THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 BY SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, BART. 
 
WORKS BY SIR FRANCIS HEAD. 
 
 ROUGH NOTES OF JOURNEYS ACEOSS THE PAMPAS 
 AND OVER THE ANDES. Post 8vo. 2s. Qd. 
 
 " None of Sir Francis Head's works have achieved a greater popularity than 
 his Gallop across the Pampas. Written thoroughly con amore, and with the 
 easy flow of ideas that seem, like their originator, to be swinging along at a 
 hand-gallop, he carries us away with him over the boundless plains of South 
 America, free and untrammelled as himself." Frazer's Magazine, Jan. 1861. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE ESSAYS. 2 Vols. Post 8vo. 18s. 
 
 BUBBLES FROM THE BRUNNEN OF NASSAU. By an 
 OLD MAN. 16mo. 5s. 
 
 THE EMIGRANT. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. Qd. 
 
 STOKERS AND POKERS ; or, the London and North- 
 Western Railway. Post 8vo. 2s. 6rf. 
 
 DEFENCELESS STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN. Post 8vo. 
 12s. 
 
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 12s. 
 
 A FORTNIGHT IN IRELAND. Map. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 " Sir Francis Head's works are now so well known to the British public that 
 it is almost superfluous to criticise their merits or their style. 
 
 " His descriptions remind us of Hogarth. There is the same minute attention 
 to details, the same truthfulness of outline, the same undercurrent of humour." 
 Frazer's Magazine, Jan. 1861. 
 
 JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 
 
 LONDOK : PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, 
 AND CHARING CROSS. 
 
THE HOUNOS ARE LATE TO-DAY 
 
 FRONTISPIECE 
 
BY SIR FRANCIS B. HEAD, BABT 
 
 \\ 
 
 He grew unto his seat ; 
 
 And to such wond'rous doing brought his horse, 
 As he had been incorps'd and dcmy-natur'd 
 With the brave beast. 
 
 Hamlet, Act iv. Scene 7, 
 
 SECOND EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET 
 
 1861. 
 
 The right of Translation if reserved. 
 
P E E F A E. 
 
 THE writer of this little volume deems it only fair to 
 forewarn his readers that he is not, and never has been, 
 an inhabitant of that variegated region in creation com- 
 monly called " the sporting world." 
 
 He has never bred, raced, steeple-chased, nor betted 
 sixpence on any colt, filly, horse, or mare. He has never 
 seen, nor been seen by, the Jockey-Club. He has never 
 been on the turf. He does not belong to " the ring." 
 
 Nevertheless, sometimes in the performance of public 
 duties, sometimes from private inclination, sometimes 
 for the benefit of his health, sometimes for recreation, 
 sometimes for rumination, sometimes to risk his life, 
 and more than once to save it, he has, throughout a 
 long and chequered career, had to do an amount of rough- 
 riding, a little larger than has fallen to the lot of many 
 men. 
 
 His observations and reflections on horses and horsemen 
 he now ventures to submit to that portion only of the 
 community who, like himself, preferring a long tether 
 to a short one, take exercise on four legs, instead of 
 on two. 
 
 A 2 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 PREFACE 3 
 
 CONTENTS 5 
 
 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS THE HORSE 7 
 
 MR. RAREY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES COMPARED 
 
 WITH THAT PRACTISED IN SOUTH AMERICA .. .. 16 
 
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CHARACTER AND CONDUCT OF 
 
 A WILD HORSE AND A TAME ONE 24 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP A JUST SEAT A LIGHT HAND THEIR 
 ADVANTAGES IN RIDING, IN LEAPING, IN GALLOPING 
 OVER ROUGH GROUND, IN GOING FAST DOWN HILL, IN 
 
 FALLING 28 
 
 A JUMP INTO A STONE- QUARRY THE MAMELUKE* S LEAP 
 
 OUT OF THE CITADEL OF CAIRO LETTER FROM GEN. 
 MOORE, AND STORY OF HIS FALL ON HORSEBACK OVER 
 A PRECIPICE OF 237 FEET 44 
 
 MODE OF RIDING AT TIMBER 51 
 
 WATER JUMPING SCENE AT A NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 
 
 BROOK 54 
 
 DIFFERENT WAYS OF SWIMMING A HORSE 62 
 
 JUDICIOUS RIDING 63 
 
 USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS 65 
 
 HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FlELD 74 
 
 HOW TO BRING A HUNTER HOME 80 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 How TO DEESS FOR HUNTING 89 
 
 How TO EAT AND DRINK FOR HUNTING 97 
 
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEICESTERSHIRE AND SURREY 
 
 HUNTING 104 
 
 THE STABLE .. .. 106 
 
 ON SHOEING 114 
 
 ON EOUGHING HORSES 119 
 
 SADDLES 121 
 
 BRIDLES 126 
 
 INTRINSIC VALUE OF A HORSE 130 
 
 ON SHYING 132 
 
 ON SINGEING 136 
 
 MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS AT ARTHINGWORTH TO 
 
 DRAW WATERLOO GORSE .. .. 143 
 
 EFFECTS CREATED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS ON HORSES, 
 
 MEN, WOMEN, CHILDREN, SHEEP, LAMBS 152 
 
 CRUELTY OF HUNTING CONSIDERED 159 
 
 THE LAMB AND THE Fox 163 
 
 BENEFICIAL RESULTS, SOCIAL AND PECUNIARY, OF 
 
 HUNTING 167 
 
 SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND DEATH OF THOMAS ASSHETON 
 
 SMITH 173 
 
 ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER 195 
 
 ON HOBBLING AND ANCHORING CAVALRY HORSES .. 206 
 
 ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES 215 
 
MODE, IN NORTHERN PARTS OF SOUTH AMERICA, OF RIDING 
 OVER THE ANDES, ON A RED INDIAN. 
 
 QUERY, which is "THE SAVAGE?" 
 
 To face pa6 7. 
 
THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 IN almost every region of the globe, not only on its sur- 
 face, but at different depths beneath it, the history of the 
 horse is recorded. 
 
 " Fossil remains," says Colonel Hamilton Smith in the twelfth 
 volume of the Naturalist's Library, " of the horse have been found 
 in nearly every part of the world. His teeth lie in the Polar ice 
 along with the bones of the Siberian mammoth ; in the Himalaya 
 mountains with lost, and but recently obtained, genera; in the 
 caverns of Ireland ; and, in one instance, from Barbary, completely 
 fossilized. His bones, accompanied by those of the elephant, 
 rhinoceros, tiger, and hyama, rest by thousands in the caves in 
 Constadt ; in Sevion at Argenteuil with those of the mastodon ; in 
 Val d'Arno and on the borders of the Khine with colossal urus." 
 
 But what is most deserving of attention is that while all 
 the other genera and species, found under the same con- 
 ditions, have either ceased to exist, or have removed to 
 higher temperatures, the horse alone has remained to the 
 present time in the same regions, without, it would 
 appear, any protracted interruption; fragments of his 
 skeleton continuing to be traced upwards, in successive 
 
THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 formations, to the present surface of the earth the land 
 we live in. 
 
 In like manner in history, sacred, profane, and modern, 
 the horse is to be found omnipresent, sharing in the con- 
 quests, in the defeats, in the prosperity, in the adver- 
 sity, in the joys, in the sorrows, in the occupations, and 
 in the amusements of man. 
 
 In Genesis xlvii. 17, Moses records that the Egyptians 
 (1729 years before Christ), at a time when the famine 
 was sore in the land of Canaan, gave to Joseph their 
 horses in exchange ibr bread. 
 
 Two hundred and thirty-eight years afterwards (1491 
 B.C.), six hundred chosen chariots for nobles and generals, 
 all the war chariots of Egypt armed with iron to break 
 the enemy's battalions, the horsemen, and all the host of 
 Pharaoh, in their pursuit of the children of Israel, were 
 overthrown in the midst of the Eed Sea, so that there 
 remained not so much as one of them (Exodus, chap, 
 xiv.) 
 
 " Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the 
 Lord, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the Lord, for he has 
 triumphed gloriously : the horse and his rider hath he thrown into 
 the sea." Exodus, chap. xv. 
 
 The Canaanites whom Joshua engaged at the waters 
 of Merom had cavalry, and a multitude of chariots drawn 
 by horses. Sisera, general of Jabin, King of Hazor, had 
 900 chariots of iron. Judah could not get possession of 
 
THE HORSE. 9 
 
 the lands because the ancient inhabitants of the country 
 were strong in chariots of iron. The Philistines, in their 
 war against Saul, had 30,000 chariots and 6000 horsemen. 
 David having taken 1000 chariots of war from Hadadezer, 
 King of Syria, hamstrung the horses, and burned 900 
 chariots. During the latter periods of the Jewish mo- 
 narchy Palestine abounded in horses. 
 
 In 1 Kings, chap. iv., it is stated that Solomon had 
 40,000 stalls of horses for his chariots, and 12,000 horse- 
 men. 
 
 Cyntacus, a King of Ethiopia, entered Egypt at the 
 head of 100,000 cavalry; and from that period to Balak- 
 lava, and from it to the last battle in modern history, 
 horses in greater or less numbers have shared in the 
 dangers of war. 
 
 In many instances the history of an individual horse 
 forms part and parcel of the history of his rider : accord- 
 ingly we learn that Bucephalus (so called because his head 
 resembled that of a bull, Bov Are<aXo?), when thirty 
 years old, saved the life of Alexander the Great, who, 
 in remembrance, built a city which he called after his 
 name. 
 
 We are, moreover, taught in our schools, that the Em- 
 peror C. Caligula, as an especial honour to his favourite 
 horse, not only created him a high-priest and consul, but 
 caused him to live in marble apartments, in which he 
 
10 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 stalked about adorned with the most valuable trappings 
 and pearls the Eoman empire could supply. 
 
 In statuary, ancient as well as modern, the horse lives 
 with his rider. 
 
 On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the 
 Acropolis of Athens, at Nineveh, and numerous other 
 localities, are to be seen sculptured or painted, more or 
 less beautifully, ancient figures of men on horseback. 
 
 In all the great cities of Europe the horse and his rider, 
 or rather the rider and his horse, are ornaments deemed 
 worthy to occupy conspicuous positions in the most 
 important thoroughfares. Accordingly in London, within 
 a few hundred yards of each other, are to be seen eques- 
 trian statues of Kings Charles L, William III., George 
 III., and George IY. 
 
 Mounted on one charger, the Duke of Wellington in 
 his cocked hat and feathers, military cloak, sword, pistols 
 and spurs, in all weathers, rides triumphantly on the 
 summit of an arch at the western end of London, while, 
 at the same moment, in pantaloons and shoes, without 
 hat, stirrups, or spurs, mounted on another charger, he 
 appears, as a sentinel, in front of the Bank of England, 
 the commercial heart of the empire. 
 
 Among the great potentates of the earth, the coin 
 that is most currently used, in proffers to each other of 
 amity and friendship, is a horse. And accordingly, the 
 
THE HORSE. 11 
 
 Beys of Tunis, of Algiers, and Egypt ; every sovereign 
 in Europe, including the Czar of Russia, and the Sultan 
 of the Turks; the Emperor of Morocco, the Kings of 
 Persia and Abyssinia, and other rulers of smaller name, 
 have transmitted to the Queen of Great Britain, with 
 due compliments, specimens of their finest horses. 
 
 In the Life of Bruce, the Abyssinian traveller, it is 
 recorded that Fasil, after having assembled the leaders 
 of the Galla tribes, said to the noble Briton, " Now, before 
 all these men, ask me any thing you have at heart, and 
 be it what it may, they know I cannot deny it to you !" 
 Bruce, of course, asked to be conducted immediately 
 to the head of the Nile. Fasil then turned to his 
 seven chiefs, who got up. They all stood round in a 
 circle and raised the palms of their hands, while he 
 and the Galla with great apparent devotion repeated 
 together a prayer, about a minute long. "Now," says 
 Fasil, " go in peace : you are a Galla. This is a curse 
 upon them and their children, their corn, grass, and 
 cattle, if ever they lift their hand against you or yours, 
 or do not defend you to the utmost, if attacked by 
 others." Upon this, Bruce offered to kiss his hand, 
 and they all went to the door of the tent, where there 
 stood a very handsome grey horse. "Take this horse/' 
 said Fasil, " as a present from me. But do not mount 
 it yourself. Drive it before you, saddled and bridled 
 
12 THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK. 
 
 as it is. No man of Maitsha will touch you when he 
 sees that horse" which proved a magician that led him 
 towards his object an Jilgis that shielded him on his 
 way. 
 
 In like manner to the people of France, the c Moniteur ' 
 has just officially made the two following announce- 
 ments : 
 
 "Algiers, 19th September, 1860. 
 
 " The Emperor and Empress yesterday morning laid the first 
 stone of the fine boulevard which is to run along the shore. An 
 immense concourse of persons, both French and native, were col- 
 lected, eager to see their Majesties, and the ceremony displayed a 
 most picturesque character. Under the skilful direction of General 
 Jusuf, contingents of the Kabyle infantry and cavalry of the three 
 provinces, with all the Aghas and Caids at their head, had been 
 assembled to come and pay homage to the Emperor. After a sham 
 fight between the different tribes a grand fantasia took place by 
 from 9000 to 10,000 horsemen rushing forward at the swiftest 
 gallop, and discharging their firearms before their Majesties' tent ; 
 afterwards a magnificent charge was given by twelve squadrons of 
 Spahis, crossing the plain like a hurricane ; then followed tilting 
 matches, gazelle, ostrich, and falcon hunts ; a grand filing-off of 
 the Touaregs, with their faces veiled, and mounted on their 
 camels ; and of the Chambaas, those inhabitants of the depths of 
 the Desert, and the future carriers of French commerce into the 
 Soudan. After, in short, one of the most splendid spectacles that 
 could be imagined, all the Goums, forming an immense line of 
 battle, advanced majestically, with banners displayed and muskets 
 held high in the air, towards the eminence on which the Emperor's 
 tent had been pitched. The chiefs, clad in the richest burnous, 
 alighted from their steeds and came in a body to present the horse 
 of homage, caparisoned with gold, and thus perform an act of sub- 
 mission to the Sovereign of France. At this moment, rendered 
 
THE HORSE. 13 
 
 solemn by the beauty of the scene and the warlike appearance of 
 the various tribes whose long resistance has given glory to the 
 French arms, the Emperor could not prevent himself from giving 
 way to visible emotion. The Bey of Tunis was present at this 
 grand solemnity." 
 
 "Paris, 28th September, 1860. 
 
 " General Count Pierre Schouvaloff, Grand Master of Police at 
 St. Petersburg, and his brother, Count Paul Schouvaloff, both 
 aides-de-camp to the Emperor of Eussia, were received the day be- 
 fore yesterday by the Emperor Napoleon, and had the honour of 
 presenting to his Majesty four horses, sent as a present by the 
 Emperor Alexander. These fine animals, which have been accom- 
 panied to Paris by a veterinary surgeon, four hussars, and a non- 
 commissioned officer of the Imperial Guard, are of the celebrated 
 Orloff race, and come from the Imperial breeding stud at Ch re- 
 no vsky. They were selected from among a great number by the 
 Czar himself ; and during the two months that their journey from 
 the very heart of Eussia has occupied, they have been the objects of 
 the greatest care. His Majesty greatly admired the beauty, 
 strength, and symmetry of the horses, and expressed to the Counts 
 Schouvaloff how gratified he felt at a mark of attention which 
 showed the friendly relations existing between the two Sove- 
 reigns." 
 
 In war, the value of these noble animals to man is well 
 described by Shakspeare's thrilling exclamation of King 
 Richard 
 
 " A horse I a horse I my kingdom for a horse I " 
 
 In like manner, in civil life, how often has the school- 
 boy, who in his infancy had clutched with ecstasy his toy 
 a little spotted horse on wheels felt that he would 
 give his birthright for a pony ! 
 
14 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 On his arriving at Oxford or Cambridge, how often has 
 the undergraduate, for the professed purposes of applica- 
 tion and recreation, submitted to his parents or guardians 
 a supplication for those three stereotyped wants of col- 
 lege life, "a little money, a private tutor, and a horse!" 
 Afterwards, in his manhood, and even in his old age, 
 how often has the Prime Minister of England, during a 
 most important debate, risen from his seat in Par- 
 liament to propose to the legion of senators around 
 him "that this House shall adjourn from Tuesday to 
 Thursday," for the well known object (acknowledged 
 by "loud and protracted cheering") of enabling him- 
 self, those who surround him, and everybody else, "to 
 go to the Derby," to purchase "Darling's correct card 
 of the names of the HOUSES, and the colours of their 
 
 KIDEKS !" 
 
 Among our leading statesmen, how many, as patrons of 
 the turf, have purchased for several thousand guineas a 
 horse ! How many, including Pitt, Fox, Lord Althorp, 
 Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Sir Francis Burdett, &c., 
 &c., have been ardent followers of hounds ! 
 
 Her Majesty Queen Victoria and the Emperor Napoleon 
 III. each keep a pack of stag-hounds ; the Prince Consort, 
 a pack of harriers. During the Peninsular war, and again 
 while commanding the army of occupation in France, 
 the Duke of Wellington, besides fighting and writing, 
 
THE HOKSE. 15 
 
 maintained either a pack of fox-hounds or boar-hounds.* 
 George III. was strongly attached to hunting; his great 
 grandson, the Prince of Wales, " loves it better still." 
 
 In all our streets, in our fields, in our highways and 
 bye-ways, along the surface of merry England, and across 
 it ; under ground in coal-mines ; revolving in a mill ; 
 in short, in every direction, and wherever we go, we see 
 before us sometimes as man's companion, sometimes as 
 his servant, sometimes as his slave, and occasionally as 
 his master the horse, respecting which and his rider we 
 will now, without further preamble, venture to offer to 
 our readers the few following remarks. 
 
 * About 44 years ago a Frenchwoman, the proprietor of a small 
 farm, showed us, as a great curiosity, a "billet de logement" 
 which had been inflicted upon her, of which the following is a trans- 
 lated copy : 
 
 " The widow will lodge for one night fifty-four dogs." [The Duke 
 
 of Wellington's hounds just arrived from England.] 
 
 " (Signed) , 
 
 " Mayor." 
 
 " Imaginez-vous done," exclaimed the poor old lady, uplifting 
 her eyes and the palms of both hands; "Imaginez-vous done 
 cmquante-quatre chiens ! !" 
 
 A 3 
 
16 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 MR. KAEEY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES. 
 
 IT is a singular fact, that although England produces the 
 finest horses in the world, and though the English people 
 have always fancied they understood their management 
 better than any other nation, yet, lately, not only have 
 we all been astonished by the superior knowledge on 
 this subject of a trans-Atlantic cousin, but what is still 
 more surprising, our sporting men have rushed forwards 
 to pay to Mr. Earey no less a sum than about 15,000. 
 for exhibiting to them a system of horse-breaking, the 
 philosophy of which is based upon a few simple facts, 
 which, although unreflected on, have ever been lying 
 close before our eyes. 
 
 Of all animals in creation, there is no one we should all 
 of us be so very sorry to lose as the horse. In peace and 
 in war, on burning sands under the equator, or on eternal 
 snow in the frigid zone, for pleasure or for business, well 
 fed or starving, he is always not only ready, but eager, 
 to the utmost of his strength, to serve a master, but too 
 often inconsiderate, ungrateful to him, and unjust. As 
 soon as his courage is excited, no fall, bruise, blow, or 
 wound, that does not paralyse the mechanism of his limbs, 
 will stop him ; indeed, with his upper and lower jaw 
 shot away, and with the skin dangling in ribands, we have 
 
MR. RAEEY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES. 17 
 
 seen him cantering, apparently careless and unconscious 
 of his state, alongside of the horse artillery gun from 
 which he had just been cut adrift. 
 
 But although in the hunting-field, on the race-course, 
 or in harness, a horse will generally, from sheer pluck, 
 go till he drops, yet, whenever he encounters physical 
 strength greater than his own, our hero all of a sudden 
 acts like an arrant coward. 
 
 For instance, in the mail, it apparently matters not to 
 the spirit of the horses whether there be one passenger or 
 six light bags or heavy ones; on the contrary, the 
 greater the weight, the more eagerly do they strain to 
 force it to follow them. The faster they are allowed to 
 go, the harder do they pull, until, if the reins were to 
 break, they would enjoy the opportunity by running away, 
 not as in the days of Phaeton with the chariot of the 
 sun, but with say a ton and a half, of they know not 
 what, at their heels. And yet, if on the following day 
 the same high-flying, high-spirited, high-mettled horses 
 were to be hooked to a sturdy living oak tree, after two or 
 three ineffectual snatches to move it, no amount of punish- 
 ment would be sufficient to induce them to go to the end 
 of their traces ; in short, to use a well-known expression, 
 they would all "jib." Again, if a horse in harness, how- 
 ever resolutely he may be proceeding, slips upon pave- 
 ment, and falls heavily on his side, after vainly making 
 
 B 
 
18 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 three or four violent struggles to rise, he becomes all of a 
 sudden so completely cowed, that not only without any 
 resistance does he allow his harness piecemeal to be 
 unbuckled, the carriage detached, and pushed away far 
 behind him, but, when lying thus perfectly unfettered, 
 it requires kicks, stripes, and a malediction or two, to 
 induce him to make the little effort necessary to rise from 
 his prostrate state. 
 
 Again, in the hunting-field, a noble, high-couraged 
 horse, a rusher at any description of fence, the very sight 
 of which seems to inflame his ardour, in most gallant 
 style charges a brook, which when he is in the air he 
 sees is too broad to be cleared. On his chest striking 
 against the bank, and while his rider, delighted at feeling 
 that he is not a bit hurt, is luxuriously rolling over and 
 over on the green grass like a rabbit that at full speed has 
 been shot dead, this gallant steed makes two, three, or 
 four desperate efforts to get to him; and yet, simply 
 because the mud at the bottom of the brook catches hold 
 of his hind feet, and the sticky perpendicular clay bank 
 grasps his fore ones, his courage suddenly fails him, and 
 as nothing will then induce him to make another effort, 
 it becomes necessary to send, often several miles, for 
 cart-horses to drag this high-bred animal out by his 
 neck. 
 
 But although this strange mixture of courage and cow- 
 
MR. RAREY'S MODE OF SUBDUING HORSES. 19 
 
 ardice appears to us at first to be inexplicable, yet on 
 reflection we must perceive that it is in strict accordance 
 with the beneficent decree that "man should have domi- 
 nion over every beast of the field." 
 
 The weight and muscular strength of a horse multi- 
 plied into each other, form a momentum which, if his 
 courage were as indomitable as that of man, would make 
 him the master instead of the servant of the human race ; 
 and accordingly, although, for all the purposes for which 
 man can require them, his energy and endurance are in- 
 vincible, yet, to ensure his subjection, his courage has 
 been so curiously constituted, that, as it were, by touching 
 the small secret spring of a safety valve, the whole of 
 it instantly evaporates; and althouglf Mr. Rarey has 
 not exactly explained this theory, he has, with extra- 
 ordinary intelligence and success, reduced it to practice 
 as follows : 
 
 When a horse of a sensitive and sensible disposition 
 is placed under the care of a man of weak nerves, he very- 
 soon finds out that, by the help of his body, teeth, and 
 heels, that is to say by squeezing, crushing, biting, and 
 kicking his groom, he is able to frighten him; and no 
 sooner is this victory attained, than the tyrant begins to 
 misbehave himself to everybody in every possible way, 
 until, as in the case of Cruiser, it is declared dangerous to 
 approach him, even with food ; that no man can ride him ; 
 
 B 2 
 
20 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDEE. 
 
 in fact, that he is an animal beautiful to look at, but tho- 
 roughly useless to mankind. 
 
 Now, to cure this disorder, the wild beast, for such 
 he is, with great precaution, by several guy-ropes, is 
 led close to the wheel of a waggon, under which Mr. 
 Rarey, putting his hands through the spokes, manages 
 to lift up and gently strap up one fore-leg, and to affix 
 a long strap to the fetlock of the other, which two 
 simple operations at once ensure the victory he is about 
 to attain. 
 
 As it gives a horse not the slightest pain or incon- 
 venience to stand for a short time on one fore-leg, 
 Cruiser, while "amazed he stares around," is scarcely 
 aware that he is doing so ; and as he is totally uncon- 
 scious of the existence of the other strap, he is perfectly 
 astounded to find that no sooner does he attempt to 
 resent Mr. Rarey 's bold approach and grasp, than, ap- 
 parently by the irresistible power of man, he is suddenly 
 deprived of the use of both his fore-legs. 
 
 The longer and the more violently he can be en- 
 couraged to resist, the more deathlike will be the trance 
 in which he is about to lie. He struggles struggles 
 struggles until, as in the three instances we have 
 described, his courage all at once evaporates, and with 
 heaving flank, panting nostrils, palpitating heart, flabby 
 muscles, and the perspiration bursting through every pore 
 
MR. RARETS MODE OF SUBDUING- HORSES. 21 
 
 in the skin, lie then allows his conqueror to sit on his 
 ribs, to fiddle in his ears, drum to the gaping and gasp- 
 ing audience : in short, as the Duke of Wellington 
 described Lord Ellenborough's proclamation about the 
 gates of Sumnauth, to sing over his carcase "a song of 
 triumph." And thus as Achilles was mortally wounded 
 in the only vulnerable part of his body the heel, so 
 does Cruiser find that in a heart which had never before 
 failed him, and which had been the terror of all who 
 approached him, there exists a weak point, discovered 
 by Mr. Earey, which has caused his complete subjection 
 to man. 
 
 " Is this the face that faced ten thousand men, 
 And was at last out-faced by Bolingbroke ? " 
 
 In old times this conversion of the bully into the 
 coward could only be effected, at great risk, by courage 
 and physical force, as follows : 
 
 Some years ago Captain , the well-known steeple- 
 chase rider, bought at Tattersall's, for a very small sum, 
 a magnificent horse that no stranger in the yard dared 
 approach, and which therefore was "put up'' and honestly 
 sold as a " man-killer." 
 
 On these propensities being explained by the purchaser 
 to his head groom, the resolute fellow bluntly replied that 
 he would not at all object to take care of the beast pro- 
 vided he were allowed, " in self-defence, to kill or cure 
 
22 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 him;" and accordingly, as soon as the homicide entered 
 his stable, with a steady step, but avoiding looking into 
 his eye, he walked up to him, and then, not waiting 
 for a declaration of war, but with a short, heavy bludgeon, 
 striking the inside of his knees, he knocked his fore legs 
 from under him, and the instant he fell, belaboured his 
 head and body until the savage proprietor of both became 
 so completely terrified, that he ever afterwards seemed 
 almost to quail whenever his conqueror walked up to 
 him. 
 
 Now, on comparing the two opposite systems, humane 
 and inhuman, scientific and unscientific, just described, 
 it must be apparent to everybody, that while for the 
 latter a powerful hero must be procured, all that is 
 requisite for the former is calmness, gentleness, and two 
 little straps which, in a lower stratum, physically fight a 
 desperate battle, above which man morally and serenely 
 presides ; the horse, nevertheless, all the while ascribing 
 to him alone the whole credit of the victory eventually 
 attained. 
 
 Under the ordinary process used by horse-breakers, it 
 requires several weeks before a colt often broken down 
 as well as in by the operation surrenders his own will 
 to that of his rider, whereas Mr. Rarey has not only in 
 public repeatedly demonstrated, but many who have fol- 
 lowed his prescription have testified, that a young 
 
MR. RAREY'S SYSTEM EXEMPLIFIED. 23 
 
 thorough-bred horse, perfectly unbroken, can, in the 
 course of about half-an-hour, be so thoroughly conquered 
 by the two straps which he conceives to be part and 
 parcel of the irresistible strength of his master, that so 
 soon as he is satisfied that his own powers of resistance 
 are of no avail, he subserviently allows himself to be 
 bridled, saddled, mounted, and ridden. 
 
 The principle of Mr. Rarey's system of domination is 
 at this moment curiously exemplified in the little dairy 
 farm-yard of Mr. Roff, residing on the Brighton road, near 
 Croydon. 
 
 Some months ago, on approaching these premises, we 
 observed a lot of children playing with a yearling colt, 
 who, to our surprise, was allowing them to crawl between 
 his legs and fondle him in various ways, just as if he were 
 a dog. On riding into the yard to inquire by what ma- 
 gical means the little quadruped had been made so gentle 
 and tame, we were informed by the old farmer who 
 owned him that his wife, kind to all her beasts, , 
 
 " She milk'd the dun cow that ne'er offer 'd to stir : 
 Though wicked to all, it was gentle to her," 
 
 had for many years been yearning to add to them a pet 
 colt ; that accordingly he had lately bought her one, and 
 that she had tamed it : with uxorious pride he added 
 " she could tame anything." As, however, we were per- 
 fectly convinced that his good wife, in spite of her comely, 
 
24 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 honest face, could not fascinate a horse's heart quite as 
 easily as a husband's, we cross-questioned the latter for a 
 considerable time, until he at last mentioned (as if it had 
 nothing whatever to do with the subject) that when he 
 purchased the yearling (whose mother had just died), not 
 knowing how to bring it to his wife, with the assistance 
 of one or two men he strapped together all its four feet, 
 and then, lifting it into his cart, just as if it had been a 
 calf, he trotted away with it, jolting it and jumbling it 
 till he reached his home, where he uncarted it, and, in due 
 time, with his own hands, restored to it the use of its limbs. 
 Of course this was a much stronger dose of discipline 
 and subjection than Mr. Earey has ever found necessary 
 to administer, even to Cruiser; r and there can exist no 
 doubt it was this cooling medicine, this soothing mixture, 
 which had produced the strange and salutary effects that 
 had attracted us into the little yard. And thus, in every 
 region of the globe, not only colts and horses, but all living 
 animals, man especially included, surrender at discretion 
 to any authority which, after a fruitless struggle such 
 a one for instance as induced Napoleon L, on the 15th 
 of July, 1815, to seek for refuge on board H. M. ship 
 Bellerophon from the allied armies of Europe they find 
 it to be utterly impossible to resist. 
 
 The differences between the character and conduct of 
 
WILD AND TAME HORSES COMPARED. 25 
 
 a wild horse and a tame one are, we believe, not very 
 clearly understood. It is generally conceived that in the 
 difficulty of adhering, technically termed sticking to the 
 back of a horse, there exist three degrees of comparison, 
 namely : 
 
 1. That it is rather difficult to ride a horse that has 
 been broken in. 
 
 2. That it is exceedingly difficult to ride one that has 
 been petted, patted, bitted, lounged, but not mounted. 
 
 3. That it must be almost impossible to mount and ride 
 a wild horse just caught, that has never been touched 
 by a human hand. 
 
 We will, however, humbly venture to assert that, in 
 certain instances, the three steps of this little ladder 
 might be reversed. 
 
 1. In a state of nature the horse is such a zealous 
 advocate of our popular principle of " self-government," 
 he is so desirous to maintain his "independence," that 
 although he will allow almost any quadruped, even wolves 
 and lions, to approach within a certain distance, yet the 
 moment he sees a man, though on horseback, he instinct- 
 ively turns his tail towards him, and, when followed, 
 gallops away. 
 
 If, consequently, by the triumph of reason over instinct 
 he be caught, or rather by the lasso tumbled head over 
 
26 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 heels, saddled, and if all of a sudden, to his vast astonish- 
 ment, he finds sitting astride his back, with a cigar in his 
 mouth, the very human being he has always been avoid- 
 ing, his first and almost only feeling is that of fear ; and 
 accordingly, if he be retained by the bridle, instantane- 
 ously, by a series of jumps on all four legs, he makes 
 impromptu his first hurried, untaught, unpractised effort 
 to dislocate a rider. But if, instead of being as it were 
 invited to perform these unsophisticated antics, he be 
 allowed, or rather, by whip and severe spurs, be propelled 
 to do what he most ardently desires, namely, run away, 
 his power of resistance is over, and his subjection ine- 
 vitable. For at the top of his speed, just as when swim- 
 ming, a horse can neither rear, kick, nor plunge, and 
 therefore at his best pace he proceeds on his sure road 
 to ruin, until not only all his wind is pumped out of 
 him, but after that, until twisted hide-thong and sharp 
 iron have converted his terror of man into an ardent 
 desire to be obedient to his will. In fact, like a small 
 nation that has unsuccessfully been contending against a 
 great one, he wishes to put an end to the horrors of war, 
 and to sue for the blessings of peace. 
 
 2. If a domestic horse that has been handled, fondled, 
 but never ridden, be suddenly saddled and mounted, the 
 rider has greater difficulties to encounter than those just 
 described: for the animal is not only gifted by nature 
 
WILD AND TAME HORSES COMPARED. 27 
 
 with all the propensities of the wild horse to reject man, 
 but, from being better fed, he has greater strength to 
 indulge in them; besides which he enjoys the immense 
 advantage of being in a civilized, or, in plainer terms, an 
 enclosed country. Accordingly, instead of being forced 
 to run away, his rider is particularly afraid lest he should 
 do so, simply because he knows that the remedy which 
 would cure the wild horse, would probably kill him. In 
 fact, the difference to the rider between an open and an 
 enclosed field of battle is exactly that which a naval officer 
 feels in scudding in a gale of wind out of sight of land, 
 and in being caught among sandbanks and rocks in a narrow 
 channel. 
 
 3. Of all descriptions of horses, wild and tame, by far 
 the most difficult to ride is that young British thorough- 
 bred colt of two or three years old that has been regularly 
 "broken in" ly himself, without giving the slightest 
 warning, to jump away sideways, spin round, and at the 
 same moment kick off his rider. The feat is a beautiful 
 and well-arranged combination of nature and of art. 
 Like the pugilistic champion of England Tom Sayers 
 he is a professional performer, gifted with so much 
 strength and activity, and skilful in so many quick, artful 
 tricks and dodges, that any country practitioner who 
 comes to deal with him is no sooner up than down, to 
 rise from his mother earth with a vague, bewildered, 
 
28 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 incoherent idea as to what had befallen him, or "how 
 he got there." 
 
 If a horse of this description and a wild one were 
 to be mounted simultaneously, each by an equally good 
 rider, in an unenclosed, uncultivated region, both the 
 quadrupeds probably at the same moment would be 
 seen to run away : the Briton for ever, to gain his 
 liberty ; the other quadruped, just as surely, to lose it ! 
 
 Having now sufficiently discussed the character and 
 conduct of the horse, we will presume to offer, or 
 rather to bequeath to our readers, a very few observa- 
 tions as regards his rider. 
 
 SEAT ON A HOUSE. 
 
 The best position of a man on horseback is, of course, 
 that which is most agreeable to both animals, and which, 
 from its ease and flexibility, as they skim together over 
 the surface of the earth, apparently combines them into 
 one. 
 
 Like everything in Nature, the variety of seats is in- 
 finite. They may, however, generically be divided 
 into two classes : 
 
 1. In the great plains of South America, in which it 
 
SEAT ON A HORSE. 29 
 
 may truly be stated that for every male inhabitant 
 above five or six years of age Nature maintains at no 
 cost, no tax, and at no trouble to him, a stud of horses 
 whose number is legion, the rider sits almost perpendi- 
 cularly, with the great toe of each foot resting very 
 lightly on, and often merely touching its small triangular 
 stirrup, his legs grasping the horse's sides slightly or 
 tightly, as prosperous or adverse circumstances may 
 require. 
 
 In this attitude, which may be said to be that of 
 standing astride over rather than sitting upon the sad- 
 dle, the pivot upon which the rider, gracefully bending 
 his body with a ball and socket movement, turns in 
 throwing his lasso, in thrusting his lance forwards on 
 either side, or in looking behind him is what is 
 termed by sporting men his " fork." 
 
 In the few instances where pistols are carried, they 
 are affixed behind the right thigh, firstly, that in the 
 common occurrence of the horse falling in his gallop, 
 they may not prevent the rider from rolling clear away 
 from him ; and, secondly, because in that position the 
 weapons are close to the rider's right hand, which, as he 
 flies along, is to be seen always dangling just above the 
 but ends, ready to grasp them the instant they are 
 required. 
 
 This attitude is not only highly picturesque, but parti- 
 
30 THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 cularly easy to the rider, who, while partaking of the 
 undulating motion of his horse, can rest his wearied 
 body by slight imperceptible changes of position on 
 the pivot or " fork," on which, like corn waving in the 
 wind, it bends. 
 
 The British cavalry sit astride above their saddles 
 very nearly in this attitude, which, as we have just 
 explained, enables them with great facility to cut, or 
 give point in front, right or left, at cavalry or at 
 infantry ; and if they were not embarrassed by their 
 clothing, as well as by their accoutrements, and if, as 
 in the region to which we have alluded, they were to 
 use no pace but the gallop, each would soon become, 
 or rather he could not help apparently becoming, part 
 and parcel of his horse. But our gallant men, although 
 they have been subjected to innumerable experimental 
 changes of dress, &c., continue not only hampered and 
 imperilled by a hard cloak, holsters, and carbine affixed 
 in front of their thighs, and imprisoned, especially round 
 their necks, within tight clothing, but their travelling 
 pace, the trot (a jolting movement unknown and un- 
 heard of in the plains of South America), gives to 
 their body and limbs a rigidity painful to look at, and 
 in long journeys wearisome to man and horse. Indeed 
 in the French cavalry, and occasionally in our own, the 
 manner in which the soldier, in not a bad attitude, is 
 
SEAT ON A HORSE. 31 
 
 seen hopping high into the air, on and off his saddle, 
 as his horse, at apparently a different rate, trots beneath 
 him, forms as ridiculous a caricature of the art of 
 riding as the pencil of our Punch's " Leech " could pos- 
 sibly delineate. 
 
 2. Throughout the United Kingdom, civilians of all 
 classes, gentlemen, farmers, and yeomen, especially those 
 who occasionally follow the hounds, adopt what is com- 
 monly called " the hunting seat," in which, instead of 
 "the fork," the knees form the pivot, or rather hinge, 
 the legs beneath them the grasp, while the thighs, like 
 the pastern of a horse, enable the body above to rise and 
 fall as lightly as a carriage on its springs. 
 
 In this attitude the rider cannot turn his body to 
 the right or left, or look behind him as easily as he could 
 revolve upon his "fork." 
 
 For rough riding, however, of every description, the 
 hunting seat, though infinitely less graceful, is superior 
 to that of the cavalry of Europe, for the following 
 reasons : 
 
 One of the most usual devices by which a horse endea- 
 vours to, and but too often succeeds in dislodging his 
 rider, is by giving to his back, by a sudden kick, a jerk 
 upwards, which, of course, forces in the same direction 
 towards the sky that nameless portion of humanity which 
 
32 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 was partly resting on it, and which in the cavalry can- 
 not possibly get very far away from it. 
 
 But, in the hunting seat, the instant the rider expects 
 such a kick, by merely rising in his stirrups he at once 
 raises or abstracts from the saddle the point his enemy 
 intends to attack, and accordingly the blow aimed at 
 it fails to reach it. 
 
 Again, on approaching a large fence, by the same 
 simple precaution, the rider entirely avoids the concus- 
 sion of that sudden jerk or effort necessary to enable 
 the horse to clear it. In a fall, the pommel of the saddle 
 and the horse's neck and head are much easier cleared 
 by short stirrup-leathers than by long ones. Lastly, in a 
 common trot, the former soften the jolt, which the latter 
 cannot easily avoid. In short, in a hunting seat, the 
 rider, to his great comfort and relief, rests more or less 
 on his saddle as long as he likes, and yet, the instant 
 he anticipates a blow from it, leaves it, without me- 
 taphor . . . behind him. 
 
 Of horsemanship it may truly be said, that about four- 
 fifths of the art depend on attaining a just seat, and 
 one-fifth on possessing a pair of light hands.* But 
 although the attainment of these advantages is not in- 
 compatible with an easy, erect position on horseback, 
 
 * Beckford says, " First attribute of a good huntsman is courage. Next, 
 hands and seat." 
 
SEAT ON A HORSE. 33 
 
 the generality of riders are but too apt to sit on their 
 horses in the bent attitude of the last paroxysm or 
 exertion which helped them into the saddle. Now, 
 when a man in this toad-like position rides along say 
 a macadamized road he travels always ready, at a mo- 
 ment's notice, to proceed by himself in the direction in 
 which he is pointing, in case the progress of his horse 
 should be suddenly stopped by his falling down. Indeed, 
 when a horse, without falling down, recovers by a vio- 
 lent struggle from a bad trip, a heavy rider in this 
 attitude (called by Sir Bellingham Graham " a wash- 
 ball seat ") is very liable to shoot forwards over his head 
 in a parabolic curve, ending in a concussion of his 
 brain or in the dislocation of his neck, the horse stand- 
 ing by his motionless body perfectly uninjured. 
 
 On the other hand, when a man sits upright, justly 
 balanced on his saddle, any sudden jerk or movement 
 forwards throws his shoulders backwards. If therefore, 
 while proceeding in that position, the horse thinks proper 
 to fall, the animal in the first instance is the sole suf- 
 ferer. He cuts his forehead, hurts his nose, breaks his 
 knees, bruises his chest, while his head, neck, forelegs, 
 and the forepart of his body, forced into each other like 
 the joints of a telescope, form a buffer, preventing the 
 concussion the horse has received, from injuring, in the 
 smallest degree, the rider, or even the watch in his 
 
 C 
 
34 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 pocket, which, without being ejected from the saddle, 
 goes ticking, ticking, ticking on, just as merrily as if 
 nothing had happened. If he only trips, a rider poised 
 justly in his saddle can easily recover him. 
 
 A horse will not only refrain from treading upon any 
 creature lying on the ground, but in hunting he will make 
 the utmost possible effort to avoid putting a foot upon his 
 master whenever 
 
 " On the bare earth exposed he lies." 
 
 If, however, his owner, from a bad seat or from false 
 precaution, has suddenly thrown himself from his back, 
 it is often impossible for the animal, while struggling to 
 recover from a desperate trip, to avoid either trampling 
 upon or violently striking him. 
 
 For this reason a rider should never abandon his saddle 
 so long as his horse beneath it has a leg, or an infini- 
 tesimal part of one, to stand on. But so soon as his 
 downfall is announced by that heavy, thundering concus- 
 sion against the ground, the meaning of which it is impos- 
 sible to mistake, the partnership should instantaneously 
 be dissolved by the horseman rolling, if possible, out of 
 harm's way. 
 
 But it occasionally happens not only that the horse 
 rolls too, but that the larger roller overtakes the smaller 
 one, the two lying prostrate, with the legs in boots under 
 the body whose limbs wear only shoes. 
 
SEAT ON A HORSE. 35 
 
 If the rider happens fortunately to have the saddle 
 between him and the horse, his legs merely sustain a 
 heavy weight, from which they are harmlessly extricated 
 the instant the animal rises. 
 
 Should he happen ^^fortunately to have the girths 
 between him and the horse, he lies, like Ariel in the 
 cloven pine, "painfully imprisoned," in a predicament 
 of which it is impossible for any one to foretell the 
 results. 
 
 As the quadruped is always more or less cowed by his 
 fall, he remains usually for about a minute or two as still 
 as if he were dead. 
 
 All of a sudden, however, just as if a bayonet had been 
 run into him, he struggles to rise. 
 
 To do so it is necessary that all his feet should take 
 hold of the ground. This they are prevented from doing 
 by the rider's boots, which, operating as a handspike under 
 the body, keep it in a horizontal position, thereby causing 
 the four legs, like two pairs of blacksmith's sledge-ham- 
 mers, to continue to strike heavily towards each other. 
 
 Between them lies, acting in this little tragedy the part 
 of Anvil, the poor rider, who can only avoid the hard 
 blows of two fore iron shoes, by wincing from them to 
 within the reach of two hind ones. 
 
 This violent struggle eventually ends by the horse rising, 
 leaving on the field of battle, slightly, seriously, or des- 
 
 c 2 
 
36 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 perately wounded, his master, whom he never intended 
 to hurt. 
 
 In the hunting field, the bent position in the saddle 
 produces equally unpleasant results. On man and horse 
 coming cheerily to a fence, with what mathematicians 
 call "an unknown quantity" on the other side, if the 
 rider sits justly on his saddle, it is the horse and not he 
 that receives the concussion of any fall that may ensue, 
 simply because the spring of his animal in taking the 
 leap had thrown his shoulders backwards, and conse- 
 quently his head out of danger ; whereas the nose of the 
 gentleman who had been riding alongside of him in the 
 bent attitude of a note of interrogation, is seen to plough 
 into its mother earth the instant the muzzle of his horse 
 impinges upon it. 
 
 For exactly the same reasons, in every description of 
 fall (and no volume would be large enough to contain 
 them all), similar results occur ; and yet there is no pre- 
 dicament in which "Toady" appears to greater disad- 
 vantage, and so keenly feels it, than when, in following 
 the hounds, he has to descend a very precipitous and 
 rather slippery grass hill. 
 
 If a horse be but properly dealt with, he can gallop 
 down a turf hill with nearly as much rapidity as along 
 a racecourse. A tea-table would stand ill at ease on the 
 declivity, because its limbs are immoveable; but a qua- 
 
SEAT ON A HORSE. 37 
 
 druped, by throwing all his legs forwards and his body 
 backwards, has the power to adjust himself, with mathe- 
 matical precision, to almost any descent. 
 
 To insure his safety, however, it is essential that he 
 should be encouraged, by a loose rein, to carry his head 
 as low as possible, to enable him to take care of his feet, 
 and in case of treading on a rolling-stone to recover his 
 balance by throwing it up. Now. when in this position, 
 if the rider, following the instinct and the example of 
 the horse, throws his weight backwards in fact, if from 
 the saddle the backs of the two animals are separated 
 from each other by only a very small angle, both can 
 descend the hill together at considerable speed without 
 the smallest danger. The only embarrassment the rider 
 has to contend against is an over-caution on the part of 
 the horse, amounting to fear, which induces him to try 
 to take the slope diagonally, very likely to result in 
 the poor animal slipping up on his side. In keeping 
 his head straight, however, care must be taken not to 
 induce him to raise it up; and when this little diffi- 
 culty is overcome, no other of any sort or kind remains 
 to impede a safe and rapid descent. 
 
 Seated on his saddle, in the attitude we have de- 
 scribed, that admirable rider Jack Shirley, whipper-in 
 to the Tedworth hunt, with a large open clasp-knife 
 in his mouth, was one day observed fixing a piece of 
 
38 THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK. 
 
 whipcord to his lash, while following his hounds at a 
 slapping pace, down hill, his reins lying nearly loose 
 on old " Gadsby's " neck. 
 
 On the other hand when a gentleman, however fearless 
 he may be, sitting at an angle of 45, like a 13-inch 
 mortar on its bed, attempts to ride down the steep 
 declivity described, the afflictions that befall him are 
 really piteous, for the instant his horse's fore legs sink 
 considerably lower than the hind ones, he feels that unless 
 he holds on very tightly, he must inevitably pitch over 
 the bows of the vessel that is carrying him. To main- 
 tain his equilibrium he therefore pulls a little at his curb- 
 bit, which not only raises his horse's head till it nearly 
 touches his nose, but throws the animal and the weight 
 he carries into such a false position, that it becomes diffi- 
 cult and dangerous to advance. The restrained quad- 
 ruped, impatient to follow the horses before him, yet 
 altogether out of gear, on every little twitch at his bridle 
 keeps chucking up his head, until the rider, who a 
 moment ago expected to fall over his ears, now feels that 
 he is going to glide backwards over his tail, which is 
 nearly touching the hill. In short, the poor horse is 
 resting on his hocks instead of his hoofs, with his fore 
 feet barely touching the ground. 
 
 When a lot of riders find themselves in this hopeless 
 attitude, they generally, according to their amount of 
 
SEAT ON A HOESE. 39 
 
 activity, crawl, jump, or vault from their saddles to 
 descend on foot, which they soon find very little im- 
 proves their case, for the heels of their boots not being, 
 like horse-shoes, concave, take insufficient hold of the 
 turf; and thus while they are slipping, sliding, and 
 tottering in the descent, each linked to a quadruped that 
 is bothering him to death, if, feeling a little alarmed, 
 they resolve to stop for a moment or two, their impatient 
 horses, unable to advance and unwilling to stand still, 
 often compromise the matter by running round their 
 masters, with the chance of rolling them, like ninepins, 
 down the hill. 
 
 In galloping for many hours, and especially for many 
 days, as soon as the muscles of the rider, by getting tired, 
 lose their obstinacy, it becomes impossible for him, if he 
 sits upright, to prevent his body undulating, to the infi- 
 nite relief of both parties, with every movement of the 
 horse ; whereas, if, like an English jockey, whose seat is 
 well adapted for galloping at the utmost speed for a few 
 minutes, he rides like a frog on a shovel, he inflicts upon 
 his whole frame, as well as upon the poor animal that 
 carries him, an amount of unnecessary fatigue which pre- 
 maturely tires both. 
 
 For the foregoing reasons if gentlemen sportsmen who 
 occupy on the road and the hunting-field this false posi- 
 tion, would but allow Mr. Calcraft, in his peculiar way, 
 
40 THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK. 
 
 to lift them about half a dozen times a few inches into the 
 air, and then, as a tallow-chandler dips his candles, lower 
 them gently, easily, and perpendicularly to their saddles, 
 they would find themselves promoted in the world to a seat 
 on horseback which they would never wish to abandon. 
 
 As, however, our readers, we fear, must have become 
 very tired of the saddle, we will now relieve them from 
 hogskin, to submit to them a very few practical obser- 
 vations on the management of the bridle, the ordinary 
 uses of which, as everybody knows, are twofold, namely, 
 first to guide a horse, and secondly to restrain, or, when 
 requisite, to stop him. 
 
 As it is the disposition of a horse, when mounted, to 
 go fast, and as it is the disposition of a man to pull at any 
 thing in this world as little as possible, curb-bits and 
 curb-chains (as their names truly denote) have been in- 
 vented, by which the animal in all his movements on 
 parade or on the road is slightly thrown on his haunches, 
 with his head raised more or less above its natural level. 
 In this position his eyes are of course proportionally 
 elevated, and as there exists no obstruction on the maca- 
 damized roads, &c., on which he travels, he soon ceases to 
 look downwards ; and although, if he then happens to 
 pass over a little hole, he may put a foot into it, or may 
 slightly blunder over half a shovelfull of loose stones which 
 
MANAGEMENT OF THE BRIDLE. 41 
 
 had escaped his observation, yet, if he has good action, 
 and a tolerable rider, he earns the character of being a 
 " capital hack." 
 
 Now to metamorphose " a hack " into " a hunter " is 
 principally effected by the bridle, and yet the great 
 difficulty of the art is to learn not how much, but how 
 little to use it ; in short, a considerable portion of what 
 the bridle has done has to be undone. Accordingly, 
 instead of being encouraged to travel on his haunches 
 with his fore legs lightly touching the ground, the latter 
 must be required to bear the greater portion of the burden, 
 which it is the duty of the hind legs to propel. The 
 head has to be brought down to its proper level ; and to 
 induce or rather to oblige the horse to make his eyes 
 the lantern of his feet, to study geology instead of astro- 
 nomy, he should be slowly ridden, with a loose rein, over 
 every little hole, grip, or heap that would be likely to 
 throw a hack down. Whenever he can be made to 
 stumble (if the rider feels that he will not actually fall), 
 the reins should instantly be dropped. In like manner 
 he should be walked for several days over the roughest 
 ground that can be found, particularly land that has been 
 excavated to obtain the substratum and left in holes. 
 With a perfectly loose rein he should be gently trotted, 
 gently cantered, and gently galloped over a surface of 
 this description, the rider always dropping the rein when 
 
42 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER, 
 
 he blunders. Vegetius, in describing the horsemanship 
 of the Parthians in the time of Xerxes, states that in 
 order to make their horses sure-footed over rough, broken 
 ground, they placed on a space of level ground a number 
 of wooden troughs of different heights, filled with earth, 
 over which in galloping they had many falls. 
 
 Under similar treatment, the strength, activity, intelli- 
 gence, and eyesight of the animal will, as in a wild state, 
 cordially be combined by him to protect himself from the 
 degradation as well as punishment of falling ; and so 
 ample and sufficient are these powers, that the rider will 
 soon find, that instead of having to hold his horse up, it 
 has become out of his power to throw him down. In fact, 
 under the guidance of nature, rather than of man, " the 
 hack" in a very short period, and without going over a 
 fence of any sort or kind, may thus be made competent to 
 follow hounds across any country in the United Kingdom ; 
 while, on the other hand, the nag that had only been 
 taught in a riding-school or in a dealer's yard to jump 
 neatly over bars, gates, and hurdles, would, most parti- 
 cularly to the neck of his rider, prove to be infinitely 
 worse than useless. 
 
 Of course a horse is not a perfect hunter until he has 
 had a small amount (for he does not require much) 
 of experience in leaping; but as, with the exception of 
 water, every horse is able, willing, and eager to jump, 
 
MANAGEMENT OF THE BRIDLE. 43 
 
 generally speaking, more than is desired, his rider has 
 merely to teach the noble animal beneath him to add 
 to his valour just enough discretion to induce him to 
 look, not before, but while he leaps. 
 
 A hunter when following hounds is so excited, that 
 if, in addition to his own eagerness, he be hurried at his 
 fences, he rushes more and more recklessly at them, until 
 he gets into needless trouble. On the other hand, just as 
 he approaches every fence, if he be always patted on 
 the neck, and gently restrained, he feels satisfied that 
 he is to be allowed to do the job ; and accordingly, cur- 
 tailing his stride as he approaches, he does it not only 
 cleverly, but without any waste of exertion, which, to 
 use a common hunting-field expression, "he may want 
 before the day's over." 
 
 When a horse is enabled, like a soldier whose stiff 
 stock has just been unbuckled, to drop his head to its 
 natural position, he not only goes safely, but, without 
 risk of cutting his fetlocks, he can gallop over ground 
 deeply covered with loose impediments of any descrip- 
 tion; and, accordingly, in Surrey it has long been a 
 hunting axiom that it is the curb bridles which by 
 throwing hunters on their haunches in a false position 
 cause them to cut their back sinews with those sharp 
 flints which, in a snafSe bit, they can clatter over with- 
 out injury. A good Northamptonshire rider, in lately 
 
44 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 taking a fence, jumped over it into a stone quarry. 
 Now, if he had been in the bent attitude we have 
 described, he must inevitably have pitched on, and 
 have fractured his skull. From, however, sitting cor- 
 rectly on his saddle, his ankles, and not his head, suffered. 
 In like manner when Mehemet Ali, under the pretence 
 of investing his son, Toossoon Pacha, with the command 
 of an army, by a treacherous invitation inveigled the 
 Mamelukes into the summit of the citadel of El Kahira 
 (the Victorious), commonly called Cairo, and then sud- 
 denly dropping the portcullis, directed upon them from 
 barred windows on three sides a murderous fire, Amyn 
 Bey, rather than submit to such a death, spurring his 
 Arab charger over his writhing comrades, and across the 
 low crenated wall, jumped over a precipice of about fifty 
 feet ; and yet, although of the horse it may truly be said 
 that 
 
 " Headlong from the mountain's height 
 He plunged to endless night," 
 
 for, on reaching the hard rock, he was smashed to death, 
 the rider, who, no doubt, had expected the same fate, 
 was enabled, with only a broken ankle, to crawl away, 
 recover, and for nearly thirty years enjoy, with health 
 and wealth, the well-earned appellation of " the last of 
 the Mamelukes;" in short 
 
 " The man recovered from the blow, the horse it was that died." 
 
GEN. MOORE'S FALL OVER A PRECIPCIE. 45 
 
 In further evidence, however, of the theory that when 
 a man sits properly in his saddle, it is the horse, and 
 not he, who suffers by a tumble, we submit to our readers 
 the following extraordinary narration by a young General 
 officer of high character, who has kindly permitted us to 
 publish it, briefly describing a fall on horseback to a 
 depth equal to 40 feet more than the height of the 
 weather-cock on the steeple of St. Martin's church, in 
 London, or to double the height of the Duke of York's 
 monument at the bottom of Regent Street. 
 
 "United Service Club, 18th March, 1860. 
 
 " In June, 1848, at the island of Dominica, in the West Indies, 
 I fell over a precipice of 237 feet perpendicular height, upon the 
 rocks by the sea-side. This occurred about a quarter past 7 o'clock 
 P.M., then quite dark, as no twilight exists in the tropics. Every 
 bone of my horse was broken, and I conceive my escape from in- 
 stant death the most miraculous that ever occurred. Three men, at 
 various periods, had previously been dashed to atoms at the same 
 spot, and one man twelve months after me, when the Legislative 
 Assembly passed a resolution to secure the road; but if twenty 
 thousand men were to fall there, I think nothing short of a miracle 
 could save one of them. My recovery from the shock I sustained 
 was also as miraculous as my escape with life. I sent out an artist 
 to take a drawing on the spot, and also had the place surveyed by 
 an engineer. I have often thought of putting down all the circum- 
 stances of that extraordinary accident, but the dread of being taken 
 for a Baron Munchausen has restrained me. I do not expect that 
 any one will believe it, although there are many living witnesses. 
 Nor do I expect any sympathy, for, as soon as I could hold a pen, I 
 detailed the catastrophe to my mother to account for my long silence. 
 I received, in reply, in due course, a long letter detailing family 
 news, without any allusion to my unfortunate case, except in a 
 
46 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 postscript, in which she merely said, * Oh ! William, I wish you 
 would give up riding after dinner. 1 * 
 
 " WM. YOEKE MOOKE, Major-Gen. 
 
 " P.S. During the fall I stuck to my horse." 
 
 The details of this astonishing accident are very shortly 
 as follows : 
 
 Colonel Moore, while commanding the troops in Domi- 
 nica, lost his way one evening after sunset. 
 
 As, in utter darkness, he was endeavouring to get 
 home, he came to several little imperceptible objects 
 which he forced his horse to cross. Shortly afterwards 
 the animal stopped at one which he seemed particularly 
 afraid of. 
 
 The soldier, unwilling to halt between two opinions, 
 but, on the contrary, determined to proceed as he thought 
 straight towards his home, at almost full speed rode at 
 the unknown impediment several times in vain, until the 
 animal, surrendering his instinctive fears, and possibly 
 knowledge, to the spurs that were propelling him, with a 
 violent jump into the air cleared the little low hedge, for 
 such it proved to be, bounding that awful precipice which, 
 like a wall, connected the upper story or table-land of 
 the island with the ocean which in solemn darkness 
 reigned beneath it. 
 
 Colonel Moore states that during his passage on horse- 
 
 * The accident occurred before dinner. 
 
GEN. MOORE'S FALL OVER A PRECIPICE. 47 
 
 back through the air, almost every event of his life, large 
 as well as small, at about the rate of the electric tele- 
 graph, which transmits its ideas one hundred and eighty 
 thousand miles in a second, flashed across his mind as 
 distinctly and as vividly as if they were recurring. 
 
 By a sort of clairvoyance, of which in medical annals 
 there exist recorded several similar instances, he saw all 
 that in his lifetime he had done or left undone, and was 
 thinking, seriatim, of almost every friend and relative, 
 when, in an instant, all these bright fiery thoughts on 
 the past, present, or future tenses of his existence became 
 extinguished by a concussion which, depriving him of his 
 senses, left him with his legs in the sea and his body on 
 the rocks, apparently dead. 
 
 While lying, corpse-like, in this lonely state, whose 
 beneficent hand was it that all of a sudden dashed upon 
 his face the cool, fresh soft water that recovered him? 
 Whose voice was it that, almost at the same moment, 
 explained to him, not only the accident which had 
 befallen him, but the time that had elapsed since it 
 occurred ? 
 
 The hand that restored to him his senses was that 
 which had already graciously placed his head in safety 
 upon the rock above the ocean that would have drowned 
 him, but in which his feet had been harmlessly floating. 
 It was the hand that had just created the tropical shower 
 
48 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 which, as if administered to him by an angel, awakened 
 him from his swoon. 
 
 It was the hand that, "in the beginning," when the 
 earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon 
 the face of the deep, had created that " lesser light to rule 
 the night," which, just before he fell, he had observed 
 rising from the horizon, but which now, shining above 
 his head, upon four upturned glittering horse-shoes (all he 
 could see of his mangled beast), made known to him, at a 
 glance, that what had evidently befallen him, according 
 to the illuminated clock in the heavens, must have oc- 
 curred many hours ago. 
 
 "With cool presence of mind, Colonel Moore, after 
 making several experimental movements, ascertained that 
 he was severely cut about the body and head ; that his 
 right ankle was dislocated, and that his back was be- 
 numbed or paralysed by the concussion of his fall. As 
 soon, however, as the long wished-for sun rose, it shone 
 upon his bare, bleeding head with such excruciating force, 
 that, as a protection from its rays, he transferred his 
 cotton neckerchief to his scalp and forehead, leaving 
 sticking up above them the two ends, which, like the 
 remainder, were stained with his red blood. 
 
 After remaining in extreme pain for several hours, to 
 his great joy he saw a boat full of sable natives rowing 
 towards the spot on which, in the head-dress just de- 
 
GEK MOORE'S FALL OVER A PRECIPICE. 49 
 
 scribed, he was reclining. As soon as they came near to 
 him, in a faint tone he hailed them. On hearing his 
 voice, for a few moments they looked eagerly around in 
 all directions, until they espied him, when, instantly, 
 just as if they had seen and were pursued by an evil 
 spirit, away they rowed at their utmost speed. 
 
 After a considerable interval another black man came 
 clambering over the rocks, intent only on catching fish. 
 
 As soon, however, as his eyes caught a glimpse of the 
 poor sufferer's bloody head and head-gear, the fisherman 
 was evidently seized with the same impression, and, 
 accordingly, in a paroxysm of fear, chucking his rod 
 and line upwards to fall into the sea, as fast as his 
 hands and feet could carry him, he also, in his way, 
 scrambled out of sight. 
 
 After a long, painful interval, Colonel Moore's ser- 
 vant, who, alarmed by his master not having returned, 
 had for many hours been in search of him, at last 
 tracked his horse's feet to the edge of the precipice, 
 and on looking over it, seeing about half way down a 
 pockethandkerchief sticking in the boughs of a small 
 projecting tree, he returned to the barracks, gave the 
 alarm, and accordingly, as soon as a boat could be pro- 
 cured, the soldiers, who rushed forward to man it, pro- 
 ceeded round the rocks, until Colonel Moore (who knew 
 nothing of his servant's discovery) joyfully saw them 
 
 D 
 
50 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 pulling, as hard as they could lay to their oars, towards 
 him. 
 
 It need scarcely be added that, regardless of the over- 
 whelming heat of the sun, the gallant fellows succeeded 
 in conveying their commanding officer on their shoulders 
 to the barracks, where he lay for some months in great 
 pain and danger. 
 
 However, in due time, the paralysed muscles of his 
 back recovered their tone, and eventually, without even 
 being lame, he became completely restored to the health, 
 activity, and energy that had always characterised him. 
 
 For a considerable time portions of his saddle, strips 
 of the hide and the broken bones of his horse, which, 
 lacerated by the branches of the trees through which 
 the poor animal had fallen, was literally smashed to 
 atoms, were collected by people, who amassed a consi- 
 derable amount of money by exhibiting and selling them 
 as relics in evidence of one of the most extraordinary 
 accidents that, under the superintending direction of 
 Divine Providence, has ever been survived by man. 
 
MODE OF BIDING AT TIMBER. 51 
 
 MODE OF BIDING AT TlMBEB. 
 
 In getting rapidly across a difficult country there are 
 two sorts of fences, each of which has to be jumped in a 
 manner the very opposite of that required by the other. 
 A young hunter will leap almost any ordinary fence, 
 particularly if it be broad, as well, and, from his im- 
 petuosity, often better than an old one. But there is 
 one description of barrier, called by hunting men " tim- 
 ber " (that is to say stiles, gates, and rails, that cannot 
 be broken), which requires, in both rider and horse, 
 a great deal more discretion than valour : indeed of 
 " timber " it may truly be said that it is the most dan- 
 gerous and, on the other hand, the safest fence a man can 
 ride at. 
 
 If a young horse, highly excited, be ridden fast for 
 the first time in his life at a gate, it is very likely he 
 will clear it ; on the other hand, it is quite certain that 
 if, despising bars through which he can see daylight, he 
 resolves to break the top one, the penalty attached to his 
 mistake will be a very heavy one : indeed nothing can 
 be more disagreeable to a rider and frightful to look 
 at than the result. Now, of course, the obvious way of 
 preventing this catastrophe is simply to teach a horse 
 firstly, that he cannot break timber, and secondly, 
 
 D 2 
 
52 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 5 
 
 that he will have to suffer acute pain if he attempts to do 
 so. Accordingly, away from hounds and under no 
 excitement, he should be slowly ridden over two or 
 three low rails that will not break, with an unexpected 
 little twitch at his rein sufficient to make them severely 
 strike his hind legs. The moment this is effected the 
 rider should jump off, to allay anything like excitement, 
 and to allow the animal, who will probably stand lifting 
 up the injured leg, to feel, appreciate, and reflect on the 
 whole amount of the pain he has incurred. As soon as 
 it has subsided, he should be again quietly ridden two 
 or three times over the offending rails, which, it will 
 then be found, nothing can induce him to touch ; . and 
 having thus, at a small cost, purchased for himself very 
 valuable experience, he may afterwards in the hunting- 
 field be carefully made to jump any ordinary amount 
 of timber. 
 
 A sportsman can hardly ride too slowly at high tim- 
 ber; for as height and width (that is to say to jump 
 upwards or forwards) require different efforts, it is a 
 waste of the poor animal's powers to make him do both 
 when one only is required. In slowly trotting up to 
 timber of any height or description, the rider should 
 carefully abstain from attempting, by the bridle, to give 
 his horse the smallest assistance. On the contrary, the 
 moment the animal begins to rise, his reins should be 
 
MODE OF ELDING AT TIMBER. 53 
 
 loosened, to be drawn up and tightened only as he 
 descends. With the single exception we shall soon 
 notice, this principle of self-management applies to jumps 
 of all sorts and sizes ; for although, by a firm management 
 of his bridle, a hunter ought to be made to feel as he 
 approaches a fence that it is utterly impossible for him 
 to swerve from it, yet the instant he is on the brink of 
 taking it, his reins, as if by paralysis, should suddenly 
 cease to afford him the smallest help, or to interfere 
 with the mode in which (with only half a second to 
 think) he may determine to deal with it. If he expects 
 assistance, it may arrive a little sooner or a little later 
 than his patience or impatience approves of, and thus 
 between two stools (his own will and that of his rider) 
 both come to the ground; whereas, if he knows that 
 he has nothing to rely on but himself, he rises at his 
 timber in the best and safest possible manner namely, 
 in his own way. 
 
 If we should have succeeded in satisfying our readers 
 that they cannot ride too slowly at timber, we trust 
 they will pardon us if we now endeavour to enforce upon 
 them as an equally immutable axiom, that it is impossi- 
 ble for them to ride too fast at water. 
 
54 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 WATER JUMPING. 
 
 Throughout England, and especially in Leicestershire 
 and Northamptonshire, there are two descriptions of 
 brooks. In one the water is about a foot or two below 
 the level of the green fields through which it peacefully 
 meanders. In the other, though deep enough to drown 
 a man, it flows and occasionally rushes ten or twelve 
 feet below the surface, between two loamy banks as per- 
 pendicular as the wall of a house. If a red, brown, or 
 black coat, attended by a pair of leather, kersey, or cor- 
 duroy breeches, ending in boots, plunge together into 
 the first, they simply go in dry and come out wet. 
 But, if a horse fails to clear the chasm, he is liable not 
 only to fall backwards upon these articles of apparel, but 
 afterwards, quite unintentionally, to strike their owner 
 during the awkward struggles of both animals to swim. 
 
 Now, although to some of our readers it may possi- 
 bly appear that the act of riding over " a bit of water " 
 of the latter description has no legal claim to be in- 
 cluded in the schedule headed " the pleasures and 
 amusements of man," yet it may most truly be said that 
 in a good run, or even in a bad one, there exists nothing 
 that gives an ordinary rider more intense pleasure than 
 the sight, say a quarter of a mile before him, of those 
 well-known willows that indicate to him the line of 
 beauty of the brook he is shortly to have the enjoy- 
 
WATER JUMPING. 55 
 
 ment of encountering provided always that he knows 
 his horse to be, what is justly called, "good at water" 
 On the other hand, it would be quite impossible to 
 describe into how very small a compass the same man's 
 heart would gradually collapse, as it approached the very 
 same brook, on what is just as truly termed "a 'brute 
 at ivater" In any other description of fence the rider, 
 if he has not ruined his horse's courage by vacillation of 
 hand or heart, may confidently rely that he will accom- 
 plish it for him if he can, and if it cannot be accom- 
 plished, that he will try to jump through or over it, or, 
 generally speaking, a good deal more than humanity 
 dares to ride at. 
 
 If the bull-finch be too strong, the hunter may stick in 
 it, or forcing through it into the ditch on the other side, 
 may leave his owner hanging like a bird's-nest in its 
 branches. An ox-fence composed of two ditches, a 
 bank, a pair of hedges, and a stiff, low, oak rail may 
 altogether prove too broad to be cleared. Timber also 
 may be too high to be topped; yet, in all these cases, 
 if the rider be but willing, the noble horse is always ready, 
 ay, eager, to do his very best, and many a broken back and 
 prostrate carcase, divested of its saddle and bridle, has been 
 the melancholy result ; and yet, with all this superabund- 
 ance of high courage, almost every horse instinctively dis- 
 likes to jump water, an element which (until by a good 
 rider it has been unbewitched) he appears to conceive to 
 
56 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 be forbidden to him to cross. For this reason, before a 
 sportsman can ride with confidence at a brook, he requires 
 not only a stout horse, but to know what sort of a 
 heart lived beneath the waistcoat of the man by whom 
 the animal was last hunted, for however badly bred he 
 may be, he may have been made bold at water ; while, 
 on the other hand, however high-bred and handsome he 
 may appear, however splendidly and cleverly he may 
 throughout the run have been crossing single and double 
 fences of every variety, yet, by an irresolute pair of hands, 
 he may have been spoiled at water. Accordingly, when 
 a gallant fox, followed after a short interval by a pack 
 of hounds and a large scattered body of men and horses, 
 passing like the shadows of summer clouds over the beau- 
 tiful green sward of Northamptonshire, glide rapidly 
 towards a brook, there occasionally appears among several 
 of them a sudden transmigration of hearts and bodies, 
 which to a foreigner, who did not understand the reason, 
 would appear to be utterly inexplicable. 
 
 Although ten or twelve horses, gallantly taking it in 
 their stride, have proved the jump to be an easy one, two 
 or three of the foremost riders are seen to pull up, appa- 
 rently afraid. In like manner, as horses and horsemen 
 who had been riding boldly approach, it becomes evident 
 to the meanest capacity, that the peg that holds in their 
 steam is getting sometimes in the biped, sometimes in 
 the quadruped, and sometimes in both looser and looser 
 
SCENE AT A BEOOK. 57 
 
 as they advance. The gallop is observed gradually to 
 faint into a canter, which, as they approach the water, 
 gets slower and slower, until souse ! souse ! souse ! they 
 one after the other blunder into it. 
 
 While a horse here is swimming, and there is struggling, 
 and while a human head with handsome aristocratic fea- 
 tures and black lank hair looking like that of Don Quixote 
 when drenched with curds and whey, is seen rising in 
 agony from below, two little thick-set, short- thighed men 
 in scarlet, who throughout the run had been shirking 
 many a small fence, cross the brook with terrific courage. 
 That thoroughbred-mare,, which has been clearing every- 
 thing, swerves, while the ugly brute in her wake bucks 
 over what she had refused as if he enjoyed the fun, which 
 he really does. See ! at what a tremendous pace this 
 splendid-looking bay horse is galloping towards his doom. 
 Both spurs are in his sides ; the slight waving movement 
 of the arms and shoulders of his fearless rider, and the 
 firm grip of his hands, as he draws upon first one side 
 of the bit and then the other, appear altogether to insure 
 success. As soon, however, as the well-known rogue gets 
 sight of the glare of the water, though his head is in 
 such a vice that it is out of his power to swerve, and 
 though his pace is such that it is utterly impossible for 
 him to stop, yet, as if all his four legs were suddenly 
 paralysed by fear, the high-bred sinner, all of a sudden, 
 refuses to lift them, and accordingly, for thirty or forty 
 
58 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDEE. 
 
 feet, leaving behind a track like that of a railway, they 
 slide along the wet, rich, loamy turf, until horse, and 
 gallant, glorious Charlie* dive together, head-foremost, 
 into the brook ! In a few minutes, men in coats of all 
 colours, trotting up one after another, walk their horses 
 cautiously to the edge of the chasm, crane over as if to 
 gaze at the frightened frogs that inhabit it, and after thus 
 losing more or less of time they can never live to recover, 
 canter or gallop in different directions in quest either 
 of a bridge or a ford. 
 
 Now, while this serio-comic picture is before the eyes 
 of our readers, that very small portion of them who have 
 never been actors in such a scene will no doubt be not 
 a little astonished to learn that of all fences on the surface 
 of the globe there is no one that is so easy for a horse to 
 jump as water. 
 
 If the footmarks of a good horse that has galloped over 
 turf be measured, it will be found that in every stride 
 his four feet have covered a space of twenty-two feet. 
 If, in cool blood, he be very gently cantered at a common 
 sheep-hurdle, without any ditch on one side of it or the 
 other, it will be found that he has cleared, or rather has 
 not been able to help clearing, from ten to twelve feet. 
 In Egypt, an antelope chased by hounds on coming sud- 
 denly to a little crack or crevice in the ground caused 
 
 * The Honourable C. C. 
 
WATER JUMPING. 59 
 
 by the heat of the sun, has been observed at a bound 
 to clear thirty feet, and yet, on approaching a high wall, 
 the same animal slackens his pace, stops for a second, and 
 then pops over it. Almost any horse, particularly a young 
 one, if cantered at a small prickly furze-hedge, would pro- 
 bably with a little skip rather than a jump clear at least 
 fourteen feet, which in water would form a " brook " 
 that would stop more than half of the large field of riders 
 who in Northamptonshire and Leicestershire follow the 
 Pytchley, Quorn, and Cottesmore hounds. Indeed, it not 
 unfrequently happens that a ditch of glittering water, not 
 seven feet broad, over which every hound has hopped 
 hardly looking at it, will not only stop a number of horses 
 and riders, but in a few minutes will, to the utter disgust 
 and astonishment of the latter, contain several of them. 
 
 To prevent, however, this unnecessary and apparently 
 discreditable botheration, all that is necessary is for the 
 rider to overcome and overrule the instinctive aversion 
 which his horse, and possibly he himself, have to jump 
 water. 
 
 If, during a run with hounds, a young horse, that has 
 never seen a brook, going a good pace, without receiving 
 from the hands of his rider any tremulous check, arrives 
 at, say a low hedge, on the other side of which he sud- 
 denly sees a wide expanse of water, he is quite sure to 
 clear it ; and having thus broken the spell, if he be after- 
 
60 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 wards only fairly ridden, lie will probably require no 
 other instruction. If, however, as but too often is the 
 case, on arriving at water that can be jumped favourably 
 at a particular place, a young horse is obliged to wait for 
 his turn, and during that awful pause sees some hunters 
 refuse, and others splash in and flounder, he naturally 
 combines together theory and practice, and accordingly, 
 when called upon, refuses to do what he has always in- 
 stinctively considered to be wrong; and as, generally 
 speaking, it is impossible at that moment to force him, 
 the run is lost. 
 
 Under this state of the case, the master of the culprit 
 on some fine non-hunting day, armed with spurs and a 
 cut-whip, should conduct him to any ugly-looking little 
 ditch, not above half a dozen feet broad (for it is the 
 quality and not the quantity of the shining element that 
 creates his fear), and then, carefully abstaining to excite 
 his courage, ride him at it very slowly and timidly, on 
 purpose to ensure his refusing it, which, of course, he is 
 quite certain to do. After once again leading him into 
 this trap, a duel, perfectly harmless to the biped, must 
 be fought. It may last ten minutes, a quarter, half an 
 hour, or possibly two hours ; but, sooner or later, the 
 little misunderstanding is certain to end in the rebel all 
 of a sudden doing willingly, and then repeating five or 
 six times, what, after all, was nothing at all for him 
 
WATER JUMPING. 61 
 
 to do ; and from th'at moment, if he be only fairly 
 " handled," he will remember, whenever he sees water, 
 the lesson which taught him that it was made on purpose 
 to be crossed. 
 
 To maintain and encourage this doctrine, on coming 
 in sight of a brook, his courage, by very gentle touches 
 of the spur, should be excited, while, by pulling harder 
 and harder at the bridle, his speed inversely should be 
 slightly diminished, until he arrives within about eighty 
 yards, when, gradually relaxing the reins, and yet grasp- 
 ing them so firmly that it is impossible for him to swerve, 
 his pace should always be made to freshen as he pro- 
 ceeds, until on arriving at the brink it has attained its 
 maximum. In short, in riding at a brook, a horse should 
 be taught to feel that no choice will be given to him to 
 go in or over, but that over he must go, for want of time 
 to jump in. 
 
 By this simple management a horse will very soon 
 learn not only to rush at water, but to enjoy the very 
 sight of it; and as his rider can then trust implicitly 
 to his honour, we end as we almost began, by stating 
 that, although there exists no obstruction in a run that 
 creates so many sorrows as water, there is no fence that 
 is so easy for a horse to jump, if he will but try ; in fact 
 on coming to it at the top of his speed, if he will only 
 hop upwards a few feet, his momentum cannot fail to 
 
62 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 carry him across ; whereas, if in approaching it he 
 slackens his speed, nine times out of ten he may safely 
 be booked to be " in" 
 
 MODES OF SWIMMING A HOESE. 
 
 In England, a hunting man, in deference to the ther- 
 mometer and for the love of his clothes, usually avoids 
 forcing his horse to swim. In a warm climate, however, 
 the operation is attended with no danger or inconvenience 
 whatever. In riding gradually into deep water the ani- 
 mal, just before he floats, appears to step rather uneasily, 
 as if on legs of different lengths ; but the instant his feet 
 take leave of the ground, or if at once he plunges out 
 of his depth from a bank, as soon as his head comes up 
 he proceeds as free from jolts of any sort as a balloon in 
 the air, grunting and groaning, nevertheless, heavily, at 
 the injustice of having a man's weight superadded to his 
 own, the specific gravity of which but little exceeds that 
 of the element into which he is striving not to sink. 
 Instinctively, however, adjusting himself to the most fa- 
 vourable position, which throws the hind part of his body 
 about a foot under water, he makes the best of a bad 
 bargain, and then all the rider has to do is not to destroy 
 
MODES OF SWIMMING A HOESE. 63 
 
 the poor animal's equilibrium by pulling even an ounce 
 at his bridle. Indeed, in crossing a broad stream, the 
 most effectual way to prevent over-balancing him, and 
 also to stop his grunting, is either to slip sideways from 
 his back, and then, half-swimming, to be dragged along- 
 side him by a lock of his mane firmly entwined among 
 the fingers of the right hand, or, as is invariably practised 
 by the red Indians, to be towed by his tail, in which 
 case the man floating on the surface of the water is quite 
 safe from the heels of the horse struggling many feet below 
 him. By this plan, of course, the water, instead of the 
 horse, sustains the weight of the man. 
 
 JUDICIOUS BIDING. 
 
 In a closely-enclosed country, with slow hounds, a cold 
 scent, and a fat huntsman, a good jumping nag is what 
 is mainly required. But to follow fleet hounds across 
 large grass fields, however excellent may be a horse's 
 jumping, however clever at doubles, safe at timber, bold at 
 water ; and though to all of these accomplishments be 
 added every qualification of hand, heel, head, and heart, 
 which an experienced rider can possibly possess, "the 
 tottle of the whole " must inevitably amount to " disap- 
 
64 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 pointment," unless the animal be able to maintain the 
 requisite pace. And yet in a run it does not at all follow 
 that the leading horse is the fastest, that the hindmost is 
 the slowest, that a heaving flank is an indication of im- 
 paired lungs, or a still one of good wind. On the contrary, 
 it is often but too true that the first ought to have 
 been the last, and the last the first; so much depends 
 on the manner in which the different horses have been 
 ridden. 
 
 When a man, pursued by a detachment of cavalry, is 
 riding to save his own life, or when, at the risk of his 
 life, he is trying to take away that of a poor little fox, 
 success in either case depends of course on the pace at 
 which he can proceed. Now it is a very common mistake 
 in both the instances we have named to endeavour to 
 attain the desired object by maintaining, like the seconds- 
 hand of a clock, an equable rate, whereas, just as a ship 
 spreads out and unreefs all her canvas when the wind is 
 light, and before a hurricane scuds away under bare poles, 
 so should the pace which a rider exacts from his horse 
 depend on the state or character of the ground he has to 
 traverse ; that is to say, he should hold him together and 
 save him through deep-ploughed land, race him across 
 light, dry turf, grasping the mane, go slowly up the 
 last half of an ordinary hill, spin him very fast indeed 
 down every declivity, and in jumping fences endeavour, 
 
USE AND ABUSE OF SPUES. 65 
 
 by tranquillizing rather than exciting, to induce him to 
 take as little out of himself at each, as is possible. 
 
 With considerate treatment of this sort, a warrior or 
 a sportsman may go from a given point to another in a 
 given time without distressing his horse, while the hot- 
 faced man who, in attempting to follow him, has been 
 straining through heavy ground, rushing up steep accli- 
 vities, restraining in going down hills, and galloping at 
 every fence, large or small, has not only blown his poor 
 horse, but as he sits astride his panting body and bleeding 
 sides, fancies he has done so ty going fast ; and accord- 
 ingly, when he sees afar off the fellow who, on an inferior 
 animal, has outstripped him, he contemptuously wonders 
 to himself how such a tortoise could possibly have beaten 
 such a hare ! 
 
 USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS. 
 
 Buxtorff, in describing the horses, chariots, and riders 
 of the ancient Egyptians, says that the word " Parash" 
 or rider, is derived from the Hebrew root to prick, or 
 spur. 
 
 In horsemanship there is no subject so worthy of consi- 
 deration, most especially by any one wearing the name of 
 
66 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 a gentleman, as the use and the abuse of spurs. In riding 
 horses that since their birth have been roaming in a state 
 of nature, that have never tasted corn, and that have 
 never been excited by men to race against each other, it 
 would be impossible to induce them to exhaust in man's 
 service the whole of their strength except by punishment ; 
 for, as they have never obeyed any other will than their 
 own, so soon as they become tired, they attempt not only 
 to diminish their speed, but to stop altogether, and as 
 their bodies have no value whatever, and as their riders 
 have spurs with rowels an inch long, and no mercy, it 
 might be supposed that, under such circumstances, an 
 uncivilized human being would be very apt to inflict 
 unnecessary punishment on the poor subdued animal be- 
 neath him. But it is mercifully ordained that it is the 
 interest as well as the duty of man to husband the powers 
 of the animals that serve him, and accordingly the wild 
 rider, when carefully observed, is found to be infinitely 
 more lenient in the use of his spurs than the comrade 
 who calls himself civilized, simply because the former 
 by his own and his hereditary experience has learned 
 that the spur should be the last, and not the first resource 
 of any rider who desires to be carried a given distance in 
 the smallest possible amount of time. Accordingly, to 
 attain this object, the animal on starting, without any 
 punishment, is restrained by his bridle, and encouraged, 
 
USE AND ABUSE OF SPUES. 67 
 
 so long as it is possible to do so, in his zeal to advance ; 
 when that begins to flag, by working the bit in his mouth 
 he is induced to proceed ; when this fails, a very slight 
 touch of one spur becomes necessary, to be increased only 
 as required. When excitation on that side is found to 
 have lost its effect, it is tried very gently on the other ; 
 and thus does the wild rider proceed, until he ends the 
 distance by coming in violently spurring with both heels 
 at every step of a gallop, that, from sheer faintness, has 
 dwindled down to a rate of hardly six miles an hour. 
 
 Now a civilized traveller almost invariably commits 
 not only the unnecessary cruelty but the error of using 
 his spurs the moment his horse, as he fancies, requires 
 them; by which means he for a very short time en- 
 courages, and then so completely discourages his poor 
 weak animal that he often fails altogether to get to the 
 end of the distance which his wild comrade, without 
 the slightest desire to be merciful, has rapidly and scienti- 
 fically accomplished. 
 
 In the management, however, of horses in England, 
 the conditions of the case are totally different. Tied to 
 mangers, in which they feast on dry oats, beans, and hay, 
 no sooner do they leave their stables than the very sight 
 of creation animates them ; every carriage that trots by, 
 and every rider that passes, excites them. When brought 
 into condition, and then encouraged to compete against 
 
 E 2 
 
68 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 each other, their physical strength, though artificially 
 raised to the maximum, remains far behind their instinc- 
 tive courage and disposition to go till they die, in almost 
 any service in which they may be employed. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the use of the spur is to 
 enable man to maintain his supremacy, and, whenever 
 necessary, promptly and efficiently to suppress mutiny 
 in whatever form it may break out. If a restiff horse 
 objects to pass a particular post, he must be forced to do 
 so. If he refuses to jump water, he must, as we have 
 described, be conquered. But in every case of this 
 nature a combination of cool determination, plenty of 
 time, and a little punishment, invariably form a more 
 permanent cure than a prescription composed only of 
 the last ingredient; for as anger, in a horse as in a 
 man, is a short madness, an animal under its influence 
 is not in so good a state to learn and remember the 
 lesson of obedience which man is entitled to impart, 
 as when he has time given to him to observe that the 
 just sentence to which he is sternly required to submit, 
 is tempered with mercy. 
 
 But if the uses of the spur are few, its abuses are 
 many. On the race-course, the eagerness and impe- 
 tuosity of thorough bred horses to contend against each 
 other are so great, that for a considerable time it is 
 difficult to prevent them, especially young ones, from 
 
USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS. 69 
 
 starting before the signal is given. As soon as they 
 are " off," it becomes all that the best riders in the 
 world can do merely to guide them : to stop them would 
 be impossible. Occasionally their very limbs "break 
 down " in their endeavours to win ; and yet, while 
 they are exerting their utmost powers and strength, 
 to the shame of their owners and to the disgrace of 
 the nation, the riders are allowed, as a sort of show 
 off, to end the contest by whipping and spurring, which, 
 nine times out of ten, has the effect of making the noblest 
 quadruped in creation do what is technically called " SHUT 
 UP," which means that the ungenerous and ungrateful 
 punishment and degradation that have been unjustly 
 inflicted upon him have cowed his gallant spirit, and 
 have broken an honest heart ! 
 
 But the ignorance as well as the brutality of unne- 
 cessarily spurring a hunter is even worse than that just 
 portrayed. When a young horse that has never seen a 
 hound, is ridden up, for the first time in his life, not to 
 a meet, at which the whole pack are to be seen, but 
 merely to the side of a covert, which, hidden from view, 
 they are drawing, it might reasonably be conceived that 
 under such circumstances he could not have an idea of 
 their past, present, or future proceedings we mean, 
 where they had come from, what they were doing, or 
 what they were going to do. However, no sooner does 
 
70 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 a hound, from laziness, or possibly from feeling that he 
 has been sufficiently pricked by thorns, briars, and gorse, 
 creep out for a few seconds before him, than " Angels 
 and ministers of grace defend us ! " the young horse 
 pricks up his ears, stares intently at him, holds his 
 breath, and, with a heart beating so hard that it may 
 be not only heard but felt by the rider, he breaks out 
 into a perspiration, which, on the appearance of a few 
 more hounds, turns into foam as white as soap-suds. On 
 an old hound by a single deep tone, instantaneously 
 certified by the sharp, shrill, resolute voice of the hunts- 
 man announcing to creation that the one little animal 
 which so many bigger ones have been so good as to 
 visit, is "at home," the young horse paws the ground ; 
 if restrained, evinces a slight disposition to rear; until, 
 by the time the whole pack encouraged by the cheery 
 cry, "Have at him!' 9 in full chorus have struck up 
 their band of music, he appears to have become almost 
 ungovernable, and is evidently outrageously anxious to 
 do he knows not what; and accordingly, when a sud- 
 den shriek, scream, or, as the Irish term it, "screech," 
 rather than a holla, from the opposite side of the covert, 
 briefly announces, as by a telegram, the joyous little 
 word " AWAY ! " suiting his action to it, " away " the 
 young horse often bolts with his rider, just as likely 
 " away " from the hounds as with them. If he follows 
 
AND ABUSE OF SPUES. 71 
 
 them, infuriated by ardour, which neither he nor his 
 rider have power to control, he looks at nothing, thinks 
 of nothing, until at full speed coming to say a stiff fence 
 he disdains to rise at, a lesson is offered to him, which, 
 however, he is a great deal too much excited to learn by 
 heart; and so, before his rider has had time enough to 
 uncoil himself from his roll, the " young *un," without a 
 thought or disposition to wait for the old gentleman, 
 leaves him on the ground to think about the hounds; 
 while with dangling stirrups, reins hanging loose on his 
 neck, and outstretched neck and tail, he is once again 
 " up and at 'em ! " 
 
 Although, however, a horse, when his blood is hot, 
 does not appear to notice a fall, he thinks a good deal 
 about it in the stable; and, accordingly, the next time 
 he comes out, instead of being infuriated, he only evinces 
 a superabundance of eagerness and excitement to follow 
 the hounds, which his rider can gradually and often 
 rapidly succeed in allaying, until the animal may be 
 honestly warranted as " steady with hounds," which 
 means that, although he will follow them over anything 
 till he drops, he has lived to learn that to enable him 
 to do so he had better not unnecessarily maim his legs or 
 tumble himself head over heels. With this mixture of 
 high courage and discretion he does his best; and, as 
 affecting evidence of this truth, although, after having 
 
72 THE HOKSE AND HIS 
 
 been ten or twelve hours out of his stable, with apparent 
 cheerfulness, he brings his rider home, yet it is the latter 
 only that then proves to be "as hungry as a hunter," 
 while the exhausted stomach of the "vrai Amphitryon" 
 the real hunter, remains for many hours, and sometimes 
 days, without the smallest appetite for corn or beans. 
 
 If this plain statement be correct, leaving humanity 
 entirely out of the question, how ignorant and contempti- 
 ble is that man who is seen during a run not only to be 
 spurring his horse with both heels whenever he comes to 
 deep ploughed ground or to the bottom of a steep hill, 
 but who, just as if he were singing to himself a little 
 song, or, "for want of thought," whistling to himself a 
 favourite tune, throughout the run, continues, as a sort 
 of idle accompaniment to his music, to dangle more or 
 less severely the rowel of one spur into the side of a 
 singed hunter, who all the time is a great deal more 
 anxious to live with the hounds than he is ! But, as 
 dishonesty is always the worst policy, so does this dis- 
 creditable conduct produce results opposite to those ex- 
 pected to be attained; for instead of spurring a poor 
 horse throughout a run hastening his speed, it has very 
 often put a fatal end to it. 
 
 In riding to hounds it occasionally happens that a 
 resolute, experienced hunter, knowing what he can break 
 through, what he must clear, and who has learned to 
 
USE AND ABUSE OF SPURS. 73 
 
 be cunning enough never to jump farther than is neces- 
 sary, approaches a fence on the other side of which a 
 horse and rider have been just observed to disappear in 
 a brook that has received them. Now, if throughout the 
 run the rider has never once touched his faithful horse 
 with spurs, and if on reaching this fence both rowels 
 suddenly are made to prick him, in an instant he under- 
 stands the friendly hint, and accordingly, by exerting 
 much greater powers than he had intended, he saves 
 himself and his benefactor from a bad fall. In a few 
 cases of this nature the use of spurs to a sportsman is 
 not only excusable, but invaluable. On no account, 
 however, should they be used to propel a hunter to 
 the end of a run, but, on the contrary, whenever the 
 noble animal tells his rider honestly that he is dis- 
 tressed, he should gratefully be patted on the neck, 
 pulled up, and walked carefully to the nearest habitation, 
 where he can rest and obtain a few gulps of warm gruel. 
 Humanity will not disapprove of this course ; but we also 
 recommend young sportsmen to adopt it, to maintain 
 their pleasures and to save their own purses. To ride 
 a distressed horse at a strong fence, is very likely to 
 break a collar-bone, that will require a surgeon and half 
 the hunting season to mend. To ride him to death, 
 entails extortion from the breeches-pocket of a sum of 
 money usually of three figures to replace him. 
 
74 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FlELD. 
 
 Of the Ten Commandments which man is ordered to 
 obey, it may truly be said that there is no one which it is 
 not alike his interest as well as his duty to fulfil. In 
 every station in life in which it may have pleased God to 
 call him, he rises by being honest sinks by being dis- 
 honest ; gains more by forgiving an injury than by 
 avenging it ; creates friends by kindness enemies by 
 unkindness ; causes even bad servants to be faithful 
 by making them happy ; and thus, while he is appa- 
 rently serving others, in reality he is materially benefit- 
 ing himself. 
 
 By a similar dispensation of Providence, it is the in- 
 terest as well as the duty of man to be merciful to the 
 animals created for his use. 
 
 The better they are fed, and the more carefully they 
 are attended to, the more valuable they become. If by 
 any accident they be either maimed or lamed, money is 
 gained by giving them rest, lost by forcing them to 
 continue to move; in short, while sickness is costly so 
 long as it remains uncured, any neglect which causes a 
 diseased animal to die, inflicts upon the owner thereof 
 a fine exactly equal to what would have been gained had 
 he been saved. 
 
 This humane regulation of Nature, which may justly 
 
HOW TO TEEAT A HUNTER IN THE FIELD. 75 
 
 be entitled " a law for the protection of animals from 
 cruelty," applies to every hunting stable, large as well as 
 small, not only in the United Kingdom, but through- 
 out the world. Indeed if it be lucrative to a man to take 
 care of the sheep, oxen, and other animals he is rearing 
 merely to eat, it is most especially his interest by every 
 attention in his power to enable his hunter to carry him 
 safely ; and yet, on this vital subject, for such it is, there 
 usually exists in the horseman a want of consideration 
 which, to any one who will reflect on the subject, must 
 appear highly reprehensible. 
 
 It may readily be admitted that hunting men, generally 
 speaking, make great efforts first to obtain horses suffi- 
 ciently strong to carry them, and secondly, to increase 
 their strength by administering to them plenty of the 
 very best food, with every thing that science can add, 
 to improve what is called their condition. But, strange 
 to say, after having thus made every possible exertion 
 to create or constitute a power sufficient to carry them, 
 after having at great expense and infinite trouble amassed 
 it, they unscientifically exhaust it; and accordingly at 
 the end of a long day it continually happens that a rider 
 dislocates a bone, cracks a limb, or loses his life, from 
 having as it were; like an improvident spendthrift, 
 simply from want of consideration, expended funds neces- 
 sary for his existence. 
 
76 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 When Alexander the Great pompously asked Diogenes 
 what he could do to serve him, the cynic curtly replied, 
 " Gret out of my sunshine" In like manner if a heavy 
 man, patting his hunter on the neck, were to ask 
 "What can I do to please you?" the dumb animal, if 
 he could but speak, would just as bluntly reply, " Get 
 off my back ;" and yet men, especially heavy ones, will 
 throughout a long day sit smiling in their saddles, 
 without reflecting that by doing so they are every 
 minute and every hour wearying muscles which, after 
 having carried them brilliantly in one run, are, if a 
 second fox can be found, to be required to carry them 
 through another. 
 
 A deal board of the length of a horse's back, with 
 its ends resting on the bottoms of two chairs, would 
 break, a stout pole would snap, and a rod of iron would 
 bend, under the feet of a heavy man jumping upon 
 them only for a few minutes ; and yet the same heavy 
 man who in the same short period would become dead 
 tired of carrying even his only child, neglects to consider 
 the mechanical effects caused by the mere pressure (to 
 say nothing of the concussion produced by jumping) for 
 seven or eight hours of fourteen, sixteen, or eighteen 
 stone on a horse's back, which is not a solid bone, but 
 one scotched or sawn by Nature into a decreasing series 
 of twenty-nine vertebrae (namely, dorsal, 18 ; lumbar, 6 ; 
 
HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FIELD. 77 
 
 sacral, 5), averaging . less than two inches in length and 
 breadth. 
 
 The wearying effects which the infliction of weight 
 produces on the muscular powers of a horse may be 
 practically demonstrated as follows : 
 
 In crossing a particular region in the plains of South 
 America, in which there are literally no inhabitants to 
 assist in catching the horses, it is necessary for the 
 attendant on the traveller to select and drive a troop 
 of them, which continue to gallop before him in high 
 spirits, while the animal beneath him, unaccustomed to 
 extra weight, becomes weaker and fainter, until with 
 bleeding sides, drooping head, and panting flanks, he 
 is left standing by himself on the plain completely 
 exhausted. 
 
 No less than five times is the traveller obliged to repeat 
 the operation of remounting what is called, what is con- 
 sidered, and what really is " a fresh horse," which in 
 his turn, solely by his rider's weight, becomes tired, 
 without metaphor, almost " to death," in the presence of 
 the unmounted horses, who, with nothing to carry but 
 their own carcases, are still showing no signs whatever 
 of distress.* 
 
 Now although a horse highly fed and in good wind 
 
 * The ancient Greeks practised riding two or three horses tied together : 
 the horseman vaulting from the tired to the fresh one. 
 
78 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 and condition has greater muscular power than those in 
 the state of nature just described, it is undeniable that 
 the difference between carrying weight and no weight 
 must produce in each of them similar results ; that is 
 to say, those muscles which are oppressed suffer by the 
 amount of weight inflicted upon them, multiplied by the 
 time they are subjected to it, and again negatively enjoy 
 the periods of rest, be they ever so short, during which 
 they are relieved from it. 
 
 And yet, although every body learns by daily experi- 
 ence that the imposition of weight tires his own muscles, 
 that the abstraction of weight instantly relieves them ; 
 and although it is a known fact that when two thorough- 
 bred horses are racing together, an addition of only 
 seven pounds weight will cause the bearer of it to be 
 " distanced," yet men of rank, intelligence, wealth, and 
 generous feelings, are, at the outside of a covert which 
 the hounds are drawing, to be constantly seen late in the 
 day with cigars in their mouths, conversing and occa- 
 sionally even extolling to each other the qualifica- 
 tions of the noble animals on whose backs they have 
 been thoughtlessly sitting for six or eight hours, as 
 hard as a hen upon a nest full of eggs just about to 
 hatch. 
 
 In the army when a soldier who has committed an 
 offence is sentenced to crawl for several hours up and 
 
HOW TO TREAT A HUNTER IN THE FIELD. 79 
 
 down a parade " in heavy marching order," it is justly 
 called "punishment drill." 
 
 In like manner, if an unruly horse were to be sentenced 
 merely to stand in his stable for ten hours with a sack of 
 heavy oats, weighing (at forty-two pounds the bushel) 
 exactly twelve stone, the punishment or pain his muscles 
 would undergo in bearing such a weight for so long a 
 time would be so severe that by almost everybody it 
 would be termed "cruel." But if, instead of being 
 quiescent, the sack of oats could by mechanical contriv- 
 ances be continually lifted up, and then by a series of 
 heavy blows dropped down upon vertebrae which have 
 nothing but muscles to support them, the punishment 
 would be condemned as excruciating; and yet this 
 excruciating punishment is quite unnecessarily inflicted 
 upon hunters by a lot of good-humoured heavy men, 
 simply from neglecting to reflect that if they would, 
 only even for a minute or two, occasionally unload their 
 saddles, to walk a little, stand still a little, or, while the 
 hounds are drawing, sit placidly upon the stile or gate 
 that is often close beside them, they would not only 
 perform an act of mercy, but they would impart or 
 rather restore strength, tone, and activity to muscles 
 which, if vigorous, can carry them safely, but which, if 
 exhausted, must inevitably fail when tested by a severe 
 run. 
 
80 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 In deference and in reference to this law of Nature, it 
 may truly be added that the proprietor of a valuable 
 stud of horses would gain a great deal of money as 
 well as ensure safety if he would select and set apart, 
 say two of them for his groom to ride to covert, leading 
 by his side, with an empty saddle, the horse that is to 
 hunt; by which arrangement the cheap hack, which 
 from the covert-side has only to return to his stable, 
 would carry, and the costly hunter which is to endure 
 the toil of a long day would for two, three, and occa- 
 sionally four hours be relieved from the weight of about 
 a sack of oats, to say nothing of but too often a pair of 
 hard and heavy hands; and thus the wealthy rider, on 
 descending from the box of his four-in-hand drag, would, 
 at a saving rather than an expenditure of money, have 
 secured for himself the benefit of mounting a fresh 
 hunter, instead of one more or less tired by what in our 
 statistical returns are designated "preventive causes." 
 
 HOW TO BEING A HUNTER HOME. 
 
 Of the long list of hunters annually killed by what 
 is called " a severe day," about one-third may be said 
 to have died from bad riding, and two-thirds by impro- 
 per treatment after the run was over. 
 
HOW TO BEING A HUNTER HOME. 81 
 
 Supposing, as is often the case, that the majority of 
 the horses that are "in at the death " have been out 
 of their stables from seven to eight hours, that they have 
 been conspicuous in two or three runs, and that, with the 
 lower edge of the sun nearly touching the horizon, they 
 have to travel from fifteen to twenty miles to their 
 stables, a question of vital importance has to be deter- 
 mined, namely, whether they are to perform that exer- 
 tion in the way most agreeable to their riders, or most 
 advantageous to themselves, 
 
 In the settlement of this problem the poor horses have, 
 of course, neither voice nor vote. On their behalf, there- 
 fore, we will endeavour to contrast the attentions that 
 ought to be bestowed upon them, with the inconsiderate 
 treatment to which they are usually subjected. 
 
 In a severe day's work a hunter suffers from a com- 
 bination of three causes : violent muscular exertion, an 
 overexcitement of the circulation of the blood, and debi- 
 lity of his whole system caused by abstinence from food. 
 
 Of these causes, the latter produces by far the worst 
 results ; for although to the muscles may be given rest, 
 and to the circulation repose, the stomach of a horse is 
 so small and, in comparison to his noble spirit, so 
 delicate, that on becoming empty and exhausted it is 
 in an unfit state to digest food, and accordingly is bene- 
 ficently deprived by Nature of appetite to receive it. 
 
 F 
 
82 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 Now, under all these circumstances, it is evident that 
 the most humane, and, taking the money value of the 
 poor animal into consideration, the most economical course 
 which the rider can pursue is as follows : 
 
 As soon as the day's sport is over, the hunter should 
 be led, or ridden, at a walk for about a mile to some 
 stable it little matters whether it be good, bad, or 
 indifferent or strawyard, where he can stand for a 
 minute or two. 
 
 When the object for which he has been taken there 
 has been accomplished, about a third of a pail of gruel, 
 or lukewarm water, with a mouthful or two of hay, 
 should be given to him. To prevent his being chilled, 
 the instant he has swallowed it he should be mounted; 
 and whatever be the distance he has to accomplish, he 
 should then be ridden homewards at a constant steady 
 pace of about seven miles an hour. 
 
 After a staghunt in which the hunter may have been 
 galloping principally on roads, soft ground (if it be not 
 deep) should be selected ; but when, as is usually the case 
 in fox hunting, the muscles have, during the greater part 
 of the day, been struggling in heavy soil, he should be 
 permitted to travel, as he invariably tries to do, on the 
 hard road. 
 
 As they proceed together, if the rider will dismount 
 for a few minutes to lead his horse down or up any 
 
HOW TO BEING A HUNTEE HOME. 83 
 
 very steep hill, both animals will be greatly relieved. 
 With this exception, however, there should be no altera- 
 tion of pace or stoppage of any sort or kind. 
 
 If, at the quiet rate described, the hunter begins to 
 blunder, it will be proper that he should be what is 
 termed " wakened " by a word of remonstrance, or, if 
 that prove insufficient, by a slight touch of the spur. 
 But if, as is usual, the noble animal travels safely, 
 the duller he is encouraged to go, the greater will be 
 the relief to that over excitement of the circulation of 
 his blood, and that violent palpitation of his heart, from 
 which he has suffered. 
 
 By this treatment a hunter in good condition can, in 
 the shortest possible time, be brought home not only 
 cool in body and tranquil in mind, but with limbs less 
 wearied than when they took leave of the hounds. 
 
 On entering his stable, in the manger of which he 
 should find, ready to welcome him, a handful or two 
 of picked sweet hay, his bridle should be taken off, 
 his girths unloosened, and then, before his body is 
 touched, all his four legs, after being cleared only of 
 rough dirt, should, without a moment's delay, be swathed 
 from the knees and hocks to the hoofs by rough bandages 
 of coarse common drugget, which maintain in the 
 extremities that healthy circulation which, from the 
 minuteness of their veins, is prone, after great exhaus- 
 
 F 2 
 
 \ 
 
84 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 tion, to stagnate, producing (especially when caused by 
 the ignorant custom of washing the legs) disorganisation 
 and disease throughout the whole system, as the following 
 fact will exemplify. 
 
 Several seasons ago almost every hunter in Leicester- 
 shire and Northamptonshire was afflicted by a combina- 
 tion of lumps, bumps, swelled legs, and cracked heels, 
 caused by the extraordinary wetness of the ground, and 
 the consequent ablutions of the legs. After the veteri- 
 nary surgeons had in vain nearly exhausted their phar- 
 macopoeia, the oldest and most experienced among them 
 directed that on no account should horses' legs, after 
 hunting, be washed; and wherever this plain, sensible 
 prescription was followed, all the symptoms just described 
 rapidly subsided. 
 
 If the hunter, as is now-a-days almost invariably the 
 case, has been singed, the less he is excited and tor- 
 mented by cleaning (the main object of which, with 
 many strappers, seems to be to make the poor animal 
 crouch his back, bite his manger, and violently work all 
 his legs as if they were on a tread-mill) the better. 
 
 At the expiration of about an hour white flannel 
 bandages should, however, be substituted for the coarse 
 ones, under which the dirt will then be found to 
 crumble away like warm sand. 
 
 If his ears (the opposite extremities or antipodes of 
 
HOW TO BEIXG A HUNTER HOME. 85 
 
 his legs) have become cold, circulation therein should be 
 restored by the groom quietly rubbing them with a 
 cloth; and as soon as they are dry, and the animal 
 what is called "comfortable," a pailful of warm gruel 
 given to him at intervals, a bran mash, a rackful of hay, 
 a clean stall, some chilled water, and a fresh bed, will do 
 all that is possible to procure for him a night's rest, 
 free from fever ; and this vital object having been 
 accomplished, the next day he may receive without 
 injury, and indeed with great benefit, his usual allow 
 ance of the best oats and beans. 
 
 Now, in contrast to the mode of treatment just de- 
 scribed, we will endeavour to offer to our readers a 
 similar sketch of that which, especially by what are 
 termed "fast men" (possibly because "lucus a non 
 lucendo" they make it a rule never to "fast" or abstain 
 from any thing they desire to do), is usually adopted. 
 
 After the run is over, while one sturdy hound that all 
 the rest seem to be afraid of is stealing straight away 
 with the poor fox's head, and while another at his 
 utmost speed, chased by several, is meandering through 
 the pack with a lump of unsavoury, very dirty fur in 
 his mouth, groups of riders, some sitting astride, some 
 like pretty ladies with a right leg hanging over the 
 saddle's pommel, some with cambric handkerchiefs mop- 
 ping moist heads and red faces, and some adjusting 
 
86 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 mustachios, are to be seen reciting to each other inci- 
 dents aqueous, terrestrial, and amphibious, of the run. 
 Here and there, one of the most handsome, as he talks, 
 leans forward for a moment to pat the neck of his 
 thorough bred animal in grateful acknowledgment of 
 the particular feat he is describing. 
 
 In what is considered by all to be hardly a quarter of 
 an hour, (for when men sit conversing about themselves, 
 they little know how fast old father Time gallops), this 
 joyous conversazione ends by the talkers, after giving to 
 each other here and there a farewell nod, radiating in 
 masses along roads, or across a fence or two, to gain the 
 road that leads to their respective homes; but as, by 
 this time, in almost every mouth a newly-lighted cigar 
 happens to be gleaming, they resume their talk as they 
 walk towards an object described at the back of the head 
 of almost every one, in the humane words "gruel for 
 my horse" to be obtained, not exactly at the first farm, 
 but at the first great town, be it even half a dozen or so, 
 miles off. 
 
 On reaching the best hotel, at which there is seldom 
 hot water enough ready for all the cavalcade, the horses 
 are handed over to that lot of idle attendants who, 
 some out of the stable and some from the bar, greedily 
 rush forward to grasp their bridles. " GRUEL " is most 
 kindly ordered for them all; but as it is voted that 
 
HOW TO BRING A HUNTER HOME. 87 
 
 there is no great necessity to see them drink it, the 
 landlord's smiling invitation is accepted, and in a few 
 minutes, by one of those extraordinary contingencies that 
 nobody could have anticipated, each gentleman rider is 
 to be seen, in high glee and good-humour, sipping 
 from a tumbler (which for some quaint reason or other 
 happens to contain a silver spoon) something that is 
 evidently very wet and very warm. Alas ! little 
 thinking that his poor faithful horse, whose perform- 
 ances he had so lately been describing, with cold clammy 
 ears is shivering, chilled by having just drank too freely 
 of "a summut," without a spoon in it, that was wet 
 and cold. 
 
 On mounting, and clattering out of the paved yard of 
 the hotel, most of the riders fancy they are all the better 
 many of their horses feel that they are all the worse 
 for the half hour's rest and " gruelling " that was ordered 
 for them. But although the quadrupeds leave behind 
 them the fatal pail, the silver spoon has apparently 
 accompanied the bipeds, who, like the favoured children 
 of Fortune, are, externally as well as internally, under 
 the influence of ardent spirits. 
 
 All thoroughly happy, they think neither of their 
 horses nor their homes ; but, according to the subject of 
 their conversation, and the state of their cigars, they 
 walk, trot, sometimes very slow, and sometimes very 
 
88 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER, 
 
 fast, until, on coming to a portion of the road bounded 
 by grass, although their poor horses have had an over- 
 dose of both excitement and of heavy ground, they touch 
 them with their spurs, to re-enjoy, for a short distance, 
 a hand-gallop. 
 
 In short, travelling at what may either be described 
 as " every pace," or " no pace at all," they unnecessarily 
 excite and fatigue their horses ; and yet, after all, though 
 undoubtedly "fast men," they are often considerably 
 more than an hour longer in getting home than if they 
 had proceeded at a slow, quiet, steady, but unceasing 
 rate. 
 
 On reaching this goal the poor horse who, from eight 
 o'clock in the morning, has been working on an empty 
 stomach, is led by his bridle to his stable. The rich 
 man prepares himself for his dinner. Since he break- 
 fasted, at a quarter before nine in the morning, he has, at 
 a low average, enjoyed the slight intoxication of very 
 nearly a cigar per hour, besides certain refreshments 
 which he brought out with him, and the few crumbs of 
 comfort at the hotel at which he stopped to give " gruel " 
 to his horse. 
 
 Nevertheless, on the principle that " by-gones are 
 by-gones," after his ablutions, exactly as if he had been 
 fasting, he sits down to a capital meal, joyous conversa- 
 tion, luscious wine. In due time he "joins the ladies," 
 
HOW TO BRING A HUNTER HOME. 89 
 
 and as, with rosy cheeks, and with a cup of fragrant 
 coffee in his hand, he stands in patent-leather boots, 
 whispering soft nonsense, the butler, white in waistcoat 
 and in tie, most respectfully interrupts it to inform his 
 Lordship that " Mr. Willo'thewhisp " has just sent up a 
 strapper from the stable to say that "Harkaway" "has 
 took to shaking, and seems very queer indeed all over ! " 
 and accordingly, on the evening of the next day, the poor 
 high-bred animal, with protruding tongue, glacy eyes 
 dishonoured by a few particles of dust, hollow flank, and 
 outstretched limbs, lies in his stall, stiff and stark, a 
 victim to the unintentional maltreatment and thoughtless 
 mismanagement of his noble master. 
 
 HOW TO DRESS FOE HUNTING. 
 
 As in our Nursery Ehymes it is truly stated that 
 " Whatever brawls disturb the streets, there should be peace at home," 
 
 so it might be expected that, however violently men may 
 differ among each other as to the shape, cut, or fashion 
 of their clothes, they would at all events, like a brood of 
 chickens nestling under their parent hen, concur together 
 in selecting that description of warmth which is congenial, 
 and in avoiding every substance uncongenial to their 
 
90 THE HOKSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 nature. And yet how true and how strange it is to say 
 that of the best educated, most scientific, most intelli- 
 gent, and wealthiest classes in England, more than three- 
 quarters live and suffer, wither and decay, in clothing 
 as uncongenial to their nature as a covering of slate, in 
 substitution of their mother, would be to a nest of young 
 birds! 
 
 In a cold, wet, variable climate like England, where, 
 especially in winter, extra clothing to that granted to 
 man by nature is absolutely required, the sensible and 
 self evident course for the Lord of Creation to pursue 
 would be to select from the living creatures around 
 him, and appropriate, the fur, feathers, wool, or hair that 
 warm them. 
 
 And yet, instead of thus cherishing blood by what 
 has especially been created by Nature to warm blood, 
 we repair to the cold ground for succour! From its 
 produce we pick cotton and hemp, nourished by a cir- 
 culation of sap ; in short, from a mixture of perversity 
 and ignorance which appear to be as inexcusable as 
 they are unaccountable, we run for protection to the 
 wrong kingdom, to commit the unnatural error of clothing 
 ourselves as vegetables instead of as animals ! 
 
 If a man has had nothing to do in this world but, 
 with a crown on his head and with his knees closed, to 
 sit very still on a throne, with a coronet balanced on 
 
HOW TO DKESS FOR HUNTING. 91 
 
 his head, to walk very gently from one carpeted room to 
 another, or in very tight boots to stand gaping at his 
 fellow creatures as, at different rates, they pass in pro- 
 cession before his club window, he may live, die, and 
 be screwed up in his coffin without ever discovering 
 the mistake he has committed; but, on the other hand, 
 if he has only for a few years been exposed to hard 
 work, and even without severe labour to the vicissitudes 
 of climate, he very soon finds out that he is suffering 
 from the uncongenial clothing in which he has been 
 existing. Indeed, our soldiers and sailors on active 
 service, whether within the tropics or the polar regions ; 
 our labourers, especially those who work underground in 
 mines ; in fact all classes of people, sooner or later, are 
 not only by medical men admonished, but by the aches 
 and pains of Caliban, with all the ills which flesh is 
 heir to when it has been suddenly chilled, are forced 
 to discard vegetable covering, in order to nestle, for the 
 remainder of their lives, in woollen clothing next to 
 their skin ; and when a man has lived to make this 
 important discovery, he keenly feels that although his 
 friend and neighbour would be grievously out of fashion 
 were he to walk about the world with his cotton 
 drawers over his woollen trousers, and with his Irish- 
 linen shirt outside his coat, yet that it would be less 
 insane and infinitely more reasonable for him to do so 
 
92 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDEE. 
 
 than to exist, as is still the general custom of the com- 
 munity, in vegetable garments, covered on the outside 
 with woollen clothing. In fact, it is undeniable that a 
 sinner doing penance in a hair shirt enjoys better health 
 than a saint in a lawn one. 
 
 For ordinary work only ordinary protection may be 
 required; but as in hunting the rider is exposed to 
 every variety of weather, good, bad, and indifferent, to 
 sunshine, cold, wind, rain, sleet, and snow, to a heating 
 gallop, with a plunge into a brook, ending by a chilling 
 detention at every fresh covert which the hounds are 
 drawing, it must be obvious that to fortify himself against 
 all these alternations, he requires not merely the dress 
 superficially prescribed, namely, a scarlet coat, leather 
 breeches, top boots, and a hat or a hunting cap, but 
 beneath this gaudy surface the most wholesome descrip- 
 tion of underclothing that science can devise. 
 
 Now in the hunting field, experience, after a desperate 
 struggle, has at last demonstrated the advantages of wool ; 
 and, accordingly, for some years it has been, and is, the 
 habit and the fashion of most men, especially "the fast 
 ones," entirely to discard linen, and in lieu thereof to 
 ride in flannel shirts pink, red, crimson, or many coloured 
 and in drawers drawn either from the back of a lamb 
 or a sheep. The coats are lined throughout backs and 
 sleeves with flannel ; and as the waistcoats have also 
 
HOW TO DRESS FOE HUNTING. 93 
 
 sleeves of the same material, the rider of the present day 
 is not only wholesomely warmed, but his clothing, from 
 being divided into many layers, is capable of keeping 
 out a moderate shower of several hours' duration. 
 
 To provide, however, against a soaking day, it is usual 
 to put on woollen drawers of extra thickness ; but as it 
 is impossible to foretell how long it will rain for when 
 it pours early in the morning, it not unusually becomes 
 bright at eleven, and vice versa this precaution often 
 proves not only unnecessary, but throughout the whole day 
 a very unpleasant incumbrance, which, after all, fortifies a 
 great deal more of the propria persona than is required. 
 
 A better plan, or " dodge," therefore, when the morning 
 threatens to turn into a drenching day, is to place over 
 the thin drawers on the surface only of each thigh, 
 (which, from its position in riding, and from the dripping 
 from the brim of the hat, invariably becomes wet, while 
 all the rest of the drawers remain dry), a piece of stout 
 serge or saddler's flannel, which will keep out the rain 
 for a long time ; which, when wet, can in a moment be 
 drawn out, dried at any little inn, farm, or cottage fire, 
 and then replaced ; and which, ifj from the cessation of 
 the rain, it be not needed, instead of heating the owner, 
 can be rolled up and transferred into one of his coat 
 pockets, to remain there like a letter addressed Poste 
 restante, " till called for." 
 
94 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 Of boots there are just two sorts : those that do protect 
 the mechanism of the knee, and those that don't protect 
 it. Of these, the latter are the most fashionable. How- 
 ever, leaving the rider to make his choice, it need only 
 be observed that if the soles are broad, the feet within 
 them will be warm; and, if narrow, cold; simply from 
 the circulation of the blood having, by pressure, become 
 impeded. 
 
 Chilblains are often the result, though more usually 
 caused by the mistaken luxury, as it is called, of putting 
 the feet when chilled by hunting into warm instead of 
 into cold water, the temperature of which, if possible, 
 should be lowered in proportion to the coldness of the 
 feet: indeed, whenever flesh is frost-bitten, the well- 
 known practical remedy is snow; while on the other 
 hand an approach to fire instantly produces mortification. 
 
 And now for a very few words respecting the upper, 
 or garret-story of the rider. 
 
 In Leicestershire, many years ago, it was, and in Surrey 
 it still is, the fashion for " fast men " to ride in the hunting 
 caps worn by all huntsmen and whippers in. 
 
 They were invented to protect the head, whereas they 
 have very properly been discarded in the shires because 
 they have proved to be its enemy, or rather the enemy 
 of the rider's neck, which is liable, on a very slight 
 fall, as was lately the case with poor Lord Waterford, 
 
HOW TO DEESS FOR HUNTING. 95 
 
 to be broken, literally on account of the protection given 
 to the head by the cap, which, instead of collapsing like 
 the buffer of a railway carriage, as a hat does when it 
 is crushed by a fall, transfers to the neck the whole con- 
 cussion of the blow. 
 
 In all hunting hats a small hole should be made, either 
 in the crown or sides, to -admit fresh air, and to allow 
 the steam from a hot head to escape, instead of heating 
 the brain and injuring the hair. 
 
 As regards the latter, for the sake not only of our 
 masculine, but of our feminine readers (one of whose 
 innumerable natural ornaments is their hair), we will 
 venture to point out another mistake which is generally 
 committed by our seeking assistance from the inanimate 
 instead of the animate portion of creation. 
 
 We all know that throughout our country, and indeed 
 throughout the world, there are exposed for sale two 
 descriptions of oil; and as one of them is compressed 
 from vegetables, and the other obtained from animals, 
 without reflecting for a moment, it ought surely, at once, 
 to occur to everybody, that as all things were created 
 good, " according to their kind," vegetable oil would not 
 prove to be " good " for animal substances ; and accord- 
 ingly, every coachman and stable-man concur in testi- 
 fying, on their practical experience, that while animal 
 oil mollifies and preserves all descriptions of bridles 
 
96 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 and harness, vegetable oil burns and destroys any leather 
 it is applied to, disfiguring as well as impairing it by 
 deep cracks, crossing each other like network (declared 
 in Johnson's Dictionary to mean " anything reticulated or 
 decussated at equal distances, with interstices between 
 the intersections"). 
 
 But just as the texture of linen is infinitely finer and 
 more beautiful than that of broadcloth or flannel, so is 
 vegetable oil clearer and more inodorous than animal 
 oil, for which reasons the former, instead of the latter, 
 is almost invariably used by perfumers in concocting 
 what is sold by them as " hair oil," which, when extracted 
 from almonds, olives, or any other vegetable substance, 
 is, although highly scented, exactly as injurious to hair 
 as it would be to harness; and thus it is lamentable to 
 observe young people blooming around us in all directions 
 becoming prematurely bald-headed, and older ones more 
 or less rheumatic, dyspeptic, &c., from having by their 
 own acts and deeds, namely, by rubbing their heads and 
 clothing their bodies with the wrong substances, foolishly 
 deserted the animal kingdom to which they belong, to go 
 over to an alien, that, for the purposes for which they seek 
 its protection, is really their enemy. 
 
HOW TO EAT AND DRINK FOE HUNTING. 97 
 
 How TO EAT AND DKINK FOK HUNTING. 
 
 When a young man "too tall for school," that is to 
 say, who has just concluded his studies, is on the point 
 of what is called embarking in life, it would be well for 
 him if he would but pause for a few moments, on the 
 brink of his earthly career, to determine, not how he 
 can avoid, but on the contrary, which, out of the many 
 alluring pleasures standing in array before him, will 
 afford him, when selected, the greatest and most enduring 
 enjoyments. 
 
 Now these pleasures, sensual, literary, and religious, 
 may be compared to the different qualifications in a 
 large stud of horses, which, as we all know, may be 
 divided into three classes, namely 
 
 1. Those that will carry their rider brilliantly for a 
 short time, and then, gradually failing, bring him early 
 in the day to what, in the hunting field, is termed 
 "grief." 
 
 2. Those that will carry him well through three quarters 
 of a good run, and then give in. 
 
 3. Those which will not only carry him through any 
 run, however severe it may be, but end a happy day by 
 bringing him gloriously to his long home. 
 
 G 
 
98 THE HOKSE AND HIS 
 
 If this classification of the pleasures of this world be 
 correct, there can exist no doubt that it is the interest 
 of every young person to select from them those which, 
 in intensity, increase instead of diminish the longer they 
 are enjoyed, and which in duration are eternal, instead 
 of being shorter than life. 
 
 Yet, supposing this wise selection to be made, it does 
 not follow, because one set of pleasures rank infinitely 
 higher than others, that the former should be exclusively 
 pursued, and the latter wholly abandoned. 
 
 On the contrary, as rest restores the strength of the 
 body after hard labour, so do pleasures of a lower order, 
 if judiciously administered, recruit the exhaustion caused 
 by mental exertion. 
 
 Now, of all sensual pleasures, those of eating and 
 drinking produce, as we either use or abuse them, the 
 most opposite results. 
 
 When a young man commences his career, the engine 
 which is to propel him throughout his life, is, his 
 stomach. 
 
 If he preserves it, it will in return render him good 
 service. If he inconsiderately wears it out, whatever 
 abilities he may possess become to him of no avail. 
 Indeed the Spanish proverb truly says that in man's 
 progress in the army, navy, law, church, or state, in short 
 in every profession, " it is the belly that lifts the feet." 
 
HOW TO EAT AND DRINK FOR HUNTING. 99 
 
 But the same remark is applicable, not only to every 
 profession, but to all our amusements and recreations. 
 A young horseman, therefore, who wishes to enjoy the 
 greatest possible amount of hunting, should ensure it by 
 taking the greatest possible care, not of his neck not 
 even of his life, for, as has been shown, the less he 
 interferes with his horse in jumping, the safer he will 
 go but of his stomach, or in other words, of his healtli. 
 To attain this object he has no penance whatever to 
 perform, for, as he is undergoing strong exercise, his 
 system requires, is entitled to, and ought to be allowed 
 ample support, say a capital breakfast ; a crust of sweet 
 bread in the middle of the day ; and after hunting is 
 over, a glass of pure cold water to bring him home to 
 a good, wholesome dinner, with three or four glasses of 
 super-excellent wine, Now if a young rider were to 
 resolve to rough it on, or as many of his companions 
 would call it, to " stint himself" to, the diet above 
 described, he would sit down to every meal with an 
 appetite that nothing but healthy hunger can create; 
 and thus, even from the sensual gratification of eating 
 and drinking, he would derive the maximum of enjoy- 
 ment, which would not only on the following day exhi- 
 larate his spirits, and strengthen his body, but which, 
 by invigorating his nerves as well as his stomach, would 
 maintain for him, to old age, the best possible recreation 
 
100 THE HORSE AND HIS HIDEE. 
 
 to his intellectual occupations, the manly exercise of 
 hunting. 
 
 Instead, however, of subsisting on the healthy diet 
 just described, the ordinary practice of many hunting 
 men is to add to what may be called " Nature's pre- 
 scription for the enjoyment of good health" the following 
 ingredients : 
 
 1. After breakfast, before mounting the spiry covert 
 hack a cigar. 
 
 2. On arriving at a hand-gallop at the meet; again 
 on reaching the covert a cigar. 
 
 3. At two o'clock some cold grouse, a long suck 
 from a flat flask full of sherry, or brandy and water, 
 and a cigar. 
 
 4. After the run, another suck at the flat flask a 
 cigar. Eefreshment at the nearest inn, for man and 
 horse, and a cigar. 
 
 5. While riding home, per hour a cigar. 
 
 6. On reaching home, a heavy dinner, a superstratum 
 of wine, an astronomical peep at the new moon, and 
 a cigar. 
 
 For a short time, a stout system is exhilarated, and a 
 strong stomach may be invigorated, by a series of gifts 
 
HOW TO EAT AND DRINK FOR HUNTING. 101 
 
 so munificently bestowed upon them by the right hand 
 of their lord and master. 
 
 But as Death eventually levels all distinctions, so do 
 a constant slight intoxication produced by tobacco, vinous 
 and spirituous liquors, with a superabundance of rich 
 food, sooner or later first weaken the stomach, and then 
 gradually debilitate the system, of the strong man as well 
 as of the puny one. 
 
 The first symptom of premature decay is announced by 
 the nerves, which, to the astonishment of the young rider, 
 sometimes fail so rapicjly, that while the whole of the 
 rest of his system appears to him and to everybody to 
 be as blooming and as vigorous as ever, he is compelled, 
 under the best excuse he can invent, to sell his stud, 
 and abandon for the rest of his life the favourite recreation 
 he has himself destroyed. 
 
 Again, although the delicate network of the nervous 
 system may continue uninjured, the stomach, from being 
 continually over-excited, overwhelmed, and over-burdened 
 by a heavy, conglomerated mixture which it has not 
 power to digest, begins to become unable to execute, not 
 its natural functions, but the unnatural amount of work 
 it is called upon to perform. The blood becomes impure, 
 secretions are vitiated, the liver gets disordered, the 
 oppressed lungs are ready for inflammation, the brain is 
 heated, the pulse irregular ; in fact, the whole mechanism 
 
102 THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK. 
 
 of the system becomes so deranged that the rider 
 eventually experiences, to his vast regret, that he enjoys 
 rest more than exercise, and accordingly in due, or 
 rather in undue time, he retires from his saddle to an 
 elbow chair. 
 
 But he is hardly seated therein when the sudden 
 change in his habits, from an active to a sedentary life, 
 rapidly produces the usual effects. Did his big toe, un- 
 known to him, receive yesterday any little blow? Can 
 he have sprained it in his sleep? What can possibly 
 have swelled it so? How shiny and scarlet it looks! 
 How burning hot it is getting ! Gracious heavens, what 
 a twitch that was ! ! something must be in it. That 
 something, oh ! seems to be a red-hot file in the hands 
 of a demon who is rasping a hole in the bone. Ah! 
 Ai! OOOOH!! 
 
 But this little mischievous demon is only one of a 
 legion ; for besides the eating complaint, commonly called 
 gout, diseases, all more or less painful, produced by in- 
 temperate habits, or, in other words, by giving to the 
 poor willing stomach more food and liquor than it could 
 digest, are so innumerable, that it would require, and 
 does require, a library of books to describe them, with 
 regiments of medicine-men to prescribe for them in 
 vain. 
 
 " India, my boy," said an Irishman to a friend on his 
 
HOW TO EAT AND DEINK FOE HUNTING. 103 
 
 arrival at Calcutta, "is jist the finest climate under the 
 sun. But a lot of young fellows come out here, and 
 they dhrink and they ate, and they ate and they dhrink, 
 and they die. And thin, they write home to their 
 friends a pack o' lies, and say, it 'a the climate as has 
 killed 'em!" 
 
 But to return to the saddle. Instead of preaching from 
 it abstinence to hunting-men, they ought, on the contrary, 
 to be urged to enjoy the greatest amount of gratification 
 that can possibly be derived from eating and drinking, 
 not for a single day, week, month, or year, but through- 
 out their whole lives. 
 
 To enable themselves, however, to ascertain this 
 amount, it is necessary for them to put into a pair of 
 scales, to be accurately weighed against each other, the 
 enjoyments of temperance, and the sorrows and anguish 
 of intemperance. If, on doing so, they ascertain that 
 the balance is in favour of eating, drinking, and tobacco- 
 smoking ad libitum, they will act wisely in indulging in 
 all three to the utmost possible extent. If, on the con- 
 trary, they ascertain that some of these pleasures last 
 only for a few seconds, some for a few minutes, and none 
 for more than one or two hours, while, on the other 
 hand, the afflictions caused by intemperance endure for 
 months and years ; that " felo-de-se " they put an end 
 to hunting, spoil cricket, stop shooting, and last, but 
 
104 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 not least,* ruin not only bodily but intellectual enjoy- 
 ments, they will act wisely by resolving to befriend 
 themselves as they befriend their horses, namely, by 
 prescribing for all and each an ample quantity of food of 
 the very best description, and, if more be required by a 
 greedy stomach the muzzle. 
 
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEICESTERSHIRE AND SURREY 
 HUNTING. 
 
 When a stranger comes to hunt in " the shires " he is 
 surprised, and is usually a little alarmed, at the size of 
 the fences, until he learns, by experience, how very easily 
 they are crossed ; for although almost all non-hunting 
 people, especially ladies, fancy that it must be dangerous 
 to encounter a large fence, and easy to pass over a small 
 one, yet in practice the reverse, within moderate bounds, 
 may be said to be the truth : indeed, it is notorious that 
 of the bad accidents that happen in the hunting-field, at 
 least three-fourths occur either at small impediments or 
 at no impediment at all. For instance, perhaps the very 
 worst fall a rider can get is by his horse, at full speed, 
 stepping on the edge of a little rabbit-hole ; next comes 
 that occasioned by one of his fore feet in his gallop 
 dropping into a deep drain about six inches broad ; next 
 
LEICESTERSHIRE AND SURREY HUNTING. 105 
 
 to that by his coming to a ditch too narrow to attract 
 his observation, or to a stiff hedge so low that he dis- 
 dains to rise at it; and at this rate danger diminishes, 
 until the rider arrives at what may be termed the point 
 of greatest safety, namely, a moderately high fence 
 through which (as in the county first mentioned) a 
 horse can at a glimpse see on the other side a broad 
 and deep ditch or small brook. 
 
 A hunter coming fast and cheerfully at a fence of this 
 description, no sooner is observed to prick his ears, than 
 in self-defence he is sure to try, and if he tries he is 
 not only sure, but by his momentum he cannot help to 
 clear it. 
 
 The great ease with which large fences can be crossed 
 produces the following rather curious result, namely, that 
 although the horses ridden after hounds in Leicestershire, 
 Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire are infinitely superior 
 to those ridden in Surrey, yet the small, blind, cramped, 
 awkward, arid consequently difficult, fences of the latter 
 county require, and therefore create, better horsemen 
 than those who, in " the shires," as joyously as swallows 
 in summer, are to be seen in leafless November skimming 
 together across grass fields separated by broad fences. 
 
 And it is for this reason, that while a horseman from 
 the small, difficult fences, if well mounted, has always been 
 found able to go and clear the broad, easier ones, the very 
 
106 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 best riders from the region of the latter, whenever for 
 the first time they try to get across the former, must, 
 until they have been sufficiently educated, either submit 
 to follow experienced leaders or break their necks. 
 
 But although of valour discretion has been declared 
 to be the better part, yet in hunting a constant necessity 
 to "look before you leap" is a virtue so exceedingly 
 painful to practise, that on the principle that "where 
 ignorance is bliss 'tis folly to be wise/' the imperfect 
 rider, in a good country, may rest well satisfied that he 
 has infinitely more enjoyment than is allotted to the 
 superior horseman in a bad one. 
 
 THE STABLE. 
 
 A comparison between the true Briton's love for his 
 home, and that of a horse for his stable, elicits con- 
 flicting facts which are very remarkable ; for although 
 in theory and in law the house of the former is said 
 to be "his castle," and although the latter is confined 
 to his stable by head-collars, pillar-reins, rack-chains, 
 halter-ropes, yet the hard, honest fact is, that the owner 
 of the castle often seizes every possible opportunity to 
 escape from it, while the inhabitant of the stable, if 
 left to his own accord, would never leave it. 
 
THE STABLE. 107 
 
 It sounds very beautiful for the Englishman to sing 
 
 " Be it ever so humble, there 's no place like home ;" 
 for the Scotch poet to write 
 
 " Oh Caledonia stern and wild, 
 Meet nurse for a poetic child ;" 
 
 and for his brother Paddy to exclaim 
 
 " Sweetest isle of the ocean, 
 Erin mavourneen, Erin go Bragh :" 
 
 yet it is impossible to deny that the song, the poetry, 
 and the exclamation are not in unison with the fact 
 that the songster, the poet, and the exclaimer are con- 
 stantly caught in the fact of having stolen away from 
 the very "home," the very "nurse," and the very 
 " isle " they so ardently profess to love : indeed, in proof 
 of the alibi, every region of the globe, healthy or 
 unhealthy, and especially every town, city, and bathing- 
 place in Europe, could not only declare on affidavit 
 that its localities, high-roads, bye-roads, paths, and streets, 
 are, especially in summer time or flea-season, to be seen 
 crawling alive with deserters from British homes, but 
 to the questions, Who is waving that flag in the balloon 
 high above our heads'? Who is standing in solitary 
 triumph on the summit of that white capped mountain ? 
 Who is it that has just descended from human sight 
 to the bottom of the sea in a diving-bell? nine times 
 
108 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 out of ten it might truly be answered "A Briton" 
 who, in apparent desperation, has sought refuge in the 
 clouds, in the region of eternal snow, or in the briny deep, 
 in order to get away from his " dulce domum," and from 
 " the right little, tight little island " that contains it. 
 
 In almost every instance the home he has deserted is, 
 comparatively speaking, replete with luxury and com- 
 fort; and yet, from stuffed sofas, easy chairs, feather 
 beds, soft mattresses, warm fires, good carpets, a well- 
 stocked library, cellar, larder, and dairy, flower and fruit 
 gardens, carriages on buoyant springs, a stud of horses, 
 faithful servants, and friendly neighbours, he has fled, 
 with, in one pocket, a purse which, wherever he stops, 
 by everybody is to be plundered; and in the other a 
 passport, not to happiness, but to every description of 
 what he has been educated to consider as a discomfort, 
 simply because, instead of being homesick, he has become 
 sick, almost unto death, of his " home" 
 
 Now, with these facts before us, which nobody can 
 deny, it is strange to reflect that while man, from all 
 parts of the United Kingdom, is to be seen centrifugally 
 flying from his domicile, the horse's love for his stable 
 is a flame which brightens as it burns, and which 
 nothing but death can extinguish. 
 
 Those who have not studied or even observed the pro- 
 pensities of a horse, fancy that when, like a galley slave 
 
THE STABLE. 109 
 
 chained to his oar, he stands tied to his manger, he is 
 in a prison, from which it would be an act of humanity 
 to liberate him ; and accordingly, if the animal has faith- 
 fully served them for many years, they feel disposed to 
 reward him, as the great Duke of Wellington rewarded 
 his gallant war-horse Copenhagen, by " turning Mm out 
 for the rest of his life" 
 
 These notions, however, are perfectly erroneous. A 
 horse not only loves his stable, he not only never wishes 
 to leave it, but whenever he is taken out of it, although 
 he may have been confined in it for many months, he 
 no sooner gets out of the door than he evinces a desire 
 to re-enter it. Every horseman, every coachman knows 
 and feels that the difference between riding or driving, 
 especially a thoroughbred horse from or towards his stable 
 is so great, that while in the one case it is often necessary 
 to spur or flog him from his home, the animal invariably 
 pulls hard, and on any trifling occurrence will start or 
 kick with joy, all the time he is returning to it; and 
 his neighs, responded to by his comrades within, express, 
 in horse language, how pleased he is to get back to them, 
 and how glad they are to recover him. 
 
 A horse loves his stable for the same reasons that ought 
 to induce his master to love his home namely, because, 
 in society that pleases him, he lives well clothed, well 
 fed, and well housed ; and therefore (however well in- 
 
110 THE HOKSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 tended it may be) nothing can be more cruel to a faithful 
 animal that has all his life been accustomed to such 
 artificial luxuries, than to turn or ostracise him into a 
 park so soon as his age and infirmities require for him 
 if possible still greater comforts. 
 
 It would be thought harsh, ungenerous, and unjust, 
 were a nobleman to reward his old worn out butler, 
 and bent, decrepit, toothless housekeeper, by consigning 
 them both for the winter of their lives to the parish 
 workhouse, where, at no cost to themselves, they would 
 receive lodging, firing, food, and raiment ; but if, with- 
 out a shilling in their pockets, and without a rag on 
 their backs, his Lordship were to turn the poor old couple 
 adrift in the back- woods of North America, he would 
 confer upon them, in return for their services, exactly 
 the same sort of reward which is conferred upon an 
 old worn out horse when, suddenly deprived of the oats, 
 beans, hay, bed, clothing, warm stable, and companions 
 he has been accustomed to, he is all of a sudden, as a 
 reward in full for all the work he has performed, " turned 
 out for the rest of his life." 
 
 The extraordinary attachment of a horse to his stable, 
 especially if it contains many comrades, may be exem- 
 plified by the following anecdote : 
 
 Some years ago a brown thorough-bred mare became 
 gradually afliicted by a spavin on each hind leg, which, 
 
THE STABLE. Ill 
 
 on due consultation, were declared to be incurable except 
 by firing. 
 
 To undergo this painful prescription she was led from 
 a stable where she had been residing by herself to the 
 cavalry barracks at Hounslow, about a mile off, where 
 she was placed in a stable full of horses for a day or two 
 to undergo a preparatory dose of physic. 
 
 By men and ropes she was then cast, fired, and in 
 the course of two or three days, as soon as she could bear 
 moving, she was slowly led back to her master, who, with 
 kind intentions, turned her into a small field of nice, 
 cool, luxuriant grass, about one hundred yards beyond 
 his house. 
 
 After eating a few mouthfuls the poor animal raised 
 her head, snorted, looked first on one side, then on the 
 other, snorted again, stretched out her tail, trotted up 
 to a stiff post and rail fence, which she cleared, and then 
 passing unnoticed the loose box in which for many 
 months she had lived, forgetting and forgiving all the 
 sufferings that had been inflicted upon her, with raw, 
 bleeding legs, she galloped along the hard macadamised 
 road to the cavalry stable, to re-enjoy the society of the 
 dozen horses which only for a few days she had had the 
 happiness of associating with. 
 
 In constructing a stable the main object should be to 
 secure to the lungs of the horse pure air, and to prevent 
 
112 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 the hay in the loft above him from being impaired by 
 foul air.* 
 
 By a simple shaft or chimney, and by other well- 
 known modes of ventilation, both these advantages can be 
 obtained; and yet they are, comparatively speaking, of 
 no avail, if beneath the straw bed on which the horse 
 lies there exists a substratum generating and emitting 
 gases of a highly deleterious composition. 
 
 A stable may be well ventilated and well drained, 
 the forage may be of the best description, and yet all 
 may be impaired by an atmosphere unfit for respiration; 
 for if foul litter beneath be only covered, as is often, and 
 in many stables is usually the case, by a layer of white 
 straw, (like a dirty shirt under a suit of fine new cloth- 
 ing), distemper and disease must be the result. 
 
 Although therefore it should be the secondary duty 
 of a good groom to clean his horse, his primary duty is 
 to clean his stable ; for as, in a fast and long run across a 
 deep country, it is undeniable that the healthiest lungs 
 must triumph, it follows that a clean horse out of a dirty 
 stable cannot live with a dirty one of exactly the same 
 character and cast out of a clean stable. 
 
 But as it is always easier to preach wisdom than to 
 practise it, so is it infinitely easier to prescribe clean 
 
 * Youatt, in his valuable work entitled "THE HORSE," truly says that 
 changes from cold to heated foul air are as dangerous to the animal as from 
 heat to cold. 
 
THE STABLE. 113 
 
 litter than to maintain it. Indeed, it is almost impos- 
 sible to keep straw under a horse perfectly pure; and 
 accordingly, throughout the United States of America, 
 and even in New York, horses are often made to lie on 
 bare boards, on which they appear to sleep just as 
 soundly as in a state of nature they would sleep on 
 ground baked hard by the sun. 
 
 On this fact being privately whispered by us to the 
 authorities at the Horse Guards, it was at once repudiated 
 by the assertion that it would ruin English cavalry horses 
 were they to be made to sleep without litter on hard 
 boards; and yet all the soldiers of Europe, cavalry as 
 well as infantry, in their guard rooms sleep and snore on 
 wooden beds, probably a good deal sounder than do their 
 respective sovereigns on bedding composed of wool, hair, 
 down, feathers, fine linen, blankets, and counterpanes. 
 
 " Canst thou, partial Sleep ! give thy repose 
 To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude ; 
 And, in the calmest and most stillest night, 
 With all appliances and means to hoot, 
 Deny it to a king ?" Henry IV. 
 
 Another disadvantage of straw-litter is that horses with 
 a voracious appetite are sometimes prone to eat it, whether 
 it be clean or dirty. To prevent them from thus dis- 
 tending as well as injuring their stomachs, it is usual 
 to inflict upon them a muzzle, which, by impeding 
 respiration, is more or less injurious to the lungs. 
 
 H 
 
114 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 A better and indeed an effectual mode of prevention 
 is to substitute for straw, wooden shavings, which form 
 a cheap, wholesome, clean, and comfortable bed. 
 
 ON SHOEING. 
 
 As a railway carriage is constructed on springs to 
 soften all ordinary jolts, and with buffers to alleviate any 
 violent concussion; as the human mind is gifted with 
 a buoyancy which enables it cheerfully to meet any 
 trifling vexation, and with sentiments of religion which 
 maintain its serenity under the severest afflictions, so do 
 the pastern above a horse's foot and the frog beneath 
 it protect the body of the animal from the continual 
 slight concussions and occasional severe ones to which, 
 in ordinary and extraordinary exertions, it is liable to 
 be subjected. 
 
 The pastern, like the instep of those Spanish women 
 whose heels in walking scarcely touch the ground, 
 gives grace and elasticity to every step ; indeed, in the 
 walk, trot, canter, and gallop of a horse we clearly see 
 the spring of his pasterns softening the movements of 
 their own creation. 
 
 But while the career of the body is thus rendered 
 
ON SHOEING. 115 
 
 safe and delightful, the interior mechanism of the foot 
 is protected by one of those simple, beautiful, mechanical 
 arrangements which in every direction demonstrate to 
 us the superintending providence of an Almighty Power. 
 
 If the sole, front, sides, and back of a hunter's foot 
 had been created as solid and as inelastic as the gold 
 or silver case of what is called a hunting watch, the 
 interior of the former, like that of the latter, would 
 receive material damage from a heavy blow against the 
 ground. 
 
 The coating, however, of hard horn or armour which 
 shields the front and sides of the sensitive foot from 
 any obstacle in its course, does not equally extend to 
 that portion of it in the rear, out of harm's way, called 
 the heels, beneath which we find on examination a 
 triangular cushion of an Indiarubber-like composition, 
 which, on concussion, or even by compression, acting 
 as a wedge, forces the heels that contain it, outwards. 
 
 By this beautiful arrangement, when a hunter with 
 his front legs extended, jumping over a broad fence, 
 lands on a hard macadamised road upon his two fore- 
 feet, the heels which receive the greater portion of 
 the concussion are expanded by it in exact proportion 
 to the weight of the bodies of the horse and rider, and 
 the violence of the blow being thus alleviated, the sensi- 
 tive mechanism of the foot is shielded from injury. 
 
 H 2 
 
 \ 
 
116 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 And yet, strange to say, simply by the act of shoeing, 
 this merciful protection in every country in the world 
 is, generally speaking, destroyed ! 
 
 If a mischievous or ignorant clown were to drive a 
 nail through a chronometer, he would only destroy an 
 insensible and inanimate work of art ; but when a man 
 of wealth, intelligence, and science the proprietor of a 
 valuable horse, on whose safe going his comfort, and 
 occasionally his life depends deliberately nails to the 
 poor creature's living, expansible feet four obdurate, 
 inexpansible iron shoes, he is really guilty of an act of 
 barbarity and barbarism which would scarcely be expected 
 from a savage, for besides instantly impeding the expan- 
 sive apparatus of the foot, he effectually stops its growth. 
 
 Under this treatment the young horse, by day and by 
 night, not only lives in shoes which, though they may 
 not hurt him very much in the stable, always pinch 
 him "in his utmost need," or rather speed; but, like 
 a Chinese lady, he outgrows his own feet, until, on 
 attaining his full size, it is discovered that his body, 
 which, like that of Dives, his master, has always worn 
 fine clothing, and has fared sumptuously every day, has 
 nothing but a set of colt's feet with contracted heels 
 to carry it I 
 
 To prevent, or at least to alleviate the sufferings acute 
 and chronic just described, Mr. Turner, of Regent Street, 
 
ON SHOEING. 117 
 
 introduced the unilateral system of what he called " half- 
 nailing," which consists in affixing the shoe by nails on 
 the outside and round the toe only, leaving the inner 
 side totally unsecured. 
 
 By theorists it was, of course, asserted that this arrange- 
 ment would prove to be defective and inefficient. In 
 practice, however, not only is the contrary the result, 
 but, on nearly thirty years' experience, we are enabled 
 to maintain the apparent paradox that in riding along 
 or across any and every description of country, a shoe, 
 when half -nailed, is more secure than when wholly 
 nailed; in fact, that it is insecure almost in proportion 
 as it is tightly nailed, and secure in proportion as it 
 is loosely nailed. 
 
 The reasons are obvious. 
 
 When a horse is standing still, or lying fast asleep in 
 his stable, his shoes are, of course, firmer when wholly than 
 when only half-nailed. So soon, however, as, mounted by 
 say a heavy man, he begins to move, there commences, 
 out of sight of every human eye, a desperate, and in 
 deep ground a subterranean struggle between the works 
 of Nature and of Vulcan the blacksmith, or, in plainer 
 words, between the expansive efforts of the frog and 
 hoof and the arbitrary metallic shoe that is restraining 
 them. 
 
 At each step the contest is renewed; and while, by 
 
118 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 #n acceleration of pace, its violence is increased, the 
 domination of the tyrant at every stride is innnitesimally 
 diminished in consequence of the nails, which have to 
 bear the whole brunt of the battle, becoming looser and 
 looser, until, by a jump on hard ground, or some other 
 violent concussion, the expansive power of the foot bursts 
 the impaired fetters that have been restraining it, and 
 the poor animal, thus suddenly emancipated from his shoe, 
 leaves it either buried in mud, or, with every nail in its 
 socket, glittering on the grass behind him. 
 
 Now, under the system of half-nailing, the battle we 
 have just very faintly described does not take place. 
 The foot can't struggle against nails which don't exist ; 
 and accordingly, just as the pliant reed remains erect 
 after the storm that in its immediate neighbourhood has 
 torn up by its roots the sturdy oak, so does the half- 
 nailed shoe, by allowing the horse's foot to expand, per- 
 form by gentleness what violence has failed to effect; 
 and therefore it remains, throughout a severe run, hard 
 and fast, where Vulcan placed it. 
 
 The Greeks and Eomans did not shoe their horses, 
 but, for long journeys, were in the habit of protecting, 
 by leathern sandals, strengthened by iron, and orna- 
 mented with silver or gold, their feet, to the substance 
 and shape of which they paid great attention. 
 
 " The first thing," wrote Xenophon more than 22CO years ago, 
 
ON SHOEING. 119 
 
 " that ought to be looked to in a horse is his foot. For as a house 
 would be of no use, though all the upper parts of it were beautiful, if 
 the lower parts of it had not a proper foundation, so a horse would 
 not be of any use in war if he had tender feet, even though he should 
 have all other good qualities, for his good qualities could not be 
 made of any available use." 
 
 In many parts of the world the horse, though severely 
 worked, has never yet been shod. Indeed, in some of 
 the towns in South America it would still cost more 
 money to shoe a horse than was paid to purchase him. 
 
 ON KOUGHING HORSES. 
 
 Although of all axioms no one is more trite and true 
 than that " there is a right and a wrong way of doing 
 everything," yet our readers will hardly be prepared to 
 learn that the Anglo-Saxon on one side of the Atlantic 
 roughs his horse in the right way, and on the other 
 side in the wrong way ! 
 
 In the United States, and especially in Canada, the 
 surface of which for half a dozen months in every year, 
 white as a bridal plum-cake, is composed of snow or ice, 
 the toe as well as the two heels of each shoe are roughed ; 
 and as, in consequence thereof, the horse on every foot 
 stands upon a tripod, his sinews and muscles not only 
 
120 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 remain in their proper position all the time he is in 
 a stable, but while crossing a level country the sole of 
 each foot when it presses the ground is parallel to its 
 surface. 
 
 In ascending a hill the front cog, in descending a hill 
 the two hind cogs, and in traversing a plain the three 
 cogs, of each shoe catch firm hold of the ground; and 
 accordingly the horse, whether in ascent, descent, or on 
 level ground, works in so true a position, and is so 
 efficiently roughed, that out of deep snow he can, at 
 any gradient, gallop suddenly upon what is called " glare 
 ice," almost as hard as iron, without the slightest danger 
 to himself or his rider. 
 
 Now, in England, generally speaking, horses are most 
 unscientifically roughed on their heels solely, which not 
 only at once, even in the stable, especially when the out- 
 side cogs are unequally turned up, throws the mechanism 
 of their feet and fetlocks out of gear it not only forces 
 them while travelling on a dead level into a false position, 
 but, after all this maltreatment, the poor animal finds out 
 that he is very inefficiently roughed. 
 
 For instance, in descending a hill, only the cog or 
 cogs of the heels of each foot, which can never be placed 
 parallel to the ground, take hold of it. In ascending, 
 his case is infinitely worse ; for, as it becomes necessary, 
 especially when he is drawing a very heavy load, that 
 
ON HOUGHING HOUSES. 121 
 
 lie should raise his heels off the road in order to stick 
 into it his toes, he then discovers that while the hind 
 portion of his shoe which he abstains from using has 
 been roughed for him, the front part, which, for the 
 ascent, especially requires to be roughed, has been left 
 untouched. Even to gallop a horse, shod in the English 
 fashion, over level ice, is exceedingly dangerous ; for 
 although, so long as by a powerful bit he is forced on 
 his haunches, the two cogs at the back of each shoe take 
 hold, yet, if the poor animal be allowed to drop his head 
 in order to propel himself at his utmost speed by his 
 unroughed toes, they immediately slip from under him, 
 and he thus experiences a defect, which it is astonishing 
 should have been so long perpetrated by a nation who, 
 at an enormous expenditure of time, intelligence, and 
 money, have succeeded in rearing a breed of horses, the 
 finest in the world, coveted by every foreigner, but which 
 they persist in rudely roughing in the wrong way ! 
 
 SADDLES. 
 
 If a saddle does not come down upon the withers and 
 back-bone of a horse, the closer it approaches them the 
 firmer it fits ; and as, in the matrimonial alliance which 
 
122 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 exists between the quadruped and the biped, whatever 
 is agreeable to the one is usually so to the other, a 
 roomy saddle, on which the rider can sit with ease and 
 comfort, is also beneficial to the horse, because it spreads 
 the weight he has to carry over a large surface, and 
 the pressure per square inch being thereby diminished, 
 a sore back is less likely to be created, and per contra, 
 for the very same reason, the human skin is less likely 
 to be rubbed. 
 
 Less than a century ago it was deemed necessary by 
 hunting men to tie their saddle to their horse's tail by 
 a crupper, which, at every jump, must have compressed 
 the vertebrae of the poor animal, like the joints of a 
 telescope when slightly closed by a jerk. The object 
 of this barbarous apparatus was to prevent the saddle 
 slipping forwards, whereas, by the opposite apparatus 
 of the present day, a breast-plate has been substituted, 
 to prevent the saddle from slipping backwards. The 
 difference between these two conflicting precautions has 
 been caused by the difference in the breeding, and con- 
 sequently in the size of the horse's belly, which, in the 
 time of our ancestors, was lusty, instead of being as in 
 the present day, when many hunters are racers, and all 
 in high condition fine and slim. 
 
 When a horse is exceedingly light in the carcase, or 
 as it is technically termed " tucked up," it is usual among 
 
SADDLES. 123 
 
 grooms and riders to girth the poor creature as tightly 
 as they can, in order, as much as is possible, to relieve 
 the breast-plate; but instead of assisting it, the grievous 
 mistake first paralyses its action, and then, if it be weak, 
 breaks it, for the following simple reasons. 
 
 If a horse, with a belly tapering like a cone, be 
 tightly girthed, his saddle, whenever it slips backwards 
 (which it must do in ascending a steep hill or bank), 
 remains, hard and fast on the part of the back to which it 
 has retired, straining against the breast-plate, whose 
 straps have not power to make it re-ascend the cone: 
 whereas if, on the contrary, the saddle of a light- 
 carcased horse be unusually loosely girthed, although 
 in ascending an acclivity the saddle slips backwards 
 until it is retained by the breast-plate, yet, the instant 
 the horse either descends a hill, or gallops upon level 
 ground, his own action, combined with the power of 
 the breast-plate straps affixed to the saddle and girths, 
 put an end to all strain upon the latter, by drawing 
 the loosely-girthed saddle forwards into its proper posi- 
 tion. And it is for this reason that horses of all shapes 
 ought to be girthed less tightly when they carry breast- 
 plates than when they are without them, and always two 
 holes looser when they are light-carcased than when they 
 are lusty. 
 
 Formerly it was the usual custom in the hunting-field, 
 
124 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 as it still is on the road, to secure the saddle by two 
 narrow girths, each buckled on either side to one strap. 
 This arrangement has lately been superseded by what 
 are called Fitzwilliam girths, composed of one of double 
 breadth with two buckles at each end, and of a narrow 
 one encircling and secured to the broad one by two 
 loops, through which it passes. 
 
 By this admirable alteration perfect safety is obtained ; 
 for, as the broad girth is secured to four straps, if, say 
 one on each side burst at a leap, the other two remain 
 efficient ; and even if all break, those of the narrow 
 girth retain the broad one in its place; while, on the 
 other hand, if the straps of the broad girth hold, the 
 narrow one is prevented by the loops above described 
 from dangling, in case either of its two buckles should 
 give way. 
 
 Whereas, by the old arrangement, if out of four straps 
 any one burst at a leap, its girth instantly dangled, 
 leaving the safety, and possibly the life of the rider, to 
 depend on only two straps, by the rupture of either one 
 of which he would suddenly, without his knowledge, be 
 riding, possibly at a large fence, without any girths 
 at all. 
 
 But, although hunting men have gained a step or 
 stride by this new fashioned girth, they have lately, as 
 if to balance the account, retrograded to the wisdom of 
 
SADDLES. 125 
 
 their ancestors by discarding the modern stuffed saddle- 
 flap in favour of that ancient hard one which for many 
 years has been used only by postilions. 
 
 For ordinary riding, and especially for ordinary riders, 
 a quantity of stuffing in the form of a sausage, in front of 
 their shins, no doubt retains them in their seat. 
 
 In hunting, however, this retention has for many 
 years been producing strains of the large muscles of 
 the thigh, which, although of common occurrence, none 
 of the sufferers could very clearly account for. On reflec- 
 tion, the cause is obvious. 
 
 In riding over a large fence, or in any sudden blunder 
 the horse may commit, the rider, without losing his seat, 
 is liable to be thrown, body and bones, forward two or 
 three inches, and accordingly on the plain flat hard flap 
 he glides onwards without inconvenience or injury to the 
 exact extent required. 
 
 But when, instead of being able to do so, his knees 
 and shins are suddenly arrested by the stuffing imme- 
 diately in front of them, the momentum of his body 
 causes it to bend forwards on the pivot formed by his 
 knees, on the same principle as a cart-load of earth 
 propelled along a new railway embankment is chucked 
 over its extremity on being suddenly stopped by a log 
 of timber placed there transversely for that very object ; 
 and accordingly, the great muscles of the thigh which 
 
126 THE HOESB AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 have to sustain this conflict between the moveable and 
 immoveable parts of one frame are often so severely 
 strained, that they require, for many months, to be 
 bandaged by a leathern strap. 
 
 The plain flap is considerably lighter than the stuffed 
 one. It is a sovereign cheaper; in case it gets into a 
 brook it dries easier ; and after all, it is infinitely more 
 agreeable to ride on. For all these good reasons, in Leices- 
 tershire, Northamptonshire, and Lincolnshire, which may 
 be termed the region in England of large fences, it 
 has been generally adopted. However, as Peter in his 
 ' Letters to his Kinsfolk ' truly observed that although the 
 mail ran from London to Edinburgh in forty-eight hours, 
 it required always six months for fashions in dress to 
 travel from the former metropolis to the latter, so 
 throughout almost all the other counties hunting men 
 continue to sit behind that costly, ugly, thigh-straining 
 sausage stuffing which the riders to the Pytchley, Quorn, 
 and Cottesmore hounds have so properly discarded. 
 
 BKIDLES. 
 
 Arrian states that the Persians, in battle, had no 
 bridles, but governed and guided their horses by nose 
 bands, covering sharp pieces of iron, brass, or ivory. 
 
BRIDLES. 127 
 
 The curb bit, though used in the time of the Eoman 
 emperors (in an ancient sculpture Theodosius is repre- 
 sented riding with one of extraordinary leverage), was 
 not adopted by the English until Charles I. in the 
 third year of his reign issued a proclamation, com- 
 manding that no person serving in the cavalry should 
 use the snaffle, but in lieu thereof the curb only. 
 
 On the frieze of the Temple of Minerva, in the Acro- 
 polis of Athens, the horses are represented as ridden (as 
 in the races through the Strada Eeale in Malta they are 
 still ridden) without bridles or saddles. 
 
 The best bridle for a horse is, of course, that which 
 is best adapted to the particular work he is required to 
 perform. 
 
 For racing over turf, where he is required to extend 
 himself like a greyhound, the snaffle-bit only is almost 
 invariably selected. 
 
 For cavalry purposes, where he is required suddenly 
 to throw himself on his haunches, wheel to either side, 
 or right about, the curb-bit is added; while by the 
 Turks and those Asiatics who practise their horses to 
 approach a wall at full speed, stop, turn round, and then 
 gallop back again, a curb-bit only is used. 
 
 For hunting, both bits are necessary ; for while across 
 turf, light soil, and over fences of almost every descrip- 
 tion, the snaffle is a safer guide than the curb-bit, yet 
 
128 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 in going through deep ground the latter is absolutely 
 necessary to enable the rider, by holding his horse together, 
 not only to prevent him from extending himself in which 
 attitude his hind feet would overreach his fore ones before 
 they could be extricated from the sub-soil but to stop 
 him quickly, for instance to pop through a gap on either 
 side, which he would otherwise override for a considerable 
 distance. 
 
 To leap over the hedge of a plantation full of trees 
 on a hot horse, with only a snaffle-bit in his mouth, 
 would be dangerous, and often impracticable; whereas 
 it might easily be effected with a curb-bit, by which 
 the animal could ^ moreover be made to ascend a steep 
 narrow bank, creep along it, and then jump off it, 
 over perhaps the only practicable point in the fence 
 beyond it. 
 
 The shape, make, and leverage of bits of all descrip- 
 tions of course depend on the mouth and disposition of 
 the particular animal for which they are required. 
 
 It may, however, be generally stated that for all horses 
 a plain snaffle is better than a twisted one ; and that of 
 curb-bits, those are the best which give to the rider the 
 maximum of mechanical power, with, to the noble animal 
 beneath him, the minimum of pain. 
 
 To a war horse, as well as to his rider, it may be 
 immaterial whether he be infuriated by spurs pricking 
 
BRIDLES. 129 
 
 his sides, or from the laceration of his mouth by a harsh 
 bit, purposely constructed to hurt him. 
 
 As regards a hunter, however, the case is quite dif- 
 ferent ; for while on the one hand his becoming infuriated 
 is dangerous to his master as well as himself, a total 
 absence of pain induces him to give calm attention to 
 the difficult work he has to perform. 
 
 Although, therefore, according to the animal's disposi- 
 tion a sufficient amount of leverage is required, the 
 smoother the bit is made the more willing will he be 
 to submit to it, and the less will he be disposed to 
 quarrel with it; indeed this principle has more than 
 once been exemplified by the fact of a runaway horse, 
 over which his rider had apparently no control, stopping 
 gradually of his own accord, in consequence of the rupture 
 of the curb chain, which, having infuriated him by the 
 agony it had inflicted on his lower jaw, nad actually 
 caused the very danger it had been created to prevent. 
 And it is for this reason that a leathern strap ought 
 almost invariably to be placed under the hard twisted 
 curb chain, by which simple addition acute pain is 
 removed, without any diminution of strength of the 
 chain or of the leverage of the curb-bit. 
 
130 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 INTRINSIC VALUE OF A HORSE. 
 
 Although it is a common axiom that " the value of a 
 thing is exactly what it will fetch," yet in the hunting- 
 field the price at which a horse has been sold is very 
 rarely a criterion of his real worth, the reason being that 
 his performances are made up of three items, of which 
 he himself forms only one, the other two being stable 
 management and good riding, for neither of which is the 
 quadruped entitled to claim the smallest amount of credit ; 
 and yet, on the principle that " handsome is that hand- 
 some does/' it is a usual error, especially among young 
 sportsmen, to estimate that a horse which goes brilliantly 
 must be a good one, and vice versa ; whereas an ordinary 
 description of animal, in splendid condition, and judici- 
 ously ridden, cannot fail to leave far behind him a 
 superior one injudiciously ridden, made up of flesh instead 
 of muscle, of impure instead of pure blood, and of bloated, 
 unpractised, instead of healthy, well-exercised lungs. For 
 these reasons it continually happens that a horse that has 
 been observed to go what is called " brilliantly " through- 
 out a run, is, at its conclusion, sold for a considerable 
 sura, in addition to another horse, on which the purchaser, 
 in a few weeks, leaves behind him the animal he had sold, 
 whose owner now to his cost discovers that 
 
INTRINSIC VALUE OF A HORSE. 131 
 
 " The lovely toy so keenly sought 
 Has lost its charms by being caught " 
 
 by him. 
 
 But the price of a hunter is materially affected by the 
 quality as well as the qualifications of his rider, whose 
 position in the world often confers upon his horses a 
 fictitious value ; and accordingly the hunting stud of the 
 late Sir Eichard Sutton sold by public auction shortly 
 after his death realised sums exceeding by at least 40 
 per cent, what subsequently proved to be their current 
 value when transferred to the stables of people of less 
 renown. 
 
 Again, a respectable, first-rate horse dealer succeeds in 
 his profession, not so much by his superior knowledge of 
 the animals he bitys, but by the quantity and quality of 
 the eloquence he exerts in setting them. Every hunter, 
 therefore, that is purchased from a great man of this 
 description is necessarily composed of, 1st, his intrinsic 
 value; and 2nd, of the anecdotes, smiles, compliments, 
 and praises, which, although when duly mixed up with 
 an evident carelessness about selling him, captivated the 
 listener to purchase him, like a bottle of uncorked ardent 
 spirits evaporate, or, like a swarm of bees, fly away, almost 
 as soon as the transaction is concluded, leaving f behind 
 them nothing but the animal's intrinsic value. 
 
 I 2 
 
132 THE HOUSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 ON SHYING. 
 
 It often happens that a horse brimfull of qualifications 
 of the very best description is most reluctantly sold by 
 his master " because he shies so dreadfully," a frolic which, 
 to a good rider, is perfectly harmless, and which, if he 
 deems it worth the trouble, he is almost certain to cure. 
 
 A timid horseman, however, not only believes that his 
 horse is frightened at the little heap of stones at which 
 he shies, but for this very reason he becomes frightened 
 at it himself; whereas the truth is that the animal's sensa- 
 tions in passing it are usually compounded as follows : 
 
 Of fear of 
 
 the little heap 
 
 whip and spur . . -j^. 
 
 Now, if this be the case, which no one of experience 
 will deny, it is evident that the simple remedy to be 
 adopted is, first, at once to remove the great cause of the 
 evil complained of, by ceasing to apply either whip or 
 spur ; and, secondly, gradually to remove the lesser cause 
 by a little patient management which shall briefly be ex- 
 plained. 
 
 When a horse has been overloaded with a heavy charge 
 of oats and beans, which may be termed jumping powder, 
 and primed by a very short allowance of work, his spirits, 
 like the hair trigger of a rifle, are prepared on the 
 
SHYING. 133 
 
 smallest touch to cause a very violent explosion. In fact, 
 without metaphor, on the slightest occurrence he is not 
 only ready, but exceedingly desirous, to jump for joy. 
 
 The casus belli which the animal would perhaps most 
 enjoy would be to meet a temperance run-away awning- 
 covered waggon full of stout, healthy young women in 
 hysterics, all screaming ; or to have a house fall down just 
 as he was passing it. However, as a great conqueror, if 
 he cannot discover a large excuse for invading the terri- 
 tory of his neighbour, is sure to pick out a very little 
 one, so does the high mettled horse who has nothing to 
 start at, proceed under his rider with his eyes searching 
 in all directions for something which he may pretend to 
 be afraid of. Influenced by these explosive propensities 
 he cocks his ears at a large leaf which the air had gently 
 roused from its sleep, as if it were a crouching tiger ; 
 and shortly afterwards a fore leg drops under him as sud- 
 denly as if it had been carried away by a cannon shot, 
 because in the hedge beside him a wren has just hopped 
 from one twig to another nearly an inch. 
 
 Now, of course, the effective cure for all these symptoms 
 of exuberant, pent up spirits is a long, steady hand-gallop 
 up and down hill across rather deep ground. Before, how- 
 ever, this opportunity offers, man can offer to the brute 
 beneath him a more reasonable remedy. 
 
 The instant that a horse at a walk sees at a short dis- 
 
134 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 tance before him, say a heap of stones, at which he pre- 
 tends to be or really is afraid, instead of forcing him on, 
 he should be allowed or, if it be necessary, forced to 
 stop, not only till he has ceased to fear it, but until, dead 
 tired of looking at it, he averts his eyes elsewhere. 
 
 While advancing towards it, so often as his fear, 
 or pretended fear, breaks out, by instantly bringing 
 him to a stand-still it should in like manner be over- 
 appeased. 
 
 In slowly passing any object which a horse appears to 
 be afraid of, the error which is almost invariably com- 
 mitted is to turn his head towards it, in which case, re- 
 volving upon his bit as on a pivot, the animal turns his 
 hind-quarters from it, and in that position with great 
 ease shies more or less away from it ; whereas, if the rein 
 opposite to it be pulled firmly, he not only instantly 
 ascertains that his rider's desire is in opposition to, instead 
 of in favour of forcing him towards the object of his fear, 
 but when his head is drawn away from it, although he is 
 able to rush forwards, it is out of his power to shy late- 
 rally. 
 
 Now, instead of endeavouring thus to triumph ovei 
 instinct by reason, instead of allowing a horse more time 
 even than he requires to appease his own apprehensions, 
 be they real or pretended, the course which a gentle- 
 man's groom usually adopts is, like giving fuel to fire, 
 
SHYING. 135 
 
 to add to the animal's fear of the object he is unwilling 
 to approach, his infinitely greater fear of a pair of plated 
 spurs. 
 
 The oftener and the stronger this ignorant prescription 
 is applied, the more violent becomes the disease it under- 
 takes to alleviate, until, on its being declared to be incur- 
 able, the poor frightened animal is sold for a fault almost 
 entirely created by human hands and inhuman heels. 
 
 The extent to which a timid animal can be appeased 
 by kindness is, at the present moment, beautifully exem- 
 plified by a deer, which has been so divested of its fears 
 by Tom Hill, the huntsman of the Surrey foxhounds, that 
 the animal not only accompanies the hounds when taken 
 out for exercise, but eats biscuit, and actually sleeps with 
 them in the kennel. 
 
 If, during their meal, two of the hounds fight, by a 
 pat with his fore feet he tries to separate 'them. If, at 
 exercise, anything alarms him, with a bound or two he 
 vaults for safety into the middle of the pack. And yet, 
 when in this citadel, if any strange dog approaches them, 
 with malice prepense he rushes out at him, as if deter- 
 mined to kill him. In short, by kind superintendence 
 the deer has become as fond of blood-thirsty hounds as 
 they of him. ,. 
 
136 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 SINGEING. 
 
 As it is incumbent on all civilized communities to be 
 kind to every living being, as our laws profess to main- 
 tain this Christian axiom, and as there exists among 
 us a Society self-constituted for the especial purpose of 
 " the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," it would be very 
 difficult satisfactorily to explain, at least to them, why, 
 in violation of so benign a theory, we deliberately practise 
 the following fashions : 
 
 1. Of cutting off all our sheep's tails. 
 
 2. Of dittoing the tails of all dogs that take care of 
 sheep. 
 
 3. Of dittoing the ears of terriers. 
 
 4. Of dittoing a portion of the tails, and occasionally 
 of the ears, of our horses. 
 
 5. Of piercing with a sharp awl the ears of all our 
 daughters, in order to insert therein golden rings, which, 
 by equalizing all, can confer no possible benefit on any 
 one : that is to say, provided Euclid is correct in declaring 
 that "when equals are added to equals, their sums are 
 equal." 
 
 If any person among us defaces a statue, he is liable 
 to punishment and to the execration of the public ; and 
 
SINGEING. 137 
 
 yet there can be no doubt that in every sense of the 
 word it is more barbarous to mutilate the living original 
 of an Almighty Creator than a cold stone or marble 
 copy thereof, chiselled more or less imperfectly by human 
 hands. 
 
 About forty years ago it was the general custom to 
 dock the tails of all hunters, covert-hacks, and waggon- 
 horses, so close, that nothing remained of this picturesque, 
 beautiful ornament of Nature but an ugly, stiff stump, 
 very little longer than the human thumb, which, especially 
 in summer time, was seen continually wagging to the 
 right or left, in impotent attempts to brush off a hungry 
 fly, biting the skin more than a yard off. At about the 
 same period an officer in our army took to the Cape of 
 Good Hope a gentle, beautiful, thoroughbred mare, which, 
 to his astonishment, the natives appeared exceedingly 
 unwilling to approach. The reason was, that her ears 
 had been cropped ; and as among themselves that punish- 
 ment was inflicted for crimes, they were induced to infer 
 that the handsome mutilated animal had suffered from a 
 similar cause in fact, that she was vicious. 
 
 From the same premises, and by the same reasoning 
 faculties, they might as erroneously have conceived that 
 the holes bored through most of the English ladies' ears 
 denoted the existence of a uniform speck of some sort 
 or other in their characters. 
 
138 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 Having briefly enumerated only a few of the mutila- 
 tions which, in different regions of the earth, man inflicts, 
 not only upon the animals around him, but upon himself, 
 we will proceed to notice a prescription of modern date 
 which has produced very astonishing results. 
 
 As in crime there exists an essential difference between 
 cutting off a man's head, and cutting off only his hair, so 
 in cruelty does there exist a similar difference between 
 the fashion which mutilates the body of an animal, and 
 that which deprives him only of its covering : still, how- 
 ever, the practice of clipping, shaving, and singeing horses 
 must, to every person, at first sight appear so incompre- 
 hensible that a slight notice of the subject may possibly be 
 deemed worthy of a few minutes' consideration. 
 
 To a wild horse, roaming in a state of perfect freedom, 
 Nature grants an allowance very similar to that which 
 every inhabitant of Grosvenor Square gives to each of 
 his tall powdered footmen : namely, board, lodging, and 
 two suits of clothing per annum; with this important 
 difference, however, that while the poor pampered, gaudy 
 menial is ignorantly dressed throughout the whole year 
 in cloth and plush of the same thickness, the animal is 
 beneficently provided with two different descriptions of 
 clothing, namely, a light thin silky coat for summer 
 wear, and a thick fur one to keep him warm and com- 
 fortable throughout the winter months. 
 
SINGEING. 139 
 
 Now it might be expected that if man undertook to 
 interfere with this provision, he would, in accordance 
 with the spirit and meaning of the act by which it had 
 been decreed, extend its principle by relieving the horse 
 of a portion of his covering during the excessive heat 
 of summer, and by bestowing upon him a little extra 
 warmth in winter ; whereas, by the operation about to 
 be described, he makes the animal's cold weather coat 
 infinitely less able to resist cold tha that purposely 
 created for sunshine only. 
 
 About fifty years ago, during the Peninsular war, it 
 was observed that the Spanish muleteers gave to the 
 animals they had charge of great apparent relief by rudely 
 shearing off the hair that covered their bodies ; and on 
 the idea being imported into England, our hunting men, 
 principally at Melton, commenced the practice by " clip- 
 ping," at a cost at first of about five guineas, their 
 hunters. 
 
 This operation, which, in its infancy, occupied four 
 or five days, was succeeded by the practice of shaving, 
 which, in about as many hours, left the animal as bare as 
 the hide of a pig that had just been killed, scalded, and 
 scraped. 
 
 This latter operation, however, was found to be attended 
 with two opposite disadvantages : for, if perpetrated too 
 soon, it required to be repeated, or rather to be succeeded 
 
140 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 by clipping ; and if delayed till the growth of the thick 
 coat had subsided, the horse remained throughout the 
 winter naked like an elephant. 
 
 In order therefore to shorten the coat exactly in propor- 
 tion to its uncertain growth, it was determined gradually 
 and repeatedly to burn it by fire to the minimum length 
 prescribed, that is, leaving only sufficient to conceal the 
 bare skin. 
 
 When the animal has thus been denuded of his coat, 
 so long as he remains in his hot stable it is restored to 
 him with compound interest, by two, and occasionally by 
 three suits of warm clothing, which he might expect 
 would, like that worn by his lord and master, be in- 
 creased as soon as he should be led from his covered 
 domicile into the open air. But the contrary operation 
 takes place ; for while his owner is swathing himself in 
 his extra flannel hunting clothing, the singed quadruped 
 at the same moment, in order to be taken to the 
 meet, at one haul is denuded of the whole of his indoor 
 clothing, a bridle is put into his mouth, a saddle on his 
 bare back, and in this state, literally, without metaphor, 
 more naked than he was born, he is suddenly led or 
 ridden ten or fifteen miles through perhaps wind, rain, 
 sleet, or snow, to be exposed throughout the whole day 
 to sudden sweats and sudden chills, in temperatures and 
 at elevations of the most trying description. 
 
SINGEING. 141 
 
 Now, of course, in theory, nothing can be more un- 
 natural, and it might be added more barbarous, than this 
 treatment; and yet, strange to say, by acclamation it 
 would be declared by every horse-owner who has] tried 
 it that, in practice, it produces to the animal not only 
 beneficial, but unexpected, results. 
 
 The lungs appear to become stouter. 
 
 Hot swelled legs suddenly get cool and fine. 
 
 The appetite grows stronger. 
 
 The flesh increases. 
 
 The muscles thicken. 
 
 In consequence of greatly diminished perspiration 
 the amount of food necessary to recruit the body may be 
 reduced, at least, one feed per day. 
 
 After hunting, the skin, instead of breaking out from 
 internal debility and exhaustion, remains dry. 
 
 Lastly, as mud and dirt cannot take hold of a singed 
 coat, and consequently as little or no grooming is re- 
 quired, the animal, on reaching his stable, soon enjoys 
 rest, instead of being for an hour or two teased, excited, 
 and irritated, by being tied up, hissed at, and cleaned. 
 
 But, against all .these advantages, it is only fair to 
 weigh the amount of suffering which it is supposed by 
 us a horse endures by being stripped of his coat and 
 clothing, and in that naked state being suddenly plunged, 
 during winter, into the external air. 
 
142 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 In ascertaining this amount of suffering, however, we 
 must not commit the error of estimating a horse's sensation 
 by what, under similar circumstances, we imagine would 
 be our own, for the cases are quite different. 
 
 Throughout the frame or fabric of man, his blood, 
 however proud it may be, circulates so feebly, that on 
 being subjected to a low temperature it actually, like 
 fluid in a pipe, freezes in his veins ; whereas throughout 
 the body of a horse it is propelled with such violence, 
 that, like the deep water in the Canada lakes, it is beyond 
 the power of cold, however intense, to stop it ; and accord- 
 ingly, when everything else around stands frozen, it 
 triumphantly continues its fluent course. In fact, the 
 relative power of the two animals to resist cold is fully 
 proportionate to the difference between their muscular 
 strength; and as the human being, notwithstanding its 
 weakness, is strong enough to endure the sudden tran- 
 sition from a hot bath to a cold one, or, as is the custom 
 in Eussia, to a roll on the snow, so, a fortiori, is a hunter 
 gifted by Nature with a circulation of blood powerful 
 enough to enable him, without injury or suffering, to bear 
 an apparently unnatural mode of treatment, which, al- 
 though it makes us almost shiver to think of, is productive 
 to his stouter frame of beneficial results, of inestimable 
 value. 
 
MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS. 143 
 
 MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS AT AKTHING- 
 WOKTH. 
 
 Among hunting men there is nothing so unpopular as 
 what is called by the rest of the world a most beautiful, 
 clear, bright day. The gaudy thing is disagreeable to 
 eyes because it is dangerous to the bodies to which they 
 respectively belong ; for when every twig glitters in the 
 sunshine, and every drop of dew that hangs upon them 
 looks like a diamond, the fences so dazzle the eyes of 
 riders, and especially of horses, that a number of extra 
 falls are very commonly the result. Soft ground, dull 
 weather, an easterly wind, and a cloudy sky, form the 
 compound that is most approved of. On such a day, and 
 under such circumstances, we beg leave to invite our 
 readers to sit with us patiently for a very few minutes in 
 a balloon, as, like a hawk hovering above a partridge, it 
 hangs over the quiet little village of Arthingworth, in 
 Northamptonshire. Those hounds, headed by that 
 whipper-in riding so lightly and neatly on his horse, 
 and surrounding their huntsman Charles Payne, jogging 
 along, seated in his saddle as if he had grown there, are 
 on that portion of the Queen's highway which connects 
 Northampton with Market Harborough. They are the 
 Pytchley hounds, the hereditary property, not of the pre- 
 
144 THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 sent master, but of the hunt. They are on their way from 
 their kennel at Brixworth to a park at Arthingworth to 
 draw " Waterloo Gorse," which means that every man 
 who intends to come (and their name is legion) will send 
 there, not his best-looking, but, what is infinitely better, 
 that which he knows to be " his best horse," simply 
 because the covert of Waterloo not only usually holds a 
 good fox, but because it is encircled by very large grass- 
 fields, enlivened in every direction by the severest fences 
 in Northamptonshire. See how quietly along every high- 
 road, bye-road, and footpath, horses and riders, of various 
 sizes and sorts, walking, jogging, or gently trotting, are 
 converging towards a central point ! Schoolboys are 
 coming to see the start on ponies ; farmers on clever 
 nags ; others on young horses of great price ; neatly- 
 dressed grooms, some heavy and some light, are riding, or 
 riding and leading, horses magnificent in shape and breed- 
 ing, in the most beautiful condition, all as clean and well- 
 appointed as if they had been prepared to do miserable 
 penance in Rotten Row. And are all these noble and 
 ignoble animals beneath us going to the hunt ? Yes, 
 and many more that we cannot see. Look at those 
 straight streams of white steam that through green fields 
 are concentrating from north, south, east, and west upon 
 Market Harborough, from Leicester, from Northampton, 
 from Stamford, and from Rugby denoting trains that, 
 
MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS. 145 
 
 at the rate of thirty or forty miles an hour, are hurrying 
 boxes all containing hunters for the meet. 
 
 On the huntsman and hounds slowly entering and taking 
 up their positions in the small park at Arthingworth, 
 excepting two or three farmers, no one is there to receive 
 or notice them. However, in a few minutes, through 
 large gates and through smaller ones, grooms on and with 
 their horses walk steadily in ; while Charles Payne, occa- 
 sionally chucking from his coat-pocket a few crumbs of 
 bread to his hounds, most of whom are looking upwards 
 at him, leaning over his horse, is holding confidential 
 conversation with a keeper. " It's too bad /" whispers 
 an old farmer, who had just been entrusted with the 
 secret that another fox had last night been shot by 
 poachers ; " and, what's more, it 's been a-going on IN 
 MANY WAYS a long time." "Yes!" replies Charles 
 Payne, looking as calmly and philosophically as Hamlet 
 when he was moralising over Yorick's skull ; " you may 
 rely upon it that, what with greyhounds, and poachers, 
 and traps, and poison, there are very few foxes now- 
 a-days that die a natural death" meaning that they 
 were not eaten up alive by the Pytchley hounds. 
 
 But during all this precious time where are all the 
 scarlet coats ? Oh ! here they come, trotting, riding, and 
 galloping to the meet from every point of the compass, 
 and apparently from every region of the habitable globe, 
 
146 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 some of the young ones diverging as usual from their 
 path of rectitude to lark over a fence or two. Along 
 the turnpike and country roads, drags' with four horses, 
 light dog-carts with two, post-chaises and gigs, each laden 
 with men muffled up in heavy clothing, showing no pink, 
 save a little bit peeping out at the collar, are all hurrying 
 onwards to the same goal; and as these living bundles, 
 with cigars in their mouths, are rapidly landing in the 
 park, it will be advisable that we also should descend 
 there to observe them. 
 
 By about & quarter before eleven the grass in front of 
 the hospitable hunting-box of one of the late masters 
 of the Pytchley who, take him all in all, is one of the 
 very best riders in the hunt becomes as crowded as a fair 
 with sportsmen of all classes, from the highest rank in the 
 peerage down to not exactly those who rent a 61. house, 
 but who can afford money and time enough to " hoont," 
 as they call it. While two or three well-appointed ser- 
 vants in livery are very quietly, from a large barrel, 
 handing glasses of bright-looking ale to any farmer or 
 groom who, after his long ride, may happen to feel a 
 little thirsty, and while others from white wicker- baskets 
 are distributing bits of bread and lumps of cheese to any 
 man who may feel that beneath his waistcoat there is 
 house-room to receive them, the honourable and gallant 
 proDrietor of the brown barrel and white baskets, lounging 
 
MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS. 147 
 
 in his red coat, &c., on his exalted lawn, with sundry 
 small scratches (from bull-finches) on his face, with some- 
 thing now and then smoking a little from his mouth, 
 and with that placid and easy manner which in every 
 situation of life distinguishes him, says to any friend in 
 pink that happens to pass him, " Won't ye go IN for a 
 moment?" But, without invitation, most of the aristo- 
 crats, leaving their horses with their grooms, to ascend 
 a flight of ladder steps which raises them to the lawn, walk 
 slowly and majestically across it, adjusting their hair, 
 "just to make their bow." When that compliment has 
 been paid, they pause for a second or two in the hall, 
 and then recross the lawn, indolently munching, and 
 with perfumed handkerchiefs carefully wiping lips or 
 mustachios (as the case may be), which, if they were 
 very; closely approached, might possibly smell partly of 
 cherries,- to proceed to their respective grooms, and mount 
 their horses. 
 
 " Move-ON,-Sir ?" says Charles Payne, in his sharp, 
 quick tone, touching his cap to the master, who slightly 
 nods to him. " Now-then^-gentlemen !" he adds, " ware 
 HOUNDS, if you please /" and accordingly, surrounded by 
 them, onwards he, his two whips, and about two hundred 
 horsemen, proceed at a walk to cross for nearly half a 
 mile magnificent fields of grass of from eighty to a hun- 
 dred acres. As the Pytchley and Quorn men are, for the 
 
 K 2 
 
148 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 reasons we have explained, each mounted on the very 
 best of their stud, it need hardly be stated that the lot 
 of horses before us are an accumulation of the finest speci- 
 mens in the world ; and yet with the highest breeding, 
 courage, and condition, with magnificent figures, and 
 with bone and substance sufficient to carry, through deep 
 ground, from twelve to eighteen stone, there is a calm, 
 unassuming demeanour in their walk, which it seems 
 almost impossible sufficiently to admire. In like manner, 
 among the riders, nobody appears to have the smallest dis- 
 position to talk about what he is going to do, or apparently 
 even to think of where he is proceeding. A man from 
 Warwickshire will perhaps describe the run he had there 
 on Thursday; while another will fashionably say to a 
 Leicestershire friend " Did you do anything on Fri- 
 day ?" but most of the field are conversing as they ride 
 along, not at all about foxes, but about Lords Palmerston, 
 Derby, Italy, the Pope, &c. 
 
 On arriving close to Waterloo Grorse, Charles Payne 
 pulls up to remain stationary for a couple of minutes, 
 surrounded by his hounds, who, instead of gazing at his 
 face, are all looking most eagerly at the covert, until 
 the two whips, getting round it, have each taken up a 
 position on the other side. "Now-TiiKN-little-bitches /" 
 says Charles, as, with a twitch corresponding with his 
 voice, he waves forwards his right hand, in which is 
 
MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS. 149 
 
 grasped the silver horn presented to him by the farmers. 
 Without taking the smallest offence at the appellation 
 (which after all is a just one, for, as they are the fastest 
 of his two packs, Charles does not object to bringing 
 them to "Waterloo"), in they dash; and in a second 
 Charles and his horse are over the low flight of rails, 
 to gallop along a briary path which conducts them to a 
 small open space in the centre of the covert. The 
 greater portion of the field, in coats of many colours, 
 congregate on its right. 
 
 But " quanto sono insensibili questi Inglesi I" Instead 
 of evincing the smallest degree of anxiety, the conversa- 
 tions we have described are renewed; and though cer- 
 tainly nobody seems to care the hundred- thousandth part 
 of a farthing about what his lips are saying, and though 
 the countenance of every man appears to acknowledge 
 that, on the whole, he is well enough satisfied with this 
 world, yet men and horses remain perfectly cool, and 
 occasionally cold, until it might be fancied by any old 
 soldier standing a mile off that a shell had suddenly 
 burst in the middle of them. "PRAY, dorit holla!" 
 exclaims an old sportsman in a loud whisper. "BY 
 , JOVE, HE'S AWAY !" screams a very young one in pink, 
 pointing to a shepherd "who, grasping a struggling dog 
 with one hand, is holding up his hat with the other. 
 Half a dozen loud, slow, decisive, monotonous blasts from 
 
150 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDEK. 
 
 Charles Payne's horn are instantly heard, while his hounds, 
 tumbling over each other, jump almost together over a 
 small hedge and ditch out of the covert, with their 
 beautiful heads all pointing towards Leicestershire, As 
 they and reynard take the opposite side of the large 
 grass field in which the riders had assembled, the start 
 of the latter is very nearly as sudden as that of the former. 
 Packed together almost as closely as the wild young crea- 
 tures that on Epsom course run for the Derby, the best 
 men and the best horses belonging to the Pytchley, Quorn, 
 Cottesmore, and Warwickshire hounds start together over 
 turf down a gentle declivity, at the bottom of which runs 
 an insignificant stream. Steady horsemanship in every 
 rider is necessary to prevent treading on those imme- 
 diately before, or jostling those on each side. Many a 
 horse, by shaking his head, clearly enough shows how 
 unwelcome to him is the restraint. From this conglo- 
 meration nearly a dozen men extricate themselves by 
 the superior speed and management of their horses. 
 Before them* is a well-known broad and strong fence, 
 which, without competing against each other, they most 
 gallantly charge, " magna comitante caterva," followed 
 by the great ruck. ^ One, two, three, four, five, 
 six men and horses take it almost together in their 
 stride, and, to the astonishment of the remainder, all 
 disappear ! Every horse had well cleared the broad ditch 
 
 * This scene we happened to witness. 
 
MEET OF THE PYTCHLEY HOUNDS. 151 
 
 on the other side, but all nearly simultaneously had landed 
 in an artificial bog beyond it, made for draining purposes 
 only a few days before, and in which the six men and 
 the six horses, each perfectly unhurt, are now as prostrate 
 and as " comfortable " as if they had, to use the old nurse's 
 expression, "just been put to bed." The Hon. Fred. 
 Villiers and Harry Everard are the first over and down. 
 As they lie together in the mud, looking upwards, they 
 see coming over the stakes of the hedge the Fitzwilliam 
 girths of the horses of Henry Forrester and Thomas 
 Atkinson ( Vive L'Empereur /), followed almost instantly 
 by two strangers. However, nearly as quickly as they 
 all fell, they severally arise, mount their horses, and 
 gallantly regain the hounds. The field of riders, unable 
 to comprehend what has happened, and moreover unable 
 as well as unwilling to stop their horses, as it were 
 by word of command, all gracefully swerve together in 
 a curve to the right to take two stiff fences instead 
 of one. About half a dozen, on perfect timber-jumpers, 
 cross a ditch overhung by a stout ash rail, firmly fixed 
 between two trees ; the remainder break their way through 
 a bull-finch, and then, throwing their right shoulders 
 forward, at a very honest pace, all make every proper 
 effort to catch Charles Payne and the few others who 
 with him had followed the line of the hounds. 
 
 We should certainly tire and jolt our readers very 
 grievously were we to presume to hustle them through 
 
152 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 the well-known and splendid run that ensued. Not only, 
 however, do our limits forbid us to do so, but as we 
 shall shortly have to quote hunting-anecdotes from a 
 very superior pen, we willingly pull up to make, in 
 cool blood instead of in hot, a very few remarks. 
 
 EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 
 
 A description of a fox-hunt is not very agreeable either 
 to read or to write, firstly, because it records a series of 
 events of no very great importance when they are over ; 
 and secondly, because the picture generally bears the ap- 
 pearance of exaggeration ; the reason being, that it is 
 composed of two parts, one of which it is almost impos- 
 sible accurately to delineate. The danger or difficulty 
 which a man and horse incur in taking any particular 
 leap depends on the one hand upon the size of the fence, 
 and on the other upon the combined amount of weight, 
 strength, and activity which the horse can bring up to 
 it. In trade, if a given weight, whether small or great, 
 be put into one scale, it can be at once overbalanced 
 by putting a still greater weight into the other scale. 
 But while the dimensions of a fence can accurately be 
 measured, it would be not only very difficult to determine 
 the physical powers of a hunter, but, even if the state- 
 ment could be made, ninety-nine people out of every 
 
EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 153 
 
 hundred would most certainly disbelieve it; for, as the 
 old proverb says, " seeing is believing ;" so when a man 
 has ridden a horse across his farm for many years, he 
 is fully persuaded that, to use another common expres- 
 sion, " he knows what he is made of." But the truth 
 is, he only knows what he has done, and what he can do 
 under the maximum of excitement he hitherto has ever 
 experienced; what he does not know, and indeed what 
 without trial he can have no idea of, is the enormous 
 amount of latent physical power in his horse which even 
 the sight of hounds will develop. 
 
 For instance, in riding a hack along the road, the con- 
 fidence or, as it may be termed, the courage of the rider 
 depends not on himself, but on the strength and action of 
 the animal he is bestriding. If the nag picks up his feet 
 quickly, and pops them down firmly if he goes stout 
 in his canter and strong in his gallop, his owner rides 
 boldly. If, however, the very same hero crosses a poor, 
 weak, weedy animal, with strait action, tripping in all his 
 paces, and with his toes sending almost every loose stone 
 rolling on before him, he declares the instant he dismounts 
 that he has been frightened ; which difference, in truth, 
 only means that, on trial, he has satisfactorily and unsatis- 
 factorily ascertained the physical powers of the first horse 
 to be amply sufficient, and those of the last totally insuffi- 
 cient, to perform the given amount of work he requires. 
 Now it is really no exaggeration to say, that the excite- 
 
154 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 ment to a horse caused by the presence of hounds creates 
 in his physical powers as wide a difference as exists be- 
 tween those of the two nags just described. The old, 
 jaded, worn-out, '*' groggy " hunter, who came hobbling 
 out of his stable, and who has been fumbling and blunder- 
 ing under his groom along the road, no sooner reaches the 
 covert side than, like a lion " shaking the dew-drops from 
 his shaggy mane," he in a moment casts away the ills 
 which flesh is heir to in short, his prostrated powers 
 suddenly revive ; and accordingly it is on record, that 
 in one of the severest runs with staghounds ever known 
 in Essex, the leading horse was aged, twenty-two. Again, 
 on the road, when a horse has travelled thirty or forty 
 miles, he usually becomes more or less tired ; whereas, 
 during the ten or twelve hours that a hunter is out of 
 his stable, he will, with the utmost cheerfulness, besides 
 trotting more than that distance on the road, follow the 
 hounds for many hours across a heavy country and large 
 fences ; and as it is well known that, in harness, a horse 
 is less fatigued by trotting before a carriage on a hard 
 macadamized road for forty miles than in dragging it 
 through an earth road for ten, it would appear almost 
 fabulous to state how many miles on the road, or espe- 
 cially on dry turf, could be performed by the amount of 
 excitement, activity, and strength expended by a hunter 
 during a long and severe day's work. 
 
EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 155 
 
 For the foregoing reasons, if a man during summer 
 rides his hunters, he will see a variety of fences which, 
 as he quietly ruminates, lie will pronounce to himself to 
 be impracticable, simply because he can both see and feel 
 that they are greater than the powers he is bestriding ; 
 and yet, when the trees are leafless and the hounds run- 
 ning, if he happens on the same horse to come to these 
 very fences, he -crosses them without the smallest thought 
 or difficulty not because Tie is excited (for the cooler he 
 rides the better he will go), but because, while the height 
 and breadth of each fence have not since he last saw 
 them increased, the physical powers of his horse, deve- 
 loped by hunting, have been, to say the least, doubled. 
 The scales which in summer had turned against him 
 now preponderate in his favour ; and accordingly Pru- 
 dence, who but a few months before, with uplifted hand, 
 had sternly warned him to " beware ! " with smiling face 
 and joyous aspect now beckons to him to " Come on!" 
 
 The feats which the mere skin and bones of a horse 
 can perform during hunting are surprising. The com- 
 paratively small shin-bone of his hind legs will, without 
 receiving the smallest blemish, smash any ordinary 
 description of dry oak or elm-rail, and occasionally shiver 
 the top of a five-barred gate, and yet, strange to say, 
 though the frail bone so often fractures the timber, the 
 timber is never able to fracture the frail bone, which, 
 
156 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 generally speaking, receives not the smallest injury from 
 the conflict. Again, when even a singed horse at great 
 speed has forced his way through a high, strong, spiteful- 
 looking thorn-hedge, frightening almost into hysterics the 
 poor little "bullfinch" that is sitting there, he almost 
 invariably passes through the ordeal with his skin per- 
 fectly uncut, and often not even scratched ! nay, a 
 horse going at great speed may be thrown head over 
 heels by a wire fence without receiving from it the 
 smallest blemish ! 
 
 The trifling facts we have just stated will, we believe, 
 not only explain the courage and physical powers of 
 a hunter, but the difficulty of describing to non-hunting 
 readers, without an appearance of exaggeration, the feats 
 which, during a run, he can without danger or difficulty 
 perform ; for, instead of boasting about a large fence, it is 
 an indisputable fact that it is infinitely safer for the 
 horse, and consequently for his rider, than a little one, 
 at which almost all their worst accidents occur : indeed 
 when a liberal landlord, for the benefit of his tenants, 
 cuts through their fields a series of narrow deep drains, 
 to be loosely filled up with earth, it is good-humouredly 
 said by hunting men, that he is " collar -boning" them! 
 
 And now it is an extraordinary truth -that the excite- 
 ment which the horse feels in simply witnessing the chase 
 of one set of animals after another, seems to pervade 
 
EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 157 
 
 every living creature on the surface of the globe. In 
 savage life, the whole object, occupation, and enjoyment 
 of man, whenever he is not engaged in war, consists in 
 catching and killing almost any of the creatures that 
 inhabit the wilderness through which he roams. In a 
 drop of putrid water a microscope informs us that animal- 
 cules of all shapes and sizes, with the same malice pre- 
 pense, are hunting and slaying each other. The 600 
 boys at Eton, if collected together, would resolve readily 
 among themselves to receive with decorum, and no doubt 
 with youthful dignity, any great personages about to 
 honour them with a visit; and yet, while the grand 
 procession was approaching them, or even just after it had 
 arrived, if a rat were to run about among them, all their 
 good intentions in one moment would be destroyed. 
 
 During the grand reviews in France of the Allied 
 armies under the command of Wellington, although the 
 British troops had behaved steadily enough at Waterloo, 
 it was found that the presence and authority of " the 
 Iron Duke " were utterly unable to keep them immoveable 
 as soon as the hares began to jump up among them. 
 Nay, at Inkerman, while the battle was raging, several 
 men of the Guards were observed by their officers sud- 
 denly to cease firing at the Eussians, who were close 
 to them, in order to "prog" with their bayonets a poor 
 little scared hare that was running among their feet ! 
 
158 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 In like manner, although the Anglo-Saxon race are 
 proverbially phlegmatic (a word described by Johnson to 
 mean "dull; cold; frigid"), yet no sooner do they hear, 
 in the language of Shakspeare, 
 
 " The musical confusion 
 Of hounds and echo in conjunction," 
 
 than the windows of manufactories are crowded with 
 pale eager faces, the lanes, paths, and fields become 
 dotted with the feet and ankles of people of various classes 
 and ages, whose eyes are all straining to get a glimpse 
 of the run. If Dolly be among them, her cow, wherever 
 she may be, is quite as curious as herself. 
 
 As the fox, who has distanced his pursuers, lightly 
 canters along the hedge-side of a large grass field, the 
 sheep instantly not only congregate to stare at him, but 
 for a considerable time remain spell-bound, gazing in 
 the direction of his course. Herds of bullocks with 
 noses almost touching the ground, and with long straight 
 tails slanting upwards, jump sometimes into the air, and 
 sometimes sideways, with joy. As soon as the hounds 
 appear, the timid sheep instantly follow them, and 
 accordingly, almost before the leading rider can make 
 for and get through perhaps the only gap in an imprac- 
 ticable fence, eighty or a hundred of these "muttons," 
 with fat, throbbing, jolting sides, rush to and block up 
 the little passage, in and around which they stand, 
 
EFFECTS CAUSED BY THE SIGHT OF HOUNDS. 159 
 
 forming a dense mass of panting wool, on which no blow 
 from a hunting-whip or from a hedge-stake produces 
 the slightest effect ; and thus the whole field of gentle- 
 men sportsmen, to their utter disgust, are completely 
 stopped. " I had no idea" lisps a very young hard-riding 
 dandy, in as feminine and drawling a voice as he can 
 concoct, " I really hadn't the SLIGHTEST idea, before, that 
 
 sheep were such fools ! " But their offspring are, 
 
 in their generation, no wiser. A poor little lamb, almost 
 just born, the instant it sees the hounds, will not only 
 leave its mother to follow them, but under the legs of 
 a crowd of horses that if they can possibly avoid it 
 will never tread upon it canters along, until, its weak 
 knees and lungs failing, it reels, and is left lying on its 
 side, apparently dead. 
 
 CRUELTY OF HUNTING CONSIDERED. 
 
 Over the closed eyes, panting flank, and exhausted 
 frame of this tiny, innocent, and yet seduced orphan, who 
 had never known its father, and has just lost its mother, 
 we will venture to offer to our readers a very few remarks 
 on the strange dissolving view that has just vanished, or 
 rather galloped, from their sight. 
 
160 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 " It's just," said Andrew Fairservice to Frank Osbaldistone, 
 "amaist as silly as our auld daft laird here and his gomerils o' 
 sons, wi' his huntsmen and his hounds, and his hunting cattle 
 and horns, riding haill days after a bit beast that winna weigh sax 
 punds when they hae catched it." 
 
 To the foregoing observation it might also have been 
 added, that in the extraordinary exertions we have 
 described, the pleasures enjoyed by the "bit beast" in 
 being hunted, when compared with those of the two or 
 three hundred animals, human, equine, and canine, that 
 are hunting him, are as disproportionate as is his weight 
 when compared to the sum total of theirs. 
 
 "No! " said the haughty Countess of to an aged 
 
 huntsman, who, cap in hand, had humbly invited her 
 ladyship to do him the honour to come and see his 
 hounds, " No ! I dislike everything belonging to hunting 
 it is so cruel? 
 
 " CRUEL ! ! " replied the old man, with apparent astonish- 
 ment, " why, my lady, it can't possibly be CRUEL, for," 
 logically holding up three fingers in succession, 
 " We all knows that the GENTLEMEN like it, 
 " And we all knows that the HOSSES like it, 
 " And we all knows that the HOUNDS like it, 
 " And" after a long pause, " none on us, my lady, 
 can know for certain, that the FOXES don't like it" 
 
 It may strongly be suspected, however, that they do 
 not enjoy being hunted to death, and consequently that 
 
CRUELTY OF HUNTING CONSIDERED. 161 
 
 the operation, whenever and wherever it is performed, 
 is, to a certain degree, an act of cruelty ; which it is only 
 hypocritical to vindicate by pretending to argue that 
 Puggy has been sentenced to death to expiate his sins ; 
 for if, instead of robbing a hen roost, it had been his 
 habit to come in all weathers secretly to sit on its nests 
 to help and hatch the chickens, " The Times " news- 
 paper would have advertised "hunting appointments-" 
 which would have been as numerously attended, the 
 hounds would have thrown off with the same punctuality, 
 and men and horses would have ridden just as eagerly 
 and as gallantly to be in at the death of the saint as of a 
 sinner, whose destruction all barn-door fowls, geese, tur- 
 keys, pheasants, and rabbits in his neighbourhood would 
 certainly not be disposed to regret. 
 
 As regards, however, the hunted animal, as well as 
 the creatures that hunt him, we will observe that the 
 sufferings of a fox that is eaten up by hounds are pro- 
 bably not much greater and possibly a little less than 
 those of the poor worm that on our hook catches the fish, 
 of the fish that catches the worm, of the live eels 
 that we skin, or of the sheep and bullocks that^are every 
 day in thousands driven footsore to our slaughter-houses. 
 
 If our Arthingworth fox had taken in " The Times" 
 the Waterloo covert, after all the preparations we have 
 described, would most certainly have been drawn " blank." 
 
 L 
 
162 THE HOKSE AND HIS KIDEK. 
 
 But while undertakers in scarlet, in black, and in brown 
 coats, were expending many thousand pounds in pre- 
 parations for his funeral, he, totally unconscious of them, 
 was creeping within it, in the rude health and perfect 
 happiness he had enjoyed in Leicestershire, his native 
 county. 
 
 All of a sudden he hears disagreeable sounds, and 
 encounters unpleasant smells, that sentence him without 
 delay "to return to the place from whence he came." 
 With elastic limbs, and a stout heart to propel them, 
 "away" he starts. Everything he does evinces extraor- 
 dinary resolution, determination, and courage. While the 
 high-bred hounds that are following him over-top every 
 hedge, he dashes through their boughs, thorns, and briars, 
 as straight as an arrow from a bow. When, on reaching 
 the "earth" he has been making for, he finds that it is 
 stopped, instead of weakly dwelling there, "away" he 
 again starts for some other cunning hidingplace. As he 
 proceeds, his wind, but not his courage, fails him, until, 
 on the pack approaching him, though any one of them 
 would have yelped piteously had but one of his toes 
 been caught in a trap, yet, so soon as the leading hound 
 comes up, he pitches into him, and when the infuriated 
 pack rush in upon him, he invariably dies in the midst 
 of them, without the utterance of the smallest moan, 
 sigh, or sound. In fact, within the breasts of all who have 
 
THE LAMB AND THE FOX. 163 
 
 pursued him there does not exist a braver heart than 
 that over which the huntsman, cracking his whip to keep 
 the hounds at bay from it, is triumphantly crying " WHOO- 
 OOP!"* 
 
 THE LAMB AND THE Fox. 
 
 But the plot of our drama thickens. For on the green 
 carpet of our little theatre, on which so many actors have 
 been performing, there now lie tragically before us, as it 
 were side by side, the body of a swooned lamb, and the 
 carcase of a dead fox. Let us therefore for a moment 
 place each into one of the scales of Justice, to weigh 
 the relative specific gravities of these two tiny emblems 
 
 * Some seasons ago the master of the Pytchley determined "to give to 
 the hounds" a fox that had run to ground in a narrow culvert commu- 
 nicating with the Reservoir at Maid well. 
 
 To prevent the poor animal escaping from his doom, the hounds were made 
 to surround the mouth of the drain before the order was given to " lift up 
 the sluice." 
 
 On the words being uttered the eyes of all the riders who encircled the 
 pack were, of course, concentrated on one point. A slight noise was heard, 
 some dead sticks appeared, followed by a violent rush of water, in the 
 midst of which, rolled up like an immense hedgehog, appeared the fox, who 
 no sooner got into daylight, than, before a hound could snap hold of him, he 
 jumped to the left, and, at almost the same instant, popping through the 
 only little hole in the thick hedge that bounded the drain, burst away, dis- 
 tanced the pack of enemies, quadruped and biped, that followed him, and thus 
 escaped a death from which nothing but his extraordinary quickness and deter- 
 mination could have saved him. 
 
 L 2 
 
164 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDEE. 
 
 the one of innocence, the other of guilt as regards their 
 utility to man. 
 
 When a lamb has been nursed, reared, fattened, and 
 killed, its quarters afford say four good dinners, or possibly 
 one dish only at four great dinners, and as soon as, either 
 above stairs or below,. his bones have been cleanly picked, 
 the history of his usefulness is at an end. But the 
 benefits which a fox confers upon his country would, 
 though stewed down for hours, require very many more 
 dishes to contain them. 
 
 If an individual migrates in search of happiness, he not 
 only may travel many a weary mile without attaining it, 
 but sooner or later, foot-sore, leg-wearied, and dejected, 
 he will be sure to discover that a very small proportion 
 of the trouble, time, and money he has expended would 
 have procured for him at home contentment or peace 
 of mind, the greatest of all earthly blessings. For truly 
 may it be said, that there exists nothing in a garden or 
 in a field more easy to cultivate than domestic happiness, 
 composed, as we all know, of innumerable small fibres, 
 which, by the laws of Nature, taking root in every direc- 
 tion, attach a man, like Grulliver in the island of Lilliput, 
 to the ground on which he has happened to take rest. 
 
 A cynic may sneer at the rich man who, with his own 
 hands, and with bent back, sows flowers to deck his path, 
 and who plants trees to grace shrubberies to harbour the 
 
THE LAMB AND THE FOX. 165 
 
 birds that are to sing to him. He may despise him for 
 delving and digging, for carpentering, lathe-turning, and 
 for other labour which a paid workman could infinitely 
 better perform. But if this labour sweetens the cup of 
 human existence, by giving that health to the body, 
 which invigorates the mind for its studies in short, if 
 this mixture of physical and mental exertion results in 
 producing contentment, the labourer, however high his 
 rank, without deigning to revile the philosopher, may 
 justly return thanks to that Almighty Power which, by 
 such simple means, has enabled him, by dulcifying his 
 "domum," to produce for himself domestic happiness. 
 
 As, however, what is good for the parts must also 
 be beneficial for the whole, it must be evident that, in 
 spite of the sneers of the cynic, it is equally wise for a 
 people to foster and encourage among themselves any 
 description of healthy recreation or amusement that may 
 have the effect of creating among the community not only 
 a friendly acquaintance with each other, but an indissolu- 
 ble attachment to " the land they live in." Indeed, if 
 this salutary precaution were to be neglected, lamentable 
 consequences must ensue ; for, like two merchants dealing 
 in the same article, so do Virtue and Vice strenuously 
 compete against one another, by each, at the same moment, 
 offering to mankind, pleasures for sale. 
 
 The great cities of the Continent, especially Paris, in 
 
166 THE HOKSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 this respect possess powerful attractions, which, unless 
 they were to be neutralized or rather counteracted by 
 national attachments of still greater power, would inevit- 
 ably drain from the United Kingdom, especially from the 
 country, a large proportion of those wealthy classes whose 
 presence, expenditure, and charity have proved so bene- 
 ficial to their respective neighbourhoods. In like manner, 
 as Nature 'abhors a vacuum, so, if the affluent among the 
 middle and lower classes, with a little money and leisure 
 on hand, were to find themselves without some whole- 
 some recreation, it is proverbial that a certain sable 
 personage, who delights in idleness, would very soon, in 
 his own service and in his own peculiar way, " set them 
 to work." 
 
 But however wise it may be for an individual within 
 his own precincts to create recreation to suit his particular 
 palate, it is not so very easy to concoct any amusement 
 that shall be pleasing to the taste of many ranks of the 
 community as well as be generally beneficial to the whole. 
 
 A public racket-court or fives-court can only contain a 
 very small party. 
 
 The far-famed national game of cricket (the stock in 
 trade of which consists of a ball, some bats, half-a-dozen 
 stumps, and eleven players) is adapted only^to that bright, 
 joyous, sunshiny half of the year, which, with its flowers 
 and fruits, hardly requires to be enlivened, leaving the 
 
THE LAMB AKD THE FOX. 167 
 
 dreary months of winter totally unprovided with amuse- 
 ment. 
 
 What therefore, pro lono publico, we require is to 
 invent, if possible, some description of national recreation 
 which, in all weathers, shall concentrate in groups over 
 the whole superficies of the kingdom, people of all con- 
 ditions, from the highest ranks down to the lowest, to 
 join together in a healthy, manly, harmless sport, requiring 
 coolness, good temper, science, and resolution : and lastly, 
 which shall manure, or top-dress, the entire surface of 
 the country by broad-casting over it, annually, a large 
 amount of gold, silver, and copper. 
 
 Now the invention of hunting produces all these bene- 
 ficial results. At the appointed meet, classes in ordinary 
 life as distinctly separated from each other as the various 
 castes in India, first assemble together, and then, during a 
 good run, are jostled together in lumps, and by bumps, 
 which, by collision, produce many a spark of generous 
 feeling that, under ordinary circumstances, could not 
 possibly have been elicited. For instance, not very long 
 ago, during a run in Leicestershire, a welUdressed, good- 
 looking young stranger was seen to pull up, dismount, 
 and run to the assistance of an old man lying under a 
 horse that was struggling violently above him. In extri- 
 cating the prisoner the liberator was repeatedly kicked. 
 However, although his flesh and coat were cut, and a 
 
168 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 silver flask flattened in his breast-pocket, he resolutely 
 effected his object and then cantered away. " Who's 
 that f " said a gentleman to a farmer who had gallantly 
 assisted in the extrication. " I don't know his name" 
 was the reply, "but, whoever he is, he stuck to him like 
 a RIGHT GOOD 'UN ! " About a month afterwards it tran- 
 spired that the " right good 'un," who had risked his life 
 to help one he never before saw, and whom probably he 
 will never see again, was Lord C., now Marquis of H., 
 and heir to the dukedom of D. In the hunting field, 
 unfettered by prescriptive rights or privileges, the head 
 and heart of man rise or sink to that level, whatever it 
 may be, that intrinsically is their due. In short, irre- 
 spective of parentage, education, or income, any rider may 
 assume whatever position he can take, and, so long as he 
 leads, no one can prevent his wearing the honours, what- 
 ever they may be, of the day. 
 
 Hunting is generally accused of being a very dangerous 
 amusement, and yet by medical returns it might easily 
 be demonstrated that it is not so injurious to a man's 
 health or so fatal to his life as going to a succession of 
 balls, or especially of good dinners ; in fact, there can be 
 no doubt that a London season blanches, per cent, per 
 annum, more cheeks, and requires more physic and more 
 coffins, than a hunting season. 
 
 How little danger, instead of how much, belongs to 
 
THE LAMB AND THE FOX. 169 
 
 hunting, is daily proved by, comparatively speaking, the 
 impunity with which inexperienced people join in the 
 chase. If a crowd of 150 or 200 persons of all ages and 
 shapes, none of whom had ever before been in a boat, 
 were all of a sudden, say during Christmas holidays, to 
 dress themselves like tars, and then compete with sailors 
 in every sort of weather, the chances, or rather the cer- 
 tainty, would be, that, without any disparagement to the 
 art of boating, at least half of them would be drowned 
 from sheer ignorance and inexperience. Again, if an 
 eccentric gentleman in London, making his coachman 
 stand up behind . his carriage, were to require his foot- 
 man to drive it, the vehicle, before it could reach the 
 Opera-house, would probably be either smashed or upset ; 
 and yet, its fate would not be admitted as proving that 
 it is dangerous to drive. In fact, it is a common proverb, 
 that, in order to be proficient in any trade, it is necessary 
 to be first duly apprenticed to it. But in the hunting- 
 field no education at all is deemed requisite. And, 
 accordingly, so soon as a young man, " gentle or simple " 
 (though oftener simple than gentle), can get hold of 
 money, he buys a stud of horses and hacks, hires grooms, 
 orders three or four scarlet coats with the appurtenances 
 thereto, goes to Melton, makes his formal appearance at 
 a crack meet, and his informal disappearance into the first 
 brook, or on the other side of the first fence he comes 
 
170 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 to, and yet, " Oh ! PRAY catch that horse if you please ! " 
 is usually the only result, repeated over and over again 
 without injury to anybody. Now, if people who really 
 have never learned to ride, mounted on young horses 
 who have never learned to hunt, can thus attempt to 
 follow hounds without damaging much more than their 
 clothes, it ought to follow that an experienced rider on 
 a clever hunter has, at all events, not more danger to 
 apprehend than other people are liable to, who ride solely 
 on hard roads, on which a horse is very apt to travel 
 carelessly, and always falls heavily. Will Williamson, 
 now upwards of eighty years of age, who has been hunts- 
 man to the Duke of Buccleugh for more than fifty years, 
 and whose worst accident was lately caused by being 
 overturned in a dog-cart, still follows his hounds ; and, 
 in like manner, in every part of the kingdom are to be 
 found old men who, with very little to complain about, 
 have been hunting from their boyhood, and occasionally 
 from their childhood. 
 
 Charles Payne, the huntsman of the Pytchley, was 
 much damaged by being thrown out of a gig ; while, a 
 short time ago, his head whip, who had fearlessly crossed 
 almost every fence in Northamptonshire, dislocated his 
 shoulder by slipping off a little deal table. The gallant 
 master of the Tedworth hounds was severely injured in 
 his conservatory ; the huntsman of the Surrey fox-hounds 
 
THE LAMB AND THE FOX. 171 
 
 within his house by a fall. Lastly, it may truly be 
 asserted, that, in hunting, more accidents occur from over 
 caution in riders than from a combination of boldness and 
 judgment ; indeed, if hunters could but speak, they would 
 often whisper to their riders, "If you keep taking such 
 affectionate care of MY HEAD, you'll throw me DOWN." 
 
 The encouragement given to farmers to breed horses of 
 the best description, the high prices paid to them for hay, 
 oats, beans, and straw ; the sums of money expended for 
 the purchase or rent of hunting-boxes, lodgings, stables, 
 carriage-houses, &c., added to a variety of other incidental 
 expenses, large and small, amount to a grand total which 
 it would be less easy to underrate than exaggerate. 
 
 But besides the sums which hunting-men, by maintain- 
 ing from eight to fourteen hunters, with grooms and 
 strappers in proportion, distribute in their various locali- 
 ties, in almost every county men of rank and fortune step 
 forward to support, more or less at their own private cost, 
 a huntsman, one or two whips, hounds, and a stable full of 
 horses, for the recreation and amusement of the community. 
 
 With this generous object in view, the late Sir Eichard 
 Sutton, for many years, spent about 10,000?. a-year in 
 maintaining two packs of hounds and a stud of about fifty 
 horses, for which he readily paid enormous prices. 
 
 In any portion of the globe, except the United King- 
 dom, the price of dog-flesh in England would appear 
 
172 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 utterly incomprehensible. In 1812 Lord Middleton gave 
 1200 guineas for the pack he purchased. When Mr. 
 Warde gave tip the Craven country Mr. Horlock paid 
 him 2000 guineas for his hounds; while Lord Suffield 
 coolly handed over to Mr. Lambton 3000 guineas for his 
 pack without seeing them. To Mr. Conyers the master 
 of the Ted worth hounds offered for " Bashful" 100 gui- 
 neas ; and for another bitch, called " Careful," 400 guineas, 
 or 10,080 francs; a sum which, in any village in France, 
 would be considered for a peasant girl though neither 
 bashful nor careful a splendid marriage portion. 
 
 Before Sir Eichard's death, Lord Alford, Lord Hope- 
 toun, Lord Southampton, and, since his decease, Lord 
 Stamford, who keeps seventy horses, have come forward to 
 bestow upon the hunting counties around them the same 
 noble and munificent assistance which, on a smaller scale, 
 is as liberally given in many other localities ; and yet, 
 without one minute item, the sum total of the enjoyment, 
 the recreation, the health, the good fellowship, the hard 
 riding, the enormous sums of money distributed over the 
 United Kingdom to maintain that ancient, royal, loyal, 
 noble, and national sport which seriatim we have endea- 
 voured to describe would suddenly be annihilated, were 
 we but to lose that tiny unclean beast, that dishonest 
 little miscreant that everybody abuses THE Fox. 
 
 IHe Jam. 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 173 
 
 But the scene suddenly shifts, a small cracked bell 
 
 in a violent hurry rings, the slight shuffling of a few 
 
 running-away feet is heard, the green curtain which 
 
 scarcely half a minute ago had dropped slowly rises, 
 
 and in the centre of the little stage there now appears, 
 reposing by itself, a white wicker cradle containing a 
 new-born baby, who will rapidly grow before our readers 
 into a character intimately connected with the sayings 
 and doings, the scenes and incidents we are endeavouring 
 to describe. 
 
 THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH, 
 
 Born in Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square, London, 
 on the 2nd of August, 1776, was the grandson of 
 Thomas Assheton, Esq., of Ashley Hall, near Bowden, 
 in Cheshire, who assumed the name of Smith on the 
 death of his uncle, Captain William Smith, son of the 
 Eight Honourable John Smith, Speaker of the House of 
 Commons in the first two Parliaments of Queen Anne, 
 and Chancellor of the Exchequer in the preceding 
 reign. 
 
 As Shakspeare, in his immortal history of the Seven 
 Ages of Man, briefly described the first as " the infant, 
 
174 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 mewling, &c., in its nurse's arms," so of the childhood 
 of Tom Smith the only occurrence we are enabled to 
 record is that his mother, one day, found him lying on 
 his nurse's lap, gasping like a tench just landed from a 
 pond. 
 
 " What's the matter with the child?" she eagerly in- 
 quired. 
 
 " Nothing replied the calm nurse; "he's doing 
 nicely" 
 
 As regarded the present tense, this answer was the 
 truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Had, 
 t however, the question been " What has been the matter 
 with him ?" with the same grammatical accuracy the 
 reply would have been, " If you please, Ma'am, he has 
 just thrown up a large pin," which, unperceived, he 
 had managed to swallow. 
 
 On his reaching the second age of man that is to say, 
 when he was but seven years old he was sent " with 
 his satchel and shining morning face " to Eton, where, 
 on his arrival, he found himself the youngest boy in the 
 school. 
 
 The busyjiive of the United Kingdom, we all know, 
 is divided into cells, in each of which, at this moment, 
 a raw material is being converted by labour into some 
 particular description of manufactured goods. In one 
 cell, a Minister of State is concocting, from crude evi- 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 175 
 
 dence, a speech, a budget, or a despatch. In another 
 cell, a young woman, with a protuberant cushion on her 
 lap, covered by an intricate pattern, marked by pins with 
 heads of various colours, is as indefatigably labouring for 
 the welfare of her country by twirling, twisting, and 
 twiddling innumerable bobbins of fine thread into Honiton 
 lace. In other cells, workpeople are converting broad- 
 cloth into clothes, leather into shoes, horse-hair into wigs, 
 medicine into pills, lead into bullets, brass and tin into 
 cannon, iron into rifles, alkali and grease into soap. 
 Within what is called a " scrap-mill," by the power of 
 steam, controlled by a single man, broken bolts, bars, 
 nuts, nails, screw-pins, &c., are made to revolve, until by 
 rumbling, tumbling, rubbing, scrubbing, bruising, beating, 
 hustling, and jostling each other, all are turned out clean 
 and bright, fit to be welded together for any purpose that 
 may be required. 
 
 At Eton, by a similar process, about 600 boys of 
 all sizes and shapes red-haired, white-haired, black- 
 haired ; long-legged, short-legged, bandy-legged ; splay- 
 footed, pigeon-toed; proud, humble, noisy, silent, good- 
 humoured, spiteful, brave, timid, pale-faced, sallow-faced, 
 freckled and rosy-cheeked, weak and strong, clever and 
 stupid, pliable and pigheaded yet all controlled by that 
 unwritten, immutable, imperishable code of honour which, 
 like a halo, has always illuminated their play-ground and 
 
176 THE HOKSE AM) HIS RIDER. 
 
 their school, are hustled together on water, in water, 
 under water, and out of water, until, when the door of 
 their scrap-mill is opened although their minds and 
 bodies are as dissimilar as ever they all turn out 
 polished gentlemen, prepared to encounter those hard- 
 ships, dangers, vicissitudes, difficulties, and, above all, 
 base temptations in life, which high-bred principles are so 
 especially well adapted to resist. 
 
 For eleven years Tom Smith remained at this school, 
 where he acquired a taste for classical literature, which 
 characterised him through life. Pope, Shakspeare, and 
 Horace, from which he used to quote long passages, were 
 his favourite authors; he could also, without pressure, 
 spout out the whole of the Epistle of Eloisa to Abelard. 
 But what reigned at the back of his head and in the 
 citadel of his heart was an ardent love for athletic exer- 
 cises of any description, especially for cricket and boating. 
 He was also, throughout his whole life, affectionately 
 attached to fighting; and Etonians, old and young, to 
 this day, record, as one of the severest contests in the his- 
 tory of youthful pugilism, the desperate battle he fought 
 with Jack Musters, a kindred spirit, of whom it has 
 been said that he could do seven things namely, ride, 
 fence, fight, swim, shoot, play at cricket and at tennis 
 as well as any man in Europe. His pugilistic propen- 
 sity, which appeared so early, was conspicuous through- 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 177 
 
 out his life. While hunting in Leicestershire he was 
 prevailed upon to stand for the borough of Nottingham. 
 On proceeding to the poll, he found not only the town 
 placarded with "No foxhunting M.P.," but a guy in a 
 red coat, tailed by a fox's brush, burning in effigy of 
 him before the hustings. His appearance there elicited 
 tremendous yells and hootings, which apparently no 
 authority could subdue, until, with a stentorian voice, 
 heard above the uproar, Tom Smith exclaimed, " Gen- 
 tlemen ! as you refuse to hear my political principles, 
 be so kind as to listen to these few words : I'll fight 
 any man among ye, little or big, and will have a round 
 with him now for love !" In an instant, as if by magic, 
 yells and groans were converted into rounds of cheers, 
 demonstrating the strange stuff, be it good, bad, or indif- 
 ferent, that Englishmen are made of. 
 
 On another occasion, while riding down the Gallowtree 
 Gate, in Leicester, he struck the horse of a coal-heaver, 
 who, in return, cut him sharply across the face. Smith 
 jumped immediately from his horse, and the driver from 
 his cart, the latter doffing his smock-frock, the former 
 buttoning his coat and turning up his sleeves. The conflict 
 was desperate ; and from a fellow weighing fourteen stone, 
 and standing six feet high, he was receiving severe punish- 
 ment, when, by constables and a crowd of people, the 
 combatants were separated. "You shall hear from me 
 
 M 
 
178 THE HOESE AND HIS KIDEK. 
 
 again !" said Smith to his gallant smutty antagonist. 
 True to his word, the next morning the squire's groom 
 was seen inquiring where the coal-heaver lived. On 
 finding the man, whose face, like his master's, had received 
 some heavy bruises, he said to him, "Mr. Smith has 
 sent me to give you this sovereign, and to tell you you're 
 the best man that ever stood before him." " God bless 
 his honour !" replied the man, " and thank him a thousand 
 times." 
 
 When Tom Smith was at Eton, fighting had not cropped 
 to the surface of a schoolfellow and friend who in after 
 life, known by the name of WELLINGTON, greatly dis- 
 tinguished himself in this world by seeking and by 
 gaining pitched battles. " I suppose, Smith," said the 
 old silver-haired Duke to him, one day, in London, 
 " you've done now with fighting ?" " Oh, yes," replied 
 Smith, then in his sixtieth year, " I've quite given that 
 
 up ; but " suddenly correcting himself, he added, " I'll 
 
 fight yet any man of my age" 
 
 At Chapmansford, when upwards of seventy, a rough 
 country fellow, before a large field of sportsmen, threw a 
 stone at one of the hounds of the old squire, who instantly 
 struck him with his hunting whip. " You daren't do that 
 if you were off your horse," said the man. The words 
 were hardly out of the clodhopper's mouth when (in the 
 seventh age of man) Smith stood before him, with a pair 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 179 
 
 of fists clenched in his face, in so pugilistic an attitude 
 that the fellow took to his heels, and, amidst the jeers of 
 his comrades, ran away. 
 
 In 1794 Tom Smith quitted Eton to become a gentle- 
 man commoner at Christ Church, Oxford, where, with 
 great diligence and assiduity, he hunted regularly in 
 Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire, became a fearless 
 swimmer, learnt to pull a sturdy oar on the Isis, was a 
 good shot and billiard-player, and excelled as a batsman 
 in the cricket-field on Cowley Marsh and Bullingdon. 
 On leaving the University he became a member of the 
 Marylebone Club and a regular attendant at Lord's during 
 the summer ; he was also a member of the Royal Yacht 
 Club. Mr. Smith's love for science and shipbuilding 
 induced him to build several sailing and steam yachts. 
 He considered himself to be the practical originator of 
 the wave line, and, by the advice of the Duke of Wel- 
 lington, he submitted to the First Lord of the Admiralty 
 some important hints for improving the construction of 
 gunboats. In autumn, winter, and spring, he instinc- 
 tively " went to the dogs," or, as in sporting phraseology 
 it is termed, "took to hunting," so eagerly, that in 1800, 
 when only twenty-four years old, he was signalized in 
 song as a daring rider in that celebrated run from Billesden 
 Coplow, in which but four gentlemen, with Jack Raven 
 the Whip, were able to live with the hounds. 
 
 M 2 
 
180 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 In 1806 he succeeded Lord Foley at Quorn, and for 
 ten years hunted Leicestershire with first-rate hounds, 
 for a portion of which he had paid to Mr. Musters 1000 
 guineas, until, in 1816, he took the place of Mr. Osbaldis- 
 ton in Lincolnshire, where he hunted the Burton country 
 for eight years. He then, ceasing for two years to be 
 a master of hounds, hunted with the Duke of Kutland 
 and in the neighbouring counties until 1826, when, taking 
 up his residence at Penton Lodge, he created for himself 
 a new country between Andover and Salisbury. In 1830 
 two years after the death of his father, from whom he 
 inherited a very large fortune he removed to Tedworth, 
 which he had lately rebuilt with magnificent kennels, and 
 stables in which every hunter had a loose box. In these 
 stables he had often as many as fifty horses, all in first- 
 rate condition. For thirty-two years he hunted the Ted- 
 worth country without ever asking for subscriptions of 
 any sort or kind. All he begged of the landowners and 
 of those who hunted with him was to preserve foxes to 
 enable him to kill them. At his meets his friend and 
 guest the late Duke of Wellington often attended. In 
 stature Mr. Smith was about 5 feet 10 inches high, athletic, 
 well-proportioned, muscular, but slight. His weight was 
 between eleven and twelve stone. "With a highly-intelligent 
 but resolute countenance, containing (as was observed of 
 it) " a dash of the bulldog," he had plain features. 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 181 
 
 " That fellow Jack Musters" Tom Smith used to say, 
 " spoilt MY beauty." For several years, though his name 
 was seldom found in the debates, he represented in 
 Parliament Carnarvonshire and Andover; and in 1832, 
 in consequence of the riots which took place in that 
 year, he raised, at his own expense, a corps of yeomanry 
 cavalry, reviewed by the Duke of Wellington, the troopers 
 of which were chiefly his own tenants or farmers of the 
 neighbourhood. For upwards of fifty seasons he con- 
 tinued to be the master of hounds, until, after having 
 been in his saddle for seventy years, the boy who in 
 1783 went to Eton when he was seven years old, died 
 at Vaenol on the 9th of September, 1858, aged eighty- 
 two. 
 
 At the earnest request of his widow, Sir John E. 
 Eardley-Wilmot (assisted by extracts from the * Field ' 
 newspaper), with considerable spirit and ability, has lately 
 compiled a series of graphic incidents and sketches, 
 forming altogether a memoir or, as he terms them, 
 ' Eeminiscences ' of the life of one whom Napoleon I. 
 addressed as " le premier chasseur <$ Angleterre" and 
 who was also called by the Parisians " le grand chasseur 
 SMIT." From this volume we shall now submit to our 
 readers a few extracts. 
 
 " Lord Foley," wrote ' Nimrod,' " was succeeded in the possession 
 of the Quorn hounds by that most conspicuous sportsman of modern 
 
182 THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 times, Thomas Assheton Smith. As combining the character of a 
 skilful sportsman with that of a desperate horseman, perhaps his 
 parallel is not to be found ; and his name will be handed down to 
 posterity as a specimen of enthusiastic zeal in one individual pursuit, 
 very rarely equalled. From the first day of the season to the last he 
 was always the same man, the same desperate fellow over a country, 
 and unquestionably possessing, on every occasion and at every hour 
 of the day, the most bulldog nerve ever exhibited in the saddle. 
 His motto was, ' I'll be with my hounds ; ' and all those who have 
 seen him in .the field must acknowledge he made no vain boast of 
 his prowess. His falls were countless ; and no wonder, for he rode 
 at places which he knew no horse could leap over ; but his object 
 was to get, one way or the other, into the field with his hounds. As 
 a horseman, however, he has ever been superexcellent. He sits in 
 his saddle as if he were part of his horse, and his seat displays vast 
 power over his frame. In addition to his power his hand is equal to 
 Chifney's, and the advantage he experiences from it may be gleaned 
 from the following expression. Being seen one day hunting his 
 hounds on Radical, always a difficult, but at that time a more than 
 commonly difficult, horse to ride, he was asked by a friend why he 
 did not put a martingale on him, to give him more power over 
 his mouth. ' Thank ye,' he replied, ' but my left hand shall be my 
 martingale.' " 
 
 His fame and success in Lincolnshire were as great as 
 at Quorn. The Melton men followed him, knowing they 
 were sure of good sport wherever he went, although 
 scarcely one of them was quite prepared for the formidable 
 drains or dykes in the Burton Hunt. Shortly after their 
 arrival there, they found a fox near the kennels that 
 crossed a dyke called the Tilla. Tom Smith, the only 
 one who rode at it, got in, but over, leaving behind him 
 fourteen of the Meltonians floundering in the water at 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 183 
 
 the same time, which so cooled their ardour that, excepting 
 Sir H. Goodricke, gallant David Baird, and one or two 
 others, they soon returned to Melton. 
 
 Mr. Delme Eatcliffe, in his work on the ' Noble Science 
 of Fox-hunting,' describes Tom Smith as follows : 
 
 " I could nowhere find a more fitting model for the rising genera- 
 tion of sportsmen. . . . He was an instance of the very rare 
 union of coolness and consummate skill as a huntsman, combined 
 with the impetuosity of a most desperate rider ; and not only was 
 he the most determined of all riders, but equally remarkable as a 
 horseman. 
 
 " Now I am not going to give merely my own opinion of Mr. 
 Thomas Assheton Smith, as a horseman and rider to hounds, but 
 shall lay before my readers that of all the sporting world, at least 
 all who have seen him in the field ; which is, that, taking him from 
 the first day's hunting of the season to the last, place him on the 
 best horse in his stable or on the worst, he is sure to be with 
 his hounds, and close to them too. In fact, he has undoubtedly 
 proved himself the best and hardest rider England ever saw, and 
 it would be vain in any man to dispute his title to that character." 
 
 Again, says Mr. Apperley 
 
 "Let us look at him in his saddle. Does he not look like a 
 workman ? Observe how lightly he sits ! No one could suppose 
 him to be a twelve-stone man. And what a firm hand he has 
 on his horses ! How well he puts them at their fences, and what 
 chances he gives them to extricate themselves from any scrape 
 they may have gotten into ! He never hurries them then ; no 
 man ever saw Tom Smith ride fast at his fences, at least at large 
 ones (brooks excepted), let the pace be what it may ; and what a 
 treat it is to see him jump water ! His falls, to be sure^ have 
 been innumerable ; but what very hard-riding man does not get 
 falls ? Hundreds of Mr. Smith's falls may be accounted for : 
 
184 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 he has measured his horses' pluck by his own, and ridden at 
 hundreds of non-feasible places, with the chance of getting over 
 them somehow." 
 
 Again: "No man," says Dick Christian, "that ever 
 came into Leicestershire could beat Mr. Smith I do not 
 care what any of them say ;" while " The Druid," in ' Silk 
 and Scarlet/ after giving some very interesting anecdotes 
 of Tom Smith, says of him, " However hasty in temper 
 and action he might be in the field or on the nags, he 
 was the mightiest hunter that ever ' rode across Belvoir's 
 sweet vale ' or wore a horn at his saddle-bow." 
 
 " His wonderful influence," he adds, " over his hunters was 
 strongly exemplified at another time, but in rather a different 
 manner. He had mounted a friend, who complained of having 
 nothing to ride, on his celebrated horse Cicero. The hounds were 
 running breast-high across the big pasture lands of Leicestershire, 
 and Cicero was carrying his rider like a bird, when a strong flight 
 of rails had almost too ugly an aspect of height, strength, and 
 newness for the liking of our friend on his 'mount.' The keen 
 eye of Assheton Smith, as he rode beside him, at once discerned 
 that he had no relish for the timber, and seeing that he was likely 
 to make the horse refuse, he cried out, ' Come up, Cicero I ' His 
 well-known voice had at once the desired effect; but Cicero's 
 rider, by whom the performance was not intended, left his l seat ' 
 vacant, fortunately without any other result than a roll upon the 
 grass." 
 
 "I have said," remarks Nimrod, "that Mr. Smith's make and 
 shape, together with a fine bridle-hand, have assisted him in rising 
 to perfection as a horseman." 
 
 " I once saw," relates a friend, " a fine specimen of Mr. Smith's 
 hand and nerve in the going off of a frost, when the lone was not 
 quite out of the ground. We were running a fox hard over Sails- 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 185 
 
 bury Plain, when all at once his horse came on a treacherous fiat, 
 greasy at top, as sportsmen say, but hard and slippery underneath. 
 The horse he rode was a hard puller, and very violent, named 
 Piccadilly ; and the least check from the bridle, when the animal 
 began to blunder, would have to a certainty made him slip up. 
 Here the fine riding of the squire shone conspicuously. He left 
 his horse entirely alone, as if he were swimming ; and after floun- 
 dering about and swerving for at least a hundred yards, Piccadilly 
 recovered himself, and went on as if nothing had happened." 
 
 " At the end of a desperate run, he once charged the river Wei- 
 land, which divides the counties of Leicester, Northampton, and 
 Rutland, and is said to be altogether impracticable. The knack he 
 had of getting across water is to be attributed to his resolute way of 
 riding to hounds, by which his horses knew that it was in vain to 
 refuse whatever he might put them at." 
 
 One day when Smith was drawing for a fox on his 
 famous horse Fire-King, he came to a precipitous bank at 
 the end of a meadow, with a formidable drop into a hard 
 road. " You cant get out there, Sir" said a civil farmer. 
 "J should like very much to see the place where WE" 
 (patting Fire-King) " cannot go" was the reply, as down 
 he rode, to the astonishment of the field. 
 
 " In falling," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, " he always contrived 
 to fall clear of his horse. The bridle-rein, which fell as lightly as 
 breeze of zephyr on his horse's neck, was then held as in a vice. 
 In some instances, with horses whom he knew well, he would ride 
 for a fall, where he knew it was not possible for him to clear a fence. 
 With Jack-o'-Lantern he was often known to venture on this 
 experiment, and he frequently said there was not a field in Leices- 
 tershire in which he had not had a fall. ' I never see you in the 
 Harborough country,' he observed to a gentleman who occasionally 
 hunted with the Quorn. 'I don't much like your Harborough 
 
186 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 country,' replied the other, 'the fences are so large.' 'Oh!' ob- 
 served Mr. Smith, * there is no place you cannot get over with a 
 fall.' To a young supporter of his pack, who was constantly falling 
 and hurting himself, he said, ' All who profess to ride should know 
 
 The author of ' Silk and Scarlet ' says : 
 
 " It was a great speech of Mr. Smith's, if ever he saw a horse 
 refuse with his Whips, ' Throw your HEART over, and your horse 
 will follow? He never rode fast at his fences. I have heard him 
 say scores of times, * When a man rides at fences a hundred miles 
 an hour, depend upon it he funks' " 
 
 Sir William Miles confirms this statement : 
 
 " Mr. Smith," he remarks, " always said, ' Go slow at all fences, 
 except water. It makes a horse know the use of his legs, and by so 
 riding he can put down a leg wherever it is wanted.' " 
 
 Long Wellesley had a horse which he declared no man 
 could see a run on. " He only requires a rider" said 
 the squire. " Will you ride him, then, at Glen Gorse ? " 
 " Willingly !" replied Smith, who, after several falls, 
 killing his fox, was presented with the animal, which 
 he accordingly named " Gift." 
 
 The history of the education of Smith's favourite horse, 
 Jack-o' -Lantern, is described as follows : 
 
 " We were riding," said Tom Edge, " to covert through a line 
 of bridle-gates, when we came to a new double oaken post and rail 
 fence. ' This is just the place to make my colt a good timber 
 jumper,' said the squire ; * so you shut the gate, and ride away 
 fast.' This was no sooner done than the squire rode at the rails, 
 which Jack taking with his breast, gave both himself and his rider 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 187 
 
 such a fall, that their respective heads were looking towards the 
 fence they had ridden at. Up rose both at the same time, as if 
 nothing very particular had happened. 'Now,' said Tom Smith, 
 ' this will be the making of the horse ; just do as you did before, 
 and ride away.' Edge did so, and Jack flew the rails without 
 touching, and from that day was a first-rate timber fencer." 
 
 Only on two occasions, while hunting, did Tom Smith 
 succeed in breaking a bone: once at Melton, when he 
 consoled himself by learning arithmetic from the pretty 
 damsel at the post-office ; and afterwards, when one of 
 his ribs was fractured, owing, as he said, to his having 
 a knife in his breast-pocket : 
 
 "And yet," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, "notwithstanding the 
 gallant manner in which he always rode, never turning from any 
 fence that intervened between him and his hounds, he never had 
 a horse drop dead under him, or die from the effects of a severe 
 day's riding. It is also a fact well recorded that he was never 
 known to strike a horse unfairly. 'How is it,' asked a friend, 
 ' that horses and hounds seem never to provoke you ? ' ' They are 
 brutes, and know no better, but men do,' was the reply." 
 
 The most extraordinary hunter in his stable, " Ayston," 
 was pigeon-toed, and so bad a hack, that he had to be led 
 to covert; and yet at no time would his master have 
 taken a thousand guineas for him. 
 
 After the famous Billesden Coplow run, in which 
 Tom Smith maintained so prominent a place, he sold the 
 horse he that day rode, called Furze-cutter, for which he 
 had given 26?., to Lord Clonbrock for 400?. 
 
 The Eev. Francis Dyson, now rector of Creeklande, on 
 
188 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 being ordained, was appointed to assist his father, the 
 clergyman at Tedworth : 
 
 " Mr. Smith," says Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, " was so pleased with 
 his first sermon, that, on coming out of church, he slapped the 
 young curate on the back, and said, 'Well done. Frank! you 
 shall have a mount on Rory O'More next Thursday.' Young 
 Dyson had many a run afterwards out of the squire's stahles, for 
 his performances in the field pleased as much as those in the 
 pulpit. 
 
 " Once, when the hounds were running short with a sinking fox, 
 a person clad in a long black coat, and evidently thinking scorn 
 of the fun, inquired of the Whip what the dogs were then doing. 
 1 Why, Sir,' said Dick Burton, throwing a keen glance down the 
 inquirer's person, ' they are preaching his funeral sermon.' " 
 
 In 1840 Tom Smith proposed to pay a visit to his 
 old friend Sir Eichard Sutton, whose hunting had been 
 stopped by a severe accident. On hearing of this move- 
 ment, Mr. Greene of Rolleston, who had been one of his 
 best pupils in his Leicestershire days, requested him, in 
 his way to Lincolnshire, to bring his hounds once more 
 into his old country, Mr. Hodgson, who then hunted 
 Leicestershire, having handsomely placed the best meet 
 at his disposal. The veteran, for he was then sixty- 
 four, accepted the challenge, bringing with him eighteen 
 couples of his finest hounds, of great substance, open- 
 chested, and in splendid condition. 
 
 " It would be vain," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, " to endeavour 
 to commemorate the scene which took place when Tom Smith, sur- 
 rounded by his hounds, met the field at Shankton Holt on Friday, 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 189 
 
 the 20th of March. More than two thousand horsemen, one-third 
 of whom appeared in pink, were assembled. Men of the highest 
 birth and station, men who had served their country with deeds 
 of most daring gallantry by sea and land, men who in political 
 or social life were the most brilliant in repute, thronged to do 
 honour to the first fox-hunter of the day. They had come from 
 remote counties, and more were pouring in along the grassy slopes 
 and vales, or skirting the well-known gorse covers. As Dick Chris- 
 tian remarked, ' the first lot were at Shankton Holt when the tail 
 end wern't out of Rolleston gates.' Cold must have been the heart 
 of him who could behold without joyous emotion the crowds of 
 grey-headed horsemen hurrying forward to shake hands with their 
 old friend and fellow-sportsman, each calling vividly to memory 
 some scene where he had acted the most conspicuous part. More 
 than twenty years had rolled away since he had resigned the lead 
 in that magnificent country. There had been splendid riders since 
 his day ; and while time had thinned the ranks of the veterans, 
 younger men had either achieved or were achieving fame Frank 
 Holyoake, now Sir Francis Goodricke, well known for his splendid 
 feats on Brilliant ; Colonel Lowther, Lord Wilton, Lord Archibald 
 Seymour, George Payne, Little * Gilmour, Lord Gardner, George 
 Anson, and a host of sportsmen, well deserving the reputation they 
 had won, yet all strangers to the doings of this hero of the Quorn, 
 except through anecdotes familiar to them as 'household words.' 
 In addition to these were a very goodly display of carriages-and-four 
 filled with ladies, and pedestrians without number. The hounds 
 with Dick Burton were drawn up on the lawn, while the vast group 
 of horsemen formed a circle, with the carriages and assembled crowd 
 outside. After the friendly salutations were over, and their enthu- 
 siastic character astonished no one but the Illustrious Stranger f 
 present, Mr. Smith took his hounds to Shankton Holt, where he 
 drew only the bottom of the covert; thence to Norton Gorse, 
 Stanton Wood, Glooston Wood, and Fallow Close, all blank. It 
 
 * Like William of Deloraine, "good at need." 
 t Prince Ernest, brother to Prince Albert. 
 
190 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. " 
 
 was an unfavourable day for scent, a bright sun with north- 
 easterly wind, not a cloud to be seen, and the cold intense. A fox 
 having been found by Mr. Hodgson, in Vowes Covert, as already 
 stated, away went the hounds towards Horringhold, leaving Blaston 
 to the right. Here Mr. Smith took a strong flight of rails into a 
 road, quite like a ' young 'un.' The fox soon afterwards crossed the 
 Welland, and went away for Eockingham Park, where, it being late, 
 they whipped off." 
 
 From 1830 to 1856 that is to say, until Tom Smith 
 had reached the age of eighty with his indomitable 
 energy and undaunted courage he continued to hunt his 
 hounds at Tedworth, spending his summers at Vaenol 
 on board his yacht. His head was as clear and his hand 
 as firm as they had been twenty years ago. If he felt not 
 quite well in a morning, plunging his head into cold 
 water, he used to hold it there as long as he could, which 
 he said always put him to rights. It is true he had 
 curtailed his meets to four only a week, but on these 
 days the farmers were delighted to see " the old Squire " 
 vault on horseback, as usual, blow his horn while his 
 horse was carrying him over a five-barred gate, and, with 
 a loose rein, gallop down the sheep-fed hill-sides with all 
 the alacrity of a boy. But although the hourglass of his 
 existence appeared to be still as bright and clear as 
 ever, the sand within the upper portion of the crystal 
 was now running to its end. In September, 1856, while 
 at his summer residence in North Wales, he was suddenly 
 seized with an alarming attack of asthma, which, by the 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 191 
 
 use of stimulants and by the assiduous attention of Mrs. 
 Smith, at this period herself in a very weak state of 
 health, was so far subdued that on one of his horses 
 saddled appearing at the door although five minutes 
 before he had been gasping for breath on the sofa he 
 mounted the animal, and broke away, as if instinctively, 
 to seek for himself a stronger stimulant than his physician 
 could prescribe the, sight once again of his hounds. 
 
 " Although," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, very feelingly, " he 
 rallied from this attack in an astonishing manner, he was no longer 
 the same man. ,The erect gait was bent, and the eagle eye had lost 
 its lustre." 
 
 The able writer of ' Silk and Scarlet ' gives the following 
 graphic and affecting description of Tom Smith the last 
 time he appeared at the meet with his hounds : 
 
 " The covert side knew him no more after the October of 1857, 
 when he just cantered up to Willbury on his chestnut hack Blemish, 
 to see his hounds draw. Carter got his orders to bring the choicest 
 of the 1858 entry, and he and Will Bryce arrived at the usual 
 rendezvous with five couple of bitches by the Fitzwilliam Hard- 
 wicke and Hermit. He looked at them a short time, and exclaimed, 
 ' WELL, THEY 'BE AS BEAUTIFUL AS THEY CAN BE,' bade both his 
 men good-bye, and they saw him no more." 
 
 He returned to Tedworth as usual 
 
 " But," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, " at the annual meet on 
 the 1st of November, 1857, the hounds met without the accustomed 
 centre figure of their master, who slowly rode up to them without 
 his scarlet. He remarked, quite seriously, that if he had worn his 
 
192 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 hunting gear, and his pack should observe that he could not follow 
 them, they would show their sorrow by refusing to hunt the fox. 
 A universal gloom pervaded the field ; he looked wistfully and 
 lovingly at his old favourites, the heroes of many a well-fought 
 field ; and as he quickly went back into the hall, shrinking almost 
 from the outer air, while the horsemen and pack turned away slowly 
 towards the shrubberies, every one felt with a heavy heart that the 
 glory of the old foxhunter had at length departed." 
 
 The state of Mrs. Smith's health having for many 
 years caused her husband great anxiety, in 1845, in 
 order, as he said, " to bring Madeira to England," he con- 
 structed for her at Tedworth a magnificent conservatory 
 or crystal palace, 315 feet in length and 40 in width, 
 in which, enjoying the temperature of a warm climate, 
 she might take walking exercise during the winter 
 months. A Wiltshire farmer, on first seeing this build- 
 ing, observed, he supposed it was for the 'Squire to hunt 
 there whenever a frost stopped him in the field. 
 
 " It was a melancholy spectacle," writes Sir J. Eardley Wilmot, 
 " to see Tom Smith the winter before his death, when he could no 
 longer join his hounds, mount one of his favourite hunters Euxine, 
 Paul Potter, or Blemish with the assistance of a chair, and take 
 his exercise for an hour at a foot's pace up and down this conser- 
 vatory, often with some friend at his side to cheer him up and while 
 away the time until he re-entered the house, for he was not allowed 
 at that period to go out of doors. Even in this feeble condition, 
 ' quantum mutatus ab illo Hectare,' once on horseback, he appeared 
 to revive ; and the dexterity and ease with which he managed, 
 like a plaything, the spirited animal under him, which had scarcely 
 left its stable for months, was most surprising." 
 
THOMAS ASSHETON SMITH. 193 
 
 During the last days of his existence he rested rather 
 than took exercise on that noble animal the horse, which 
 for seventy years he had so resolutely and yet so consi- 
 derately governed. His mind, in its declining hours, had 
 also its support. Throughout his life, without osten- 
 tation and often in secret, he had been charitable to 
 people of various conditions. Of the two thousand work- 
 men in his quarries, scarcely one of them had ever been 
 taken before a magistrate for dishonesty. Never was he 
 known, if properly requested, to refuse to give a site for 
 a church or even for a Dissenting chapel. Both he and 
 Mrs. Smith invariably went to church on foot, it being a 
 rule with them never, except in case of illness, to have 
 either carriage or horse out on Sundays. 
 
 A few weeks after he had completed his eighty-second 
 year he had a sudden attack of the same symptoms which 
 had shaken him so severely in 1856. In a moment of 
 consciousness, evidently aware of his approaching end, 
 pointing to his faithful valet, he said to his devoted wife, 
 " Take care of that man!" and when Mrs. Smith left 
 the room, he said to her maid, " Watch over your mis- 
 tress ; take care of HER." A few hours afterwards 
 
 " Last scene of all, 
 That ends this strange eventful history " 
 
 on the 9th of September, 1858, while Mrs. Smith's sister 
 was watching by his bedside, a slight change came over 
 
 N 
 
194 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 his countenance, but before the doctors or even his valet 
 could be summoned, with a gentle sigh expired Thomas 
 Assheton Smith, bequeathing, on half a sheet of writing- 
 paper, the whole of his vast possessions, producing from 
 50,000?. to 55,000?. a year, to his widow (who survived 
 him only a few months) ; and moreover leaving behind 
 him a name that will long be remembered not only by the 
 farmers and riding men of the counties he hunted, but 
 by all who are disposed fairly and justly to appreciate the 
 lights and shadows which constitute the character of 
 " The English Country Gentleman," one only of whose 
 recreations we have endeavoured to delineate to our 
 readers in the foregoing slight sketches of those three 
 gallant animals the HORSE, the Fox, and last, though 
 not least, the FOXHUNTER. 
 
ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER. 195 
 
 ON MlLITAKY HOKSE-POWEK. 
 
 As the momentum or force of a shot is said to be its 
 weight multiplied by its velocity, so the strength of an 
 army may not unjustly be estimated by multiplying its 
 physical powers by the rate at which (if necessary) it can 
 be made to travel : in short, activity is to an army what 
 velocity is to a shot, or what the rigging of a vessel is 
 to its hull. But, although we refuse to increase the 
 weight of a shot unless we can proportionately preserve 
 our power to propel it, yet, in European warfare, this 
 principle, as regards the " materiel " of an army, has not 
 always been kept in mind. Inventions have very easily 
 been admitted, which afterwards have not been so easy 
 to carry. It is true, they have added to the powers of 
 the army, but they have so diminished its speed, that, 
 encumbered by its implements and accoutrements, a 
 European, like an East Indian army, has often felt that 
 it requires less science to fight than to march ; and thus, 
 when Bonaparte, in his retreat from Moscow, was sur- 
 rounded by Cossacks, which his troops were unable to 
 crush only because they could not get at them, his well- 
 known confession proves that when the field is vast, and 
 its resources feeble, the distance between regular and 
 irregular warfare "is but a step," the reason being, 
 
 N 2 
 
196 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 that the superior strength of the former is worn out by 
 the superior activity of the latter, or, as Marshal Saxe 
 expressed it, "its arms are of less value than its legs." 
 
 Now, it is undeniable that this want of activity proceeds 
 partly from the weight of the " materiel," but princi- 
 pally from the following very remarkable imperfection 
 in the military equipment of Europe. 
 
 It is well known that not only every soldier, but every 
 human being following an army, is subject to military 
 discipline, and that his labour may, at any time, and 
 for any purpose, be required of him ; but, although the 
 rational being is thus called upon to work with cheerful 
 obedience for the grand objects of the army, the physical 
 powers of the brute beast have never yet been developed ; 
 and accordingly for the various, sudden, and momentary 
 emergencies for which horse-power has often and urgently 
 in vain been required, horse-power (the cavalry) to an 
 enormous extent has existed upon the spot, a military 
 element which it has hitherto been considered so imprac- 
 ticable to control, that the guns, ammunition, treasure, 
 &c., which European cavalry have oftentimes bravely 
 won, their horses have been supposed totally incapable 
 to carry away ; and the laurel which was positively in 
 their hands they have thus been obliged to abandon. 
 Again, for sieges in countries which have been drained 
 by the artillery and cavalry, not only of horses, but of 
 
ON MILITAKY HOESE-POWER. 197 
 
 sustenance to maintain them, it has often been absolutely 
 necessary to bring forward, by bullocks and other ineffi- 
 cient means, the battering train, ammunition, entrenching 
 tools, materials, &c., amounting in weight, even for the 
 attack of a second-rate fortress, to several thousand tons. 
 In moments of such distress the infantry working in the 
 trenches have often severely suffered from the delay 
 occasioned by the want of horse-power, while their com- 
 rades, the cavalry, have been deemed incapable of sharing 
 the honour and fatigue of the day, from the anomalous 
 conclusion that, although it is easy to extract from men 
 manual labour, it is impossible to extract from horses 
 horse-power; and yet there exists no reason why, in 
 moments of emergency, cavalry horses should not be 
 required to work (most particularly at drag-ropes) as 
 well as infantry soldiers ; for although the patient endur- 
 ance of hardships and privations is one of the noblest 
 features in military life, yet absolutely to suffer from 
 the want of what one positively possesses is, even in 
 common life, a discreditable misfortune, indicating not 
 bodily weakness, but mental imbecility. 
 
 Even in that noble department, the Horse Artillery 
 itself, there existed throughout the Peninsular War a 
 striking example of latent power which had never 
 been exerted. To each gun there were attached twelve 
 horses trained to draught. Of these, only eight possessed 
 
198 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 the means of drawing: the gun might therefore, in 
 mechanical calculation, be said to be propelled by an 
 engine of eight horse-power; and if a morass, or any 
 other obstacle, over-balanced this power, the gun was 
 either deserted, or (as was customary) the infantry were 
 harnessed to it, by drag-ropes, in the immediate presence 
 of four draught-horses, whose powers (besides officers' 
 horses) it was conceived that we were unable to com- 
 mand.* 
 
 Now, to awaken, at no expense, the important, natural, 
 yet dormant powers, not only of cavalry but of all other 
 horses, and, consequently, to afford the means of acce- 
 lerating (when required) the movements, grand or small, 
 of an army, would surely be more beneficial than even 
 to suggest an improvement in its arms ; for it may justly 
 be said that our present weapons are destructive enough 
 that even if we could succeed in making them more 
 so, still our enemies would retort them upon us that 
 the advantage, or rather the disadvantage, would then 
 be mutual and that, eventually, war would only be 
 made still more destructive ; but by giving activity and 
 mobility to European armies, the science of war is pro- 
 moted; and even if the benefit to the civilized nations 
 
 * To the 12-pounder Armstrong gun (which sighted to 8 gives a range 
 of 3000 yards) are now attached eight horses in harness, and eight more on 
 which the non-commissioned officers and men, including horse holders, are 
 mounted. Of these, four are supplied with web breast harness and traces: 
 to a proportion of the remainder lassos are supplied. 
 
ON MILTTAEY HOESE-POWEK. 199 
 
 of Europe should be equal (but this, from the superior 
 size and strength of English horses, would evidently be 
 in our favour), yet it would at least shield the profession 
 from the disgrace of being again persecuted, in any 
 country, by an uncivilized army; and if the navy of 
 England, laden with its immense weight of metal, is 
 endeavouring, by science and reflection, to accelerate its 
 rate of sailing, so that it can not only stand against the 
 largest fleet, but can chase and run down the smallest 
 pirate, surely the British army, already distinguished 
 by its heart and its arm, should never rest satisfied 
 until it can sufficiently develop its locomotive powers 
 to be able to overtake and punish the insults of irregular 
 troops. 
 
 Having now endeavoured to prove, 1st, That in Euro- 
 pean warfare there positively does exist a serious imper- 
 fection ; and 2ndly, That it is for the interest, and due 
 to the character, of the profession, that this imperfection 
 should be corrected, we will proceed to explain the 
 reasons which have lately induced the Duke of Cambridge 
 by the following order to direct the attention of the Bri- 
 tish cavalry to the practice of lasso draught, (which for 
 more than two years, by order of the Inspector-General 
 of Fortifications, General Sir John Burgoyne, has been 
 most successfully and scientifically adopted, by Captain 
 Siborne, E.E., commanding the Royal Engineer Train, 
 
200 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 under the intelligent superintendence of Colonel Henry 
 Sandham, Director of the Royal Engineers' Establishment 
 at Chatham.) 
 
 Extract from the Queen's Regulations, page 126. 
 
 " In order that the cavalry may, upon emergencies, be 
 available for the purposes of draught, such as assisting 
 artillery, &c., through deep roads, and in surmounting 
 other impediments and obstacles which the carriages of 
 the army have frequently to encounter in the course of 
 active service, ten men per troop are to be equipped with 
 the tackle of the lasso." 
 
 In Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, and a consi- 
 derable portion of South America, for every purpose of 
 drawing, a horse is confined between two traces ; and 
 accordingly, whenever for the first time in his life he is 
 placed in this predicament, so soon as one of them touches 
 or tickles him on one side, he flies from it to the other 
 trace, which suddenly arrests him, and, usually blind- 
 folded by blinkers, being ignorant of, as well as alarmed 
 at, the unknown objects that are restraining him, he occa- 
 sionally endeavours to disperse them by kicking; and 
 even if he submits, it requires some little experience to 
 tranquillize his fears. For these reasons, throughout the 
 regions enumerated, a horse that has never been in har- 
 ness, however valuable he may be, is totally useless in a 
 moment of emergency for the purposes of draught. 
 
ON MILITAEY HORSE-POWER. 201 
 
 Now throughout that region of South America which 
 extends in 35 south latitude from Buenos Ay res on the 
 Atlantic, to Santiago and to Valparaiso on the Pacific 
 Ocean, harness is composed of nothing but a surcingle 
 and a single trace, by which the horse draws as a man 
 would drag a garden-roller, by one hand instead of by two. 
 
 By this simple mode all the merchandise, and all the 
 travellers that have ever traversed on wheels those im- 
 mense plains that separate the two great oceans of the 
 world, have been transported. 
 
 For military purposes its efficiency has been thus sub- 
 stantiated by General Miller in his history of ' The War 
 for Independence : ' 
 
 "Our corps consisted often six -pounders and one how- 
 itzer. Each gun was drawn by four horses, and each 
 horse ridden by a gunner, there being no corps of drivers 
 in the service. A non-commissioned officer and seven 
 drivers were, besides the four already mentioned, attached 
 to each piece of artillery. Buckles, collars, cruppers, and 
 breast-plates were not in use; the horses simply drew 
 from the saddle, and with this equipment our guns have 
 travelled nearly 100 miles in a day." 
 
 But besides its efficiency for all the requirements of 
 either peace or war, the singular advantage of this simple 
 harness is that any description of horse, tame or wild, 
 uses it without noticing it ; for if the single trace which 
 
202 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 passes immediately beneath his hip bone happens (which 
 it ought not) to press against his side, by shrinking from 
 it only an inch it instantly ceases to touch him ; and as 
 there then remains nothing to confine, tickle, or alarm 
 him, he refrains from kicking, simply because there is 
 nothing to kick at, and from quarrelling because he can 
 see nothing in the world to quarrel with. 
 
 With this equipment, if a party of native riders, hunting 
 ostriches in South America, are requested to help the 
 horses of a carriage across a river, and up a steep bank, 
 similar, for instance, to that of the Alma, in a moment 
 they affix their lassos, conquer the difficulty, attain the 
 summit, and then, with tobacco smoke steaming from 
 their mouths, gallop away to follow their sport. 
 
 The Royal Engineer Train have demonstrated by 
 public experiments in this country, that with this 
 simple equipment, which would injure neither the effi- 
 ciency nor the appearance of the cavalry, any number 
 of horses, whether accustomed to draught or not, are 
 capable of being at once harnessed to any description of 
 carriage, not only (see sketch) in front to draw it forward, 
 but in rear to hold it back, or even sideways to prevent 
 its oversetting in short, that it is a power which can 
 be made to radiate in any direction ; and as its character 
 stands upon a much firmer foundation as it is bond 
 fide the common mode of draught in South America 
 
ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER. 203 
 
 in constant use for all military and civil purposes a 
 practical invention which, under all circumstances, has 
 been always found to answer, it is evident to demon- 
 stration, 1st. That if it can transport artillery, &c., 
 across the lofty, vast, and rugged features of unculti- 
 vated America, it would surely be serviceable on the 
 roads and bridges of civilized countries. 2ndly, That if 
 it can be adapted to unbroken horses, it cannot be inap- 
 plicable to the trained horses of our cavalry. And, Srdly, 
 That as both the surcingle and trace are made, in Ame- 
 rica, of nothing but the skins of bullocks, we should, 
 on active service, be able in all countries at least to 
 obtain this material, and generally many others. 
 
 It must, moreover, be observed, that as a mounted 
 horse (i. e. a horse and man) are heavier than an un- 
 mounted horse, the former with a lasso can drag a 
 heavier weight than the latter with a collar and traces.* 
 
 Now, supposing for a moment that not only our cavalry 
 were to be furnished with, but that every saddle-horse 
 receiving rations in a European army was to be ordered 
 to wear the South American surcingle (which costs less 
 than English girths and surcingle, and which experience 
 has proved to be, merely as a girth, superior to a common 
 
 * On active service, when a gun sticks in very heavy ground, it has been 
 usual to place a gunner upon every unmounted horse, and, if necessary, 
 behind every driver on the mounted ones. By this additional weight or 
 power a gun has repeatedly been extricated and brought into action. 
 
204 THE HOESE AND HIS RIDER, 
 
 one), and to carry a halter of the usual regulation length, 
 but long enough for a single trace, without detailing the 
 various important as well as trifling services which might 
 be performed, is it not evident that the general activity 
 of the army would most materially be increased ? that, 
 in fact, this equipment would form an era in military 
 warfare ? that it would be an enormous, and, in Europe, 
 an unheard-of engine of say twenty or thirty thousand 
 horses' power, which, at a moment's warning, could 
 either be called forward or dismissed, and, after all, main- 
 tained at no expense whatever? for it must ever be kept 
 in mind, THAT WE POSSESS, AND ALWAYS HAVE POS- 
 SESSED, THE POWEK ; all that, for five and thirty years, 
 we have until lately in vain proposed, is to rouse it into 
 action. 
 
 If the propriety and future utility of this project should 
 be admitted, there is one most important observation 
 to be made. The characteristic feature of this simple 
 harness is, that having been invented for unbroken horses, 
 it possesses the singular military advantage of being at 
 once applicable to any sort or description of horse. But 
 it is well known to every reflecting mind, that there is 
 no useful art which does not, somewhere or other, require 
 attention ; and to this general rule the American harness 
 is certainly no exception ; for though any horse will draw 
 in it, yet it does require, on the part of the rider, con- 
 
ON MILITARY HORSE-POWER. 205 
 
 siderable experience and attention. The single trace 
 must be managed in a particular manner, or, in turning, 
 it gets under the horse's tail : unless it is properly held 
 in the hand at starting, the horse may break it by the 
 jerk. There are several other little precautions neces- 
 sary, most particularly in the mode of adjusting the 
 surcingle, which requires considerable practice and atten- 
 tion. 
 
 The many curious and indeed scientific applications and 
 combinations of power of which this simple harness is 
 capable, form a beautiful example of what even uncivilised 
 man can contrive when his attention has been long and 
 steadily directed to a solitary object. And surely the 
 ingenuity and practical experience of one nation are 
 worthy the patient attention of another. But the ap- 
 parent simplicity of many a useful invention has often 
 been its ruin; and this observation is most particularly 
 applicable to lasso harness, which is, in appearance, so 
 very simple, that it seems to require only to be seen to 
 be perfectly understood : yet, efficient as it is in America, 
 and efficient as it will be to any nation in Europe that 
 will give to its merits sufficient time and a fair trial, 
 yet, on some little experience and reflection, it is most 
 confidently stated that, as a theory, it certainly is of no 
 use at all ; and the truth of this observation will at once 
 be proved by the complete failure and confusion which 
 
206 THE HOKSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 will inevitably take place if our cavalry try the harness 
 without first not only patiently but cordially and zealously 
 learning how to use it. Yet this ought not, in common 
 justice, to condemn the principle; for, could cavalry, 
 without some little instruction, succeed in driving even 
 with our own harness ? Could French coachmen, without 
 practice, drive our mails? Could our English postilions 
 drive the five horses of a French diligence? And if 
 driving is thus a science of many departments, it would 
 not be reasonable to expect that our cavalry should be 
 able to drive, merely because they have learnt to ride. 
 
 How TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOE HOESES. 
 
 " Hard pummelling" said the Duke of Wellington to 
 the Guards at Waterloo, " Hard pummelling, Gentlemen! 
 Well, we must just see who'll pummel the HAEDEST." 
 
 During the reign of Brown Bess the great battles of 
 Europe were decided very much in the manner above 
 described. 
 
 Two armies met on a battle-field, or two fleets on 
 "the wide, rude sea," as in England two prize-fighters 
 have entered a small space encircled by ropes, to " see 
 who'll pummel the hardest." In all three cases, endur- 
 
HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOK HOKSES. 207 
 
 ance, indomitable courage, and physical strength sooner 
 or later conquered. 
 
 As, however, in mechanics, a timid, puny boy, with 
 the assistance of a pulley, could drag towards him Mars 
 or Hercules, so must the new arms of precision lately 
 invented, give victory, not to the bravest or the strongest, 
 but to whichever of two combatant armies shall exercise 
 their deadly weapons with the greatest amount of science. 
 
 And, as fortification has justly been defined " the art 
 of enabling a small body of men to resist for a considerable 
 time the attack of a greater number," so will, in future, 
 the science of war consist in the art of concealing by every 
 possible artifice the general commanding, his staff, his 
 artillery, cavalry, and infantry, from the fire of rifled 
 cannon and Minie muskets, of which, when properly 
 directed, it may be said that almost " every bullet will 
 have its billet." 
 
 On this principle, if England were to be invaded, it 
 would be the endeavour and the duty of the general 
 on whose intellectual powers the destiny of the empire 
 would hang, to direct his army to take against their 
 enemy (after, in spite of his utmost efforts, they had effected 
 a landing), not, as in by-gone days, " the field" but rather 
 possession of the banks, hedges, and ditches thereof; to 
 make every great mansion, building, or village, by loop- 
 holing their walls, a Hougoumont ; every railway embank- 
 
208 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 ment a covert-way and parapet ; every hollow road a pro- 
 tector or ambuscade for cavalry or infantry ; the scarped 
 summit of every hill a battery ; in short, by avoiding 
 exposure, and by every means that ingenuity can devise, 
 to make the invaders, during every step of their advance, 
 smart under a lash, and fall from blows, administered 
 by a nimble, intellectual army which they feel, which 
 they are literally dying to see, but which is skilfully 
 continuing, out of their reach, to decimate their ranks, 
 in order that when the great battle is given, the in- 
 vading army though infinitely superior when it disem- 
 barked shall be reduced to a force inferior in number to 
 that of the stern, steady, stalwart defenders of their native 
 soil. 
 
 It is evident, however, that to carry on war on the 
 above principle, it will be necessary that cavalry, in their 
 equipment as well as drill, should undergo a complete 
 revolution, with a view to enable them in future, in addi- 
 tion to the use of their sabres, to help artillery with their 
 lassos, act as mounted infantry, in short, make them- 
 selves generally useful; for, at present, they form on a 
 field of battle so large a target, that under existing cir- 
 cumstances they would have, either out of harm's way to 
 sit on their horses all day long waiting for an opportunity 
 not likely to occur, or be destroyed by rifled guns and 
 muskets before their services could be required : in fact, 
 
HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOR HORSES. 209 
 
 as it would be impossible for them to charge men in 
 squares, or even in position armed with muskets of un- 
 erring aim, they could be of little use until after the battle 
 was won, by following up the enemy in their retreat. 
 
 Now, instead of being the dearest and the most useless, 
 they would become the cheapest and most efficient branch 
 of the army, if, besides occasionally using their lassos to 
 help our Armstrong guns, &c., they had power to skim 
 along hollow roads, &c., to the vicinity of the summit of 
 a hill or any other position, from which, half or wholly 
 hidden, they could, with short Minie rifles, direct a 
 deadly fire upon an overwhelming amount of advancing 
 troops, from whom they could gallop away only to re- 
 attack them the instant it became prudent to do so. 
 
 But to enable cavalry or volunteer mounted yeomanry 
 to act in this manner, how, it will be asked, could they 
 manage to leave their horses ? 
 
 To this important question we will reply, not by any 
 theoretical project, but by a statement of facts, which, 
 though generally unknown in England, have for many 
 generations been in constant practice in other parts of the 
 world. 
 
 1. Throughout Russia, the Cossacks, whenever for any 
 reason, small or large, they have wished to leave one 
 horse, or a regiment of horses, to stand alone, to ruminate 
 
 
 
210 THE HOESE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 either in the snow or on a verdant plain have, for ages, 
 been in the habit of, as it were, riveting them to the 
 ground, by tying together their two fore fetlocks by a 
 pair of hobbles, to the centre of which is affixed a nar- 
 row strap that buckles over the hock of one hind leg. 
 By this triangular apparatus (weighing less than one 
 pound), which out of four legs leaves only one at liberty, 
 the animal physically and morally is completely para- 
 lysed ; indeed he is not only unable to move away, but 
 after his first fall is afraid again to try to do so. 
 
 2. In South Africa, farmers and sportsmen of all de- 
 scriptions have long been in the habit of what they 
 term " anchoring " their horses by a lump of lead, from 
 three to five pounds in weight, carried in a small pocket 
 buckled to the outside of their near or left holster. 
 
 To this " anchor " is attached a piece of cord about ten 
 feet long, which, passing and running freely through both 
 rings of the curb bit, and hanging from them like a 
 loose rein, is fastened to a D o r ring on the off-side of the 
 saddle. 
 
 No time need be lost in displacing the lead from its 
 pocket when necessary, as it can be jerked out on the 
 ground in the act of dismounting. 
 
 When a horse has been thus anchored, if he attempts 
 to move on, his nose is brought down to his breast by the 
 
HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOR HORSES. 211 
 
 cord, which, tightening equally on both sides, acts exactly 
 like a bridle in the hand of a rider ; and as the pressure 
 of the curb-chain ceases so soon as he stops, he soon 
 finds out that the best thing he can do is to stand still 
 and graze. 
 
 As the cord is not fastened to either ring of the bit, 
 but merely runs through both, the pressure it exerts 
 when the horse tries to move is equal on both sides ; and 
 therefore, on the pulley principle, a lead of four pounds 
 weight makes it necessary for the horse to overcome with 
 his mouth a steady and continuous pressure of eight 
 pounds on the extremity of the bit lever before he can 
 move forward. On mounting hurriedly the cord is 
 grasped with the reins, the anchor is raised, and while 
 galloping away is adjusted in its pocket. 
 
 Although this invention has proved to be admirably 
 adapted for farmers, for hunting and shooting, or for staff 
 or engineer officers while reconnoitring or surveying (for 
 which purpose General Sir John Michel, now commanding 
 a brigade in China, has used it with great success), it could 
 not safely be applied to cavalry ; for as the horse has 
 power, if he chooses to endure the pain inflicted by his bit, 
 to " pull " or drag the anchor, were he to run away with 
 it, its oscillations would be very dangerous in a camp. 
 
 To carry the additional weight of the anchor would also 
 be considered as an objection ; but this could be entirely 
 
 o 2 
 
212 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDER, 
 
 got rid of by any intelligent staff officer affixing to a rope, 
 whenever lie wished for reconnoitring to tether his 
 horse, a stone, a piece of wood, or any other heavy sub- 
 stance, which he would unlash and leave behind him so 
 soon as his object on foot had been accomplished. 
 
 3. In Mendoza, San Luis, Santiago, Buenos Ayres, and 
 all other cities in the provinces of Rio de la Plata, in 
 Chili, and in Peru, whenever a young dandy, calling 
 upon his innamorata, is informed that she is " en casa," 
 that is at home, he dismounts, extracts from his waistcoat 
 pocket a beautiful pair of slight hobbles (weighing only 
 two ounces), which by two silver buttons he affixes to the 
 fetlocks of his high-bred horse, who, swishing with his 
 long tail the innumerable flies that assail him, and looking 
 at every animal that canters by him, stands stock still, 
 until within the house all the compliments of the season 
 have been paid, and all the songs to the guitar exhausted. 
 
 In those countries every cavalry soldier carries a pair 
 of such hobbles for his horse, not in his pocket, but as an 
 ornament dangling from the throat-lash of the bridle. 
 
 By this invention a horse is not so thoroughly secured 
 as by that used by the Cossacks ; and accordingly, if he be 
 overfed, very fresh, and greatly alarmed, he has power in 
 a very awkward gait to move away. 
 
 On active service, however, where horses have more 
 
HOW TO HOBBLE AND ANCHOE HOESES. 213 
 
 work than food, it would prove efficient for a single horse, 
 and would completely arrest a troop when connected toge- 
 ther by their collar chains, by which arrangement a move- 
 ment, however slight, by any one horse would be restrained 
 by the vis inertias of all the rest. 
 
 On the above suggestion being submitted by us about 
 six months ago to General Sir John Burgoyne, with the 
 vivacity and energy that distinguish him, he instantly 
 directed it to be properly tested by the mounted troop of 
 the Royal Engineer Train, who, as regards both bridles 
 and saddles, are equipped as cavalry. 
 
 The result of the experiments, under the superintend- 
 ence of Colonel Henry Sandham, and the able assistance 
 of Captain Duff, R.E., has proved so eminently successful, 
 that any one visiting Aldershott is now enabled to see six 
 or eight horses hobbled at intervals of about thirty feet 
 asunder, standing motionless, while the riders of the rest 
 of the troop to which they belong, with drawn sabres flash- 
 ing in the sun, are galloping through them backwards and 
 forwards ; and as of course cavalry horses could be made 
 to do the same, it has been substantiated that that noble 
 branch of our army, as also our volunteer yeomanry, by 
 merely carrying hobbles, which only weigh two ounces 
 per pair, would at once be enabled, in addition to other 
 services, to act, whenever requisite, as mounted infantry. 
 
 To an officer of the staff or engineers, sent to deliver 
 
214 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 an order to, or to reconnoitre a locality which on horse- 
 back it would be certain death to him to attempt to ap- 
 proach, a pair of hobbles would enable him, or, in case of 
 invasion, any possessor of a horse and a Minie rifle, to 
 ride as far as with safety he could advance, and then by 
 dismounting and securing his animal to creep, or if neces- 
 sary, crawl onwards along the bottom of a ditch, or behind 
 any bank or hedge, sufficient to conceal him from the fire 
 of an army of unerring marksmen to whom, after making 
 all necessary observations, he could invisibly administer 
 deadly blows. 
 
 As, however, in future warfare it will of course con- 
 stantly occur, that appropriate cover in appropriate situ- 
 ations and directions will not be available, our army, how- 
 ever perfect it may be made in the light infantry rifle 
 movements above described, should be discouraged from 
 relying on them, lest such an idea should lead, not only 
 to a timid course of procedure on the part of the General 
 commanding, but to a conception in the minds of British 
 soldiers, whose favourite weapon has hitherto been their 
 bayonets, that the odds will be much against them unless 
 they be hidden from the fire of their enemy. 
 
ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES. 215 
 
 ON CHLOKOFOKMING HOUSES. 
 
 In the first book of Genesis, although on the bursting 
 out of light ; on the gathering together of the waters to 
 let the dry land appear ; on the creation of the grass, the 
 herb, and the fruit-tree ; of the sun, moon, and stars ; of 
 the. fishes of the sea ; of the fowls of the air ; of the beast 
 of the earth, of the cattle, of every living creature, and 
 everything that creepeth upon the earth, we are informed 
 by Moses that on each of these successive formations " God 
 saw that it was good ;" yet, the same six important words 
 of approval were not (as in all the previous instances they 
 had been) especially uttered on the creation of man, the 
 reason possibly being that of the works of creation every 
 thing was fixed, and " of its kind " immutably " good," 
 save human reason, which, for the weal or woe of the 
 favoured race on whom alone it was bestowed, was gifted 
 with an elasticity by which its character, capable of being 
 elevated or depressed to almost immeasurable distances 
 above or below the level of its original creation, might 
 become either " good " or evil. 
 
 And accordingly, while the heat of the sun, the light 
 of the moon, the brightness of the stars, the force of the 
 hurricane, the velocity of light, the movements of the 
 heavenly bodies, the return of the seasons, have neither 
 increased nor diminished in the smallest degree ; yet 
 
216 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDEE. 
 
 human reason, since the moment of its creation, has never 
 continued within the same limits, simply because its 
 cumulative powers have enabled it to inherit, increase, 
 and transmit knowledge which, by the triumph of reason 
 over immutable instinct, has, in accordance with the 
 Almighty decree, given to man dominion over the fish 
 of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the 
 cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping 
 thing that creepeth on the earth. 
 
 As property, however, in animals as well as in acres, 
 " has its duties as well as its rights," it might have been 
 expected (at least by them) that when the Lord of the 
 creation thus obtained possession of the superior physical 
 strength of brute beasts, he would deem it just to impart 
 to them in return a small tithe or share of any discovery 
 by human reason that could alleviate the work which, 
 in subjection to its power, they were required to perform ; 
 and as in mercantile firms it is usual for the partners to 
 expend for their mutual benefit the amount of the capital 
 they respectively contribute, it might have been expected 
 that in the alliance which has taken place between men 
 and horses, a similar division of profits would have been 
 adopted. But like "Irish reciprocity," the advantages 
 are all on one side; or in plainer terms, Eeason screws 
 all it can out of Instinct, giving to the poor brute, its 
 owner, nothing in return. 
 
OX CHLOROFOEMING HORSES. 217 
 
 For instance, when man found that his unshod horse 
 could only carry him per day a small number of miles, he 
 invented for and presented him with iron shoes, in return 
 for which he required the wearer thereof to carry him 
 more than double that distance. 
 
 To the old fashioned lever, attached to the extremity 
 of which a horse revolving a mill could only draw up per 
 day a small quantity of water, or knead a small quan- 
 tity of clay, man as he improved in mechanical know- 
 ledge added a wheel, in return for which he required the 
 quadruped worker thereof to lift treble the amount of 
 water, or to knead treble the amount of clay. 
 
 Along the rough muddy roads that existed throughout 
 Europe half a century ago, a horse could with difficulty 
 draw a single man seated in his gig or "buggy." As 
 soon, however, as by human science roads were mac- 
 adamised, i.e., levelled and improved, there arose as it 
 were out of them (like mushrooms in a meadow) innu- 
 merable descriptions of four-wheeled carriages, in which 
 the horse, simply because he was enabled, was required 
 to draw, in addition to his master, his wife and three 
 or four of their children. 
 
 When by the invention of railways the locomotive en- 
 gine suddenly superseded animal power, the horses, 
 instead of sharing in a discovery by human reason 
 which seemed to promise to them emancipation from 
 
218 THE HOKSE AND HIS KIDER. 
 
 slavery, found that by it they were merely to be trans- 
 ferred from good highways to bad bye-ways. 
 
 If thousands of omnibuses, cabs, and canal-boats, which 
 have been plying seven days in the week, are suddenly 
 restrained by human laws from running on the Sabbath, 
 the proprietors instantly diminish the number of their 
 horses, expressly for the purpose of continuing to give to 
 each the same amount of work and of rest, the latter, like 
 " the best of oats, beans, and chopped hay," being bestowed 
 upon him solely to enable him to perform the maximum 
 amount of work. 
 
 In short, by the common rule of three, as well as by 
 the common rule of life, quaintly exemplified by the fol- 
 lowing extract, human reason calculates that if 7000 horses 
 are necessary to work for seven days per week, only 6000 
 will be wanted to work for six days. 
 
 " SUNDAY AND WEEKDAY RELIGIONS. The tides come twice a- 
 day in New York Harbour, but they only come once in seven days 
 in God's harbour of the sanctuary. They rise on Sunday, but ebb 
 on Monday, and are down and out all the rest of the week. Men 
 write over their store door, ' Business is business,' and over the 
 church door, ' Religion is religion ;' and they say to Religion, ' Never 
 come in here,' and to Business, * Never go in there.' ' Let us have 
 no secular things in the pulpit,' they say ; ' we get enough of them 
 through the week in New York. There all is stringent and biting 
 selfishness, and knives, and probes, and lancets, and hurry, and 
 work, and worry. Here we want repose, and sedatives, and healing 
 balm. All is prose over there ; here let us have poetry. We want 
 
ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES. 219 
 
 to sing hymns, and to hear about heaven and Calvary ; in short, we 
 want the pure Gospel without any worldly intermixture.' And so 
 they desire to spend a pious, quiet Sabbath, full of pleasant imagin- 
 ings and peaceful recollections ; but when the day is gone, all is laid 
 aside. They will take by the throat the first debtor whom they 
 meet, and exclaim, 'Pay me what thou owest. It is Monday.' 
 And when the minister ventures to hint to them something about 
 their duty to their fellow-men, they say, 'Oh, you stick to your 
 preaching. You do not know how to collect your own debts, and 
 cannot tell what a man may have to do in his intercourse with the 
 world.' God's law is not allowed to go into the week. If the mer- 
 chant spies it in his store, he throws it over the counter. If the 
 clerk sees it in the bank, he kicks it out at the door. If it is found 
 in the street, the multitude pursue it, pelting it with stones, as if it 
 were a wolf escaped from a menagerie, and shouting, ' Back with 
 you ! You have got out of Sunday? There is no religion in all this. 
 It is mere sentimentalism. Religion belongs to every day to the 
 place of business as much as to the church. High in an ancient 
 belfry there is a clock, and once a week the old sexton winds it up ; 
 but it has neither dial plate nor hands. The pendulum swings, and 
 there it goes, ticking, ticking, day in and day out, unnoticed and 
 useless. What the old clock is in its dark chamber, keeping time to 
 itself, but never showing it, that is the mere sentimentality of reli- 
 gion, high above life, in the region of airy thought ; perched up in 
 the top of Sunday, but without dial or pointer to let the week know 
 what o'clock it is, of time or of eternity." American Paper. 
 
 It may be impracticable to prevent man from taking 
 to himself the whole benefit of every ingenious invention 
 by which the physical power of the horse can be in- 
 creased, yet surely, either by legislation or by the power 
 of public opinion, he should be required to grant or rather 
 
220 THE HORSE AND HIS RIDER. 
 
 transmit to the poor animal, as a gift from Heaven, the 
 benefit of any scientific discovery that may save him 
 from unnecessary and indescribable agony under opera- 
 tions almost all of which are prescribed either for the 
 self interest, pride, or fashions of his master. 
 
 But although the avowed object of the criminal laws of 
 England is to prevent crime by the infliction of a scale of 
 punishments which, fearful enough to deter the guiltiest, 
 are all divested, so far as science can devise, of bodily pain ; 
 although we deprecate any suffering on the tread-mill be- 
 yond that of ordinary hard labour; and although even 
 for the murderer we have invented a machinery of rope, 
 planks, and bolts to produce a sudden and almost painless 
 death, yet, until lately, people of both sexes, of all ages, 
 and of every sort and condition, have under the surgeon's 
 knife been subjected to tortures which it would have 
 been beyond the ingenuity of the most merciless tyrant 
 that ever existed to have invented. 
 
 The screams, however, which have resounded through- 
 out the civilized world in private houses, in palaces, in 
 cottages, on the field of battle, between the decks of men- 
 of-war, and through the doors and windows of all public 
 hospitals, have lately, by the command and blessing of 
 Almighty God, been suddenly stopped by the administra- 
 tion of chloroform, which now, diluted in the proportion 
 
ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES. 221 
 
 of three parts of vapour to ninety-seven parts of atmos- 
 pheric air, causes a patient, at no risk whatever of his life, 
 and at a cost amounting to less than two-pence, to be 
 bereft, not necessarily of his senses, but merely of sensa- 
 tion, while the knife, without the infliction of the slightest 
 pain, is performing on his living body the most appalling 
 operations. 
 
 " And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and 
 he slept : and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh 
 instead thereof." 
 
 Now, if in return for this extraordinary alleviation, 
 or rather annihilation of all sufferings under surgical 
 treatment, man should deem it his duty to render public 
 thanks to that Omnipotent Power from which it has 
 proceeded, is it possible for him practically to perform 
 any more acceptable act of acknowledgment than to allow 
 the dumb creatures in his service to participate in a 
 blessing which, by Divine authority, has been imparted to 
 the possessors, not exclusively of human reason, but with- 
 out favour or exception, of animal life ? 
 
 As regards his horses, the performance of this duty is 
 especially incumbent : for not only, like all other animals, 
 are they liable to the accidents and ills that flesh is heir 
 to, but some of the cruelest operations to which they are 
 subjected such, for instance, as cutting off and cauteris- 
 
222 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 ing their tails, burning their sinews with red hot irons, 
 dividing and cutting out a portion of a nerve, with other 
 excruciating operations on young horses, under which 
 they are often heard to squeal from pain are inflicted 
 on them, to comply with either a useless as well as a 
 barbarous fashion ; or to enable them " to go for another 
 season's hunting ; " or to make them " sound enough to 
 sell ; " or for the attainment of conveniences of which 
 the horse derives not the smallest share: and as the 
 high-bred, broken-down hunter has no voice to ask for 
 mercy, as he cannot boast of possessing reason, as he 
 has inherited no knowledge, as he has no power to 
 bequeath any, as his whole energies have been devoted 
 to the service and enjoyments of man, by whose mechanical 
 contrivances he is now " cast" with his four feet shackled 
 together, lying prostrate on a heap of straw ; just before 
 the red-hot iron sears his over-strained sinews, or the 
 sharp knife is inserted into his living flesh surely, in a 
 civilized country like England, some high power should be 
 authorized to exclaim, not "Woodman, spare that tree!" 
 but "Sportsman, SAVE that horse!" by chloroform, from 
 the agonising torture to which you have sentenced 
 him ! 
 
 You are a man of pleasure : save him from unneces- 
 sary pain. You are a man of business : inscribe in that 
 
ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES. 223 
 
 ledger in which every one of the acts of your life is 
 recorded, on one side how much he will gain, and on the 
 other, per contra, how very little you will lose, by the 
 evaporation of a fluid that will not cost you the price 
 of the shoes of the poor animal whose marketable value 
 you have determined, by excruciating agony to him, to 
 increase. 
 
 As he lies prostrate, all that is necessary to save him 
 from suffering the smallest amount of pain is, to desire the 
 operator with his left hand to close the animal's upper 
 nostril, while beneath the lower one he places a quarter of 
 a pint tin pot, containing a sponge, on which is gradually, 
 dropped, from a little vial, chloroform sufficient to deprive 
 him of sensation, which can readily be tested by the occa- 
 sional slight prick of a pin; and although, when thus 
 lulled into an unconscious state, the noble animal may, 
 during a dreadful operation, possibly dream that 
 
 " He sees war's lightning flashing, 
 Sees the claymore and bayonet clashing, 
 Sees through the blood the warhorse dashing " 
 
 yet, on the restoration of sensation, which usually occurs 
 some minutes after the operation is over, he calmly awakens, 
 raises his head, and looks around, perfectly unconscious of 
 all that has occurred to him ! 
 
 In every point of view in which it can be considered, 
 
224 THE HORSE AND HIS EIDER. 
 
 this boon, granted by Heaven to the brute beast, should 
 not be withheld from him by man. 
 
 On Mr. Henry Thompson, the celebrated practising 
 surgeon at University College Hospital, and also at Mary- 
 lebone Dispensary, being lately asked " What are the 
 occasions on which you are in the habit of administering 
 chloroform ? " he energetically replied, " For everything 
 that gives PAIN." 
 
 If, therefore, man to this enormous extent is benefited 
 by chloroform, what right has he to withhold it from his 
 own animals, to whom, not only in equity, but by the 
 laws of God, it belongs as much as it belongs to him ? 
 
 Their claims are so affecting, and so obvious, the 
 remedy that would save them from all pain is so. cheap 
 and simple, that it is, we feel, only necessary to appeal to 
 the public to obtain by acclamation a verdict in their favour. 
 
 Professor Spooner, in an address delivered by him to 
 the students of the Veterinary College in October last, 
 stated that in the two chief Veterinary Colleges in France 
 at Alfort and at Lyons pupils, twice a week for seven 
 hours a day, are instructed in surgery by the "vivi- 
 section" or cutting up of living horses, who, until they 
 actually expire, are subjected to a series of cruelties 
 which, although Mr. Spooner professionally described and 
 deprecated, we dare not repeat. 
 
ON CHLOROFORMING HORSES. 225 
 
 What a disgrace it is to France, and especially to her 
 brave army, that while every cavalry soldier who dis- 
 tinguishes himself in action, covered with medals and 
 "glory," may proudly end his days in the Hotel des 
 Invalides, the horse that carried him in all his brilliant 
 charges, &c., when he is worn out and unfit for service, is 
 liable to be led into an arena in the heart of "The 
 Empire," to be, before the public, not honoured nor 
 rewarded, but, inch by inch, and bit by bit, to be dis- 
 sected alive, until by the last sigh from his lungs, and by 
 the last pulsation from his heart, he ends his account with 
 his inconsiderate, ungenerous, and ungrateful country ! 
 
 The English veterinary surgeons of the present day 
 are so far superior to those of the last generation they 
 are so willing and so proud to follow in their important 
 vocation whatever new discoveries may be humanely and 
 successfully practised in our public hospitals, that if 
 our Sovereign, the Commander-in-Chief of our army, 
 our noblemen, sportsmen, and men of education, cha- 
 racter, and wealth, would but combine together in deter- 
 mining to require that chloroform shall invariably be 
 administered to their creatures " for everything that gives 
 pain," the " fashion " would quickly be followed, even by 
 the most unreflecting portion of our. community; and 
 England, "great, glorious, and free," would then stand 
 distinguished in the world, not only for the strength, 
 
226 THE HOUSE AND HIS EIDEK. 
 
 stoutness, endurance, weight, and swiftness of her animals, 
 but by her merciful protection of them under surgical 
 operations. 
 
 man rejjarteti) fyig foatft : fcut tfje tenter 
 merctetf at ffyt totcfeetr are cruel." 
 
 IN GEATITUDE TO 
 
 THE HORSE, 
 
 THE FOKEGOING IMPEKFECT OBSEEVATIONS, 
 APPLICABLE TO ALL LIVING CKEATUKES, 
 
 ARE EESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED 
 To THE CONSIDERATION OF THE PUBLIC, 
 
 BY 
 
 HIS KIDEE, 
 
 LONDON: PIUNTED BV WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, | 
 AND C1IAUINQ 
 
ALBEMABLE STREET, LONDON, 
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 23Apr'59CSi 
 
 LD 
 
 9 1959 
 
 LD2lA-50m-9,'5S 
 (6889slO)476B 
 
 
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