i I HEBREW GRAMMAR, COATPILBD FROM SOME OF THE BEST AUTHORITIES, BY SIDNEY WILLARD, A.M. iJiXCOCK PROFESSOR OF liEBREW AND OTHER ORlIiNlAr. I.AXRrA(?ES IV HAUTAan coi.ttcir. CAMBRIDGE PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 3Y HIM.IAl AND METCALF. 1817. District of Massachusetts^ to wit: District Clerk*s 0ice. Bb it remembered, that on the thirteenth day of February, A. D. 1817, and in the forty first year of the independence of the United States of America, Sidney Wili^rd, A. M. of the said District, has deposited in this office tlie title of a book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words following-, viz. " A Hebrew Grammar, compiled from some of the best authorities, by Sidney Wielard A. M. Hancock professor of Hebrew and other oriental languages in Harvard College." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, "An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, dur- ing the times therein mentioned ;*' and also to an act, entitled, " An act supplementary to an act, entitled. An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and pro- prietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching histor- ical and other prints." \hj V2 CTT A TV 5 ^^^'^^^ of the district \y . fe. feu A vv , ^^j. j^fassachusetts. "^''^ ,^^ ' *^^^-\Xg^^^'^^^ ?JHSS^ VIS Main PREFACE. The great attention which has of late been paid to acquiring a knowledge of the Hebrew language, by students in theology, in our country, and the great expense of procuring suitable grammars, have induced the author to compile one, which he hopes will in some degree answer the purpose, for which it is intended. It will no doubt be asked, since the vowel points have been so long neglected in our public seminaries, why they are now revived. Anticipating this inquiry, I shall give a very brief ac- count of the controversy concerning the vowel points, and en- deavour to show the amount of their usefulness. In regard to the antiquity of the voivel points, some have contended that they are coeval with the letters. Others refer them to Moses, others to Ezra and the great synagogue, and others to the Masorites, who, about five hundred years after Christ, (some fix a time more modern,) added them to the He- brew text. We may pass by the arguments of those, who contend for the greatest antiquity of the points ; they are founded in the suppos- ed necessity of the case, and not in any facts, adduced for the basis of those arguments. To the two Buxtorfs, father and son, whpm we are com- pelled to respect for their learning, however much their judg- ment might have been seduced by Rabbinical lore, we look for the strongest arguments upon facts, on the side of the high au- thority and early origin of the vowel points. The elder Buxtorf traces their history in the Masora, or book of traditions, held in veneration by the Jews, and containing ^50407 IV their Critica Sacra, from the hands of a succession of men, who were reputed to be the most wise and learned. The Masora comprises all those points and accents, and diacritical marks, those letters greater and smaller than the common impression of . the text, those inverted and suspended letters, and divisions of the text, and marginal notes, and remarks subjoined to the sev- eral books, which we see in our common editions of the Maso- retic Bibles. All this is the application of the critical labours of the Masorites, already existing in separate books, to the Hebrew text. An important part of the controversy, in which the partisans of the Masoretic points and their adversaries have taken oppo- site sides, relates to the origin of the Masorites, who attempted to fix irrevocably the text of the Old Testament, and to guard it against corruption. It is not pretended on either side, that the whole apparatus of the Masorites, or even that of the points alone, was the work of one contemporaneous body of men. The elder Buxtorf, in his commentaries upon the Masora, remarks, that, after the destruction of Jerusalem by Vespasian, many learned Jews must have remained in the land of Israel, where, in various places, they restored their schools and relig- ious institutions. Among these places Tiberias, which received its name from Herod the Tetrarch, in honour of Tiberius Cesar, was particularly illustrious, and continued so till the year two hundred and thirty after Christ. For all this he quotes sever- al learned Rabbins 5 but here the chronicles of the Hebrews fail to relate any thing remarkable of the schools, and of the study of letters in Judea ; and new, the Jerusalem Talmud being com- pleted, and learning being on the decline in Judea, the schools were transferred to Babylon, whither they drew the most learn- ed men. Afterwards, however, learning, which had never ex- pired there, revived at Tiberias, till, about the commencement of the sixth century, it became the most celebrated seat of Jew- ish literature. 1 have not yet fully expounded the claims, maintained by the Buxtorfs for the great antiquity of the vowel points. It is not their opinion that the Masorites, who completed what we now call the Masora, were the inventors of the points ; but only that they acted as censors upon words, already marked by points and accents. This they infer as well from the inconstant pointing itself, as from the Masoretic notes of censure. If this part of criticism, says Buxtorf, pertains to the Masora, and all who were the authors of it are called Masorites, certainly the men of the great synagogue were the first Masorites, and consequently Ezra the scribe was among the number. The Buxtorfs appear to have been more credulous concerning certain Rabbinical fables, than some of the more learned Jews themselves. Elias Levita, a Jew, celebrated for learning, believ- ed that the vowel points were devised, and added to the saci'ed text, after the completion of the Babylonish Talmud, by certain Jewish critics, about the five hundredth year of Christ. This is the ground taken and vindicated by Capellus, against the Bux- torfs, and almost the whole host of the Rabbins. Those, says Capellus, who attribute the points to Ezra, acknowledge that tlie aid of such a punctuation was unnecessary for the people, to whom the language was vernacular, as it was to the Jews, before the Babylonish captivity. It is further manifest from the expe- rience of many ages, that none of the Jewish books, written in Hebrew, except the Bible, were furnished with points ; and yet they were read and understood, even by those, to whom the lan- guage was not vernacular, but known only from a course of in- struction. The argument, which he thinks conclusive against the snp- position that the vowel points originated with Ezra, is drawn from the Septuagint version, from the Chaldee paraphrases, from the Greek of Jquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, and from other versions, and from the Latin o{ Jerom ; the authors of all which, he endeavours to prove, were destitute of any pointer? VI codes. To these he adds the Talmud, and the writings and commentaries of Jerom, in which there is no mention of the points, and no figures, names, or vestiges of them to be found ; which, he concludes, could not have been the case, if they had then existed. Further, he remarks, we have the tacit consent of the Jews, that the volume of the law, which was preserved in their syna- gogues with great veneration, and shown to the people, was without points and accents ; that the Cabbalistic and Talmudic- al writings deduce none of their mystical interpretations from these points and accents, and that the Samaritan, or ancient Hebrew, has no vowel marks. He pursues in detail all the ar- guments drawn from the Jewish history, from grammarians, and critics, and cabbalists, in order to refute them from their intrin- sic inconsistency, or by means of superior and opposite authori- ties. On the whole, he concludes, that the points now in use were not introduced, till after the completion of five centuries from the birth of Christ, and that they were then contrived only for the sake of those, who were not familiar with the Hebrew, and who required this aid to read the Hebrew text with accuracy. As for the rest, says Capellus, who they were that invented the points, whether one person or many, whence they sprung, and at what time, whether in the sixth, seventh, or eighth century, cannot be precisely determined, on account of the defect of his- torical monuments, and the dark ignorance that obscures those times ; though it is pretty manifest that they were introduced by the Masorites of Tiberias, after the fifth century ; not at one and the same time, but by degrees, and at different times, ex- tending to the tvv'elflh cintury, when they were last of all elab- orated by Ben-Aschev and Ben-^aphtali, Such is a very brief view of the controversy concerning the Hebrew vowel points. And may we not reasonably suppose with Eichhorn and otherS; that the sacred writers, since they used Vll the Phenician or PhemcO'Egyptian character, might also have adopted the vowel marks ? It seems highly probable, that, al- though no Hebrew manuscripts of the Bible, before the fifth cen- tury, were pointed throughout, single words and phrases were pointed by the authors themselves, or by those who succeeded them. Even this partial punctuation, says Eichhorn, would be useful ; and it is also agreeable to analogy, deduced from the Arabic and Syriac. Agreeably to the same analogy, it is proba- ble that the ancient Hebrews had three vowel points, perhaps of variable quantity ; that they furnished their manuscripts with them in ambiguous passages ; and that, when the Hebrew ceased to be a living language, the present punctuation was introduced by grammarians, to preserve the sounds of the words, and the customary interpretation of the writings. Capellus and his adherents, aware of the existence of vow- els in the Hebrew scriptures, from what appeared in the early versions, from the critical writings of the Jews, from Origen's specimens of the Hebrew text in Greek characters, &c. sought for them in the alphabet itself. There is an obscure passage in Jerom, concerning the He- brew vowels, or jnatres lectionis, as they have sometimes been called. He says, that, among the Hebrews of his time, the four aspirates X, n, n, and y^ were vowels ; that these fouir aspirates, followed by 1 and % form diphthongs, and that 1 and " are some- times vowels. But, notwithstanding this testimony, none of the modern critics contend for the vocal power of n, and none, till Masclef, for that of V ; and those who find vowels in the alpha- bet, differ from Jerom, by claiming ) and " generally. Besides, it is manifest that Jerom attached a different notion to the term vowel, applied to the aspirates, from that which is adopted by some modern critics 5 for he considers them as commutable, and depending on their alliance with every kind of vowel sound for their pronunciation. This, in connexion with other vague and contradictory accounts of the vowel letters, renders it probable via that Jerom, if he had any definite notions concerning these let- tei-s, drew them from circumstances, with which he has not made us acquainted, and not from the inherent power of the letters themselves. The same indeterminateness already observed in Jerom, ap- pears from the specimens of Hebrew, expressed in Greek let- ters, in Origen^s Hexapla. According to these, 5< for example is represented in different places by several vowels of difierent powers ; so that if K, says a French critic, be one of the matres lectionis, it is indeed a mother of wonderful fruitfulness. All then that seems to be proved from these writers is, that the He- brew text was not accompanied in their time with the punctua- tion now in use. Capellus maintains, that, before the introduction of the vow- el points, the Hebrew was read by means of the letters N, 1, and ^ ; which were a substitute for vowels, vice et loco vocalium, and hence called by grammarians matres lectionis. In the same way the Arabians and Syrians still write ; and m none, except their sacred books, use vowel marks ; nor in these books, where they are most exact, do they employ more than three such marks. Apprehending that, by confining himself to the letters al- ready mentioned, he would seem to reduce the vowel sounds to a very limited rmmbcr, Capellus assigns to each such a variety of offices, as to relieve the objector from this difficulty ; but at the same time renders these elements more complex in their combinations, than if their number were increased. He pro- ceeds to an analysis in particular of the uses of 1 and % which present the most plausible clai-ms to the character of vowels, and exemplifies in the characteristics of conjugations, in the inflec- tion of verbs, and in the formation of nouns, their employment, as the governing elements of these changes. 