; l)ut i^N, anger, (^$N, &c,) comes from ^^J<, 
 not rj9K. 
 
 Nouns which end in or p are commonly de* 
 rived from verbs ending in il ; as ptH, a vision, 
 from nm ; n5, fruit, from n^Q. 
 
 Sometimes only one radical remains ; tlie root 
 will then commonly be found by putting ^ to the 
 beginning, and tl to the end ; as ^PP, thy rod, 
 from np^. 
 
 In regard to the roots of imperfect verbs, an ac- 
 quaintance with the different paradigms of the verbs 
 and participles will generally be a sufficient guide. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 OF NOUNS. 
 
 R. 1, When two nouns arc used in apposition 
 they generally agree in gender, number, and case ; 
 as n3j7 "15*7? David, my servant ; except nouns of 
 dignity or dominion. 
 
 R. 2, Two substantives in apposition are some- 
 times so joined togetlier, that the latter supplies the 
 place of an adjective; as DJ^O D^JJ'^N, men few- 
 ness, i. e. few. 
 
 R. 3. The absolute often appears to be put for 
 the constructed state or regimen; as D^Qbtf/ D^ll^f? 
 sacrifices, peace-offerings : but these and other 
 nouns in the like situation may be considered in 
 apposition. In such instances as nnjll p*^^^7^ 
 the ark, the covenant, there is an ellipsis of the 
 constructed noun, the ark, the ark of the covenant. 
 
 R. ^, Numerals from three to ten inclusive arc 
 found in the feminine form with masculine substan- 
 tives, and in the masculine form with feminine sub- 
 stantives ; as D^b^aS n^^JP* Dltya? rS?^, seven 
 lambs. 
 
 Exceptions. Dfl? ill^lp? n*^7i;5^, three pieces 
 of bread ; ill)45 nj7Il*l^> ft)ur wings. 
 
 R. 5. Numerals from one to ten, though in the 
 singular form, have substantives in the plural ; the 
 other numerals, though in the plural form, have sub- 
 stantives in the singular ; as 0''^^/ ^K^O? ^^ve years ; 
 n;^ W^On, fifty years. 
 
46 
 
 Exception. DIJl^ D^K^g^'l D^^!? D^trV^', thirty 
 sons and thirty daughters. 
 
 R. 6. A substantive is often repeated to sig- 
 nify, 1st. the whole with reference to each of the same 
 kind ; as Si^*^^ tT^J^^ man man, i. e. every man ; Sd. 
 multitude and succession ; as "^t^tl nl^K^ nl^!}<3, 
 pits, pits of clay, i. e. many and successive ; 8d. 
 distribution ; as he delivered to his servants ^IJf 
 ^"jr, drove, drove, i. e. a drove to the care of each. 
 
 11. 7. Regimen is frequently so used that the 
 latter substantive supplies the place of an adjective; 
 as i^*1pll nJ3? garments of holiness, i. e. holy ; 
 pTif p?!^? stone or weight of justice, i. e. just. 
 
 R. 8. Sometimes the former substantive has tha 
 meaning of an adjective ; as ^55*1 i")?, with the 
 multitude of my chariots, i. e. with many. I will 
 cut down VpN ilpip, the height of his cedars, i. e. 
 high. 
 
 R. 9. The same noun that is in regimen, re- 
 peated, denotes the highest degree of its own kind ; 
 as D^p^'lpJl ^ipf holy of holies, i. e. the most holy 
 thing or place. Q^75D ^3D? vanity of vanities, i. e. 
 extreme vanity. 
 
 R. 10. In the construction of two substantives 
 by regimen, the latter may have either an active or 
 a passive signification; as D*3S^1\*1 DDH, the inju- 
 ry of the inhabitants, means that which they occa- 
 sioned; and /r?*l: ^J5 D^n, the injury of the sons 
 of Jerubbaal, means that which they received. 
 
 The same diversity is to be observed in the af- 
 fixes ; as ^ppn, my injury, (received) Dill^^^y 
 their crimes, (committed.) 
 
 R. 11. The affix usually follows the second 
 
47 
 
 noun, although it belongs to the noun in regimen ;. 
 as ^^"Ip "iJlj the mountain of my holiness, i. e. my 
 mountain of holiness, or my holy mountain. 
 
 R. i2. Adjectives, and participles put for ad- 
 jectives, when they are followed by a substantive 
 signifying the object to which they are attributed, 
 are put in regimen ; as HD ^^^^9 great of strength ; 
 D!-55 ''ph pure of hands. 
 
 R. 13. Rpgimen often takes place with the pro- 
 noun relative expressed or understood ; as ^^t< JIJ/5 
 Vy^f for the iniquity of what he knew ; Hb^^ n*!!r^^ 
 the residue of what he hath acquired. 
 
 An ellipsis similar to that in the last example 
 frequently happens after the particles ; as K? nt!?!? 
 ^7yV, after things which (^^^?) do not profit. 
 
 R. 14. A noun has sometimes the same form as 
 if in regimen, when a particle either separable or 
 inseparable comes between it and the following 
 noun ; as ili^"!) ilO^D^ wisdom and knowledge ; 
 Id ^Dln, trusting in him ; *Tlp ^ll73 HJP, a stroke 
 without cessation. 
 
 R. 15. Adjectives (except the numerals) gener- 
 ally follow their substantives; as Dph tJ^^N, awise 
 man : sometimes they precede ; as DH^y ^''^1j> 
 many hunters* 
 
 R. 10. The adjective with the verb to he under- 
 stood is sometimes placed before the substantive to 
 express greater force ; as ^JJU* S1"I^, great is my in- 
 iquity. 
 
 R. 17, The substantive and adjective agree in 
 gender and number; except substantives in the du- 
 al number, which have plural adjectives. 
 
 R. 18. Adjectives and participles which by el- 
 
48 
 
 lipsis have in a manner acquired a substantive use, 
 may disagree with the substantive in number and 
 gender ; as n.^n?1 ^^^? f DD nnJlp'Sp, every offer- 
 ing of the priest shall be perfect (a perfect sacrifice.) 
 ^^ivl^ ^^PpD, covering thee worm, i. e. worms 
 shall be thy covering. 
 
 So also when "1^% (^^ing) or a similar word 
 may be supplied, there is often a disagreement in 
 gender or number; as tl^lY^^ D^i/^n? pinn, far 
 from the wicked is safety (a remote thing ;) 
 ^'^'^VO K*n1^"rTD, how terrible (tremendous thing) 
 are thy works ; ^''Q^tpt? *lJf^J, right (are) thy judg- 
 ments. These plural substantives may, however, 
 be considered as used distributively. 
 
 R. 19. A substantive with a preposition fre- 
 quently supplies the place of an adjective; as f^JI^I^ 
 b5ty!3, a counsellor in understanding, i.e. wise; 
 *^y^9 nn^i^, a lion from the forest, i. e. wild. In 
 the examples '^^11 t^HpS, in holiness is thy way 
 T|^P53 n.^n.^ Win% Jehovah shall be in thy hope, 
 perhaps a greater force of expression is intended, 
 i. e. thy way is holiness itself Jehovah shall be 
 the object of thy supreme confidence. 
 
 R. SO. Adjectives and participles in each gen- 
 der, but more frequently in the feminine, are used 
 without a substantive, like those of the Latins in the 
 neuter gender ; as !2lD and HplO, a good thing, 
 fhonum.J 
 
 R. SI. Names of animals, which, in the mas 
 culine form, embrace both sexes, may have adjec- 
 tives, &c. in the masculine, although the nouns 
 stand for the feminine ; as 70*J* !31, a bear depriv- 
 ed (of /ler young.) 
 
49 
 
 il. 22. When tlie plural noun, signifying the 
 suhject, has a singular for its pretlicate, the for- 
 mer is used distributively ; as ^^?.^;ipi ni^K :]^"!>S* 
 ^1*15? ^' * ^^^^^ ^^ those who curse thee, shall be 
 cursed, and each of those who bless thee, shall be 
 blessed. 
 
 R. 23. Nouns in the plural form, as D^^l^^? 
 vi^Sj QS^'I'^K, &c. but having the signification of 
 the singular, for the most part take adjectives, pro- 
 nouns, and verbs, in the singular ; rarely in the 
 plural ; as Kin D^ti^lj? D^n?^, where the adjective 
 is plural and the pronoun singular. ''HH -iVHtl 
 D^^ S^?, Grod hath caused me to wander. 
 
 R. 24. Collective nouns in the singular number 
 have plural words to agree with them ; as DI^H 
 D^KV04D^ the people that were to be found; )yi\ 
 ^Hj^D"^?? all the assembly shall know. Also fem- 
 inine nouns singular that denote a collection of men, 
 are construed in the plural ; as nnin.^ ni7^"^D 
 D^N^D? all the captivity (captives) of Juddi who 
 come. 
 
 R. S;i. Proper names of people are used, 1st. 
 in the masculine singular ; as D?^ 7^"!^^* ^y_') 
 flD dnVP? and Israel saw Egypt dead, i. e. the 
 people of Israel and Egypt ; Sd. as collective nouns 
 iW the masculine plural; as D'lK ^D^l, and the 
 Syrians iied ; 3d. in the singular feminine by me- 
 tonymy, for the people themselves ; as nilJl.* Mn%*7, 
 Judah hath become. 
 
 R. 26. The adjective belonging to a noun in 
 regimen frequently agrees in number and gender 
 js'lth the latter noun: as npH nh JDrn niliD^, the 
 7 
 
30 
 
 cruise of oil failed not : D^pi^'i^ ^'t}^ ^?)1 Sip, the 
 voice of tliy brothers blood crieth. 
 
 II. 27. When nouns connected together are of 
 different gender or number, the adjective or verb 
 commonly agrees with that which is accounted more 
 worthy ; as D^^pt tl'lt*) D^"J^3^^, Abraham and 
 Sarah (were^ old ; rT^"fn HnSn nt^^NH, the wife 
 and her children shall be. 
 
 R. S8. The agreement of the masculine verb 
 with the plural noun, and of the plural verb with 
 the singular noun, denotes dignity. 
 
 E.. S9. Sometimes the agreement of the noun 
 and verb appears to depend upon proximity ; as 
 n^Din^ ^nrjn^ ^5K, my anger and my wrath was 
 poured out ; prT?<? ^110 "131^1, then spoke Mi- 
 riam and Aaron. 
 
 R. 30. The particle H?^, which usually denotes 
 the accusative case^ or object of the verb, is some- 
 times put before the nominative ; as ^*^^Jt?3 Vir^^ 
 t^\X^ ^^^^'i^^f let not this thing displease thee. 
 This particle, perhaps, both before the nominative 
 and accusative, has something of a demonstrative 
 siguirication, 
 
 R. 31. The noun and participle are made abso- 
 lute in the nominative ; as ^Ulh ]')t^tl, the multitude 
 keeping the festival, 
 
 11. 33. Nouns and pronouns are also made ab- 
 solute without the participle by an ellipsis requir- 
 ing the phrase as to, pertaining to, or the like ; as 
 hh^^ *)^':i1I^ ^1N*^% as to Saul, he (was) still in 
 Gilgal ; '7\^ ''Ts^^^T) *'^^\p and as to me, my suppli- 
 cation is unto thee* 
 
$i 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 K. 33. Personal pronouns of the second and 
 third persons, both separable and inseparable, in 
 the masculine plural, are sometimes used for the 
 feminine. 
 
 R. 34?. Personal pronouns of the third person 
 sometimes differ from substantives which signify 
 things, in gender and number ; as ^)Tl tl\Tl\ ^w^*K 
 in^ry^, the sacrifices of Jehovah, he (they are) its 
 inheritance. So after nj^S^J, in the plural femi- 
 nine, 1 j^^p, in the sing. masc. Especially the af- 
 fix of the third person sing, feminine refers to plu- 
 rals of either gender; as after D?p follows n^ri^SD 
 with the feminine affix. 
 
 R. 35. A singular affix is sometimes used, re- 
 ferring to a plural noun, denoting a number of per- 
 sons collectively ; as ^Ot^^^ thy enemies Ij^-?. he 
 hath delivered Jiim (the enemies.) So also the same 
 affix in a distributive sense ; as )ypl D^'^HV HplV 
 ll^P, the justice of the just, (pi.) they shall take 
 from Mm (tbe just.) 
 
 R. 36. The pronoun is sometimes redundant, 
 yet in such a manner as to add strength to the ex- 
 pression ; as the woman^ ^J^^ she gave me. Of the 
 tree of knowledge^ S^c, thou sha,lt not en^^^pD of it. 
 
 Sometimes the noun already referred to by the 
 affix, is subjoined ; as "Tp^'l il?? ^n5<"in5? ad she 
 saw him^ the child. 
 
 R. 37. To the pronoun affix is frequently added 
 the separable pronoun of the same person for the 
 sake of greater emphasis; as p^H ^J^f"^5, in me^ 
 
i?.1 
 
 me be the iniquity ; 'HfpT} 0*11)? '^5^^; their memo- 
 ry, thek* theyj liath perished. 
 
 R. 38. The pronoun affix with the particle 7 is 
 often redundant; as ^^ fl^^iw'^, I will return, 
 
 R. 39. The personal pronoun is often used in- 
 stead of the verb denoting present existence ; as 
 ^^n; nn{< (r>K ^35 ^^^?, all we the sons of one man 
 WBj (i. e. are) tljt^ il^rr r?-9, who they^ these, i. e. 
 who are these. 
 
 R. 40. The pronoun affix sometimes pertains, 
 1st. to a noun not expressed, hut known only by 
 the context ; as in'l3X^, his indii^nation, i. e. of Grod, 
 though his name is not expressed : Sd. to the more 
 remote, instead of the nearer noun : 3d. to a noun 
 following. 
 
 R. 4t. The demonstrative pronoun, when it is 
 repeated, is used like the phrase one and another m 
 English: as M::? IDK n.p ri^3 r\\ ^^V\j and one 
 said in one manner, and another in another. 
 
 R. 4:3. The demonstrative H? or ilt\t, with the 
 particle -^^ before, has the signification of an inter- 
 rogative pronoun ; as N^H T^'O ^K, from what 
 (place) dost thou come? nkf*? *'^j f^^** what? 
 
 R. 43. The demonstrative HI;, with the interrog- 
 atives \'?, np, fl^) 6 appears sometimes to be re- 
 dundant ; as *^5^ <^.? ^P^ 'i^'^^o this, i. e. who said; or 
 it may be elliptical; as who (is) this ("^?^^? who) said. 
 R. 44-. 1. The relative pronoun often refers to a 
 pronoun antecedent which is not expressed; as ^SJ*K 
 ^37*1 0^5n? they have pursued (him) whom thou 
 hast smitten; "igiil "1^% that (which) thou shalt 
 speak. 
 
 ^. The relative is never put in the genitive, or 
 
5B 
 
 possessive, but this case is supplied by an affix to 
 a following word; as l^tJ''? VWr) ^h ng^N* ^l:i, a 
 nation which thou shalt not understand its language, 
 i, e. whose language thou shalt not understand ; 
 DV")?<3 ^&*^?? who in their land, i. e. in whose land. 
 
 3. It is sometimes used alone, as the object of 
 the verb ; still the object is not unfrequently ex- 
 pressed by the affix; as HH lilO^n *1^% which 
 the wind driveth it away. 
 
 4*. The relative, if its antecedent be not express- 
 ed, takes a preposition before it; as O^fl ^I^^K"^};?, 
 to wiiich (what place) thou shalt go. 
 
 5. If the antecedent be expressed, the relative 
 has no preposition before it, but the preposition is 
 
 used with an affix following ; as 'l^i^ D^rl7?:> 
 
 D^tl 17, God who to him the sea, i. e. whose is 
 
 the sea. 
 
 6. The preposition with its affix is usually omit- 
 ted after the relative, when the antecedent has a 
 preposition before it; as nKn3rnt?^>f Dlp^5, for 
 13 ni<^3,5 *^p^f in the place in which thou wast 
 created. 
 
 7. The relative followed by D^, there, and by 
 the same particle with a prefix or affix, denotes dif- 
 ferent relations of place; as Op ^p^_^ where; 
 np^ n^iS*, whither ; D^*p n^% whence. 
 
 R. 45. 1. There is frequently an ellipsis of the 
 relative ; as )yil ^^7 ^^"13; in the way (which) 
 they knew not. 
 
 i^. Together with this ellipsis of the relative, the 
 preposition with its affix is sometimes wanting ; as 
 ^ri'lj'^ 0Vt2y from the day (in wiiich) T spoke ; for 
 
54 
 
 S. A still greater ellipsis takes place where 
 the antecedent and relative are hoth wanting; as 
 ^ril^Pp"'^^? to (the place which) I have prepared. 
 
 R. 46. The relative pronoun, expressed or un- 
 derstood, when it refers to the first or second person, 
 is often followed by a verb and affix in the third ; as 
 ^iDV N5 'nr^?""^r)^^ O, thou (who art he) whose 
 day hath come. Similar examples may be solved 
 by supposing the ellipsis here supplied in the trans- 
 lation. 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 
 11. 47. The past or preterite tense is used in the 
 perfect, imperfect, and pluperfect. 
 
 1. It is rendered in the perfect, when a thing is 
 regarded as absolutely past ; as r)l*lj Jirnfi)/, 
 wherefore hast thou descended ? 
 
 a. It is used in the imperfect when some word 
 is added to the past, shewing that the action, &c. 
 was then present; as flht^ N%*7n n^^, at that time 
 he sent, or was sendiiig. 
 
 3. It expresses the pluperfect, when it denotes 
 something passed in relation to the past already us- 
 ed; as nb*^^, he did^ according to all that his father 
 npV had done. 
 
 II. 48. 1. Many verbs, from the nature of their 
 signification, include the present time in the form of 
 the past, and some include the future ; thus yi^ in its 
 radical meaning signifies laid up or placed ; but, 
 as it generally relates to the mind, ^'Hj^lt? ^ ^^^^ 
 placed or laid up (in my mind) signifies Ilcnoic. 
 
 2. The past may often be rendered in the pres- 
 
55 
 
 ent, when it signifies what is customary or habitual ; 
 as^ blessed is the man who *] 711 K 7 walketh not, &c. 
 3. In the prophetic style, what is future is often 
 spoken of as past, either because the prophet would 
 thus signify that it is already decided and consum- 
 mated by the divine decree ; as ^r)*l52^*? I have brok- 
 en the yoke of the king of Babylon ; or because 
 he would describe the future, as it was represented 
 in prophetic vision, already accomplished ; as the 
 people walking in darkness ^K*! have seen a great 
 light ; the light n^4 hath shone upon them. 
 
 R. '^9. When the preter is connected with the future 
 tense, or the imperative mood preceding, by means of 
 the particle 1, it becomes future or imperative, and 
 the particle is called van conversive. 
 
 1. When 1 is prefixed to the past tense, pre- 
 ceded by a verb in the same tense without this pre- 
 fix, the 1 is merely conjunctive. 
 
 2. After one future has preceded, several futures 
 in the same train of discourse may be expressed by 
 the preter with ) conversive ; as rT%'7?, he shall be 
 over us, U^^rtl, and we shall be, &c., ^r^^'^l, and 
 he shall judge us, &c. So also after an imperative 
 ^np take, DniDKl and bind, D0:3^??^ni and bring 
 back, &c. But the preter connected with the im- 
 perative in a different person, is rendered in the fu- 
 ture as T]f1K ^n^S^D) ^riN* l^j;, go with me and I 
 will sustain tiiee. 
 
 3. There is sometimes an ellipsis of the future, 
 preceding the preter with vau conversive, or the fu- 
 ture is implied in the infinitive or participle going 
 before ; as ^^^ppl WO 11^, yet (it will be) a little 
 while, and they will ston^ me ; ^ns'^^s when thou 
 
56 
 
 shalt go ^^sV^% tlien tliou shalt find ; the days 
 D^K^ are coming (shall come) ^nV*!^'^. when I will 
 cut oif. 
 
 R. 50. In the poetical books the past is some- 
 times used for the future without the prefix % which 
 does not appear to admit of explanation. 
 
 R. .^1. The future tense of man-y verbs has the 
 force of the present either definite or indefinite ; as 
 ;;-??< nhy I know not ; C^pSi^ HlJ, what seekest 
 thou? a wise son {l/3b*M'ejoiceth his father. 
 
 R. 52. The future is used, 1st. for that which 
 may or should be done : as tiyt^i^lr\ N^ ^pi^.^ which 
 ought not to be done : 
 
 Sd. For permission ; as np7^K, let me escape : 
 
 3d. For the imperative, hortative, or precative: 
 as ^^"i.V5^?? deliver me; '^Hybpp 7^^ cast me not 
 
 oir. 
 
 R. 53, The future tense is sometimes used to 
 express what is past, not absolutely, but in respect 
 to what precedes ; and tluis, though it denotes what 
 is really passed, it implies that the same thing is 
 relatively future. 
 
 R. 54^. The future having the force of the past 
 in this relative sense, generally receives the 1 con- 
 versive ; as ^^S^^'^^ni ^^^N ''^PWy I ^a,ve cried 
 to thee and thou hast healed me. 
 
 R. 55, Sometimes the preceding past tense i 
 supplied by the infinitive or a participle ; as Nl^S? 
 i^i'l -^kVn, when Doeg came and told; ID^n D^!?^V-3 
 they were fighting and fled. 
 
 R. 55. The future is sometimes used for the 
 past in this relative sense without the ) conversive 
 prefixed ; as t]5?7? he turned the sea into dry land ; 
 
57 
 
 n31?!, they passed on foot; Jlflp^^j we rejoiced 
 ^in him. So, in particular, after the particle tN ; 
 as n^3? tK, then he built, 
 
 R. 57. Sometimes in the successive portions of 
 a description of particulars, the vau is found before 
 part of the verbs in this relative future, and before 
 a part it is omitted. 
 
 R. 58. Moods are only three ; such as are 
 known by inflection, as they are seen in the para- 
 digms of verbs. 
 
 R. 59. The indicative acquires the sense of a 
 Subjunctive mood, by means of certain particles ; 
 which it is unnecessary to explain by examples. 
 
 1. Tliese particles, especially the conditional, 
 are sometimes omitted ; as D*lpt3*l, if they should 
 drive them ^ilDI then they would die. 
 
 2, Some of these particles give the infinitive a 
 new signification of mood and tense ; as 1^ 1^ 
 d^iD^i^nrr, till those who pursue shall (or may) re- 
 turn ; ^nOID nil*! |i^?% that my wonders may be 
 multiplied. 
 
 R. 60. The prefix *) frequently connects the verb 
 with one preceding, so as to give it a subjunctive 
 sense ; as why didst tJiou not tell me TtnS??*^! that 
 I might send thee. 
 
 The verb preceded by the relative pronoun is 
 sometimes to be rendered in a similar manner ; as 
 he will shew us the way H^^ ^^sS*? ^^^ over 
 which wc should go ; so also the verb after ^9 and 
 
 R. 61. The particle Y> before the prcter or fu* 
 ture denotes an optative sense ; as ^^T)'D ^^, O, that 
 
 we had died f 
 
 .8 
 
38 
 
 A similar sense is conveyed by *0 and the fol- 
 lowing verbs with which it is joined ; as ^5P?^! ^5 
 ^^t:^, O, that I were judge; 12^_ rTl7$;^ jn* ^D, 0, 
 that God would speak ! 
 
 R. 62. The imperative mood, as in other lan- 
 guages, expresses permission, prayer, &c. 
 
 R. 63. The iniinitive, with certain particles, is 
 construed like a finite verb ; as 1n^ fi^D% ^^^ ^^ 
 deliver him i. e. that he might deliver him ; 1^ 
 ^nivD, till to consume me, i. e. till I shall be con- 
 sumed. 
 
 Sometimes it is so construed without a particle; 
 as ninf D)^^ DV5, in the day to make, &c. i.e. 
 wlien Jehovah made ; ^IIH H^P '^^J?? who to 
 place, i. e. hast placed thy glory. 
 
 R. 64. Participles in the same form of the verb 
 Vary in regard to time. 
 
 R. 65. Participles are sometimes used with the 
 substantive verb, making a periphrasis to express 
 continuance of time ; as Dil\%'l OnDD, ye have 
 been rebelling. 
 
 R. QQ* The present tense, of which the finite 
 verb is destitute, is expressed by a participle alone, 
 examples of which constantly occur. 
 
 R. 67. The verb usually agrees with the nom- 
 inative in gender. The various exceptions from 
 this rule which are found, cannot be accounted for, 
 without supposing that all the persons of verbs were 
 originally common, and that the different forms of 
 gender, afterwards established, were sometimes 
 neglected. 
 
 R. 68. An ellipsis of nouns signifying any per- 
 son, or amj things frequently takes place, especially 
 
59 
 
 after the negative particle iil ; as 0115 *^^Vi NiS, 
 there was not (any one) left among them : ^)^ K?, 
 there shall not (any thing) fall. 
 
 R. 69. An ellipsis of the verb is also frequent ; 
 as *1^yp p?^^ 7lp; the voice of a noise from the city 
 (was heard.) 
 
 R. 70. Verbs in the third person masculine are 
 sometimes used without a nominative expressed, re- 
 sembling what in some languages are called imper- 
 sonal verbs; as ^p1^^ '^0^^^!!^ and he said to Jo- 
 seph^ i. e. it was said, &c. 
 
 R. 7^. Certain intransitive verbs are found with- 
 out a nominative ; as 17 il^tl, there was warmth or 
 anger to him, i, e, he was angry 5 ?lU^jt?3 if^\ b^, 
 let there not be grief iri thy eyes. 
 
 The same is sometimes true of passive verbs ; 
 as tJ'KlJ, it is desperate ; 7nin,it was begun. So 
 also passive participles ; as HID!? 'HS, in thee there 
 lias been confidence. 
 
 R. 7S. Verbs usually agree with nouns in num- 
 ber; but the exceptions are not infrequent ; as 1. a 
 singular masculine verb with a plural masculine 
 noun,as0^t^^K v?!^ ^^^^1,and there came to me men; 
 2. a singular masculine verb with a plural feminine 
 noun, rJ*)KD ^'l^, let there be lights ; 3. a singular 
 feminine verb with a plural feminine noun signify- 
 ing not a person but a thing, Dning^p t^O^Oy their 
 bows were broken. 
 
 R. 73. Two verbs of the same tense, number, 
 and person, are sometimes so joined, that the former 
 is used adverbially ; as \r\) ^t?, he hath dispers- 
 ed, he hath given, i. e. he hath given bountifully. 
 This construction is very frequent in the verbs 
 
60 
 
 i^^pin to add^ and ^)\^' to return ; so also with the 
 infinitive following; as ^2V ^PV*'l? and he added 
 to passj, i. e. passed again. 
 
 R. 74. The substantive verb is never used to 
 connect nouns vrhen the meaning requires the pres- 
 ent tense; as rrp^DI^ niHf H^llD, the law of Jeho- 
 vah (is) perfect. 
 
 There is frequently an ellipsis of the same verb 
 in the past and future tenses. 
 
 R. 7^. All transitive verbs require an object 5 
 but it is not always expressed. 
 
 It is frequently omitted, when, from the nature 
 of the verb, or from the context, it can readily be 
 supplied ; as 17 tl^^l ^j% she did not bear to him 
 (children) ; ^Dys}^) ^^l^y vow, and pay (your vows) 5 
 ^^1?^! ^^pr^ ^^flN' np, take with thee (some one) 
 of the elders of Israel. 
 
 ^ R. 76. Intransitive verbs are sometimes follow- 
 ed by the particle niSJ, which usually denotes the 
 object of the verb ; as "n^J/r? ili^ ^^^V!? they went 
 out (from) the city. 
 
 R. 77- Intransitive verbs followed by nouns 
 from the same root, have the construction of transi- 
 tives ; as IHlD nD|3? they feared fear : in this and 
 in scune other examples, excess of emotion, &c. is 
 expressed. 
 
 R. 7S Passive and intransitive verbs are some- 
 times constructed with nouns as objects, where in 
 or as tOy or the like, must be supplied ; as K 7 ^^t< 
 1\yyr\i^ /1!D!, who shall not be circumcised the 
 flesh, i. e. in ot as to the flesh ; ?]*11 npKD fQf 
 lest ye perish the way, i. e. as to the way. 
 
61 
 
 B. 79. Transitive verbs have sometimes^ either 
 by reason of their signification or by an ellipsis of a 
 particle, two objects ; as D^H'-^^i^ ^i?1 "^5/? ^ 
 taught the people knowledge ; D^^D^'*^"^^ ^^?* 
 n*11^, ask the priests (concerning) the law. 
 
 R. 80. The object of the transitive verb has fre- 
 quently the prefix ^, sometimes D, or a separate par- 
 ticle before it ; and, if they are not redundant, the 
 true object of the verb is understood, 
 
 R. 81. Many verbs have a diversity of construc- 
 tion, being sometimes followed by the object, and 
 sometimes by a noun with a preposition before it ; 
 as lJDt?^ Knp, he called his name ; 1D1^3 N^lp, he 
 called (some one) by his name. 
 
 R. 82. With the verbs N^^p and 1DK, whether 
 active or passive, the nouns to which names are giv- 
 en, are connected by the prefix 7 ; as ^^IN? J^*1p?1 
 DV, and he called to the light day ; kS T|5^S^?^ 
 ilpf^tf^ '^O^U ^o thy land it shall not be said i. e, 
 thy land shall not be called desolation. 
 
 R. 83. The verb n^'7 was^ is used with 7 pre- 
 fixed to a noun to denote possession; as j^^*^ *1*^i^7 
 fxy, to the rich man was a flock, i. e. the rich man 
 had, &c. If the present tense is required, the verb 
 is wanting ; as ^75!^ which (is) to me I have. 
 
 R, S'i. The infinitive mood must frequently be 
 construed like a substantive or participial noun ; as 
 rj^OK b^, for thy saying; Dt}^' Di^ n^Slrr nn^N?, 
 after his begetting Seth; ^^IJ/T t^iVlDI '^^^'^.) ^P?^ 
 I know thy abode, and thy exit, and thy entrance ; 
 *ltl\^tl mby 11^, until to ascend the morning, i, e, 
 the breaking of the day. 
 
62 
 
 R. 85. The infinitive is sometimes preceded by 
 a noun in regimen ; as Dfi&^ ^0*5, in the day of to 
 judge. 
 
 R. 86. The inseparable particles ^, D, 7, D, 
 prefixed to the infinitive, form gerunds, and other 
 modes of construction. 
 
 The infinitive, with the prefix !}, is generally in 
 some tense which is determined by a verb in the 
 context; as DN*^;!in3> in creating them, i.e. when 
 they were created ; ^4*^^? ^^^^?? when my Lord shall 
 come. It also sometimes expresses cause or condition. 
 
 D with the infinitive denotes comparison ; as 
 b*JD^^5, as (the fire) devoureth : it also denotes time 
 when ; as l^OWtl Kl^^, when the sun goeth down. 
 
 b with the infinitive is rendered by the English 
 particle to^ sometimes denoting the end ; as DilND 
 niN*n^, ye have come to see that ye may see : also 
 by other particles ; as IDi^l ?? till he shall know , 
 *1p3ri nU|)% at the approaching of day ; ^"OnS, in 
 saying, or saying. 
 
 With the substantive verb it forms a periphra- 
 sis of the future tense ; as "i^^^b Vtl)^ and they shall 
 be to serve, i. e. shall serve. Sometimes the sub- 
 stantive verb is omitted ; as ^Jl^^^^i^in^ HlH!, Jeho- 
 vah to preserve me, i. e. shall preserve. 
 
 By an ellipsis of the substantive verb it some- 
 times expresses the passive; as illC^i^pUD, what 
 to do, i. e. shall be done. 
 
 D prefixed to the infinitive signifies from; as 
 ni^rrp, from to smite, i. e. smiting. 
 
 It has sometimes the force of a negative; as 
 HN^D V^^i? J^n^r^j his eyes were dim from seeing, 
 i. e. that he could not see. 
 
63 
 
 This prefix to the infinitive is also used for com- 
 parison ; as. it is good to be with the humble, p SpD 
 77^y rather than divide the spoil, &c. 
 
 R, 87. The infinitive active is sometimes fol- 
 lowed by a noun which is not its direct object ; as 
 ^9?^ *1SD ?!??% ^^^^ to declare my name, i. e. that 
 my name may be declared. 
 
 R. 88. The infinitive acquires an adverbial use, 
 when it is put before its own finite verb, for the sake 
 of adding strength to its signification ; as T]7/t?ri H^^? 
 to reign, thou shalt reign, i. e. thou shalt certainly 
 reign. 
 
 The infinitive sometimes folloivs its own finite 
 verb in the same sense as if it preceded, and some- 
 times another infinitive is interposed ; as I^Hg^H 
 ^ItJ^I ^1^0 D.*5Dj and the waters returned (subsid- 
 ed) to go and subside, i, e. they subsided continu- 
 ally. 
 
 R. 89. Participles as well as finite verbs, have 
 nouns in the place of the object, which require the 
 phrase as to, or the like ; as ID jllp T^^^p^ r^wt as to 
 his garment. 
 
 R. 90. Participles also follow the form and 
 meaning of nouns in regimen ; as ^JJ^$J ^l^DJ/t?, 
 seeking (the seekers of) my life. 
 
 OF PARTICLES. 
 
 R. 91. Particles^ since in their origin they 
 are nouns, often follow the signification and con- 
 struction of nouns. 
 
6* 
 
 11. g. Adverhs are sometimes formed by add- 
 ing l3 to the noun ; as D^OK;, certainly, DDH.^ vain- 
 
 R. 93. A preposition, in composition with a 
 noun, frequently gives it the force of an adverb ; as 
 T^'^'^\l2'^, quickly^ HtOS^j confidently. 
 
 By such a composition all substantives that have 
 lan abstract signification, may become adverbs. 
 
 R. 94. Pronouns, with a preposition prefixed, 
 are frequently construed like adverbs ; as n?!3, in 
 this (place) i. e. here ; ilK??, HtD, HtD, according 
 to this, i. e. thus ; *n^^?^3? in (the place or time) 
 which, i. e. where or when, 
 
 R. 95. Some particles, construed as adverbs, 
 arc placed in regimen in such a manner as to admit 
 a preposition before them ; as v3? properly defect 
 or aholltion ; ^*1 73 from il/S, a cutting off or re- 
 7noval, in construction with nouns and infinitives t 
 n*"'! ^^3 1i?? even to the abolition of tiie moon, i. e. 
 till there shall be no moon; D^D^ ^r^75 '^V? until 
 the removing of the heavens, i. e. till the heavens 
 shall not be. 
 
 R. 96. Many adverbs undergo certain changes 
 of signification by means of a preposition going be- 
 fore them ; as uu**, there, D^!?, thence; llOD, around 
 3^3DD, all around, on all sides; ^'ID, when, ^HD II? 
 until when, i. e. how long, 
 
 R. 97- Two particles of negation are sometimes 
 joined in order to strengthen the negation ; as 
 Q^")5|? f^^v ^!^3?n, are there indeed no sepulchres. 
 
 R. 98. Particles of negation, with the word 73 
 all, every, imply a universal negation ; as ^It^^, K? 
 u%^"73 1 115, instead of every man shall not dwell 
 
in them, signifies no man shall, &c. In the same 
 way *n^3% p>?, and Sn, are rendered with Vd. 
 
 R. 99. Separate prepositions, which are prefix- 
 ed by inseparable prepositions, acquire the use of 
 nouns ; as Q"TKn *11^r5? on account of, or by means 
 of the man; l^'^tl p33^ in between, i. e. in the 
 midst of the grass. 
 
 R. 100. When two prepositions are joined to- 
 gether, there is sometimes a noun understood before 
 the first ; as ^lyjl *^9i?5^ in beyond, i. e. the coun- 
 try beyond Jordan : so also of nouns of time and 
 place, there is frequently a similar ellipsis. 
 
 R. 101. Prepositions sometimes appear to be 
 redundant; as ^t!^K*17 nnn, under to my head 
 unless there be a periphrasis converting the sepa- 
 rate preposition into an adverb ; as under (in rela- 
 tion) to, &c. 
 
 R. 102. Conjunctions sometimes receive prepo- 
 sitions before them, after the manner of nouns ; as 
 *3 so or as, ^D ^]^ and ^5 fl**^ because ; p thus, 
 JD 7y, therefore. 
 
 R. 103. Instead of a conjunction, a prepositioa 
 is often used before the infinitive ; as ^^H JI^dS', 
 on account of to profane, i, e. that they might pro- 
 fane. 
 
 So also the preposition before a finite verb, 
 (Itl/^ being understood); as l^lp^ K7 7j^, on ac- 
 count of (that), i. e. because, they have not observed, 
 
 R. 104. The conjunction f5 frequently occa- 
 sions the omission of a verb, signifying beware or 
 fear ; and DN frequently denotes imprecation, when 
 no verb is used to express it; as T\'^V,.^ DJ^, if I 
 9 
 
66 
 
 shall do, i, e. let me be punished if I do it, or I pro- 
 test I will not, ^c. 
 
 R. 105. Interjections have properly no con- 
 struction with other words. 
 
 R. 106. Certain verbs in the imperative are used 
 in a manner like interjections ; to which rule per- 
 haps ^y may be referred ; as N^ n^D, depart, come 
 now, (age). 
 
 R. 107. Nouns sometimes, from an abrupt and 
 disconnected use, have the nature of interjections ; 
 as T\^'^^T\, profane ; ^7 H^^^fl, profane to me, i. e. 
 be it far from me, (ahsit). 
 
 R. 108. The article tl is often prefixed both to 
 the substantive and to the adjective; as VlJIIl ^n^n, 
 the river the great. 
 
 R. 109. TiiQ interrogative tl, though sometimes 
 repeated in a subsequent and connected interroga- 
 tion, is more frequently followed by D^? ; as T|7<Jll 
 7*inj DK, shall we go, or shall we forbear? 
 
 R. 110. The connective 1, besides its common 
 signification, and, must be rendered in various ways ; 
 as 1 st. by wJien thou didst refresh thy inheritance 
 ^it*^J!l when it was weary. 2d. by but they will 
 kill me, ^^01^] but thee, *c. 3d. by since why 
 do you come to me DilN!) since you (hate me.) 4th. 
 by or he that curseth his father VJN1 or his moth- 
 er. 5th. When the noun to which it is prefixed has 
 a pronominal affix, it may, including the affix, be 
 rendered by whose Rebecca had a brother IDSJ^I 
 and his (whose) name, *c. 
 
 Besides these, there are various other uses of 
 the 1 conjunctive, which may be determined by the 
 
67 
 
 context ; as even, therefore^ for, as, so that^ when, 
 then, 5fc. 
 
 R. 111. Sometimes there are two and even three 
 prefixes ; but if the 1 be one of them, it has the fi,rst 
 place. 
 
 R. lis. The inseparable prepositions !3, D, % 
 and D, are joined to the words H, ID, and ^B, in 
 such a manner that the force of the latter is lost in 
 the affixes ; and they are generally rendered only as 
 prepositions. 
 
 R. 113. Particles, both separable and insepa- 
 rable, are sometimes doubled ; 1st. to express the 
 greatest degree, as iKp iHO ; Sd. continual pro- 
 gression, as OrO tO^Pj little little, i. e. by little 
 and little; 3d. diversity, as Tit^) IlTp, or HXD 
 riKt^l, thus and thus, i. e. in different manners. 
 
 ^ repeated denotes a comparison of equality of 
 different things ; as fllDD OV^, as (is) the people, 
 so (is) the priest. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 [A.J 
 TO THE ALPHABET. 
 
 The units of numerals above 10 are placed at 
 the left hand, and the tens at the right ; thus ^^^ 11, 
 y IS, N:d si, aD SS, N*^ 81, &c.; except the nu- 
 merals id and 16, which instead of n^ 15, and V 16, 
 are ID 15, and TD 16, because the preceding forms 
 are parts of the sacred name (11/1!. 
 
 The numerals from 500 and upwards are ex- 
 pressed thus : pn or "|, 500. in or D, 600. tTil 
 or [,700. iinorr],800. pi1i1orf,900. j!^ 1000. 
 
 ^ sooo. 
 
 The Hebrews count their time from the creation 
 of the world, and the present is with them the year 
 5577 (1817). This is caHed h)!} D1$, the great 
 or full number. In general the millenary number 
 is omitted ; as p^ ^l^pD il^S^?, i. e. in the year 
 57s, accordin*to the smaller reckoning. The date 
 of Hebrew books is placed at the bottom of the title 
 page. It is to be found in a line where there are 
 certain letters larger than the rest ; they must be 
 counted according to their separate power, and the 
 total will give the date of the year when the book 
 was printed : as '^n'>t*0 ^K V^'^ W r^^^^ nJisf3_the 
 sura of these letters, K 1, D 40, Z^ 300, ^ 10, H 8, 
 
69 
 
 and *] 30, shews that the book was printed in th 
 year of the Jewish era 379, i. e. A. D. I6i9. 
 Jewish era . . . 379 
 
 Add the thousands - - 5379 
 Deduct the years of the Jew- ^ 
 ish era before the commencement > 3760 
 
 of the Christian era ) 
 
 A. 1). 1619. 
 
 [B.] 
 DAGESH LENE. 
 
 Dagesh lene is omitted, 1st. in the beginning of 
 a word when the preceding word ends with one of 
 the letters 'inN, without a pause or kingly accent. 
 But if the preceding word be nill^, or if the da- 
 geshed letter be succeeded by a similar letter, the 
 dagesh remains ; as D!p^5 ^1^^ fTT \'53 
 
 3d. In the affixes Dp and Jp ; in the regimen or 
 plural form, as il1D*^5, 0*1*1 ; before the paragog- 
 ic n, as ill^i ; before the suffix to the infinitive, as 
 10 7P3 5 and before the termination HI, as n^ob^* 
 
 MACCAPH. 
 
 Maccaph generally follows words of one sylla- 
 ble, and changes the long vowel into its corres- 
 ponding short one, except it be prevented by me- 
 theg, or by H or N ending the word ; as J^*1N1"73, 
 
 n(i*3"nr), -no, -kS ^^c. 
 
 In some instances words of more than one syl- 
 lable change their long vowel by the influence of 
 maccaph; as fV"^375 instead of ^^"JO, ng^O'T? 
 instead of ^O. 
 
70 
 
 ACCENTS. 
 
 An accenty when it is placed on the last sylla- 
 ble, is called ]}^^t2, milra, but when it is placed at 
 the beginning or middle of a word, it is called 
 S^y^D, milel. 
 
 The accents are divided into Icings ^ ministers, 
 and servants, as follows. 
 
 Form and position. 
 
 KINGS. 
 
 A 
 
 
 Athnah 
 
 N 
 
 
 Geresli " > 
 
 (r 
 
 
 Gershajtni vv. <'^^^- . 
 Zarka / 
 
 k\ 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 Zakeph Gadol 
 
 N* 
 
 
 Zakeph Katon 
 
 V 
 
 
 Tiphha 
 
 < 
 
 
 Yethiv 
 
 1 
 
 
 Sillook 
 
 N 
 
 
 Segolta 
 
 N 
 
 
 Pazer 
 
 
 I 
 
 Pesik 
 
 Legarmc 
 
 K 
 
 
 Pashta 
 
 
 
 Karne Para 
 
 K 
 
 
 Re via 
 
 t 
 
 
 Slialsheletli 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Tevir 
 
 p 
 K 
 
 
 Telislia Gedolah 
 
n 
 
 ^f 
 
 
 
 
 MINISTERS. 
 
 
 Darga 
 
 
 Yereh ben Yomo 
 
 
 Moonah 
 
 ^e 
 
 Mahpakli 
 
 K 
 
 } 
 
 Merklia 
 
 A 
 K 
 
 Kadma 
 
 
 Telisha Ketanna 
 
 
 SERVANTS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Merklia Keplioola 
 
 K 
 
 Metheg. 
 
 Note 1. To these accents modern grammarians 
 have added soph pasoolc, (:) which is placed at the 
 end of every verse in the Bible. 
 
 Note 2 A circle (o) over a letter, shews that the 
 word is read otherwise than it is written, i. e. ac- 
 cording to the vowels in the text and the letters in 
 the margin. The word in the text is called yO^ 
 kethiv, and that in the margin Hp keri. 
 
 Note 3. Telisha gedolah is always in the be- 
 ginning of the word, but telisha ketanna is placed 
 at the end of the word. 
 
 Note 4. Legarme is generally followed by moo- 
 nah and revia, or revia alone, by which it is distin- 
 guished from pesik, which is always a pause, and 
 is generally between a king and a minister. 
 
 Note 3. There must always be a syllable, or 
 sheva, or dagesh between the accent and the me- 
 theg, as DHNn haadam, v5N akheloo. 
 
71^ 
 
 [C] 
 EXERCISES IN READING. 
 N. B. It must be remembered that the English 
 vowels are not used to express the sounds of the He- 
 brew, otherwise than as they are explained in tho 
 account of the vowel points, which must be refer- 
 red to as a key, till the sounds have become famil- 
 iar. 
 
 EXERCISE I. 
 Pure syllables. Long vowels. 
 
 ^a j 
 
 Ne 
 
 'Ni 
 
 IK 
 
 IKu 
 
 ::iba 
 
 5 be 
 
 ^::bi 
 
 1:ibo 
 
 i:nbu 
 
 5va 
 
 D ve 
 
 ^5vi 
 
 In vd' 
 
 in vu 
 
 Ida 
 
 il ge 
 ^de 
 
 '4gi 
 ^^di 
 
 l^go 
 lido 
 
 l^gu 
 
 ndu 
 
 nha 
 
 nhe 
 
 %nhi 
 
 in ho 
 
 in hu 
 
 \ va 
 
 "1 ve 
 
 n vi 
 
 11 vo 
 
 11 vu 
 
 ? za 
 
 r ze 
 
 n zi 
 
 1? zo 
 
 ir zu 
 
 ri hha 
 
 n hhe 
 
 ^h hhi 
 
 inhho 
 
 in hhu 
 
 D ta 
 
 6 te 
 
 ^D ti 
 
 ItD to 
 
 ID tu 
 
 !ya 
 
 3ka 
 
 'ye 
 
 Dke 
 
 Oki 
 
 l^yo 
 iDko 
 
 Vyu 
 IDku 
 
 q 5kha 
 '^la 
 
 ikhe 
 
 p khi 
 
 '^ li 
 
 iDkho 
 l^lo 
 
 IDkhtt 
 l^lu 
 
 12 ma 
 
 D me 
 
 *D mi 
 
 ID mo 
 
 10 mu 
 
 J^na 
 
 i ne 
 
 ^^ni 
 
 1J no 
 
 1:1 nu 
 
 D sa 
 
 D se 
 
 *Psi 
 
 ID so 
 
 ID su 
 
 ya 
 
 i^e 
 
 ^yi 
 
 ir o 
 
 iru 
 
 D pa 
 i) pha 
 itsa 
 
 ) pe 
 h phe 
 itse 
 
 '5 pi 
 
 ^5 phi 
 
 ^Vtsi 
 
 1) po 
 ItD pho 
 1^^ tso 
 
 15 pu 
 ID phu 
 1^ tsu 
 
 pka 
 
 pke 
 
 ^pki 
 
 1p ko 
 
 Ipku 
 
 Sra 
 
 Ire 
 
 nri 
 
 nro 
 
 in ru 
 
 tr sha 
 
 \^ she 
 
 tr shi 
 
 W sho 
 
 1^ shu 
 
 t* sa 
 
 tr se 
 
 '^b si 
 
 1C^ so 
 
 1t^ su 
 
 r\ ta 
 
 ri te 
 
 ^n ti 
 
 into 
 
 intu 
 
 ntha 
 
 n the 
 
 ^n thi 
 
 in tho 
 
 in tha 
 
73 
 
 EXERCISE IT. 
 
 Mixed S2jllahles of two or more consonants. 
 
 t^N* aph 
 n5 bad 
 7^ vad 
 
 7^ al 
 Dl dam 
 nn bar 
 11 vav 
 
 \? zar 
 jri hhag 
 7t5 tal 
 
 T yad 
 vlD kaph 
 *l5 khar 
 tlb lahh 
 iD mar 
 C^j nash 
 f]D saph 
 7r al 
 (15 pahh 
 
 bb phal 
 t^V tsaph 
 
 Jj^ kan 
 i*l rav 
 ^tj^shal 
 '^b' sar 
 on tam 
 DH tliam 
 
 Sk el 
 19 beti 
 19 ven 
 
 Si^jl gesb 
 
 ^Idel 
 
 on hem 
 ^1 ver 
 D? zem 
 
 on bhera 
 IP tea 
 
 t^'^ yesh 
 
 liked 
 
 Db khem 
 
 "I*? led 
 [p men 
 *l!3 ner 
 
 ID sed 
 
 nr er 
 
 p'iD phel 
 7V tsel 
 ^p kev 
 D^i rem 
 y^^ sher 
 :3:r sev 
 
 fO *^^ 
 DiS them 
 
 D5< im 
 .p bia 
 ^a vil 
 n*J gid 
 
 nn div 
 
 frr bin 
 
 P vin 
 
 ^? ziph 
 ton bhit 
 Db tim 
 
 D.^ yim 
 *C/'^ kish 
 ^D khir 
 
 JO min 
 nj nid 
 
 7Dsil 
 
 75 pil 
 D5 phim 
 fV tsiu 
 :}pkiv 
 JI7 rig 
 D:i^sbim 
 Ot^ sim 
 lil tid 
 ^n thiph 
 
 !J5^ uv 
 
 (9 bun 
 
 oi vum 
 
 7i gul 
 
 ,|1 dun 
 
 "^n hul 
 
 t2^5 vush 
 
 of zum 
 
 "]H bbupli 
 
 QtO tum 
 
 1.' yud 
 
 ni kuv 
 
 p khun 
 
 7^ lud 
 
 ri^ muth 
 
 ^j nug 
 
 ^P sukh 
 
 Yk uts 
 
 DiD pus 
 
 "?$ phiil 
 
 1 V tsun 
 
 Op kum 
 
 Yi ruts 
 
 nr shuv 
 
 Dt^ SUV 
 
 -?n tud 
 
 iri thuph 
 
 nn:n badt 
 n73 bart 
 Ilt^JI gasht 
 flSn dalt 
 Wl dakt 
 PVrr bait 
 h^i zazt 
 Hit zart 
 ri^rr bhant 
 r)f\h bbart 
 
 ;n7^ tait 
 
 Tjp^ yevkh 
 7^!. yerd 
 ne^> yesht 
 ri57 lakht 
 lH*^D mart 
 "T7j5 nerd 
 n7b sart 
 riir art 
 lipb pbakt 
 hi^ tsart 
 tO'^*p kosbt 
 iT17 rart 
 
 Note. In all the columns^ except the one at the 
 right hand, the vowels are short, as at the top of 
 the columns. In the right baud column the sliort 
 vowels are marked. 
 10 
 
74 
 
 EXERCISE IIL 
 Words of two syllables. 
 
 1. The first syllable pure, 
 
 1DK a-mar 
 *in3 ba-hhar 
 7"T4 ga-dal 
 rn-f da.rash 
 Tin ha-dad 
 2tl) va-hav 
 ri5t za-vath 
 pSn hha-lak 
 nnp ta-rahh 
 nn: yadad 
 ^33 ka vad 
 10*7 la-mad 
 DV2 ma-vath 
 t^i) na-gash 
 *1jp sa-gar 
 l:}r a-vod 
 *iri5 pa-thar 
 npV tsa-mahh 
 tr^-lp ka-dash 
 ytl'l ra-hhats 
 nStr sha.lahh 
 D^t2^ sa-lam 
 T^)tl ta-vekh 
 
 the other mixed. 2. Both mixed. 
 
 3pJ< ek-kov 
 nlDb3 bil-mod 
 nn,iD^ goph-rith 
 
 nin^n dai-thoth 
 
 ri^r? hav-voth 
 r^^*?1 u4hg-sha 
 
 0*15/ z'lch-ram 
 
 nnn hhad-re 
 rrNOp tiim-a 
 yC'p? yiph-sha 
 niiDJD kau photh 
 
 np^ lam -ma 
 Il^tJ^pQ mak-shiv 
 DQ^^'i nish-math 
 D^^^^P sar-tem 
 nn?i^ ez-rath 
 JDipP poth-hen 
 npIV tsid-kath 
 
 niJp kib-both 
 nr^n rish-ath 
 D'W shit-tim 
 i^^nr\ tith-ra 
 
 Note. In the left hand column the vowels are 
 all short in the second syllable, except in the word 
 a-vod. In the right hand column the short vowels 
 are marked. 
 
75 
 
 EXERCISE IV. 
 
 Words of three syllables. 
 
 ^3>5nrT 
 Don3 
 
 a-mar-ti 
 
 av-ra-ham 
 
 bith-vu-nam 
 
 big-cle-hem 
 
 go-za-loth 
 
 ga-a-va 
 
 dal-thothav 
 
 hith-ab-bekh 
 
 hith-ab-bel 
 
 vay-yo-mer 
 
 vay-yik-ra 
 
 ziv-hhe-khem 
 
 zo-hha-le 
 
 hbasb-ma-lim 
 
 hha-na-mal 
 
 tab-ba ath 
 
 te-vu-lim* 
 
 yis ra-el 
 
 ytth-ad-dam 
 
 ka-a-vel 
 
 kg-ru-vim 
 
 niOl^ lo-me-deth 
 DH^dS Ig-mu-dim 
 ^illSlD mo-lad-ti 
 1570 mg-lam-med 
 *T7^j| ue-e-dar 
 nnp^4 nil-me-deth 
 n^DDp sg-ma mith 
 n^Jirp si-no-nith 
 nn^ni; a-thl-doth 
 tr'Opr ak-ka-vish 
 D^C^'ll/Ss par-o-shim 
 ^Jl^p? pis-yo-ne 
 ^;irOV tsiph-o-ni 
 OnSV tsip-pa-rim 
 D^^TfJ ko-da-shim 
 D^^lnp kg-do-shim 
 D*3^5*l rg-vi-vim 
 D^P^p*! rg-si-sim 
 D^3k^4?^ shin-an-nim 
 D^^^t?^ sg-ra-phim 
 np9n ttl-rag-di 
 nniD^n til-mo-dg-na 
 
 * Sheva, even when it is pronounced, and also its com- 
 pounds, do not in theory perforin the part of vowels, so as to 
 form distinct syllables ; but the pronunciation requires a divi- 
 sion of syllables with these points. 
 
76 
 
 EXERCISE V. 
 
 Words of four and five syllables, 
 
 ll*^10J< ev-yo-ne-ha 
 
 IJnrii^O?^ em-tg-hho-the-nu 
 
 IpJKHp be-he-ov-ko 
 
 D5nJ^l03 bs-mo-a-de-khem 
 
 ^rpi^i giil-gg-lo-tham 
 
 T[*nl'''7J gg-di-yo-tha-yikh 
 
 ^in^n-7 dg-hhi-tha-ni 
 
 Dp^nim do-ro-the-khem 
 
 npnj^fl ha-a-da-ma 
 
 D^Sn^JT^'I hay-yis-rg-e-lith 
 
 :]e^3N) yg-av-ne-tg-kha 
 
 ^:53?<nn. vay-yith-ab-be-khu 
 
 Dp^D5r ziv-bhe-khem 
 
 l^iinjf zg-nahh-ta-nu 
 
 ni^lD'^Sn hha-phar-phe-roth 
 
 !r)nD3n hhokh-ma.the-kha 
 
 DniP3D tab.bg.o-tham 
 
 Dn^nir3D tab-bg-o-the-hem 
 
 ^t:^^f! ya-a-di-mu 
 
 ^Jp-]Sl^ yo-lad-te-kha 
 
 ")9lrSn-35 kg-dor-la-o-mer 
 
 in^P5 kg-khal-lo-tho 
 
77 
 
 [D.l 
 VARIATION OF NOUNS. 
 
 Explanation of the tables. 
 
 The first table shows the radical and heemantic 
 forms of nouns, with the various methods in which 
 the heemantiv letters Vn^DNH are applied to the 
 root, as formatives. In the upper division of the 
 table, the word 1i3D is taken and varied, only to 
 serve as a model, according to which all perfect 
 nouns are formed, in one or more of its varieties. 
 
 In the lower division the word wiD is used in 
 like manner, to represent the varieties of imperfect 
 nouns, or such as drop an initial, medial, or final 
 letter. 
 
 The second table exhibits several nouns, irreg- 
 ular in their variation for number, or regimen, or 
 both. 
 
78 
 
 TABLE I. 
 FORMS OF HEBREW NOUNS, 
 
 n^.5D 
 
 nniDD 
 
 ^^D 
 
 >^p 
 
 n")^)iD 
 
 nnbib 
 
 n^lD 
 
 ni30 
 
 nni5D 
 
 nni^D 
 
 "lliDD 
 
 nip 
 
 nnsiD 
 
 nn^^D 
 
 "liDID 
 
 n^p 
 
 n-^idD 
 
 n^^tDp 
 
 ")1t3D 
 
 nsp 
 
 ni^^DD 
 
 nrop 
 
 y^P 
 
 njiD 
 
 i^l.i^^P 
 
 nii^^p 
 
 ")15^P 
 
 ")ap 
 
 nsDn 
 
 "^$po 
 
 ^5P^^ 
 
 nop 
 
 nn^on 
 
 nn^pD 
 
 nntDP5< 
 
 nnip 
 
 nnspn 
 
 nnspD 
 
 nntDpN 
 
 nnip 
 
 nispn 
 
 ni5pD 
 
 n1t3p^^ 
 
 nniDp 
 
 nni^pn 
 
 nnltDDD 
 
 nnitDp.Nt 
 
 nsp 
 
 nnitDpn 
 
 nnlsDDD 
 
 nniopj^ 
 
 pap 
 
 n^fipn 
 
 %bo 
 
 tIdpn* 
 
 n^nsp 
 
 r|D' 
 
 nsp 
 
 nsD 
 
 f]? 
 
 nsp! 
 
 naiD 
 
 nsiD 
 
 ^IID 
 
 J-lfiD' 
 
 nsiD 
 
 naiD 
 
 fllD 
 
 flpi' 
 
 n3p 
 
 ns'D 
 
 fl'O 
 
 naoi' 
 
 n'3D 
 
 n:9P 
 
 5D 
 
 nopi' 
 
 ni3p 
 
 nJiap 
 
 nsD 
 
 fjpr' 
 
 f]DD 
 
 naoN 
 
 f1P4 
 
 nflbh 
 
 njjDD 
 
 nspN 
 
 nspj 
 
 nspn 
 
 nspo 
 
 napK 
 
 ^9P'J 
 
 fjdiri 
 
 f)pio 
 
 <1P1K 
 
 fipu 
 
 nSDin 
 
 nSDio 
 
 nfiDiN 
 
 nsDU 
 
 nspin 
 
 nspia 
 
 napiK 
 
 rispj 
 
79 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF IRREGULAR NOUNS.* 
 
 Plural, 1 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 
 
 Regimen. 
 
 Absolute. 
 
 Regimen. 
 
 Absolut 
 
 e. 
 
 Signification. 
 
 ni3!>{ 
 
 ni:}X 
 
 '3N 
 
 2 
 
 f^ 
 
 A father. 
 
 *n?< 
 
 D^n.x 
 
 nx 
 
 n 
 
 h^ 
 
 A brother. 
 
 'J3 
 
 D^J? 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 A son. 
 
 'n-j 
 
 D^ni 
 
 rv2 
 
 n^ 
 
 3 
 
 A house. 
 
 B>xn 
 
 D^e^><") 
 
 r'NI 
 
 c^iVi 
 
 A head. 
 
 '0' 
 
 D^Dt 
 
 D1' 
 
 D1^ 
 
 A day. 
 
 'B'JN 
 
 d^:^":n 
 
 K'UX 
 
 tr'lJlN* 
 
 A man. 
 
 'nil 
 
 D^rni 
 
 n| 
 
 n'i 
 
 A kid. 
 
 .*vf 
 
 
 V 
 
 '? 
 
 A ship. 
 
 'pitr' 
 
 pIB'' 
 
 pM^ 
 
 A street. 
 
 nT5 
 
 'o^b 
 
 ' '3 
 
 'ns 
 
 A mouth. 
 
 nuna 
 
 ni^n? 
 
 03 
 
 ?0":ii 
 
 A thumb. 
 
 ' 
 
 
 aD 
 
 D^t: 
 
 Water. 
 
 max 
 
 ni^N 
 
 DX 
 
 DiNt 
 
 A mother. 
 
 nvnN 
 
 nvnj< 
 
 ninx 
 
 nini< 
 
 A sister. 
 
 nij3 
 
 n(^i 
 
 na 
 
 n? 
 
 A daughter 
 
 ninoN 
 
 mnp^ 
 
 r\m 
 
 no{< 
 
 ximaid serv't 
 
 nv36 5 
 
 ni^p 
 
 njp njjp 
 
 n^p 
 
 A portion. 
 
 T'^ 
 
 D^i?^':) 
 
 nr5< 
 
 n^\x 
 
 A 
 
 woman. 
 
 n.V 
 
 
 TV 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 A 
 
 city. 
 
 * Examples of nouns varied for number and regimen were 
 given in the Grammar, (Chap. V.) but there are many varieties 
 in the vowel points among nouns that are considered regular, 
 which it is not necessary to show by multiplying examples. 
 
80 
 
 [E.] 
 OF VERBS IN KAL. 
 
 The root of all verbs, except ain doubled^ is in 
 the third person masc. preter of kal, indicative. 
 
 It has been already remarked, (p. 15,) that the 
 second radical of the verb has commonly pathah, 
 sometimes tsere, holem, or kamets. 
 
 The second person sing. mas. of the preter, has 
 sometimes H paragogic ; as nri'lJ^. Verbs that 
 end in H, contract the D radical, by dagesh forte, in- 
 to n servile, not only in this person, but whenever 
 another H follows it ; as HID for riiT^I?. JH^ fol- 
 lows the same rule. 
 
 The second person sing. fern, if the last radical 
 be n or ]7, has pathah instead of the first sheva; as 
 ^Dp% r^r?^^' instead of POp^^ &c. 
 
 In the first person sing, some verbs have hirik, 
 instead of pathah, under the second radical; as 
 ^ri-lV^, ''ilhw instead of ^n^b', &c. 
 
 In the third person pi. masc. the 1 is sometimes 
 changed into kibbuts, under the last radical. 
 
 In the first person pi. verbs that end in ^ lose 
 the <3 before the personal termination; as ^ jHl for 
 
 In ihQ future tense where the holem is used, the 
 1 is inserted in the paradigm of the perfect verb ; 
 but it will be found, from reading the Hebrew scrip- 
 tures, that holem is generally used without ) ; as 
 
 The third person sing. fem. has sometimes pa- 
 thah under the second radical ; as p^'llTi instead of 
 
81 
 
 In the first person sing, with H paragogic, the 
 last radical has kamets, and the second sheva ; as 
 
 lu the imperative the second vowel, holem, 
 often without the ), 
 
 The masculine sing, so frequently takes fl par- 
 agogic, that it is sometimes called the sign of the 
 imperative. This il paragogic occasions a change 
 of vowels ; as n^p^, nnpt? instead of IDtT, ^c. 
 
 The infinitive and participles frequently have 
 holem without the 1 ; and the vowels of the infini- 
 tive undergo a change with H paragogic. 
 
 The participle benoni in two instances, ^^9^ 
 ^p% has hirik instead of tsere ; sometimes pa- 
 thah ; as "15J^^ especially before the gutturals ; as 
 VtQi for V_t52. 
 
 Verbs quiescent in the first radical K 
 
 not only lose N in the first person future, but often 
 take holem ; as *^D^^, ^D^y ^c. also in other per- 
 sons the N is sometimes lost 5 as I'lDfl from *19^?; 
 r|pn from w^pK, *c. 
 
 Verbs in nipJial. 
 
 A few verbs in the third person preter mas. end 
 irregularly in holem. 
 
 Verbs ending in D lose the il before the persons 
 whose final inflections begin with D 5 as already re-r 
 marked in kal. 
 
 In the future first person sing, the formative >{ 
 has sometimes hirik instead of segol ; as t^^llN 5 so 
 with n paragogic ; as np|:?5^J<. 
 
 In some of the persons pathah is sometimes 
 14 
 
S2 
 found instead of tsere under the second radical; as 
 
 The infinitive ends frequently in holem ; and 
 sometimes preserves the characteristic^; as Sn^JJ 
 
 Verbs in piel. 
 
 In this form and in pual grammarians remark, 
 that the signification of the verb is more intense. 
 But if this be true in some instances, it does not 
 appear so often, or so clearly, as to authorise a, gen- 
 eral rule. Yerbs intransitive in kal, generally be- 
 come transitive in piel. 
 
 The third person preter mas. sing, frequently 
 ends in pathah instead of tsere ; especially if the 
 second or third radical be a guttural or *1 ; as ^9?, 
 
 nr\^, ^c. 
 
 Verbs in pual. 
 
 The preter tense often has kamets or kamets 
 hateph instead of kibbuts ; as n*1p, il'l'^Cf^ &c. 
 
 Verbs in liipML 
 
 In this form of the verb the ^ characteristic is 
 often thrown away after hirik, and hirik is frequent- 
 ly changed, especially in the future tense, into tsere. 
 
 The imperative mood sing. mas. has commonly 
 tsere, as np^n ; but with H paragogic it is always 
 with hirik ; as Hfl^^VD so also in the future tense. 
 
 When the last vowel is tsere, the yod quiescent 
 is sometimes retained 5 as I^O&^H? &c. in the infin- 
 itive. 
 
83 
 
 Verbs in hophah 
 
 Instead of kamets hateph for the first vowel in 
 this form of the verb, kihbuts frequently occurs ; as 
 ^y^K^f '^^*-^'!7> in the preter ; so also in the future 
 and infiuitive ; and in the participle it is the pre- 
 vailing form. 
 
 There are many other varieties in the pointing 
 of the verbs, depending sometimes upon accents 
 and gutturals, and sometimes being only exceptions 
 to general rules. To give a minute detail of these 
 varieties, would require a treatise by itself. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 Numbers are expressed by distinct words as 
 well as by letters, and are either cardinals or ordi- 
 nals. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Ordinals. 
 
 Mas. 
 
 fV^*Nn First. 
 
 ^^t?^ Second. 
 v^>9tr Third. 
 ^V^5^ Fourth. 
 ^trVJD Fifth. 
 *^tr Sixth. 
 ^j;^3tr Seventh 
 ^rp?^ Eighth. 
 ^r?^n Ninth. 
 n^'t^V Tenth. 
 
 Cardinals. 
 
 Fem. Ma3. 
 
 
 
 One. 
 
 Two. 
 
 Three. 
 
 Four. 
 
 Five. 
 
 Six. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 Eight. 
 
 Niue. 
 
 Ten. 
 
84 
 
 From ten upwards, there is no difference be- 
 tween the ordinals and cardinals, 
 
 n^m) D^JltD^* Eighty eight "^t*^ Itl^ ^ 
 Vt^'n) D^j;tJ^r) Ninety nine il")M ^^fJ^ [ Eleven. 
 HNO One hundred il^^r ^ri^*!^ ) 
 Q^nkt? Two hundred n^lbP ^i)^ ? Twelve 
 nlK9 tr^tj^ Three hundred il^^'n'':^^ 5 
 
 r)^^ One thousand il^^^^ t:^'?^ Thirteen. 
 D!5Sn* Two thousand D'^lnm On't^i? Twenty two. 
 D^^Sn* nJ^Str Three thousand ^b'^*) D^trSti:^ Thirty three. 
 
 ""'"^S^ Ten thousand r31^D'i^3n Forty fonr. 
 nppi 5 t^^OO) O^^VD Fifty five. 
 
 D^nl^l Twenty thous. tr'g^*) D^t^'t:^' Sixty six. 
 ^hat D^tr^^* Thirty thous. ir5rVD^r3^ Seventy seven, 
 
 CHANGES OF VOWELS. 
 
 When a word increases at the end, the vowels 
 are frequently changed ; and, in such changes, the 
 vowel of the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenulti- 
 mate syllable, is generally exchanged for a shorter. 
 
 ICamets penultimate^ in the increase of gender 
 and number, or by an affix, and also in regimen, is 
 changed into sheva; as H^pll^ from 711^, Dn!!*! 
 from ^5*1? '''^P*! ^vi^h the affix, and 121 in regi- 
 men, from the same. 
 
 Kamets antepenultimate, in verbs, is changed in 
 the same manner ; as Hl'^/ becomes *vith the affix 
 
 Kamets ultimate, in regimen, and before the 
 grave affixes, is changed into pathah^ as nin^ 1^% 
 DDnnin from riDD. 
 
85 
 
 Tsere 'penultimate^ in the increase, is changed 
 
 into sheva; as from ^5P, pi. D^^P. 
 
 Tsere ultimate, in the increase, is changed into 
 sheva; as D*^pi7 from t^p?l^ ; in' regimen some- 
 times into pathah. 
 
 Holem penultimate, followed by segol, is chang- 
 ed into sheva; as D^VPp from yo'p ; frequently in- 
 to kamets hateph, especially if the first letter be a 
 guttural ; as ^J?t^ from ffK. 
 
 Holem ultimate, in verbs, is changed into she- 
 va ; and so also in nouns before the grave affixes, 
 unless a sheva follows ; in which case it becomes 
 kamets hateph. 
 
 Pathah penultimate, if another pathah follow^, is 
 changed, in the increase, into sheva ; as DHji^t!^ 
 from "1^^. Pathah ultimate, as in the same ex- 
 ample, is changed into kamets, and on account of 
 the affixes into sheva; as ^^5^ from J^JI^ In 
 verbs that have tl paragogic, pathah final is chang- 
 ed into sheva, and with an affix, into kamets ; as 
 iint^ho from 1DS% ^np^ from npS. 
 
 Segol penultimate, in the increase, is changed 
 into sheva; as DU/S from jl^^ ; and segol ulti- 
 mate, as in the same example, and also in the dual, 
 is changed into kamets. 
 
 Simple or compound sheva occasions some alter- 
 ations of the vowels. 
 
 The gutturals, in those cases in which other 
 letters would have simple sheva, have one of the 
 compounds. 
 
 A compound sheva generally causes the preced- 
 ing letter to have the same vowel with which it is 
 compounded: i.e. hateph pathah gives the preced- 
 
86 
 
 ing letter a pathah 5 hateph segol gives a segol ; 
 and hateph kamets gives a karnets. 
 
 Sometimes in this case the compound loses its 
 Vowel, and becomes simple sheva. 
 
 If a simple sheva takes the place of a vowel that 
 follows a compound sheva, the compound drops the 
 sheva, or the vowel with which it is compounded ; 
 as ^^'i^p from tl'^Vf?, &c. 
 
 The gutturals, instead of hateph pathah, require 
 pathah before them. 
 
 The gutturals and *1, not admitting dagesh, fre- 
 quently cause a preceding short vowel to be chang- 
 ed into along one; pathah into kamets; birik o? 
 segol into tsere ; and kibbuts or kamets hateph in- 
 to shurek or holem; as jlDHD for (lOH^, &c. 
 
 The accents cause some alterations in the vowel 
 points, especially the pauses, which change a short 
 vowel into a long one, and sometimes one long vow- 
 el into another. 
 
 A long vowel is sometimes changed into a short 
 one, a short into a long one, and one long or short 
 vowel into another for the sake of euphony. 
 
 Note. The exceptions to the rules here given 
 concerning the changes of vowels, are numerous ; 
 but it is unnecessary to point out their varieties. 
 
 riNis. 
 
50407 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY