THE CASE OF IRELAND STATED : . HISTORICALLY. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT; TOGETHER WITH A GAZETTEEE, GEOGRAPHICAL, DESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL, COMPILED FROM THE LATEST AND BEST AUTHORITIES. "The mere Irish were not only accounted aliens, but enemies, and altogether out of the protection of the law, so as it was no capital offense to kill them." SIR JOHN DAVIES. CHICAGO : PUBLISHED BY P. T. SHERLOCK. 1880. Entered according to According to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, by P. T. SHERLOCK, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. CONTENTS. I. IRELAND: Showing her geographical position. II. GENERAL STATISTICS, exhibiting, in a condensed form, her government; the surface of the island; her agricultural and mineral resources; her soil, climate, and productive capabilities; her popula- tion, and natural advantages. III. HER HISTORY, from the earliest days of record to the present time, briefly sketched. IV. THE LAND SYSTEM under native government; the introduction of the feudal system, and the past and present condition of the tillers of the soil. V. The last organized effort by " The National Land League," to root the people on the soil of their fathers, and prevent their expatriation through poverty, or extermination by famine. VI. A GAZETTEER, exhibiting in detail her political, ju- dicial and ecclesiastical divisions, and her subdi- visions, by counties, cities, municipalities, baro- nies, towns, boroughs and parishes; distinguish- ing their separate geographical locations; their mineral resources, developed and undeveloped; their area in acres; occupations of the people; manufactures, where they exist; water-power, railroad and water communications, population^ . and public institutions. 2066249 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. LATE in the fall of 1879, when the wail of Irish woe, caused by evictions, and the cry of famine had reached the shores of this Western World, while Parnell and Dillon were crossing the Atlantic for the purpose of telling to the American people the sad story of Ireland's pressing need ; the questions on every tongue were: Why this ever-recurring misery in a land so bountiful ? What is the cause ? Where is the remedy ? Simple questions, these; and almost every Irishman, feels that he knows himself, yet how few can give a prompt, satisfactory and laconic answer. Many an Irishman, yet living, is the victim of that villainous law of civilizing England, which made it a crime punishable by death, to teach or be taught the use of the alphabet in any language ; others who escaped partially from the operations of this accursed enactment bore with them that other accompanying legacy of En- glish civilization to Ireland penury. They had neither the means to purchase, nor the time to peruse the scat- tered chapters of Irish history. They were cast upon the world naked of everything, as it were. Their lands were stolen. Their goods were stolen. Their arts, their language, their literature, their manufactures, their music, their religion, their very names (> PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. were prohibited. Their women and children were barbar- ously slaughtered, stolen and transported to the Indies, and by an act of the English Pale Law, their very manhood was assailed, and a large class of the popu- lation were to be mutilated. But worse than any, or all of these things put together the mind -the intellect the soul the soul that represents the very God, was to be degraded, debased and destroyed by the laws, not only of Protestant England, but also of Catholic England. Nor did the name or profession of any special religious belief have any effect to debar the robber, when he found anything to steal. Catholic, or Protestant were robbed alike. In the one case it was spiritual fidelity to Rome in the other it was fidelity to Ireland both called treason to England. But whatever the pretense for a cause, the result was always the same the trans- fer of all their earthly possessions to the despoiler, and whenever it was possible, the act was consummated by the life-blood of the victim. Nor were the earlier English land robbers more fortunate, in many cases, than the na- tive; the land robber of one reign often became the victim of the land robber of another reign, until in time, the for- feitures and confiscations amounted to more than three times the surface of the entire Island. At a casual meeting of a few Irishmen in Chicago, about this time, it was proposed to prepare an inexpen- sive volume, not aspiring to the dignity of consecutive history, but merely a glance at the record of England's doings in Ireland, so as satisfactorily to answer the ques- tions propounded, in the smallest number of words to show whereby the laws of England established a system of land-robbery from which sprang most of the evils PUBLISHERS PREFACE. 7 which afflict the Island, ''even unto the present clay" with the accompanying laws against commerce, manufac- tures, coinage, fisheries, mining, and education. The writers of this sketch of Irish history are well- known gentlemen, well versed in history and literature,- and their statements may be accepted without question. The present volume is to meet an immediate want, namely, a plain statement of the present question agitat- ing all Ireland. Should circumstances justify, it is proposed to make this volume the first of a series of AN HISTORICAL IRISH LIBRARY; not a library in the present acceptation of that word, nor perhaps strictly historical as it may have an occasional poetic tinge but a series of books uniform in size, style and price, and of such useful mate- rial as will enable not only the Irishman in America, but also those " of the manor born," to learn something of a people, and a land, who though victims of the most ad- verse circumstances for centuries, have nevertheless filled no small space in the world's history. P. T. SHERLOCK, Publisher. CHICAGO, January, 1880. " The lion of St. Jarlath's, Catholic Archbishop of Tuam surveys with an envious eye the Irish exodus .... and sighs over the departing demons of assassination and murder! . . . So complete is the rush of departing marauders, whose lives were profitably occupied in shooting Protestants from behind a hedge, that silence reigns over the vast solitude of Ireland. . . . Just as civilization gradually supercedes the wilder and fiercer creatures by men and cities, so de-civilization, such as is going on in Ireland, wipes out mankind to make room for oxen." For this characteristic Saxon yelping over the expatriation and destruction of a million and a half of the Irish people caused by fever and famine, see Saturday Review, London, Nov. 28th, 1863. " 111 fares the land to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates ancLmen decay; Princes and lords may flourish or may fade A breath can make them as a breath has made ; But a bold peasantry, a country's pride, When once destroyed can never be supplied." STATISTICS OF IRELAND. HEE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION" SURFACE, RIVERS, LAKES, CLIMATE, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY AND GEOLOGY, POLITICAL, MILITARY AND JUDICIAL DIVISIONS OF THE COUNTRY, CENSUS OF THE POPULATION, ETC. IRELAND is an island on the north-west of Europe, lati- tude from 51 26' to 5521' North, longitude 5 20' to 10 26' West. It is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean on all sides except where it is separated from Great Britain by St. George's Channel, forty-seven miles across where narrowest; the Irish sea, one hundred and thirty-eight miles; and the Northern, Channel, thirteen miles. Its shape is a rhomboid, the greatest diagonal of which is three hundred and two miles, and the lesser, two hun- dred and ten miles; the greatest length on a meridional line is two hundred and twenty-five miles; the greatest breadth one hundred and seventy-four miles, and the least, on parallel lines of latitude, one hundred and eleven miles, comprising an area of 32,509f square miles. COASTS AND HARBORS. The Northern, Western and Southern coasts are indented with numerous deep and safe bays ; the Eastern side presents but few suited for large vessels. The total number has been estimated at fourteen capable of harboring the largest men-of-war , fourteen for frigates, from thirty to forty for coasting vessels, twenty-five good summer roadsteads, besides in- numerable inlets i or fishing and coasting craft. THE ISLANDS are numerous but small; total number one hundred and ninety-six; the largest are Rathlin 10 STATISTICS OF IRELAXD. and Tory, north; Achill, Clare, the South Arran Isles and Valentia, west; and Whiddy and Cape Clear, south. SUKFACE. The greater part of the surface is a plain, not strictly level, being mostly interspersed with low hills. The principal mountains are: Northeast, the Mourne mountains, in the county Down, the highest being Slieve Donald, 2,796 feet above high sea level; in the west, the mountains surrounding Clew bay, in Mayo county, the highest, called Mutlrea, 2,638 feet high; in the southwest the McGillicuddy Reeks, in Kerry county, the highest called Garran-Tual, 3,414 feet high; in the east, the Wicklow mountains, the highest named, Lug- ganaquilla, 3,039 feet high. The interior of the country is intersected by several lofty ranges, among which the Devil's Bit, Slieve Bloom, the Galtees, Mount Leinster and the Black Stairs, are the most remarkable. The quantities of land of different elevations, are be- tween sea level and two hundred and fifty feet in height, 13,242f square miles ; between two hundred and fifty and five hundred feet, 11,797^ ; between five hundred and one thousand feet, 5,797^; between one and two thousand feet, l,589f ; above two thousand feet, 82^. THE RIVERS are numerous; the principal is'the Shan' non, one hundred and fifty miles long, from Lough Al- len to Limerick, where it expands into an estuary of for- ty-five miles, opening into the Atlantic Ocean; it is nav- igable nearly the whole of its course. The Suir, Barrow, Nore, Blackwater, Slaney, Boyne, Foyle, Erne, Lee, Bandon, Bawn, and Moy. are all navigable to a greater or less extent ; smaller rivers, in numbers about one hundred and seventy-two, serving principally for agri- cultural and domestic purposes, are to be met with in every district. The extent of country which forms the basin whence the principal rivers derive their supply, covers 22,030 t square miles. THE LAKES, generally called Loughs, are numerous, the largest Lough Neagh, in Ulster, covers 98,255 acres. There are also Lough Erne, Corrib, Mask, Conn, and the celebrated Lakes of Killarney. GEOLOGY. The geological structure of Ireland has STATISTICS OF IRELAND. 11 this striking peculiarity, that most of the great mountain ranges are near the coasts, while the central portion is an almost uniform plain, varied only by low hills. The pre- vailing formations are limestone, granite, mica-slate, clay- sla^e, old red sandstone, yellow sandstone, and basalt or trap. The .limestone extends over the central plain, one hundred and fifty miles east and west from Dublin to Gal way Bay, and one hundred and twenty miles north and south. Its greatest elevation is three hundred feet, which is the heighth of the summit levels of the canals that traverse it. The principal tracts of granite are those of Wicklow, Galway, Newry and Donegal. The mica- slate of Leinster [is confined to a narrow fringe edging the granite region of the province ; in Donegal and Gal- way it spreads over large tracts. The clay-slate is among the most important rocks, both for extent of area and val- uable mineral deposits. The counties of Wexford, Louth, Waterford, Cork and Kerry, are mostly formed of it. In the north it is contained in the district bounded by a line from Longford to Drogheda, eastward, and to Don- aghadee, north-eastward. At Kingscourt, Carrickma- cross, and Cavan, the clay-slate dips and forms a basin,* in which the limestone and coal, forma- tions are deposited. Slate is quarried extensively at Killaloe and Westport, in Clare, and in Wicklow. The old red sand-stone is chiefly developed in the south; it forms the greater part of Cork and Water- ford counties, and of the inland mountain ranges of Knockmeledoun, Commeragh and the Galtees. It shows itself also in several places in Westmeath, Long- ford and Leitrim. A large tract of old red and yellow sand-stone forms the sea-coast at Killaloe, skirts by Loughs Conn and Cullen, and reaches the Atlantic at Westport. An extensive track in Fermanagh and Tyrone from Lough Erne to Cookstown, has this rock for its basis. It is found in patches in Antrim, Derry and Tyrone. Crystalized gypsum occurs in Derry and Antrim, and selenite at Benburb. Uncrystalized gypsum is raised in large quantities at Carrickmacross. The yellow sand-stone usually accompanies the red, and rests 12 STATISTICS OF IRELAND. upon it. The basalt, or trap occupies a very limited area, being confined almost exclusively to the northeast portion of the island, forming the substratum of the county of Antrim and of some portions of Derry and Armagh. MINERALS. The principal minerals are coal, iron, copper, lead, silver and gold. The coal fields are seven in number one in Leinster, occupying large portions of Kilkenny and Queen counties, with a small part of Carlow; two in Munster ; one in Tipperary, bordering on that of Kilkenny. The other spread over large por- tions of Clare, Limerick, Cork and Kerry counties, being the most extensive development of the coal strata in the British Empire. All these beds lie south of Dublin, and yield only stone coal, or authracite. The remaining fields, which lie to the north of Dublin, are formed of bituminous or flaming coal. Of .the northern coal-fields three are in Ulster, one at Coal Island, near Dungannon; the second in the northern extremity of Antrim county, and the third in Monaghan. The Connaught coal-field extends over a space of sixteen miles in its greatest length and breadth in Roscommon, Sligo, Leitrim and Cavan counties. The total area is 140,000 acres, and with all this wealth undeveloped, we may ask how it comes that official returns prove that over one million tons of coal are annually imported from England into Ireland. TURF OR PEAT. Besides the stores of fuel, applicable to manufacturing and domestic uses, which lie embedded in the coal fields, Ireland enjoys two others, lignite and turf or jreat. Lignite, an intermediate species of fuel, between wood and cool, is found in dense strata, encom- passing the southern half of Lough Neagh. The total area of turf-bog is estimated at 2,830,000 acres, nearly one-seventh of the surface of the island. Of this quantity 1,576,000 are flat bog, spread over the cen- tral portions of the great limestone plain. The remain- ing 1,254,000 are mountain-bog, spread over the hilly dis- tricts near the coast. IRON ore is found in all the localities of coal. Sir STATISTICS OF IRELAND. 13 Robert Kane, an eminent authority, in his valuable work on "The Industrial resources of Ireland," gives a table of the comparative contents in metalic iron of the native oars, and of the English, Scotch and Welch, wherein he demonstrates that the Leinster and Connaught ores are equal and even in average superior to those generally employed in Great Britain. THE COPPER MINES are distributed throughout the clay-slate district in a great number of localities. The principal are the Ballymurtagh, Conoree, Cronebane, and Tigroney, and Ballyaghan mines, in Wicklow coun- ty; the Knockmahon, Kilduane, Bonmahon, and Ballin- asisla, in the Waterford district, the mines of Allihies or Berehaven, Audley and Cosheen and Skull, in the South-western district, and the mines of Hollyford and Lackamore, in the Western district. LEAD is more extensively diffused through Ireland than copper. The granitic district of Wicklow contains numerous veins; the principal are those of Glendalough, Glenmalur, Glendasane, or Luganure, and Bally cor us. The clay-slate districts also yield numerous indications of this metal. GOLD. Towards the close of the last century, native gold was found in the bed of the streams of Croghan, Kinshela mountain. It was discovered by the peasants, who collected quantities to the value of over fifty thous- and dollars, in nuggets from twenty-two ounces to minute grains, before their proceedings were public. The dis- trict was taken in charge by Government agents, worked for about two vears, and then finally abandoned. NATIVE SILVER was found in a bed of iron Ochre in Cronebane, but the deposit appears to have become ex- hausted. It has also been lately found associated with the lead ore at Ballycorus. TIN STONE has been found in the auriferous soil of Wicklow. Other minerals, useful in the arts and manu- factures, and found in quantities in various parts of the country are manganese, antimony, zinc, nickel, tin, iron pyrites, alum, clays of various kinds, building stone, marble, flags, and roofing slates. The localities of these, 14 STATISTICS OF IRELAND. too numerous to find space within the scope of this work, and the means of their profitable application towards the promotion of native industry, are fully developed in the valuable work of Sir Robert Kane, already quoted. CLIMATE. The climate is temperate and moist; the crops are more frequently injured by excess 'of moisture than of aridity. Plants which require artificial heat in England, flourish here in the open air. This peculiarity of climate is not prejudicial to health; the average of life is much the same as in Great Britain; longevity equally common. The prevalent diseases are low lever and con- sumption. The mean temperature in the north is 48 Fahrenheit; in the middle, 50; and in the south 52. The quantity of rain which falls annually in Ireland, as deduced from observations by different authorities for a stated number of years, is as follows : Locality. Authority. Av. of Years. Quantity. Dublin, Apjohn, 6 30.89 Belfast, Portlock, 6 84.96 Castlecomer, Aher, 18 37.80 Cork, Smith, 6 40.20 Cork, Royal Inst., 6 36.03 Derry, Sampson, 7 31.12 Dublin is the driest and Cork the wettest of the locali- ties in which observations have been made. BOTANY. Ireland once had the name of the Island of Woods, from being covered with forests, and latterly ac- quired the poetical name of the Emerald Isle, from the perennial brilliancy of its verdure. Its Flora contains some rare varieties; the arbutus unedo flourishes in Kil- larney; new varieties of saxifrage and of ferns have been discovered in the mountains of Kerry; Connemara, Bel- bullen mountains in Sligo, and Antrim county, abound in scarce Alpine plants; many rare and unknown species of algJB have been discovered on various parts of the coast. ZOOLOGY. The elk or moose deer, was a native of the country ; its bones have been found in several places; wolves were once so numerous that a price was set upon them, and the Irish wolf-dog was kept for hunting them. Venomous animals are unknown. The surrounding seas STATISTICS OF IRELAND. 15 abound with fish, both rourjd and flat; the sun-fish fre- quents the western coast; whales visit it occasionally; seals are common about the precipitous headlands; great varieties of shell-fish are taken along the shore. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. The country is divided differ- ently according to its political, judicial, fiscal and military arrangements. The ancient political divisions are oblit- erated, and it is now divided into the four provinces of Leinster, Ulster, Munster and Connaught. These are sub-divided into thirty-two counties, besides the eight small exempt jurisdictions of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Kilkenny, Waterford, Galway, Carrickfergus and Drog- heda, the first five of which are styled counties of cities, the remaining three, counties of towns. The counties are divided into three hundred and sixteen baronies, and again into two thousand four hundred and twenty-two parishes. The smallest political divisions are called townlands, and in some parts of the country ploughlands. GOVERNMENT. The executive Government is vested in a Lord Lieutenant, sometimes styled the Viceroy, as the direct representative of the British Monarch; he is assisted by a Privy-Council, appointed by the Crown and indefinite in number, the protestant bishop of Meath being always one ex-officio; and by a Chief Secretary, who must be member of the House of Commons. Each county is in charge of a Lieutenant, generally a peer, an indefinite number of Deputy Lieutenants and Magistrates, who act gratuitously; in addition, one or more Stipendiary' Magistrates, all appointed by, and holding their commis- sions at the pleasure of the Crown. The counties of cities and towns, and the boroughs, are governed by their own Magistrates. The details of the execution of the laws are committed to the constabulary in the counties, and the police in Dublin. THE CONSTABULARY FORCE an armed and well drilled body of light infantry; consists of an Inspector General, two Deputy Inspectors General, two Assistant Inspectors General, a Receiver, Surgeon, Veterinary Surgeon, eighteen Paymasters, thirty-five County Inspectors, two hundred and forty-seven Sub-Inspectors, three hundred 16 STATISTICS OF IRELAND. and thirty-two Head Constables, two thousand and ninety- five Constables, and nine thousand five hundred and three Sub-Constables; total, twelve thousand two hundred and twelve, with three hundred and forty-four horses. THE DUBLIN METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE consists of two Commissioners, seven Superintendents, twenty-six Inspectors, forty-two Detectives, one hundred and forty- seven Sergeants, nine hundred and ten Constables; total, one thousand one hundred and thirty-six. REPRESENTATION. The country is represented in the Imperial Parliament by 28 Temporal Peers, and 103 Com- moners, of which latter class 69 represent the 3v counties; 2 Dublin University; 12 the cities and towns of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, Belfast and Galway; and 20 the burroughs. By an act passed in 1850, in addition to those persons previously qualified to register and vote in county elec- tions, occupiers of any tenements rated in the last poor rate at a net annual value of twelve pounds and upwards, are entitled to vote in elections for counties also owners of certain estates of the rated annual value of five pounds; occupiers in Burroughs rated in the last poor rate at 8 pounds and upwards were entitled to vote subject to cer- tain limitations; the act passed in 1808 to amend the rep- resentation of the people makes no alteration in the county franchise, but for cities, towns and burroughs, it reduces the eight pound occupation to a lodging of any amount more than four pounds, and introduces a new franchise by which any lodger who has occupied as sole tenant for the twelve months proceeding the 20th of July, in any year of a clear yearly value, if let unfurnished, of ten pounds or upwards. The polling at contested elections is now for one day only, the number of electors on the register are 173.860; 53,590 for cities and boroughs, exclusive of 3.323 for Dublin University. JUDICIAL DIVISIONS. The judicial establishment con- sists of the Lord Chancellor, the Master of the Rolls, four Judges in each of the courts of Queen's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, those of the Exchequer, STATISTICS OF IRELAND. 17 being called Barons ; an assistant Barrister for each county, a Bankrupt court with two Judges, two com- missioners of the Insolvent's Court, the Judge of the Prerogative Court and of the Admiralty. The Superior Courts are all held in Dublin. Two of the Judges hold assizes for criminal and civil pleas in each county, in spring and summer every year, for which purpose the country is divided into six circuits. Two of the Judges also hold a general jail delivery for Dublin every six weeks. There are five hundred and sixty-seven Petty Sessions Courts in Ireland. There are thirty-four county prisons, ten city or town prisons, and one hundred and eleven bridewells. FISCAL DIVISIONS. The country is divided for the collection of Revenues, according to different arrange- ments in the customs, excise, transfer and post office de- partments. MILITARY DIVISIONS. The staff of Ireland consists of the departments of Commander of the Forces, Adjutant- General, and Quartermaster-General ; under which are those of the Judge advocate and Medical Director Gen- eral. The military divisions are according to the follow- ing districts : For General Service. Belfast District Headquar- ters, BeKast; Dublin, ditto, Dublin; Athlone, ditto, Ath- lone; Limerick, ditto, Limerick; Kilkenny, ditto, Kil- kenny; Cork, ditto, Cork. For Recruiting Service. Northern Headquarters, Kerry; Centre, Dublin; Southern, Cork. MILITIA. The militia of Ireland, when embodied, con- sists of 12 regiments of artillery, 211 officers, 210 non- commissioned officers, 4,872 men; 21 regiments of in- fantry, 663 officers, 704 non-commissioned officers, 16,897 men, 14 rifle corps, 351 officers, 364 non-commissioned officers, 8,231 men; total, 30,000 men, with 1,225 officers. LANDED PROPERTY. The following table gives the several territorial divi- sions, and acreable extent of each province and county of Ireland: 2 18 STATISTICS OF IRELAND. TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS. Townland Valuation Report. ACREABLE EXTENT. Counties and Provinces. Counties of Cities and Towns. No. of Baronies. Parishes - Total Area. f 1. Carlow 7 47 221,342 2. DroghedaT. See No. 10 472 3. Dublin 4 Citv 10 .99 226,414 5. Kildare 14 116 418.436 6. Kilkenny 11 140 509,732 "? nu^. LEINSTER. -{ 8. Kings 12 51 493,985 9. Longford . 6 26 269,409 10. Louth 6 64 201,434 11. Meath 18 146 579,899 12. Queens 11 53 424.854 13. Westmeath 12 63 453,468 14. Wexford . 9 144 576,588 1 15. Wicklow . 8 59 500,178 Total . 124 1,008 4,876,211 f 1. Clare 11 80 827,994 2. Cork 23 251 1,846,3:33 | 3. - - City . I 4. Kerry 8 87 1,186,126 MUN8TER. -{ 5. Limerick . 13 131 680,842 6. City . 7. Tipperary 8. Waterford 12 8 193 82 1,061,731 461,553 ^9. City Total, 75 824 6,064,579 1. Antrim 15 75 745,177 2. Armagh 8 28 328,076 3. Car. fergus T. See No. 1 16,7iK) 4. Cavan 8 36 477,360 ULSTER. 5. Donegal 6. Down 6 10 51 70 1,193,443 612,495 7. Fermanagh 8 23 457,195 8. Londonderry 6 43 518,595 9. IVlonaghan 5 23 319,757 .10. Tyrone 4 42 806,640 Total, 70 391 5,475,438 STATISTICS OF IKELAXD. 19 11. Galwav 18 120 1,566,354 O T,, 3. Leitrim 5 17 392,363 4. Mayo 9 73 1,363,882 5. Roscommon 9 58 607,691 6. Sligo 6 41 461,753 Total, 47 309 4,392,043 Total Ireland, 316 2,532 20,808,271 Proper- Division of Surface. Lcinster. Munster. Ulster. Connaught. Ireland, tion to 100. Arable. . . 3,961.183 3,874,613 3,407,539 2,220.960 13.464,300 64.7 Uncultivated, . 731,886 1.893.477 1,764,370 1,906.002 6,295,735 30.3 Plantations, . 115,9*4 130,4 '5 79,783 48,340 374,482 1.7 Towns. . . 15,569 14,693 8,790 3.877 42,929 0.3 Water, 51,62-1 151,381 214,9.36 212,864 630,825 3. Total, 4,876,211 6,064,579 5.475.438 4.392.043 20.808.271 100. The quantity of uncultivated land is stated in the re- port on the Occupation of Land in Ireland, on the author- ity of Mr. Griffith, to be 6,290,000 acres, of which the improvable and unimprovable portions are: Leinster. Munster. Ulster. Connaught. Total. Improvable tor Tillage, " Pasture, Unimprovable, . . Total, . . . 186.000 315,000 200,000 390,000 630,000 873,000 419,000 629,000 712,000 430,000 726.000 750,000 1,425,000 2,330.000 2,535,000 731,000 1,893,000 1,760,000 1,906,000 6,290,000 Mr. McCulloch, in the last edition of his valuable Com- mercial Dictionary, gives the following account of the extent of land in Ireland under the principal description of crops, the average rate of produce per acre, the total produce, the amount of seed, the produce under deduc- tion of seed, and the total value of such produce: Crops. Acres in Crop. Produce per Acre. Qrs. Total Produce. Qrs. Wheat, ..... Harlev, ..... Oats, ..... 450,000 400,000 2,500,000 . 2,000,000 3 s 5 1 .350,000 1.400,000 12,500,000 Flax 100,000 Total, .... . 5,765,000 15,250,000 20 STATISTICS OF IRELAND. Seed, l-6th of Produce, Qrs. Produce under deduction of seed. Qrs. Total value. 225,000 233.338 2,083,333 1.125,000 1,166,667 10.416.667 2,5S7,500 1,51(5,667 10,416.667 12,000,0(K 1,500,000 180.000 12.T08.334 28,200,834 The average crops of tne cultivated land, as calculated from those of the nine agricultural districts into which Wakefield classes Ireland, are as follows, per statute acre: Wheat, 142 Ibs. seed give 1,300 Ibs. or 9.15 Ibs. for 1. Barley, 145 " " 1,820 " 12.55 " Oats, 196 " " 1,734 8.85 " Potatoes, 1,404 " 13,869 " 9.73 POPULATION By report of Census Commissioners in 1841, 8,196,5971851, 6,574,278; 1861, 5,798,967; 1871, 5,412,377. The total population on the night of the 2d of April, 1871, amounted to 5. 412,377; the sexes being 2,639,753 males, 2,772,624 females, or 386,590 less than that returned for the 7th of April 1861, being a decrease of 66.7 per cent, during the last ten years. These num- bers include the men of the army and navy serving in Ireland on the night of the 2d of April, 1871, as well as the wives and families of such persons. The following is the summary by provinces of the num- ber .of persons in the four last enumerations: Provinces. 1841. Population. 1851. 1861. 1871. LEINSTER, .... 1,982,169 1,682,320 1 ,s65,fiOO 2.013,879 1,012,479 1,457.635 1,513.553 1,914,236 913,135 1.339.451 1.393.4HA 1,833,22s 846,2111 ULSTER, .... 2,389.263 1,420,705 T'.tnK 8,196.597 6,574,273 6,793,967 5,412,377 Decrease 1S41 to 1851. Decrease 1851 to 1861. Decrease 1861 to 1871 Provinces. Persons. Rate per ct. Persons. Rate per ct. Persons. Rate per ct. LEINSTER, 299,849 15.13 221,685 13.36 118,184 8.11 MVNSTER, 538,860 22.41 352,042 18.87 120,073 7.W3 ULSTER, 37.>,*>4 15.71 99.643 4.95 81.208 4.23 COMNAUOHT, 408,226 38,73 99.344 9.81 66.922 7.33 6.67 1.C22.819 19.79 775,714 11.79 386,590 Between 1841 and 1851 the population decreased about 1.5. 1,979 persons in every 100; from 1851 to 1861, 11.79: ami truiu 1861 to 1871, 6.67 per cent. STATISTICS OF IRELAND. 21 BIRTHPLACES OF THE PEOPLE. Distributed as to birthplace, the inhabitants of Ireland returned in the census report range into three classes, viz: natives in Ireland residing in other than their native counties ; secondly, natives of Great Britain, and thirdly, persons born abroad. Dealing firstly with the movement of the Irish born population, it appears that of the total number of inhabitants in 1871, 500,798, or 94 per cent, na- tives of Ireland, resided elsewhere than in their native counties ; 88,199 persons, native of Great Britain, in- cluding 67,881 natives of England and Wales, 2,318 natives of Scotland, were included in the population of Ireland upon the census night, and there were 17,010 persons comprising 8,367 natives of the colonies and India, 8,643 foreigners. While, lastly, 411 persons enumerated in Ireland in 1871, were returned as born at sea. A decline of seven per cent, in the number of children between the ages of one and five years, took place between the years 1861 and 1871, whereas between 1851 and 1861 an increase of nine per cent, had taken place. The number of centenarians returned on the cen- sus forms, in 1871 amounted to 724 259 males, 465 fe- males. Of this number 89 were in the province of Lein- ster, 288 in Munster, 225 Ulster, 122 in Connaught. DWELLINGS OF THE PEOPLE. The census commissioners of 1841 divided the dwellings of the people into four classes. The fourth class comprised all mud cabins having only one room; the third class consisted of a bet- ter description built of mud, but varying from two to four rooms and windows; the second were good farm houses, or in town, houses having from five to nine rooms and windows; the first class included all houses of a bet- ter description. The following table shows the house accommodation in Ireland in 1841, 1851, 1861 and 1871: NUMBER OP INHABITED HOUSES. 1841. 1851. 1861. 1871. First Class, . . 40,080 50,164 55,416 60,919 Second Class, . . 264,134 818, 7^.8 360,698 387,663 Third Class, . . 538,297 541,712 489,668 357,126 Fourth Class, . . 491,278 135,589 89,374 155,675 Total, 1,328,839 1,046,223 995,156 961,380 22 STATISTICS OF IRELAND. Taking the inhabited houses for the whole of Ireland there were 11.0 families in each house; in 1851 11.5 fami- lies; in 1861, 11.3, and in 1871, 11.1. FAMILIES. The total number of persons returned in 1871 as heads of families with their children, were 4,307,- 101, of whom 2,155,578 were males, 2,151,523 females; residing with these 816,365 visitors, 368,240 were males and 448,125 females; the servants numbered 288,911 persons, of whom 115,935 were males, 172,976 were females. The proportion per cent, of heads of families and their children to the population was in 1871, 82 males and 78 females. Combinedly 80 persons in every 100 were returned as heads of families with their chil- dren. The proportion in 1841 was 81; in 1851, 79, and in 1861, 82 per cent. The decrease in the number of families is most apparent in the counties of Waterford, Limerick, Tipperary, Kings and Kilkenny. It has been least in the province of Ulster, where it only amounts to 9,652 of 2.6 per cent.; and increase of the number of families has taken place in the towns of Belfast and Cor- rickfergus, the city of Dublin and the counties of Dub- lin, Antrim, Armagh and Sligo. The average number of persons to a family was 5.54 in the year 1841; in 1851, 5.44; in 1861, 5.14, and in 1871, 5.07. In the city of Dub- lin, within the municipal boundary, while the population has decreased 8,482 persons, the number of inhabited houses has increased by 1,027. CONDITION AS TO MARRIAGE. Of the total popula- tion of 1871, of those 17 years of age and upwards, amounting to 3,272,052 persons, 1,348,418, or 41.2 in every 100, were unmarried; 1,564,339 47.8 per cent, married, and 359,295 11.0 per cent, widowed. Com- pared with the returns of 1851 and 1861, the portion of the unmarried was less in 1871 than at either of the two former periods. Of the Provinces, Leinster had the largest relative number 45.2 per cent, of bachelors and spinsters in 1871; Ulster was next in order, with 43.0 per cent.; Munster followed by 37.4 per cent., and Connaught with only 36.6 per cent. Leinster and STATISTICS OF IRELAND. 23 Munster had the largest proportion of widowers and widows, and Ulster and Connaught the least. SANITAKY CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE. The follow- ing table shows the number of people sick at the date of taking the census, April 2, 1871: Sick at their own homes in civic districts, 5,556; in rural districts, 34,198j sick in Infirmaries, Hospitals, Lunatic Asylums, Jails^, etc., 12,080; sick in Work-house and Work-house Hos- pital, 19,778. Total, 71,612; being a per centage of 1.3 to the population. DEAF AND DUMB, IDIOTIC, BLIND AND LUNATIC. The following is the ratio of the deaf arid dumb, blind, lu- natic, and idiotic: 1851. 1861. 1871. Deaf and dumb, one person in every 1,265 1,026 974 Blind, " " " 864 843 851 Insane, " " " 1,^91 821 554 Idiotic, " " " 1,336 825 802 OCCUPATION. The following table shows the occupa- tions of the people in Ireland in 1871: CLASS. MALES. FEMALES. TOTAL. First, professional, 115,115 37,745 152,860 Second, domestic, 34,517 705,678 717,495 Third, commercial, 88,464 17,155 105,619 Fourth, agriculture, 891,890 17 >,118 1,062,008 Fifth, industrial, 288,894 249,241 538,135 .Sixth, indefinite and non-pro- ductive, 1,220,873 1,592,687 2,813,560 Totals, 2,639,753 2,272,624 5,412,377 The latter class now comprises a large number of per- sons of no stated occupation, and children and scholars under fifteen years of age, who in previous reports had been tabulated under class two. EDUCATION. The total number of persons 5 years old and upwards in 1841, who were unable to read and write, was 3766,066; of 53 per cent, in 1851, the proportion had fallen to 47 per cent., and in 1861 it was further reduced to 39 per cent., and in 1871 to 33 per cent, showing a decrease during the period of 18^1 and 1871 of 20 per 24 STATISTICS OF IRELAND. cent.; those who could read only, were on the same pro- portion in 1861, as in 1851, 20 per cent., which was an in- crease of 1 per cent, only since 1841; in 1871 the per- centage was 17.3; those who could write as well as read, advanced from 28 per cent, in 1841, to 33 in 1851, and to 41 in 1861, being an increase, between 1851 and 1861 of 8 per cent., and between 1841 and 1861 of 13 per cent. In 1871 the percentage was 49, being an increase between 1861 and 1871 of 8 per cent., and between 1841 and 1871 of as much as 21 per cent. PROPRIETORS OF LAND IN IRELAND IN 1870. The to- tal number of proprietors a parliamentary return was 19,547, owning 20,046,182 acres. Of this number, 2,973 are absentee proprietors, owning 5,129,169 acres, the an- nual value of which, for taxing purposes, is $2,470,816. This return, it should be noted, is confined only to the owners of property in country or rural districts; the own- ers of all lands and buildings in cities, towns and town- ships, have not been acertained. EMIGRATION FROM IRELAND. In the decennial period ending with 1861, 1,227,710 Irish born persons emigrated from Ireland; and in the ten years from 1st April, 1861, to 31st March, 1871, 819,903 Irish born persons emi- grated from different ports. To emigration may chiefly be attributed the decrease of population, during a period when the country was remarkably free from any outbreak of pestilence, scarcity of food, or of the other social ca- lamities, which have occasionally retarded the growth of population in this and other countries. It must also be remembered that some of the remote effects of the disas- trous period of famine, pestilence and panic, which eom- menced with the potato blight of 1845-46, had extended over the first few years of the decade of 1851. Assuming that the inciease of population by births over deaths was at the rate of 92 per cent, per annum, as stated in former census reports emanating from this country, the popula- tion of Ireland would had no disturbing cause interven- ed have been about 6,297,275. It is therefore proba- STATISTICS OF IRELAND. 25 ble that the decrease of the population may be accounted for by the very great emigration as stated above. PAUPERS. It is here worthy of remark, that at the time of taking the census in 1851, there was no less than 250,- 611 paupers in the Irish workhouses, and 47,019 persons in hospital, of whom 4,545 were not work-house inmates; that in 1861, the numbers in work-houses, healthy and sick, were only 50,010, while there were but 48,989 per- sons in the Irish work-houses the day before the census was taken in 1871. ANTIQUITY OF ITS CIVILIZATION. Much has been written and sung concerning the pre- historic days and men of Ireland. Tradition tells us of successive descents upon the Island by people from the East, each successive colony exterminating its prede- cessor. Though the Romans occupied England during several centuries they never crossed the channel to Ire- land. Consequently Irish history lacks that confirma- tion or evidence which the Romans left concerning England and the other lands they conquered during the wide extension of their Empire. The first government of which any mention is made is that of a monarchy. The rulers were kings, and the bards, judges and other officials were taken from the Druid priests; of course the military chieftain was conspicious. Druidism was the religion of the Pagan days. What is known of these ages is but the story of a succession of wars, including military excursions on the continent for prey or for hire, or perhaps for both. It was on one of these military adven- tures into Gaul,that among the captured prisoners brought into Ireland,was a lad,who in after days became the Chris- tian Apostle, whose name is so indelibly impressed upon the hearts of the Irish people, the great Saint Patrick. The story runs that Patrick was a native of Gaul; that King Nial captured him with other prisoners, who were taken to Ireland and made slaves; that he was placed in charge over flocks. This was about A. D. 405; seven years later he was made free; after his return to Britany he entered the Christian priesthood, and in 433 he came FORM OF EARLY GOVERNMENT. 27 back to Ireland, preaching to his pagan captors the reli- gion of the Savior. St. Patrick's life extended until the year 493, and thus he witnessed the conversion of the whole people, and the establishment of the Christian faith. During the days of Patrick, the constitution or su- preme law of Ireland was compiled. At that time the island was divided into four provinces, in each of which was a king; a fifth principality was held by a king, superior in rank and authority, and monarch of all Ireland. Each province had its numerous chieftains. These kings were elective, but always taken from the nobility. The crown of Ireland, from the time of the conversion by St. Pat- rick, was held by the family subsequently known as O'Neill, during the first five Christian centuries. Yet during all this time the monarch was chosen by an elec- tion of the inferior kings and princes. An annual assem- bly of the dignitaries of the kingdom was held during the time of the Druids, the chief priests holding high rank in the national council. The monarch presided, and besides the priests were the chiefs and military champions. Subsequently the Christian clergy took the places in these assemblies, formerly held by the Druids. The constitution recited the privileges and rights of the five kings, and also set forth with great particularity the prohibitions or restraints upon the prerogatives of rov- alty. As early as 258 there was an emigration from Ireland to Scotland; others followed, and these migrations con- tinued from time to time until in 503 the Irish had es- tablished a numerous settlement in Rosshire and Perth. The later colonists were Christians, and in 565 St. Co- lumba, of the Royal family of O'Neill of Ireland, accom- panied by other Christian priests, crossed over into Scot- land, and there successfully Christianized the inhabitants, including the Irish colonists as well as.the Picts, and oth- ers inhabiting Scotland. In the year 797 occurred the first invasion of Ireland by the Danes. Preceding this time, however, Ireland had made great material progress. Though essentially a 28 THE LAND WAS THE PROPERTY OF THE CLANS. military monarchy, and all bearing allegiance and fealty to the monarch, there was a vast difference between that fealty and the feudalism of subsequent times. THE LAND WAS NOT THE PROPERTY OP THE SINGJ nor was it the property of the chieftain or local subordinate Prince. It was the property of the clan, or the family, and was held for the common benefit of the clan. Those who worked or cultivated it, though not holding it by an exclusive or individual right or title, held it as members of a community, and could not be dispossessed nor be deprived of the fruits of their labor. In the centuries from the conversion of the Irish, to the Danish invasion, Ireland had been blessed with many able, learned and wise men. Christianity had removed many of the barbarous practices of Druidism, and Chris- tianity had softened the hearts of the people by the gen- tler doctrines of the Prince of Peace. The clergy, them- selves an educated class, established and encouraged THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SCHOOLS. The teachers for these schools were the product of the monasteries of Ireland and of Scotland. So great was the celebrity attained through Europe by these schools that thousands of pupils were sent thither from all parts of the continent. It is claimed that during the period from the year 550 to 750, the schools of Ire- land had attained great eminence. McGee writes, concerning the intellectual leadership in Western Europe: " From the middle of the sixth to the middle of the eighth century, it will hardly be disputed that the lead- ership devolved on Ireland. All the circumstances of the sixth century helped to confer it upon the newly con- verted western isle; the number of her schools, and the wisdom, energy and zeal of her masters, retained for her the proud distinction for two hundred years. And when it passed away from her grasp, she might still console herself with the grateful reflection that the power she had founded and exercised was divided among British and continental schools, which her own alumni had largely STATE OF EDUCATION UNDER NATIVE GOVERNMENT. 29 contributed to form and establish." A long list of the principal schools in successful operation, and liberally endowed by private contribution, is of record in all the histories of that time. These large educational estab- lishments were generally located on the banks of rivers, in order to be easy of access. They were free schools, giving in addition to instruction, free board and lodging and books to all from foreign lands. These scholastic establish- ments were extensive, and several of them were attended at times by one, two, and even as high as seven thousand students. Students and teachers formed the population of large villages. The buildings (of wood) were erected in long lines forming streets. The students, besides the Irish, spoke " the tongues of the Gaul, the Cimbri, the Pict, the Saxon, and Frank." The curriculum included " the languages of the country, and the language of the Ro- man church; the languages of scripture Greek and He- brew; the logic of Aristotle, the writings of the Fathers, the defective physics of the period ; mathematics, music, and poetical composition." A writer says: " When we remember that all the books were manuscripts ; that even paper had not yet been invented ; that the best parch- ment was equal to so much beaten gold, and a perfect MS. was worth a King's ransom, we may better estimate the difficulties in the way of the scholar of the seventh century." The glory, the peace and the high intellectual charac- ter of Ireland at this time was soon to be disturbed. From 794 to 24, the Island was subjected to INVASIONS BY THE DANES. These hardy mariners, the pirates of that age, would leave their homes in the early spring, land on the coasts of the islands and mainlands, live riotously during the sum- mer, and in the fall carry back with them the spoils of the Summer. In 830, they sacked and burned the school buildings at Bangor (Belfast) then the largest established college in Ireland. They captured nearly all the cities, but not until 837 did they undertake a permanent lodg- ment in the country, remaining there during the ^winter. 30 INVASIONS OF THE NORSEMEN. " To the Vikings of Norway the fertile Island," writes an historian, " with which they were now so familiar, whose woods were bent with the autumnal load of acorns, mast and nuts, and filled with numerous herds of swine their favorite food whose pleasant meadows were well stored with beeves and oxen, whose winter was often as mild as their northern summer, and whose waters were as fruit- ful in fish as their own Lofoden friths; to these men this was a prize worth fighting for; and for it they fought long and desperately." The first invaders were from Norway, and these predatory visitations continued from 794 to 847. Then the expeditions were sometimes of Danes, again of Norwegians, and frequently of both, and their settlements became more and more permanent. For a period, the Scandinavian incursions were less frequent. The wars of Harold the " Fair haired" King of Norway, kept his fighting countrymen at home, but at the same time many of his vanquished Danish, Swedish and Norwegian ene- mies found refuge and permanent lodgment in Ireland. They recruited their colonies diligently. From this time out, whatever may have been the original home of the in- vaders, they were all styled Danes. After the death of the Irish King, Flan of the Shannon in 916, the active war with the Danes, then in possession of a large part of the Island, was renewed. In the 150 years that followed the first invasion by the Northmen, there had been many changes in their relations to the native Irish, while the peaceful character of the Irish, their pastoral habits and pursuits, and especially their cultivated and educated tastes and acquirements had given way and perished un- der the demoralizing presence of perpetual war with a pagan people. Speaking an unknown tongue, and hav- ing nothing in common with the native race, the Irish had become a more warlike people, and these wars de- veloped many able military as well as civil rulers. Dur- ing this time the resident Scandinavians could not fail to be impressed with the surroundings in the new land in which they had sought a home. They begun to mingle with the Christians, and christianized Scandinavians, especially those born in the Island, soon, by marriage, THE BATTLE AT CLONTAEF, A. D. 1014. 31 established closer ties with the natives, and acquired the language of the Irish. Thus, in the year 980, the chris- tianized Danes, those born in Ireland accepting Ireland as their home and country, nevertheless, the general scheme of the conquest of Ireland by the Norsemen, and the establishment there of a Scandinavian dynasty, was never abandoned. The race had been everywhere suc- cessful. They had conquered in England and Wales. They held the Orkneys and all the northern isles. They had alliances with Scotland, which had become a depen- dent country. From A. D. 1005 to A. D. 1010, were years of peace in Ireland, the great Brian having united in his own person the royal power of Ireland. A domestic dissension in 1010, led to a combination between the discontented Irish and the ambitious Earl of Orkney, and preparations were at once begun for an united effort to conquer Ireland. Four years were occupied, during which the whole Danish powers labored to so strengthen Seguin of Orkney that he might be placed on the throne of Ireland. THE GREAT BATTLE WAS FOUGHT AT CLONTARF, on Good Friday, A. D. 1014.] It began at dawn and ended at sunset. King Brian, whose name is immortal in Irish hearts and Irish annals, was murdered at his tent by a retreating body of Danes. The carnage was terrific. Though occasional visits were made at intervals, the " conquest of Ireland" by the Danes ended at Clontarf, 220 years after the first landing on the Island. With the death of the great Brian, at Clontarf, in the hour when Ireland had triumphed forever over the danger of Danish conquests, and was forever freed from the armed presence of the Northmen who had menaced her for over 200 years. Ireland realized the weakness to which these cen- turies of continued war had reduced her. For seven years after Brian's death, Malachy II reigned by general consent; what followed is thus forcibly summarized by McGee: "For a hundred and fifty years after the death of Malachy II, the history of Ireland is mainly the history of these 32 INVASION OF THE ANGLO-NOKHANS. five families, O'Neills, O'Melaghlins, McMurroughs, O'- Briens and O'Connors, and for ages after the Normans enter on the scene the same provincialized spirit, the same family ambitions, feuds, hates and coalitions, with some exceptional passages, characterize the whole his- tory; not that there will be found any want of heroism or piety, or self-sacrifice, or of any virtue or faculty, neces- sary to constitute a State, save and except the power of combination alone." EXIT THE DANES. ENTER THE NORMANS. Following Clontarf, Ireland was a prey to the rivalry of provincial chiefs. The claim to the monarchy was asserted by every claimant for the provincial thrones. The military spirit that had grown powerful enough to expel the Dane, had destroyed the national spirit, and the country was torn by perpetual and vindictive domestic strife. Edu- cation, religion, industry, the domestic virtues all had felt the baleful effects of civil war. While this natural demoralization and disintegration was going on in Ire- land, a momentous change was taking place in England. Fifty years after Brian was laid in his tomb, William of Normandy had invaded, conquered, and was crowned King of England. He brought with him to his new do- minion, a new language, new laws, new institutions, new systems, and a new governing class. In 1066 he was proclaimed King of England, and his successors hold sovereign rule there to the present day. He took no notice of Ireland ; his time was divided between his new and his ancestral dominions. While Ireland was weaken- ing daily, her disunited sons were doing the work of the Normans for them. During the reigns of William, Henry I and Stephen, extending from 1066 to 1154, a period of 88 years, the Normans were too busily engaged at home to devote much time to Irish conquest, though it was always a part of their policy. In 1154, the war of succession in England termina- ted in the ACCESSION OF HENRY II, the first of the Plantaganets. This prince was the most pol- INVASION OF THE ANGLO-NOBMANS. 33 itic of his day. He had married the divorced wife of Louis VII, of France, and was rich by her possessions in Aqui- taine. He at once turned his attention to Ireland. Simul- taneous with his succession to the crown of England, Adrian IV was elected Pope. Adrian was an Englishman by birth. Henry and he sustained the most intimate rela- tions. Complaints had been made to tho Pope that the general decay in Ireland had extended to the church, and that a rigorous discipline was needed in the Island. Whatever may have been the inducement or the repre- sentations made, Pope Adrian granted to Henry a license to invade Ireland, that the people and the church of the latter might be reformed in their morals and otherwise. This permit, cession or whatever it might be called, was granted almost immediately after the simul- taneous election of Adrian in Rome, and the succession of Henry in England. The authority, whatever may have been its purport or intent, was not acted on until a much later day, and the story of the direct inducement to the first Norman aggression was briefly stated as fol- lows: Dermid McMurrough, King of Leinster, corrupted the integrity of O'Ruark, one of his nobles, and was expelled the country. He fled to England ; King Henry was absent, on his wife's estates in France. Dermid fol- followed him to that place, and there asked aid of the English King in the recovery of his royalty, and offering, in return, his support of England's conquest. Henry gave him a royal letter authorizing all his subjects, so disposed, to enlist in the service of the Irish prince. With this letter Dermid returned to England, and began his recruiting in the city of Bristol, arid in North Wales. The prince of North Wales was the nephew of the cele- brated Vesta, the Helen of the Welsh. Her story is in- separable from that of the Norman Conquest of Ireland. She was in her day the most famous beauty in the land. As a girl she had won the admiration of King Henry. Two of her sons, Robert Fitzroy and Henry Fitz Henry, were recognized by their royal father. She subsequently was married by the King to Gerald, whose sons were Fitz- 3 34 THE NOKMAN SETTLEMENT. geralds ; Stephen, her second husband, whose children were Fitzstephens ; several of her daughters married, whose children were the founders of other families whose names bore the prefix of Fitz. Besides those mentioned, the Norman branches were the Fitzwilliams, of England and Wales, and the Geraldines, Graces, Fitzhenries and Fitzmaurices, of Ireland. These were all brave and gallant soldiers, adventurers, and ripe for any expedition offering profit or glory. These persons all enlisted under Dermid. At Bristol he met the Earl of Pembroke, or Richard de Clare. From the strength of his arms he was popularly called Strong-bow. He was a widower. Dermid and he made terms the town of Waterford and cantreds of land adjoining was to be given to the English adventurers ; large grants of land were guaranteed to all men of the rank of knights, and Strong-bow was to be rewarded with the hand of the daughter of the King of Leinster, with the right of suc- cession to the throne. With this force of adventurers, and with such archers and men-at-arms as they could muster, Dermid landed in Ireland late in 11.67. In the following May, Fitzstephens and others arrived with ad- ditional forces. THUS WAS BEGUN THE CONQUEST OF IRELAND, Over seven hundred years ago, and during those seven hundred years the Irish have unavailingly protested against the subjugation, the confiscation, the cruelty and relentless severity with which they have been pursued by their conquerors. It is not the purpose of this sketch to deal with the de- tails of the Norman-Irish struggle. Henry II visited Ire- land in person in 1171, and "accepted" the submission and homage of the nobles and people. But there had been no serious pretense that England had established, or Ireland had accepted, a supremacy. In the meantime, the conquest went on, in one form or another. The Normans, who had settled in Ireland, found it difficult to enforce their feudal claims, so, successively, they took their place as part of the Irish people, married and inter-- HENRY VIII ACKNOWLEDGED KING OF IRELAND. 35 married, and became as Irish in all things as the native Irish. Henry II died in 1189. During the long reign of his successors, down to the death of Henry VII, in 1509, a period of 320 years, the work of conquest went on, slowly, but progressively. In 1509 Henry VIII became King of England, with Wolsey as his minister. The policy of the minister was to attract the support of the native chieftains and families as opposed to the Anglo-Irish. The purely English occupation of Ireland was reduced to small proportions. Nevertheless, at the time of the death of Wolsey, the condition of Ireland was such that a feeling in favor of a recognition of Henry as King of Ireland, had become general with all classes, and so,when in June, 1541, a parliament was sum- moned, it was largely attended. It embraced represen- tatives of every class and of every faction in Ireland. Within three days bills were passed declaring that Henry VIII and his heirs should be king in Ireland ; and in June 19, 1541, the royalty of Ireland was transferred to the English royal family. This act was confirmed by the English parliament in 1542, and the union of the two nations was complete. There were many Irish, however, who took no part in this action, and separate treaties were made with many of those families, but still a few refused to the last. One of the first acts of Henry, following this election of himself as king, and the incorporation of Ireland as an appendage to the crown of England, was to distribute honors. The Irish chieftains were called to London, and in July, 1543, a part of them were created English earls. The honors were not empty ones. Among them he dis- tributed grants of the lands, abbeys, and monasteries pre- viously taken from the church, their own English law and English institutions were henceforth to become the law and institutions of Ireland. The creation of the new peers and the issue of new patents superseding all other titles to the land, involved a legal annihilation of the ancient land law of Ireland, and the substitution therefor of the feudal system of land tenure, which to-day afflicts the Irish people. 36 ANCIENT IRISH TENANTRY. We know what the present law is, but what the tenure under which land was held in Ireland down to the date of Henry's sweeping assumption of sovereignty, is thus correctly stated by McGee, in his history of Ireland. (Vol. 1, p. 363.) By the Breton law every member of a free claim was as truly a proprietor of the tribe land as the chief him- self. He could sell his share, or the interest in it, to any other member of the tribe the origin, perhaps, of what is now called tenant right; he could not, however, sell to a stranger without the consent of the tribe and the chief. The stranger coming in under such an arrangement, held by a special tenure, yet if he remained during the life-time of three lords he became duly naturalized. If the unnaturalized tenant withdrew of his own will from the land, he was obliged to leave all his improvements be- hind ; but if he was ejected he was entitled to get their full value. Those who were immediate tenants of the chief, or of the Church, were debarred this privilege of tenant right, and if unable to keep their holdings were obliged to sur- render them unreservedly to the Church or the chief. All the tribesmen, according to the extent of their pos- sessions, were bound to maintain the chief's household, and to sustain him, with men and means, in his offensive and defensive wars. Such were, in brief, the land laws in force over three- fourths of the country (all outside that actually held by the English) in the sixteenth century ; laws which par- took largely of the spirit of an ancient patriarchal justice, but which, in ages of movement, exchange and enterprise, would have been found the reverse of favorable to indi- vidual freedom and national strength. There were not wanting, we may be assured, many minds to whom this truth was apparent, as early as the age of Henry VHIth ; and it may not be unreasonable to suppose that one of the advantages which the chief found in exchanging his patriarchal position for a feudal Earldom would be the greater degree of independence of the will of the tribe, which the new system conferred on him. With the ANCIENT LAND LAWS OF IRELAND. 37 mass of the clansmen, however, for the very same reason the change was certain to be unpopular if not odious. That this was substantially the system of land tenure in Ireland at the date when Henry the VIHth assumed feudal proprietorship can hardly be doubted. It was not only the law at that time, but the underlying principles of that law had been in force and recognized in Ireland from the earliest date. These principles were that the land belonged to the people collectively,, or to members of the tribes collectively; and that by allotment, or other mode of decision, each cultivator had a certain share of this land, which he held in severalty as against all others, and over this he had a proprietary interest, which he could sell, or hire out, or which he might dispose of by gift, or distribution among his family or otherwise, all of which were of course subject to conditions varying through several centuries and modified by the influences of time, and the circumstances of the country. Sir Henry Sumner Maine, the eminent English writer, in his work on " Early History of Institutions," devotes a large part of his work to an examination of the recently published translation of ANCIENT LAWS OP IRELAND, the collection known as the Brehon laws. He has exam- ined them closely and critically, and has no hesitation in declaring that they establish the existence of a personal proprietorship of the lands by those who occupied and cultivated them, and that this ownership included the legal right of alienation. A few extracts from this Eng- lish writer will confirm the statement already given as to the law of land tenure in Ireland from the earliest times down to the date when the laws of the country were swept, like the land, by the Anglo-Norman conquerors, and the present feudal proprietorship, together with the Anglo-Norman feudal lords, were established in Ireland. "Let me now state the impression which, partly from the examination of the translated texts, legal and non legal, and partly by the aid of Dr. Sullivan's introduc- tion, I have formed of the agrarian organization of an 00 ANCIENT IRISH TENANTRY. Irish tribe. It has been long settled, in all probability, upon the tribal territory. It is of sufficient size and im- portance to constitute a political unit, and possibly at its apex is one of the numerous chieftains whom the Irish records call kings. The primary assumption is that the whole of the tribal territory belongs to the whole of the tribe, but in fact large portions of it have been perma- nently appropriated to minor bodies of tribesmen; a part is allotted in a special way to the chief as appurtenant to his office, and descends from chief to chief, according to a special rule of succession. Other portions are occupied by fragments of the tribe, some of which are under minor chiefs or 'flaiths', while others, though not strictly ruled by a chief, have somebody of a noble class to act as their representative. "All the unappropriated tribe-lands are in a more espec- ial way the property -of the tribe as a whole, and no portion can theoretically be subjected to more than a temporary occupation. Such occupations are, however, frequent, and among the holders^ of the tribe-land, on these terms, are groups of men calling themselves tribesmen, but being in reality associations formed by contract, chiefly for the purpose of pasturing cattle. Much of the common tribe-land is not occupied at all, but constitutes, to use the English expression, the ' waste ' of the tribe. Still this waste is constantly brought under tillage, or perma- nent pasture by settlements of tribesmen, and upon it cultivators of servile status are permitted to squat, par- ticularly towards the border. It is the part of the territory over which the authority of the chief tends to steadily increase, and here it is that he settles his ' fuid-hir,' or stranger-tenants, a very important class the outlaws and ' broken ' were from other tribes who come to him for protection, and who are only connected with their new tribe by their dependence on its chief, and through the responsibility which he incurs for them." pp. 92-93. ANCIENT IRISH TENANTRY. Sir Henry Maine, having thus pictured the composi- tion of the Irish tribe, and pointed out its constituents, ANCIENT IRISH TENANTRY. 39 draws from the Brehon laws the relations of those tribal classes holding interior position towards the other mem- bers of the tribe. In the extract just quoted, he mentions the stranger-tenants; at page 175, he thus fur- ther describes them. " Now the Fuidhir tenant was exclusively a dependent of the chief, and was through him alone connected with the tribe. The responsibility for crime, which in the nat- ural state of Irish society attached to the family or tribe, attached in the case of the Fuidhir, to the chief, who in fact became to this class of tenants that which their orig- inal tribesmen or kindred had been. Moreover the land which they cultivated in their place of refuge was not theirs but his. They were the first 'tenants at will' known in Ireland, and there is no doubt that they were always theoretically rackrentable. The ' three rents,' says the Sencheesmer, are the ' rackrent from a person of a strange tribe, a fair rent from one of the tribe, and the stipulated rent which is paid equally by the tribe and the strange tribe.' ' The person from a strange tribe ' is undoubtedly the Fuidhir, and though the Irish expression translated 'rackrent' cannot, of course, in the ancient state of relation between population and land, denote an extreme competitive rent ; it certainly indicates an extreme rent; since in one of the glosses it is graph- ically compared to the milk of a cow which is com- pelled to give milk every month to the end of the year; at the same time there is no reason to suppose that, in the first instance, the Fuidhir tenants were oppres- sively treated by the chiefs. The chief had a strong in- terest in encouraging them ; ' he brings in Fuidhirs,' says one of the tracts,' 'to increase his wealth.'" In another paragraph Sir Edward Maine further de- fines the status of the class of persons who alone were the "tenants at will" in Ireland under the Irish law. He says, page 172-3: "There is evidence in the tracts, (Brehon) and es- pecially in the unpublished (now published) tract called the 'Corus Fine' that the servile defendants, like the freemen of the territory, had a family or tribal organiza- 40 ANCIENT IRISH TENANTRY. tion; and indeod all fragments of a society like that of ancient Ireland take more or less the shape of the pre- vailing model. The position of the classes indicated in Doomsday and other ancient English records as Cotarii and Bordarii was probablj r very similar to that of Sen- cleithes and Bothacks; and in both cases it has been sus- pected that these servile orders had an origin distinct from that of the dominant race, and belonged to the older or aboriginal inhabitants of the country. Families or sub-tribes formed out of them were probably hewers of wood and drawers of water to the ruling tribe or its subdivisions. Others were certainly in a condition of special servitude to the chief or dependence on him; and these last were either engaged in cultivating his immedi- ate domain-land and herding his cattle, or were planted by him in separate settlements on the waste lands of the tribe. The rent or service which they paid to him for the use of this land was apparently determinable solely by the pleasure of the chief." It was these fugitives or expelled members of tribes, who were taken under the protection of the several chiefs, who proved a distinct and servile class, who were never admitted to membership among the freemen of the race who were the tenants at will in ante-Anglo-Norman days. The freemen were all land occupants, holding the land they cultivated as proprietors, with the right to sell or give it away. This was the land tenure of Ireland which was swept away by the wholesale confiscations of all the land in Ireland by the conquering nation, and by the establishment in Ireland of the feudal system, vest- ing the land in the few, and reducing the many to the condition of tenants. The ancient laws of Ireland and the proprietorship of the land by the people perished with the election of Henry VIII as king of Ireland in THE ENGLISH OF THE TALE. Hitherto the English dominions in that country, em- braced only a small strip on the eastern coast, called the " Pale," and those whose proprietary rights were ac- POLITICAL AUTHORITY OF THE POPE REJECTED. 41 knowleclged by the English Viceroy, were hated by the Irish, to whom they were known as the " English of the Pale." Their title to possession was disputed; they were regarded as enemies, and in many a raid and foray, their cattle, arms and household goods were seized on, and carried off as " spoils of war." It would seem, indeed, as if the Irish regarded the English as intruders, and as such, should be punished in any way which presented itself. Accordingly, we find the English Viceroy re- porting that the Pale was " harried " by O'Bryrne, of Wicklovv, the O'Toole, the O'More and other chieftains whose location gave them the opportunity, and whose hatred of the English spurred them to action. THE REFORMATION IN IRELAND. Such was the footing of the English in Ireland at the commencement of Henry's reign. When he determined on the politico-religious change called the Reformation, he found as ready assent to the change among the Ariglo- Irish colonists as among the most servile of the English clergy, nobility and people. They conformed, they wished to share in the spoils with an eagerness peculiarly English. Conscience or religious conviction they had none. The native princes and the Norman-Irish nobles in most instances, and the people of Ireland to a man re- fused to believe in the Spiritual Supremacy of Henry, or to abandon their faith. Those of the Irish chieftains who were base enough to conform were repudiated by their clansmen; and other chieftains, though from the same f amity, set up in their places. Some indeed conformed only in seeming, and practiced the old faith in their own castles. The Irish to be sure had no very powerful reasons to be enamored of the political authority of the Pope's. It had heretofore been always on the side of the English. Papal bulls, and rescripts, and letters were always forth- coming to be used by the English in repressing the tur- bulent, refractory and English-hating Irish. With a discrimination which reflected great credit on them, then, as in O'Connell's time, and since, the Irish while admit- 42 CHIEFS DEPOSED FOR ACCEPTING ENGLISH TITLES. ting the supremacy of the Pope in matters religious, utterly refused to accept their political doctrines, or abide by their political teachings. In fact the Irish were always more Catholic than u -jPap$8t. n Though so much occupied between his wives, mis- tresses, the plundering of monasteries and convents, and the intrigues of his Court, Henry found time to deal with Irish affairs, and in 1541 through his agent, Saint Leger, called a MEETING OF THE IK1SH PARLIAMENT. This body met on the 12th of June, of that year. Many of the Irish princes attended, as did nearly all of the Anglo- Norman lords. O'Donnell and O'Neill, the Ulster princes, refused to attend at first, but were soon induced to do so through the flattery and favor of Henry. In the first ses- sion of this body the crown of Ireland was voted to Henry. To reward the chiefs, the king soon after conferred on them English titles ; O'Donnell became Earl of Tyrconnelt; O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone; O'Brien, Earl of Thomond; Me William, Earl of Clanrickarde. The titles were bestowed by Henry in person at Greenwich, whither the chieftains had repaired. THE CLANS WOULD HAVE NO ENGLISH EARLS FOR CHIEFS. But during their absence the clansmen, from whom they derived their representative characters, were not idle. No sooner had they discovered the treachery of the chiefs in bestowing the crown of Ireland on Henry and in repudiating Irish titles, than they began to take the most effective means of punishing them by deposing them and electing successors, and thus we find mentioned in the history 'of this and succeeding periods, an Irish O 'Brien, and a King's or Queen's O'Brien; an Irish O'Neill and a King's or Queen's O'Neill. Those who were not faithful to the- clansmen were denounced as persons " who sold their country, clan and church for gold." The deposed chief tried in many instanc.es to assert his claims, and was backed up by some of his personal adherents, and thus was added another element of strife. No doubt this was very pleasing to the SHANE O'NEILL KIDS ULSTER OF THE ENGLISH. 43 English. Their policy thereafter was one of " divide and conquer;" one too, which was much more successful than any which they had yet adopted. In some instances the Irish chiefs recanted, and were restored to their former authority; but alas! the poison of dissension only worked too well. The accession of Mary to the throne little affected the policy of England towards Ireland. Mary, no doubt, evinced much sympathy for Irishmen who were impris- oned during the reign of her father and brother, because of adhering to the ancient faith; but the Saxon hate of Celtic independence was as strong in Mary as it is in the English Catholics of the present day, and she was as de- termined in pushing the conquest of Ireland as was Henry VIII. Elizabeth was still more vigorous and far more unscru- pulous in carrying out the same policy. But the Irish chiefs were more determined to resist. Shane O'Neill (John the Proud) was up in Ulster. His father had taken an English title; the clansmen thereon elected John, who had no sooner taken on himself the leadership than he set about ridding Ulster of the En- glish, and in this he was completely successful. He de- feated all the armies that Elizabeth could send against him, and soon there was not a vestige of Englisn rule in his province. He even ravaged and " harried " the Pale, defeating the English .Commander-in-Chief, who was sent against him. Sussex, the Lord-Lieutenant, with td disobedient English called reb- els; but the Irish who were not in the king's peace, are called enemies. All the statutes passed by the parliament of the Pale, speak of English rebels and Irish enemies, as if the Irish had never been in the condition of sub- jects, but always out of the protection of the laws, and were indeed in a worse case than aliens of any foreign realm that was in enmity with the crown of England. For by divers heavy penal laws the English were forbid- den to marry, to foster, to make gossipes with the Irish ; or to have any trade or commerce in their markets and TESTIMONY OF THE CRUEL POLICY OF ENGLAND. 51 fairs. Nay, there was a law made no longer since than the 28th of Henry VIII, that the English should not marry with any person of Irish blood, though he had gotten a charter of denization, unless he had done both homage and fealty to the King in the Chancery, and were also bounden by recognizance in sureties to continue a loyal subject. Whereby it is manifest that such as had the government of Ireland under the crown of England did intend to make a perpetual separation of enmity be- tween the English and the Irish." The reflections of Sir John Davies, himself an En- glishman, a trusted servant of the crown, and a lawyer well versed in the laws and constitution of England, may well be considered of more weight in depicting the venal and cruel policy of the English government in Ireland than the testimony of any modern writer. " This, then, I note," continues Sir John Davies, " as a great defect in the civil policy of this kingdom, in that, for the space of 350 years, at least, after the conquest first attempted, the English lawes were not communicated to the Irish, nor the benefit and protection thereof allowed unto them. For as long as they were out of the protection of the law, so as every Englishman might oppresse, spoyle and kill them without controulment, how was it possible they should bee other than outlawes and enemies to the Crowne of England? If the King would not admit them to the condition of subjects, how could they learn to ac- knowledge and obey him as their Sovereign? When they might not converse or commerce with any civill men, nor enter into anie towne or citty without perill of their lives, whither should they flie but into the woods and moun- tains, and there live in a wild and barbarous manner? If the English magistrates would not rule them by the lawe, which doth punish treason and murder and theft by death, but leave them to be ruled by their own lords and lawes, why should they not embrace .their own Brehon law, which punisheth no offence but with a fine or erich? If the Irish bee not permitted to purchase estates of free- hold or inheritance, which might descend to their chil- dren according to the course of our common lawe, must 52 NOTHING WAS GRANTED TO TIIE NATIVES. they not continue their old custom of tanistries, which makes all their possessions uncertaine and brings con- fusion, barbarism and incivillitie? In a word, if the En- glish woulde neither in peace govern them by lawe, nor could in warre roote them out by the sworde, must they not needes bee prickes in their eyes, and thornes in their hides till the worlde's end." Though the English had possession of only one-third of the island, they cantonized the whole country amongst ten English families, and called themselves owners and lords of the soil of the whole country. Nothing was left to be granted or enjoyed by the natives; nor can there be found for the space of 350 years after Henry's invasion a single record of a grant of any land to an Irishman of any degree, except a grant from the Crown to the King of Thomond of his own land, during the minority of Henry III, and the grant or treaty with Ro- derick O'Connor, the King of Connaught, by Henry II. THESE ENGLISH GRANTEES BECAME A NEW SET OP PETTY SOVEREIGNS, to the irreparable damage of the country, and Sir John Davies assures us that our great English lords could not endure that any Kings should reign in Ireland but them- selves ; nay, they could hardly endure that the Crown of England itself should exercise any jurisdiction over them. They exercised more arbitrary jurisdiction and authority in their territories than any English monarch did over the Kingdom. No wonder, then, that this new race of English Kings in Ireland should, as Sir John Davies further observes, oppose and resist every attempt of the English government to admit the Irish into a full participation of the laws and constitution. For by these grants and confiscations of whole provinces and several kingdoms, these few Anglo-Norman lords assumed to be the proprietors of all the lands, so that there was no possibility of settling the natives in any of their posses- sions, and consequently the conquest of the whole country became an utter impossibility, otherwise than by the complete extirpation of the whole native race, which THE OPPRESSION OF THE LAND KOBBERS. 53 they were in fact unable, and probably unwilling, to ac- complish. The Irish who inhabited the lands that were sub- dued to the foreign yoke, were in the condition of slaves and villeins, and thereby were rendered more valuable to their conquerors than if they had been allowed to become free subjects to the Crown of England ; and as these oppressive and rapacious land-robbers flattered them- selves with the pleasing prospect of realizing their sev- eral grants to their full nominal extent, they eagerly sought to extend their system of vassalage and slavery, which could not be accomplished if the Irish outside the Pale were permitted to receive the King's protection and become liege men and free subjects. ^Thus, early in the history of English government in Ireland, were the peace, welfare and prosperity of the Irish people sacri- ficed to the inordinate greed and corrupt selfishness of some few men in power. The same author, "than whom," says Plowden, "no man ever more studied the reciprocal interests of England and Ireland, tells us plainly, that this handful of monopolizers of the whole power and profit of the nation opposed its union with England, because that would have abridged and cut off a great part of that greatness which they had prom- ised unto themselves; they persuaded the King of Eng- land, that it was unfit to communicate the lawes of Eng- land wi.h them; that it was the best policie to hold them as aliens and enemies, and to prosecute them with a con- tinual warre. Hereby they obtained another royal pre- rogative and power, which was to make warre and peace at their pleasure in every part of the Kingdome; which gave them an absolute command over the bodies, lands and goods of the English subjects heere. The truth is, that those great English lords did, to the uttermost of their power, crosse and withstand the enfranchisement of the Irish, for the causes before expressed, wherein I must still cleare and acquit the crown and state of Eng- land of negligence or ill policy." Not only the general state policy of England was mis- directed and abused by the servants of the crown in Ire- land, in order to increase and perpetuate disunion and 54: THE IKISH NOT SUBJECTS, BUT " ENEMIES." hatred between the two nations, but the very sources of justice and legislation were poisoned and corrupted to the same intent. We have the testimony of records of un- doubted authority: "That the Irish generally were held and reputed aliens, or rather enemies, to the crown of England, inasmuch as that they were not only disabled to bring anie actions, but they were so far out of the protec- tion of the lawe as it was often ADJUDGED NO FELONY TO KILL A MERE IRISHMAN in the time of peace. By the 4th Chap, of the Statutes, made at Trim, 25th Henry VI (A. D. 1447), it was en- acted, that if any were found with their upper lips unshaven for the space of a fortnight, (it was the Irish fashion to wear the beard on the upper lip) it should be lawful for any man to take them and their goods as Irish enemies and ransom them. Another very singular stat- ute was passed, to commit the punishment of offenders to every private liegeman of the King, without any reference to trial by judge or jury, (2Sta Henry VI, c. 11, A. D. 1450.) Rewards were put upon the heads of the Irish, at the mere private surmise, suspicion, or personal resent- ment of any Englishman, for it was enacted that it shall be lawful for every liegeman of the King all manner of notorious and known thieves, and thieves found robbing, etc., to kill and take them without impeachment, arraing- ment or grievance to him to be done by our lord the King, his justices, officers or any of his ministers, for any such manslaughter or taking; and that every man shall be rewarded for such killing or taking by one penny of every plough, and one farthing of every cottage, within the barony where the manslaughter was done. This in- human encouragement to murder was further increased by larger rewards given to those who should execute summary justice by their own fallible or corrupt judg- ments upon persons going to rob and steal, or coming from robbing and stealing ; for (by 50th Edwd. IV, c. 21 A. D. 1465) it was enacted, that it should be lawful to all manner of men that found any thieves robbing by day or by night, or going or coming to rob or steal^ in or out, EEWAKD FOK CUTTING OFF HEADS. Oi> going or coming, having no faithful man of good name in their company in English apparel, upon any of the liege people of the King, to take and kill those and cut off their heads without any impeachment of our sovereign lord the King, his heirs, officers or ministers, or of any others; and of any heads so cut off in the county of Meath, that the cutter of the said head, and his ayders there to him, cause the said head so cut off in the county of Meath, to be brought to the portreeve of the town of Trim, and the portreeve to put it upon a stake or spear upon the castle of Trim, and that the said portreeve, of Trim, should give him his writing under the seal of the said town, testifying the bringing of the said head to him. And that it should be lawful for the bringer of the said head and his ayders to the same, to distrein and levy with their own hands of every man having one plough land in the barony where the thief was so taken, two-pence; half a plough land, one penny; and every man having a house and goods to the value of forty shillings, one penny; and of every other cottier having house and smoak, one halfpenny. And if the portreeve should refuse such certificate, he was to forfeit 10 recoverable by action. Although the printed Statutes of Ireland go not to so early a date, yet Sir John Davies quotes THE FAMOUS STATUTES OF KILKENNY, which are preserved in the Castle at Dublin; they were passed in the 40th year of King Edwd. Ill (A. D. 136G), and although " they were chiefly intended," says Plow- den, " to correct the degeneracy of the English, yet had they the strongest tendency to aggravate the rancorous animosity of the two nations." " In the 40th year of his reign," says Davies, " King Edward held that famous Parliament at Kilkenny, wherein many notable lawes were enacted, which doo showe and lay open how much the English colonies were corrupted at that time, and doo infallibly prove that which is laide downe befoer that they were wholly degenerate and fain away from their obedience. For, first it appeareth by the preamble of 56 THE OPPRESSIONS OF COIN AND LIVERY. those lawes, that the English of this realm, before the coming of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, were at that time become meare Irish in their language, names, apparell, and all their manner of living, and had rejected the En- glish lawes and submitted themselves to the Irish, with whom they had made marriages and alliances, which tended to the utter ruine and destruction of the common- wealth. Therefore, alliance by marriage, nurture of infants, and gossipred with the Irish are by this statute made high treason. Again, if anie man of English race should use an Irish name, Irish language, or Irish ap- parell, or any other guise or fashion of the Irish, if he had lands or tenements, the same should be seized, till he had given security to the chancery, to conform himself in all points to the English manner of living. And if he had no lands, his bodie was to be taken arid imprisoned, till he found surety as aforesaid." And again the same author in his Disc. p. 174, etc., says : " But the most wicked and mischievous custome of all others was that of Coygne and Livery, often before mentioned, which con- sisted in taking of mans-meate, horse meate, and money of all the inhabitants of the country at the will and pleas- ure of the soldier, who as the phrase of the Scripture is, did eate up the people as it were bread, for he had no other entertainment. This extortion was originally Irish, for they used to lay bonaght, (that is, freequarters) upon their people, and never gave their soldiers any other pay. But when the English had learned it, they used it with more insolencey and made it more intolerable, for this oppression was not temporary, or limited either to place or time, but because there was everywhere a continuall warre either offensive or defensive, and everv lord of a conntrie, and every marcher made warre and peace at his pleasure, it became universal and perpetuall; and was indeede the most heavy oppression that ever was used in anie Christian or Heathen Kingdom, and therefore vox oppresorum, this crying sinne did drawe down as great or greater plagues upon Ireland than the oppres- sion of the Israelites did draw upon the land of Egypt. For the plagues of Egypt, though they were grievous, OPPRESSION THE CAUSE OF IDLENESS. 57 were of a short continuance; but these plagues of Ireland lasted 400 years together. This extortion of coygne and livery did produce two notorious effects. First, it made the land waste; next, it made the people idle. For when the husbandman had laboured all the yeare, the soldiers did in one night consume the fruites of all his labour, longique perit labor irritus anne. Had he reason then to manure the land for the next year? * * * * HEREUPON, OP NECESSITY, CAME DEPOPULATION, banishment and extirpation of the better class of sub- jects, and such as remained became idle and lookers-on, expecting the event of those miserable and evil times, so as this extreme extortion and oppression had been the true cause of idleness in this Irish nation ; and that rather the vulgar sort have chosen to be beggars in for- raign countries, than to manure their own fruitful soil at home. Lastly, this oppression did, of force and neces- sity, make the Irish a crafty people ; for such as are op- pressed and live in slavery, are ever put to their shifts, ingenium mala semper movent, and it is said in an ancient discourse of the decay of Ireland, that though 4 ( this custom of Coygne and Livery)" 1 were first in- vented in Hell, yet if it had been used and practiced there, as it hath been in Ireland, it had long since destroyed the very kingdom of Belzebub." The limited scope of this work will not afford space in which to tell the story of the reigns of the sixteen mon- archs who rose in England from the invasion of Ireland by Henry II, to the reformation under Henry VIII. Suffice it to sum it all up in a sentence. It was an uninterrupted series of oppression by the rulers, and continual discord, warfare and wretchedness of the peo- ple. Henry VIII was the first monarch who assumed the title of King of Ireland; his predecessors had been con- tented with the style and title of Lord of Ireland con- ferred upon Henry II by Pope Adrian IV. 'The collation of the royal dignity by the Irish nation alone, is a proof and a full recognition by England, of the absolute sov- 58 CIVILIZATION BY ROBBERY. ereignty and independence of the Irish nation. (Plowden, Vol. 1, p. 54:}. " From the first settlement of the English in Ire- land, the acquisition of estates at the expense of the natives seemed to be their only object. Hence, the people who possessed the lands were never viewed in the light of subjects to the crown, but as enemies, to be exterminated by the new lords of the soil, or NATIVES, TO BE CIVILIZED BY ROBBERY AND OUTLAWRY. Cox presents us with the germ of this systematic plun- der. " He says that so far back as the year 1559 it was one of the instructions given to the Earl of Sussex, when he came over as Lord Deputy, to people Ulster with Eng- lish. But Sussex was sufficiently engaged in Leinster, where he had reduced Leix and Offaly into shire land by the names of Kings and Queens counties, and when he was spreading civilization by the venal agencies of fire and sword, and he had no time to fulfil these commands of the English court. An offer was however made ten years later by Sir Thomas Gerrard, of Lancashire, for the planting of the Glynnes and Clandeboy. His pro- posal is dated March 15, 1569; but no steps were at that time taken on this proposition. EFFECTS OF THE INVASION ON THE CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. Before entering upon the means adopted by successive sovereigns of England, and particularly their local depu- ties in Ireland, it may be well for the general reader carefully to digest the opinion of the amiable and con- servative historian, Plowden, on this subject. In his Historical Review of the State of Ireland, Vol. 1, p. 2 he, philosophically considering the subject of the above heading, submits the following remarks: "Although the nature of man be homogeneous, yet different portions of the human race differ from each other by properties, qualities, and habits, so strongly distinctive as nearly to approximate to a difference of species. Many are the gradations and shades of these distinctions. True it is, EFFECTS OF POLITICAL SYSTEMS ON MANKIND. 59 different political systems produce powerful effects upon mankind; they go great lengths, but not the whole way towards changing the innate genius, spirit and character of a nation. To a close and impartial observer, the origi- nal national character will manifest itself, up to the remot- est antiquity, under the strongest influence of improve- ment or debasement. Without entering into a philosoph- ical disquisition of the immediate causes of a variety in national characters, we may be allowed to attribute much to the air and soil of particular countries, although at dis- tant periods of time, many may be the instances of changes, suspensions, and apparent extinctions, of the most marked characters in the same nations. Faintly, if at all, can we trace a single line of the old Grecian Punic or Roman characters, through modern Turkey, on the coasts of Barbary, or in the territorial possessions of the Court of Rome. But who shall assert that a melioration of the political systems of government in those countries would not vivify the smothered embers, and rouse into a flame that very spirit, which was once the dread of the day, and has since been the astonishment of posterity? Yet Ireland undoubtedly stands prominently conspicuous amongst the nations of the universe, a solitary instance, in which neither the destructive hand of time, nor the devastating arm of oppression, nor the widest variety of changes in the political system of government, could alter or subdue, much less wholly extinguish, the national genius, spirit and character of its inhabitants." EAKLY CONFISCATIONS OF THE SOIL. Available means are not at hand for computing the amount of confiscations of land during this period. In sub- sequent years a better record has been kept and the read- er will find some interesting facts and figures upon this subject in succeeding pages. Pljwden, in his Historical Review of the State of Ire- land, Vol. 1, pages 164-5, quotes the Earl of Clare as fol- lows: "After the expulsion of James from the throne of Eng- land, the old inhabitants made a final effort for the re- 60 CONFISCATIONS FKOM JAMES I TO 1688. covery of their ancient power, in which they were once more defeated by an English army, and the slender relics of Irish possessions became the subject of fresh confisca- tion. From the report made by the commissioners ap- pointed by the Parliament of England in 1688, it appears that the Irish subjects outlawed for the rebellion of 1698, amounted to 3978, and that their Irish possessions, as far as could be computed, were of the annual value of two hundred and eleven thousand six hundred and twenty- three pounds comprising one million sixty thousand and ninety-two acres. This fund was sold under the authori- ty of an English act of Parliament, to defray the expense incurred by England in reducing the rebels of 1688; and the sale introduced into Ireland a new set of adventurers." "It is a very curious and important speculation to look back to the forfeitures Ireland incurred in the last cen- tury. The superficial contents of the Island are calculat- ed at eleven million forty-two thousand six hundred and eighty-two acres. Let us now examine the state of for- feitures: ACRES- In the reiprn of James I, the whole of the province of Ulster was confiscated, containing .... 2,836,837 Set out by Court of Claims at restoration . . . 7,800,000 Forfeitures of 1688 1,060,792 Total 11,697,629 " So that the whole of your island has been confiscated with the exception of the estates of five or six families of English blood, some of whom had been attainted in the reign of Henry VIII, but recovered their possessions before Tyrone's rebellion, and had the good fortune to escape the pillage of the English Republic inflicted by Cromwell ; and no inconsiderable portion of the island has been confiscated twice, or perhaps thrice in the course of a century. The situation, therefore, of the Irish na- tion at the revolution stands unparalleled in the history of the inhabited world. If the wars of England carried on here from the reign of Elizabeth, had been waged against a foreign country, the inhabitants would have retained their possessions, under the established law of civilized nations, and their country have been annexed as a province to the British Empire." THE GERALDINE FORFEITURES IN MtJNSTER. 61 The greatest plantation (before that of James I,) was that which ensued at the TERMINATION OF THE WAR AGAINST THE EARL OF DES- MOND. This great Earl possessed vast estates, upon which the eyes of the English adventurers and undertakers had long been lovingly cast. In Kerry, Cork, Waterford and Lim- erick, his prodigious principality extended over one hundred and fifty miles, and contained 574,624 acres, on -.vhich were built numerous houses and castles. This ex- tensive territory was covered with great herds of cattle, and presented an aspect of high cultivation. The Earl was Lord Palatine of Kerry, and Lord of Imokilly. His vassals were numerous, and there were above five hundred gentlemen of his ancient lineage. "He levied coygne and livery upon his tenants in Limerick. He had all the wrecks of the sea in the ports and creeks of Kerry, and a certain sum out of every fishing boat in the ports of Ventry and Ferreters Island. It was said that he was able to raise at a call 2,000 foot and 600 horse." (Smith, An. of Cork, Vol. 1, p. 51.) At the commencement of the great Geraldine war, the Earl had stood aloof, but his professions of loyalty were disregarded, and, he was summoned by Sir William Pelham, Lord Deputy, to surrender himself a prisoner within twenty days. He refused, for he well knew what his fate would have been if he were mad enough to trust himself into the hands of an English deputy. He was thus precipitated into war, which he waged with great spirit and energy against Pelham. " Desmond, who had engaged in this rebellion inconsiderately," says Leland, "now saw the whole extent of his territory ravaged and depopulated without mercy. His miserable vassals were abandoned to daily slaughter, or to the still more horrible calamity of famine. Fire, famine and slaughter were let loose upon the doomed districts, and the worse than can- nibal English soldiers relentlessly slaughtered men, wo- men and infants. One of the plunderers, who afterwards profited by the spoil of the Geraldine, and whose sweet 62 ENGLISH UNDERTAKERS IN MTJNSTER. poetry has earned for him a fame for gentleness his po- litical writings scarcely merits, has in terse and pictur- esque language chronicled the horrors which made his fortune." (MacNevin's Conf. of Ulster.) The arms of England triumphed. The Earl met an obscure andpainful^death at the hands of a traitor, Daniel Kelly, of Morierta. His death ended the war, though not the butcheries of the soldiers, and Munster was paci- fied by the extermination of her people. The Earl of Desmond and about one hundred and forty of his associ- ates were attainted, and all their honors and estates de- clared to be forfeited. This plunder was enormous. Des- mond's estates alone were estimated at five hundred and seventy-five thousand acres. And thus, to use the lan- guage of her admirers, was every obstacle removed to Elizabeth's favorite scheme of RE-PEOPLING MUNSTER WITH AN ENGLISH COLONY. Letters were forwarded to every county in England, to encourage younger members of families to become under- takers in Ireland. The forfeitures were divided into seig- nories, and granted to English knights, esquires, and gentlemen, and they undertook to perform certain condi- tions stipulated in the royal articles for the plantation of the province. Hence came the use of the ominous name of undertaker as applied to these land-robbers of Ireland. Though 12,000 acres were fixed on as the largest por- tion for any one undertaker, the Queen, in order suitably to reward Sir Walter Raleigh for his services at Golden Fort (where, after the garrison had surrendered at dis- cretion, he slew every man,) she granted him forty-two thousand acres in Cork and Wateribrd. Of this immense estate portions were bestowed on the following named undertakers : ACRES. County Waterford, Sir Christopher Hutton 10,910 County Waterford and Cork, Sir Walter Raleigh 42,000 County Waterford and Cork, Richard Bacon 6,000 County Cork. Sir Wareham Saint Leger, ancestor of the Viscounts Doneraile 6,000 County Cork, Hugh Cuffe 6,000 County Cork, Sir Thomas Norris 6,000 CONFISCATIONS IN MDNSTER. 63 County Cork, Arthur Robbins 1,800 County Cork, Sir Arthur Hyde 5,574 County Cork, Francis Beecher 12,000 County Cork, Hugh Worth 12,UOO County Cork, Thomas Say ... 8,778 County Cork, Arthur Hyde, Esq 11,766 County Cork, Edmund Spenser ("gentle poet ") 3,028 County Kerry, Sir Edward Denny 6,000 County Kerry, Sir William Herbert 13,276 County Kerry, Charles Herbert 8,768 County Kerry, John Holly 4,422 County Kerry, Captain Jenkin Conway 526 County Kerry, John Champion 1,484 County Limerick, Sir William Courtney 10,500 County Limerick, Francis Berkely 7,250 County Limerick, Robert Anslow 2,599 County Limerick, Richard and Alexander Felton 8,026 County Limerick, Edmund Mainwaring 3,747 County Limerick, Win. Trenchard 12,000 County Limerick, George Thornton 1,500 County Limerick, Sir George Boucher 12.880 County Limerick, Henry Billingsley 11.800 Inverary, Thomas, Earl of Ormond 3,000 Inverary. Sir Edward Tilton 11,515 Total 205,490 The most striking feature in the conditions of this plantation was the exclusion of the owners of the soil from even the subordinate station of tenantry. NO IRISH WEKE TO BE ADMITTED to stand even in that humble relation to the successful plunderers who usurped their lands a provision of tyranny, possibly the most impudent that ever was made. But it was disregarded. Some English historians have the coolness to regret the plantation of Munster was a failure because some of the planters did not respect the wise provisions of the " plot of the Queen's offer," and because Leland says " leases and conveyances were made to many of the Irishry." In many instances the lands were abandoned to the old possessors ; and where the undertakers entered upon their seignories, they did not reside, but appointed idle, ignorant, corrupt and oppres- sive agents. Neither did they comply with a still more 61 THE NEW OWNERS MOSTLY ABSENTEES. necessary and wise condition of the " Queen's plot,'" namely, to make provisions for effectual deiense. They were thriftless gamesters, these undertakers ; they would enjoy as largely as they could, the property of the peo- ple, but they were not honest enough to discharge the noble duties of proprietorship, nor wise enough to make due provision against the natural and just enmity of those whose plunder had enriched them. Ulster, however, proved to be a more generous field for the undertaker, for even before James' systematic scheme was entered upon, we read that " about the year 1584 a thousand Scottish Highlanders, called ' Red-shanks,' of the septs and families of the Cambiles ( probably, says MacNevin, Campbells), Macdonnells and Magalanes, led by Surleboy, a Scottish chieftain, invaded Ulster. Other surrounding parties of their nation had already possessed themselves of the lands of Irish chieftains at the Glynnes and the Route in Antrim. It was at the beginning of the fifteenth century that the settlement of the Mac- donnells took place in Antrim. They were a younger branch of the MacDonalds, who were Kings and Lords of the Isle." One of them, Angus Oge, Lord of the Isles, married the daughter of O'Cahan, the chief of the O'Cahan's, of Arachty. The marriage portion, this distinguished lady brought to her husband, consisted of a number of handsome young men, " whose posterity are yet in the Isles and are known by the peculiarity of their names to belong to that race. John of Isles, the second son of John, Lord of the West- ern Isles, or -5Cbrides, was established at the Glynnes, in Argyleshire; his descendants settled in the north of Ire- land, one of whom was Alexander, who got a gold sword and silver gilt spear from the Earl of Sussex in 1557, for his services in Scotland, and the monastery and its lands of Glenarm were given to him. His son was Sorlebuidh (commonly written Sorleboy,) whose son was the first Earl of Antrim. Sorlebuidh married Mary, daughter of Conn O'Neill. These invaders in time intermarried with the Irish, and became the most formidable enemies of England in her SETTLEMENT OF SCOTTISH HIGHLANDERS. 65 designs of settlement. It was ostensibly to root out this Scottish colony that Elizabeth sent Essex to Ireland, but his failure only fixed them more firmly in their place and in 1603 James I confirmed Sir Ronald MacDonnell in the principality of the Route. The settlement of THE HONTGOMERIES IN THE ARPES OF DOWN presents some singular features worthy of note, inas- much as they came with clearer hands and a fairer title than any of the Scotch or English adventurers who had plundered the people out of their lands since the advent of the Anglo-Norman. Hugh, the leader of the Mont- gomeries into Ireland, was a well descended adventurer, and in addition to his good birth, he was connected with the Earl of Eglintown family; he possessed spirit and talent. It appears that Conn O'Neill had sent some of his followers into the town of Castlereagh, and they had become involved in an affray with the soldiers, some of whom were killed. Conn and a number of his people were found guilty of levying war on the Queen (Eliza- beth), and he was sent to prison at Carrickfergus. While Conn's matter was pending the Queen died; the said Hugh Montgomery, who was cognizant of the particulars of the affair, obtained from Conn O'Neill a grant of half his lands, on the condition of effecting his escape and giving him a shelter. His escape effected, Conn went to Scotland, and was well received by Hugh and his wife, called Laird and Lady Braidstone. The territories of Conn O'Neill were very extensive, consisting of the entire parishes of Breda, Knock. Kirk- donnell, Hollywood, Donaghadee, Grey Abbey, St. An- drews, and a great part of the parish of Drum. The Laird and Conn proceeded to London, and by the influence of the former, with the Scotch James, obtained Conn's pardon. Conn was graciously received at court as others of the name had been received before and orders given for letters patent concerning his Majesty's pleasure in the matter of the grant to Hugh Montgomery under condition that the lauds should be planted with British 5 66 CONN O'NEILL AND THE MONTGOMERIES. Protestants, and that no grant of fee farm should be made to any person of mere Irish extraction. A great change was afterwards made in these letters patent, whereby Mr. James Hamilton obtained one-third of the whole es- tates, " so that the sea coasts might be possessed by Scot- tish men, who would be traders proper for his Majesty's future advantage." Castlereagh, which Conn had desired to retain, was considered too great a favor for an Irish- man. Hamilton and Montgomery were both Knighted. The two Knights and Conn O'Neill executed tripartite indentures to the effect of the King's pleasure, but by some underhanded arrangement the King's patent issued only to Hamilton, and he was declared trustee for Conn O'Neill and Sir Hugh Montgomery. In order to reconcile Montgomery to yielding up a portion of his moiety of the O'Neill lands, the King promised to compensate him out of the Abbey lands and impropriations, which in a few months he was to grant in fee. It soon became evident that Hamilton had made a better bargain than Montgom- ery had, and obtained a better share of the dividend, although he came later into the field. He managed to engross in the patent many more church lands than Mont- gomery had, "and," says an old chronicler, " he was so wise as to take, on easy terms, endless leases of much more of Conn's third part, and from other despairing Irishes than Sir Hugh had done. Having taken posses- sion of their newly-acquired lands, they were raised a step in the peerage by the titles respectively of Lord Mont- gomery, of Ardes, and Lord Hamilton, of Claneboy. Conn O'Neill, as might be expected, was not long left his thirds, for on the 14th of March, 1G06, only three years after his first contract with Montgomery, he exe- cuted to him a feoffment of all his lands, and also a deed of sale of the timber growing on four of his townlands. And now the Montgomery plantation began in right ear- nest. The land, however, was found to be mostly without inhabitants, the soil had been reaped with fire and sword, and was desolate; head rents must be paid to the King, and there were no tenants to pay them. To repair these evils, the undertakers made some of their friends and CONN O'NEILL LOSES ALL. 67 retainers sharers under them as freeholders and laborers. There came several farmers under Montgomery, gentle- men from Scotland, "of the names of Shaw, Calderwood, Boyd, Keith, Maxwell, Ross, Barclay, Moore, Bayley, whose posterity hold there to this day. By the Mont- gomeries some foundations were made for towns, as New- town, Donaghadee, Comber, Old and New Grey Abbey; Hamilton also founded towns and corporations, as Ban- gor, Hollywood, Kilileagh ( with a strong castle) and Ballywater. When these things were done, and a fair promise thereby given that the new settlements would have towns and marts of trade, the Scots came there willingly and numerously, and became tenants and sub- tenants to their countrymen, and the land, though not with its own children, came to be peopled again. From a report of the commissioners appointed by Parliament to enquire into the forfeited lands granted by William after the revolution of 1688, the following extract is given: "The commissioners met with great difficulties in their inquiries, which were occasioned by the backwardness of the people of Ireland to give any information, out of fear of the grantees, whose displeasure in that kingdom was not easily borne, and by reports industriously spread and believed, that their inquiry would come to nothing. Nevertheless, it appeared to them that the persons out- lawed in England, since the 13th o. February, 1688, on account of the late rebellion, amounted in number to fifty-seven, and in Ireland to three thousand nine hun- dred and twenty-one. That in all the land in the several counties in Ireland belonging to the forfeited persons, as far as they could reckon, made 1,060,792 acres, worth 211,623, which by computation of six years purchase for a life, and thirteen years for the inheritance, came to the full value of 268,138. That some of those lands had been restored to the old proprietors, by virtue of the ar- ticles of Limerick and Gallway, and by his majesty's fa- vor, and the reversal of outlawries, and royal pardons, ob- tained chiefly by gratifications to such persons as had abused his majesty's royal bounty and commission. 68 EEPORT ON FORFEITED LANDS AFTER 1688. " Besides these restitutions, which they thought to be corruptly procured, they gave an account of seventy-six grants and custodiums under the great seal of Ireland; as to the Lord Rumney three grants now in being, con- taining 49,517 acres; to the Earl of Albemarle in two grants, 108,633 acres, in possession and reversion; to William Bentwick, Esq., Lord Woodstock, 135,820 acres of land; to the Earl of Athlone, to grants, containing 20,480 acres, etc, to the Earl of Galloway, on grant, 36,148 acres, wherein they observed that the estates so mentioned, did not yield so much to the grant- ers as they were valued at, because, as most of them had abused his Majesty in the real value of the estates, so their agents had imposed upon them, and had either sold or let the greater part of those lands at an under value. But after all deductions and allowances, there yet remained 1,699,343. 14s. which they lay before the Commons as the gross value of the estates since the 13th day of February, 1688, and not restored; besides a grant under the great seal of Ireland, dated the 13th of May, 1695, passed to Mrs. Elizabeth Villiers, now Coun- tess of Orkney, of all the private estates of the late King James ( except some part in grant to Lord Athlone), containing 95,649 acres, worth per annum 25, 995. 18s., value total, 331, 943. 9s. Concluding that there was payable out of this estate, 2,000 per annum to Mrs. Godfrey for her life, and that almost all the old leases determined in 1701; and this estate would answer the value above mentioned." This report is signed by the Parliamentary Commissioners, Francis Annesley, John- Trenchard, James Hamilton and Henry Langford. The Court Commissioners were Henry, Earl of Drogheda, Sir Richard Leving and Sir Francis Brewster. It would be interesting to discover what were the valuable ser- vices rendered by Mrs. Elizabeth Villiers (she was made Countess of Orkney in 1695 ) in quelling the insurrec- tion in Ireland, to entitle her to so munificent a reward as a grant of 95,649 acres, at that time worth 25,995. 18s. ACCESSION OF JAMES THE FIKST. 69 SUBMISSION OF THE NORTHERN CHIEFTAINS. The Ulster princes, beaten and baffled on every hand, deserted by some of their adherents who took the bribes of England, and maddened by dissensions, were at last obliged to come to terms of peace. Elizabeth, knowing and acknowledging the prowess of the O'Neill, was will- ing to make favorable terms. The deputy, Mountjoy, met O'Neil at Mellefont Abbey in March,' 1603. Terms were there arranged. The Ulster prince should relinquish the title of O'Neill, and assume that of Earl of Tyrone, and make submission to the English throne, but was allowed free exercise of his religion, and the greater portions of his lands should become his by a grant from the Eng- lish crown. These were certainly favorable terms and speak well for the high opinion entertained of O'Neill by Elizabeth. ACCESSION OF JAMES I. Scarcely had the negotiations been concluded when James succeeded to the throne on the death of Eliza- beth, as a prince of Celtic blood, and the son of a Catho- lic mother, the Irish expected kindly treatment at the hands of James. How miserably they were disappointed is well known. The pedantic and hypocritical king was surrounded by a lot of adventurers, hungry Scotch vul- tures, ready to whet their beaks on any kind of prey. James was equally needy and extravagant. What could he do to satisfy his followers and provide for himself ? Should any estates become the property of the crown he could satisfy all. It was soon discovered that O'Neill was uneasy, and a pretense was made of finding a com- munication which indicated that he and other princes were implicated in a conspiracy to murder the lord dep- uty. He was summoned to Dublin and afterwards to London to answer to the charge, but wisely believing that there was no justice to be had in either place, and being utterly unable to offer any armed resistance to the encroachments of the " hangers-on " of James, he fled to Normandy, and thence to Italy, visiting most of the Eu- ropean courts, where he was received with great distinc- 70 COMMISSION ON DEFECTIVE TITLES. tion. O'Sullivan, who had made such a gallant resist- ance in the South, fled to Spain where he distinguished himself in the service of the State, and was treacherously assassinated by an Englishman. Cahir O'Doherty, who was a most " trooly loil " subject of England, was forced into a revolt, and the whole province of Ulster was con- fiscated to the crown, and conferred by James on his beggarly Scotch retainers, and on some London compa- nies as an equivalent for various loans made to sustain the bibulous and lecherous monarch, his lackeys and miss- tresses. One hundred and ten thousand acres in Tyrone and Tyrconnell were thus given to the mercer's, tailor's, tin- ner's and other societies. A commission was instituted to examine into defective titles, and 385,000 acres in Leinster, held on what the commissioners were pleased to call defective titles, were also confiscated, and con- ferred on the commissioners and their friends. Thus was the entire province of Ulster and no incon- siderable portion of Leinster, taken from the rightful owners. The Irish were reduced to abject poverty, their religion banned, education save by the robber's band, forbidden; the native chiefs were driven into exile, and nothing was heard of them for some time, save as free lances in the armies of every nation opposed to England. BEIGN OP JAMES THE FIRST. On the 5th of April, 1603, James I. ascended the throne. The genius of his predecessor had removed every difficulty to his government in England ; and in Ireland, he was the first English monarch whose dominion extended over the whole island. Though to Elizabeth, un- der the policy of the crafty and astute Mountjoy, is due the credit of the submission of Hugh O'Neill ; she did not live to enjoy the homage of her brave foe. His capitulation was not signed until after her death, a fact which was wisely concealed from him. The two great northern chiefs, Hugh O'Neill and Roderick O'Donnell were received at Court in a flattering manner, and O'Neill was confirmed in all his property and possessions ENGLISH DOMINION OVEK ALL IRELAND. 71 with the title, Earl of Tyrconnell. James published an act of oblivion and indemnity. The English laws of inheri- tance and English tenures were adopted in place of the customs formerly prevailing of Tanistry and Gavelkind. "The commission of Grace" issued, under which the Irish Lords yielded their estates to the Crown, and re- ceived them again under the English titles of Knight Service or Common Soccage ; inquisitions were holden into the amount of land in possession of the chieftains, in order that none should receive a re-grant of more than was actually in his possession ; and the tenants under each lord, relieved of uncertain contributions and exac- tions, held their lands subject to an annual rent and free tenures. O'Neill having made his submission, their was but little resistance to the INTRODUCTION OP ENGLISH LAW INTO ULSTER. The country was divided into counties, and Sheriffs appointed to administer the provisions of the .English law. Peace seemed, for a brief moment, to hover over this war-desolated and harassed country. " Equal laws and civilized customs," under English rule, were intended solely for the benefit of those who conformed to the prac- tices of the Church, as by law established. An Act of Uniformity, passed in a Parliament of the Pale, in the second year of Elizabeth, was published in Dublin by the King's Council, by which attendance on Catholic wor- ship was prohibited under severe penalties. On the 4th of July, 1605, a royal proclamation issued, by the terms of which James effectually dispelled the ideas of all who had vainly expected freedom of conscience, or even the barest religious toleration, from him. He told " his be- loved subjects " that he would not admit anything of the kind, and fixed a certain day for every Catholic priest to depart the realm or abide the consequences. " And then commenced a religious war of great cruelty and folly. The magistrates and citizens of Dublin were enjoined to repair to the churches of the Establishment. The prisons were peopled with " recusants," the priests were forced to fly the country, or else conceal themselves in secret 72 ENGLISH LAWS INTRODUCED. places, to avoid the gibbet and the lash. The terrors of the penal law, let loose by the theologic fury of the King, were increased by the avarice and cruelty of the san- guinary Chichester. Up to the year 1G05 the sees of Derry, Raphoe and Clogher, which extended over the greater part of Ulster, had been occupied by Roman Catholic prelates; and the abbeys and monasteries, which had been formally dissolved half a century before, still continued to be the centers round which flocked numer- ous priests, friars and other ecclesiastical persons. But the publication of this Proclamation was the signal for returning into the King's hands those edifices of religion and ejecting their inmates. And what made these op- pressions more bitter in the North was the striking fact that there, as we may conclude from Davies' account of Chichester's progress in Ulster in 1607, there was not a single Protestant outside the numerous garrisons of the English. By the same authority, we find that up to this period it was impossible that the principles of the Refor- mation could have been at all known in Ulster, for no religious teaching had been provided for the people. The tidings of a reformed religion were preached from no pul- pit; the rectors and bishops who had been appointed were non-resident, and the Catholics were reduced to the alternative of enduring penalties for the profession of the faith they had been reared in or embracing a religio i in which they had received no spiritual instruction. All apprehension of an Irish war being allayed by the sub- mission of the northern chieftains, whose powers seemed utterly broken, my Lord Deputy proceeded to settle those counties. The expedient was adopted of getting up fic- titious plots and fastening them upon whatever party they designed to plunder and ruin. The King's Bishop of Meath gives this account of the matter, which has been generally accepted as the most correct version: " A. D. 1007 there was a providential DISCOVERY OF ANOTHER REBELLION IN IRELAND, the Lord Chichester being deputy, the discoverer not being willing to appear, a letter from him not subscribed, SHAM REBELLION. 73 was superscribed to Sir William Usher, clerk of the Council, and dropped in the council chamber of Dublin Castle, in which was mentioned a design for seizing the Castle and surrendering the Deputy with a general revolt and dependence on the Spanish forces; and this also for religion, for particulars, whereof, says the bishop, " I refer to that letter dated March the 19th, 1607." By such, and similar means, "Artful Cecil " succeeded in fixing upon O'Neill and O'Donneil a charge of treason, to sustain which, there had not been then, or unto this day a particle of evidence disclosed. Having a wholesome terror of juries, which in those days, as in later ones, have ever proved in the hands of English manipulators, pliant tools for the sure condemnation of Irish patriots. The chiefs, with their families, took shipping from Lough Swilly, and departed to France, never more to return. Here was brought about the very state of affairs that James had long desired. " Nothing," says Dr. Leland, "could be more favorable to that passion, which James indulged for reforming Ireland, by the introduction of English laws and ^civility. The flight of the chiefs was rapidly followed by a commission empowered to deal with " traitors " and to take an account of the lands which were to escheat to the Crown. The two Earls were duly attainted of High Treason, together with sev- eral other chieftains, and the darling project of the rapacious James. THE PLANTATION OF ULSTER commenced. But so flagitious did the proceeding ap- pear, even to himself, that he feared the representations of his outlawed and fugitive subjects would meet with a ready credence from the sympathies of Catholic Europe. He resolved to prevent such a result by publishing a statement of his own case, which he attempted by procla- mation, dated 15th November, 1607. It is the basest and most despicable document preserved amongst the State papers of the English Government. It stated what was notoriously false, that the Earls " were base and rude in their originall;" that they had not their pos- 74: JAMES' PLANTATION SCHEME. sessions by lawful or lineal descent from ancestors of blood or virtue; and that their only reason for flight was the private knowledge and inward terror "of their own guiltiness." A much more unblushing falsehood was, that they had endured no molestation on the ground of re- ligion, and that the manners of the Earls were so barbarous and unchristian, that it would be unreasonable to trouble them about any form of faith, much more to this purpose, equally malignant and untrue, did James's proclamation contain; but it was without effect. Its manifest false- hood and undisguised rancor deprived it of any power to work evil against the fugitives, in that quarter where James was most anxious to misrepresent and injure them. They continued the honored guests of the courts of Eu- rope, illustrious examples of the great reverses of fortune, and of the perfidy of monarchs." "The Irish chiefs possessed the suzerainte but not the property of the soil; consequently the guilt of O'Neill and O'Dougherty, though ever so clearly proved, could not affect the right to their feudatories, who were not even accused of treason. The English law of forfeiture, in it- self sufficiently unjust, never declared that the innocent tenants should be sacrificed for the rebellion of the land- lords ; it only placed the king in the place of the person whose property had been forfeited, and left all the rela- tions of the landlord unaltered. Yet were all the actual holders of lands in these devoted districts dispossessed without even the shadow of a pretense ; and this abomin- able wickedness is even at the present day eulogised by many as the consummation of political wisdom. " (De- Beaumont's Ireland, Vol. 1.) However not without one gallant, even if futile, protest was the great iniquity perpetrated. Sir Cahir O'Dougher- ty, the prince of Inishowen, a man young in years, de- termined to assert his independence. Gathering his fol- lowers around him, he surprised the town of Derry, slew the governor and took various English stations. He pur- sued a vigorous guerilla warfare for about five months, when a chance shot having killed their leader, his follow- ers dispersed, and any who fell into the hands of the Eng- lish were savagely executed with but short shrift. CONFISCATIONS UNDER JAMES I. 75 This was the last blow attempted in Ulster, which thenceforward presented a scene of misery, desolation and helplessness on the part of the people, which afforded the reforming spirit of James an unobstructed field in which to carry out his long contemplated designs of rapine and spoliation. A large tract of land in the six northern counties, Tyrowen the principality of O'Neill ; Coleaiine, or Derry, O'Cahan's country; Donegal, the principality of O'Donnell; Fermanagh, McGuire's country; Cavan, O'Reilly's country; and Armagh fell into James' hands by a forced construction of the law of for- feiture and escheat. The suppression of O'Dougherty's attempt cleared the way for the completion of the policy of fraud and violence by which a splendid country was torn from its just possessors, and an ancient people banished from the dwellings of their fathers. By means of these shameful sham-plots, or pretended conspiracies to excite rebellion, five hundred thousand acres of land were basely pillaged and handed over to the rapacious James of England. James determined to dispose of the lands to his English and Scotch subjects, to the exclusion of the original Irish owners. For the absence of integrity and national honor in such a proceeding, there was in the opinion of the king and his courtiers, an ample compen- sation in the purposes of peace and conciliation to which he intended to apply the vast bulk of forfeited property which had come into his hands. That his opinions and determinations on this subject were of long standing, we may assume, from the fact that Lord Bacon's first suggestions for the planting of Ireland bear date long before the flight of the Earls. Indeed, it is impossible to resist the belief that from the beginning of this reign Cecil and the other courtiers, surrounded by hungry, ambitious and reckless adventurers having hoards of useless retainers, with a deficient public revenue, and anxious it may be admitted, to establish permanent peace in Ireland, where the most enormous expenses had been incurred in the long continuance of war, had planned the sham-plot, the flight and the forfeiture, at once to 76 CONFISCATIONS UNDER JAMES I. get rid of the enemies of England, to provide for their hungry applicants, and TO GARRISON IRELAND FOR THE ENGLISH CROWN. The six counties which were marked as the prey of the undertakers for the Wingfields, the Caulfields, the Chichesters, and the Blayneys, exceeded in length and breadth the large counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, in England. No part of Ireland was more rich in natu- ral fertility and cultivation, and though the barbarous hand of English rapine had been busy during the recent wars with its teeming fields, it yet bore to the hungry hordes that awaited its partition, the abundant promise of untold wealth. James himself is the safest witness that can be called to testify to the natural wealth and fertility of the soil he was about to plant. In seeking to persuade " the incomparable city of London " to under- take a Northern Plantation, he presented them with the following " Reasons and Motives" : THE LAND COMMODITIES WHICH THE NORTH OF IRELAND PRODUCETII. " The country is well watered, generally by an abund- ance of springs, brooks and rivers; and plenty of fuel, either by means of wood, or where that is wanting of good and wholesome turf. "It yieldeth store of all necessaries for man's suste- nance, in such measures as may not only maintain itself, but also furnish the city of London yearly, with manifold provisions, especially for their fleets, namely, with beef, pork, fish, rye, bere, peas and beans, which will also, in some years, help the dearth of the city and country about, and the storehouses appointed for the relief of the poor. " As it is fit for all sorts of husbandry, so for breeding of mares and increase of cattle it doth excel, whence may be expected, butter, cheese, hides and tallow. " English sheep will breed abundantly in Ireland, the sea-coast, and the nature of the soil, being very whole- some for them; and, if need be, wool might be had cheaply and plentifully out of the west parts of Scotland. CONFISCATIONS UNDEK JAMES I. 77 " It is held to be good in many places for madder, hops, and woad. " It affordeth fells of all sorts, in great quantity, red deer, foxes, sheep, lamb, rabbits, martins, squirrels, etc. "Hemp and flax do more naturally grow there than else- where; which being well regarded, might give great pro- vision for canvass, cables, cordage, and such like requi- sites for shipping, besides thread, linen cloth, and all stuffs made of linen yarn, which is more fine and plenti- ful there than in all the rest of the kingdom. " Materials for building timber, stone of all sorts, limestone, slate and shingles are afforded in most parts of the country, and the soil is good for brick and tile. "Materials for building of ships, excepting tar, are there to be had in great plenty, and in the country ad- joining, the goodliest and largest timber in the woods of Glanconkene and Killetrough that may be, and may compare with any in his Majesty's dominions, which may easily be brought to the sea by Lough Neagh, and the river of the Bann. The fir masts, of all sorts, may be had out of Lochabar, in Scotland, not far distant from the North of Ireland, much more easily than from Nor- way; other sorts of wood do afford many services, for pipe staves, hogshead staves, clapboard staves, wainscot soap and dyeing ashes, glass and iron work, for iron and copper ore are there plentifully had. " The country is very plentiful for honey and wax. " THE SEA AND RIVEK COMMODITIES." " The harbor of the river of Derry is exceeding good, and the road of Portrush and Lough Swilly, not far dis- tant from Derry, tolerable. " The sea fishing of that coast is very plentiful of all manner of usual sea fish,especially herrings and seals,there being yearly ,after Michaelmas,for taking of herrings above seven or eight score of his Majesty's subjects and strangers for lading, besides an infinite number of boats for fishing and killing. Great and profitable fishing are in the next adjacent islands of Scotland, where many Holland- ers do fish all the summer season, and do plentifully vend 78 THE GOODLY COMMODITIES OF ULSTER. their fish, and within the Straits much train or fish oil, of seal, herrings, etc, may be made upon that coast. "As the sea yieldeth very great plenty and variety of fine sea fish, so doth the coast afford an abundance of all manner of sea-fowl, and the rivers greater store of fresh fish than any of the rivers in England. " There is also some store of good pearls upon this coast, especially within the river of Lough Foyle. "The coasts be ready for traffic with England and Scot- land, and for supply of provision from or to them, and do lie open and convenient for Spain and the Straits, and fittest and nearest for Newfoundland. THIS COUNTRY, SO BLEST BY NATURE, in her most bountiful mood, was possessed by a brave, war-like and religious people. They were 'frank, amor- ous, ireful, sufferable of paines infinite, very glorious, excellent horsemen, delighted with wars, great alms-giv- ers, passing in hospitalitie,' so wrote Campion in his 'His- toric of Ireland.' " " In battle " says Lingard, in his History, Vol. 2, p. 249, " they measured the valour of the combatants by their contempt of artificial assistance; and when they be- held the English Knights covered with iron, hesitated not to pronounce them void of courage. Their own arms were a short lance, or two javelins, a sword called a skean, about fifteen inches long, and an axe of steel called a sparthe. The latter proved a most formidable weapon. It was wielded with one hand, but with such address and impetuosity as generally to penetrate through the best tempered armour. If we were to judge by modern En- glish historians, the Irish people at the accession of James nay some, like the bigot Hume, have said from the earliest periods were buried in the most profound barbarism, even though from the fifth century they had enjoyed the light of Christianity, and though the priests and missionaries of the country had preserved, through mediaeval gloom, both faith and learning, and propagated them through the world. In the tenth century, ere the history of En- gland had well begun, and when the greatest part of THE VALOR AND PKOWESS OF THE NATIVES. 79 Europe was involved in darkness, a steady light of piety and learning continued to shine in this island, and shed its rays over the neighboring countries. In the schools of the continent, the Irish scholars continued to retain their former superiority, and amongst the dwarf intellects of that time towered as giants, (See Morris' His., Vol. 2, p. 30.) In France and Germany, the monasteries of the Irish, the only retirements for piety and learning in an ungodly age, were flourishing, and the fame of Irish scholars was cheerfully recognized. Irish monks founded a school at Glastonbury, in England, where St. Dunstan imbibed under their teaching the very marrow of spirit- ual learning. There that distinguished ornament of the English Church was learnedly accomplished, according to the acquisitions of the time, in astronomy, arithmetic and geometry; and there, too, he cultivated that sweet taste for music, in which he indulged through his life. (Will- iam of Malmesbury's Life of St. Dunstan, Vol. 2, p. 134.) And so did piety and virtue continue to flourish in Ire- land, until by the constant intercourse, both peaceable and warlike, with the Danes, and by their employment as mercenaries of those barbarians in local feuds, the Irish had become familiar with rapine and all turbulent crimes, and a national degeneracy had been thereby produced, which continued increasing up to the time of the English invasion. Then it may, without disparagement to our country, be admitted that the Irish were matched against a people possessing, at that time, superior civilization, greater resources, and a more compact and better system of government. A nation governed by innumerable princes and chiefs, had to meet in battle and to struggle with, in policy, a country having but one center of power, one head, one recognized source of government. It is no shame that with such unequal odds they were worsted in the long contest of ages, and it is a matter of national pride that so noble and unceasing a resistance was made, with such discordant materials. SOCIAL CONDITION OP THE TWO RACES COMPARED. But much as Ireland had degenerated since the Eng- 80 THE DETERIORATION OF THE IRISH. lish invasion, she still enjoyed at the accession of James, a great degree of civilization, when compared with other countries at the same period. Under the rule of her na- tive chieftains, religion had been protected and 'the country was covered with the noblest architectural monu- ments of princely piety, many of which subsequently, she was stripped of, by the sacnligeous fury of the English. Laws had been propounded with solemn sanctions, laws repugnant to later notions and to the refinements of mod- ern ages, but suited to the wants, the genius, and the feel- ings of the people. Among the chieftains had been, and still were many of high accomplishments, courtesy, and valour. The Scotic Chronicle of Ferdun supplies us with a letter written in the reign of Edward III, by Don- ald O'Neill, king of Ulster, and, as he proudly says "right- ful heir to the monarchy of all Ireland," and addressed to the Pope John XXII, and a more impressive and elo- quent document will scarcely be found in the pages of history, indicating a degree of high and refined feel- ing that could not be surpassed, if it could be equaled, in the court of Edward. It is a history of English rule in Ireland from the beginning, told with grave and earnest simplicity, but in language the most eloquent and grace- ful. There is little evidence in it of that perennial bar- barism which Hume attributes to the chiefs and people of Ireland. The deteriorations which took place has been attributed to many causes, but however that degeneracy was pro- duced, it was signally accelerated by the arrival of the anglo Normans. They came like " ravening wolves and more cunning than foxes;" they drove the inhabitants from their houses and their lands, "to seek shelter like wild beasts in the woods, marshes, and caves; " they sought out the miserable natives even in those dreary shades; they seized on the noble endowments of the church, and destroyed the buildings devoted to piety and education. O'Neill pathetically laments that by the in- tercourse of the Irish with the English, his countrymen had lost the fine features of the national character, " for," he says in his letter to the Pope, " instead of being like COMPARISON OF THE ENGLISH AND IRISH KACES. 81 our ancestors, simple and candid, we have become as art- ful and designing as themselves. " It must be confessed that the residences of the Irish, contrasting strangely with the splendor of their ecclesi- astical architecture, were in most instances mean and temporary, and suited only for a loose, pastoral people. They were slight and composed of hurdles. But this is not to be taken to support the charges of barbarism against the nation, which are completely belied by the course of education, in the management of cattle, in hus- bandry, in navigation, and in letters, which were admin- istered to their youth, the early commercial dealings with foreign nations, and the long possession of letters. But the social habits in almost every country in Europe were of a low nature, and their standard of social comfort was mean. Great contrasts noble castles, splendid edifices of piety, looking down upon mean structures of hurdles were not unusual in England at the time of the first Anglo-Saxon monarchs. Hume sums up THE CHARACTER OF THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE and doubtless they were not much ameliorated at the time of Henry II, by the Norman invasion in this man- ner: " They were in general a rude, uncultivated people, ignorant of letters, unskilled in the mechanic arts, un- tamed to submission under law and government, addicted to intemperance, riot and disorder. Their best quality was their military courage, which yet was not supported by discipline or conduct. Their want of fidelity to the prince, or to any trust reposed in them, appears strongly in the history of their later period. Even the Normans, notwithstanding the low state of the arts in their own country, characterize them as barbarians when they speak of the invasion made upon them by the Duke of Nor- mandy. The Normans brought with them their habits and their tastes, and some refinement, which was, as Hume says, slowly imparted to the Saxons; and the com- posite nation, when its adventurers first invaded Ireland, had achieved a certain degree of civilization. Settled 6 82 CONFISCATIONS UNDER JAMES I. there, they made no exertion to extend this to the na- tives; they acted merely as needy adventurers, seeking to make easy fortunes, and reckless of the ruin they wrought in the pursuit of wealth and power. In every recorded case, the disasters of conquest have been fol- lowed by social amelioration to the conquered people. ("I do not insist," says McNevin in his admirable work, "the Confiscation of Ulster," from which the materials of this sketch have been largely drawn. "I do not insist upon the arrangement that Ireland was never conquered. Yet it is not possible for any English historian to fix, with certainty, the date of the conquest. It certainly was nor in 1172, not yet in 1041. It was, perhaps, in 1800.) The Anglo-Norman invasion was an unrelieved and unatoned-for calamity to the Irish people; the invasion, up to the reign of James I. never having been completed, the policy of division, and the practices of petty and in- cessant warfare, were adopted from the first. Whatever superior civilization was enjoyed by the invaders was never imparted to the invaded people; he gave nothing but his vices to his new country. Entrenched within the stinted boundaries of the Pale, his only security was in the weakness of his " enemy," and this was effectually se- cured by the divisions which the native institutions of Tanistry and chieftainship enabled him to create amongst their numerous kings and princes. The social amelioration of the Irish nation was never thought of by the English adventurers ; the country was looked upon as so many estates, and the people as so many enemies. The legislation of the conquerer, the most remarkably cruel, ignorant, and selfish of any of which there is a remaining record, was carefully framed to obstruct the improvement of the nation. Statutes were passed to prevent intermarriages, and all those other social connections, fosterage, gossipred, etc., which the humanity of Irish customs taught, and which would have gradually led to a perfect union of the two nations. Laws were enacted and enforced preventing the exercise of any of the arts or pursuits of, peace. Amongst others, Irishmen could CONFISCATIONS UNDER JAMES I. 83 not enter English towns, nor trade with the inhabitants. It was impossible for the Irish either to improve their own institutions, or, assuming them to be superior, to adopt those of the Anglo-Normans. Their expulsion and ex- termination continued to be for centuries, the objects of government, which it sought to effect by remorseless cruelty, and by a policy even more cruel and relentless. The wars of the Pale the statute of Kilkenny the plantation of Munster and Ulster, were the very indica- tions of that settled policy. The resistance of the Irish was noble and continuous, but it was without plan, with- out unity, without any principal of concert, and it finally yielded to the warlike and politic genius of Lord Mountjoy. THE COMMISSIONERS AUTHORIZED BY JAMES in July and August, 1609, " to enquire of diverse things contained in said commission and articles of instruction thereunto annexed," were Sir Arthur Chicester, Lord Deputy; Henry, Lord Archbishop of Armagh; George, Lord Bishop of Deny; Sir Humphry Winch, Chief Jus- tice of the Common Pleas; Sir Thomas Ridgway, Treas- urer at War; Sir Oliver St. John, Master of the Ordnance; Sir Oliver Lambert, Sir Garrett Moore, Privy Councillors; Sir John Davies, Attorney General; William Parsons, Surveyor General. A jury of twelve men were duly sworn, and without any unnecessary delay, found, on the several inquisitions, that the Earl of Tyrowen, the Earl of Tyrconnell, Sir Cahir O'Doherty and others "did enter into rebellion, and at the time of the said entering into rebellion were seized in their demesne, as of fee, of," etc. Quick upon the finding of these inquisitions, which handed over to the King the ancient and princely inher- itances of the O'Neills and the O'Donnells, and the coun- tries of the O'Cahans, the Maguires, the O'Doghertys, the O'Reillys and a score of other ancient families or it may be submitted even before the format finding. A project was submitted by the Privy Council in Ireland, to the King and Council in England, for the division and plantation of the escheated lands in six several counties 84: PLANTATION OF ULSTER. in Ulster, namely: Tyrowen, Coleraine (now London- derry), Donegal, Fermanagh, Armagh and Cavan. " Whereas," says a state paper of the day, " great scopes and extent of land in the several counties of Armagh, Tyrowen, Coleraine, Donegal, Fermanagh and Cavan, within the Province of Ulster, are escheated and come to our hands by the attainder of traitors and rebels, and by other just and lawful titles, we have heretofore caused several inquisitions to be taken and surveys to be made, which being transmitted to us, we considered with our Privy Council, attending our person, how much it would advance the welfare of that kingdom if the said land were planted with colonies of civil men, and well affected in religion" The civil men were to be English, and prin- cipally Scotch those well affected in religion were, of course, to be Protestants the fulfilment of which condi- tions would lead to the extermination of the native races of Ireland, which was the manifest intention. In proof of which, the following conditions will amply prove: " Articles concerning the English and Scotch under- takers, who are to plant their portions with English and inland Scottish tenants. 1. His majesty is pleased to grant estates in fee farm to them and their heirs. 2. They shall yearly yield unto his majesty, for every proportion of one thousand acres, five pounds six shillings and eight pence English, and so rateably for the greater proportions, which is after the rate of six shillings and eight pence for every three-score English acres. But none of the said undertakers shall pay any rent until the expiration of the first two years, except the natives of Ire- land, who are not subject to the charge of transportation. 3. Every undertaker of so much land as shall amount to the greatest proportion of two thousand acres, or there- abouts, shall hold the same by Knight Service in capitej and every undertaker of so much land as shall amount to the middle proportion of fifteen hundred acres, or there- abouts, shall hold the same by Knight Service, as of the Castle of Dublin; and every undertaker of so much land as shall amount to the least proportion of a thousand PLANTATION OF ULSTER. 85 acres, or thereabouts, shall hold the same in Common Soccage; and there shall be no wardships upon the two first descents of that land.* 4. Every undertaker of the greatest proportion of two thousand acres shall within two years after the date of his letters patent, build thereupon a Castle with a strong court or bawn about it, and every Undertaker of the sec- ond or middle proportion of fifteen hundred acres shall, within the same time, build a stone or brick house there- upon, with a strong court or bawn about it, and every Undertaker of the least proportion of a thousand acres, shall within the same time, make thereupon a strong court or bawn at least, and all the said Undertakers shall desire their tenants to build houses for themselves and their families near the principal castle, house or bawn, for their mutual defense or strength. ***** 5. The said Undertakers, their heirs and assigns, shall have ready in their houses at all times a convenient store of armes, wherewith they may furnish a competent num- ber of able men for their defense, which may be viewed and mustered every half year, according to the manner of England. 6. Every of the said Undertakers, English or Scotch, before the ensealing of his letters patent, shall take the oath of Supremacy * * * * an( j shall also conform themselves in religion according to his Majesty's laws. 7. The said Undertakers, their heirs and assigns, shall not alien or demise their portions, or any part thereof, to the meer Irish, or to such persons as will not take the oath, and to that end a proviso shall be inserted in their letters patent. *Knight Service was a military tenure. The Act of 12th, Charles II, c. 24, which gave the coup de grace to the feudal sys- tem, extinguished these monstrous rights of Knight Service, and converted all such tenures into free and common Soccage. Soccage was of two sorts, Free and Villein. In one the services are certain and honorable, in the other are certain but of a baser kind. Soccage was a Saxon relique of liberty. The tenant returned for his land fealty and a certain rent. The services that were base are plowing, carrying out dung, making hedges, and other mean but useful employments. Blackstone's Com. Vol. 2, p. 60. 86 PLANTATION OF ULSTER. 8. Every Undertaker shall, within two years after the date of his letters patent, plant or place a competent number of English or inland Scottish tenants upon his portion, in such manner as the Commissioner shall pre- scribe. 9. Requires the residence of the Undertaker for five years from date of letters patent. 10. Stipulates conditions as to the aliening their por- tions during the five years, but after the said five years they shall be at liberty to alien to all persons, except the meer Irish, and such persons as will not take the oath, (meaning Catholics.) 11. Gives power to the Undertakers to erect manors and hold Courts Baron twice every year. 12. The said Undertakers shall not demise any part of their lands, at will only, but shall make certain estates for years, for life, in tail, or in fee simple. 13. Provides for certain fixed rents, and prohibits cut- tings, cocheries, and other Irish exactions upon their ten- ants. 14. Exempts said Undertakers from paying any cus- toms or imports on any commodities growing upon their lands. The most remarkable of these orders and conditions are those which are aimed at what the insolence of English pride has always termed " meer Irishry." The Irish, in the above articles, are exceptions to the exemption from rent on the ground that they being born to the soil, had no journey to make to take possession. Undertakers, those strange usurpers, are forbidden to demise to the " meer Irish," or to any tenant who will not take the oath of Supremacy, which was a practical exclusion of every Catholic. The King's tenants are allowed to alien, af- ter five years 1 possession, to any party except a Catholic or the " meer Irish." The plantation, though it did not fulfill its origin! idea grand and abominable of destroying an entire people, wrought some singular effects in the history of Ireland, and produced a strange influence on the fortunes of those kingly robbers by whom it was designed. In EXTERMINATION GENERALLY COUNSELED. 87 that remarkable colony which the first Stuart planted in the broad estates of Irish princes, nobles and warriors, his wretched son and grandson encountered the most inveterate hostility. On the banks of a memorable river that ran through the old territories of Ultonia, the last of the Stuarts, expiated his sins against Liberty. The crimes of the father were visited with usurious interest on the head of the son. The leading principle of the plantation, and the main idea of its designers was " the avoiding of the natives, and the planting only with British." Such a system was too vicious to endure. Extermination, which Spenser counseled, could alone have enabled the plantation to work well, by a total removal of the native owners of the lands, but, without death or banishment, entire exclusion was impossible; they mingled with the new population in a communion of hatred and ill will, and instead of a great nation, the fusion of many races, they have pre- sented for centuries the appearance of rival factions re- strained, and that only occasionally by law, from attempting mutual destruction. By incessant war, and by the intrigues of English policy, the entire people of Ireland had been reduced to the lowest scale of social life their lands were ravaged, the fruits of the earth destroyed, the villages of the peasants burned, the peas- antry themselves driven to the mountain fastnesses and the forests. The first object was to re-people the plains, to stud them with permanent residences, provided with all the necessities of civilized homes; to cluster together groups of habitation, where industrial association would in time produce commerce and create national wealth; and the provision given in the conditions for undertakers tended to procxire this desired result. Though the direc- tions with regard to castles and bawns, were not strictly complied with, yet villages and towns gradually arose in the escheated counties; strongly protected fortresses and mansions sprung up on every side; houses of worship not, indeed of the prescribed ancient faith of the people, the old inheritance of Ulster, but of new and hungry religionists, of discordant creeds, and schools for the 88 HEWERS OF WOOD AND DRAWEES OF WATER. education of youth, were seen in most parts of the North. But all these fair promises all these castles, churches, schools all this busy hum of industry, this trade and manufacture, were of small avail. The exclusion of the natives planted a germ of destruc'ion in the goodly enter- prise. Their extermination would have been a matter much to have been desired by English statesmen and Scotch adventurers. But it is not so easy to exterminate a peo- ple from their native soil. A milder course was adopted; life was awarded on the conditions of ill-paid labor and oppressive rents. The natives became hewers of wood and drawers of water, where they had once owned the soil and reaped for themselves its abundant fruits. Hence two elements were placed in continual and angry op- position ownership and usurpation, embittered by diver- sity of language, creed and race. The first fruits were visible in the affair of 1641, nor, though better prospects now appear, have the effects of the great error of this plantation altogether ceased. There was no true policy but this to exterminate or to consolidate; neither was adopted, and the result was that the plantation proved to be an unsuccessful experiment of reformation without any one ennobling act to atone for its many grievous wrongs, oppressions and cruelties. " THE SPIRIT OF RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION," says McGee, "was exhibited not only in the means taken to exterminate the peasantry, to destroy the northern chiefs, and to intimidate the Catholics of "The Pale" by abuse of law, but by many cruel executions. The prior of the famous retreat of Lough Dearg was one of the victims of this persecution; a priest of the name of O'Loughrane, who had accidentally sailed in the same ship with the Earls to France, was taken prisoner on his return, hanged and quartered. Conor O'Deveny, Bishop of Down and Connor, an octogenarian, suffered martyrdom with heroic constancy at Dublin, in 1611. Two years before, John, Lord of Brittas, was executed in like man- ner on a charge of having participated in the Catholic MEETING OF PARLIAMENT. 1613. 89 demonstration which took place at Limerick on the ac- cession of King James. Very unexpectedly to the nation at large, after a lapse of twenty-seven years, during which no Parliament had been held, writs were issued for the attendance of both Houses, at Dublin, on the 18th of May, 1613. The work of confiscation and plantation had gone on for several years without any sanction from the legislature. With all the efforts which had been made to introduce civil men into the country well affected in religion, it was cer- tain that the Catholics would return a large majority of the House of Commons, not only from the chief towns, but from the fifteen old and seventeen new counties, lately created. To counterbalance this majority, over forty boroughs, returning two members each, were created, by royal charter, in places thinly or not at all inhabited, or where towns were merely projected by the undertak- ers. At the elections, however, many " recusant law- yers" and other Catholic candidates were returned, so that when the day of meeting arrived one hundred and one Catholic representatives assembled at Dublin. The supporters of the government claimed one hundred and twenty-five votes, and six were absent, making the whole number 232. The Upper House consisted of fifty peers, of whom there were twenty-five Protestant Bishops. In a contest for the speakership, the House broke up in con- fusion, and the Lord Deputy finding the recusants reso- lute, prorogued the session. Both parties sent deputies to England to lay their complaints before the King. The Catholic spokesmen, Talbot and Luttrell, were received with a storm of reproaches, and the former committed to the Tower, and the latter to the Fleet Prison. They were shortly after released, and a compromise effected with the Castle party. " On the whole," says McGee, " both for the constitutional principles which they upheld, and the religious proscription which they resisted, the recusant minority in the Irish Parliament of James I, deserve to be held in honor." Ulster being already parceled out, and Munster undergoing a similar manipulation at the hands of the new Earl of Cork, there remained a fruit- 90 THE " DISCO VEEEES " AT WORK. ful field for a new commission under Sir William Parsons, Surveyor-General, the midland counties and Connaught. Of these they made the most in the shortest possible space of time. A horde of clerkly spies were employed under the name of " Discoverers " to ransack old Irish tenures in the archives of Dublin and London, with such good success, that in a very short time 66,000 acres in Wick- low, and 385,000 in Leitrim, Longford, the Meaths, and Kings and Queens counties, "were found, by inquisition, to be vested in the Crown." The means employed by the commissioners, in some cases, to elicit such evidence as they required, were of the most revolting description. In the Wicklow case, courts-martial were held, before which unwilling witnesses were tried on the charge of treason, and several were actually put to death. Archer, one of the number, had his flesh burned with red-hot iron, and was placed on a gridiron over a charcoal fire, till he agreed to testify anything his torturers demanded from him. When, in 1623, Pope Gregory XV, granted a dispensa- tion for the marriage of Prince Charles to the Infanta of Spain, James solemnly swore to a private article of the marriage treaty, by which he bound himself to suspend the execution of the Penal Laws, to procure their repeal in Parliament, and to grant a toleration of Catholic wor- ship in private houses. But the Spanish match was un- expectedly broken off, whereupon Charles married Hen- rietta, daughter of Henry IV, king of France. THE PLANTATION OF JAMES I was a blow aimed at the extermination of the natives as fully in intent as the murderous campaigns of Carew and Gray. It was resolved to improve upon former planta- tions. In the past efforts to colonize, the Irish had either been mixed with the English, that thereby they might acquire their habits of civility and industry, or else they were driven to the woods, which at the time, skirted the sides of the mountains and stretched along the banks of every river. The fertile plains were seized upon by the English settlers. But this did not work well. The Irish, PLANTATIONS IN ULSTER. 91 in the woods to which they had been driven, or in the sa- cred gloom of their forests, brooded over their wrongs and planned sure and fearful vengeance. They issued from their retreats, destroyed the settlements, burned the towns, waylaid the straggling parties, and covered the face of the country with fire and blood. The holds of Norman robbery were wrapped in flames; their flocks were driven from the open pastures to the mountains and the wood, their retainers were cut off in detail by ever watchful natives; and often above the noises of their revel- ry were heard the avenging war-cries of Tryconnell and Tyrowen. It was requisite to the success of the new plantation, that such consequences as are described above, should be carefully guarded against. It would ill suit the grave yeoman, the thrifty trader, and the cautious burgher, who were to be transplanted from the fields and towns of Britain, to have such neighbors in the woods. It was therefore prudently resolved to fix in the plains and open places the natives, whom the clemency of power still per- mitted to enjoy part in the distribution of the escheated lands. This was a wise resolution whether it would be politic to civilize or necessary to slay them. They were assembled under the eyes and fortresses of the new propri- etor, and from his square-built tower and his fortified bawn or courtyard, he who had despoiled might watch over and control them. The Irish tillers of the soil were admitted, but too lib- erally, to become tenants of the English and Scotch farm- ers, because they offered higher rents for lands, and ac- cepted smaller wages for labor. " The humane, and wise, and enlightened projects of the king and his counsellors were baffled by the want of co-operation on the part of the inferior agents of confiscation, and the completeness of the design was destroyed by the dangerous intrusion of the old natives." The project contains a statistic account of the different counties, not, however, accurately setting down the num- ber in acres in each, but only enumerating the escheated lands available to the purposes of the planters, and ex- 92 PLANTATIONS IN ULSTER. eluding unforfeited and church lands, and also excluding bogs, mountains, woods, lakes, and "other unprofitable scopes." That the success of the plantation, this favorite project of a long line of sovereigns, was, beyond doubt, a matter of intense interest to the English court. It so occurred that the division of the plunder and the conditions on which men held their land were not pleasing to all. The Scotchman preferred the Irish tenant and the Irish laborer to his own countryman, who was just as clever and as wise as himself the English Undertaker disliked the bur- then of building a huge quadrangular castle with flank- ing towers and immense circumambient wall. These dislikes begat much disobedience of the Rules and Or- ders; the castles and bawns were not built as intended; the planted ground became thickly peopled by the na- tives who in the plains increased as rapidly as they had in the woods and on the mountain side; they were grow- ing in the midst of their enemies a strange and alarm- ing presence. It was a just vengeance of nature upon these despoilers thus to increase the number of the Irish, but a cause of great perplexity and alarm to the English court. Commissions and superintendents were appointed, inquiries were directed, and reports made; the inveterate evil increased, the whole great plan promised arrant fail- ure; the fate of the Munster planters was remembered, and the doom of that great settlement was predicted for the Ulster plantation. "Amongst the number of inquirers who visited Ul- ster," continues MacNevin, " to point out the evils and to specify remedies, was Nicholas Pynnar, and fortunately for the history of the Plantation and for a better compre- hension of the habits and social arrangements of the day, his report has fully survived for our great edification. He was preceded by others who have left us no memorials or valueless ones of their labors, and it is from him that we are principally to learn the prospects of the Planta- tion at a period when it had a fair trial. He prosecuted his enquiry during four months at the latter end of 1618 and beginning of 1619. Not so garrulous as Sir John PLANTATIONS IN ULSTER. 93 Davies, he has told us nothing of the manner in which he executed his " survey." Neither is the survey itself very full or explanatory, but contains notices of men and things which are pleasufably quaint, and his brief sketches of the dwellings and habits of those who occupied the planted ground, are illustrative and informing. I have arranged this survey in an intelligible form, and have at- tached notes containing much of what Pynnar saw during his inquiry. I have from the Inquisition Book and the Patent Rolls of James and Charles, added the names of the attainted parties and the original patentees to his list of the occupiers in 1619, so that in one view the reader is presented with the history of the Plantation and the Order established in Ulster by this remarkable revolution. In many instances these records gave but meagre information. If we had a government in Ireland, all these public docu- ments would be arranged, edited and illustrated with notes. But they are not agreeable learning for Englishmen. As for Pynnar he never mentions any of the former posses- sors; he is as silent on the subject as if an O'Neill had never caroused in the castle of Dungannon, or an O'Don- nell fought on the plains of Donegal. The changes of proprietorship are very numerous, the original patentees having in a majority of instances either parted with their interest entirely, or let to tenants with very long leases. No doubt these patentees soldiers of fortune, captains, cutters and stabbers, dowagers and join- tresses and demireps of the court merely grasped the lands of Ulster to make a good traffic by their sale; hence we shall find in the following list repeated transference of the denominations from one to another, and a varying pro- prietorship which must have been very fatal to the quick success of the Plantation. There is another set of circum- stances on which I regret not to have been able to throw any light. There are some Irish secondary chiefs who were attainted, but on submission restored, and others who got back their own lands for a valuable consideration of base treachery towards their fellows; and I am not able, from the materials I had, to discriminate between these with sufficient accuracy. The historic interest of the Planta- 94 PLANTATION OF ULSTEB. tion ceases at the time of Pynnar's survey; a new order of things was then established, and a new proprietary; new relations sprung up which produced their effect in the subsequent war of 1641, and continued even to the present day. The following table, which yet I must acknowledge is still very imperfect, is compiled from Pynnar's survey, the book of Inquisitions in the reigns of James I and Charles I, from the Patent Rolls in the same reigns, com- piled in barbarous Latin and entirely unindexed and from other obscure and most unattractive sources": THE PLANTATION OF ULSTER. Being a Survey in the years 1618 and 1619 of the Lands and Settlements on the Lands escheated. I. COUNTY CAVAN o'RETLLY's COUNTRY, (Formerly called BREFNI O'REILLY.) 1. The Precinct of Clanchie, allotted to Scotch Undertakers. Denominations. Attainted Pro- prietors. Original Pat- Parties in Posses- entees. sion 1619. ACRES. Philip O'Reilley's 1 Castle An-] lands escheated un- 1 11 ] bignie 2 Keneth | 3.000 der Elizabeth, but were re-granted in 2 Lord Anbignie 2 P[ on JaS - Hamil - J, Citx-hel J succession to his sons 3 3 J 4 Kilclogan 1.000 and brothers who all 4 ohn Hamilton 4 John Hamilton 5 Dromuck 1,000 fell in arms for their 5 William Hamilton 6 Tauregie 1,000 country. The last 6 William Bealie attaint took place in Total, 6,000 James's reign, and the lands went as herein set down in the Plantation. 2. The Precinct of Castlerachan or Castlerahan, allotted to Serv- itors and Natives. Denominations. Attainted Pro- Original Pat- Parties in POSSCB- prietors. entees. sion 1619. AC RES. 1 Mullagh 1,000 1 Sir William n Taaffe > Sir Thomas Ashe 2 Carvyn 1,000 2 Sir Edmund Phet-2) The O'Reillys. tilace 3 Murmode 500 3 Lieutenant Garth 4 Loughram- 4 Captain Ridgeway4 Captain Culme nmr, 1,000 ft Miickon 41)0 ft'Sir John Elliot, knt. 6 90U 6 Shane Mac Philip 6 Slmne Mac Philip O'Reilly. O'Reilly Total. PLANTATION OF ULSTER. 95 3. The Precinct of Tallaghgarry, allotted to Scotch Servitors. Denominations. Attainted Pro- Original Pat- Parties in Posses prietors. entees. sion 1619. ACBF.8. 1 Tullavin 1,500 1 CaptH. Culme 1 Captain Hugh Culme and Archi- bald Moore, Esq. 2 Drnmsheel 750 2 Sir ThomasAshe 2 Sir Thomas Ashe and John Ashe 3 Itterryoutra 1,800 3 Mulmorie Mac P. 3 Mulmorie Mac P. O'Reilly O'Reilly 4 Liscannor 1.000 The O'Eeillys. 4 Captain Rpilly 4 Captain Reilly r> 3,000 5 Mulmorie Mac P. 5 Mulmorie Mac P. O'Reillv O'Reilly 6 Itterrery 2,000 6 Capt. R. Tyrrell 6 Capt. Richard Tyr- rell and William Tyrrell 7 Liscurcron 3,000 7 Maurice Mac Tel- 7 Maurice Mac Tcl- ligh ligh Total, 12,250 4. The Precinct of Loghtee, allotted to English Undertakers. Denominations. Attainted Pro- Original Pat- Parties in Posses- prietors. entees. sion 1619. ACRES. 1 Asrhieduff 1,5W) 1 John Taylor 21 Dromliill ,,,,, 21 SirR. Waldron, 2 1 Thomas Wal- 2/Dromein 2 ' 3j knight j dron 4 Dromany 2,000 4 John Fishe a Monaghan 1,500 5 Sir Hugh Warrall, knight. Pynaaj says it is now in Mr. Ad- wick's hands, though Sir Hugh The O'Reillya. hath it; but Py- naar is very dull. 6 Clonose 2,000 6 Sir Stephen But- ler, knt. For the town of Belturb- et there were allot- ted 3R4 7 Lisreagh 2,000 7 Retnald Home 7. Sir Geo. Mannc- rynge, kut. j 8. Tonagh 1,500 8 William Snow 8 Peter Aineaa Total, 12.8#4 5. The Precinct of Clonemahotcn, allotted to Servitors and Natives. Denominations. Attainted Proprio- Origin 1 ! Patentees. Parties in possession tors. 1619. 1 Carig 2 Tullacullen 5 Commet 6 Wateragh Total, 1,000 1.000 500 2,000 6.SUO 1 Lord Lambert 1 Lord Lambert. 2 Capt. Lyons; Jos. 2 Ditto. Jones The O'Reillys. 3 Lieut. Atkinson; 3 Archibald Moore Lieut. Riissell 4 Capt. Fleming 4 Captain Fleming 5 Mul Mac Hugh 5 Mill. Mac Hugh O'Reilly B Philip Mac TilroKU O'Reilly. 6 Philip Mac Tirlogh yb PLANTATION OF ULSTER. 6. The Precinct of Tullaghconcho allotted to Scotch Undertakers. Denominations. AttaintedProprie- Original Patent- PartjesHn^posses- AORF.S. 1 Carotobber \ -v^ 1 \ Sir Alexander 1 \ Jane, widow to 2 Clontine J - lm 2j Hamilton 2J Claude Hamilton 3 Clomy 1,000 3 Sir Claude Ham- 3 The aforesaid Jane The O'Reillys. ikon Claude's widow 4 Drumhe- ") . ") Alexander and 4\Sir James Craig. dagh V 2,000 I V Jolin Augh- 6j knight. 5 Kelagh ) ) mootie 6 Carrowndown- 6 John Browue 6 Archibald Acheson an 1,000 Total, 6,000 7. The Precinct of Tallaghehagh, allotted to Servitors and Natives. Denominations. Attainted Proprie- tors. Original Paten- tees. Parties in Posses- sion 1619. ACRES. 1 Ballyconnell 1,500 2 2,000 3 Larga 1.000 4 1.000 The O'Reillys. 1 Captain Culme 2 Sir R. Crimea 3 William Parsons 4 One Maguaran "a native" 1 Captain Culme and Walter Talbot 2 Sir Richard and Sir Gt-o. Grimes, knights 3 William Parsons 4 Maguaran Total, 5,."00 THE COUNTY OP FERMANAGH MAC GUIRE's COUNTRY. 1. The Precinct of Knockninny, allotted to Scotch Undertakers. Attainted Pro- Original Pat- Parties in Posses unations. prietors. entees. sion in 1619. ACKE8. 1 Carowshee, or 3,000 Hugo Mac Guire, 1 Lord Burleigh 1 Sir Jamns Belford, Belford, i.e., son of Coconnaueht knight, this denomi- Mac Guire, was the nation and Lord of Fermanagh, some others, and was killed in re- "In a remote bellion against Eliz- place and out abeth. His estates of all good form the subject of way." these grants. t Aghalane 1,000 The secondary 2 Lady Kinkelt 2 Mr Adwirk 3 Pristernan 1.000 chiefs were the Mac 3 James Traile 3 MrAdwk-k 4 Kilspenan 1.500 Gillan nnans, Mac 4 Lord Mountwha- 4 Sir Stephen But- Manuses, and the nv ler, kni^ut 5 Leytrim 1,500 O'Flanugans, etc. 6 Sir John \\hinher ft Ditto r> Derryanye 1,000 6 George Suiel- 6 Ditto homo Total, 9,000 PLANTATION OF ULSTER. 97 2. TJte Precinct of Clancalli/ or Clankellie, allotted to English Undertakers. Denominations. Attainted Proprie- tors. Original Paten- Parties in Posses- teee. sion 1619. ACRES. 1 Latgar 1,. 1 Cornechino 500 1 Sir John Davies, 1 Sir John Davies, knt. knight 2 Ballemoore 1,500 2t^ir Oliver St. 2 Sir Oliver St. John John 3 Ballemone- 3 Lord Moire 3 Lord Moire han i.ono 4 Claire 2.00U The O'Neills, etc. 4 HenryBourchier 4 Henry Bonrchier, afterwards Earl of Bath 5 1,000 5 Capt. Anthony 5 Captain Anthony Smith Smith 6 Curiator 2(0 6 Lieutenant 6 Lieutenant Pos'ns Poyns 7 Camlogh 1,000 7 Henry M'Shane 7 Sir Toby Caulfield O'Neill Total, 7,200 The policy inaugurated by JAMES WAS CONTINUED UNDER CHARLES I. Wentworth, the Irish Lord Lieutenant, continued the commission as to defective titles in Connaught. Charles, not receiving grants from the English parliament, hit upon this happy plan of fleecing the Irish. Little resistance was encountered. Sir Lucas Dillon, the ancestor of the present Viscount Dillon, who has recently acted with such savage cruelty towards his tenantry in Mayo, was foreman of the ]ury or commission, and was commended by Went- worth for his judicious findings, and amply rewarded out of the confiscated lands. Little resistance was made un- til Galway was reached, and then the honest Wentworth became indignantly virtuous, but graver matters demand- ed his attention about this time. The parliament was in REVOLT AGAINST CHARLES; AND THE SCOTCH COVENANTERS came to his assistance, much to the dismay of Charles. Now surely was a splendid opportunity for the Irish chiefs and people, and they determined to avail them- selves of it. Communications were established between the exiled Irish officers. A fund was contributed by them from their scanty pay, and envoys were sent to sound the confederates in Ireland. Roger O'More of Leix, an Irish gentleman, seems to have been the leading spirit at home, 104: THE INSURRECTION OF 1641. while John, son of Hugh O'Neill, and titular Earl of Ty- rone, was the acknowledged leader of the Irish in Europe. On the latter's death he was succeeded by Col. Owen (Roe) O'Neill, an officer of the Spanish army. The prin- cipal abettors of O'More in Ireland were Maguire, Lord of Fermanagh; Heber McMahon, Vicar of Clogher; Sir Phelim O'Neill, Sir Connor Magennis and Hugh Oge Mc- Mahon. The time of the rising was fixed for the 23d of Octo- ber, 1641, and the plan of campaign agreed upon was to seize on all fortresses within reach of the friends of the confederation; also the castle of Dublin, which at that time contained arms for 12,000 men. "All the details of the project," says McGee, " were carried into effect, except the seizure of Dublin Castle, the most difficult, as it would have been the most decisive blow to strike." The government of England was completely baffled "In one night," says A. M. Sullivan; "the people swept out of sight, if not from existence, every vestige of English rule throughout three provinces. The forts of Charle- rnont and Mountjoy, and the town of Dungannon were seized on the night of the 22nd by Phelim O'Neill, or his lieutenants. On the next day, Sir Connor Magennis took Newry; the McMahons possessed the towns of Carrick-ma-cross and Castle Blayney; the O'Hanlons, Tanderagee, while Roger Maguire and Philip O'Reilly raised Cavan and Fermanagh." Charles Gavan Duffy, in the most powerful ballad which he has written, thus expresses the feelings of the Irish nation after the triumph of 1641: "Joy! joy! the day has come at last, the day of hope and pride, And see! our crackling bonfires light old Bann's rejoicing tide, And gladsome bell and bugle, from Newry's captured towers; Hark! how they tell the Saxon swine the land is ours is OURS. "Glory to God, my eyes have seen the ransomed fields of Down, My ears have drunk that cry, stout Phelim hath his own. Oh! may they see and hear no more; oh! may they rot to clay When they forget the triumph in the conquest of to-day. "Now, now, we'll teach the shameless Scot to purge his thievish maw; THE INSURRECTION OF 1641. 105 Now, now, the courts must fall to prey for justice is the law; Now. shall the undertaker square for once his loose accounts, We'll strike, brave boys, a fair result from all his false amouats. "Come, trample down their robber rule,and smite their venal spawn- Their foreign laws, their foreign church, their ermine and their lawn, With all the specious fry of foreign fraud that robbed us of our own, And plant our ancient standard once again beside our lineal throne." The failure to seize Dublin Castle was owing to the traitorous conduct of one Conolly, the only Irish traitor of 1641, and the ancestor of the Conolly's of Donegal. Col. McMahon, to whom the task of seizing the castle was entrusted, was captured in his lodgings the night of the " rising," as was Lord Maguire, but O'More, and Plunkett and the other confederates escaped. The charges of cruelty brought against the Irish of that period, bears a striking resemblance to the Irish out- rages manufactured by the English press at the present time. There is no foundation for the accusations. The reply of Sir Connor Magennis to the English officers at Down indicates pretty thoroughly the spirit of the Irish. " We are " he said ''fighting for our lives and liberties. We desire no blood to be shed; but if you mean to shed our blood, be sure that ice are as ready as you for that purpose" The facts are that the English soldiery prac- ticed all kinds of barbarities upon the native Irish whom they made prisoners, and being unable to hold their own in, or at last to penetrate into Ulster, Munster, or Connaught, they wreaked vengeance on the Anglo-Catho- lics of the Pale. The noblemen and gentry protested to no purpose; their loyalty was unquestioned, but it prob- ably arose from cowardice. The revolt was hitherto con- fined to the Celtic portion of the people. The Saxons of the Pale had no more sympathy with Celtic Catholics than the English Catholics of the present day have with the Irish Catholics. Duffy, from whom we have already quoted, shows how little the Irish trusted the Barnwells, the Trimlestons, and the other loyal gentlemen of the Pale. 106 THE INSURRECTION OF 1641. "Let Silken Hpwth and savage Slave still kiss the tyrant's rod, And Pale Dunsany still prefer His master to his God." "Natheless their creed they hate us still," but events made the gentlemen of the Pale unite with the Irish. The puritan soldiery not satisfied with butchering the peasantry and sacking their houses, occasionally ex- tended their courteous attentions to the nobility and gentry. The gentlemen who preferred and have always " preferred their master to their God" took alarm ; a meet- ing was called in some portion of the county Meath. Most of the Catholic noblemen of the Pale attended, and invitations were secretly sent by the bolder spirits to the insurgent leaders. O'Reilly, McMahon, Byrne and Fox attended, mutual explanations were made, and an alliance formed. The Catholic Bishops met at Kells in March, 1642. As a result of both meetings a general assembly of " the lords spiritual and temporal and the gentry of their party" was convoked at Kilkenny, in October, 1643. Eleven Bishops and fourteen lay lords represented the Irish peerage ; two hundred and twenty- six commoners, the large majority of the constituencies." Lord Mountgarret presided, and a supreme council of six members from each province was appointed to act as a provisional government. This council included the Bishops of^Armagh, Tuam, Clonfert, Dublin and Down, and the lords Mountgarret, Roche, Gormanstown, and Mayo, and fifteen of the most eminent commoners. This body became the ruling power of Ireland and was most loyally obeyed by the people. " It undertook," says Mr. Sullivan, " all the functions properly appertain- ing to its high office; coined money at a national mint; appointed judges; sent ambassadors abroad, and com- missioned officers to the national army amongst the lat- ter being Owen Roe O'Neill. The Anglo-Irish faction in the confederation was too strong, and no sooner did the king express his desire to come to terms," than all their former loyalty returned. Indeed, as we have said before, it was not through patriotism, but cowardice, they ever THE BATTLE OF BEKBUKB. 107 united with the Irish. Dissensions soon sprang up, the peace-at-any-price party wanted everything their own way, the Irish properly refused to unite in so slavish a policy, and determined to fight in the " open field, fairly, for land and life." The Anglo-Irish lords entered into negotiations with Ormonde, the Lord Lieutenant, only to be betrayed by that astute nobleman. A truce was agreed upon, but not observed by the English, for " Black Morrough " O'Brien and Scotch Monroe continued their ravages as if there were no truce. Aid soon came to the Irish in the shape of money, arms, and munitions of war "wine "from the royal Pope. The papal nuncio, John Baptist Rinnucini came in person and brought $36,000, no inconsiderable sum in those days. Luke Wadding forwarded 2,000 muskets, 2,000 cartouche belts, 4,000 swords, 2,000 pikeheads, 400 brace pistols, 20,000 pounds of powder, with match, shot, and other stores. The nuncio, unlike some of latter date, took sides with the national party, repudiated all com- promise with the king, but the slavish party were in a majority and concluded peace with Ormond. The Irish party took the field under Owen Roe O'Neill. Monroe had been marauding and massacreing in Ulster. O'Neill inarched to meet him at Benburb, where the English and Scotch forces were utterly routed on the 5th of June, 1G46. This victory gave great joy to the Irish. They felt that in Owen Roe they had a leader who was equal in strategy, and superior in prowess to any of the English generals. The Anglo-Irish general Preston defected to the English and united his forces with Inchiquin " Black Morrough." The war from then until THE ADVENT OF CROMWELL was desultory and carried on chiefly on the Guerilla plan. The most infamous cruelties were practiced on the Irish who fell into the hands of Inchiquin, at one place twenty priests were dragged from under the altar by the soldiers and massacred in cold blood yet such was the party with whom the sleek, slavish Anglo-Catholic gentry the ancestors of the " base, brutal, and bloody" Whigs, as 108 CROMWELL IN IRELAND. O'Connell called them, of latter times entered into an unholy alliance. Verily the people of Ireland have learned a lesson or two, when they regard the descend- ants of these men with suspicion. Let us hope the feel- ing will thrive and grow. While these things were transpiring in Ireland, CHARLES FLED FROM ENGLAND, but trusting to the loyalty of his Scotch subjects was be- trayed and executed. Cromwell soon quelled all opposi- tion in England. He then turned his attention to Ire- land, where, in the language of Mr. Froude, he saw need for a sterner and firmer policy. No need to enter into the sickening details of Crom- well's campaigns in Ireland. The untimely death of Owen Roe O'Neill left the Irish people without a leader, the treachery of the Anglo-Irish party left them without munitions of war. Cromwell had little to contend with. Massacres, butcheries, burnings, hangings and the most loathsome and savage cruelties became the order of the day. The stories of Drogheda and Wexford have often been told. " To hell orConnaught," is an expression graven in the memory of every Irishman. The expatriation of the Irish followers, soldiery and gentry to Europe, the banish- ment of women and children to starve and die and rot in the West Indies; Sir William Petty says that six thousand were thus banished, but adds that the Irish put the num- ber as high as 100,000. The Committee of Council voted one thousand girls and as many youths to be taken up for the purpose" of making them English and Christian in the West Indies. This pious proceeding was carried out at the request of Cromwell. As a matter of course, the estates of the Irish gentry and people were confis- cated and given to Cromwell's troopers. The most brutal laws were enacted to put down the Catholic religion. "The Parliamentary Commissioners in Dublin published a proclamation by which, and other edicts, any Catho- lic priest found in Ireland after twenty days, was guilty of High Treason, and liable to be hanged, drawn and quartered; any person harboring such clergyman was liable to the penalty of death and loss of goods and THE OATH OF SUPREMACY. 109 chattels, and any person knowing the place of concealment of a priest and not disclosing it to the authorities, might be .publicly whipped, and further punished with am- putation of the ears. "Any person absent from the parish church (protestant) on a Sunday was liable to a fine of thirty pence: magis- trates might take away the children of Catholics and send them to England for education, and might tender THE OATH OF SUPREMACY. " I, A B, do reject and abjure the supremacy of the Roman Pontiff, and assert that he has no jurisdiction over the Catholic church in general, or myself in particu- lar. I abjure the doctrine of transubstantiation, purga- tory, and the worship of the crucifix, or other images. I abjure, moreover, the doctrine which teaches that salvation is to be procured by good works. This I swear without any gloss, equivocation, or mental reservation, so help me God." "To all persons at the age of 21 years, who, on refusal, were liable to imprisonment during pleasure, and the for- feiture of two-thirds of their real and personal estates." " The same price of five pounds," continues Mr. Haverty, " was set on the head of a priest, and on that of a wolf, and the production of either head was a sufficient claim to the reward." " At an office or bureau," says Mr. A. M. Sullivan, "appointed by the government for the purpose, a lottery was held, whereat farms, houses, and estates from which the owners had been driven, were being 'drawn' by or on behalf of the soldiers and officers of the army, and the ' adventurers' i. e., petty shopkeepers in London, and others who had lent money for the war on the Irish." This was the firm rule, the stern government, and these the measures which have so won the admiration of James Anthony Froude. There is little to be said in reference to the history of Ireland during the reign of Charles II. Many of the exiled Irish aided that monarch in obtaining the throne of his father, but the Stuarts were never remarkable for 110 WRETCHED CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE. gratitude, and Ireland received not the slightest return for the services of her children. The Anglo-Irish ex- pected much from the new king. They were totally un- deceived. Whether Stuart or Tudor, Plantagenet or Hanoverian, Protestant or Catholic, occupied the throne of England was all the same to Ireland. She was scourged and robbed, her people libelled, her aspirations scoffed at, her feelings mocked. Thank God the Irish people are " disloyal to the heart's core." With the exception of a few fawning sycophants, they hate and detest England and its government; they are " Irishmen to the backbone and spinal marrow." The settlement of the soldiery on the. lands of Ireland by the Parliament after the Cromwellian war, was a scheme of vaster proportions and more lasting effects than any preceding attempt which had been made by the English to utterly extirpate the native population. " In one year and a half," says Spenser, in his view of the state of Ireland, " they were brought to such wretchedness as any stony heart would have rued the sight of. Out of every corner of the woods and glynns they came forth on their hands, for their legs could not bear them. They looked like anatomies of death, and spoke like ghosts crying out of the grave; they flocked to a plat of watercresses as to a feast, though it afforded them small nourishment, and ate dead carrion, happy where they could find it, and soon after scraped the very carcasses out of the graves." Yet this " gentle poet" only describes this warfare, and all its attendant horrors, in order to recommend it for adoption by the Earl of Essex in the war then on foot against Hugh O'Neill; and though Essex did not fully carry out that ruthless plan, Lord Mountjoy, who succeeded him, did, by burning all the houses and destroying the corn and cattle, till the dead lay unburied in the fields in thousands. Prendergast quotes the following from a letter of the 'Commissioners of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England for the af- fairs of Ireland:' " DUBLIN, 1st July, 1650. " Last Monday, Col. Hewson, with a considerable body NEW EFFORT TO PLANT ENGLISHMEN ON THE LAND. Ill from hence, marched into Wicklow. Col. Hewson doth now intend to make use of scythes and sickles that were sent over in 1G49, with which they intend to cut down the corn growing in those parts which the enemy is to live upon in the winter time, and thereby, for want of bread and cattle the Tories may be left destitute of provisions, and so forced to submit and quit those places." Under this destructive system of war, the country was becoming a waste, without cattle and without inhabitants. Towards the close of the year 1G53, the island seemed sufficiently desolated to allow the English to occupy it. On the 26th of September in that year the parliament passed an act for the new planting of Ireland with English. The government reserved for themselves all the towns, all the church lands and tithes. They reserved also for them- selves the four counties of Dublin, Kildare, Carlow and Cork. Out of the lands and tithes thus reserved the gov- ernment were to satisfy public debts, private favorites, eminent friends of the republican cause in parliament, re- gicides, and the most active of the English rebels, not be- ing of the army. They next made ample provision for the adventurers, the amount granted to whom was 360,000. This they divided into three lots, of which 110,000 was to be sat- isfied in Munster, 205,000 in Leinster, and 45,000 in Ulster, and the moiety of ten counties was charged with the payment. Waterford, Limerick, and Tipperary, in Munster ; Meath, Westmeath, King's and Queen's coun- ties, in Leinster ; and Antrim, Down, and Armagh, in Ulster. But as it was required by the adventurer's act to be done by lot, a lottery was appointed be held in Grocer's Hall, London, for the 20th of July, 1653, where lots should be first drawn, in which project each adven- turer was to be satisfied, not exceeding the specified amounts in any province ; secondly, lots were to be drawn to ascertain in which of the ten counties each ad- venturer was to receive his land. And, as it was thought it would be a great encouragement to the adventurers ^who were for the most part merchants and tradesmen) about to plant in so wild and dangerous a country, not 112 CKOMWELI/S PLANTATION. yet subdued, to have soldiers planted near them. These ten counties, when surveyed, were to be divided, each county by baronies, into two moieties, as equally as might be, without dividing any barony. A lot was then to be drawn by the sdventurens, and by some officer op- pointed by the Lori General Cromwell on behalf of the soldiery, to ascertain which baronies in the ten counties the adventurers should have and which the soldiers. The rest of Ireland, except Connaught, was to be set out among the officers and soldiers. Space will not permit any account of the difficulties en- countered, the sufferings endured by the people in the efforts to enforce this wholesale transplantation of a nation. But the whole sad and wonderful story is graph- ically and circumstantially told in the excellent work of John P. Prendergast, entitled "The Cromwellian Settle- ment," an edition of which has been issued in New York by P. M. Haverty. THE SUPPRESSED INDUSTRIES OF IRELAND. WHY HAS IRELAND NO MANUFACTURES? The question is frequently asked, Why has Ireland no manufactures? Why has she no commerce? W T hy has she always remained merely an agricultural country? The sea surrounds her as it surrounds the adjacent islands; the oceans are for her as well as for England. She has ninety harbors; no point of her hills or plains is more than fifty miles from navigable \vater. Her broad rivers are empty arteries, through which no current of national trade runs. In her soil are coal, copper ore, lead, zinc, nickel, gypsum, potters' clays, building stone, slate and marble. Why has she remained merely an agricultural country, with no income from any source but the products of the land which aliens have stolen? THE REASON WHY IRISH INDUSTRY LANGUISHES. It is a dry story, and it is as sad as it is dry. Ireland, in spite of her natural advantages, has no great manufac- tures because it has never been consistent with the com- mercial interests of her landlord England that she should have any. The English, by robbery and confis- cation, got possession of the land; they found it of ines- timable richness for cereal and pastoral purposes. It was convenient for them to limit the energies of the Irish people strictly to agriculture; they preferred to keep to themselves a monopoly of the markets for those manufac- 8 (113) UNSCRUPULOUS INTERFERENCE WITH TRADE. tured articles producable in Ireland, which could also be produced in England. They did not propose to permit a mere dependent whom they could take by the throat to rise into an industrial competitor. The Irish people made sturdy efforts from time to time to foster their manufactures; but the iron hand of English legislation was promptly put forth to strangle each infant industry as it began to give signs of life. THE CLOTHING TRADE DISCOURAGED IN 1636. " There is little or no manufactures among them," wrote Lord Strafford in 1636, while governing Ireland for the English crown; "but some small beginnings toward a clothing trade, which I had and so should still discourage all I could, unless otherwise directed by His Majesty and their Lordships (the king's council); in regard it would trench not only on the clothings of England, being our stable commodity, so as if they should manufacture their own wool, which grew to very great quantities, we should not only lose the profit we make now by indressing their wools, but his majestv lose extremely in his customs, and, in conclusion, it might be feared they might beat us out of the trade itself by underselling, which they are able to do." In Strafford's now quaint phrases is laid down the principle which has ever framed English policy toward Irish manufactures. This policy is easily analyzed. England seized the land in Ireland. By taxing it for all it was worth, in the form of rents, she prevented tho people from accumulating money which could be used as capital to start manufactures. INFAMY OF ENGLAND ON THE CURRENCY AND COINAGE. Not content with this, she imposed upon Ireland a base and spurious currency which she inflated or con- tracted, or debased, at her will. Thus, for centuries, while other nations were developing industries, and extending trade by land and water, Ireland was deprived of cap- ital to begin manufactures at home, and the worthlessness of her currency made it undesirable for the enterprise of other countries to seek her shores and promote indus- trial barter. COMPOSITION OF IRISH PARLIAMENTS. 115 In spite of the constant drain of money out of the island ; in spite, too, of the vicious and unscrupulous interference with the currency, some manufactures, those which the peculiar resources of the country rendered easiest of cul- tivation, appeared. The English government practically suppressed them. As often as they eluded the vigilance of the English manufacturers, and sprang up again, they were subjected to grievous restrictions ; and this course was maintained until the passage of the act of legislative union between Ireland and England in 1800, when it was stipulated that the trade of the two countries should be put on the same legal basis. This condition of the act was not carried out, for cross-channel duties were not abolished until 1875. To-day the laws apparently put no obstacle in the way of Irish manufactures; but the leg- islation of centuries had previously accomplished its pur- pose so effectually that repeal of the restraining and pro- hibitory statutes was almost harmless to English inter- ests. Before entering upon the history of Irish money and the suppression of Irish manufactures in those early pe- riods, when a sure foundation could have been laid, it is necessary to say a word explanatory of the act of legisla- tive union. THERE WERE NOMINAL IRISH PARLIAMENTS, from the thirteenth century up to the close of the eigh- teenth. But they were merely recording agents for the will of the English crown. They were composed at first chiefly of the English colonists and their dependents; the natives were almost wholly excluded from them. It would have been impossible to prevent numbers of the Irish from getting in, had not the penal laws come to the res- cue of the government. Under these only the people who professed the faith prescribed by the English crown were eligible to membership in or to vote for members of the Irish Parliament. As four-fifths of the people of Ireland never adopted that form of faith, they were abso- lutely obliterated from representation, directly or indirect- ly. During part of the seventeenth and the whole of the 116 PROTEST ANT PATRIOTISM IN 1782. eighteenth century, the Irish Parliaments consisted of rep- resentatives of only one-fifth of the nation. This minor- ity, exclusively protestant, governed the country agreea- bly to the orders of the English crown until the time of Swift. PARLIAMENTARY INDEPENDENCE 1782. A patriotic feeling then was engendered within it, and in 1782 Grattan induced the parliament to declare that it was independent of the English parliament, and had the sole right to make laws for Ireland. The American war had compelled the English crown to withdraw the reg- ular troops from Ireland, and permit the enrollment of Irish volunteers for coast defense, in case of threatened invasion by the French. These volunteers, 80,000 in number, were in sympathy with the patriot party in the Irish parliament, and rather than run the risk of rebellion the English Government consented to the independence of the parliament, but the volunteers were disbanded. For eighteen years the Irish parliament continued inde- pendent to the extent of originating legislation, a privi- lege it had not previously enjoyed. It still represented only one-fifth of the people; but it manifested a strong tendency toward repealing the penal code which dis- franchised the other four-fifths, and evinced so thoroughly enterprising a spirit in relation to Irish industry and manufactures that the English government determined to sweep it out of existence. A PROGRAMME OP UNBLUSHING BRIBERY was arranged, and 1,260,000 was expended in the pur- chase of members, many of whom were rewarded besides with titles of " nobility." It should be said in explana- tion of this astounding transaction that most of the members were English sympathizers in politics, and all in all religion. The Irish Parliament ceased to exist in 1800. ENGLAND HAS NEVER HAD ANY MONEY TO SPARE TO ENCOURAGE IRISH INDUSTRY. She has always been able to spend millions to put down COINAGE FOE IRELAND. 117 insurrection and to degrade morality. Elizabeth spent 3,000,000 in her Irish wars; the suppression of the re- bellion of '98 covering a period of about five months cost the English Crown from 30,000,000 to 50,000,- 000. To transfer the seat of legislation from Dublin to London, she could spend a million and a quarter pounds. But the government cannot loan a dollar to the Irish farmer, of the money stolen from him, for the occupancy of land stolen from his fathers cannot spend a shilling reclaiming waste lands or draining bogs, and did not even provide a primary school for the people it robbed of their schools until thirty-five years ago. SOME REMARKS ON" COINAGE FOR IRELAND BY ENGLISH ROYAL THIEVES. No chapter in the history of the relations of the two countries more perfectly exhibits the malice of England and the helplessness and misery of Ireland than that cov- ering the coinage. Gold and silver were used at a very early period among the Irish. The first coinage of English money did not occur until 1210, when King John caused pennies, half-pennies and farthings to be coined of the same weight as those in Ireland. In the reign of Ed- ward III the ounce of silver which had been previously cut into twenty deniers, was ordered into twenty six. In the reign of Henry VI brass money was thought good enough for Ireland. In 1465 it was ordered that all the gold coins struck in England during six reigns should be raised in value in Ireland, the "noble" from eight shil- lings and four pence to ten shillings, and its fractional parts in the same proportion twenty per centum. In 1467 an act was passed by which the value of the English silver coin was made double what it had been in the previ- ous reign. The result was, of course, a sudden increase in prices, producing general distress, and the only remedy supplied was a further corruption of the currency in the form of new base coins. In 1473 an act was passed to raise the value of silver still higher. In 1476 there was a scarcity of money; the coin was again debased, so that in 1509 it was necessary to determine the value of coins 118 BRASS MONEY. by weighing them. When Henry VIII assumed the title of "King of Ireland" he caused new coins to be struck in his honor, and, not wishing to thrust them on the people of England on account of their baseness, it was made a crime punishable with fine treble their value and imprison- ment, to import them from Ireland into England. Not content with this, he ordered BRASS COINED IN IRELAND, and, by proclamation, made it current money. Queen Mary improved the standard of money in England ; but Ireland was specifically excepted from the act, and brass teas ordered coined for that island; in her reign, and in that of her two successors, over twenty-two thousand pounds of brass money was thrust upon Ireland. This shows that the oppression of Ireland by England has not been dictated solely by religious animosity. The relig- ion professed upon the English throne never made any difference in the English policy enforced in Ireland. Queen Elizabeth ordered the ounce of silver cut into sixty pennies; it had previously been cut into twenty. The Queen decreed that shillings of the value of nine pence in England pass for twelve pence in Ireland; and it was subsequently ordered that all moneys current in England should be considered only bullion in Ireland, without le- gal value as money, a new standard of base moneys being provided for the latter. The mixture was coined in Eng- land and forced upon Ireland; goods and provisions rose at once; the landlord did not reduce his raised rent when the sterling money was subsequently restored; and the poor tenant, upon whom the most of the burden finally fell, found himself compelled to pay three hundred per cent, more than the price he had contracted for. James I made a partial effort to remedy the evils pro- duced by the Elizabethan legislation, but in 1609 it was ordered that the English shilling should pass in Ireland for sixteen pence, and the melting of gold and silver coin was prohibited under severe penalty. English money was at this time current in Ireland and the crown desired to prevent any reduction of it, even for art or industrial PLENTY AND CHEAP CURKEXCT. 119 purposes. The twenty-shilling piece passed for twenty- six shillings and eight pence. Exchange between Dublin and London was twenty-one shillings for fifteen. During the reign of Charles I, several attempts were made to de- range the circulating medium still more, but the English adventurers and tradesmen found their own pockets the sufferers, and their influence effected the issuance of a proclamation requiring all payments to be made in ster- ling English money; but, lest the Irish should construe this as an act of justice to them, the same document de- creed the effacement of all Irish symbols upon the coins. Charles II, after the restoration, granted a patent for twenty-one years to Sir Thomas Armstrong for coining copper farthings for Ireland and the circulation of all others was forbidden. In 1602 the king granted another patent to three goldsmiths for twenty-one years for coin- ing silver money, on condition of paying to him twelve pence out of every pound troy. In spite of all these efforts to make money " plenty and cheap," currency was so scarce that in 1672 several Irish towns struck coins of their own. The government, pre- ferring to keep the profitable monopoly in its own hands, promptly issued proclamations making the town coinage illegal. The day after King James arrived in Dublin from France he inflated the currency. English gold was raised twenty per cent., silver eight and one-third. This did not prove adequate to the necessities; he therefore established two mints, one in Limerick and one in Dublin, and coined money composed of brass and copper mixed, to be taken for, respectively, six pence, twelve pence and half a crown. This money was made legal tender for all debts. Brass guns were melted into coin. And mos.t extraordinary inducements were offered for metal deliv- ered at the mint. Loans were solicited, payable on de- mand, with ten per cent, interest. The compound issued as money the people were compelled to take; any one Avho refused it was subjected to severe legal penalties. The coins were a curious mixture, according to Wake- field, of old guns, broken bells, old copper, brass and pewter, old kitchen utensils and the refuse of metals. 120 WOOD'S PATENT COPPER PENNIES. The workmen in the mint valued it at three or four pence the pound weight; it was legally current at any value the English king put upon it. When he left the coun- try he and his fellows carried off with them large quanti- ties of gold and silver, leaving the trash, over six million pounds of pretended " money," to their Irish victims. King William III made his money proclamation, of course; he reduced the value of King James' coins, mak- ing the crown and half crown pass for a penny each, and the shilling and six pence for a farthing. In the last year of his reign he reduced the price of gold and silver in Ireland. Queen Anne made no money for Ireland but " regulated " what her predecessors had made, and George I enjoys having roused into activity that surly lion, Dean. Swift, by issuing the famous patent to William Wood for the manufacture of copper half pence and farthings for exclusive use in Ireland. One pound of copper was to be coined into two shillings and six pence; one hundred tons were to be issued for the first year, and twenty tons each succeeding year. His Majesty's share of the profits was fixed at eight hundred pounds per annum, and his comptrollers at two hundred pounds per annum. The loss to Ireland would have been over sixty thousand pounds. The Protestants in Ireland had by this time sufficient strength to resist so enormous a swindle; and their sturdy spirit was expressed by Swift in the amusing " Drapier's Letters." The coin in the island then was estimated by Primate Boulter at about four hundred thousand pounds. The consequence of the introduction of Wood's cheap copper, he apprehended would be " the loss of our silver and gold, to the ruin of our trade and manufacture, and the sinking of all our estates here." Boulter was leader of the English party in Ireland. He was anxious to have every office in Ireland filled by En- glishmen. He was a strenuous advocate of the penal code, and a " godly man " who would have sacrificed everything in Ireland for the maintenance of the English Crown, except his own private interests. Wood's half- pence menaced these; to this lofty motive the Irish were indebted for the primate's active opposition to the scheme. THE DKAPIEE'S LETTERS. 121 When Molyneux in 1698, published his statement of Irish political and industrial grievances, the English gov- ernment ordered the work burnt; but Boulter, who was the most influential politician in Ireland, and Swift, the most effective essayist in the two kingdoms, were not thus to be annihilated. Swift's bitter satire proved too much for Wood, who surrendered his patent in 1724, af- ter about seventeen thousand pounds had been sent over to Ireland. Boulter mentioned as one of his chief objec- tions to the half-pence that it " had a very unhappy influ- ence on the state of this nation by bringing on intimacies between Papists and Jacobites and the Whigs." Swift's letters actually united all classes of the people against the half-pence and against the king. A reward was of- fered for the discovery of the author of the " Fourth Let- ter," in which Swift stated that ''government without the consent of the governed is the very definition of slavery;" and the government instituted prosecution against the printer, but the grand jury refused to bring in a bill. The lesson was salutary, if brief; when the king ordered another copper coinage more than ten years later, it was left optional with the people to take or refuse it. The differences arising from the tinkering of the money con- tinued, however, and every expedient resorted to, being devised solely to benefit England, proved mischievous. The three ways by which money may be altered at the expense of the country in which it circulates, reducing the weight, debasing the quality, and raising the nominal value, all had been repeatedly tried, to the great profit of the foreign rulers of Ireland, and to the constant injury and demoralization of her trade and the suffocation of her industries. Every time the value of the money was raised, the debtors were robbed; every time it was lowered, the creditors were robbed. Credit was destroyed; for no man could tell when contracting a debt, what sum he might ultimately have to pay, and no man could afford to extend favors, not knowing what return he might receive. In Ireland, especially, credit was absolutely essential to the progress of the infant industries, since the capital of the country was small by compulsion, and the native 122 DEBASEMENT OF THE COIN. gold and silver was hurried abroad to absentee proprie- tors. The incessant inflation and depression of the cur- rency and the intrinsic worthlessness of so large a portion of it, made credit simply impossible. No count in the fearful indictment which England has written for herself in Irish legislation is more grave, therefore, than her heartless alteration and corruption of Irish money. Her sole purpose was to enrich English tradesmen a't Irish ex- pense; in that she succeeded, but she succeeded at the same time in retarding many industries in Ireland and in quite extinguishing others. Without a stable currency no man has confidence in his neighbor; without confi- dence, there can be no credit; without credit trade is im- possible; without trade manufactures languish and ex- pire. If Ireland be a country without industries, let the world place the responsibility where it belongs and let the motive animating that responsibility be properly un- derstood. ESTABLISHMENT OF BANKS IN IRELAND. There was no bank in Ireland until 1783. The first savings bank was opened in 1810. But the pernicious effects of the policy pursued for centuries by the English government had insinuated itself into the minds of the people; many who entrusted to the banks what they saved lost it, many more secretly hoarded their little gain. There is not a healthy feeling about money in Ireland to this day; and the land system must prevent the develop- ment of such a feeling while the present laws remain in force. The tenant knows that if, after a good season, he is a few pounds ahead, and puts the money in bank or loans it on security, his rent will be forthwith raised. Ho has no motive for thrift. He ought, rather, prefer moder- ate to good harvests. The savings banks make a respect- able showing, but their patrons are the town merchants and the small proprietors. Every shilling the toiling ten- ant can make above the meagre subsistence of his family is destined, not for the savings bank, but for the landlord. He can feel no inducement to save a shilling until the landlord and he are put on a just footing before the law. THE CULTIVATION OF FLAX. 123 It is certainly a moderate statement that no country can build up a system of industries without a stable currency. England never permitted Ireland to have such a currency in the years when she might have built up manufactures. It is equally evident that no country which is constantly drained of the proceeds of its natural wealth, can accum- ulate capital to invest in industrial enterprise. England drains Ireland, through her iniquitous land system, of the money which, if left at home, would be used as manufac- turing capital. The money goes now to pay the luxur- ious living of Irish landlords resident in England and on the continent. THE CULTIVATION OF FLAX. The delicately close relation between land tenure and manufacturing industry in Ireland is illustrated strik- ingly in flax. This requires nine years rotation of crops. What small farmer can afford to use his soil for this valuable seed when he knows that he may be turned off his holding whenever his landlord pleases. Yet the linen manufacture to which the flax is essential, the only Irish industry England never succeeded in killing, is the largest and most profitable in Ireland. If it has striven so sturdily under such disadvantageous circum- stances, what might it not become, with Ireland's im- mense water power and abundant and cheap labor, were the general cultivation of flax made possible by fixity of tenure or a peasant proprietary? THK LINEN AND WOOLEN INDUSTRIES are probably the oldest in Ireland. They had reached extensive proportions when the English invasion occurred, both were exported in the fifteenth century. The woolen trade of England grew jealous of the Irish manufacturers who, as already shown by Strafford's letter, were able to undersell the English traders; and the suppression of the manufacture of wool was deliberately planned in Eng- land. In the early part of the seventeenth century, the exportation of wool from Ireland was absolutely prohib- ited. This was a severe blow upon Irish industry; its 124: IRISH THRIFT REBUKED AND DISREGARDED. effect was not limited to a diminution of the manufacture itself; the moral consequence was deeper and more ex- tensive than the material. Jrish thrift felt that it was re- buked and discouraged. Irish industry recognized that it had no place under English rule. The prohibition was, in fact, an official notice from the English crown to the Irish people that they must not engage in manufacture, and that if they did, the profits of their enterprise should cross the channel, or the enterprise itself should be sup- pressed. The woolen trade was revived somewhat by the home demand; and as soon as this was discovered by the English manufacturers, fresh legislation was procured to suppress it absolutely, so that the English manufactu- rers might have Ireland for their own exclusive market. This was actually done, so far as legislation could do it, by imposing enormous duties upon the manufactured goods. Before the prohibition of the export, the value and dimension of the Irish woolen trade may be judged from Dean Swift's statement that foreign silver was the current money in Ireland, and that a man could hardly re- ceive a hundred pounds without finding in it the coin of all the northern powers. The jealousy of the English weavers cut Ireland off from the northern trade. The result was not confined either to Ireland or England. Many of the Irish manufacturers, whose business was thus destroyed, left their Irish debts unpaid, adding thus to the misery of the poor, and went to France, Spain and the Netherlands. The woolen manufacture in France rose upon the ruin of that in Ireland. The ruin was prac- tically complete. The restrictions were relaxed when English jealousy no longer needed their enforcement. The official returns laid before the House of Commons in 1875, showed that there are in the United Kingdom 1,800 woolen factories; of these but 60 are in Ireland, giving employment to only 1,500 persons. A recent number of the Pall Mall Gazette,, speaking of Irish woolen manu- facture, admits that " its growth has been stunted by nearly 350 years of legislative restrictions and prohibito- ry tariffs." Had the woolen trade, for whose cultivation Ireland WOOLEN AND COTTON MANUFACTURES. 125 was so well fitted and so well inclined, been permitted to exist, many other industries would have thriven with it; but its suppression discouraged the spirit of industry and even artificial stimulants failed to make very profitable the English capital invested for a time in Irish linen; for as soon as the English linen manufacturers detected Irish competition in foreign markets, restrictions were laid on that industry also. It can never exceed its pres- ent insignificant size until the ownership of the land makes the flax culture safe; indeed, it has of late years been declining. It is almost needless to speak of the MANUFACTURE OF COTTON IN IRELAND. There were eight factories in 1875; in 1879 they de- clined to six; in 1871 there were fourteen. The manu- facture of cotton was introduced into Ireland in 1777, as a means of employment for the children in the Belfast poor house. Many persons who had been earning their bread in the woolen trade were out of employment, and to use their labor the experiment was extended. It was consistent with English interest to encourage it for a time, and it prospered so well that Wakefield speaks of it in 1812 as "now fully established in Ireland," and holding out " strong hopes of success and prosperity. " It even lent to some parts of the country " an appearance of su- perior opulence and industry." But during the war with America in 1812-1815, the English cotton trade was so affected that the Irish production of that article became intolerable. It was therefore practically annihilated in 1816, and to-day, after so long an interval, it amounts to little or nothing, only eight factories being reported in 1875, employing about 3,000 persons. Other minor in- dustries, such as worsted, shoddy, hemp, jute, hair, silk, and hosiery, have grown a little during the present century; they are at present in a state of decay. The money that would maintain them until they could main- tain themselves, is drawn out of the country. Lace-mak- ing, which at one time was quite a prominent industry, has almost disappeared. 126 THE CATTLE-TRADE. THE CATTLE-TRADE IN IRELAND is one of the oldest of her industries. Its history is that of all the rest. When consistent with English interests, it was tolerated; when profitable to England, it was en- couraged; when inconvenient for English cattle-raisers, it was restricted. In the middle of the seventeenth cen- tury, it was very prosperous. In 1GG3 England suffered from the contraction and depression of foreign war. It was necessary to resort to some means to improve the spirits of the commercial classes, and an act was passed, entitled " For the encouragement of trade," prohibiting the exportation of live stock from Ireland. The Irish graziers tried to repair the injury done them by killing the animals and exporting the meat salted. This was promptly rebuked. In 16G5 an act was passed prohibit- ing the export of cattle, " dead or alive, fat or lean." And just here an episode is recalled upon which every man may make his own cotnment. The great fire of London occurred in 16GG. The plague had done its aw- ful work during the previous year. Great destitution ensued among the English poor. Notwithstanding the brutal disposition England had displayed toward Ireland the Irish people were touched by English distress. They had no money to send; their textile industries were languishing in obedience to English prohibition. Al they had to spare was cattle, and a large supply of these was kindly sent over to help feed the famishing. The gift was greedily enough consumed; but, instead of being acknowledged as both its substantial value and the spirit that sent it should have been, it was loudly denounced after being eaten as " a political continuance to defeat the prohibition of Irish cattle." When an attempt was subsequently made to procure a repeal of the prohibition, the King himself was induced to listen to the" prayers of the Irish gra/iers; but the English Parliament stolidly refused, the Commons characteri/ed the Irish cattle trade as 4i a nuisnnce," and the more dignified lords pronounced it " a detriment and mischief/' At one time Ireland had some manufactories for produc- THE WATER-POWER OF IRELAND. 127 ing glass. Statutes were enacted prohibiting the expor- tation of the article from Ireland, or its importation from any country but England. Perhaps it may be suggested that the timber in Ireland having disappeared and the coal being deficient in quan- tity and inferior in quality, Ireland could not have become a great manufacturing country even if English legislation had not been malicious. It is sufficient to allude to her immense water power which her people have been pre- vented from utilizing; and to add that English coals have always been cheaper in Dublin and at other manufactur- ing points in Ireland than in London. Friendly legisla- tion indeed, no legislation would have enabled Ireland to take a very respectable place among manufacturers; and, but for English legislation, the Irish farmer would have been able to exchange at home the produce of the soil for clothing and other necessaries. During the fam- ine year of '47, more than enough grain was raised in Ireland to feed all her people. It had to be sent out of the country, partly because the land that produced it was held chiefly by the heirs of the original robbers; and partly because the Irish farmers who had anything to sell were compelled to sell it abroad in order to procure tht> manufactured articles they needed, most of which could have been manufactured in Ireland bad English legisla- tion permitted. In a word, English legislation, by vesting in aliens the land seix.ed by robbery and confiscation ; and by suppress- ing Irish industries, has made poverty in Ireland compul- sory ; has made periodical famine in Ireland certain ; and and there will be no remedy for these evils until the land of Ireland is restored to the people of Ireland, and until an Irish legislature has the chance to make the laws to build up Irish manufactures. History furnishes no in- stance of one nation developing the industrial resources of another. If Ireland is ever to arise from her present depression, it will be the result of her own independent efforts, untrammeled from a foreign legislature, and hav- ing no object in view but the material and moral benefit of her own people. The Irish- Americans in the United 128 POVERTY IN IRELAND IS COMPULSORY. States have sent $65,000,000 to Ireland in twenty years. All this is a tax levied upon the people of the United States to support English mis-rule and Irish ruin in Ire- land. It is, therefore, the interest of the United States as well as of Ireland that England should cease to make laws for Ireland and collect in the United States the tax to enforce them. PEXAL LAWS. "By the treaty of Limerick, the Irish catholic people stipulated for and obtained the pledge of "the faith and honor " of the English crown, for the equal protection by law of their properties and their liberties with all other subjects and in particular for the free and unfettered ex- ercise of their religion. The Irish in every respect per- formed with scrupulous accuracy the stipulations on their part of the Treaty of Limerick. That treaty was totally violated by the British Government the moment it was perfectly safe to violate it. That violation was perpe- trated by the enactment of a code of the most dexterous but atrocious severity that ever stained the annals of leg- islation. Let me select a few instances of the barbarity with which the Treaty of Limerick was violated, under these heads: First PROPERTY. Every Catholic was, by act of Parliament, deprived of the power of settling a jointure on any Catholic wife, or charging his lands with any provision for his daughters, or disposing by will of his landed property. On his death the law divided his lands equally amongst his sons. All the relations of private life were thus violated. If the wife of a Catholic declared herself a Protestant, the law enabled her not only to compel her husband to give her a separate maintenance, but to transfer to her the custody and guardianship of all the children. Thus the wife was encouraged and empowered success- fully to rebel against her husband. If the eldest son of a Catholic father at any age, how- 9 (129) 130 VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF LIMERICK. ever young, declared himself a Protestant, he thereby made his father a tenant for life, deprived the father of all power to sell or dispose of his estate, and such Protes- tant son became entitled to an absolute dominion and ownership of the estate. Thus the eldest son was encouraged, and indeed, bribed by the law to rebel against his father. If any other child beside the eldest son declared itself, at any age, a Protestant, such child at once escaped the control of its father and was entitled to a maintenance out of the father's property. Thus the law encouraged every child to rebel against its father. If any Catholic purchased for money any estate in land, any Protestant was empowered by law to take away that estate from the Catholic, and to enjoy it without pay- ing one shilling of the purchase money. This was English law in Ireland. The Catholic paid the money, whereupon the Protestant took the estate and the Catholic 'lost both money and estate. If any Catholic got an estate in land by marriage, by the gift or by the will of a relation or friend, any Pro- testant could by law take the estate from the Catholic and enjoy it himself. If any Catholic took a lease of a farm of land as tenant at a rent for a life or lives, or for any longer terra than thirty-one years, any Protestant could by law take the farm from the Catholic, and enjoy the benefit of the lease. If any Catholic took a farm by lease for a term not ex- ceeding thirty-one years, as he might still by law have done, and by his labor and industry raised the value of the land, so as to yield a profit equal to one-third of the rent, any Protestant might then by law evict the Catholic and enjoy for the residue of the term the fruit of the labor and industry of the Catholic. If any Catholic had a horse worth more than five pounds, any Protestant tendering five pounds to the Catholic owner, was by law entitled to take the horse, though worth fifty or one hundred pounds, and to keep it as his own. If any Catholic, being the owner of a horse worth more THE PENAL LAWS. 131 than fivo pounds, concealed his horse from any Protestant, the Catholic, for the crime of concealing his own horse, was liable to be punished by an imprisonment of three months, and a fine of three times the value of the horse, whatever that might be. So much for the laws regulating, by act of parliament, the property or rather plundering by due course of law the property of the Catholic. I notice Secondly EDUCATION. If a Catholic kept a school, or taught any person, Pro- testant or Catholic, any species of literature or science, such teacher was, for the crime of teaching, punishable by law by banishment, and if he returned from banishment he was subject to be hanged as a felon. If a Catholic, whether a child or adult, attended, in Ireland, a school kept by a Catholic, or was privately in- structed by a Catholic, such Catholic although a child in its early infancy, incurred a forfeiture of all its property, present or future. If a Catholic child, however young, was sent to a for- eign country for education, such infant child incurred a similar penalty that is, a forfeiture of all right to property, present or prospective. If any person in Ireland made any remittance of money or goods for the maintenance of any Irish child educated in a foreign country, such person incurred a similar for- feiture. Thirdly PERSONAL DISABILITIES. The law rendered every Catholic incapable of holding a commission in the army or navy, or even to be a pri- vate soldier, unless he solemnly abjured hisVeligion. The law rendered every Catholic incapable of holding any office whatsoever of honor or emolument in the State. The exclusion was universal. A Catholic had no legal protection for life or liberty. He could not be a Judge, Grand Juror, Sheriff, Sub-sher- iff, Master in Chancery, Six Clerk, Barrister, Attorney, 132 THE PENAL LAWS. Agent or Solicitor, or Seneschal of any manor, or even gamekeeper to a private gentleman. A Catholic could not be a member of any corporation, and Catholics were precluded by law from residence iu some corporate towns. Catholics were deprived of all right of voting for mem- bers of the Commons House of Parliament. Catholic Peers were deprived of their right to sit or vote in the House of Lords. Almost all these personal disabilities were equally en- forced by law against any Protestant who married a Cath- olic wife, or whose child was educated as a Catholic, al- though against his consent. Fourthly RELIGION. To teach the Catholic religion was a transportable felony; to con vert a Protestant to the Catholic faith was a capital offense, punishable as an act of treason. To be a Catholic Archbishop or Bishop, or exercise any ecclesiastical jurisdiction whatsoever in the Catholic church in Ireland, was punishable by transportation ; to return from such transportation was an act of high trea- son, punishable by being hanged, disembowelled alive, and afterwards quartered. After this enumeration, will you, Illustrious Lady, be pleased to recollect that each and every of these laws, was a palpable and direct violation of a solemn treaty to which the faith and honor of the British Crown was pledged, and the justice of the English nation unequivo- cally engaged? There never yet was such a horrible code of persecu- tion invented so cruel, so cold-blooded, calculating, ema- ciating, universal as this legislation, which the Irish-Or- ange faction' the Shaws, the Lefroys, the Verners of the day did invent and enact, a code exalted to the utmost height of infamy, by the fact, that it was enacted in the basest violation of a solemn engagement and deliberate treaty. It is not possible for me to describe that code in adequate language; it almost surpassed the eloquence of Burke to do so. " It had." as Burke described it " it 1 IGNORANCE ENFORCED BY STATUTE. 133 had a vicious perfection it was a complete system, full of coherence and consistency; well-digested and well- disposed in all its parts. It was a machine of wise and elaborate contrivance, and well fitted for the oppression, impoverishment and degredation of a people, and the de- basement in them of human nature itself, as ever pro- ceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man. This code prevented the accumulation of property, and punished industry as a crime. Was there ever such leg- . islation in any other country, Christian or Pagan? But this is not all; because the party who inflicted this hor- rible code, actually reproached the Irish people with will- ful and squalid poverty . This code enforced ignorance by statute law, and pun- ished the acquisition of knowledge as felony. Is this credible? Yet it is true. But that is not all; for the party that thus persecuted learning, reproached and still reproach the Irish people icith ignorance.'''' The above brief and incomplete epitome of this shameful Draconian code of English legislation for Ireland is taken from a Memoir on Ireland, Native and Saxon, by Daniel O'Con- n ell, M. P., humbly inscribed to her Most Gracious Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, Feb. 1st, 1813. For a few years after the Treaty of Limerick had been solemnly ratified, Sarsfield, with the bulk of his army hav- ing entered into the service of France, the Irish enjoyed a season of comparative quiet, prosperity and peace. There was a tacit toleration of Catholic worship, though it was against the law; priests were not hunted, though by law they were felons; and for a short time it appeared as though the Protestant party would content itself with the forfeiture of the rich estates of the exiles, and the exclu- sion of Catholics from the professions, public offices, trades and guilds of trades, and from the corporate bod- ies of the towns. This was the extent of the toleration accorded to the prescribed Catholics in the early years of William's reign. Though they were not debarred by express statute from sitting or voting in Parliament, it was enacted that " no Catholic shall be entitled to vote at THE CATHOLICS DISARMED. the election of any member to rerve in Parliament as a knight, citizen, or burger; or at the election of any mag- istrate for any city or any town corporate, any statute, law or usage to the contrary notwithstanding." Not only did William give his royal sanction to the laws of exclu- sion made by his Parliament of 1692, but he did not make any proposal or any effort to gain for the Irish Catholics those further securities " as engaged by the Treaty of Limerick, which were intended to protect from all dis- turbance in the free exercise of their religion." Yet this Avas but a trifling matter in comparison to the acts he gave effect to in the following Parliament, which was convened in 1695. One of the first enactments of this Parliament is entitled " An Act for the better securing the Government by disarming the Papists." "By this act," says Mitchel, in his History of Ireland, p. 14, " All Cath- olics within the Kingdom of Ireland were required to dis- cover and deliver up by a certain day, to the justices or civil officers, all their arms and ammunition. After that day search might be made in their houses for concealed arms and ammunition, and any two justices, or a mayor or sheriff, might grant the search-warrant, and compel any Catholic suspected of having concealed arms, etc., to appear before them and answer under oath " (7th William III, c. 5.) The punishments were to be fine and impris- onment, or at the discretion of the court, the pillory and whipping. It is impossible to describe the minute and curious tyranny to which this Statute gave rise in every parish of the island. Especially in districts where there was an armed yeomanry exclusively Protestant, it fared ill with any Catholic who fell, for any reason, under the displeasure of his formidable neighbors. -Any pretext was sufficient for pointing him out to suspicion. Any neighboring magistrate might visit him at any hour of the night, and search his bed for arms. No Papist was safe from suspicion who had any money to pay in fines; and woe to the Papist who had a handsome daughter." This enactment, under various new forms and names, is, and has been the law in Ireland from that day to the present time. WILLIAM'S BREACH OF FAITH. 135 "It would be difficult to imagine any method of de- grading human nature more effectual than the prohibi- tion of arms; but this Parliament resolved to employ still another way. This was to prohibit education. "King William was all this time busily engaged in carry- ing on the war against Louis XIV, and his mind was profoundly occupied about the destinies of Europe. He seems to have definitively given up Ireland, to be dealt with by the Ascendency party at its pleasure. Yet he had received the benefit of the capitulation of Limerick ; he had engaged his royal faith to its observance ; he had further engaged that he would endeavor to procure said Roman Catholics such further security as might preserve them from any disturbance on account of their religion. And he not only did not endeavor to procure any such further security, but he gave his royal assent to every one of th.se acts of Parliament, carefully depriving them of such securities as they had, and opposing new and grievous oppressions upon the account of their said re- ligion." "It is expressly on account of this shameful breach of faith on the part of the King that Orange squires and gentlemen, from that day to this, have been enthusiasti- cally toasting 'the glorious, pious and immortal memory of the great and good King William.' " In the meantime Sarsfield and .the " Irish Brigade, in the service of France, were winning glory and fame, and multitudes of young Irishmen were quitting their own land, where they were regarded as strangers and treated as outlaws, to find under the banners of France, Austria and Spain opportunities lor obtaining distinction they could not hope to win on their own soil. The Abbe Mac Geoghegan, who was chaplain of the Irish Brigade in France, from researches made in the French War De- partment, shows that from the arrival of the Irish troops in France, in 1691 to the year 1745, the year of Fonte- noy, more than four hundred and fifty thousand Irishmen died in the service of France alone." "The statement," says Mitchel, "may seem almost incredible, especially as Spain and Austria had also their 136 THE IRISH EXILES SEEK MILITARY SERVICE. share of our military exiles; but, certain it is, the expa- triation of the very best and choicest of the Irish people was now on a very large scale; and the remaining' popu- lation, deprived of their natural chiefs, became still more helpless in the hands of their enemies." From the time of the Munster plantation by Elizabeth, numerous exiles had taken service in the Spanish army. There were Irish regiments serving in the low countries. The Prince of Orange declared these were born soldiers; and Henry IV, of France, publicly called Hugh O'Neill, the third soldier of the a^e, and he said there was no na- tion made better troops than the Irish when well drilled. Sir John Norris, who had served in many countries, said he knew no nation where there was so few fools or cow- ards. Agents from the King of Spain, King of Poland, and the Prince de Conde, were now contending for the services of Irish troops. Don Rickard White, in May 1652, shipped 7,000 batches from Waterford, Kinsale, Gal way, Limerick, and Bantry, for the King of Spain. Col. Christopher Mays got liberty in September, 1052, to beat his drum to raise 3,000 for the same King. Lord Muskerry took 5,000 to the King of Poland. In July, 1654, 3,500, commanded by Col. Edward Dwyer, went to serve the Prince de Conde. Sir Walter Dungan and others got liberty to beat their drums in different garri- sons to a rallying of thejr men that laid down their arms in order to a rendezvous, and to depart for Spain. They got permission to march their men together to the differ- ent ports, their pipers playing " Ha til, Ha til, Ha til, me trelidh." We return no more, we return no more. " It is the same tune with which departing Highlanders usu- ally bid farewell to their native shores. Between 1G51 and 1654, thirty-four thousand (of whom few ever saw their loved native land again) were transported to foreign parts." Prendergast, pp. 78-9; who also quotes Sir W. Petty's "Political Anatomy," published in 1672, "The chiefest and eminentest of the nobility and many of the gentry have taken conditions from the King of Spain, and have transported 40,000 of the most active spirited men, most acquainted with the dangers and discipline of war." THE POPERY LAWS CAUSE DEEP DISTRESS. 137 Matthew O'Connor, commenting on the Irish people's sufferings from the effects of the Penal Laws, gives the fpllowing mournful account, an account the truthfulnes of which is fully confirmed by other veracious historians. " The Popery laws had, in the course of half a century, consummated the ruin of the lower orders. Their habi- tations, visages, dress and despondency exhibited the deep distress of a people ruled with the iron sceptre of con- quest. The lot of the negro slave compared with that of the Irish helot was happiness itself. Both were subject to the capricious cruelty of mercenary task-masters and unfeeling proprietors ; but the negro slave was well fed, well clothed and comfortably lodged. The Irish peasant was half starved, half naked and half housed the canopy of heaven being often the only roof to the mud-built walls of his cabin. The fewness of negroes gave the West In- dia proprietor an interest in the preservation of his slave; a superabundance of helots superseded all interest in the comfort or preservation of the Irish cottier. The code had ^eradicated every feeling of humanity, and avarice sought to stifle every sense of justice. That avarice was generated by prodigality, the hereditary vice of the Irish gentry, and manifested itself in exhorbitant rack-rent wrung from their tenantry, and in the low wages paid for their labor. Since the days of King William, the price of the necessaries of life had trebled, and the day's hire fourpence had continued stationary. "The oppression of tithes was little inferior to the tyran- ny of rack-rents; while the great landholder was nearly exempt from the pressure, a tenth of the produce of the cottier's labor was exacted for the purposes of a religious establishment from which he derived no benefit. . . . The peasant had no resource: not trade or manufactures they were discouraged; not emigration to France the vigilance of the government precluded foreign enlist- ment; not emigration to America his poverty precluded the means. Ireland, the land of his birth, became his prison, where he counted the days of his misery in the deepest despondency." Is it to be wondered at that conspiracies, secret associ- 138 PERSONS OF THE FIVE BLOODS. ations and insurrections were the result; or should the wonder be that such commotions were less universal and prolonged? But what can a disarmed, impoverished people effect of themselves alone? Sir John Davies, who was for many years Attorney- General in Ireland, to that pragmatical and despicable tyrant, James the First, has been quoted several times in this work as an undoubted authority, as he must be al- lowed to be, as to the mode in which the conqueror disposed of the country and treated the people. In his Historical Relations, Davies says: U A11 Ireland was by Henry II cantonized among ten of the English nation, namely : Earl of Pembroke, or Strongbow, Robert Fitz Stephens, Miles de Cogan, Philip Bruce, Sir Hugh De Lacey, Sir John de Courcey, William Burke, Fitz Andelm, Sir Thomas de Clare, Otho de Grandison, and Robert le Poer, and though they had gained possession of but one-third of the King- dom, yet in title they were owners and 1 lords of all, so as nothing was left to be granted to the natives ! !" Henry afterwards granted a special charter, conceding the bene- fit of the English laws to five Irish families. They were called in pleading, " persons of the five bloods," de quin- que sanguinibua. "These were the O'Neills, of Ulster; O'Melachlins, of Meath; the O'Connors, of Connaught; the O'Brien?, of Thomond, and the McMurroughs of Leinster." [Davies' Hist. Re!., p. 45. " That the Irish were reputed aliens, appeareth by sun- dry records, wherein judgments are demanded, if they shall be answered in actions brought by them." Sir John Davies, in his Historical Tracts, p. 78, relates: " In the Common Plea Rolls, of 28 Edw. Ill, (which are yet preserved in the castle of Dublin) this case is ad- judged. Simon Ncale brought an action against Wil- liam Newburgh for breaking his close in Clondalkiii Co. Dublin: defendant doth plead that the plaintiff is Hibernicus et non de quinque sanc/uinibil,the Man- sion Tholsel, Town Prison, Linen Hall, Custom House, Inland Revenue office, Corn Market, Savings Bank, and Infantry Barracks, capable of accomodating 400 men. The linen manufacture, after flourishing here for some time, gave way to that of cotton, which in turn was super- seded by flax spinning, but both the latter are now car- ried on to a great extent. A large cotton factory has been erected by Benjamin Whitworth, who, at his sole GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 301 expense, has built a spacious and handsome town hall. The same gentleman has contributed half the cost of new waterworks, by which means 800,000 gallons of the purest water will be conveyed to the town daily. Three flax mills give employment to upwards of 1,000 persons ; that called St. Mary's, which is the largest, cost 50,000 for its erection. There are six corn mills, five silt works, two breweries, eight tanneries, and four soap works. The iron works of Grendon & Co. give employment to up- wards of 300 persons in the manufacture of steam engines, boilers, iron bridges, etc. Cairnes' brewery is celebrated for the excellence of its ale, which is largely exported to the colonies. The corporation consists of six aldermen and eighteen town counselors, elected from three wards. The town returns one member to Parliament ; constitu- ency 697. Rateable value of property, ^7,988; borough receipts, >,670 ; expenditure for paving, lighting, etc., 3,245. The cattle market is held on Thursday and corn market on Saturday. Drogheda carries on a considerable trade, chiefly with Liverpool. The exports are principally corn meal, flour, cattle, provisions, linen, etc. The harbor, formed by the waters of the Boyne 4 miles from the sea, extends about a half a mile below the bridge with 16 to 18 feet of water abreast the quays, at which vessels of 400 tons can moor; the tide flows up as far as old bridge 2^ miles above the town, from whence the Boyne navigation for barges of 50 tons extends inland to Navan, 19 miles. The port and harbor are under commissioners. Harbor receipts are 3,606. The number of vessels entered in- wards in '73 was 707 tonnage, 115,673 cleared outwards, 45 of 5,231 tons. At the entrance of the harbor are 3 light-houses, 2 of which are movable according to the changes in the bar. The Dublin and Drogheda Railway was opened for traffic in 1844, and Drogheda has direct communication to Enniskillen, Londonderry, Belfast, Navan, Kells, and Oldcastle. A magnificent viaduct 95 feet in height, across the river Boyne, connects the Drogheda Belfast Junction Railways. Two newspapers are published in the town, the Drogheda Argus and Drouheda Conservative. 302 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. DUNDALK BOROUGH. DrjjSTDALK, a maritime town and Parliamentary bor- ough in upper Dundalk harony, Louth county and Leinster province, 50 miles N. from Dublin, comprising an area of 1,411 acres; population, 11,377. The town- ship of Dundalk has an area of 1,380 acres and a popula- tion of 11,327. It is situated at the mouth of the small river of Castletown, on the coast of Dundalk Bay. The public buildings are the Parish Church, 3 Ho in an Catholic churches, a Friary Convent and Schools, Presbyterian and Methodist MeetingHouses, the County Court House, and Prison Union Work-house, Infirmary, Market House, Butter Crane buildings, Incorporated Society's School, Endowed Grammar School, Erasmus Smith Schools, St. Mary's College, Christian Brothers' School, and Cavalry barracks. The Exchange Building contains the town hall, free public library and reading room with spacious public offices. The sum of 8,000 has been expended on the erection of these buildings, which are now the property of the town commissioners. There are in the town a distillery, brewery, flax and jute spinning-mill, flour-mills, salt works, ship building and tan yards. The borough returns one member to Parliament; con- stituency 541; rateable value of property 19,615. The lighting, cleaning, and watching of the town is vested in commissioners under the Towns Improvement Act. Borough rates levied 1,261; expenditures 1,019; debt 2,200; harbor revenue 8,561; market day Monday. The port and harbor on which 22,150 has been expended which is in charge of commissioners under act 3 and 4, vie. c. 119 since 1837, is in progress of improvement. Railway communication is complete to Belfast, and the Irish North- Western Railway line is extended from Dun- dalk to Enniskillen and Londonderry, and from Dun- dalk to Cootehill, and from Dundalk via. Clones, to Ca- van, Mullingar, Ballinasloe, and Galway, and thereby con- necting the Western and North- Western counties with the port. A line of railway from Dundalk to Greenore harbor, in Carlingford Lough, was opened in 1873, and a GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 303 special service of steam packets to and from Holyhead, organized by the London and North- Western Railway company, and through-booking of passengers and goods brought in operation to and from all the chief stations on that company's lines in England to those of the Irish North-Western, the Dublin and Belfast Junction, and Ulster Railway companies. Large quantities of farm produce and live stock are exported by the steamers of the Dundalk Steam Packet Company, which ply four times a week to Liverpool. The number of vessels en- tered inwards in 1873 was 829, of 144,850 tons; cleared outwards 392, of 103,930 tons. The imports consist of timber andiron, jute, Indian corn, flour, groceries, &c. There are three newspapers in the town. The Newry Examiner, published on Wednesday and Saturday, the Democrat, published on Saturday, and the Duudalk Herald, published on Saturday. DUNGANNON BOROUGH. r, an inland town and Parliamentary bor- ough in Dungannon barony, Tyrone county, and Ulster province ; 94 miles N. N. W. from Dublin, comprising an area, according to its ancient chartered boundary, of 830 acres, and to its modern parliamentary boundary, of 230 acres ; population 3,886 ; inhabiting 727 houses. It is situate on the acclivity of a hill, at a distance of 8 miles from Lough Neagh, and consists of a square and several streets. The public buildings are the Parish Church, Ro- man Catholic Church, two Presbyterian and two Methodist Meeting Houses, Court House, Bridewell, Market House, the offices of Belfast Banking Co., Provincial and Savings Bank, Union Work House, Temperance Hall, Fever Hos- pital, Shield's Alms Houses, Endowed School, Dungan- non Institute, and the Earl and Countess of Ranfurly's School. The town is lighted with gas. The markets have been enlarged arid improved by the Earl of Ranfurly, who on coming of age, offered building leases for 999 years at moderate rents. Linens are manufactured, and also coarse earthenware, fire-brick and tile works ; there are 304 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. flax spinning mills and a corn mill in the town. Dickson & Co., the proprietors of the corn and flour mills, have erected an extensive power-loom weaving factory on the site of the old distillery, and also a number of mechanics and workmen's dwelling houses. The borough returns one member to Parliament ; constituency 340. Rateable value of property, 7,629; poor and sanitary ratos, 636; town rates levied, 238 ; expemliiure, 200. The gen- eral market is on Thursday, and that for grain oil Mon- day and Thursday. DUNGARVAN BOROUGH. a maritime town and Parliamentary borough in Decies without Drum barony, Waterford county, and Munster province, 125 jmiles S. W. from Dublin; comprising an area of 8,499 acres, of which 392 are in the town and 8,107 in the rural district; popula- tion, 7,719, inhabiting 1,538 houses. The town is situated on the Bay of Dungarvan, at the mouth of the river Colligan, which divides it into two portions con- nected by a bridge and causeway; the eastern is called Abbeyside. The public buildings are the Town Hall, the Provincial Bank a fine structure with granite front the National and Munster Banks, the Parish Church, 2 Roman Catholic Churches, 2 Convents, 1 Monastery, a Fever Hospital, Sessions House, Union Workhouse, Market House, and millitary barracks. There is also a steammill and 2 breweries. A line of railway is in course of construction between Dungarvan, Waterford and Lisrnore. The exports are chiefly grain, butter and cattle. Gas works have been established and the town is well lighted. There are two weekly markets for the sale of butter, on Tuesday and Saturday. The borough returns 1 member to Parliament; constituency 340. Rateable valuation 14.948; borough rates levied in '75, 214; expenditure 358; debt 374; harbor revenue 288. GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 305 EXNIS BOROUGH. ENNIS, an inland town and Parliamentary borough in Islands barony, Clare county, and Munster province, 141 miles W. S. W. from Dublin, comprising an area of 484 acres; population 6,503; situated on the Fergus, which is crossed by four bridges. The public buildings are the Parish Church, the Roman Catholic Cathedral of Killaloe diocese, Methodist Meeting House, Presbyterian Chapel, Franciscan Friary, the Convent of Mercy, with an Or- phanage and Industrial School attached, Ennis College, Erasmus Smith's foundation, the Killaloe Roman Cath- olic Diocesan College, a National School, County Court House, erected at a cost of 12,000, Fever Hospital, In- firmary Prison, Union Work House and Market House; a Public Library has been erected; also a bridge over the river Fergus at Ennis Mills. The Provincial and National Banks have erected handsome edifices. There is also a monument to O'Connell, with a splendid colossal statue by Cahill, on the site of the old Court House. A Lunatic Asylum for the county Clare has been erected at a cost of 54,000, in the vicinity of the town. There are extensive flour mills, but no manufactures of importance are carried on. Grain, flour and other commodities are conveyed for export in lighters, for shipment to Clare, two miles lower down the river Fergus. Markets on Saturday. Large fairs are held in a commodious walled- in fair-green. Races are held in the neighborhood. The borough returns 1 member to Parliament; constituency 236; rateable value of property 6,627. The cleaning 1 of the town is vested in 18 commissioners, under the Towns Improvement Act. Town rates, etc., levied in 1875, 436; expenditure 409. There are two news- papers published in Ennis, the Clare Journal, established in 1776, published on Monday and Thursday; and the Clare Journal, published every Saturday. ENN1SKILLEN BOROUGH. ENNISKILT.EN, an inland town and Parliamentary bor- ough in Magheraboy and Tyrkennedy baronies, Ferman- 20 306 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. agh county, and Ulster province ; 102 miles N. W. from Dublin ; comprising an area of 129 acres ; population 5,836, inhabiting 943 houses. The town is situate on an island in the river connecting the upper and lower lakes of Lough Erne, and on the adjoining mainland on both sides, which communicate with each other by 2 bridges. The public buildings are the Parish Church, Roman Catholic Church, Presbyterian and two Methodist Meet- ing Houses, County Court House, Prison, Infirmary, Town Hall, Royal and National Model Schools, Union Work House and two Barracks. There is a tannery and market for pork, corn and butter. Flax market on Thursday, butter and pork market on Tuesday. There is a Railway to Bundoran, a favorite watering place on the Donegal coast, distant 32 miles. An act was passed in 1873 to extend the line 23 miles, to join the Midland Railway at Sligo. The borough revenue was 2,706, expenditure 2,876, debt 9,630. The borough returns 1 member to Parliament, constituency, 408 ; rateable value of proper- ty 10,907. Three newspapers are published in the town the Fermanagh Mail, Fermanagh Reporter ^ and the Enniskillen Advertiser. GALWAY COUNTY OF THE TOWN AND BOR- OUGH. GALWAY, a maritime county of a town and Parliamen- tary borough, in Connaught province ; situate on the north side of Galway Bay, and bounded on every other side by Galway county, 130 miles W. from Dublin; com- prising an area of 24,132 acres ; population 19,843. The town built on both, sides of the river that discharges the superfluous waters of Lough Corrib, three miles distant, and is crossed by three bridges, consists of the old and new towns, and the suburb of Claddagh, inhabited wholly by fishermen. The principal buildings are the Protestant Church, three Roman Catholic Churches, three Monaster- ies, five Nunneries, Presbyterian and Methodist Meeting Houses, the county and town Court Houses and Prisons, the County Infirmary, a Fever Hospital, an Endowed and a GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 307 Charter School, the Custom House, the Union Work-house, and two Barracks; also the Queen's College and two Read- ing Rooms, the Royal Gal way Institute, and the Mechanic's Institute, a Model School on the national system, the ter- minus of the Midland Great Western Railway, at which is opened a large hotel and the County Club House. The town is governed by the high sheriff, recorder, local magistrate and a board of twenty-four commission- ers, elected tri-annually, who have charge of the property of the town arising from tolls, etc., which was 2,172 ; expenditure 2,312. It returns two members to Parlia- ment ; constituency 1,445. Rateable value of property 32,469. The Bay of Galway is an immense sheet of water, protected from the swell of the Atlantic by the natural breakwater of the Arran Isles, and possessing great advantages for foreign trade, particularly to Amer- ica. The entrance of the bay is marked by two lights, one on the South Island entrance of the South Channel, and one on Rock Island in North Channel; the South Is- land light is fixed, the other revolves. Arranmore Island, 498 feet above the level of the sea, was the port light- house, it is now on a rock at a convenient height above the level of the sea. Harbor receipts, 2,160 15s. 9d.; the number of vessels entered inwards in '73, was 197, of 35,013 tons; cleared outwards 146, of 22,726 tons. The exports consist chiefly of agricultural produce, wool and marble. Beautiful black marble slabs of large size are exported to London and America ; mills for sawing and polishing are in the town. There are two newspapers published here, the Vindicator and Express. There is an extensive line of quay wall, and a canal runs from the harbor through the town to Lough Corrib and Lough Mask. There are a brewery, distillery, paper mill, foundry, tanyard, several flour mills, a clog factory, and a bag factory in the town and vicinity. Salmon and sea fish are abundant. The Midland Great Western Railway extends from Dublin to Galway. 308 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. KILKENNY COUNTY OF THE CITY. KILKENNY, an inland county of a city and Parliamen- tary borough, in Leinster province, 73 miles S. W. from Dublin, the Parliamentary borough, comprising an area of 17,012 acres, of which 921 are in the city, and 16,091 in the rural district; population 15,748, inhabiting 2,854 houses. The municipal borough contains only 921 acres, and 14,174 people, inhabiting 2,290 houses. The town, built on the river Nore, which is crossed by two bridges, consists of two parts, the Irish and English towns, the latter of which still retains its name, while the former has merged into that of Kilkenny. The prin- cipal buildings are the Cathedral, 2 Parish Churches, Roman Catholic Cathedral, and 6 Roman Catholic Churches, 2 Monasteries, 2 Convents, Presbyterian and Methodist Meeting Houses, an endowed school called St. John's College, a Roman Catholic College, a National Model School, and 5 ordinary National Schools, County Court House, County and City Prison and Infirmary, a Fever Hospital, the Tholsol Union, Workhouse, Bar- racks, Banks, etc., and Kilkenny Castle, the residence of the Marquis of Ormonde, on an eminence overlooking the valley of the Nore. The manufacture of blankets, coarse woolens and linens, has declined. Coal and black marble are raised in the neighborhood; the latter is much used for chimney pieces and ornamental purposes. There are breweries, tanneries and flour mills in the city and its vicinity. There were formerly 2 municipal corporations, that of the English town or city of Kilkenny, possessing an annual revenue of upwards of 2,000, and that of Irishtown or St. Canice, annual revenue 15 ; but by the provisions of the Municipal Reform Act, they are amal- gamated, and return 1 member to Parliament ; constit- uency 696; rateable value of property 33,196; borough receipts 4,773; debt 5,923; expenditures for paving, lighting and cleansing 4,734; the number of burgesses on the roll for 1873 was 266; markets on Wednesday and Saturdays. Three newspapers are published in the town, the Moderator, Journal and Kilkenny Times. GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 309 KINSALE BOROUGH. KINSALE, a maritime town and Parliamentary borough, in Kinsale barony, Cork county, and Munster province; 177 miles S. W. from Dublin, comprising an area of 313 acres; population 7,050; inhabiting 716 houses. The town is built partly on the side of Compass Hill, at the mouth of the river Bandon, which is crossed by a ferry, and also by a bridge about two miles from town. Some of the streets are so steep as not to admit carriages. The public buildings are the Parish Church, a Roman Catholic Chapel, a Convent, Carmelite Friary, two Methodist Meeting Houses, Town Hall, Prison Work-House Assem- bly rooms and Barracks. It is supported chiefly by the re- sort of summer visitors and the fisheries. The fishermen are esteemed the most skillful of any in Ireland, both in their own calling, and as pilots. Kinsale is the principal station of an extensive fishing company. Kinsale returns 1 member to Parliament; constituency 199; rateable val- uation 5,454; the corporation revenue in '75 was 458; expenditure 583. The paving and cleansing of streets are vested in 15 commissioners under the Towns Improve- ment Act. Kinsale harbor is excellent, having 6 or 8 fathoms water and capable of accommodating 300 sail of vessels at a cable's length from the shore, and 14 feet at low ebb; at the mouth of the harbor its entrances are protected by Charles Fort, now a barrack; during the war it was frequently visited by men-of-war and had a government dock, but since the peace its naval impor- tance has declined. Its commerce is checked not only by its proximity to the port of Cork, but by its isolated situation. There is a railway from Cork to Kinsale. Fairs are held on the 3d Wednesday of every month. LIMERICK COUNTY OF THE CITY AND PAR- LIAMENTARY BOROUGH. LIMERICK, a maritime county of the city and Parlia- mentary borough in Munster province, situated at the interior extremity of the estuary of the Shannon, be- 310 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. tween Limerick and Clare counties, 119.1- miles W. S. W. from Dublin; the county of the city comprising an area of 2,074 acres, and the Parliamentary borough 33,380 acres; population of the county of the city 39,353; in- habiting 5,518 houses; population of the Parliamentary borough 49,980 persons; inhabiting 7,157 houses. The town is built on King's Island and on both sides of the Shannon, which is crossed by 5 bridges, one of which, the Wellesley bridge a magnificent structure crossing the harbor cost 85,000; the Shannon flowing through it in a broad and ample stream, offers advantages which few towns possess. It consists of the English and Irish towns and Newtown-Pery. The principal buildings are the Cathedral; 5 Protestant Churches; 4 Parochial, and 4 Conventual Roman Catholic Chapels; 5 Dissenting places of worship; the County and City Court House and Prisons; the Custom House; Barrington's Hospital; Fever and Lock Hospital; District Lunatic Asylum; Mount St. Vincent's Orphanage; Work-House; Saving's Bank; Chamber of Commerce; Model School; Town Hall; Flax Factory; Lace Factory; Corn and Butter Markets, and Barracks. In the Limerick lace manufac- tory of Forrest, of Dublin, lace is made of the finest and most costly description. There are distilleries, breweries, tanneries, foundries and, flour mills. A patent slip for vessels of 500 tons, 3 ship building slips, and a floating dock where vessels of 1,000 tons can discharge. The new graving dock, adjoining the floating dock, where vessels of 1,500 tons can be repaired, is now finished at a cost of 20,000. The number of vessels entered in- wards in 1873 was 544, of 125,578 tons; cleared outwards 293, of 72,437 tons. The corporation consists of 8 aldermen and 32 counselors, elected by 8 wards. The revenue of the city in 1875, from borough rates, etc., was 19,346. The expenditure for paving, cleansing, light- ing, etc., was 19,872. Debt 56,819. The borough returns 2 members to Parliament; constituency 1,947; rateable property, value 100,364. The harbor at the head of the estuary of the Shannon, the noblest river in the kingdom, extends about 1,600 yards in length and GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 311 150 in breadth, with from 2 to 9 feet at low water and 19 at spring tides, which latter enables vessels of 600 tons to moor at the quays. Nearly in the middle of .the harbor the Wellesley bridge crosses and has a portcullis for admitting vessels. The quayage and whari'age. on which there are five cranes, extend 1,600 yards, and cost 18,000 in the erection. A large graving dock has been built. The port is under control of commissioners. Harbor receipts 8,586. There are seven newspapers published in the city, Limerick Chronicle, lAmtrit'k Reporter, and Vindicator, Munster N~ews, Basscttfs Daily Chronicle, and Guy's General Advertiser, The great Munster fair is held on the last Thursday and Friday in June, and the last Thursday and Friday in October. Markets on Wednesday. LISBURN BOROUGH. LISBTJRN", an inland and Parliamentary borough, in Upper Massereene barony, Antrim county, and Ulster province ; 72 miles north from Dublin, comprising an area according to its manorial boundary of 231 acres, of which 27 are in Down county, and of 1,364 acres, accord- ing to its municipal boundary ; population of the Parlia- mentary borough 9,326, inhabiting 1,583 houses. The town is situate on the Lagan the Lagan navigation and the Ulster railroad from Belfast to Armagh, of which it is a station on the Lagan. Its public buildings are the Par- ish Church, used as the Cathedral of the diocese of Down and Connor, a Chapel of Ease, a Roman Catholic Chapel, 2 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist, and 1 Quaker Meeting Houses, the Infirmary for Antrim County, a Court House, Market House, Linen Hall, and Union Work House. The Castle Gardens are open as a place of re- creation. The finer kinds of linen, particularly damasks, linen thread, muslins, and diapers, are manufactured here. The borough returns 1 member to Parliament; constituency, 611. Rateable value of property 16,998; the municipal rates levied in 1875 amounted to 690. Markets on Tuesday. 312 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. LONDONDERRY COUNTY OF THE CITY AND PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. LONDONDERRY, a maritime city arid Parliamentary borough, in county of city and county of Londonderry and Ulster province, 144 miles N. N. W. from Dublin, comprising an area of 1,933 acres within its municipal and Parliamentary boundary; population of the city, 25,- 242. The city is situate on a hill 119 feet above h : gh water, projecting into the western side of river Foyle, four miles from its opening into Lough Foyle, and is sur- rounded by an ancient rampart a mile in circumference with seven gates, beyond which the buildings have been considerably extended; a square in the center from which four of the principal streets diverge, is called the Dia- mond. The river is crossed by an iron bridge 1,200 feet long, connecting the city with the village of Waterside. The public buildings are 1 Cathedral, 4 Churches, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, 2 Roman Catholic Churches, 6 Presbyterian, an Independent, Covenanters, 2 Meth- odist Meeting Houses, the Episcopal Palace, Foyle Col- lege, Magee College, Academical Institution, County and City Court House, Prison Infirmary, Gwyn's Institution, Corporation Hall, Custom House, District Lunatic Asy- lum, Union Work-House and Barrack. In one of the city bastions there is a pillar erected in memory of the Rev. George Walker, Governor of the city during the siege in 1689. There are several flour mills, 2 distilleries, 3 breweries, 2 foundries and 5 tan yards, with several extensive shirt factories. The city returns 1 member to Parliament; constituency 1833, rateable value of property 66,884. The Municipal Government is vested in the Corporation, which consists of 6 Aldermen and 18 Coun- selors and 19 Borough Magistrates, appointed by the Lord Lieutenant. Revenue from borough rates, etc., 15,453; expenditure 16,156. The river Foyle possesses great natural advantages, and is navigable for large ves- sels up to the city. Harbor receipts 19,003; expendi- ture 17,430; debt 138,951. The Londonderry & Ennis- GAZETTEER OF IEELAND. 313 killen Railway, the Coleraine & Derry Railway, and the Londonderry & Lough Swilly Railway, which is open to Buncrana, run along the harbor at high- water mark. The salmon-fishery of Lough Foyle is very productive, the greater part being shipped to Liverpool. Markets every week-day; flax market on Tuesday; also cattle, horse, and two grain markets. Four newspapers are published in the city; the Journal, Sentinel, Standard, and weekly Journal. MALLOW BOROUGH. MALLOW, an inland town and Parliamentary borough, in Fermoy barony, the E. riding of Cork county, and Mupster province ; 150^ miles S. W. from Dublin ; com- prising an area of 313 acres ; population 4.165 ; inhabit- ing 7T6 houses. It is situate on the N. side of the Black- water, and is joined by a bridge of three arches to the suburb of Ballydaheen on the S. side, which forms a por- tion of the borough. The public buildings are the Parish Church, a Roman Catholic Chapel, an Independent and two Methodist Meeting Houses, National School-House, an Infirmary, Court House, Bridewell Union Work-House, Spa House, Barrack, etc. There are salt works and tan- neries in the town, and several extensive flour mills in the neighborhood. The borough returns one member to Par- liament ; constituency 6,246. Rateable value of property 6,478. The great monthly cattle markets are held on the first Tuesday of every month, and corn markets on Tuesday and Friday. The Killarney and Fermoy rail- ways join the Great Southern and Western at this sta- tion. NEW ROSS BOROUGH. NEW Ross, an inland town and Parliamentary borough; partly in Bantry barony. Wexford county, and partly in Ida barony, Kilkenny county, and Leinster province, 83 miles S. S. W. from Dublin; comprising an area of 544 acres; being the i Parliamentary boundary which in- 314: GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. eludes Rosbercon; population 6,772, inhabiting 1,113 houses. The town is situate on the side of the hill over the Barrow, 2 miles below its junction with the Nore. The wooden bridge carried away by ire has been re- placed by a metal one, at a cost of 50,137, to be raised off the counties of Wexford and Kilkenny; in the centre is a swivel pillar on which a portion of the bridge is turned to admit vessels on each side. The public buildings are 2 Protestant Churches, 2 Roman Catholic Chapels, a Friary, Nunneries, Presbyterian and Metho- dist Meeting Houses, Fever Hospital, Dispensary and Lying-in -Hospital, TJnion Workhouse, Sessions House, Bridewell, Market House and Barrack. There are breweries and tan yards. The town is lighted with gas, and there are 2 news rooms. The trade of the port is, for want of railway accommodation, not improving; the landing place, on the east bank of the river, 10 miles above its junction with the Suir, where new quays have been erected at a cost of about 3,000, is from 200 to 300 yards wide, with depths of from 15 to 26 feet at low water. A brisk trade is carried on by the Barrow, which admits vessels of 600 tons register to discharge at the quay .at all times of the tide and those of 800 at high springs. Vessels of small tonnage can proceed beyond the town by the Nore to Inistiogue, and by the Barrow to St. Mullins, and barges still farther to Athy, where the junction of the river with the Grand Canal affords a water communication with Dublin on the one side and Limerick on the other. The number of vessels entered inwards in 1873 was 578; tonnage 53,828; cleared, out- wards, 477; tonnage 42,544. Above and below the town there is a salmon fishery. The principal exports are grain, flour, wool, butter, fowl and bacon. Town rates, etc., levied 1,028; expenditure 814; harbor revenue 926. The borough returns 1 member to Parliament; constituency 218; rateable value of property 7,782. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday; butter market on Tuesdays during the season. GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 315 NEWRY BOROUGH. NEWRY, a maritime town and Parliamentary borough, in the barony of Newry Lordship, Down, and Armagh counties, and Ulster province; 63 miles N. from Dublin; comprising within the Parliamentary boundary 2,543 acres, of which 629 are in the town, and 1,914 in the ru- ral district ; population 14,158; inhabiting 2,540 houses. It is situated near the mouth of the Newry Water, which discharges itself into Carlingford Bay, five miles from the town; there are 8 bridges, four of which are stone, and cross the river which separates the counties of Armagh arid Down; the others are drawbridges over the canal. The public buildings are 2 Protestant churches, 2 Roman Catholic Chapels, one of which is the Cathedral of St. Patrick's, Dromore, the other, the Chapel of St Mary's; 4 Presbyterian, 1 Independent, and 3 Methodist Meeting Houses; 2 Convents, 2 Court Houses, 2 Bridewells, Cus- tom House, Union Work-house, National Model School, Hospital Savings Bank, and spacious Barracks. The town is handsome and well built, of stone; the streets regular and compact, and the shops neatly fitted up and lighted with gas. Handsome markets and extensive wa- ter works have recently been erected. Along the quays are large and well built warehouses; there are several corn and flour mills, 1 brewery, 10 tan yards, 3 coach and car manufactories, iron and brass foundries, spade and shovel manufactories, and 3 large spinning mills in town. The other manufactures are linen, yarn, cotton, salt, iron, cordage, etc. The paving, lighting and cleansing of the streets are vested in 18 commissioners; the rates levied amounted to 10,814; expenditure 9,165; debt 40,000. The borough returns 1 member to Parliament; constitu- ency 1,086; rateable value of property 30,602. Car- liiiv.ford Lough is navigable for 6 miles by vessels of the greatest burden at all times, and the port admits vessels of 1,000 tons to Warrenpoint, 63- miles from the town where the larger vessels remain; but those drawing 15 feet can go up by the ship canal to the Albert basin Newry, a distance of 5 miles from the sea. A commission 316 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. has been appointed for improving Lough Carlingford, and removal of the bar; the estimated cost is 80,000; Barges ply by the Newry canal; navigation to Lough Neagh, 32 miles distant inland; the Newry Navigation Company have the management of the port and canal, the latter of which extends along the west side of the river. The income of the port amounts to 6,000 per annum; the number of vessels entered inwards in 1873 was 1,5,76; tonnage 265,970; cleared outwards 795; tonnage 200,802; the principal exports are grain, provisions, cattle, eggs, flax, linens, and butter. The Belfast Junction Railway passes Avithin 1 mile of the town and with the Newry and Armagh, and the Newry Warren- point, and the Rostrevor Railway greatly facilitates the trade of the town. The Newry and Greenore Railway connects the Newry and Armagh line with the deep water harbor of Greenore in Carlingford Lough. Mar- kets on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. The New- ry Commercial Telegraph, and the Newry Iteporter, newspapers, are published here. PORTARLINGTON BOROUGH. PORT ARLINGTON, an inland town and Parliamentary borough, partly in Portnahinch barony, Queen's county, and partly in Upper Philipstown barony, King's county, Leinster province, 44 miles W. S. W. from Dublin, comprising an area in Queen's county of 500 acres; pop- ulation 2,706, inhabiting 537 houses. The town, which stands on the Barrow, here crossed by two bridges, had its ancient name of Cultordy changed into its present by the proprietor, Lord Arlington, who prefixed the term port in consequence of its being a landing place on the river. The public buildings are two Protestant Churches, a Roman Catholic Chapel, a Methodist Meeting House, and a Market House. A branch of the Grand canal passes near it. The town is the residence of many re- spectable families, some of which are descendants of French and Flemish refugees settled here at the Restor- ation, when the town took its rise. Its chief manufac- GAZETTEER OF IKELAND. 317 tures are malt, soap and candles. The borough returns one member to Parliament; constituency 141. -Rateable value of property 4,330. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. SLIGO BOROUGH. SLTGO, a maritime town, and formerly a Parliamentary borough, in Carbury barony, Sligo county, and Con- naught province, 131 miles N. W. from Dublin, compris- ing an area of 3,001 acres, of which 407 are in the town, and 2,594 in the rural district; population 12,206. It is situate near the mouth of the Garrogue, which is crossed by 2 bridges and discharges itself into the Sligo Bay. The public buildings are the Ulster Bank, a Model Na- tional School, both beautiful edifices, 2 Churches, a Ro- man Catholic -Chapel, 1 Friary or Abbey Church, Pres- byterian, Independent, and 2 Methodist Meeting Houses; County Court House, Prison, Infirmary, a Fever Hospital, Union Work House, and a Lunatic Asylum, the latter standing on a prominent position outside the town. The Town Hall was erected in 18G6 ; the ground floor con- sists of an Exchange, Free Library and Reading room, Chamber of Commerce, Borough Court and Council Chamber, and other offices ; the upper floor comprises a large Assemby Room, 74 feet by 32, also a room for the Harbor Commissioners, Town Clerks, and other offices. To defray the expense a sum of 2,700 was granted from the reproductive loan fund of the county, and the balance, 2,300, was raised by voluntary subscription. There is a salmon fishery in the river, the property of Capt. Abraham Martin. The corporation consists of 6 Aldermen and 18 Counselors, elected from three Wards. The number of burgesses on the roll in 1872 was 352; the revenue of the borough in 1875 was 11,048. The ex- penditure for paving, cleansing, lighting, etc., was 7,- 949; rateable valuation 17,975. The port is under the control of Harbor Commissioners, elected every 3 years. Harbor receipts 4,990, 15s. 8d. The number of vessels entered inwards was 528, tonnage 78,124 ; cleared out- 318 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. wards 474, tonnage 65,200. As a seaport, Sligo is the most important on the north-west coast of Ireland, ex- porting annually a large quantity of cured provisions, be- sides the cattle and agricultural produce of the surrounding districts. Its trade is chiefly carried on with Liverpool, Glasgow and Londonderry, two steamers leaving weekly for these ports. Three newspapers are published in the town, the Sligo Champion, Sligo Chronicle, and Sligo Independent, every Saturday. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday. Fairs on 27 March, 7 May, 4 July, 11 Aug- ust, 9 October, and also first Tuesday in each month. TRALEE BOROUGH. TRAI/EE, a maritime town and Parliamentary borough, in Trughanacmy barony, Kerry County, and Munster province, 181^- miles W. S. "W. from Dublin, comprising an area of 512 acres ; population 9,506, inhabiting 1,385 houses. The town is situate on the river Lee, about a mile from Tralee Bay, an inlet of Ballyheigue Bay. Its public buildings are a Church, two Roman Catholic Churches, and Friary Church, two Nunneries, Monastery, with School attached, Presbyterian, Independent, and Methodist Meeting Houses, the County Court House, Prison, and Infirmary, Merchants' Corn Exchange, Town Hall, Railway Station, Union Work-House, and Barracks. The corporation is now extinct, and its property vested in the Lighting and Cleansing Commissioners. The Rev- enue of the Borough was 2,088 ; expenditure 2,625. The Borough returns one Member to Parliament; con- stituency 322. Rateable value of property 11,764. A brisk trade in grain, flour, bacon and butter, is carried on. The value of imports is 150,000 ; exports 200,000. Harbor receipts 1576, 7s. lOd. The number of vessels entered inwards was 348, tonnage 46,269 ; cleared out- wards 107, tonnage 15,006. By tfie ship canal vessels discharge at the basin, within a few hundred yards of the town ; large vessels discharge at the Samphire Island, 8 miles westward. Markets on Tuesday and Saturday. Two newspapers published here the Chronicle and Ker- ry Evening Post. GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 319 WATERFORD COUNTY OF THE CITY, AND PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. WATERFORD, a county of a city, and Parliamentary borough, in Munster province, 97 miles S. S. W. from Dublin, comprising an area of 10,059 acres; population, 29,979, inhabiting 4,558 houses. The city is the south- west bank of the Suir, and is connected Avith its north suburb of Ferrybank by a wooden bridge of 39 arches, 832 feet long. The public buildings are Cathedral, two Parochial Churches, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, five Roman Catholic Chapels, four Convents, Presbyterian, Baptist, Independent, Methodist, and Friend's Meeting Houses, the Protestant Episcopal Palace, Roman Catho- lic College of St. John's, Diocesan, District, Model, Na- tional, Blue Coat and Christian Brothers' Schools, the City and County Court Houses and Prisons, District Lunatic Asylum, Fever Hospital, Union Workhouse, Town Hall, Custom House, the Savings Bank, Military Barracks, and Reginald's Tower. There are breweries, foundries, and several flour-mills in the neighborhood. The corporation consists of 10 Aldermen and 30 Counsel- ors, elected from the five wards. The number of burgesses on the roll in 1863 was 709. The city returns two mem- bers to Parliament; constituency 1,297. Borough re- ceipts 18.319. Expenditures for lighting, cleansing, paving, &c., 17,967; Debt,76,650. The net annual value of property under the tenant Valuation Act is 53,214. Seven newspapers are published in the city the Mail, News, Chronicle, JVeics Letter, Standard, Munster Ex- press, and Citizen. Markets on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday. The harbor of Waterford is formed by the channel of the Suir from the city to its con- fluence with the Barrow, and from thence by the joint estuary of these rivers to the sea, a distance of 15 miles; the entrance, 2 miles wide, which is well lighted by a bright fixed light on Hook ower, 139 feet above the sea, and by a red light on Dunmore pier, 46 feet high, and . two leading lights at Duncannon, also a light on the Spit 320 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. of Passage. Vessels of 2,000 tons can discharge at the quays. The navigation is continued in the Suir by barges to Clonmel, and in the Barrow by sailing vessels to New Ross, and thence by barges up that river to Athy, and up the Nore to Inistiogue. On the Kilkenny side of the river there is a ship building yard, with patent slip, graving bank and dock. Harbor receipts, 14,075. 16s. 7d. The exports are almost wholly agricultural. WEXFORD BOROUGH. WEXFORD, a maritime town and Parliamentary bor- ough, in Forth barony, Wexford county and Leinster province, 93 miles S. from Dublin, comprising an area of 483 acres; population 12,077; inhabiting 2,1 27 houses. It is situated on the south bank of the Slaney, where that river discharges itself into Wexford harbor. Ai/ove the town the river is crossed by a bridge 1,500 feet long. The public buildings are 2 Protestant Churches, of the Establishment; 3 Catholic Chapels, 1 Friary. 5 Nunneries, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Friends' Meeting Houses, a Catholic College, National and Brothers' Schools, the County Court House, Prison, Infirmary, and Fever Hospital, Town Hall, Union Work House, a Barrack and Theater. Connected with the Mechanics' Institute and Literary Society is an interesting museum of natural history, etc. The manufacture of malt, is carried on, and the herring, oyster and salmon fisheries employ many persons. There is a distillery, 3 breweries, and 2 steam corn mills. It returns 1 member to Parliament; con- stituency 508; rateable value of property 15,483. The assizes for the county are held in the town. The cor- poration holds a Court of Conscience for sums under 2. Number of burgesses 183; borough receipts 1,373; ex- penditure (1875), for cleansing, paving, and lighting, 1,360; debt 766. The harbor is of an oblong shape, formed by the estu- ary of the Slaney, extending eight miles from north to south, or parallel with the coast, and four miles wide, GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 321 comprising an area of 14,000 acres. It is admirably situated lor commerce, from its proximity to England, and being at the entrance to the Irish Channel; but those advantages are not available in consequence of a bar at the mouth having only twelve feet of water at high tides, which limits the traffic. Harbor receipts 4,461. The number of vessels entered inwards in 1873 was 705; tonnage 7,927. The quays extend 3,000 feet, and there is a dock yard and patent slip. Important facilities for commerce will soon be afforded by the completion of the pier at Rosslare, in the South bay of Wexford, which will admit large vessels lying along side at low water. A line of railway connecting the pier with the town of Wexford and the railway system of the country, has been completed. Four newspapers are published here, the Constitution, Independent, People, and County Wexford Express. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday. YOUGHAL BOROUGH. YOUGHAT,, a maritime town and Parliamentary borough, in Imokelly barony, Cork county, and Munster province; 157 miles southwest from Dublin; comprising an area of 345 acres; population, 0,081, inhabiting 1,070 houses. It is situate on the acclivity of a hill, on the west side of the estuary of the Blackwater, over which river there is a wooden bridge, 1,787 feet long. The public buildings are 2 Churches of the Establishment, a Catholic Chapel, two Convents, Independent, Methodist and Friends' Meeting Houses, Fever Hospital and Dispensary, Town House, in which are Assembly rooms, a Prison and a Barrack, etc. Sir Walter Raleigh's residence, now called Raleigh's House, is still maintained nearly in its original state. Coarse earthenware and bricks are man- ufactured. The salmon fishery of the Blackwater is very extensive. The number of vessels registered 259; tonnage 21,883; the paving, lighting and cleansing the streets is vested in twenty-one commissioners; the rev- enue (1875) 2.563; expenditure 2,588; debt 4,076; rateable value of propertv 9,540. It returns one mem- 21 322 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. her to Parliament; constituency 257. The exports prin- cipally grain, flour and provisions. A fair is held on the first Monday in every month. ECCLESIASTICAL DIVISIONS. PROVINCE OF ARMAGH. Comprising the Dioceses of Armagh, with the eight Suf- fragan Dioceses, of Meath, Derry, Clogher, Raphoa, Down and Connor, Kilmore, Ardagh, and Dro- more. I. DIOCESE OF ARMAGH. Including the entire County of Louth, almost the whole of Armagh, a great part of Tyrone, and a part of Derry. PARISHES. Armagh, Dundalk, Arboe, Ardee, Ard- trea, Aghaloo, Ballinderry, Ballymakenny, Ballymacnab, Beragh, Carlingford, Clogher, Clonoe, Clonfeacle, Collon, Coagh, Cooley, Creggan L., Creggan U., Darver, Derry- noose, Desertcreight and Derryloran, Donaghmore, Dro- inintee or Forkhill, Dundalk, Dungannon, Dunleer, Eglish, Erigalkeiran, Foghart, Forkhill, Kilcurley, Kil- dress, Kiileighthill, Killevy U., Killevy L., Kilmore, Kil- ran, Knockbridge, Lordship, Loughall, Loughgilly, Louth, Lissan, Magherafelt, Ardtree N., Pomeroy, Portadown, Stewartstown, Tallanstown, Tanderagee, Termon, Ter- monmaguist, Termoni'eckin, Togher, Tullyallen, Tynan, Ciogherrey, St. Peter's, Drumglass, Killyrnan, Tulleynis- kin. II. DIOCESE OF MEATH. Includes Meath, Westmeath, the greater part of Kin (ft? County, and a small portion of Longford and of Cavan. PARISHES. Mullingar, Navan, Ardcath. Athboy, Bally- more, I? llynacargy, Balliver, Batterstown, Blacklion, Bohermein and Cortown, Carolanstown, Carnaros^, GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 323 Castle Jordan, Castlepollard, Castletown, Kilpatrick, Cas- tletowndelvin, Castletown-geoghegan, Clara, Clonmellon, Collinstown, Crosses, Curraha, Drogheda, St. Mary's, Drumcondra, Drumraney, Duleek, Dunderry, Dysart, Grangegeeth^ Kells, Kilberry, Kilbride, Killucan, Kings- court, Kilskeere, Longwood, Moyvore, Monalvy, Navan, Oldcastle, Killina, Ratoath, Kosnaree, Summerhill, Trim, Tubber, Turbotstown, Dunboyne, Dunshaughlin, Eglish, Frankford, Johnstown, Kilkenny, West, Kilbeggan, Kildalkey, Kilmeson, Kinnegad, Lobinstown, Milltown, Moynalty, Multifarnham, Nobber, Rahan, or Rathmolion, Rochfortbridge, Skryne, Slane, Stamullen, Tullamore, Turin, Moynalty, Churchtown, Kildorkey, Kilbeggan. III. DIOCESE OF DERRY. Includes nearly the ichole of Londonderry, part of Don- egal, and a large portion of Athlone. PARISHES. Templemore, Ardstraw E., Ardstraw W., Bodoney U., Bodoney L., Ballymacreen, Ballyscullion, Balteagh, Drumachose, and Aghanlos, Banagher, and part of Bovevagh, Burt and Inch, Cappagh, Cloncha, Clonleigh, Camrus, Clonmany, Culdaff, Cumber U. and Learmont, Dysertegny, and L. Fahan, Desertmartin, and Kilcro- naghan, Donagh, Donagheady, and Leckpatrick, Donagh- more, Drumragh, Dunboe, Macosquin, and Aghadooweny, Dungiven, and part of Bovegagh, Errigle, Faughanvale, Glendermott, and Lower Cumber, Iskaheen, Kilrea, and Desertoghill, Longfield, Maghera, Moville U. and L., Tamlaght O'Crilly, Tamlaght, Ard, Termoneeney, and part of Maghera, Termonamongan, Urney. IV. DIOCESE OF CLOGHER. Includes Monaghan, almost the whole of Fermanagh, a large portion of Tyrone, with portion of Donegal and Louth. PARISHES. Clontibert, Monaghan, Aughabog, Augna- mullen E., Augnamullen W., Black Bog, Brookborough, Carrickmacross, Cleenish, Clogher, Clones, Currin, 324: GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. Derrygonnelly, Donacavy, Donagh, Donaghmoyne, Dromore, Drummully, Drumsnat and Kilmore, Ematris, Enniskillen, Errigle Truagh, Garrison, Inniskeen, Innis- macsaint, Killaney, Killeevan, Killskerry, Magheraeloone, Maguire's Bridge, Muckno, Pettigo, Rosslea, Tempo, Tullycorbet, Tydavnet, Tyholland, Whitehill. V. DIOCESE OF EAPHOE. Includes nearly the whole of Donegal except the Barony of Inishowen. PARISHES. Conwal and Leek, Allsaints Raymochy, Taughboyne, Ardara, Aughnish and Aughaninshin, Clon- dahorky, Clondavadog, Drimholme, Gartan, Glencolum- kille, Inishkeel, Inver, Kilbarron, Kilcar, Killymard, Kilteevouge, Killebegs and Killaghtee, Killegarven and Tally, Kilmacrenan, Lettermacaward, Mevagh, Raphoe, Stranorlar, Tawnawilly, Templecrone and Arranmore Island, Tullaghbegley-east, Raymunterdony and Tory Island, Tullaghbegley-west. VI. DIOCESES OF DOWN AND CONNOR. PARISHES. St. Peter's, FalFsroad, St. Mary's, Chaner- lane, St. Patrick's, Donegal, St. Malachy's, Alfred St., Bal- lymacarret, Ahoghill, Ards Lower, Armoy, Aghagallon, Bailee and Ballyculter, Ballycastle, Ballygalget, Bally- mena, Ballymoney, Bright, Bryansford,Carrickfergus, Col- eraine, Culfeightrin, Cushendall, Derryaghy, Down, Drum- maul, Duncane, Duiiloy, Dunsford, Glenarm, Glenavy, Glenravil or Skerry, Greencastle, Holywood, Innispollan or Cushenden, Kilclief, Kilcoo, Kilmegan, Kilmore, Lome, Lisburn, Loughan island, Loughgiel, Mourne Lower, Mourne Upper, Newtownards, Portaferry or Ballyphilip, Portglenone, Portrush, Rasharkan, Rathlin Island or Saintfield, Saul, Tyrella. VII. DIOCESE OF KILMORE. Includes nearly all of Cavan and parts of Leitrim and Fermanagh. PARISHES. Urney and Aunageliff, Castlerahan and GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 325 Muntercon naught, Anna, Ballaghameehan, Ballina- cleragh, Ballinamore, Ballintemple, Carrigallen, Castle- tara, Crosserlough, Denn, Drumgoon, Drumlane, Drum- lease, Drumreilly Upper, Drumreilly Lower, Drung, Glenade, Glenfarn, Glengevlin, Innismagrath, Kildallen, and Toraregan, Kiilinagh, Killiann, Killargy, Killasnet, Killesher, Killeshandra, Killinkere, Kilmore, Kilsher- dany, Kinawley, Kinlough, Knockbride, Knockninny, Laragh, Lavey, Lurgan, Moyholoiigue and Kilmainham, Mullagb, Templeport. VIII. DIOCESE OF AKDAGH. Includes nearly all of Longford, the greater part of Leitrim, and portions of King's county^ Westmeath, JRoscommon, Cavan and Sligo. PARISHES. Templemichael and Ballymacormac, Bally- loughloe and Kilcleigh or Moate Calry, Abbelara, Anna- duif, Ardagh and Moydow, Aughavass, Ballymahon, or Shrule, Bornacoola, Cashel, Clonbroney, Clongish, Clon- gish, Clonmacnoise, Cloone, Cluan a Donald and Killa- shee, Columbkille, Dromard, Drumlish, Drumlummon North and Loughdruff, Drumlummon South and Bally- mac Hugh, Fenagh, Gallen and Reynagh, Gortleteragh, Granard, Kilcommogue, Kilglass or Lagan, Killenumera and Killery, Killoe, Kilronan, Kiltoghert, Kiltubbrid Mary's St., Maustrim, Milane and Ballynahown, Mohill, Murhane, RathaspicandRussagh, Rathcline, Scrabby and Columbskille East, Street, Tashing, Taghshiney aud Ab- beyderg, Wheera and Tisaron. IX. DIOCESE OP. DBOMORE. Includes parts of the counties of Down, Armagh, and Antrim. PARISHES. Newry, Aghaderg, Armaclone, Banbridge, Clonallen, Clonuff, Dromara, Dromgoolan Lower, Drom- goolan Upper, Dromore, Drumgath, Dunmore, Glenn, Kilbroney, Lurgan, Maheralin, Seagoe, Tullyish. 326 GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. PROVINCE OF DUBLIN. Comprising the dioceses of Dublin, with the three Suffra- gan dioceses of Kildare and Leighlin, Ussory and Ferns. X. DIOCESE OF DUBLIN. Includes Dublin, nearly all Wicklow, and portions of Kildare, Queen's County, Carlow and Wexford. PARISHES. St. Mary's, St. Andrew's, St. Audeon's, St. Catharine's, St. James', St. Kevin's, St. Laurence O'Toole's, SS. Michael and John's, St. Michan's, St. Nicholas without, SS. Peter and Paul's, St. Agatha, Ark- low, Ashford and Glenealy, Athy, Baldoyle, Howthe, Ballymore, Eustace, Balrothery, Blackditches, Blanchard- town, Blessington, Eadstown and Kilbride, Booterstown, Blackrock and Dundrum, Bray, Bray Little, Cabinteely, Castledermot, Albridge and Straffan, Clontarf, and Coo- lock, Dalky and Ballybrack, Donabate, Dunlavin, Ennis- kerry, Finglass and St. Margaret, Garristown, Glende- lough, Irishtown and Donnybrook, Kilbride, Kilcullen, Kilquade, Kingstown and Monkstown, Lusk, Maynooth and Leixlip, Narraghmore, Naul, Newbridge, Palmers- town, Lucan and Clondalkin, Rathdrum, Rathfarnham, Rathmines and Miltown, or SS. Mary and Peter, Rathgar, Rolestown, Rush, Saggart, Rathcoole and Newcastle, Sandyford, Skerries, Swods, Wicklow. XI. DIOCESE OF KILDARE AND LEIGHLIN. Includes the County of Carlow, and parts of Kildare, Queen's County, King's County, Kilkenny, Wicklow and Wexford. PARISHES. Carlow, Abbyleix, Allen and Milltown, Aries and Ballylinan, Bagnalstown, Ballinakill, Ballon and Rathoe, Ballyadams, Ballyfin, Baltinglass, Balyna, Borris, Caragh, Carbury, Clane, Clonaslie, Clonegal, Clon- bullogue, Clonmore, Curraghcamp, Doonane, Edenderry, Graig, Hacketston, Killock, Kildare and Rathangan, Kill and Lyons, Killeigh and Geashill, Killeshin, Leigh- GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 027 Unbridle, Maryborough, Monasterevan, Mountmellick, Mouiitrath, Mullin's St. Myshall, Naas, Newbridge, Pauls- town and Goresbri'dge, Philipstown, Rahccn, Rathvilly, Rhode, Rosenallis, Sancroft, Stradbally, Tinrylaiid and Tulldw. XII. DIOCESE OF OSSORY. Includes Kilkenny and portions of King's and Queen's Counties. PARISHES. St. John's, St. Mary's, Aghavoe, Bally- cullan, Ballyhale, Ballyragget, Borris-in-Ossory, Callan, Castlecoiner, Castletown, Clara, Clough, Cpmeries, Conahy, Dearisfort, Dunamanagan, Durrow, JJYeshfort, Gal way, Glenmore, Gowran, Huginstown, Iriistiogue, Johnstown, Kilmacow, Lisdowney, Mooncoin, Muckalee, Mullinavat, Rathdowriey, Rosbercon, Seirkieran, Skirk, Slieverue, St. Canice's, St. Patrick, Templeorum, Thomastovvn, Tullaherin, Tullaroan, Urlingford, Wind- gap. XIII. DIOCESE OP FERNS. Includes the entire of ~Wexford and part of Wicklow. PARISHES. Enniscorthy, Camolin, Adamstown, Anna- cura, and Killaveny, Ballinclaggin, Ballygarrett, Ban- now, Blackwater, Bree, Castle Bridge, Clongeen, Cloughbawn, and Poulpeasty, Grossabeg, Cushenstown, Davidstown, Ferns, Glynn, Gorey, Kilaiierin, Kilmore, Kihiesh, Lady's Island, Litter, Monageer, Moylass, and Ballymore, New Ross, Newtownbarry, Oyiegate, Oulart, Piercetovvn, Poulfur, and Templetown, Ramsgrange, and Duncannon, Rathangan, Rathnure, and Templedigan, Suttons, and Hoerwood, Taghmou, Tagoat, Tin turn, Tomacork, Wexford. PROVINCE OF CASHEL. Comprising the Archdiocese of Cashel and Diocese of Emly, with Suffragan dioceses of Cork, Killaloe, Kerry, Limerick, Waterford and Lwmore, (Jloyne, .Ross and Kilfenora. O-O GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. XIV. ARCHDIOCESE OF CASHEL AND DIOCESE OF EMLY. Includes the chief part of Tipper ary and part of Lim- erick Counties. PARISHES. Thurles, Annecarthy, Ballin.ahinch, Ballin- garry, Ballybricken, Ballylander, Ballyna, Bansha and Kilmoyler, Boherlahan and Dualla, Borrisaleigh,Cohercon- lish, Cappamore, Cappawhite, Cashel, Clerihan, Clonoulty, Donoskeigh, Doone, Drangan, Drom and Inch, Emly, Fethard and Killusty, Galbally, Golden, Gurtnahoe, Holy- cross, Hospital, Kilbenny, Kilcummin, Killenaul, Killteely, Knockany, Knocklong, Lattan and Cullin, Loughmore, Moycarkey, Moyne, Mullinahone, Murrow and Boher, Newinn,- Newport, Tipp. Pallasgreen, Templemore, Tipp.Ulla and Solohead, Upperchurch. XV. DIOCESE OF CORK. Includes Cork and a part of Kerry. PARISHES. Cathedral, North Parish, SS. Peter and Paul, St. Patrick's, South Parish, Ballincollig, Ballinhas- sig, Bandori, Bantry, Blackrock, Coheragh, Carrigaline, Clountead and Ballymartle, Coursey's Country, Douglass, Drimalogue, Dummanway, Glanmire, Glauntane, Inis- hannon, Enniskean, Iveleary, Kilbrittain, Kilmichael, Kilmurry, Kinsale, Murragh, Muinteravare, Ovens, Pas- sage, Skull West, Skull East, Tracton, Watergrass Hill. XVI. DIOCESE OF KILLALOE. Includes portions of Clare^. Tipperary, King's County, Galway, Limerick and Queerfs County. PARISHES. Nenagh, Newmarket, Aghancon, Birr, Borrisokane, Broadlbrd, Burgess and Youghal, Callag- han's Mills, Carrigaholt, Castleconnell, Castletown-arra, Clare Abbey, Cloghprior and Mousea Clondegad, Clon- nish, Cloughjordan, Corofin, Couraganeen, Crusheen, Doonass, Doora, Dunkerin, Dysart, Ennis, Feacle Lower, Inagh Inch and Kilmaley, Kilbarron, Kildysart, Kilfar- boy, Kilkee, Kilkeedy, Killabe, Killanena, Killard,' Kil GAZETTEER OF IRELAND. 329 liney, Kilmacduane, Kilmichael, Kilmurry, Ibricknane, Kilmurry, McMahon, Kilnanave and Templederry, Kil- noe, Kilnish, Kinnetty, Kyle and Knock, Lorrha and Durrha, Ogonnelloe, Quin, Roscrea, ScarifF and Moynoe, Shinrone, Silvennines, Six-mile-bridge, Tulla, Tooma- XVII. DIOCESE OF KERRY. Includes Kerry and part of Cork. PARISHES. Killarney, Abbedorney, Aghadoe, Agha- vallen, Ardfort, Ballinvoher and Cappaclough, Bally- heigue, Ballymac Elligot, Brosna, Cahirciven, Castle-ire- land, Dingle, Drishane, Dromod, Dromtariff, Duagh, Glenbehy, Keelmachedor, Kenmare, Lilaconenagh, Kil- caskan, Kilcaskan South, Kilcatherine, Kilcrohane East, Kiicrohane West, Kilcummin East, Kilcummin West; Kilcolman, Kileentierna, Kilgarvan, Killaha, Killcarah, Killiney, Killorglin, Killtalagh, Killury, Kilmeen, Kil- namanagh, Kilnaughten, Knockane, Lisselton, Listowel, Molahiffe, Murher and Knuckanaru, Prior, Tralee, Tuos- ist, Valentia. XVIII. DIOCESE OF LIMERICK. Includes Limerick and a small portion of Clare. PARISHES. St. John's, St. Michael's, Abbeyfeals, Adare, Ardagh, Ardpatrick, Askeaton, Athea, Ballin- garry, Ballygran, Banniogue, Bruff, Bulgaddin, Cappagh, Colmanswell, Coolcappa, Cratloe, Croagh, Groom, Don- aghmore, Dromin, Drumcolliher, Effin, Fedamore, Feen- a3. Mayo. Ballvroniiell. 429 Cavan. Ahascragh, 425, Galway. Ballaghadoreen, 1496, Mayo. Ballycottin. 579, Cork. Abenny. 206, Tipperary. Balllckmoyler, 261. Queen's. Ballvcumber. lfi">, King's. Ahoghill, 839, Antrim. iJBallina, 5,551, Mayo and Ballydehob, 640, Cork. Anascanl, 252, Kerry. Sligo. Balivdonegiiu, 450, Cork. Annagassan, 159, Louth. Ballma, 272, Tippcrarv. Ballydnff. 20S. Kerry. Annalong, 180, Down. I'.allinakill, 743. Queen's. l!;\]ivduff, 211, Waterford. Annsborough, 60s, Down. Biillinalack, 206, \Vcstm'th. lliillyc:vston, 182, Antrim. ((Antrim. 2,020. Antrim. Ballinalee, 192. Longford. Itallyfnrnan, 341, Roscom. Ardagh, 349, Limerick. Ballinamore, 531. L-itrim. Ballygar, 4S7, Galway. Ardagh, 165, Longford. JBallinaeloe, 5,O.J2, Galway Ballygawley, 'Ml, Tyrone. Ardara, 575, Donegal. and Roscommon. Uaily.'rorey. 151. Kilkenny. 'I Ardee, 2,972, Louth. Ballincollig, 524. Cork. Kallvlmok. 197, Wexford. Ardfert, 192, Kerry. Hallindine, 271. Mayo. Ballyhahlll, 126, Limerick. Ardfinnan, 360. Tipperary. Hallindrait, 156, Donegal. Ballyhaise, 227, Cavan. Ardglass, 613, Down. Hallingarry. f>73. Limerick. Ballyhalbert, 454. Down. Ardmore. 407, Waterford. BaHingarnr, 3;w, Tipperary. Ballyhale, 255, Kilkenny. Arklow. 5,178, Wicklow. BalllnTongO, 202, Koscom. BallyhanniB, 5 12. Mayo. Arless, 128, Queen's. Ballinrobe, 2,40.x, Mavo. Ballvheige, 257, Kerry. * J Armagh, 8,9 16. Armagh. Ballinspittle, 121, Cork. Ballyhooly, 263, Cork. Armey, 366, Antrim. Ballintemplc. 1,(KIO, Cork. Ballyhonutn, 156, Down. Arthurstown, isg. Wexford. Baltintoffher, 129. Sligo. BaHyJameednff, 714, Cavan. Articlave, 217, Derry. Ballintoy, 211. Antrim. Itallvkiiockiii). 169, Carlow. Arvagh, 696, Cavan. Uallintra, 46.S, Donegal. Bally knockan. 278" Wickl'w. Ashbourne, 2*9, Meath. Ballinunty. 953. Tipperary. Ballylanders. 52.V. Limi'rii-k. Asbbrook, 177, Roscom. Ballitore. 416. Kildare. Ballylaneen, 1 12, Watcri'rd. Asknaton, 1,3"3. Limerick. Ballivor, 159. Meath. Bullylongford. S36. Kerry. Athlioy. S61. Meath Ballon, 157, Carlow. Ballylynan. 242. Qu-'en's. A then. 31(1, Limerick. Hiallvbay. 1.714, Monagh. Ballymacoda, 217. Cork. Athenry, 1,1'.)4. Galway. Ballvl.oden, 151. Dublin. Ballymagorry, I:M. Tyrone. Athleague, 219, Roscom. Biillvliofey. SSI, Donegal. Baltymagulgan, 13">. Derry. JJAthlone, 6.565, Rogcom- Ballyboy. 145, King's. Bnllymabon, 914, Lonford. inon unU WeBtmeath. [Ballybrittas, 160, Queen's. JBallymeua, 7,931, Antrim. (334) POPULATION IN CITIES AND TOWNS. 335 Billymoe, 193, Galway. Borris-in-Ossory. 562, }astlefinn, 382, Donegal. ? Bally money, 2,1>;JO, Antrim. Quoen's. 'astlegregory, 56], Kerry. Bally more-Eustace, 71 9, Kil- Borrisokane, 842, Tipp'r'ry. 'astU-fslaiid, 1.767, Kerry. dare. Borrisoleigh, 772, Tipp'r'ry. "iastlcknock, 147, Dublin. Ballymore. 441, Westm'th. J Boyle, 3,347, Roscommon. yastli-lyons, 456, Cork, Ballymote, 1,180, Sligo. t Bray, 6,087, Wicklow and Jastleinaine, 179, Kerry. Ballynacarrigy, 368, West- Dublin. 'astlemartyr, 536, Cork. nn-ath. Bridebridge. 188, Cork. ^astlepollard, 932, Westm. Ballynaoorra, 396, Cork. Bridgetown, 144, Wexford. 'astlereagh, 1.146, Roscom. Ballrnafatma and Clondn- Broadford, 273, Clare. Oastletown, 237, Queen's. lane,133, Cork. Broadford, 223, Limerick. Castletown, 207, Westm'th. Ballynagaul. or Rinsville, Broadway, 129, Wexford. Castletown-Bearhaven, 386 ..Waterford. Brookborough, 390, Fer- 1,002, Cork. Ballynahincli. 1.225, Down. managh. ^astletownroche, 801, Cork. Ballyneen, :i86, Cork. Brosna, 282, Kerry. y'a.stletownsend, 474, Cork. Ballynoe, 208, Cork. Broushshane, 728, Antrim. ,'astlewellan, 763, Down. * Bally nure, 321, Antrim. Brufi', 1,687, Limerick. Causeway, 231, Kerry. I'.alb-organ, 167, Limerick. Bruree, 520, Limerick, Cav*n. 3.389, Cavan. Btllyporeen.616. Tip. Buncrana, 755, Donegal. >cilRtown, 154, Cork. Ballvquin. 168, Kerry. Bundoran, 744, Donegal ,'elbridso, 1,391, Kildare. Biillyragget. 936. Kilkenny. Bunlahy, 129, Longford. ^hapelizod, 1.280, Dublin. Ballvroan. 354, Queen's. Bunmahon, 602, Waterford, /harlemotit, 391, Armagh. Ballysaderc, 392, Sligo, J Baliyshanuon, 2,958, Don- Burncourt, 157. Tipperary. Bushmills, 1,008, Antrim. ^harlestown, 148, Armagh. 'harlcstown, 709, Mayo. egal. Butlersbridge. 151, Cavan. Charh'ville, 2,482, Cork. I! illyvaghan, 213, Clare. Butlerstown, 135, Cork. Checkpoint, 214, Waterf'rd. Ballvwalter, 702, Down. Buttevant, 1.756, Cork. !hurcntown, 253, Cork. Balrothery. 17fi, Dublin. CabinteeVy, 226, Dublin. 'hurchtown. 138, Wexford, BaUcadden, 140, Dublin. Caherconlish, 432, Limerick. 'iviltown. 142, Down. Baltimore, 193, Cork. Caher, 2.694. Tipperary. Clady. 181, Tyrone. Baltinglas?, 1.241, Wickl. Caherciveen, 1,925, Kerry. Clane. 266, Kildare. Baltrav. 364, Louth. Caledon, 579, Tyrone. Clara, 832. King's. Biiniigher, 1,206, King's. 3 Callan, 2,387, Kilkenny. }lare, 877, Clare. 3 Banbridge, 5.600. Down. Camlough, 224. Armagh. 31aremorris, 1.103, Mayo. 1 Bandon, 6,131, Cork. Camolin, 483, Wexford. Mashavodig, 326, Cork. . J Bangor, 2,560, Down Canpile, U5, Wexford. Clarihmore, 154, Waterford. Ban ii Villa-row, 113, Down. Cappagh, 166, Clare. Claiuly. 205, Derry. Biinsha. 373, Tipperary. Bantry. 2, S 30. Cork. Cappagh White, 657, Tip. Cappamore, 975, Limerick. Clifden. 1,313, Galway. Cloanmines. 882, Cork. Brtrna, 195. Galway. Biuirroo and Feakle, 198, Cappoquin, 1,526, Waterf. Carlanstown. 151, Meath. )logh, 459. Kilkenny. Tloghan, 274, King's. Clare. Carlingford, 971, Louth. ^loghecn, 1.317, Tipperary. Jt Belfast, 174,412, Antrim { I Carlo, 7,842, Carlow and )logher, 760, Louth. and Down. Queen's. Clogher, 242, Tyrone. Belgooly, 105, Cork. Carndonagh, 737. Donegal. 'loglijordan, 668, Tip. Bcllaghy. 491. Derry. Carnew, 801, Wicklow. ^loghmills, 144, Antrim. Bellahy, 329, Sligo. Carnloueh, 541, Antrim. Clohamon. 180, Wextord. Bellanagare, 180, Roscom. Carrickduff, 132, Carlow. ? Clonakilty. 3,">68, Cork. Bellanamallard, 285, Fer- *tCar. Fergus, 9,397,Antrim. Jlonaslee, 357. Queen's. managh. 5 Carrickmacross, 2,017, Clondalkin, 470. Dublin. Bellananagh, 630. Cavan. Monaghan. Clonee. 202. Meath. Bellanode, 129, Honaghan. Carrick-on-Shannon, 1,431, jlonegall, 245, Carlow. Belleek, 327, Fermanagh. Leitrim and Roscommon. ! Clones, 2,170, Monaghan. Belmullet, 849, Mavo. ?Carrick-on-Suir, 7,792 Tip- ^lonniariy, 123. Donegal. 'i Belturbet. 1,759, Cavan. perary and Waterford. Clonmellon, 514, Westm'th. Bunburl), 192. Tyrone. Carrigaholt, 430, Clare. HClonmel, 10,112, Tipper- Bcnnettsbridge, 210, Kil- Carrigaline, 329, Cork. ary and Waterford. kenny. Carrigallen, 335 Leitrim. Clonroche, 324, Wexford. Beragh, 470, Tyrone. Carrigans, 184, Donegal. tClontarf. 3,4*2, Dublin. Bessbrook 2 215. Armagh. Carrietohill. 700. Cork. Clonygowan 141, King's. Binflbamstown, 154, Mayo. Carrowarreri, 146, Clare. Cloonilara, 166, Longford. Blackrocki 562, Cork. Carrowdore, 502, Down. Gloone, 132, Leitrim. ^Blackrock, 8,089, Dublin. *|Cashel, 4,562, Tipperary Clough, 272. Down. Blackrock. 392. Louth. JCastlebar, 3,571, Mayo. Clovne, 1.235. Cork. Blackwater, 231, Wexford. Castlebellingham, 537, L'th Coachford. 138, Cork. Blackwatertown, 253, Ar- Castleblavney, 1,807, Mon Cough, 526. Tyrone. magh. Castlebridge, 292, Wexford Coal Inland, 598, Tyrone. B'anchardstown, 239, Dub. Castlecaulfield, 185, Tyrone t K'oleraine. 6.588, Derry. Blarney, 346, Cork. Castlecomer, 1,321, Kilk'ny Collon, 547, Louth. Blennerville, 3*9, Kerry. iCastleconnell, 478, Limr'ck Collooney, 391 .Sligo. Blemngton, 407, Wicklow. Castlrdawson, 585, Derry. Comber, 2.006, Down. IJoherbov, 152, Cork.. Castlederg, 703, Tyrone. Cong. 364, Mavo. liorris, 601 , Carlow. iCastledermot, 727. Kildare Coulig, Si5, Down. 336 POPULATION IN CITIES AND TOWNS. Cotma, 167, Cork. . Connor. 255, Antrim. Convoy, 259, Donegal. JCookstown, 3,501, Tyrone. Coolaney, 239, Sligo. Coole, :;53, Westmeath. Coolgreaney, 2(11. Wexford. Coolock, 202, Dublin. Coolrain, 144, Queen's. Cooraclare, 171. Clare. Coosheen, 151, Clare. ICootehill, 1.S.M, Cavan. tJCork, 11)0.51(1, Cork. Gorrofln, 63,9, Clare. Courtmacslierry, 485, Cork. Courtown Harbour, 382, Wexford. Cove, 272, Cork. Craughwell, 168, Galway. .Creeslough, 154, Donegal. Creggs, 151, Galway. Crindle, 181, Derry. Crinkill, 1,432. King's. Croasjh, 123. Limerick. Crocket^town, 237. Sligo. Crookhaven, 257, Cork. Croom.885, Limerick. Cross, 129, Clare. Crossakeel, 161. Meath. Crossgar. 688, Down. Crosshaven,338, Cork. Crossmaglen, 649, Armagh. Crossmolina, S52, Mayo. Crossroad*. 258, Donegal. Crumlin, 4t"i5, Antrim. Crumlin,204, Dublin. Cullen, 182, Tipperary. Cullybackey, 255, Antrim. Curraglass, 144, Cork. Curran. 160, Derry. Cushendall, 470. Antrim. YDalkey, 2,584. Dublin. Dangan, 15S Kilkenny. Darkley, 849, Armagh. Deansgrange, 300, Dublin. Delgany, 2f>4. Wicklow. Delvin, 326, Westmeath. Derrygonnelly, 302, Fermh. Dervock, 358. Antrim. Desertmartin, 163, Derry. Dingle. 2,117. Kerrj'. Doagu. 264, Antrim. Dolfingstown, 383, Down. Donaghadee, 2,226, Down. Donaghcloney, 142, Down. Donaghmore. 206, Queen's. Donoghmore, 351. Tyrone. Donard. 318, Wicklow. Donegal, 1,422, Donegal. Doneraile, 1,314, Cork. Dooega, 191. Mayo. Doon, 366, Limerick. Doornane, 193, Kilkenny. Douglas, 783, Cork. tJDowii patrick .4. 155, Down. Drangan, 186, Tipperary. Draperstown. 503. Derry. ttDrogheda, 16. 165, Louth. Dromara, 2O6, Down. Dromcolliher. 652, I^imer. Dromdaleaaue, 204, Cork. Dromina, 254, Cork. Droiniskin, 152, Louth. |Dromore, 2.40S. Down. Dromore, 641, Tyrone. Drum, 162, Monaglian. Drumadd, 297, Armagh. Dniiuuhaire, 269. Leitrim. Drumcondra, 207, Dublin. Drumoondra, 178, Meatli. Drumkeeran, 3.S1, Leitrim Drumlish, 369, Longford. Drumquin, 287, Tyrone. Drninshambo, 594, Leitrim Drumsna, 25<, Leitrim. Dnagh, 267, Kerry. S: I)ublin, 267, 717, Dublin. Duleek, 719, Meath. Dunboyne, 344, Meath. Duncannou, 604, Wexford Duncormick, 215, Wexford iDundalk, 11,377, Loiith. Dundonald, 121, Down. Dundrum, 293, Down. Dundrum, 540, Dublin. Dnndrom. 156, Tipperary. Diinfunaghy, 650, Donegal. J'UIlKlir, 1MI, JV1IKPI Dunleer, 528, Louth. Dunmanway, 2,046, Cork. Dunmore, 640, UMway. Dunmore, 383, Waterford. Dunmurry, 504, Antrim. Dunnamanagh, 231, Ty- rone. Dnnshaughlin, 362, Meath. Durrow, 956, Queen's. Durrus, 193, Cork. Kiisky. 306. Sligo. Eden, 276, Antrim. Edenderry, 1,873, King's. Ederney, 332, Fermanagh. Edgeworthstown, 1,136, Longford. Edmondstown, 138. Dublin. Elphin, 1,051, Roscommon. Emly, 331, Tipperary. Emyvale, 424, Monaghan. * Ennis, 6,5(C, Clare. Feakle, 198, Clare. Feenagh, 140, Limerick. Feeny, 187, Derry. Ferbane, 419, King's. 1 Fermoy, 7.388, Cork. Finnea, 193. Wostmoath. Fintona, 1,3.>. Tyrone. Figheratreet. 12ti, Clare. Fivemiletown. 625. Tyrone. Ford. 232. Wexford, Forkhill, 165, Armagh. Fox!' -rd, 667. Mayo. Frankford, 669, Kii: r's. J'l-eeniount, 205, Cork. Krenchpark, 479. Ro-com. Frcr-li'.onl, 915, Kilkenny, (iallially. L'.sl, uimerick. t Gal way, 19.8i:(. Galway. GaiTistown, 2.">3. Dublin. Garvagh.764, Derry. IGilford, 2,720, Down. Qlandore, 822, Cork. Glanmirc, 3:sn.Cork. Glanworth,673. Cork. Qlna'iough, 231. 'Monaghan. Glaaueviu. 328, Dublin. GI naiicary, "10, Dublin. G'enann. 9S7, Antrim. (ili-n.ivy, 261, Antrim. Gowran.707. Kilkenny. Gracehill, 2'.io, Antrim. Grnignenumanagh, 1,272. Kilkenny. Grananl. 1,M1. Longford. Grange. 17:!. Sliiro. Claim.', 121. Tyrone. Greencnstle. "''2. Antrim. Greyabbey, 770, Down. Greystones. 355. Wicklow. Groomaport, 324, Down. Gyli-en, 299, Cork. Hackf tstown, 863, Carlow. Hallway House. 166, Cork. Hamilton's Bawn, 127, Armagh. Headford, 870, Galway. He'rbei tstown, 3 '7, Liiner'k. ' "5, Down. nis.lioi.iK'. Till, Kilkenney. pnfleld, L'17, M-atli. I I.... ..... ______ Irviiii'Stown ..... . _______ , 1LV), Li-itrim. Ferns, 568. Wexford, Jnhnstown. re'-;. Kilkenny. JFethard, 2,106. Tipporary. Jonesbbrooxh, 1.18, Armach. Fethard. 273. Wexford. Kantuvk. 1.9C.4, Cork. Fiddowii, 149. Kilkenny. Kin-last, 499, Dublin. . 17'.', 11 . {Keady, 1,815, Arm;igh. POPULATION IX CITIES AND TOWNS. 337 Keonaeh, 107, Longford. Rolls. 234, Antrim. Kolls. 2ii, Kilkenny. {Kells, 2,'.i,V(, Meath. Kenmarc. 1.2i^"). Kerry. Kesh, ''', Fermanagh. Kilbaba, 2(18, Clare. Kilbeggan. 1. 145, Westm. Kilcar, 28(i, Donegal. Kilchreest. liil .Galway. Kilcock. 764. Kildare. Kilconnell. 148, Galway. Kilcoole.35n, Wicklow. Kilcullen, 9:, Kildare. Kildare, \,XW. Kildare. Kildavin, 12">, Carlow. KiliUino, ls4, Limerick. Kiidorrery, 407, Cork. Kilfenora, 294, ( 'lare. Kilnnnanc. 1,299. Limerick. Kilsarvan, 1S3. Kerry. Kilkee, I,6o5. Clare. Kiikeel, 1,338, Down. Kilkclly. 259, Mayo. *t}Kilk'iiny',15,7-i<. Kilken. Kilkishen, 2*fi, Clare. Kill, 215. Kililare. Kill, 2ti2, Waterford. Killadysert, 573, Clare. Killala. 6.*>4, Mayo. Killaloe, 1,479, Cli-.re. I Killarney, 5,195, Kerry. Killasliandra, 692, Cavan. Killasliee, 145, Longford. K ilia willin, 453. Cork. Killeagh, 3'.I4, Cork. Killcany, 3s5. Galway. Killenaule, 92t, Tipperary. Killiinor, 286, Galway. IKilliney and Bally brack, 2.29(1, Dublin. Killinick, 177, Wexford. Kill -of- the -Grange, 206, Dublin. Killorglin, 1,055, Kerrj'. Killough, 718, Down. Killucan, 2(KI, Westmeath. Killyliegs, 6:>7, Donegal. Kiliygordon, 175, Donegal. Killylea, 191, Armagh. Killyleagb, 1.772. Down. KMmacow, 178. Kilkenny. Kilmacrenan, 15.<, Donegal Kilmacthomas. 6<'.. Waterf. Kilmasanny, 4(13, Kilkenny Kilmaine. 214, Mayo. f Kilmalnham, New, 4,930. Dublin. Kilmallock, 1.162, Limerick. Kilmanagh, K>s. Kilkenny. Kilmeage, 145. Kildare. Kilmeedy, 190. Limerick. Kilmore. i:;i. Down. Kilmore. 14.">. Wexford. Kilniore (Crossfarnoge), 411, Wextord. Kihnurvy, 12, 1 *, Galway. Kilnaleck.324, Cavan. Kilpedder. 173. Wicklow. Kilrea, 954, Derry. Kilronan, 527, Galway. Kilrusli. 1.43'>, Clare. Kilsheelan, 315, Tipperary. Kiltanngh, 907. Mayo. Maghera, 1,213, Derrv. Kiltfliv. 198. Limerick. Maghcrafelt, 1,401, Derry. Kiltegan. 190. Wicklow. Miiaheralin, 462, Down. Kiltvdogher, 389, Leitrim. Maguiresbridge, 685, Fer- Kilvine, 354, Mayo. managh. Kilwi.i til. 057, Cork. Mahoonagh, 143, Limerick. Kingfcoiirt, '.'12. (.'avail. Malahide, 653, Dublin. 11 Kingstown, 16,378, Dublin. Malin, 198, Donegal. Kinlough, 301, Leitrim. M;illaranny, 231, Mayo. Kinnegad, 628. Westiueath. i?Mallow, 4.165. Cork. Kiiniittv. 236. Queen's. Hanorcunningnam, 234, J Kinsale, 7.050, Cork. Kinvarra, 614, Galway. Donegal. Manorliamilton, 977, Lei- Kircul.liin.021, Down. trim. Knightstown. 241, Kerry. Knock, 129, Mayo. Markethill, 1.14S. Armagh. ?Marybor(UigI),'.'.731.Que'n'8. Knockaderry, 173.Limprick. Maudlins. 167. Wcxtord. Knockainy, 229, Limerick. Maynooth, 1.414, Kildare. Knockcroghery, 163, Ros- Menlougfl, 534, Galway. common. MiildU'ciuarter. 136, Mayo. Knockmahon,252,Watert'd.! JMidleton. 3.603, Cork. K nocktopher. L'2, Longford. Lungwood, .'!".'), Heath. Mullacrirw, 221, Louth. Mullagh, 310, Cavan. Lorrha, 129, Tipperary. Mullagh, ISO. Clare. Loughbeg. 431, Cork. Mullinahone, 818. Tip. Louulibrii-k land. 388. Down. Mullinavat, 531, Kilkenny. Looghgall, 135. Armagh. ?Mullingar, 5,103, AVcstm. Loughiflinn, 24S. Rosoom. Multifarnham, 270, West- ILoughrea,. 3.072. (inlway. meath. Lou^hslnnny, 1H2 Dublin. Louisbursh. .149. Mayo. Myshall, 145, Carlow. |Naas, 3,360, Kildare. Louth, 3.W. Loutli. Naui, 139, Dublin. Lucan. 523, Dublin. JNuvan. 4, 104. Meath. ? 1/urgan, in,r.:!2, Armagh. Neale, 130, Mayo. LnrgAtifwn, 14S, Lonth. ?Xenagh, S,fi%, Tipperary. Lusk,57J, Dublin. New Birmingham, 168, Tip- Mitcroom, 3,193, Cork, nerary. 338 POPULATION IN CITIES AND TOWNS. Newbliss, 439, Monaghan. 2 Newbridge. 3.286, Kildare. Newcastle, 764 Down. Newcastle, 2.112, Limerick. NewGlanmire, 14:!, Cork. New Inn, 132, Tipperary. Newmarket, 705, Cork. Newmarket-on- Fergus, 750, Clare. Newport, 81."). Mayo. Newport, 1.0i:i. Tipperary. iJNew Ross. 6,772, Wextbrd and Kilkenny. JJNewry. 14,158, Armagh anil Down. Newtown, 368. Cork. Newton. 613, Town. SNewtownards, 9,562. Down. Newtownbarry, 1,014, Wex- tbrd. Newtownbellew. 2?0. O-i'w. Newtov.Mbro.i.i. ,"ll. i'.'U i. NewcownbiKlur, 418. Fer- managh. Newtown-Cromineliu, 132, Antrim. Newtown-Cunningham, 235, Donegal. Newtown-Dillon, 709, Mayo. New T. -Forbes, .",17, LonVf. Newtown-Gore, 122, Leitr. Newtown- Hamilton, 1,027, Armagh. Newtownmountkennedy, 444, Wicklow. Newtown park, 485, Dublin. NewT.-Siiiides, 218, Kerry. Nowtown-Stewart, 1,159, Tyrone. Nicker. 187, Limerick. Nhie-mile-house, 193, Tip. Nobber, 342, Meatli. O'Briensbridge, 2y3, Clare. nslo\vn. 1.939 King's. Passage, 729, Waterford. I'iissauo We-t, 2,.;sy. Cork. ', Pcmbrokfi, 2(1.082. Dublin, PetUgoe, 525, Donegal and Fermanagh. Philipstown, 820, King's. Pilltown, 436, Kilkenny. P.umb Bridge, 149, Tyronrf. Points Pass, 386, Armagh and Down. Pomcroy, 526,rTyrone. Ponds, 217, Dublin. ?Portadown, 6,735, Armagh. il'ortalerry, 1,938, Down. ; Portarlington, 2,560, King'and Queen's. Portlenon, 697, Antrim and Londonderry. Portlaw, 3,774, Waterford. PortmneM, -it-*, Kerry. Portri)e. 219. Tipperary. Portrusb, 1.196, Antrim. Portstewart, 512. Derry. Purtumna, 1,269, Galway. Prosperous. 263. Kildare. Pimly.sburn, 127. Down. JQueenstown, 10.310, Cork. Quin, 136, Clare. Kaharney, 153. Westmeath. Raheny. 192, Dublin. Raiieendoran. 136. Carlow. K.ini-.L'ranKe, 124, Wexlonl. i; nd ilstown. 604, Antrim. Il.pho.-. 1.021. Donegal. U t. u h,u'kin, 2ii, Antrim. Hathangan. ii82, Kildare. Kathcoole, 459, Dublin. Iliithc-ormack. 451. Cork. liathdowney, 1.1 C 6, Queen's. Itathdrum, 929, Wioklow. Katliliinibam, 5S9, Dublin. Hatbfriland, 1.S27, Down. EUtbsrormuek, 131, Water!'. I llatlikeale, 2,617,Limerick. Kathmelton, 1,499, Donegal. fKathminee and llathgar, 20,562. Dublin. BatkmuUen, 4is, Donegal. Rathne\v,695, Wii'klow. Uiitbnxven, 319, Westmeath. Rathvilly, 415, Carlow. Katliwire, 1MI. Westmeath. Ratoath, 376, Jleath. Urdrross. 23ii, Wicklow. Rich-hill, 725, Armagh. Uingville, 3s6. Waterlord. Rivenhapel, 231. Wexlbrd. Riverstown, 162. Cork. Riveratown, 307, Sligo. Robei'tstown, 325, Kildare. Kochlortbridgo 251, West- meath. Roclccorry. 2S4, Monaghan. Rockhill, 163, Limerick. Rockmills, 177, Cork. Roonah, 149, Mayo. Itoosky,. 190, Loitrim and Roscommon. Roscommon, 2,375, Ros- common. Iloscrea, 2,99', Tipperary. Rosernont, 247, Dublin. Rosscarbery, 714, Cork. Rosses, Upper. 200, Sligo. Ksslea, 371, Fennaiiaugh. llosstrevor, 627, Down. Roundhill, 177. Cork. II. nuidstone. 35,">, (ialway. Royal Oak, 122, Carlow. Rush. 1.238. Dublin. Saintlield. 901. Down. St. Johnstown, 285. Donegal. St. Patrickswell, 272, Lim- erick. Sallins, 452, Kildare. Sally's Cross Roads, 1C7, Cork. Sc!irritl'. 731, Clare. Scartlea. Kil. Cork. Scarva. 196, Down. Scilly. 646, Cork, Scotsbouse, 130, Monaghan. Srotstown, 139. Monaghan. So-aiiby, 121. Cavan. Seatorde, 161, Down. Seein, 851. Tyrone. Slianagarry. 263, Cork. Shanatriiliien. 299. Limerick. Shaiiballyniore, 214. Cork. Shannonbridge, 254, King's, Shaiinan llarliour, 166, I King's. i Shercock, 354, Cavan. Shillehgh. 426. Wicklow. Shinrone. 552. King's. Shrule, 3:',0. Mayo. Silvermines. 294, Tip. Sixmilebridge, 517. Clare. Sixmilecross, 311 Tyrone. Skerries, 2,236. Dublin. JSkibbereen, 3,695, Cork. Skull, 555, Cork. Slane. 473, Meiith. t Sligo, 10.670. Sligo. Smithboronarh, Monagh. Snei-m, 451. Kerry. Spiddle. 273, (Jalway. tamullin. 182, Jleath. . Stepa^ide. 155. Dublin. I Stewarts town, 931, Tyrone. Millorgan. 513, Dublin. ,Stonylbrd. 272. Kilkenny. iJStrabane, 4.309. Tyrone. Stradbally, 181. Kerry. Stradbally, 1,229, Queen's. Stradbally, 469. \\aterlord, St 1 iidoue. 12*, ('avail. Stran.yford, 4^2. Down. Slranocum, 122. Antrim. Stranorlar. 4i>8. Donegal. Stratford. 278. \\ icklow. Strokestown. 971. Roscoin. gummerliill, 216. Meath. frwonllnbar, 31 1. Cavan. Swatragh, 184, Derry. Swinelbi-d, 1,3(')6, 31ayo. Swords, l.(Kl>. Dnblin. Taglinion. 251. Wextbrd. Tallagbt. 312, Dublin. 1'allow. 1.332. \\atcrford. Tanderagee, 1.210. Armli. Tarbert, 705, Kerry. STeraplemore. 3,497, Tip. Templepatrick, in, Antrim. Templeplace. 402. Kildare. Trinpletuohy, 308, Tip. Tempo, 460. Kernianagli. Terenure. 903, Dublin. Termoiileckiii. 221, Loutli. Tbomastbwn, 1.202, Kilk. '/Thurles, 5.008, Tipperary. Tillytown,:'s',9. I'ub in.' Timahoe, 130, Quern's. Timoleague. 4 19, Cork. Tinabely, 495, Wicklow. Tinnahinc.il, 413, Carlow. ?Tipperary, 5.6:',-i. Tipp. Toberabeena, 223, Tipper. POPULATION IN CITIES AND TOWNS. 339 Tobercurry. SS4,Sligo. Tobermore, 528, Derry. Tolka. 190, Dublin. Tomgraney, 145, Clare. Tooinyvara, 417, Tipperary. Tooreen, !">:?, Mayo. UTralee, 9,506. Kerry. Tramore, 2,011, Waterford. Trillick, 350, Tyrone. | Trim, 2,195, Heath. | Tiiam, 4.223, Galwajr. Tulla, .SCI, Clare. Tullauhan, 117, Leitrim. '(. Tullamore, 5,17(t. King's, Tallow, 2.H8, Carlow. Tullyveery, 994, Down. Tynagh, 144, Gahvay. Tynan, 121, Armagh. Tyrrellspass, 4T.i. Wcstm. Unionhall, 477, Cork. Urlingforil, 1,207, Kilken. Villierstown, 231,WaterTd. Virginia, 787, Cavan. Waringstown, 671, Down. Warren, 226, Antrim. Warrenspoint, 1^06, Down. *tt Waterford, 29.979, Wa- terford. Watergrasshiil, 143, Cork. tWestport, 4,417, Mayo. Westquarter. 12fi, Mayo. tJWexford, 12.077, AV'exfd. White Abbey. 1.272, Antr. Whitegate, ysi, Cork. White House, Lower, 339. Antrim. White House, Upper, 1,056, Antrim. White's Town, 250, Louth. (SWicklow, 3,164, Wicklow. Wilbrook, 130. Dublin. Windgap, 128, Kilkenny. Windy Harbour, 314, Dub. Woodford, 377, Galway. JIYoughal, 6,081, Cork. INDEX. PAGE Absentee proprietors, number of 24 Absenteeism 156 Ancient Irish tenantry 36 Ancient land laws 37 Anglo-Norman Invasion 33 Anthracite coal 12 Antiquity of Irish civilization 26 Appalling horrors of the Famine in 46-7 186 Arable land, acres of. 19 Armies of William and James 142 Attempts to win over the Catholics 172 Banks, establishment of 122 Barley, produce of per acre 20 Baronies, number of (see, also, Gazetteer for location of.) .... 19 Beal-an-atha-buie, battle of 47 Benburb, battle of 107 Biggar, Joseph 216 Birth-places of the people 21 Bituminous coal 12 Blind, ratio of the 23 Botany of the Island ' 14 Boyne, the battle of 143 Brass coined for Ireland 118 Brehon land laws 37 Bribery unparalleled 116 Catholic emancipation 174 Catholics disarmed 134 Cattle trade of Ireland 126 (341) 34:2 INDEX. * PAGE Census of population v 20 Chronic Irish misery, the secret of 187 Climate of the Island . 14 Clontibret, battle of 46 Clontarf, battle of 31 Coal beds, area of 12 Coinage for Ireland 117 Commodities of Ulster 78 Confederacy of the North 44 Confiscations 60-103 Conn O'Neill and the "Montgomeries 66 Conquest of Ireland begun . . . . . 34 Constabulary 15 Copper mines 13 Cotton manufactures (see, also, Gazetteer) 125 Counties, acreable extent of * 18 Cromwell in Ireland 107 Crops, acres under 19 Cutting off heads, reward for 55 Danish Invasion 29 Davitt, Michael, speech of 232 Deaf and dumb, the ratio of 23 Dean Swift on Absenteeism 158 Death of Sarsfield 148 of Thomas Davis 197 Debasing the Coin 121 Declaration of Irish Rights ^ 163 Defection of Anglo-Irish Generals . . . < 107 Defective titles 70 Deterioration of the Irish 80 Difficulties incident to State interference 230 Dillon, John 215 Disarming acts i 134 Discoverers at work 90 Drapier's letters, the 121 Dwellings of the people 21 Ecclesiastical divisions .... 322 INDEX. 343 PAGE Education under native government .' 29 Effects of absenteeism 160 Elective franchise 16 Electors, number of (see, also, Gazetteer.) 16 Elevations of the land 10 Emancipation not confined to Ireland 173 Emigration, statistics of 24-194 not remedial 235 the landlord's cure 245 English indifference to Irish wa.nt 28 law introduced into Ulster 71 Evil working of the tenant-at-will system . . .' 223 Evils of absenteeism 157 Extermination counseled 87 Families, number of \ . . 22 ' Famine in 1845-6-7 180-187 Fenian raid into Canada 206 Five Bloods, persons of the. . .* .,. . . 138 Franchise, elective 116 Free trade and the volunteers f 162 Gazetteer of Ireland 253 cities and boroughs 287 counties 253 parishes ' 322 population 334 Geology of the 'Island 10 Geraldine forfeitures in Munster 61 Gleumalure, battle of : 153 Government, form of. in early times 27 present form of 15 Grattan's efforts to prevent the Union '. 174 Gold ore .* 13 Henry Eighth acknowledged king- 35 Houses number of inhabitants in 21 Idiotic, the ratio of 23 Ignorance enforced by statute laws 132 Indictment for killing an Irishman 140 3M INDEX. PAGE Industries of Ireland 113 Insurgents at New Ross 168 Irish language, names, etc., prohibited 56 landlordism a record of cruel bondage *. 227 not subjects but enemies 54 parliaments, composition of 115 sympathy with American rebels 161 Irishmen had no protection under the law 139 Ireland had no power of self defense 188 Iron ore 12 Judicial divisions 16 Kilkenny, statute of 55 Killing an Irishman no felony 54 Kinsale, battle of 49 Lakes, the. . , 10 Landed property. 17 Landlords acting injuriously to themselves 228 Lady Morgan on absenteeism 156 Leaders of the Laud League 212 Lead veins 13 Linen manufacture 125 Lunatics, the ratio of 23 Massacre of Mullaghmast 150 Meagher T. F., a speech of 188 Military divisions 17 Militia, the 17 Minerals (see, also, Gazetteer) 12 Mistakes of the emigrants on landing '196 Mitchel convicted of treason felony ." 201 Monster meetings 177 Montgomeries in the Ardes of Down 65 Mortality On shipboard 195 Mountains, the principal 10 Munificence of the American people 185 National Council at Kells 106 New effort to plant Englishmen on the land Ill New Ross, battle at 168 INDEX. 345 PAGE Nominal 'itlja Parliaments . . . ' 115 Norman settlement 34 Norsemen, invasions by 30 O'Connell and the men of 48 189 his wonderful influence , 178 last appeal to 'England , , 182 true to civil and religious liberty 180 O'Donnell, Frank Hugh 220 O'Neill unfurls his royal standard 45 O'Sullivan, W. H 219 Oath of supremacy 109 Oats, produce of per acre 20 Occupations of the people 23 Oulart Hill, the battle of 167 Parliamentary independence 116 Piirriell, Charles S 213 Paupers 25 Peace policy, the 179 Peat bog, extent of 12 Penal Laws under Catholic England. . . . , 51 under Proiestant England 128 Plantations, area of 19 Police force, Metropolitan 16 Political divisions of the Island 13 systems, effects of 59 Popery laws cause deep distress 137 Population, census of the 20 by counties 253 cities, boroughs 287 towns 344 Potatoes, produce of per acre 20 Poverty in Ireland compulsory 128 Power, John O'Connor 218 Prevalent diseases in Ireland 14 Produce, per acre ; 20 Proprietors of land, number of 24 Protestant patriotism in 1782 116 346 INDEX. PAGE Protests against the act of union 173 Provinces, total area of .' 18 Prussian land tenure 238 Reformation, the 41 Religious persecutions ; 88 Repeal of the Union, agitation for 176 Representation '. : 16 Results of absenteeism 159 Republican ideas propagated 190 Rights of property 237 Rising of the North 44 Rivers the 10 Russian system of land tenure 240 Sanitary condition of the people 23 Sarsfield meets William at Steink : rk 147 Saxon race, character of 81 Schools, early establishment of ( 28 Scottish Highlanders in Ulster 65 Secession from the Repeal Association 191-199 of John Mitchell from Irish Confederation 2CO Settlement by the Danes 30 Normans ; 34 Scotch..'. 65 Silver ore 13 Size of farms in Ireland 250 Social comparison of the two laces 79 Society of United Irishmen * Ki4 St. Patrick 26 Statistics of Ireland (see, also, Gazetteer.) 9 Starving amid plenty 22o Submission of the northern chiefs Suppressed Industries of Ireland 13 Surface of the Island 10 Synod of Catholic bishops at Kells, 1643 106 Temperature of the Island 14 Tenant right agitation 203 INDEX. 347 PAGE Tenants evicted by military force 210 could not control the elements 205) of Ulster boldly assert their rights 250 Territorial division (see, also, Gazetteer) 18 The American Phoenix Society 205 The Crow-bar Brigade 242 The Devon Land Commission. 193 The Dublin Nation newspaper 197 The Fire- Brand of the mountains 153 The Irish Confederation of '48 199 The Irish Exodus ^. 192 The Manchester martyrs 207 The National Land League 222 The State has the right to take lands, 237 Tim Stone 13 Towns, number of acres under. 19 population of 287 Treaty of Limerick, violation of 128 Turf bog, extent of (see, also, Gazetteer) . 12 Ulster Plantations 84-93 Uncultivated land, area of 19 Union, the legislative \ 170 United Irishmen 164 Valor and prowess of the natives 79 Value of a murdered Irishman 141 Violation of the treaty of Limerick 129 Water, number of acres under (see, also, Gazetteer.) 19 "Water-power of Ireland 127 Wexford insurgents 166 Wheat, produce of per acre 20 Woolen manufactures (see, also, Gazatteer.) 125 Wretched condition of the people ^ . . . 110 Young Ireland, chiefs banished 203 Zoology (see, also, Gazetteer) 14 APPENDIX. LETTER OF DONALD O'NEILL, KING OF ULSTER, TO JOHN, SOVEREIGN PONTIFF, WRITTEN ABOUT 1329. To our Most Holy Father, John, by the grace of God, sorwif/n pontiff, we. his faithful children in Christ Jesus, Donald O'NetH, king of Ulster, and lawful heir to the throne of Ireland; the no- bles and great men. with all the people of this kingdom, rtcom- . mend and hutnbly cast ourselves, at his feet, d-c. The calumnies and false representations which have been heaped upon us by the English are too well known throughout the world, not to have reached the ears of your Holiness. We are persuaded, most Holy Father, tha,t your intentions are most pure and upright, but from not knowing the Irish except through the misrepre-enta- tiou ot their enemies, your holiness might be induced to look upon as truihs those falsehoods which have been circulated, and to form an opinion contrary to what we merit, which would be to us a great misfortune. It is, therefore, to save our country against such imputations, that we hav j come to the resolution of giving to your Holiness, in this letter, a faithful description, and a tru*- and precise idea of the real state at present of our monarchy, if this term can be still applied to the sad remains of a kingdom which has groaned so long beneath the tyranny of the kings of England, and that of their ministers and barons, some of whom, though born in our island, continue to exercise over us the same extortions, v rapine and cruelties as their ancestors before them have commit- ted. We shall advance nothing but the truth, and we humbly hope that, attentive to its voice, your Holiness will not delay to express ^our disapprobation against the authors of those crimes and outrages which shall be revealed. The country in which we live was uninhabited until the three sons of a Spanish prince, named Milesius, according to others Micelius, landed in it with a fleet of thirty ships. They came here from Cantabria, a city on the Ebro. from which river they called the country to which Providence guided them, Ibernia, where they founded a monarchy that em- braced the euiire of the island. Their descendants, who never (348) APPEIsT)IX. 34:9 sullied the purity of their blood by a foreign alliance, have fur- nished ,one hundred and thirty kings, who, during the space of three thousand five hundred years and upwards, have successively* filled the throne of Ireland till the time of King Legarius, from whom he, who has the honour of affirming thr^e facts, is descended in a direct line. It was under the reign of this prince, in the year 4:35, that our patron and chief apostle, St. Patrick, was sent to us by Pope Celestinus, one of your predecessors; and since the con- version of the kingdom through the preaching of that great saint, we have had, till 117U, an uninterrupted succession of sixty-one kings, descended from the purest blood of Milesius, who, well in- structed in the duties of their religion, and faithful to their God, have proved themselves fathers of their people, and have shown by their conduct that, although they depended in a spiritual light upon the holy apostolical see of Rome, they never acknowledged any temporal master upon earth. It is to those Milesian princes, and not to the English or any other foreigners, that the church of Ireland is indebted for those lands, possessions, and high privi- leges, with which the pious liberality of our monarchs enriched it,, and of which it has been almost stripped, through the sacrilegious cupidity of the English. During the course of so many centuries, our sovereigns, jealous of their independence, preserved it unim- paired. Attacked more than once by foreign powers, they were never wanting in either courage or strength to repel the invaders, afid secure their inheritance from insult. But that which they ef- fected against force, they failed to accomplish in opposition to the will of the sovereign pontiff. His holiness Pope Adrian, to whose other great qualities we bear testimony, was by birth an. English- man, but still more in heart and disposition. The national preju- dices he had early imbibed, blinded him to such a degree that, on a most false and unjust statement, he determined to transfer the sovereignty of our country to Henry, King of England, under whom, and perhaps by whom, St. Thomas of Canterbury had been murdered for his zeal in defending the interests of the church. Instead of punishing this prince as his crime merjted, and de- priving him of his own territories, the complaisant pontiff has torn ours from us to gratify his countryman, Henry II.: and, without pretext or offence on our part, or any apparent motive on his own, has stripped us by the most flagrant injustice of the rights of our crown, and left us a prey to men, or rather to monsters, who are unparalleled in cruelty. More cunning than foxes, and more rav- enous than wolves, they surprise and devour us ; and if sometimes we escape their fury, it is only to drag on, in the most disgraceful slavery, the wretched remains of a life more intolerable to us than death itself. When, in virtue of th.e donation which has been mentioned, the English appeared for the first time in this country, they exhibited every mark of zeal and piety; and excelling as they did in every species of hypocrisy, they neglected nothing to sup- plant and undermine us imperceptibly. Emboldened from th<* : jr 350 APPENDIX. first suceases, they soon removed the mask; and without any right ,but that of power, they obliged us, by open force, to give up to them our houses and our lands, and to seek shelter, like wild beasts, upon the mountains, in woods, marshes, and caves. Even there, we have not been secure 5 against their fury; they even envy us those dreary and terrible abodes; they are incessant and unre- mitting in their pursuits after us, endeavouring to chase us from among them; they lay claim to every place in which the} T can dis- cover us, with unwarranted audacity and injustice; they allege that the whole kingdom belongs to them of right, and that an Irishman has no longer aright to remain in his own country. From these causes arise the implacable hatred and dreadful ani- mosity of the English and the Irish, towards each other; that con- tinued hostility, those bloody retaliations and innumerable massa- cres, in which, from the invasion of the English to the present time, more than fifty thousand lives have been lost on both sides, besides those who have fallen victims to hunger, to despair and to the rigours of captivity. Hence also spring all the pillaging, robbery, treachery, treason and other disorders which it is impos- sible lor us to allay in the state of anarchy under which at present we live; an anarchy fatal not only to the state, but likewise to the church of' Ireland, whose members are now, more than ever, ex- posed to the danger of losing the blessings of eternity, after being first deprived of those of this world. Behold, most holy father, a brief description of all that has reference to our origin, and the miserable condition to which your predecessor has brought us. We shall now inform your holiness of the manner in which we have been treated by the kings of England. The permisson of entering this kingdom, was granted by the holy see to Henry II. and his successors, only on certain conditions, which were clearly expressed in the bull which was given them. According to the tenor of it, Henry engaged to increase the church revenues in Ire- land; to maintain it in all its rights and privileges; to labour by enacting good laws, in reforming the morals of the people, eradi- cating vice, a^id encouraging virtue; and finally, to pay to the suc- cessors of St. Peter an annual tribute of one penny for each house. Such were the conditions of the bull. But the kings of England and their perfidious ^ministers, so far from observing them, have uniformly contrived to violate them in every way, and to act in direct opposition to them. First, as to the church lands, instead of extending their boundaries, they have contracted, curtailed, and invaded them so generally and to such a degree, that some of our cathedrals have been deprived, by open force, of more than one- half of their revenues. The persons of the clergy have been as little respected as their property. On every side we behold bish- ops and prelates summoned, arrested, and imprisoned by the com- missioners of the king of England; and so great is the oppression exerc : sed over them, that they dare not give information of it to your holiness. However, as they are so dastardly as to conceal APPENDIX. 351 their misfortunes and those of the church, they do not merit that we should speak in their behalf. ' The Irish were remarkable for their candour and simplicity; but the English have undertaken to reform us, and have been unfor- tunately but too successful. Instead of being, like our ancestors, simple and candid, we have become, through our intercourse with the English, and the contagion of their example, artful and design- ing as themselves. Our laws were written, and formed a body of right, acco. ding to which our country was governed. However, with th > exception of one alone, which they could not wrest from tis, they have deprived us of those salutary laws, and have given us instead a code of their own making. Great God ! such laws! If inhumanity and injustice were leagued together, none could have been devised more deadly and fatal to the Irish. The fol- lowing will give your holiness some idea of their new code. They are t.ie fundamental rules of English jurisdiction established in .this kingdom: 1st Every man who is not Irish, may, for any kind of crime, go to law with any Irishman, whilst neither layman nor ecclesias- tic, who is Irish, (prelates excepted,) can, under any cause or provocation, resort to any legal measures against his English opponent. 2d If an Englishman kill an Irishman perfidiously and falsely, as frequently occurs, of whatsoever rank or condition the Irishman may be, noble or plebeian, innocent or guilty, clergyman or lay- man, secular or regular, were he even a bishop, the crime is not punishable before our English tribunal; but on the contrary, the more the sutferer has been distinguished among his countrymen, either fur his virtue or his r mk, the more the assassin fs extolled ti nd rewarded by the English, and that not only by the vulgar, but by the monks, bishops, and what is more incredible, by the very magistrates, whose duty, it is to punish and repress, ci-i me. . 3d If any Irishwoman whosoever, whether noble or plebeian, marry an Englishman, on the death of her husband she becomes deprived from her being Irish, of a third of the property and possessions which he owned. 4th If an Irishman fall beneath the blows of an Englishman, the latter can prevent the vanquished from making any testamen- tary deposition, and may likewise take possession of all his wealth. What can be more unjustifiable than a law which de- prives the church of its rights, and reduces men, who had been free from time immemorial, to the rank of slaves? 5th The same tribunal, with the co-operation and connivance of some Knglish bishops, at which the arch-bishop of Armagh presided, a man who was but little esteemed for his conduct, and still less for his learning, made the following regulations at Kil- kenny, which are not les's absurd in their import, than in their form. The court, saythey, after deliberating togetner. prohibits all religious communities, in that part of Ireland of which the 352 APPENDIX. English are in peaceful possession, to admit any into them but a native of England, under a penalty of being treated by the king of England, as having contemned his orders, and by the founders and administrators of the said communities, as disobedient and refractory to the present regulation. This regulation was little needed; before, as well as since its enactment, the English Do- minicans, Franciscans, Benedictines, regular canons, and all the other communities of their countrymen, observed the spirit of it but too faithfully. In the choice of their inmates they have evinced a partiality, the more shameful, as the houses fur Bene- dictines and canons, where the Irish are now denied admittance, were intended by their founders to be asylums open to people of every nation indiscriminately. Vice was to be eradicated from amongst us, and the seeds of virtue sown. Our reformers have acted in a way diametrically opposite; they have deprived us of our virtues, and have implanted their vices amongst us,