5< and n are intro- duced in the course of the argument; and, though not present- ed with the same conildence, are at length invested with the same prerogatives. All these, he says, are of vast importance ix in reading Hebrew that is not pointed, and I cannot resist the conclusion, that they are used in the character of vowels. He proceeds to shew how these matres kctionis have been deprived of their parental office, either by the intrusion of the points, or by the language attaining to such a manhood, that their direction became no longer necessary ; and the scribes ceased to avail themselves of their aid in copying the sacred records. In his appeal to the Arabic and Syriac, I cannot perceive that Capellus has gained any thing in favour of the original vo- cal power of any of the letters. It is true those languages have each but three vowel marks ; but the alphabet of the Syriac is so essentially the same as that of the Hebrew, that it sheds no light, where this is obscure ; and the Arabic differs from the He- brew, only by multiplying a few kindred consonants to express slight varieties of sound. The alphabet of the Arabic language is treated by grammarians, as an alphabet of consonants ; and the alif, waw, he, and ya or yod are attended with the same ambigu- ity, as the corresponding Hebrew letters. After looking through the many folio pages of Capellus upon the vowels of the Hebrew alphabet, I am unable to perceive the force ot his arguments concerning any of them, except those doubtful letters, vau and yod. The others appear to be merely aspirates, coalescing with all the variety of vowel sounds, which may accompany them. Vau and yod have a distinctive charac- ter, insomuch as they appear in certain positions, to produce the long vowel sounds, by coalescing with a vowel point. In regard to all the other supposed vowels, there appears, among those who claim them, much gratuitous assertion, and no small incon- stancy and contradiction. These two exceptions also are equiv- ocal, and have nothing of that uniformity, which we find in the vowels of European languages. Nothing need be said of other more modern attempts to find b via -that Jerom, if he had any definite notions concerning these let- ter, drew them from circumstances, with which he has not made us acquainted, and not from the inherent power of the letters themselves. The same indeterminateness already observed in Jerom, ap- pears from the specimens of Hebrew, expressed in Greek let- ters, in Origeii's H(>xapla, According to these, for example is represented in different places by several vowels of different powers ; so that if K, says a French critic, be one of the matres lectionis, it is indeed a mother of wonderful fruitfulness. All then that seems to be proved from these writers is, that the He- brew text was not accompanied in their time with the punctua- tion now in use. Capellus maintains, that, before the introduction of the vow- el points, the Hebrew was read by means of the letters N, 1, and ^ ; which were a substitute for vowels, vice et loco vocalium, and hence called by grammarians matres lectionis. In the same way the Arabians and Syrians still write ; and m none, except their sacred books, use vowel marks ; nor in these books, where they are most exact, do they employ more than three such marks. Apprehending that, by confining himself to the letters al- ready mentioned, he would seem to reduce the vowel sounds to a very limited number, Capellus assigns to each such a variety of offices, as to relieve the objector from this difficulty; but at the same time renders these elements more complex in their combinations, than if their number were increased. He pro- ceeds to an analysis in particular of the uses of ) and ', which present the most plausible clai-ms to the character of vowels, and exemplifies in the characteristics of conjugations, in the infec- tion of verbs, and in the formation of nouns, their employment, as tlie governincr elements of these chan!;es. i< and n are intro- duced in the course of the argument ; and, though not present- ed with the same confidence, are at length invested with the same prerogatives. All these, he says, are of vast importance ix in reading Hebrew that is not pointed, and I cannot resist the conclusion, that they are used in the character of vowels. He proceeds to shew how these matres lectionis have been deprived of their parental office, either bj the intrusion of the points, or by the language attaining to such a manhood, that their direction became no longer necessary ; and the scribes ceased to avail themselves of their aid in copying the sacred records. In his appeal to the Arabic and Syriac, I cannot perceive that Capellus has gained any thing in favour of the original vo- cal power of any of the letters. It is true those languages have each but three vowel marks ; but the alphabet of the Syriac is so essentially the same as that of the Hebrew, that it sheds no light, where this is obscure ; and the Arabic differs from the He- brew, only by multiplying a few kindred consonants to express slight varieties of sound. The alphabet of the Arabic language is treated by grammarians, as an alphabet of consonants ; and the alif, waw, he, and ya or yod are attended with the same ambigu- ity, as the corresponding Hebrew letters. After looking through the many folio pages of Capellus upon the vowels of the Hebrew alphabet, I am unable to perceive the force of his arguments concerning any of them, except those doubtful letters, vau and yod. The others appear to be merely aspirates, coalescing with all the variety of vowel sounds, which may accompany them. Vau and yod have a distinctive charac- ter, insomuch as they appear in certain positions, to produce the long vowel sounds, by coalescing with a vowel point. In regard to all the other supposed vowels, there appears, among those who claim them, much gratuitous assertion, and no small incon- stancy and contradiction. These two exceptions also are equiv- ocal, and have nothing of that uniformity, which we find in the vowels of European languages. Nothing need be said of other more modern attempts to find b vowels in the Hebrew alphabet, such as those of Masclef for example ; because the result is merely artificial. Amidst all this uncertainty among the advocates of original vowel letters in the Hebrew alphabet, concerning their number, and the inconstancy and contradiction among them concerning the pronunciation, we need not approach the points with very fearful prejudices ; for whatever may be determined concerning their value, in respect to the genuine pronunciation of the lan- guage, they are no doubt the production of Jews, who were learn- ed in their sacred records, to whom these records had been trans- mitted with much care, and who felt interested in preserving the accounts of their national history and religion, as nearly as possible, in their native, spoken, and written language. This leads me to state, in a few words, what appears to me to be the fairest estimate of the value and usefulness of the vow- el points. If, as we have reason to believe, they were gradually intro- duced, (and some marks of this kind appear to be of great an- tiquity, though the precise period of their origin is unknown) they were probably at all times of some critical value, and trans- mitted, from one age to another, the manner in which the He- brews understood their own scriptures. The respect, in which the vowel points are held by the Jews, is certainly no argument for their rejection ; and if they sometimes mislead and betray the reader, who gives them too much of his confidence, and are therefore not infallible, it is not thence rashly to be inferred, that they are always treacherous, and hence never to be trusted. It is hard to believe that a body of Jews at one time, or at successive periods, combined together, and contrived, with so much labour as the case must have required, a complex machin- ery, purposely intended to corrupt the whole collection of those writings, which were held in such high and even superstitious veneration, by the great mass of their nation. By the supposi- tion therefore, that the points are of no critical value, we accuse the most learned men of that nation of ignorance, concerning what above all things it became them to know, the records of their peculiar, national religion. Unless we are willing to be- lieve that the authors of these critical helps for interpreting the Old Testament, were ignorant of their own sacred writings, or entirely destitute of integrity, and respect for their own relig- ion, we cannot maintain, that their attempts to preserve t'-e pro- nunciation and genuine reading of the Hebrew scriptures, are either fraudulerit or frivolous. The most unfavourable supposition concerning the vowel points is, that they have supplanted the legitimate vowels, and usurped their place. But to those who knov/ how limited is the province of these pretended vowels; and that the principal vio- lenee is done to vau and yod^ the charge does not appear of very serious import. It has been very common to charge the omis- sion of these two letters entirely to the account of Masoretic corruptions. But this is gratuitous ; for though the transcribers of the Masoretic copies might sometimes omit them by accident or even by design^ yet scribes of more ancient date were liable, at least from accident, to similar omissions. In the various readings of ICennicot and Be Rossi these letters are frequently restored to their places on the authority of unpointed manu- scripts. But it is very possible that the Masoietic recensions may even here have had an influence, contrary to what has been usually supposed ; and by means of preserving the sounds of these letters, with long vowels, have again introduced them, where they had previously been omitted. Wherever our speculations may lead us in this dark contro- versy, we can derive little consolation from reprobating the per- nicious intermeddling of the Masorites with the Hebrew text ; for all our Hebrew Bibles contain the text of these critics, whether with or without the points ; and the helps for interpre- xii tation, independent of the points, are very limited. Amidst all the railing at the Masorites, therefore, they are siill our inter- preters : and while at one moment we express our indignation against them, as the authors of a mutilated text, at the very next we refer to them for the signs, by which it may be restored to its integrity. Surely that cannot be a very shocking corruption, which contains in itself, and studiously puts in the power of its adversaries, the means of correction. May we not conclude, on the whole, that some knowledge of the vowel points is necessary to one, who wishes to become well versed in the original of the Hebrew Scriptures ? It has been allowed by many, that they are equivalent to a version of the Old Testament. They are more ; -they aflbrd to one, who will take pains to understand them, a perpetual commentary, by the most learned Jews, upon the sacred text of their own scriptures. I conclude with a single remark from the celebrated Semler^ on the subject of the vowel points. " While," he says, " it is absurd to fill our books with the dull trifling of the Jews, and the vanities of their external religion; it is unfair to spurn or neg- lect these public ministers of interpretation." The author cannot forbear to mention, in this place, his ob- ligation to the Rev, Frofessor Stuart, of the theological insti- tution at Andover, for much valuable assistance in this compi- lation. Had it not been for the encouraging aid, and animating zeal of that gentleman, so well known for his ardent and suc- cessful pursuit of sacred learning, the grammar would not have been undertaken. CONTENTS CHAP. I. Of the Alphabet 1 CHAP. 11. Of Vowels 3 *^ Vagesh , - 4 ^' Maccaph - ib. " Accents ------ ib. CHAP. III. Of Reading ---.-. 5 CHAP. IV. Of the Article 6 CHAP. V. OfJSTouns ----.- 7 ^' Formation ----- , ib. " Gender ib. ^^ JSTumber ------ 8 " Case aw^ Regimen - . - - 9 CHAP. VI. Of Comparison - - - - . ^10 c XIV CHAP. VII. Of Pronouns 11 ^^ Affixes to Pronouns - - - - 13 CHAP. VIII. Of Verbs --.-.. 15 CHAP. IX. Of Imperfect Verbs - - - - 18 Paradigms of Verbs - - - - SI i( .i Perfect Verbs - - - 32 " " PeYod . - - - 24? u i^PeJ^iin - - . - S6 " ^^ Jin Vav . - - - 28 " " Lamed Alefh - - - 30 ^^ "Lamed He - - - - 33 ^^ ^^ .izn 6?(^w&ZeflJ - - - 34 CHAP. X. Of Affixes to Verbs ... - 36 Example of Verbs with Affixes - - 38 CHAP. XL Of Particles - ... - 40 CHAP. XII. Concerning the Root - - - - 41 SYNTAX. 0/JVoMns ------ 45 " Pronouns 51 ^^ Verbs ------ 54 ^^ Particles , - - - - 63 XV APPENDIX. Of the Alphabet ^^ Dagesh Lene ^^ Maccaph ^^ Accents ------ 68 69 ib. 70 Exercises in Reading . - . 72 Variation of JVoiins . - - - 77 Forms of JSTouns . - - - - 78 Examples of Irregular JK^ouns Of Verbs in Kal' 79 80 '' " " J^iphal - - . . '' " " Piel - - . - - 81 82 '^ " ^' Pual - . - . - ib. '' '' Hiphil - - - . " " "Hophal - - . - J^umerals ib. 83 ib. Changes of Vowels - - - - 8^ HEBREW GRAMMAR. CHAP. L OF THE ALPHABET. The Hebrew alphabet consists of twenty two let- ters, five of which have a distinct form, when they are used at the end of a word ; and are called final letters. 1 Final lietters. > Fig-ure or Form. Names. Aleph Beth Correspond- ing; Roman Letters Bh or V Nume- rical Power. 1 2 Similar- formed. JD2 :i Gimmel Gh 3 JJ 1 Daleth Dh 4 im n He H 5 nnn 1 Vav V 6 r Zain Z 7 n Heth Hh 8 ID Teth T 9 00 Yod Y 10 pr' 1 * Kaph Kh SO h L^med L 30 D Mem M 40 ^ DD f J Nun N 50 D Samech S 60 y Ain . . 70 1 S J-e Ph 80 r y Tsade Ts 90 i'r \ P Koph Resh K R too ^00 \ Shin 7 Sin 5 Sh S 300 C'C'' n Tav Th 400 2 Aleph K is the spiritus lenis of the Greeks. Heth n is here represented by Hh : the English language has no letters which express its true sound, and it can only be acquired from oral instruction. Ain i^ was originally a strong guttural aspirate. In the Septuagint version it is sometimes expressed by 7, and so also in our English version by g ; as Gaza, Gebal, &c. but in general no corresponding letter is used, and the true sound is lost. Shin ty has a point on the right, and is pronounced Sh ; Sin t^ has a point on the left, and is pronounced S. These are only difl'erent powers of the same let- ter. The letters are used as numerals.* According to the various orgdfes by which the let- ters are pronounced, they are divided as follows ; i;nn^ Gutturals. t:^*^Dr Dentals. p3U Palatals. fiDD Labials. ni^DI Linguals. The alphabet is also divided into radical and ser- vite letters. These eleven 1p)^^^0 DHT "^fJi are called radical, because, wherever they are found, they belong to the root, or primitive word. The remaining eleven Dt^ ^D/y )! I}5C are called serviles, because, when they do not constitute part of the primitive word, they serve to form its derivatives^ to make the inflections of verbs, to vary nouns, *c. * See appendix [A]. CHAP. 11. The points and marks about and within the letters are vowels^ mappik^ dagesh, maccaph, and accents. VOWELS. Five long. Kamets n* a = a in fall Tsere 1 e = ai in pain Hirik nt i = ee in feel Holem 1 = in cone Shurek Five u = short. u in rule or oo in [moon. Pathah 1 a = a in man Segol n e = e in men Hirik It SJ i in pin Kamets Hateph n = in not Kibbuts If -> u in sun. these short vowels must be added Sheva and its )0iin(is, Sheva 1 2 = e in belong Hateph Pathah n a =z a in Grermany Hateph Segol T e = e in begin Hateph Kamets t; = in history. f. * The letter 1 is used merely to shew the position of the vowel. t Long hirik is followed bj % whicji generally distinguishes it from short hirik. I By the manner in which tlie vowels %re here represented, the learner will find it easy to read the lessons to be found in the ap- pendix. In the long vowels, however, he may at first experi- ence a little difficulty ; because some of the English letters are merely artificial representations of the Hebrew vowels : but by re- curring a few times to the explanation of the sounds, he will be- 4 Pathah furtivum is the simple patliah (-) used un- der the gutturals, at the end of a word, and is classed with sheva and its compounds, as a very short vowel. MappiTc is a point in a final H, and requires that it be pronounced like h, instead of being silent; as Ty'Sb^ eloah. Bagesh is a point in the middle of a letter, and is of two kinds, lene and/orfe. Bagesh lene is found only in the letters n^DIJlIi (begad-kephath) either at the beginning of a word, or after a silent sheva. It takes from these letters their aspiration ; so that they are sounded b, g, d, k,p, t :* as ^^5 bgni D52^*P mishpat. Bagesh forte may be found in all the letters ; and it not only takes from the aspirates their aspiration, but doubles the letters ; as 730 mik-kal. Note. Dagesh is excluded from the gutturals ynHK for the sake of euphony ; and is very rarely found in n. Maccaph is a small stroke, like a hyphen, joining two words ; as ^7"7D, OF ACCENTS. Accents are used principally for directing pronun- ciation, and denoting the pauses. They are divided into tonic and euphonic. Metheg ^ is euphonic ; all the rest are tonic. Those accents which mark the pauses are come familiar with them, and will find that the method here adopt- ed is, on the whole, the most convenient method that has been de- vised. * In the alphabet J and 1 are represented bj gh and dh j but these sounds are unknown to us, in contradistinction from g and dj and consequently dagesh lene does not alter their sound* ^ Revia, Comma. K Atlmali, Colon. j^^ Zakeph-Katon, Semicolon. N Sillook, Period. To these are sometimes added N Tipliha, Comma j^ Segolta, Semicolon and ik< Pesik, Colon or Period.^ CHxlP. III. OF READING. R. 1. Hebrew is read from the right hand to the left. R. S. A syllable^ composed of one consonant and one vowel, is called pure ; as 7 la : but if the vowel have more than one consonant, it is a mixed syllable ; as *19 mad r^lO madt. R. 3. Every syllable begins with a consonant, ex- cept 1 in the beginning of a word ; ^s ^^^1 oo-rsvoo, Siud pathah furtivum ; as HH roo-ah. R. 4. Every letter requires a vowel, except at the end of a word, where a sheva quiescent is understood; as ID? la-mad, instead of loS- Except also the letters ^)tl^ (Ehevi) which are sometimes without a vowel, and are quiescent ; as K in il5<VD ma-tsa-tha ; 11 at the end of a word :. as HKl ra-a ; 1 with holera or shurek ; as 10 u?^ shsmo, Vtl ha- yoo ; and ^ in Vl^? dsva-rav. R. 5. Kamets{^) becomes kamets hateph, and is to be read like short o, 1. Before a single or compounded sheva, without a metheg or accent between. * See appendix [B] for a more full account of the subjecfs of this chapter, pai'ticiilarly of the accents. 6 5. At the end of a word, when followed by a conso- nants e?tcept K or H. 3. Before dagesh forte without a tonic accent. R. 6. Holem is sometimes without a 1 as i^^ lo. When it precedes C*, its place is supplied by the dot which belongs to that letter; as Ht^'D moshe. When t^ has no vowel, its own dot is also holem ; as N^tJ^ sone. B. 7 Sheva is pronounced, 1. In the beginning of a word ; as ^^5 bsni. S. In the middle of a word after another sheva ; as nD^n t^lmsdoo. 3. In the middle of a word after a long vowel with- out the tonic accent ; as JV\^*7) ooUshon. 4. When under a letter which is followed by the same letter, or under a letter with dagesh forte ; as n^^^bS*! halglooyah, np3 pikkedoo. But in all other cases sheva is silent ; even at the end of a word, preceded by another sheva, they are both silent; as fl*107 laraadt. R. 8. Simple sheva is never found under the gut- turals ; and when it is required by analogy to otlier words, it takes one of its compounded forms.* CHAP. IV. OF THE ARTICLE. The Hebrews have but one article, expressed by H with a pathah, prefixed to the noun, and a dagesh in the succeeding letter ; as, D:Dti' H the heavens. Excep. 1. When the letter does not admit of a da- * For exercises and lessons in reading see appendix [C]. gesh the article has a kamets ; as ti^^Nil the man. But if the letter be a H heth the article retains its pa- thah ; as rTfhD the seer. Excep. 2, When the article is succeeded by a ka- mets, its pathali is changed into segol ; as Dnnri the mountains. ' Note. To distinguish the article from the H inter- rogative, observe that the latter is generally pointed by ( -.) hateph-pathah, as, HpIDD whether it be good. CHAP. V. OF NOUNS. Formation, Nouns are generally formed from the third person singular of the preterite tense of the verb in its first form : 1. By changing its vowel or vowels ; as ^^"1 a word, from *13*7 he spake ; or *]|7p a king, from T]7p he reigned. S. By dropping a radical letter ; as \tl grace, from J^h he was gracious. 3. By adding one or more of the ^lit^Xri heemanti letters, as HD^O a covering, from HD^, he did cover ; or n^P, a word, from bb^ he spake ; or n^fip a gift, from jri4 he gave.* Of Gender, Nouns are either masculine, feminine, or common. Tliose words that consist of the radical letters only, * X, n, and n are commonly added to the beginning. D is also usually prefixed. J is generally placed at the end* and ^ at the beginning, middle, or end. 8 as 15*7 * word ; anil the names of men ; of offices oc- cupied by men; of rivers, of mountains^ and of months^ are generally masculine. Those that end in H or D, as JipiJ^ earth, D?*! a door ; also the names of women, of cities, and of coun- tries, and of things double in their nature (as eyes, hands, &c.) are feminine. The names of beasts, as 'Ij^?? cattle ; jKS^, sheep ; Dl% a bear ; 5^?, a wolf; also the numerals 30 an?7, 30 D^trS^, &c. too n^D, lOOO C]7J^, &c. are common to both genders. The feminine noun is formed by adding H and a preceding ( ^^ ^^^^ masculine, as HD/^ a queen, from "l^p a king. But if the last letter be jl, the points only are changed^ as tl^l masc. tlpl fem. and when the masG. ends in % a H is generally added ; as HVO an Egyptian man, nnV9 an Egyptian woman. Of JSTumher. Nouns have three numbers ; singular, dual, and plural. The masc. forms its dual by adding to the sing, the termination D? and a (-) pathah under the preceding letter ; as 1^ a hand, dual D!T two hands ; and its plural by adding D^ and a ( ) hirik under the preced- ing letter ; as ^5? ^ word, plural DHl*! words. The fem. forms its dual in the same manner as the masc. but changes likewise the H into H, as rftJt^ a lip, dual D^^p'w^ lips ; and its plural is formed thus : If the sing, ends in H, that letter is changed into nl, as rr'^ij;^, a damsel, plural ninj;i If in n^ with a (.) hirik preceding, the * receives a 1, as n^^y9j> plural nV'lV*?* If the termination be Dl the *) is 9 changed into a 1 with a dageshed ^ preceding it^ and a (.) under the preceding letter^ as n*lD^5? piu. ni''5^a Of case and regimen. The cases in Hebrew nouns are not distinguish^ ed by terminations, as in some other languages, but by letters prefixed to the noun, or by separate par- ticles, which are the same in the different numbers and genders ; as, Nom. T|79 a king Gen. & Dat. Tj 7<^ 7 of or to a king Ace. tl7<p"nj< a king Voc. Ti^^iJ o king Abl. ] l^tpS]^'''^^^''- ( ^^763 ia a king Note. Though this example is given to point out the cases commonly signified by the prefixes, yet there are many peculiarities in their use, which will be pointed out in the syntax. When two nouns are related to each other so as to require the preposition of between them, the for- mer is said to be in regimen, or construction. The masc. sing, in regimen, shortens the vow- els ; as ni*!-!?, instead of p ; or D'^rib^ nS"? the word of God, instead of ^'^"l ; and the plural drops its D, and changes the preceding ( ) hirik into a ( ) tsere : as D^hSk n5"T, the words of God, in- stead of Dn^'l. The fern. sing, changes the tl into n,^ and the preceding (-)kam8ts into ( - )pathah, as D^Pt?^ nilH the law of God, instead of rT^ilD a law ; and the 2 10 plur. shortens its first vowel, as ^^3X DlD^S, the blessings of thy father; instead of HlD'lS, blessings. The dual of both genders is contracted by drop- ping its final D, together with the preceding ( ) hi- vik, and changing the preceding ( - ) pathah into ( ) tsere ; as D^t^^^^^ ^-51; the feet of men, instead of EXAMPLES Of nouns according to their variation in number and regimen. Masculine, Plural. Rcg'inien Absolute. Singular. Rei^inien. Absolute. Signification. Din airr a word. a wise man. Feminine. Plural. Singular. lles^lmen. Absolute. Retjimen. Absolute. nit::?!! niD^n ! ntDDH nDjrr r\)H\ ni^i; i nk^ nyr wisdom, counsel. g the masculine Some nouns are irregular, havin termination in the singular, and the feminine, or both, in the plural : as D?^ a name, pi. r\)0^ ; "2^^ a cloud, pi. DOI^ and niD>/\ Others have the fem. in the sing, and the masc. in the plural ; as Jlt^'K a woman : pi. D^t?*!^ CHAP. VI. Comparison. The comparative degree is formed by prefixing to * See appendix [D] tor fui tiicr examples of the variations ofuoups 41 a substantive, or to the adjective belonging to it, a mem with a ( ) hirik, and a dagesh in the succeeding letter; as D^^^O IID DC^ a name better than sons. If the letter does not admit of a dagesh, the ( ) hi- rik is changed into ( ) tsere. The comparative is also formed by prefixing JP and a maccaph ; as nflJ^itn-ltD Q'^Wil D^niD, two are better than one. The superlative degree is made by joining the word TKD with the adjective ; as "1X0 131D. By prefixing a 21 to the noun, as D^tJ^^^3 Ili-Jll, the best amongst women. By repeating the adjective, as ^ID ^1D, exceed- ingly good. By using two synonymous words, j V5J!?1 ^-3J^% poor and needy, i. e. exceedingly poor. By doubling the noun, as W^mn \?*^*, the heaven ot heavens, or the hi;hest heaven. Note. The variations of adjectives, in number, regimen, &c. are the same as those of substantives. CHAP. VII. OF PRONOUNS. Pronouns are either separable, consisting of dis- tinct words ; or inseparable, i. e. letters added or affixed to the noun. Separable pronouns are either personul, relative, demonstrative, or interrogative. 1. Personal Pronouns: In which are to be noticed genders, numbers, and cases. IS Sing, i. ^i^ I Com. 3. Kin Kir? Th ou He She We^ Ye. They. The personal pronouns are in a manner declin- ed by means of prefixes, as follows : 1st Per. Com. J^om. ^J5K I SINGULAR. fl Per. Mas. 2d Per. Fern. 3d Per. Mas. Sd Per, Fem. Ml JVom. nnK Thou Ofor To thee ^niK thee From thee In thee Thou Ofor To thee nniK Thee From thee In tliee Kin K^n He She 1*7 n=? Ofor Ofor To him To her iniK nniK Him Her 1:1^0 n^m From him From her 13 na Inhhn In her AM. PLURAL. i^nj nm f^?< on 1? We You You They They ^J^ o:^k P^ DnS fO^ or or Of or Of or Ofor Ofor To us To vou To vou To them To them iiniK D5i>^ prix DriiK iniN Us You You Them Them 1^'?0 D5^4)/t? p.<?a or]!? m From us From vou From vou From them From them 1J3 -033 m C D3 m In us In you In you I 0? In them , In them 13 2. Relative Pronoun. ^V/i^ that which, who, sing, and plur. mas. and feminine. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns. nt this, that, mas. sing.j/K 7 these nhi^ 5 pi. ^^ ) It V this, that, fern. sing. ^Lw i this, that, com. 4. Interrogative Pronouns. ^0 who, what person ? r?P, nD, or np, which or what thing? Inseparable pronouns are such as are affixed to nouns, verbs, participles and adverbs. Those affixed to nouns are contained in the fol- lowing table. TO A NOUN SINGULAR. 1 plural Pronoun. j1 singular Pronoun. 3. fem 3 mas flSem. 2 mas. 1 com. S.fem. 3. mas. 2. fem. 2. mas. 1 com. ror_ ,. my n^ Q their P= Dp. your GUP her Tin on TO A NOUN PLURAL. 1D^ \y.. 3. i:jv T- ' 1 * The vowel preceding the affix belongs to the last letter of the noun. 14 EXAMPLE Of a JSToun Masculine, with affixes, Plu. DH^I words. Sing. ^^1 ^ word. ^:m.51 our words 0?n5^ your words ' P'13T vour words bnn.3*i their words Mn.5l their words my words T151 thy words T.151 tliy words ^'151 his xrords her words 1J").51 '151 our word 05151 your word your word my word thy word thy word their word their word his word her word Com.i. A'- M. EXAMPLE Of a J\*oun Feminine f with affixes. our laws your laws vour laws their laws ' their laws laws. my laws thy laws tliy laws his laws her laws r?*11M^ a law our law Dunlin your law your law T T their law tiieir law my law l^liri thy law inliii thy law innin his law her law Com. 1. M. F. M, F. 3. Note 1st. Dp? f5? Orr and \T] are called grave afiixes, on account of their accentuation ; and they occasion the same alteration in the word to which they are joined, as regimen does. 2d. The affix ^ excludes the *> of the dual and plural masculine. id CHAP. VIII. OF VERBS. Verbs are either perfect or imperfect, A verb generally consists of three radical let- ters, the first with a kamets, and the second with a pathah, as 7j^5 ; but sometimes with a tsere, as Y^n^ or with a holem, as f COp^, and always witli ka- mpts, when the third radical is K or H, as KVp, In a regular verb are to be noticed, its forms,* voices, moods, tenses, numbers, persons, and gen- ders. There are sgyqu forms of the verb, distinguish- ed from each other by different names, characteris- tic marks, and significations. 1. 7^0 paaly he wrought, which is called. b'p_ holy i. e. light ; because it is simple in its form and sig- nification. 2. 7i^5^ niphaiy he was wrought upon ; charac- terised by a prefix ^, or by a dagesh in the first rad- ical, in the tenses where } is not used. 8. ^i^3 piel^ he wrought diligently ; character- ised by a dagesh in the second radical ; as 1^7, 4?. ^i/*B pualy he was diligently wrought upon ; * What are commonly called conjugations^ are here called forms of the verb, corresponding with the term species, used in some of the best Hebrew Grammars bv German authors. These various forms, besides the difference of voice, arc strictly mod- al differences ; but tliey cannot be classed among the moods of . the verb, without producing confusion in the arrangement ; and it will be sufficient to explain the meaning of thp?e forms in their proper place. . 16 characterised by a kibbuts under the first radical, and a dagesh in the second ; as I^S. 5. b^i/^n hiphily he caused another to work ; characterised for the most part by a 11 prefix^ and a ^ inserted between the second and third radicals. 6. 7^*50 hophal, he was caused to work ; char- acterised by a sheva, under the first radical, and a kibbuts or kamets hateph under the M prefixed. 7. /JlfBipn hithpaely he wrought upon himself; characterised by the syllable ilH prefixed, and a dagesh in the second radical ; as If^bntl ; except when the first radical is D, 2^, or C^j the character- istic il. changes place with the first radical; as Sanpn, for ^5pnn ; ^m^n, for iwnn ; n^rii^^n for n^b^ipn. When the first radical is f, the n is changed into 1, as ft?"!?'7 for f/?tnri ; when it is )^, the n is changed into D, and the D changes place with the first radical ; as plDVH for plV^rr. And when the first radical is 1, tD^ or D, the characteristic H is omitted, and a dagesh placed in the first radical ; as nf^1_i^ for H/pin?^ ; nns^n for nnt?r.n ; ^r\t?r)n for ^n.^nr^rr. Some verbs are not used in all the forms ; and the meaning of a verb in the difl'erent forms does not always agree with the account here given ; some verbs having a meaning diverse or even con- trary in different forms. Voices are two, active and passive ; and verbs, which from their signification are neuter, have no inflection peculiar to themselves. Of the preceding forms kal, piel, and hiphil, are active ; niphal, pual, and hophal, arc passive ; and hithpael, though i;'enerally active, is sometimes pas- sive. 17 The moods are three; indicative, imperative^ and infinitive. There are two tenses. The past or preterite includes the perfect, the imperfect, and the pluperfect. The future declares the action yet to be done, and also expresses continuance of time. The participle called ^^1^5 benoni, i. e. between the past and future, is used to express the present tense.* JSTumbers are two ; the singular and the plural. There are three persons in most parts of the verb. Genders are two, mas. and fern, except the first person sing, and plural in the preterite and future, and the third person plural preterite, which are common. Note. The word used by the ancient gramma- rians for an example of a verb, was ^i?5 paal, whence the different paradigms have derived their names. Hence the first letter of a verb is called 5, the second )^, and the third ^. But modern gram- marians have justly chosen another word instead of 7^5, because of the dagesh lefte in the 5, w^hich might be mistaken for the characteristic dagesh : and because of the i? which admits of no dagesh. * This is all that can be said of the tenses in general rules : they are so limited in number, that their use is sometimes vague and sometimes promiscuous. In the syntax they are explained by examples. 3 18 CHAP. IX. OF IMPERFECT VERBS. Imperfect verbs are generally arranged under seven classes : J. Pe aleph, i. e. when the first radical, (which is called t3) is K ; as ^5N, he did eat. 2. Pe yod, when the first radical is ^ ; as ^^t? he did sit. 3. Pe nun, when the first radical is ^ ; as C^J-J, he drew near. 4. Ain vav, when the second radical, (which is called y) IS )^ as 0)p, he did arise. 5. Ain doubled, i. e. when the second and third radicals are the same ; as ^3p, he surrounded. 6. Lamed aleph, when the third radical, which is called % is K ; as N^P? he found. 7. Lamed he, when the third radical is tl ; as ilb^, he revealed. The following rules will be useful in learning the irregular verbs. 1. Quiescent pe alej)hy as 75^^ The first radical N is generally omitted in the first person future to prevent two alephs coming to- gether, as SdK for h:?m. Exceptions. DJIK, tllK, and ^'^DK are some- times formed like *1D!7. S. Quiescent pe yod^ !l^\ Yod, the first radical, is omitted after every one of the letters ^H^DNH, and its place is generally supplied by a long vowel, as 75 ^N. The ^ is also omitted in the imperative of kal. *9 as ^f^* ; and in the infinitive of kal ; where it has n added, as D^tfJ. Excep. 1. i^T? <^*3!? ^?^ and ID^, change Mn- to 1 consonant in hithpael, as i^*l!5r)D Excep. 2. These four :}L3t, ^^J, p^^ and 101^ retain the ^, as !J^tp\'l. Sixcep. 3. The following verhs in pe yod are conjugated after the manner of C^jl^ ; as ^V% J!V% tlH^ y)^\ r)^% and ^p% and generally pl*^^ ^V^ and Sd^ 3. Defective pe nun, t^OX The ^ radical is dropped in the infinitive and imperative of kal ; also after any of the ^r^jDS^rt let- ters ; the ^ is omitted and compensated by a da^esh in the second radical, except in the future of nipbal, in the whole of piel, pual, and hithnael. When the second radical is a gnttural, the ^ is not omitted ; and those whose second radical is % are conjugated after the example of O^p^ The verb TH^ has in the Sd person preterite H^rj and rrilll ; in the infinitive ?h^ Ihi t^^^ ri? and Dfl, with the suffix ^ilfl, the imperative ?J1 < Jl tl^JTS ^jp, future ]tlt< ?nn ^^Jlnn, plural fn J jnj, inf. niph- al fri^n? future hophal J]l.\ 4. Quiescent ain vav^* D^p. The *1 is omitted or quiescent in most parts of the verb, as will be seen by the tables. The grave paradigms, i. e. those characterised by a dagesh, double the last radical, as DDIp ; and in some verbs both the first and last radicals are doubled ; as Sp?? f**^ ^^^* * To this class, belong those yerbs whose second radical is vod." Those verbs whose second radical is 1, or ^ con- sonant, are regularly conjugated like 1^^. 5. Defective ain doubled, SJp. The second radical is frequently omitted, and the omission is compensated either by a long vowel under the formatives ^I^DNH, or by a dagesh in the first or last radical, when an addition is made to the root. The characteristic dagesh is usually omitted, and instead of it, the first radical takes holem ; as DSiD for ::5p. 6. Quiescent lamed alejpli, KVP* After the example of this verb, all verbs whose third radical is K are changed ; except 1. Sometimes J< is omitted ; as ^il^^ S. The infinitive often ends in HX ; as HK /D. 3. The third person sing. fem. often terminates in D instead of H ; as HK'lp for HKIp^. 4. The verb KC^^ sometimes in the participle passive changes K into *; as ^li!^^ for N^tJ^^. 7. Quiescent lamed he, H/^. The n is frequently changed into ^ or n, except The verbs H5^, H^J? ^^0 a^re regular. In some verbs of this class, the first and second radicals are doubled in the grave paradigms ; as y^v:^ from nr^". The infinitives generally end in Hi ; as Slwi ; sometimes in rr, as lib^, and sometimes in 1, as 17^. The radical H and the characteristic dagesh are often omitted in the imperative of piel and hithpael. Also in the future the H and dagesh are omitted, when the verb is prefixed by 1 conversive, and when the particle 7N comes before it. When a verb has ^ or J for the first radical, and rr for the last, it has a two fold irregularity ; and is varied in the beginning like !l^*, or t^')ly and at the end like H?^.* PARADIGMS. The following paradigms are models for the usual variations of the perfect and imperfect verbs, according to the diflPerent forms, moods, &c. Note. The verb pe aleph is omitted, because it differs little from the perfect verb. See Appendix (E) for further remarks upon verbs. Paradigm of perfect Verbs, Preterite, Future, vi W .3 03 o B ^ 2 2 j= r^r'r r r r *T *^. 4r-|. *-. .r-|. #-n- ^T *- *-|- n' o O' O' O' n Ji' o- n. r r r r r r r r r n e; x: c; *" r: c :? r rr r r r r r jr n r;m:; '^ c c p 13' j:5"13. 1^. 13' 0-15' r3' 13' r r r r r r r r r n r; e; i:; '^ r; C^ nnrzrzntzrztztz o o 13' Oi n a o o n. f- i-.r r r t^ r r r nnn rnnn n on 13' o o o r r r r c i; ^ c^ n no 13'0> r-r- nntz 13:13"13' r r r ni:; cccc 1313 1l 13^ r r r r a lT-' 13il3i r r Fara^og n tc letters. B^ S >>3 3 ^^ J g; o CD <D J3 J= 2i3 13 no R n on i::!:; 13: n .^ '^ r^ T^ TC^iT-'; /^'T^' ^pi3.o^;^'pu3ci. j^i^r:i:;%'j^:Pc:.c;' J^J^ .-TrJ^-J-^' rCJ^V!'J^ n rz> 1J2h he learned. Imperative, Beno m. Paul. s s ^ p^ C-N-^O. 5 55 5 5 r r rr r B Bt^ t^ QUO O .#T- *r- #T- *T- r r r^ r a r; finnn n ^s^.tr^jLTitr-' ..X-'^ aooo Q r r r r r - ^ *- n r r r r n a: r o n o OQ r r r'r r *-i -! *^- *-% *n- 13^ r F on-n-n. ir- .X- UOQ Q n ''rri;: r ^ '^n a n noon o OhO^O o O*^ r r r'r r r:^ o ooo o^ .j^ U-VJ-^-X-JTiX-.. o ooooo. r rrrrr n nnn n ooooo cccc c ccccc X^'JMJ^'X-' .X-' jr:'_r-Lr-Lr^'j^i O O O O: O: OOOOO r r r r r r r rr r n qHC^ IZ I 1 Si Paradigm of Verbs whose 1 Preterite. Future. .-(. ^ t- " t-*^ l-*^ h^ ^ ..^ h n n-^n ri r> n n n n n c t; x; *" x:; i:; :? n n^n n n-n n n n- n i:; c i:;^ x:; c :? a* n n^n n n n n .i n.. a* .f .C"i:;"i:;;-%i:j;-t;"i::":?.- n n n^nn n n n nn n cc f:^ c^ n. i;2 ^ r-i s ^ p r; r:; ; 13 r; r; :? ;P- C j:; r; 5i ^^ r; r; p 11 a ^nnnniinnii n nnnnn nnn n c c: c; '^ c c; ^2 ^ c 5 5 % 5- c c :? n ffl iinnnnnnJin n n n n n n n Cf n n ; i:; j; ' 1^ c^:? 25 first radical is ^ ^^Ji'^ he sat. Imperative. 1 Benoni, 1 Patt^. .4J *a >> >^ * '* ^ ^- -i W3 .2 a en * '^ ^ r:? n n n n n - ^ - - - nnn^nn nnn^nn n-nnr: nnnn s: n rtnn^nn nnnn n nnn nn n n n n^nn n II n n n nnnPn n nnn^nn iztzrzrz nnnn n n n ccccc n n n^nn S6 Paradigm of Verbs whose Preterite. I Future. 0300 ^2a3 -|i- ^K -|i- -|K -|i. ^t^ -|-.r-|...0- :;,;i!;i:;i::%:;,:ci::::;?; Niphal. n n; r; e; -^ m i:; :? p,;c; ; c % p,:c e: :;> *-5. xr|^ #^K r-i^ #^h r-^- 'jy- ryi- ^-,. 't^ ^^: '^- '~5..'^: r^ f^- '^"s' *^ ii ^ tJ ^ ^ 5i t. ^ Piel. n m J- c -" m m :? ^^: ^t ^1 ^, *-|i ^..*-li ^1 ^: J^ ^: '^: -^ n:-v. -^r T-. * n =3 n r; c c '^ j:; t; :? *^i ^.^.^..'^.T'^.*^n^ ^ !i 5a Ji ^ ^ 5j *i n nirnrrfrnnnn *T .rr5- rsi ^i ^rji fr^..*^! *^l ^, ^ ^ r; ; 1- -^ r; r; :? :;,ij:;.c.e;'%.::,'i:;'i:;':;?! n IT n n c c n n n^^^ n i:; n; i:; '^ r; i:; :? ccccccccc -1 .r-|l ni *-ti T *^i *-%t -|l -r-li n i:; m j; -" r; c :? c; c c^ r ^^ P ^: -r-,, ^. ^i ;^ .:^"::;' ::j' 'rj, n 27 first radical letter is J. t^j^ he ap proached. Benoni. I Paul, Imperative, S 2 'i :^^^ n nnnn n .*-|i -r-ii .r-ii *-|i n S s ^ ^ooo o ^1 *-l jryi *-|i ,r|i .^:*r^..^..*r5....,r5.. . . ( p- 5 B Cf-S %^ JI C .rrs: rs- ^r^. r^: 11' O' O' 0> O' o> *^ t- *- *- 0000 r: 0000 nnnn: cccc *-i *-i '-ii '-1, OOOOO -11 *-ll *-ll -ll *jl' Paradigm of Verbs whose second Preterite, j Future. i4 OJ O O O O .riM j3 ^2 _S "" t^ g (J2 ^ ^ >-< '3 k a ks ^ a Q n Q 13 ^ Q n Q 2 ^a , =5 == .a c ts ^ *-( ^ ^, > ! o n 2 *-iK*-i^*-i..*-i-*--#-^i-*-..^n..*-i-. 5 55 5 5 5 5 5 5 ^ c c c. c c :? > n 5 555 95 5 -* n-rLn-niXLn. n-n-n, 5 5 5' 5i 5' 5 5' 5- S a Q o 13 n o n n O" n i:; i:; i:; "" c c :? a " r- *- o QHOn 5' 55' h 5 5 5 5' & a n o 13 o Q C3 Q o n i:; c i:; *" c c: :? * # * o. ana J?" 5 5 2' n rzszrzvrzvrzrzriiSZirzr a 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 a - V- n,r^ r>l^:Lt:-x:li.n:I^-' aa5a9S.5a o i^ i^ 1^ J^ J^ i^ i^ i^ i^ a n o Q o o n n n n mc; m-- c G :;3 a* ^ m r; c; % ;. i; ; p *^aanaynn^ n n n n r: n n n n n ccccccccc 55 55 5b 55 5 o Q n n n n o n n n n; r; j:; '^ j:; i:; :;;? Ki:; 1^ C 2s; r i^ C p g5555g55g "aana9nQ^ n S9 radical letter is ^ or \ Dip to arise. Imperative. 1 1 Benoni. , Paul. a^ g^ e o ^ S3 a in 5S e..S ^ p . MD 5 5 55- a a^ 55 55 aCc; nnnn 55 55 n n 5 5555 a^m 55 5 5 a n n n C # n a nnnn 5:5 5 5 annn a^c nnnn- 5555^ ann.o "nnR a nnnn annn a'^C n El a nnnn annn nnnn cccc 5 55g ano^; n c 5 a nnng 55 5 n a^r; 4* 30 Paradigm of Verbs whose third 1 Preterite. Future. he she thou, m, thou, f. they you, m, you, f. we :^'^> :/i :^ ^^ ^^ >.M'^:yi'^ % % % % % % 5s; 2s :2i a' ^TUktAlAtA^ IA>X^^ ^S'^^^ J^= Ut- tA: tAtA lA: lA- a* ^ % % % % i? 5i %; ^ Ui' ^AtA: M' >1= ^^- ^^: 7A tA: 0*^ % o ox)Q on no o ^^^:^ >|: >= P\: '.-'VtA: tA: >A- :^ %^% % % % ssi Si Si n or; c '^ c c >? n y onaoh n ng 2 ^I'^M*^^*..^ y >^ >> S n: r: n n n n i:: n n noon nopnn tA ^H- ^- ^^t: ^^: ^^ i^-- ^^- ^^: *^ ^^.JC Si 5i ^i' 2S Ji 55, ^ p c c c^ c; c :? Hnnon> nog ^ ^> ^1 tA v' > ^^ p . rnnnr; noiin^ 5^^,n n n n >^ n n U ^ n on on on no ^ :^.^^.,..>\: > ^t: M">-i: >\: t^^ V ^nl^^a^:^ ^^ y vi ^^ 5 ^ Si Si SS Si - S^ 51 ^ Cm Q 5i S^ Ss^ % % % 2^ Si % ^ , nnnnnnnnn y 0000^.0 0' r': ^% Si Si, Si ^sssi^ O ccccr^cccc C3 C- nion'on'onn-n- >^: ^t-'^A- PX: tA: lA-.'^' tA tA: -i-> Si :^..si Si Si Si % 5i % t 31 radical is ^J. NVP^^M^^. Imperative. 1 1 BenonL i PaitL O O ^ -^ ^ ts >^ >^ s n ZA' n n Q n n n n^n^n^ n % *-|. *-. .r-i- *-|- on on a^ nnno Za Za>\>\' ZA n o n n ZA- ZAZA Za n >< c n onn ZA^ ZA. Uk ZA-- n O' O' Q' O n Q o o ZA' ZA ZA ZA n On no %%52 2C rznrzrz O rji Q' Q. n n 5i c c c c >t: ZaZA za- 3@ Paradigm of Verbs whose tlurd Preterite, Future. B 3 S d3 c o CO gg<0 a cg^^f-^'3 >^>ag o o S la ^^ s s >* >% sT 2 o o 5 ^'' ^- *^*- ^- *T- T- '^'^T- no n C q c c c -- *-5..*-V..*-T-.r-5..*-5..4r-5..#T-.r-5..#-5. n. T *^- ^- T ^- T -T ^. '^ n n *^ n ""^7^ ^ ^'^.'r5--'#r5.-V5...rrs.--#r^''T^' no? n one CO :^.-0"00"%'"^".0"0':^": nonoo /rGnn ^ n f". ^ ^ n i:: - o :s> ^ n nnrroo ^ {5 oc o nono " ^ ^ oo:? o n o% :^ro o::;:. noooo ooooo nnno oooo ^ {^ on p Kono^r o^P 1:^,00 no-? no 5; B3 radical letter is 11. hS^ he revealed. 13 O O' Q- cccc *^i T ^i -^i 34 Paradigm of Verbs whose second and third Preterite. 1 Future, x 0'Q.Q-Q.O'Q'Q.O.Q' n n-^n n n n nn n Q c; i:; i; % Q c 3'^ i== Q Q Q Q i=? Q. O id ^hnnh^^3'' n OiQ.QiQQ.Q,OiQ.O n n n n n n n n n '^nnnn^nn^ n Q O Q n Q o O O Q n in ni n. fi' nn n n n nnn nn nnn n ; c r; *" i:; i:; :? S Q Q Q Q i^ O Q y 2 n: n n n fj n n J? ''nnnnl^nn^ n Q Q Q n Q O Q Q Q n nn n n nn n n n nnnnn nnn- n i; i:; e;^ r; c -' a* 'nn Q ex; n n nn ^n i=? Q Q i=! n n ^' ^ Vi I? n n ^ n nirnnn'nn-n'n' Q Q: Q Q Q O: Q O Q n n n n n n n n n ^ C c c "^ c c 5 a* ^'nn nn ^^ nn ^ n nnnnnnnnn Si 5 o 5' Si S' Si Si S. n nn nn n nnn a * ccc r~ki *7- .rr- *r- ^ f-i. ^rr- ^^ ri '^'nnnn>:-"nn^ nn nnnn jin n *^ . n..n..Q-Q. ^ *T CP OO O no QQQQ u- Q U 5 5 5 5 ^ 5 5 5 5 e nncc n nn n ^ n n. n' n' n n n' n' n- n: n n nn n n n .n= n nnnnn nnn n nnnn n nn n ii S5 radicals are the same letter. ^3D he surrounded. Imperative. Benoni. 1 PauL g S =3 !5 73 >> > 6JD WD a hf) OD Ch.2 'T* 2 S^-c^- o n Q o- n o n O Q Q O Q n nnnn n nn^nn 0.0 Q nnnn nnnn nrzrzrz n ^) n QQ'Q.Q. nnn^n noQo nnnn- Q n Q Q n Q n nnnnn nnnn n o n n onno O Q O Q n^n n.fiK nnnn Q: Q: Q: n n nnn*^ n n Q' n sr- sr~ r:- *r- nnnn OOQQ 5 5 ^ 5 n n n n. rz n o n n Q o Q on. 55 55 5 nnn nn nn n-^n n 36 CHAP. X. OF AFFIXES TO VERBS. Personal pronouns belonging to verbs, in ob- lique cases, are rarely expressed by separate words, but are affixed to the verb. Pronominal affixes to a verb, except in the in- finitive, signify the patient or object. The infinitive may have an affix expressing either the subject or the object; as O'^^S when X approach, \2^y to redeem thee. Some of the personal terminations of verbs are changed on account of the affixes. In the preterite, third person feminine singular, n is changed into D ; second person feminine, is commonly changed into ^/l. The second person plural of both genders changes Dil and fJD into ^Jl. In the future tense the third and second persons change il^ into 1. Bometimes the letter ^ is inserted between the verb and affix ; as T|4irT3^; they shall praise thee. The verb lamed he loses H before the affixes. Affixes to participles are the same as tiiose to nouns. EXAMPLE OP VERBS WITH AFFIXES. 38 s H zn pd P? H o .i3 CO .x-.. .J^- <J^" ur-.. .j^" ur^ O' n-^ rj' 13' n^ o r' r' r r r r :? r; j:;- c r;. r; r r rT*^ I-. ,- P p. 13 r T'^rrr r r r r '- n r; C I!; r; c r; p r r .J^" .j^ j^. ._r^ j^ .j^" ,j-^.. . n^ n*^ O' o. n^ n. o- u r' r r r r r r- A n r;^ r;^ r; o n: r-% n n o o o j^ .-T _r^ ,j^ _r^ .j^.. n-^ O-^ O' Q' Q'^ o. r^ r' r r r r :? C C. r; p; C o rrn r- Sua- r r S o^Q n^n 2 ^' ^' ^' ^ O'O' o. n- n. p.p.^.pKj- P p.p^ r r r r r a "-C C ecu: c f: ;z:^i:; c; P ;3 39 a C3 flf >^ f^ .a arn. arn, arn US M^^ ^ -2 ^ s %: c: -J^*^ .j^ ^j^ .J^. .J^ ,j^- o n n n. o o r r- r r r r V ^ ;s r^ *-i. ^T- ^ *T 5i:%: ^J^ -T^U^"^ .^r-j-s.. nn O-^Q. no r r f;p r r ITTr- J H J ^^ 5i %: C -r-tr^tj^ _r,. .J^t^^^ J^jX- ,j^ W Q n . nn. 1 on r r= r n err C r r-^ %SSi Q on n S ^^ ^ *^Q- a p4 rr' rr no r ^no B ir- 5^ j^' _r- ,j^- n n n r r r n r r r ^ ^ *-| *" *^ xr~ #^ ^^ %:%: I:;!; .J^tTs, .J^:J^ na^ nn. nQ. r r. r r r r~ nn- n o- no o* a a*~ %:% i:;c QO O QO 3 no r r^ ^^ ^Q r rr r r r rr' r r a*^ a n* 40 CHAP. XL OF PARTICLES. In the terra particles are included adverbs, con- junctions, prepositions, and interjections. Since the particles are in their origin generally nouns, they often admit the changes and con- struction of nouns. They are sometimes put in regimen with nouns ; as ^P3 pK (there is) not of silver^ from \\i^y and l^DH nnj^ after the kins:. 1^ Prepositions and many other separate particles, receive pronominal affixes ; which affixes are some- times such as belong to verbs ; as nj4 before me, inrjN of^er him^ ^45'?< not I^ )il}n hthold. him, Tjni;; still thou. The prefixes or inseparable particles are used in composition with the separable particles, which it is unnecessary to illustrate by examples. 41 CHAP. XIL CONCERNING THE ROOT. The Hebrew letters are divided into radical and servile letters. (See p. 2.) ^ In order to find the root of a word, the learner should remember the servile letters ; and his labour in finding the words in the Lexicon will be mutch fa- cilitated by caretul attention to the following ac- count of these letters. K, !3, 7, t^, in the middle and end of a word are always radical. K is used at the beginning of a word 1st. to form nouns from verbs ; Sd. to form the first person sing. com. in the future tense. D is used 1st. as an inseparable preposition in, prefixed to nouns to denote the ablative case. 2d. It is prefixed to the infinitive to form a gerund. T\ is used 1st. in the formation of nouns ; Sd. as the definite article ; 8d. it is prefixed to the parti- ciple as a relative pronoun ; 4th. it is prefixed as an interrogative ; 5th. it is suffixed to denote the fem- inine gender; 6th. it is added to nouns and verbs as a paragogic letter ; 7th. it is affixed to nouns to denote to or toitmrds a place ; 8th. it is prefixed to verbs to form the infinitive of niphal, and as a char- acteristic in hiphil, hophal, and hithpael ; 9th. it is suffixed to the preterite in the third pers. sing. fem. *) is prefixed to nouns and verbs as a conjunction and conversive, (the latter see explained in the syn- tax.) It is suffixed as an inseparable pronoun to nouns and to verbs. 6 4S ^ is used 1st. as a formative of nouns ; Sd. it is. affixed to nouns as the first person common of the possessive pronoun sing, and pi. ; 3d. it is used to form the ordinal numerals from the cardinals ; 4th. to denote the plural and sometimes singular regi- men ; 5th. it is used in the verb as a prefix to de- note the third person mas. in the future^ and suffix- ed to denote the second person fem. future and im- perative ; 6th. it is used as a pronominal affix. ^is prefixed, 1st. to nouns and pronouns to form a comparison ; 2(1. to the infinitive to form a gerund ; 8d. it is suffixed to nouns and verbs to denote the second person of the pronoun sing, and pi. mas, and fem. b is prefixed J 1st. to nouns to point out the cas- es ; Sd. to the infinitive to form a gerund. tJ is used to form nouns. It is prefixed to nouns, 1st. to denote the ablative case ; 2d. to make the comparative. To verbs it is prefixed to denote the participle piel, pual, hiphil, hophal and hithpael, and to the infinitive to form a gerund. It is suf- fixed to nouns to form the pi. mas. and the dual com. and as the second and third pers. pronoun pi. mas. to pronouns to denote the second and third person plu. mas. and to verbs to denote the second pers. pi. mas. preterite. ^ is used to form nouns. It is prefixed to verbs to denote the first pers. future pi. and also as the characteristic of niphal. It is employed as an affix, or part of an affix in some of the persons of the pro- noun ; and also in performing several inflections at iliQ end of different persons of tli verb. 43 \i^ is prefixed instead of the pronoun ^^>? and signifies who, or which. n is used to form nouns. When suffixed to nouns it denotes, 1st. the fem. gender ; Sd. it makes the feminine in regimen ; 3d. it forms the fem. pi. To verbs it is prefixed in the future to denote the second pers. mas. and fem. sing, and pi. and the third pers. sing, and pi. fem. and as the character- istic of hithpael. It is suffixed in the preterite to denote the second pers. sing, and pi. mas. and fem. If, after the rejection of the serviles which are used in the various methods here explained, there should remain four letters, which will rarely be the case, the root is quadriliteral. If three letters remain, they are the radicals, as 0*13?J<, I will remember thee ; N is the sign of the first pers. sing, future, I will ; the second D is the pronominal affix second pers. sing. fem. tJieey which sometimes, as in this case, has ^ after it ; the re- maining letters ^Dt are the radicals. If only two letters remain, the root is some kind of defective verb, and may be found by prefixing ^ or ^, by inserting *) or *> between them, by doubling the second letter, or by adding H generally, (some- times N, ^, or D) to the end. It is not always easy to determine which meth- od will ascertain the root ; but it may be useful to subjoin a few rules. If a noun begin with a heemantic letter, and the first have a dagesh, its root commonly begins with H ; as rrDD, a bed, from ilp^, sometimes with * be- cause some verbs pe yod are like pe nun ; as n!}5f P; a statue, from ^V% 1 1 The root of most nouns beginning with ID or in begins with % as H^in, a law, fi*om tl'lli and :20f2, a seat, from n^\ Many nouns liaving a long vowel under the first radical J come from verbs whose second radical is 1 or % or whose third is H ; as Dp, HDp, from Dip. But nouns having a short vowel under the lirst radi- cal, or which, upon having an addition to the end, ad- mit dagesh in tlic second radical, commonly have for their root a verb, which doubles the second radical; as !}p5, a circuit, from ^5P ; Jl/P? a word, from ^?7P ; l)ut i^N, anger, (^$N, &c,) comes from ^^J<, not rj9K. Nouns which end in or p are commonly de* rived from verbs ending in il ; as ptH, a vision, from nm ; n5, fruit, from n^Q. Sometimes only one radical remains ; tlie root will then commonly be found by putting ^ to the beginning, and tl to the end ; as ^PP, thy rod, from np^. In regard to the roots of imperfect verbs, an ac- quaintance with the different paradigms of the verbs and participles will generally be a sufficient guide. SYNTAX. OF NOUNS. R. 1, When two nouns arc used in apposition they generally agree in gender, number, and case ; as n3j7 "15*7? David, my servant ; except nouns of dignity or dominion. R. 2, Two substantives in apposition are some- times so joined togetlier, that the latter supplies the place of an adjective; as DJ^O D^JJ'^N, men few- ness, i. e. few. R. 3. The absolute often appears to be put for the constructed state or regimen; as D^Qbtf/ D^ll^f? sacrifices, peace-offerings : but these and other nouns in the like situation may be considered in apposition. In such instances as nnjll p*^^^7^ the ark, the covenant, there is an ellipsis of the constructed noun, the ark, the ark of the covenant. R. ^, Numerals from three to ten inclusive arc found in the feminine form with masculine substan- tives, and in the masculine form with feminine sub- stantives ; as D^b^aS n^^JP* Dltya? rS?^, seven lambs. Exceptions. Dfl? ill^lp? n*^7i;5^, three pieces of bread ; ill)45 nj7Il*l^> ft)ur wings. R. 5. Numerals from one to ten, though in the singular form, have substantives in the plural ; the other numerals, though in the plural form, have sub- stantives in the singular ; as 0''^^/ ^K^O? ^^ve years ; n;^ W^On, fifty years. 46 Exception. DIJl^ D^K^g^'l D^^!? D^trV^', thirty sons and thirty daughters. R. 6. A substantive is often repeated to sig- nify, 1st. the whole with reference to each of the same kind ; as Si^*^^ tT^J^^ man man, i. e. every man ; Sd. multitude and succession ; as "^t^tl nl^K^ nl^!}<3, pits, pits of clay, i. e. many and successive ; 8d. distribution ; as he delivered to his servants ^IJf ^"jr, drove, drove, i. e. a drove to the care of each. 11. 7. Regimen is frequently so used that the latter substantive supplies the place of an adjective; as i^*1pll nJ3? garments of holiness, i. e. holy ; pTif p?!^? stone or weight of justice, i. e. just. R. 8. Sometimes the former substantive has tha meaning of an adjective ; as ^55*1 i")?, with the multitude of my chariots, i. e. with many. I will cut down VpN ilpip, the height of his cedars, i. e. high. R. 9. The same noun that is in regimen, re- peated, denotes the highest degree of its own kind ; as D^p^'lpJl ^ipf holy of holies, i. e. the most holy thing or place. Q^75D ^3D? vanity of vanities, i. e. extreme vanity. R. 10. In the construction of two substantives by regimen, the latter may have either an active or a passive signification; as D*3S^1\*1 DDH, the inju- ry of the inhabitants, means that which they occa- sioned; and /r?*l: ^J5 D^n, the injury of the sons of Jerubbaal, means that which they received. The same diversity is to be observed in the af- fixes ; as ^ppn, my injury, (received) Dill^^^y their crimes, (committed.) R. 11. The affix usually follows the second 47 noun, although it belongs to the noun in regimen ;. as ^^"Ip "iJlj the mountain of my holiness, i. e. my mountain of holiness, or my holy mountain. R. i2. Adjectives, and participles put for ad- jectives, when they are followed by a substantive signifying the object to which they are attributed, are put in regimen ; as HD ^^^^9 great of strength ; D!-55 ''ph pure of hands. R. 13. Rpgimen often takes place with the pro- noun relative expressed or understood ; as ^^t< JIJ/5 Vy^f for the iniquity of what he knew ; Hb^^ n*!!r^^ the residue of what he hath acquired. An ellipsis similar to that in the last example frequently happens after the particles ; as K? nt!?!? ^7yV, after things which (^^^?) do not profit. R. 14. A noun has sometimes the same form as if in regimen, when a particle either separable or inseparable comes between it and the following noun ; as ili^"!) ilO^D^ wisdom and knowledge ; Id ^Dln, trusting in him ; *Tlp ^ll73 HJP, a stroke without cessation. R. 15. Adjectives (except the numerals) gener- ally follow their substantives; as Dph tJ^^N, awise man : sometimes they precede ; as DH^y ^''^1j> many hunters* R. 10. The adjective with the verb to he under- stood is sometimes placed before the substantive to express greater force ; as ^JJU* S1"I^, great is my in- iquity. R. 17, The substantive and adjective agree in gender and number; except substantives in the du- al number, which have plural adjectives. R. 18. Adjectives and participles which by el- 48 lipsis have in a manner acquired a substantive use, may disagree with the substantive in number and gender ; as n.^n?1 ^^^? f DD nnJlp'Sp, every offer- ing of the priest shall be perfect (a perfect sacrifice.) ^^ivl^ ^^PpD, covering thee worm, i. e. worms shall be thy covering. So also when "1^% (^^ing) or a similar word may be supplied, there is often a disagreement in gender or number; as tl^lY^^ D^i/^n? pinn, far from the wicked is safety (a remote thing ;) ^'^'^VO K*n1^"rTD, how terrible (tremendous thing) are thy works ; ^''Q^tpt? *lJf^J, right (are) thy judg- ments. These plural substantives may, however, be considered as used distributively. R. 19. A substantive with a preposition fre- quently supplies the place of an adjective; as f^JI^I^ b5ty!3, a counsellor in understanding, i.e. wise; *^y^9 nn^i^, a lion from the forest, i. e. wild. In the examples '^^11 t^HpS, in holiness is thy way T|^P53 n.^n.^ Win% Jehovah shall be in thy hope, perhaps a greater force of expression is intended, i. e. thy way is holiness itself Jehovah shall be the object of thy supreme confidence. R. SO. Adjectives and participles in each gen- der, but more frequently in the feminine, are used without a substantive, like those of the Latins in the neuter gender ; as !2lD and HplO, a good thing, fhonum.J R. SI. Names of animals, which, in the mas culine form, embrace both sexes, may have adjec- tives, &c. in the masculine, although the nouns stand for the feminine ; as 70*J* !31, a bear depriv- ed (of /ler young.) 49 il. 22. When tlie plural noun, signifying the suhject, has a singular for its pretlicate, the for- mer is used distributively ; as ^^?.^;ipi ni^K :]^"!>S* ^1*15? ^' * ^^^^^ ^^ those who curse thee, shall be cursed, and each of those who bless thee, shall be blessed. R. 23. Nouns in the plural form, as D^^l^^? vi^Sj QS^'I'^K, &c. but having the signification of the singular, for the most part take adjectives, pro- nouns, and verbs, in the singular ; rarely in the plural ; as Kin D^ti^lj? D^n?^, where the adjective is plural and the pronoun singular. ''HH -iVHtl D^^ S^?, Grod hath caused me to wander. R. 24. Collective nouns in the singular number have plural words to agree with them ; as DI^H D^KV04D^ the people that were to be found; )yi\ ^Hj^D"^?? all the assembly shall know. Also fem- inine nouns singular that denote a collection of men, are construed in the plural ; as nnin.^ ni7^"^D D^N^D? all the captivity (captives) of Juddi who come. R. S;i. Proper names of people are used, 1st. in the masculine singular ; as D?^ 7^"!^^* ^y_') flD dnVP? and Israel saw Egypt dead, i. e. the people of Israel and Egypt ; Sd. as collective nouns iW the masculine plural; as D'lK ^D^l, and the Syrians iied ; 3d. in the singular feminine by me- tonymy, for the people themselves ; as nilJl.* Mn%*7, Judah hath become. R. 26. The adjective belonging to a noun in regimen frequently agrees in number and gender js'lth the latter noun: as npH nh JDrn niliD^, the 7 30 cruise of oil failed not : D^pi^'i^ ^'t}^ ^?)1 Sip, the voice of tliy brothers blood crieth. II. 27. When nouns connected together are of different gender or number, the adjective or verb commonly agrees with that which is accounted more worthy ; as D^^pt tl'lt*) D^"J^3^^, Abraham and Sarah (were^ old ; rT^"fn HnSn nt^^NH, the wife and her children shall be. R. S8. The agreement of the masculine verb with the plural noun, and of the plural verb with the singular noun, denotes dignity. E.. S9. Sometimes the agreement of the noun and verb appears to depend upon proximity ; as n^Din^ ^nrjn^ ^5K, my anger and my wrath was poured out ; prT?<? ^110 "131^1, then spoke Mi- riam and Aaron. R. 30. The particle H?^, which usually denotes the accusative case^ or object of the verb, is some- times put before the nominative ; as ^*^^Jt?3 Vir^^ t^\X^ ^^^^'i^^f let not this thing displease thee. This particle, perhaps, both before the nominative and accusative, has something of a demonstrative siguirication, R. 31. The noun and participle are made abso- lute in the nominative ; as ^Ulh ]')t^tl, the multitude keeping the festival, 11. 33. Nouns and pronouns are also made ab- solute without the participle by an ellipsis requir- ing the phrase as to, pertaining to, or the like ; as hh^^ *)^':i1I^ ^1N*^% as to Saul, he (was) still in Gilgal ; '7\^ ''Ts^^^T) *'^^\p and as to me, my suppli- cation is unto thee* $i PRONOUNS. K. 33. Personal pronouns of the second and third persons, both separable and inseparable, in the masculine plural, are sometimes used for the feminine. R. 34?. Personal pronouns of the third person sometimes differ from substantives which signify things, in gender and number ; as ^)Tl tl\Tl\ ^w^*K in^ry^, the sacrifices of Jehovah, he (they are) its inheritance. So after nj^S^J, in the plural femi- nine, 1 j^^p, in the sing. masc. Especially the af- fix of the third person sing, feminine refers to plu- rals of either gender; as after D?p follows n^ri^SD with the feminine affix. R. 35. A singular affix is sometimes used, re- ferring to a plural noun, denoting a number of per- sons collectively ; as ^Ot^^^ thy enemies Ij^-?. he hath delivered Jiim (the enemies.) So also the same affix in a distributive sense ; as )ypl D^'^HV HplV ll^P, the justice of the just, (pi.) they shall take from Mm (tbe just.) R. 36. The pronoun is sometimes redundant, yet in such a manner as to add strength to the ex- pression ; as the woman^ ^J^^ she gave me. Of the tree of knowledge^ S^c, thou sha,lt not en^^^pD of it. Sometimes the noun already referred to by the affix, is subjoined ; as "Tp^'l il?? ^n5<"in5? ad she saw him^ the child. R. 37. To the pronoun affix is frequently added the separable pronoun of the same person for the sake of greater emphasis; as p^H ^J^f"^5, in me^ i?.1 me be the iniquity ; 'HfpT} 0*11)? '^5^^; their memo- ry, thek* theyj liath perished. R. 38. The pronoun affix with the particle 7 is often redundant; as ^^ fl^^iw'^, I will return, R. 39. The personal pronoun is often used in- stead of the verb denoting present existence ; as ^^n; nn{< (r>K ^35 ^^^?, all we the sons of one man WBj (i. e. are) tljt^ il^rr r?-9, who they^ these, i. e. who are these. R. 40. The pronoun affix sometimes pertains, 1st. to a noun not expressed, hut known only by the context ; as in'l3X^, his indii^nation, i. e. of Grod, though his name is not expressed : Sd. to the more remote, instead of the nearer noun : 3d. to a noun following. R. 4t. The demonstrative pronoun, when it is repeated, is used like the phrase one and another m English: as M::? IDK n.p ri^3 r\\ ^^V\j and one said in one manner, and another in another. R. 4:3. The demonstrative H? or ilt\t, with the particle -^^ before, has the signification of an inter- rogative pronoun ; as N^H T^'O ^K, from what (place) dost thou come? nkf*? *'^j f^^** what? R. 43. The demonstrative HI;, with the interrog- atives \'?, np, fl^) 6 appears sometimes to be re- dundant ; as *^5^ <^.? ^P^ 'i^'^^o this, i. e. who said; or it may be elliptical; as who (is) this ("^?^^? who) said. R. 44-. 1. The relative pronoun often refers to a pronoun antecedent which is not expressed; as ^SJ*K ^37*1 0^5n? they have pursued (him) whom thou hast smitten; "igiil "1^% that (which) thou shalt speak. ^. The relative is never put in the genitive, or 5B possessive, but this case is supplied by an affix to a following word; as l^tJ''? VWr) ^h ng^N* ^l:i, a nation which thou shalt not understand its language, i, e. whose language thou shalt not understand ; DV")?<3 ^&*^?? who in their land, i. e. in whose land. 3. It is sometimes used alone, as the object of the verb ; still the object is not unfrequently ex- pressed by the affix; as HH lilO^n *1^% which the wind driveth it away. 4*. The relative, if its antecedent be not express- ed, takes a preposition before it; as O^fl ^I^^K"^};?, to wiiich (what place) thou shalt go. 5. If the antecedent be expressed, the relative has no preposition before it, but the preposition is used with an affix following ; as 'l^i^ D^rl7?:> D^tl 17, God who to him the sea, i. e. whose is the sea. 6. The preposition with its affix is usually omit- ted after the relative, when the antecedent has a preposition before it; as nKn3rnt?^>f Dlp^5, for 13 ni<^3,5 *^p^f in the place in which thou wast created. 7. The relative followed by D^, there, and by the same particle with a prefix or affix, denotes dif- ferent relations of place; as Op ^p^_^ where; np^ n^iS*, whither ; D^*p n^% whence. R. 45. 1. There is frequently an ellipsis of the relative ; as )yil ^^7 ^^"13; in the way (which) they knew not. i^. Together with this ellipsis of the relative, the preposition with its affix is sometimes wanting ; as ^ri'lj'^ 0Vt2y from the day (in wiiich) T spoke ; for 54 S. A still greater ellipsis takes place where the antecedent and relative are hoth wanting; as ^ril^Pp"'^^? to (the place which) I have prepared. R. 46. The relative pronoun, expressed or un- derstood, when it refers to the first or second person, is often followed by a verb and affix in the third ; as ^iDV N5 'nr^?""^r)^^ O, thou (who art he) whose day hath come. Similar examples may be solved by supposing the ellipsis here supplied in the trans- lation. OF VERBS. 11. 47. The past or preterite tense is used in the perfect, imperfect, and pluperfect. 1. It is rendered in the perfect, when a thing is regarded as absolutely past ; as r)l*lj Jirnfi)/, wherefore hast thou descended ? a. It is used in the imperfect when some word is added to the past, shewing that the action, &c. was then present; as flht^ N%*7n n^^, at that time he sent, or was sendiiig. 3. It expresses the pluperfect, when it denotes something passed in relation to the past already us- ed; as nb*^^, he did^ according to all that his father npV had done. II. 48. 1. Many verbs, from the nature of their signification, include the present time in the form of the past, and some include the future ; thus yi^ in its radical meaning signifies laid up or placed ; but, as it generally relates to the mind, ^'Hj^lt? ^ ^^^^ placed or laid up (in my mind) signifies Ilcnoic. 2. The past may often be rendered in the pres- 55 ent, when it signifies what is customary or habitual ; as^ blessed is the man who *] 711 K 7 walketh not, &c. 3. In the prophetic style, what is future is often spoken of as past, either because the prophet would thus signify that it is already decided and consum- mated by the divine decree ; as ^r)*l52^*? I have brok- en the yoke of the king of Babylon ; or because he would describe the future, as it was represented in prophetic vision, already accomplished ; as the people walking in darkness ^K*! have seen a great light ; the light n^4 hath shone upon them. R. '^9. When the preter is connected with the future tense, or the imperative mood preceding, by means of the particle 1, it becomes future or imperative, and the particle is called van conversive. 1. When 1 is prefixed to the past tense, pre- ceded by a verb in the same tense without this pre- fix, the 1 is merely conjunctive. 2. After one future has preceded, several futures in the same train of discourse may be expressed by the preter with ) conversive ; as rT%'7?, he shall be over us, U^^rtl, and we shall be, &c., ^r^^'^l, and he shall judge us, &c. So also after an imperative ^np take, DniDKl and bind, D0:3^??^ni and bring back, &c. But the preter connected with the im- perative in a different person, is rendered in the fu- ture as T]f1K ^n^S^D) ^riN* l^j;, go with me and I will sustain tiiee. 3. There is sometimes an ellipsis of the future, preceding the preter with vau conversive, or the fu- ture is implied in the infinitive or participle going before ; as ^^^ppl WO 11^, yet (it will be) a little while, and they will ston^ me ; ^ns'^^s when thou 56 shalt go ^^sV^% tlien tliou shalt find ; the days D^K^ are coming (shall come) ^nV*!^'^. when I will cut oif. R. 50. In the poetical books the past is some- times used for the future without the prefix % which does not appear to admit of explanation. R. .^1. The future tense of man-y verbs has the force of the present either definite or indefinite ; as ;;-??< nhy I know not ; C^pSi^ HlJ, what seekest thou? a wise son {l/3b*M'ejoiceth his father. R. 52. The future is used, 1st. for that which may or should be done : as tiyt^i^lr\ N^ ^pi^.^ which ought not to be done : Sd. For permission ; as np7^K, let me escape : 3d. For the imperative, hortative, or precative: as ^^"i.V5^?? deliver me; '^Hybpp 7^^ cast me not oir. R. 53, The future tense is sometimes used to express what is past, not absolutely, but in respect to what precedes ; and tluis, though it denotes what is really passed, it implies that the same thing is relatively future. R. 54^. The future having the force of the past in this relative sense, generally receives the 1 con- versive ; as ^^S^^'^^ni ^^^N ''^PWy I ^a,ve cried to thee and thou hast healed me. R. 55, Sometimes the preceding past tense i supplied by the infinitive or a participle ; as Nl^S? i^i'l -^kVn, when Doeg came and told; ID^n D^!?^V-3 they were fighting and fled. R. 55. The future is sometimes used for the past in this relative sense without the ) conversive prefixed ; as t]5?7? he turned the sea into dry land ; 57 n31?!, they passed on foot; Jlflp^^j we rejoiced ^in him. So, in particular, after the particle tN ; as n^3? tK, then he built, R. 57. Sometimes in the successive portions of a description of particulars, the vau is found before part of the verbs in this relative future, and before a part it is omitted. R. 58. Moods are only three ; such as are known by inflection, as they are seen in the para- digms of verbs. R. 59. The indicative acquires the sense of a Subjunctive mood, by means of certain particles ; which it is unnecessary to explain by examples. 1. Tliese particles, especially the conditional, are sometimes omitted ; as D*lpt3*l, if they should drive them ^ilDI then they would die. 2, Some of these particles give the infinitive a new signification of mood and tense ; as 1^ 1^ d^iD^i^nrr, till those who pursue shall (or may) re- turn ; ^nOID nil*! |i^?% that my wonders may be multiplied. R. 60. The prefix *) frequently connects the verb with one preceding, so as to give it a subjunctive sense ; as why didst tJiou not tell me TtnS??*^! that I might send thee. The verb preceded by the relative pronoun is sometimes to be rendered in a similar manner ; as he will shew us the way H^^ ^^sS*? ^^^ over which wc should go ; so also the verb after ^9 and R. 61. The particle Y> before the prcter or fu* ture denotes an optative sense ; as ^^T)'D ^^, O, that we had died f .8 38 A similar sense is conveyed by *0 and the fol- lowing verbs with which it is joined ; as ^5P?^! ^5 ^^t:^, O, that I were judge; 12^_ rTl7$;^ jn* ^D, 0, that God would speak ! R. 62. The imperative mood, as in other lan- guages, expresses permission, prayer, &c. R. 63. The iniinitive, with certain particles, is construed like a finite verb ; as 1n^ fi^D% ^^^ ^^ deliver him i. e. that he might deliver him ; 1^ ^nivD, till to consume me, i. e. till I shall be con- sumed. Sometimes it is so construed without a particle; as ninf D)^^ DV5, in the day to make, &c. i.e. wlien Jehovah made ; ^IIH H^P '^^J?? who to place, i. e. hast placed thy glory. R. 64. Participles in the same form of the verb Vary in regard to time. R. 65. Participles are sometimes used with the substantive verb, making a periphrasis to express continuance of time ; as Dil\%'l OnDD, ye have been rebelling. R. QQ* The present tense, of which the finite verb is destitute, is expressed by a participle alone, examples of which constantly occur. R. 67. The verb usually agrees with the nom- inative in gender. The various exceptions from this rule which are found, cannot be accounted for, without supposing that all the persons of verbs were originally common, and that the different forms of gender, afterwards established, were sometimes neglected. R. 68. An ellipsis of nouns signifying any per- son, or amj things frequently takes place, especially 59 after the negative particle iil ; as 0115 *^^Vi NiS, there was not (any one) left among them : ^)^ K?, there shall not (any thing) fall. R. 69. An ellipsis of the verb is also frequent ; as *1^yp p?^^ 7lp; the voice of a noise from the city (was heard.) R. 70. Verbs in the third person masculine are sometimes used without a nominative expressed, re- sembling what in some languages are called imper- sonal verbs; as ^p1^^ '^0^^^!!^ and he said to Jo- seph^ i. e. it was said, &c. R. 7^. Certain intransitive verbs are found with- out a nominative ; as 17 il^tl, there was warmth or anger to him, i, e, he was angry 5 ?lU^jt?3 if^\ b^, let there not be grief iri thy eyes. The same is sometimes true of passive verbs ; as tJ'KlJ, it is desperate ; 7nin,it was begun. So also passive participles ; as HID!? 'HS, in thee there lias been confidence. R. 7S. Verbs usually agree with nouns in num- ber; but the exceptions are not infrequent ; as 1. a singular masculine verb with a plural masculine noun,as0^t^^K v?!^ ^^^^1,and there came to me men; 2. a singular masculine verb with a plural feminine noun, rJ*)KD ^'l^, let there be lights ; 3. a singular feminine verb with a plural feminine noun signify- ing not a person but a thing, Dning^p t^O^Oy their bows were broken. R. 73. Two verbs of the same tense, number, and person, are sometimes so joined, that the former is used adverbially ; as \r\) ^t?, he hath dispers- ed, he hath given, i. e. he hath given bountifully. This construction is very frequent in the verbs 60 i^^pin to add^ and ^)\^' to return ; so also with the infinitive following; as ^2V ^PV*'l? and he added to passj, i. e. passed again. R. 74. The substantive verb is never used to connect nouns vrhen the meaning requires the pres- ent tense; as rrp^DI^ niHf H^llD, the law of Jeho- vah (is) perfect. There is frequently an ellipsis of the same verb in the past and future tenses. R. 7^. All transitive verbs require an object 5 but it is not always expressed. It is frequently omitted, when, from the nature of the verb, or from the context, it can readily be supplied ; as 17 tl^^l ^j% she did not bear to him (children) ; ^Dys}^) ^^l^y vow, and pay (your vows) 5 ^^1?^! ^^pr^ ^^flN' np, take with thee (some one) of the elders of Israel. ^ R. 76. Intransitive verbs are sometimes follow- ed by the particle niSJ, which usually denotes the object of the verb ; as "n^J/r? ili^ ^^^V!? they went out (from) the city. R. 77- Intransitive verbs followed by nouns from the same root, have the construction of transi- tives ; as IHlD nD|3? they feared fear : in this and in scune other examples, excess of emotion, &c. is expressed. R. 7S Passive and intransitive verbs are some- times constructed with nouns as objects, where in or as tOy or the like, must be supplied ; as K 7 ^^t< 1\yyr\i^ /1!D!, who shall not be circumcised the flesh, i. e. in ot as to the flesh ; ?]*11 npKD fQf lest ye perish the way, i. e. as to the way. 61 B. 79. Transitive verbs have sometimes^ either by reason of their signification or by an ellipsis of a particle, two objects ; as D^H'-^^i^ ^i?1 "^5/? ^ taught the people knowledge ; D^^D^'*^"^^ ^^?* n*11^, ask the priests (concerning) the law. R. 80. The object of the transitive verb has fre- quently the prefix ^, sometimes D, or a separate par- ticle before it ; and, if they are not redundant, the true object of the verb is understood, R. 81. Many verbs have a diversity of construc- tion, being sometimes followed by the object, and sometimes by a noun with a preposition before it ; as lJDt?^ Knp, he called his name ; 1D1^3 N^lp, he called (some one) by his name. R. 82. With the verbs N^^p and 1DK, whether active or passive, the nouns to which names are giv- en, are connected by the prefix 7 ; as ^^IN? J^*1p?1 DV, and he called to the light day ; kS T|5^S^?^ ilpf^tf^ '^O^U ^o thy land it shall not be said i. e, thy land shall not be called desolation. R. 83. The verb n^'7 was^ is used with 7 pre- fixed to a noun to denote possession; as j^^*^ *1*^i^7 fxy, to the rich man was a flock, i. e. the rich man had, &c. If the present tense is required, the verb is wanting ; as ^75!^ which (is) to me I have. R, S'i. The infinitive mood must frequently be construed like a substantive or participial noun ; as rj^OK b^, for thy saying; Dt}^' Di^ n^Slrr nn^N?, after his begetting Seth; ^^IJ/T t^iVlDI '^^^'^.) ^P?^ I know thy abode, and thy exit, and thy entrance ; *ltl\^tl mby 11^, until to ascend the morning, i, e, the breaking of the day. 62 R. 85. The infinitive is sometimes preceded by a noun in regimen ; as Dfi&^ ^0*5, in the day of to judge. R. 86. The inseparable particles ^, D, 7, D, prefixed to the infinitive, form gerunds, and other modes of construction. The infinitive, with the prefix !}, is generally in some tense which is determined by a verb in the context; as DN*^;!in3> in creating them, i.e. when they were created ; ^4*^^? ^^^^?? when my Lord shall come. It also sometimes expresses cause or condition. D with the infinitive denotes comparison ; as b*JD^^5, as (the fire) devoureth : it also denotes time when ; as l^OWtl Kl^^, when the sun goeth down. b with the infinitive is rendered by the English particle to^ sometimes denoting the end ; as DilND niN*n^, ye have come to see that ye may see : also by other particles ; as IDi^l ?? till he shall know , *1p3ri nU|)% at the approaching of day ; ^"OnS, in saying, or saying. With the substantive verb it forms a periphra- sis of the future tense ; as "i^^^b Vtl)^ and they shall be to serve, i. e. shall serve. Sometimes the sub- stantive verb is omitted ; as ^Jl^^^^i^in^ HlH!, Jeho- vah to preserve me, i. e. shall preserve. By an ellipsis of the substantive verb it some- times expresses the passive; as illC^i^pUD, what to do, i. e. shall be done. D prefixed to the infinitive signifies from; as ni^rrp, from to smite, i. e. smiting. It has sometimes the force of a negative; as HN^D V^^i? J^n^r^j his eyes were dim from seeing, i. e. that he could not see. 63 This prefix to the infinitive is also used for com- parison ; as. it is good to be with the humble, p SpD 77^y rather than divide the spoil, &c. R, 87. The infinitive active is sometimes fol- lowed by a noun which is not its direct object ; as ^9?^ *1SD ?!??% ^^^^ to declare my name, i. e. that my name may be declared. R. 88. The infinitive acquires an adverbial use, when it is put before its own finite verb, for the sake of adding strength to its signification ; as T]7/t?ri H^^? to reign, thou shalt reign, i. e. thou shalt certainly reign. The infinitive sometimes folloivs its own finite verb in the same sense as if it preceded, and some- times another infinitive is interposed ; as I^Hg^H ^ItJ^I ^1^0 D.*5Dj and the waters returned (subsid- ed) to go and subside, i, e. they subsided continu- ally. R. 89. Participles as well as finite verbs, have nouns in the place of the object, which require the phrase as to, or the like ; as ID jllp T^^^p^ r^wt as to his garment. R. 90. Participles also follow the form and meaning of nouns in regimen ; as ^JJ^$J ^l^DJ/t?, seeking (the seekers of) my life. OF PARTICLES. R. 91. Particles^ since in their origin they are nouns, often follow the signification and con- struction of nouns. 6* 11. g. Adverhs are sometimes formed by add- ing l3 to the noun ; as D^OK;, certainly, DDH.^ vain- R. 93. A preposition, in composition with a noun, frequently gives it the force of an adverb ; as T^'^'^\l2'^, quickly^ HtOS^j confidently. By such a composition all substantives that have lan abstract signification, may become adverbs. R. 94. Pronouns, with a preposition prefixed, are frequently construed like adverbs ; as n?!3, in this (place) i. e. here ; ilK??, HtD, HtD, according to this, i. e. thus ; *n^^?^3? in (the place or time) which, i. e. where or when, R. 95. Some particles, construed as adverbs, arc placed in regimen in such a manner as to admit a preposition before them ; as v3? properly defect or aholltion ; ^*1 73 from il/S, a cutting off or re- 7noval, in construction with nouns and infinitives t n*"'! ^^3 1i?? even to the abolition of tiie moon, i. e. till there shall be no moon; D^D^ ^r^75 '^V? until the removing of the heavens, i. e. till the heavens shall not be. R. 96. Many adverbs undergo certain changes of signification by means of a preposition going be- fore them ; as uu**, there, D^!?, thence; llOD, around 3^3DD, all around, on all sides; ^'ID, when, ^HD II? until when, i. e. how long, R. 97- Two particles of negation are sometimes joined in order to strengthen the negation ; as Q^")5|? f^^v ^!^3?n, are there indeed no sepulchres. R. 98. Particles of negation, with the word 73 all, every, imply a universal negation ; as ^It^^, K? u%^"73 1 115, instead of every man shall not dwell in them, signifies no man shall, &c. In the same way *n^3% p>?, and Sn, are rendered with Vd. R. 99. Separate prepositions, which are prefix- ed by inseparable prepositions, acquire the use of nouns ; as Q"TKn *11^r5? on account of, or by means of the man; l^'^tl p33^ in between, i. e. in the midst of the grass. R. 100. When two prepositions are joined to- gether, there is sometimes a noun understood before the first ; as ^lyjl *^9i?5^ in beyond, i. e. the coun- try beyond Jordan : so also of nouns of time and place, there is frequently a similar ellipsis. R. 101. Prepositions sometimes appear to be redundant; as ^t!^K*17 nnn, under to my head unless there be a periphrasis converting the sepa- rate preposition into an adverb ; as under (in rela- tion) to, &c. R. 102. Conjunctions sometimes receive prepo- sitions before them, after the manner of nouns ; as *3 so or as, ^D ^]^ and ^5 fl**^ because ; p thus, JD 7y, therefore. R. 103. Instead of a conjunction, a prepositioa is often used before the infinitive ; as ^^H JI^dS', on account of to profane, i, e. that they might pro- fane. So also the preposition before a finite verb, (Itl/^ being understood); as l^lp^ K7 7j^, on ac- count of (that), i. e. because, they have not observed, R. 104. The conjunction f5 frequently occa- sions the omission of a verb, signifying beware or fear ; and DN frequently denotes imprecation, when no verb is used to express it; as T\'^V,.^ DJ^, if I 9 66 shall do, i, e. let me be punished if I do it, or I pro- test I will not, ^c. R. 105. Interjections have properly no con- struction with other words. R. 106. Certain verbs in the imperative are used in a manner like interjections ; to which rule per- haps ^y may be referred ; as N^ n^D, depart, come now, (age). R. 107. Nouns sometimes, from an abrupt and disconnected use, have the nature of interjections ; as T\^'^^T\, profane ; ^7 H^^^fl, profane to me, i. e. be it far from me, (ahsit). R. 108. The article tl is often prefixed both to the substantive and to the adjective; as VlJIIl ^n^n, the river the great. R. 109. TiiQ interrogative tl, though sometimes repeated in a subsequent and connected interroga- tion, is more frequently followed by D^? ; as T|7<Jll 7*inj DK, shall we go, or shall we forbear? R. 110. The connective 1, besides its common signification, and, must be rendered in various ways ; as 1 st. by wJien thou didst refresh thy inheritance ^it*^J!l when it was weary. 2d. by but they will kill me, ^^01^] but thee, *c. 3d. by since why do you come to me DilN!) since you (hate me.) 4th. by or he that curseth his father VJN1 or his moth- er. 5th. When the noun to which it is prefixed has a pronominal affix, it may, including the affix, be rendered by whose Rebecca had a brother IDSJ^I and his (whose) name, *c. Besides these, there are various other uses of the 1 conjunctive, which may be determined by the 67 context ; as even, therefore^ for, as, so that^ when, then, 5fc. R. 111. Sometimes there are two and even three prefixes ; but if the 1 be one of them, it has the fi,rst place. R. lis. The inseparable prepositions !3, D, % and D, are joined to the words H, ID, and ^B, in such a manner that the force of the latter is lost in the affixes ; and they are generally rendered only as prepositions. R. 113. Particles, both separable and insepa- rable, are sometimes doubled ; 1st. to express the greatest degree, as iKp iHO ; Sd. continual pro- gression, as OrO tO^Pj little little, i. e. by little and little; 3d. diversity, as Tit^) IlTp, or HXD riKt^l, thus and thus, i. e. in different manners. ^ repeated denotes a comparison of equality of different things ; as fllDD OV^, as (is) the people, so (is) the priest. APPENDIX. [A.J TO THE ALPHABET. The units of numerals above 10 are placed at the left hand, and the tens at the right ; thus ^^^ 11, y IS, N:d si, aD SS, N*^ 81, &c.; except the nu- merals id and 16, which instead of n^ 15, and V 16, are ID 15, and TD 16, because the preceding forms are parts of the sacred name (11/1!. The numerals from 500 and upwards are ex- pressed thus : pn or "|, 500. in or D, 600. tTil or [,700. iinorr],800. pi1i1orf,900. j!^ 1000. ^ sooo. The Hebrews count their time from the creation of the world, and the present is with them the year 5577 (1817). This is caHed h)!} D1$, the great or full number. In general the millenary number is omitted ; as p^ ^l^pD il^S^?, i. e. in the year 57s, accordin*to the smaller reckoning. The date of Hebrew books is placed at the bottom of the title page. It is to be found in a line where there are certain letters larger than the rest ; they must be counted according to their separate power, and the total will give the date of the year when the book was printed : as '^n'>t*0 ^K V^'^ W r^^^^ nJisf3_the sura of these letters, K 1, D 40, Z^ 300, ^ 10, H 8, 69 and *] 30, shews that the book was printed in th year of the Jewish era 379, i. e. A. D. I6i9. Jewish era . . . 379 Add the thousands - - 5379 Deduct the years of the Jew- ^ ish era before the commencement > 3760 of the Christian era ) A. 1). 1619. [B.] DAGESH LENE. Dagesh lene is omitted, 1st. in the beginning of a word when the preceding word ends with one of the letters 'inN, without a pause or kingly accent. But if the preceding word be nill^, or if the da- geshed letter be succeeded by a similar letter, the dagesh remains ; as D!p^5 ^1^^ fTT \'53 3d. In the affixes Dp and Jp ; in the regimen or plural form, as il1D*^5, 0*1*1 ; before the paragog- ic n, as ill^i ; before the suffix to the infinitive, as 10 7P3 5 and before the termination HI, as n^ob^* MACCAPH. Maccaph generally follows words of one sylla- ble, and changes the long vowel into its corres- ponding short one, except it be prevented by me- theg, or by H or N ending the word ; as J^*1N1"73, n(i*3"nr), -no, -kS ^^c. In some instances words of more than one syl- lable change their long vowel by the influence of maccaph; as fV"^375 instead of ^^"JO, ng^O'T? instead of ^O. 70 ACCENTS. An accenty when it is placed on the last sylla- ble, is called ]}^^t2, milra, but when it is placed at the beginning or middle of a word, it is called S^y^D, milel. The accents are divided into Icings ^ ministers, and servants, as follows. Form and position. KINGS. A Athnah N Geresli " > (r Gershajtni vv. <'^^^- . Zarka / k\ K Zakeph Gadol N* Zakeph Katon V Tiphha < Yethiv 1 Sillook N Segolta N Pazer I Pesik Legarmc K Pashta Karne Para K Re via t Slialsheletli ^ Tevir p K Telislia Gedolah n ^f MINISTERS. Darga Yereh ben Yomo Moonah ^e Mahpakli K } Merklia A K Kadma Telisha Ketanna SERVANTS. ^ Merklia Keplioola K Metheg. Note 1. To these accents modern grammarians have added soph pasoolc, (:) which is placed at the end of every verse in the Bible. Note 2 A circle (o) over a letter, shews that the word is read otherwise than it is written, i. e. ac- cording to the vowels in the text and the letters in the margin. The word in the text is called yO^ kethiv, and that in the margin Hp keri. Note 3. Telisha gedolah is always in the be- ginning of the word, but telisha ketanna is placed at the end of the word. Note 4. Legarme is generally followed by moo- nah and revia, or revia alone, by which it is distin- guished from pesik, which is always a pause, and is generally between a king and a minister. Note 3. There must always be a syllable, or sheva, or dagesh between the accent and the me- theg, as DHNn haadam, v5N akheloo. 71^ [C] EXERCISES IN READING. N. B. It must be remembered that the English vowels are not used to express the sounds of the He- brew, otherwise than as they are explained in tho account of the vowel points, which must be refer- red to as a key, till the sounds have become famil- iar. EXERCISE I. Pure syllables. Long vowels. ^a j Ne 'Ni IK IKu ::iba 5 be ^::bi 1:ibo i:nbu 5va D ve ^5vi In vd' in vu Ida il ge ^de '4gi ^^di l^go lido l^gu ndu nha nhe %nhi in ho in hu \ va "1 ve n vi 11 vo 11 vu ? za r ze n zi 1? zo ir zu ri hha n hhe ^h hhi inhho in hhu D ta 6 te ^D ti ItD to ID tu !ya 3ka 'ye Dke Oki l^yo iDko Vyu IDku q 5kha '^la ikhe p khi '^ li iDkho l^lo IDkhtt l^lu 12 ma D me *D mi ID mo 10 mu J^na i ne ^^ni 1J no 1:1 nu D sa D se *Psi ID so ID su ya i^e ^yi ir o iru D pa i) pha itsa ) pe h phe itse '5 pi ^5 phi ^Vtsi 1) po ItD pho 1^^ tso 15 pu ID phu 1^ tsu pka pke ^pki 1p ko Ipku Sra Ire nri nro in ru tr sha \^ she tr shi W sho 1^ shu t* sa tr se '^b si 1C^ so 1t^ su r\ ta ri te ^n ti into intu ntha n the ^n thi in tho in tha 73 EXERCISE IT. Mixed S2jllahles of two or more consonants. t^N* aph n5 bad 7^ vad 7^ al Dl dam nn bar 11 vav \? zar jri hhag 7t5 tal T yad vlD kaph *l5 khar tlb lahh iD mar C^j nash f]D saph 7r al (15 pahh bb phal t^V tsaph Jj^ kan i*l rav ^tj^shal '^b' sar on tam DH tliam Sk el 19 beti 19 ven Si^jl gesb ^Idel on hem ^1 ver D? zem on bhera IP tea t^'^ yesh liked Db khem "I*? led [p men *l!3 ner ID sed nr er p'iD phel 7V tsel ^p kev D^i rem y^^ sher :3:r sev fO *^^ DiS them D5< im .p bia ^a vil n*J gid nn div frr bin P vin ^? ziph ton bhit Db tim D.^ yim *C/'^ kish ^D khir JO min nj nid 7Dsil 75 pil D5 phim fV tsiu :}pkiv JI7 rig D:i^sbim Ot^ sim lil tid ^n thiph !J5^ uv (9 bun oi vum 7i gul ,|1 dun "^n hul t2^5 vush of zum "]H bbupli QtO tum 1.' yud ni kuv p khun 7^ lud ri^ muth ^j nug ^P sukh Yk uts DiD pus "?$ phiil 1 V tsun Op kum Yi ruts nr shuv Dt^ SUV -?n tud iri thuph nn:n badt n73 bart Ilt^JI gasht flSn dalt Wl dakt PVrr bait h^i zazt Hit zart ri^rr bhant r)f\h bbart ;n7^ tait Tjp^ yevkh 7^!. yerd ne^> yesht ri57 lakht lH*^D mart "T7j5 nerd n7b sart riir art lipb pbakt hi^ tsart tO'^*p kosbt iT17 rart Note. In all the columns^ except the one at the right hand, the vowels are short, as at the top of the columns. In the right baud column the sliort vowels are marked. 10 74 EXERCISE IIL Words of two syllables. 1. The first syllable pure, 1DK a-mar *in3 ba-hhar 7"T4 ga-dal rn-f da.rash Tin ha-dad 2tl) va-hav ri5t za-vath pSn hha-lak nnp ta-rahh nn: yadad ^33 ka vad 10*7 la-mad DV2 ma-vath t^i) na-gash *1jp sa-gar l:}r a-vod *iri5 pa-thar npV tsa-mahh tr^-lp ka-dash ytl'l ra-hhats nStr sha.lahh D^t2^ sa-lam T^)tl ta-vekh the other mixed. 2. Both mixed. 3pJ< ek-kov nlDb3 bil-mod nn,iD^ goph-rith nin^n dai-thoth ri^r? hav-voth r^^*?1 u4hg-sha 0*15/ z'lch-ram nnn hhad-re rrNOp tiim-a yC'p? yiph-sha niiDJD kau photh np^ lam -ma Il^tJ^pQ mak-shiv DQ^^'i nish-math D^^^^P sar-tem nn?i^ ez-rath JDipP poth-hen npIV tsid-kath niJp kib-both nr^n rish-ath D'W shit-tim i^^nr\ tith-ra Note. In the left hand column the vowels are all short in the second syllable, except in the word a-vod. In the right hand column the short vowels are marked. 75 EXERCISE IV. Words of three syllables. ^3>5nrT Don3 a-mar-ti av-ra-ham bith-vu-nam big-cle-hem go-za-loth ga-a-va dal-thothav hith-ab-bekh hith-ab-bel vay-yo-mer vay-yik-ra ziv-hhe-khem zo-hha-le hbasb-ma-lim hha-na-mal tab-ba ath te-vu-lim* yis ra-el ytth-ad-dam ka-a-vel kg-ru-vim niOl^ lo-me-deth DH^dS Ig-mu-dim ^illSlD mo-lad-ti 1570 mg-lam-med *T7^j| ue-e-dar nnp^4 nil-me-deth n^DDp sg-ma mith n^Jirp si-no-nith nn^ni; a-thl-doth tr'Opr ak-ka-vish D^C^'ll/Ss par-o-shim ^Jl^p? pis-yo-ne ^;irOV tsiph-o-ni OnSV tsip-pa-rim D^^TfJ ko-da-shim D^^lnp kg-do-shim D*3^5*l rg-vi-vim D^P^p*! rg-si-sim D^3k^4?^ shin-an-nim D^^^t?^ sg-ra-phim np9n ttl-rag-di nniD^n til-mo-dg-na * Sheva, even when it is pronounced, and also its com- pounds, do not in theory perforin the part of vowels, so as to form distinct syllables ; but the pronunciation requires a divi- sion of syllables with these points. 76 EXERCISE V. Words of four and five syllables, ll*^10J< ev-yo-ne-ha IJnrii^O?^ em-tg-hho-the-nu IpJKHp be-he-ov-ko D5nJ^l03 bs-mo-a-de-khem ^rpi^i giil-gg-lo-tham T[*nl'''7J gg-di-yo-tha-yikh ^in^n-7 dg-hhi-tha-ni Dp^nim do-ro-the-khem npnj^fl ha-a-da-ma D^Sn^JT^'I hay-yis-rg-e-lith :]e^3N) yg-av-ne-tg-kha ^:53?<nn. vay-yith-ab-be-khu Dp^D5r ziv-bhe-khem l^iinjf zg-nahh-ta-nu ni^lD'^Sn hha-phar-phe-roth !r)nD3n hhokh-ma.the-kha DniP3D tab.bg.o-tham Dn^nir3D tab-bg-o-the-hem ^t:^^f! ya-a-di-mu ^Jp-]Sl^ yo-lad-te-kha ")9lrSn-35 kg-dor-la-o-mer in^P5 kg-khal-lo-tho 77 [D.l VARIATION OF NOUNS. Explanation of the tables. The first table shows the radical and heemantic forms of nouns, with the various methods in which the heemantiv letters Vn^DNH are applied to the root, as formatives. In the upper division of the table, the word 1i3D is taken and varied, only to serve as a model, according to which all perfect nouns are formed, in one or more of its varieties. In the lower division the word wiD is used in like manner, to represent the varieties of imperfect nouns, or such as drop an initial, medial, or final letter. The second table exhibits several nouns, irreg- ular in their variation for number, or regimen, or both. 78 TABLE I. FORMS OF HEBREW NOUNS, n^.5D nniDD ^^D >^p n")^)iD nnbib n^lD ni30 nni5D nni^D "lliDD nip nnsiD nn^^D "liDID n^p n-^idD n^^tDp ")1t3D nsp ni^^DD nrop y^P njiD i^l.i^^P nii^^p ")15^P ")ap nsDn "^$po ^5P^^ nop nn^on nn^pD nntDP5< nnip nnspn nnspD nntDpN nnip nispn ni5pD n1t3p^^ nniDp nni^pn nnltDDD nnitDp.Nt nsp nnitDpn nnlsDDD nniopj^ pap n^fipn %bo tIdpn* n^nsp r|D' nsp nsD f]? nsp! naiD nsiD ^IID J-lfiD' nsiD naiD fllD flpi' n3p ns'D fl'O naoi' n'3D n:9P 5D nopi' ni3p nJiap nsD fjpr' f]DD naoN f1P4 nflbh njjDD nspN nspj nspn nspo napK ^9P'J fjdiri f)pio <1P1K fipu nSDin nSDio nfiDiN nsDU nspin nspia napiK rispj 79 TABLE II. EXAMPLES OF IRREGULAR NOUNS.* Plural, 1 Singular. Regimen. Absolute. Regimen. Absolut e. Signification. ni3!>{ ni:}X '3N 2 f^ A father. *n?< D^n.x nx n h^ A brother. 'J3 D^J? 19 15 A son. 'n-j D^ni rv2 n^ 3 A house. B>xn D^e^><") r'NI c^iVi A head. '0' D^Dt D1' D1^ A day. 'B'JN d^:^":n K'UX tr'lJlN* A man. 'nil D^rni n| n'i A kid. .*vf V '? A ship. 'pitr' pIB'' pM^ A street. nT5 'o^b ' '3 'ns A mouth. nuna ni^n? 03 ?0":ii A thumb. ' aD D^t: Water. max ni^N DX DiNt A mother. nvnN nvnj< ninx nini< A sister. nij3 n(^i na n? A daughter ninoN mnp^ r\m no{< ximaid serv't nv36 5 ni^p njp njjp n^p A portion. T'^ D^i?^':) nr5< n^\x A woman. n.V TV y y A city. * Examples of nouns varied for number and regimen were given in the Grammar, (Chap. V.) but there are many varieties in the vowel points among nouns that are considered regular, which it is not necessary to show by multiplying examples. 80 [E.] OF VERBS IN KAL. The root of all verbs, except ain doubled^ is in the third person masc. preter of kal, indicative. It has been already remarked, (p. 15,) that the second radical of the verb has commonly pathah, sometimes tsere, holem, or kamets. The second person sing. mas. of the preter, has sometimes H paragogic ; as nri'lJ^. Verbs that end in H, contract the D radical, by dagesh forte, in- to n servile, not only in this person, but whenever another H follows it ; as HID for riiT^I?. JH^ fol- lows the same rule. The second person sing. fern, if the last radical be n or ]7, has pathah instead of the first sheva; as ^Dp% r^r?^^' instead of POp^^ &c. In the first person sing, some verbs have hirik, instead of pathah, under the second radical; as ^ri-lV^, ''ilhw instead of ^n^b', &c. In the third person pi. masc. the 1 is sometimes changed into kibbuts, under the last radical. In the first person pi. verbs that end in ^ lose the <3 before the personal termination; as ^ jHl for In ihQ future tense where the holem is used, the 1 is inserted in the paradigm of the perfect verb ; but it will be found, from reading the Hebrew scrip- tures, that holem is generally used without ) ; as The third person sing. fem. has sometimes pa- thah under the second radical ; as p^'llTi instead of 81 In the first person sing, with H paragogic, the last radical has kamets, and the second sheva ; as lu the imperative the second vowel, holem, often without the ), The masculine sing, so frequently takes fl par- agogic, that it is sometimes called the sign of the imperative. This il paragogic occasions a change of vowels ; as n^p^, nnpt? instead of IDtT, ^c. The infinitive and participles frequently have holem without the 1 ; and the vowels of the infini- tive undergo a change with H paragogic. The participle benoni in two instances, ^^9^ ^p% has hirik instead of tsere ; sometimes pa- thah ; as "15J^^ especially before the gutturals ; as VtQi for V_t52. Verbs quiescent in the first radical K not only lose N in the first person future, but often take holem ; as *^D^^, ^D^y ^c. also in other per- sons the N is sometimes lost 5 as I'lDfl from *19^?; r|pn from w^pK, *c. Verbs in nipJial. A few verbs in the third person preter mas. end irregularly in holem. Verbs ending in D lose the il before the persons whose final inflections begin with D 5 as already re-r marked in kal. In the future first person sing, the formative >{ has sometimes hirik instead of segol ; as t^^llN 5 so with n paragogic ; as np|:?5^J<. In some of the persons pathah is sometimes 14 S2 found instead of tsere under the second radical; as The infinitive ends frequently in holem ; and sometimes preserves the characteristic^; as Sn^JJ Verbs in piel. In this form and in pual grammarians remark, that the signification of the verb is more intense. But if this be true in some instances, it does not appear so often, or so clearly, as to authorise a, gen- eral rule. Yerbs intransitive in kal, generally be- come transitive in piel. The third person preter mas. sing, frequently ends in pathah instead of tsere ; especially if the second or third radical be a guttural or *1 ; as ^9?, nr\^, ^c. Verbs in pual. The preter tense often has kamets or kamets hateph instead of kibbuts ; as n*1p, il'l'^Cf^ &c. Verbs in liipML In this form of the verb the ^ characteristic is often thrown away after hirik, and hirik is frequent- ly changed, especially in the future tense, into tsere. The imperative mood sing. mas. has commonly tsere, as np^n ; but with H paragogic it is always with hirik ; as Hfl^^VD so also in the future tense. When the last vowel is tsere, the yod quiescent is sometimes retained 5 as I^O&^H? &c. in the infin- itive. 83 Verbs in hophah Instead of kamets hateph for the first vowel in this form of the verb, kihbuts frequently occurs ; as ^y^K^f '^^*-^'!7> in the preter ; so also in the future and infiuitive ; and in the participle it is the pre- vailing form. There are many other varieties in the pointing of the verbs, depending sometimes upon accents and gutturals, and sometimes being only exceptions to general rules. To give a minute detail of these varieties, would require a treatise by itself. NUMERALS. Numbers are expressed by distinct words as well as by letters, and are either cardinals or ordi- nals. Fern. Ordinals. Mas. fV^*Nn First. ^^t?^ Second. v^>9tr Third. ^V^5^ Fourth. ^trVJD Fifth. *^tr Sixth. ^j;^3tr Seventh ^rp?^ Eighth. ^r?^n Ninth. n^'t^V Tenth. Cardinals. Fem. Ma3. One. Two. Three. Four. Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Niue. Ten. 84 From ten upwards, there is no difference be- tween the ordinals and cardinals, n^m) D^JltD^* Eighty eight "^t*^ Itl^ ^ Vt^'n) D^j;tJ^r) Ninety nine il")M ^^fJ^ [ Eleven. HNO One hundred il^^r ^ri^*!^ ) Q^nkt? Two hundred n^lbP ^i)^ ? Twelve nlK9 tr^tj^ Three hundred il^^'n'':^^ 5 r)^^ One thousand il^^^^ t:^'?^ Thirteen. D!5Sn* Two thousand D'^lnm On't^i? Twenty two. D^^Sn* nJ^Str Three thousand ^b'^*) D^trSti:^ Thirty three. ""'"^S^ Ten thousand r31^D'i^3n Forty fonr. nppi 5 t^^OO) O^^VD Fifty five. D^nl^l Twenty thous. tr'g^*) D^t^'t:^' Sixty six. ^hat D^tr^^* Thirty thous. ir5rVD^r3^ Seventy seven, CHANGES OF VOWELS. When a word increases at the end, the vowels are frequently changed ; and, in such changes, the vowel of the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenulti- mate syllable, is generally exchanged for a shorter. ICamets penultimate^ in the increase of gender and number, or by an affix, and also in regimen, is changed into sheva; as H^pll^ from 711^, Dn!!*! from ^5*1? '''^P*! ^vi^h the affix, and 121 in regi- men, from the same. Kamets antepenultimate, in verbs, is changed in the same manner ; as Hl'^/ becomes *vith the affix Kamets ultimate, in regimen, and before the grave affixes, is changed into pathah^ as nin^ 1^% DDnnin from riDD. 85 Tsere 'penultimate^ in the increase, is changed into sheva; as from ^5P, pi. D^^P. Tsere ultimate, in the increase, is changed into sheva; as D*^pi7 from t^p?l^ ; in' regimen some- times into pathah. Holem penultimate, followed by segol, is chang- ed into sheva; as D^VPp from yo'p ; frequently in- to kamets hateph, especially if the first letter be a guttural ; as ^J?t^ from ffK. Holem ultimate, in verbs, is changed into she- va ; and so also in nouns before the grave affixes, unless a sheva follows ; in which case it becomes kamets hateph. Pathah penultimate, if another pathah follow^, is changed, in the increase, into sheva ; as DHji^t!^ from "1^^. Pathah ultimate, as in the same ex- ample, is changed into kamets, and on account of the affixes into sheva; as ^^5^ from J^JI^ In verbs that have tl paragogic, pathah final is chang- ed into sheva, and with an affix, into kamets ; as iint^ho from 1DS% ^np^ from npS. Segol penultimate, in the increase, is changed into sheva; as DU/S from jl^^ ; and segol ulti- mate, as in the same example, and also in the dual, is changed into kamets. Simple or compound sheva occasions some alter- ations of the vowels. The gutturals, in those cases in which other letters would have simple sheva, have one of the compounds. A compound sheva generally causes the preced- ing letter to have the same vowel with which it is compounded: i.e. hateph pathah gives the preced- 86 ing letter a pathah 5 hateph segol gives a segol ; and hateph kamets gives a karnets. Sometimes in this case the compound loses its Vowel, and becomes simple sheva. If a simple sheva takes the place of a vowel that follows a compound sheva, the compound drops the sheva, or the vowel with which it is compounded ; as ^^'i^p from tl'^Vf?, &c. The gutturals, instead of hateph pathah, require pathah before them. The gutturals and *1, not admitting dagesh, fre- quently cause a preceding short vowel to be chang- ed into along one; pathah into kamets; birik o? segol into tsere ; and kibbuts or kamets hateph in- to shurek or holem; as jlDHD for (lOH^, &c. The accents cause some alterations in the vowel points, especially the pauses, which change a short vowel into a long one, and sometimes one long vow- el into another. A long vowel is sometimes changed into a short one, a short into a long one, and one long or short vowel into another for the sake of euphony. Note. The exceptions to the rules here given concerning the changes of vowels, are numerous ; but it is unnecessary to point out their varieties. riNis. 50407 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY