^ S ^ - '>*: . <: a w* s '^%MlS: - 8 -. * ' c%P.^ . '&$/ w^viv m^r* te'v&- H '/ y : *S&\ '^~*^t'f^^3>ti^<>'- ''i": . L ' ','-''"' j^ii ^ S^S^^{ LICSB LIBRARY . THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF 0* f .OMINENT JylEN AND W OMEN OF THE DAY. WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND REMINISCENCES. TO WHICH IS ADDED A Birdseye View of the History of Our Republic, AND MUCH OTKEIl VALUABLE INFORMATION. BY THOS. W. HERRINGSHAW. "Of all things, the most interesting to man is Man." ILLUSTRATED WITH 350 PORTRAITS. KSTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS IN THE YEAR 1888, BY A. B. GEHMAN & CO., IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN AT WASHINGTON, D. O. PREFA CE. THE purpose of this work is to present in as condensed a form as is consistent with the presentation of all the im- portant facts the lives and achievements of" the most cele- brated men and women now living; the perusal of which can not but be of almost incalculable benefit to all those desirous of becoming intelligent and well-informed on current topics to keep fully abreast of the times. Indeed, it is impera- tively necessary to become familiar with the lives and doings of the leaders of life and thought of our day and genera- tion the molders of the world's history in order to more fully comprehend what is being done and the remark- able changes that are constantly taking place in this busy world of ours. Consequently, there being no comprehensive work of the kind extant the bulky biographical cyclopaedias being al- most wholly composed of the lives of individuals long since passed away rather than the lives of the living, this vol- ume of PROMINENT MEN AND WOMEN OF THE DAY aptly fills this niche in the tablet of current literature. Truly, it is a veritable portrait gallery and scrap-book of illustrated biographical sketches and reminiscences of emi- nent personages of the times, comprising such a varied col- lection of names that has cost infinite pains and expense to PREFACE, btain; embracing, as it does, the lives and achievements of .uthors and Poets, Scientists and Philosophers, Thinkers and .eformers, Orators and Lecturers, Kings and Kulers, Soldiers id Statesmen, Inventors and Explorers, Artists and Musici- :is, Journalists and Humorous Writers, Lawyers and Jurists, .ctors and Singers, Divines and Revivalists, Sportsmen, and iany other personages of note. The history of the present of people now living in our 3ry midst is fraught with the greatest interest, and of hich much more should be known by everyone, whether he 3 rich or poor, educated or uneducated. As a supplement to the newspaper, this work stands un- aralleled as a storehouse of useful knowledge indispensable > readers desirous of a fuller exposition of the lives and sings of the great thinkers and actors on the world's stage, : which the press makes such constant mention; but, being icomplete, is unintelligible to the masses. In consequence of the almost inaccessibility of facts mcerning the lives of many of the- subjects contained in tis work, the daily press has been largely drawn upon for laterial; thus many important facts and interesting remin- cences have been rescued from oblivion that add greatly to ic value of this volume. Some of the subjects such as John L. Sullivan, et. al., iay not, perhaps, be of interest to the great majority; but le insertion of them seemed absolutely necessary to com- letely fill the demand for a work containing the lives and sings of the most prominent American and foreign celebri- es now living. Such subjects will, however, be of interest some, if not to others; and to more fully illustrate this PREFACE. iii fact, the perusal of Frank G. Tobey's poem, here given, will more forcibly impress it upon the memory of the reader. NOT A LINE THAT NOBODY READS. The editor gat in his chair alone A busier person there never was known When in came a farmer, a jolly old soul. Whose name for long years had been borne on the roll Of paying subscribers. He had come into town To bring his good wife and some farm produce down, And having a moment or two he could spare Had run in as usual, to bring in a share [gloom Of his own inward sunshine, to lighten the Of the man of the press and his dull, cheerless room-. The editor's smile, as he lifted his eyes And saw who was there, was a joyful surprise ; And he greeted his friend with a deal of glad zest For a good chat with him was like taking a rest. When at length the old farmer got ready to leave He said, with a sly little laugh in his sleeve, . "My dear friend, there is one thing I just want to say- Mow please don't get vexed, for you know it's my way [print But what makes you put in each paper you So much that is worthless, do you take the hint? Well, petty mistortunes and little misdeeds And lots of small matters that nobody reads." The editor looked at him square in the face, At first a frown, then a smile took its place. " My dear friend," he replied, " I'm surprised you don't know Every line in the paper is read but it's so ; And now, if you wish, I will make my words good And prove what I say, as every man should. I'll put in the very next paper a line Or two about you in coarse print or fine, Whichever you choose, and just where you may say, And if you don't find on the very next day That your neighbors all read it, I promise to give Free subscriptions to you as long as you live." ''Agreed," said the farmer, " you shall sing a new song ; Put it right in the middle of one of those long, Fine type advertisements I never yet knew Any i>erson of sense to read one of those through ; If I hear from it twice, I will bring down to you The best load of garden sauce I ever grew." Then the "good days" were passed, and the farmer went out, And the editor laughed to himself without doubt As he thought of the wager and how it would end And a nice little joke he would have on his friend. Then he wrote just two lines, and he ordered them set In the smallest of type thinking, "I'll win that bet." (fail, And he placed them himself, to be sure and not In the midst of a close agate real estate sale, For to better succeed in his little designs, He'd selected a place where to put these two lines And have them connected with what followed and make A sentence complete in itself, without break. These the lines that he wrote : "Our old friend, good James True, Who is one of the best men the world ever knew Of the well-known Hope Farm "that was all that he said About James, but the lines next below these two read, " Will be sold very cheap," then went on to unfold [sold. The beauties and bounds of the estate to be The paper was printed. The next day but one, The farmer came in, with his eyes full of fun. "You have won,' 1 he began, "just as sure as you're born ; Whybefore I'd got breakfast ate yesterday morn Two or three of my neighbors called purpose to see What that meant in the paper they saw about me. (I hadn't seen it yet.) Then during the day, Every neighbor that met me hud something to say About my being sold. I was sold very cheap, And you did it well, too; it was too good to keep So I've told the whole story, and come with all speed To bring you the garden sauce as I agreed." The editor looked from his window and saw His friend had brought in all the horses could draw All for him ; he declined to accept it, but found That his friend would not listen, and was off with a bound, Saying, cheerily, as he went out" In your next Just say Jim True's preaching, and this is his text : There is naught in the paper fruit, flowers, or weeds Not a line in the paper that nobody reads." IT PEE FACE. So, indeed, may the readers of this work charitably apply the experience of Good Farmer True to the subjects herein contained by slightly changing the truism of his text to There's naught in this volume, fruits powers, or weeds, Not a subject in this book that nobody reads ! With the above admonition, the writer presents the work to the public, with the hope that its perusal will be a source of instruction and pleasure to all. T. w. H. CONTENTS. ABDUL HAMID II, Sultan of Turkey, ... 191 ABDURRAHMAN" KHAN", Afghan Ruler, .... 319 ADLER, FELIX, Social Reformer, . ... 477 AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER, American Scientist, ... 316 ALBERT EDWARD, Prince of Wales, . 142 ALEXANDER III, Emperor of Russia, _ . . 286 ALGEE, R. A., Statesman, Michigan, .... 447 ANDERSON, MARY, American Actress, .... 210 ANTHONY, SUSAN B., Female Suffrage Advocate, . . 177 APPLETON, WM. H., Publisher, 482 ARMOUR, PHIL D., Millionaire Pork Packer, _ . 209 ATKINS, JOHN, Commission of Indian Affairs, D. ,C., _ 369 BANCROFT, GEORGE, Historian, ..... 121 BARRY, T. B., Ex-Member Executive Board K. of L., . 146 BARTHOLDI, AUGUSTE, Sculptor of Liberty, ... 247 BAYARD, THOMAS F., Statesman, . 262 BEECHER, MRS. H. W., Wife of Eminent Divine, . 32 BEAUREGARD, GEN., Southern Statesman, . . .456 BELL, A. G., Inventor of the Telephone, ... 119 BELMONT, PERRY, Member of Congress, ... 357 BENEDICT, THOMAS E., Public Printer, ... 341 BENNETT, J. G., Prop. New York " Herald, 1 ' . . .405 BERGH, HENRY, Animals' Friend, . 227 ii CONTENTS. BERNHARDT, SARAH, Actress, _ - 174 BIGGS, BENJ. T., Governor of Delaware, . 449 BISMARCK, PRINCE, Prime Minister of Germany, _ 37 BLACK, JOHN C., General Pension Agent, _ 161 BLACKBURN, J. C. S., U. S. Senator from Kentucky, . . 431 BLAKE, LILLIE DEVEREUX, Social Reformer, 401 BLAIR, HENRY W., U. S. Senator from N. H., . 301 BLANCO, DON GUZMAN, President of Venezuela, . 368 BLAINE, JAMES G., Statesman, _____ 162 BLODGETT, RUFUS, U. S. Senator from New Jersey, _ 459 BONNER, ROBERT, Prop. New York "Ledger," . .103 BOOTH, EDWIN, Actor, _ _ . - . - 241 BOOTH, GEN. W., Commander Salvation Army, _ _ 206 BOULANGER, GEN., French Army, _ 78 BRAGG, GEN. E. S., U. S. Minister to Mexico, _ 229 BRIGHT, JOHN, Eminent British Orator, ... 143 BRISSON, HENRI, French Statesman, _ 355 BROWN, JOHN, Oldest Government Employe, _ . 309 BROWN, Jos. E., U. S. Senator from Georgia, . _ 409 BROWNING, ROBERT, The Thinker's Poet, _ _ 230 BUCKNER, SIMON BOLIVAR, Southern General, _ . 476 BURDETTE, ROBERT G., The Funny Man, ... 44 BURKE, " JACK," English Pugilist, _ . 254 BUTLER, BEN. F., Lawyer, Soldier and Statesman, . 46 BUSH, R. T., Owner of Yacht "Coronet," _ . .215 CABLE, G. W., American Author Creole Stories, . _ 129 CAMERON, DON, U. S. Senator from Pennsylvania, . _ 866 CAMERON, VIOLET, Actress, _ ... _ 435 CANNON, GEO. Q., Mormon Magnate, _ . _ 239 CARLETON, WM. M., American Poet, "Farm Ballads," etc., 84 CONTENTS. Hi CAKLISLE, J. G., Statesman, ... . .155 CARLISLE, MRS., Wife of Above, . 156 CAROL I, King of Roumania, . . 340 CHADWICK, HENRY, Father of Base Ball, . 187 CHANG, Li HUNG, Prime Minister of China, _ 292 GUILDS, GEO. W., Editor Philadelphia "Ledger, 11 94 CHRISTINA, MARIE, Queen-Regent of Spain, _ 314 CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH, English Statesman, 183 CHURCHILL, LADY, Wife of Above, _ . _ 184 CLEMENS, SAMUEL L., (Mark Twain,) _ 61 CLEVELAND, GROVER, President U. S., _ ^ 537 CLEVELAND, MRS., Wife of Above, .... 285 CLEVELAND, ROSE E., Author, and Sister of the President, 474 CODY, WM. F., (Buffalo Bill,) . . 411 COMSTOCK, ANTHONY, Society for Suppression of Vice, 185 COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE, English Author, _ . 106 COLMAN, NORMAN J., Commissioner of Agriculture, . 88 COLLYER, ROBERT, Eminent Preacher, . . 422 COLT, CALDWELL H., Owner of Yacht " Dauntless, 1 ' . 217 COOLEY, THOMAS M., Judge, Inter-State Commission, . 338 COUCH, CAPT. W. L., "Oklahoma Boomer," . . 213 COURTNEY, CHARLES, Oarsman, _ . 397 COW-DREY, W. H., United Labor Candidate for Pres. 1888, 532 Cox, SAMUEL S., Oldest Member Congress, ... 377 CROSBY, C. P., Captain of the " Coronet," ... 216 CROOK, GEORGE, Brigadier-General U. S. A., . . 264 CULLOM, SHELBY M., U. S. Senator from Illinois, . 312 CURTIS, GEO. WM., Editor "Harper's Weekly," . . 272 CUTTING, A. K., Texas Imbroglio, . . . . . 220 DANA, CHARLES A., Editor New York "Sun," . .139 iv CONTENTS. DAVENPORT, FANNY, American Actress, ... 465 DAVIES, " PARSON," Sportsman, _ 255 DAVIS, JOHN W., Governor of Rhode Island, . 458 DAVIS, JEFFERSON, Ex-President of Confederacy, . _ 498 DAVIS, VARINA, "Daughter of the Confederacy,". . 500 /DAVITT, MICHAEL, Irish Leader, ... . . 293 i DAWES, HENRY L., U. S. Senator from Massachusetts, _ 290 DE FREYCINET, French Statesman, . 356 DE GIERS, NICHOLAS, Russian Statesman, . 288 DE LESSEPS, FERD., Suez Canal Engineer, _ _ 167 DEPEW, CHATJNCEY M., Statesman, .... 445 DIAZ, PORFIRIO, President of Mexico, . _ . 89 DICKENS, CHARLES, JR., Public Reader, etc., ... 440 DICKINSON, ANNA, Lecturer and Actress, ... 24 DICKINSON, DON M., Postmaster-General, _ 381 DILLON, JOHN, Irish Patriot, _ 354 DOM PEDRO II, Emperor of Brazil, .... 433 DONNELLY, IGNATIUS, Author, . 384 DOUGLASS, FREDERICK, Colored Orator, ... 342 DURHAM, MILTON J., First Comptroller of Treasury, . 358 EATON, D. B., Resigned Civil Service Commission, . . 380 EDGERTON, A. P., Civil Service Commissioner, . . 376 EDMUNDS, GEORGE F., Republican Statesman, . . 320 EDISON, THOMAS A., Great Inventor, ... 42 ELIOT, CHARLES W., President Harvard College, . . 452 ENDICOTT, WM. C., Secretary of War, ... 329 ERICSSON, JOHN, Designer of the " Monitor," . . 235 EVARTS, WM. M., U. S, Senator from New York, . 321 FAITHFULL, EMILY, Social Reformer, . _ . .450 FAIRCHILD, C. S., Secretary of the Treasury, 196 CONTENTS. v FAIRCHILD, GEN. Lucius, Ex-Governor of Wisconsin, . 260 FARWELL, CHARLES B., U. S. Senator from Illinois, . 337 FERRY, JULES, French Statesman, .... 242 FIELD, KATE, American Lecturer and Journalist, . 81 FIELD, CYRUS W., Atlantic Cable Projector, ... 100 FIELD, STEPHEN J., Judge U. S. Supreme Court, . 359 FISK, CLINTON B., Prohibition Candidate President 1888, 516 FORAKER, J. B., Governor of Ohio, .... 109 FREMONT, GEN. JOHN C., U. S. A., _ . . . 71 GARLAND, A. H., Attorney-General U. S., _ . 253 GEORGE, HENRY, Political Reformer and Author, . 70 GEORGE I, King of Greece, ._..._ 327 GILDER, WM. H., Arctic Explorer, .... 148 GLADSTONE, WM. E., English Statesman, ... 34 GORMAN, ARTHUR P., U. S. Senator from Maryland, . 399 GOULD, JAY, Railroad King, ..... 149 GRADY, HENRY W., Editor Atlanta " Constitution," . 53 GRAHAM, GERALD, British General, .... 473 GRAVES, EDWARD 0., Bureau Printing and Engraving, 485 GREELY, GEN. A. W., Signal Service Bureau, 75 GRESHAM, W. Q., Judge U. S. Circuit Court, 91 GRIVY, F. P. J., French Statesman, .... 404 HAGGARD, H. R., Author " She, 1 ' Etc., ... 495 HALL, BENTON J., Patent Commissioner, ... 269 HALSTEAD, MURAT, Editor Cincinnati "Com. Gazette,". 328 HAMPTON, WADE, U. S. Senator from South Carolina, . 294 HARRISON, BEN., Candidate for President U. S. 1888, _ 551 HARRISON, CARTER H., Ex-Mayor of Chicago, . .172 HARTE, BRET, American Humorous Author, . . 158 vi CONTENTS. HARCOURT, SIR VERNON, British Statesman, ... 379 HATTON, FRANK, Author and Journalist, . . . 170 HARLAN, JOHN M., Judge U. S. Supreme Court, _ _ 330 HEWITT, A. S., Mayor of New York City, _ . 134 HISCOCK, FRANK, U. S. Senator from New York, . . 266 HITO, MOUTZ, Mikado of Japan, ... 233 HOAR, GEORGE F., U. S. Senator from Massachusetts, _ 348 HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, Author and Poet, . . 275 HOWARD, GEN. 0. 0., Soldier and Philanthropist, _ .144 HOWE, JULIA WARD, American Author, _ . . 132 HOWELLS, WM. D., American Novelist and Poet, . . 107 HUXLEY, PROF. T. H., English Scientist and Agnostic,. 68 HYATT, JAMES W., Treasurer of U. S., _ 345 INGALLS, J. J., U. S. Senator from Kansas, _ . 244 INGERSOLL, ROBERT J., Lawyer and Lecturer, _ .52 IRVING, HENRY, Famous English Actor, ... 372 JENKS, GEORGE A., Solicitor General, .... 336 JOHNSTON, GEN. Jos. E., Commissioner of Railroads, . 375 JONES, JOHN P., U. S. Senator from Nevada, _ . 283 JOSEPH, FRANCIS, Emperor of Austria, ... 223 JUNKER, DR. WM., Russian Explorer, _ _ 394 KALAKAUA, King of Hawaii, _ 153 KALNOKY, COUNT, Austrian Statesman, ... 277 KAULBARS, NICHOLAS, Russian General, ... 392 KEELY, J. W., The Motor Man, ... 197 KELLOGG, CLARA LOUISE, Vocalist, . . _ .281 KOMAROFF, GEN., Russian General, .... 289 KOCH, DR. R., Famous Cholera Specialist, ... 268 CONTENTS. vii LABOUCHERE, HENRY, Editor London "Truth," _ . 154 LAMAR, L. Q. C., Judge U. S. Supreme Court, _ . 311 LAMONT, DANIEL S., Private Secretary Grover Cleveland, . 104 LANGTRY, LILY, Beauty and Actress, ... 306 LANSDOWNE, MARQUIS, Ex-Governor General Canada, _ 267 LEO XIII, Pope, _ 236 LEOPOLD II, King of Belgium, _ 347 LESLIE, MRS. FRANK, Publisher, _ 55 LINCOLN, ROBERT TODD, Lawyer, _ _ _ 86 LOCKWOOD, BELVA A., Presidential Candidate 1888, _ 521 LOGAN, MRS. JOHN A., ...... 115 LORILLARD, PIERRE, Tobacco Enterprise, . . _ 114 LOTHROP, GEORGE V. N., U. S. Minister to Russia, _ . 226 LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, American Author, 39 LUCE, Admiral, U. S. N., . . 344 LYMAN, CHARLES, Commissioner Civil Service, _ . 391 MCCARTHY, JUSTIN, Irish Nationalist, . . . .166 MACDONALD, SIR JOHN, Premier of Canada, . . 135 McDoNALD, Jos. E., Indiana Statesman, ... 278 McGLYNN, REV. E., Ex-Priest, New York, ... 28 MAYNARD, ISAAC, Assistant Secretary U. S. Treasury, . 390 MELVILLE, GEO. W., Engineer-in-Chief U. S. N., . 274 MICHEL, LOUISE, Leader French Anarchists, . . 324 MILAN, King of Servia, ._-__. 304 MILBURN, WM. H., Blind Chaplain Forty-Ninth Congress, 123 MILES, NELSON A., Brigadier-General U. S. A., . . 178 MILLER, JOAQUIN, American Poet, . . . . 164 MILLER, MARY, Woman Captain, .... 453 MITCHELL, MAGGIE, American Actress, ... 393 MULHATTAN, JOSEPH, Champion Liar, . . 332 vfii CONTENTS. MOODY, D WIGHT L., Great Evangelist, . 95 MOONLIGHT, THOMAS, Governor of Wyoming, 21 MORRILL, J. S., U. S. Senator from Vermont, . . 280 MORRIS, CLARA, American Actress, _ 420 MORRISON, WILLIAM R., Statesman, Illinois, _ _ 219 MORSE, EDWARD S., American Scientist, . 436 MORTON, LEVI P., Republican Candidate V. President 1888, 559 MOST, HERR, Dynamiter and Revolutionist, _ . 212 MULDROW, HENRY L., First Assistant Secretary Interior, _ 331 NAST, THOMAS, American Caricaturist, ... 204 NICHOLAS, Prince of Mingrelia, .... 303 NILSSON, CHRISTINE, Swedish Prima Donna, _ . 145 NORDENSKJOLD, BARON, Arctic Explorer, ... 221 NYE, EDGAR WILSON (Bill Nye), Writer, . . . 469 OGLESBY, R. J., Governor of Illinois, "... 429 OSCAR, Prince of Sweden, . . . . . .418 PADDOCK, A. S., U. S.' Senator from Nebraska, . . 466 PARNELL, CHARLES, Irish Patriot, - ... 60 PARNELL, MRS., Mother of Above, .... 51 PASTEUR, Louis, French Hydrophobia Specialist, . . 222 PATTI, ADELINA, Prima Donna, . 120 PAYNE, HENRY B., U. S. Senator from Ohio, . _ 468 PECK, GEORGE W., Humorous Writer and Editor, . 487 PENNOYER, SYLVESTER, Governor of Oregon, . * . 403 PHELPS, HON. WM. WALTER, Member Congress, . 438 PITMAN, ISAAC, Inventor of Shorthand, . . .189 PLATT, 0. H., U. S. Senator from Connecticut, 353 PLAYFAIR, SIR, English Scientist, 456 CONTENTS. ix POMEROY, " BRICK," Journalist, .... 181 POPE, GEN. JOHN, U. S. A. . ... 250 PORTER, DAVID D., Admiral U. S. N., 113 POTTER, MRS. JAMES BROWN, Actress, _ . . 56 POWDERLY, T. V., Head of K. of L., . . 105 PROCTOR, PROF. R. A., Eminent Astronomer, . . 426 PUGH, JAS. L., U. S. Senator from Alabama, . _ 400 PULITZER, JOSEPH, Editor New York "World," . .186 PULLMAN, G. M., Pullman Palace Car Co., . . 175 RANDALL, S. J., American Statesman, .... 270 RANAVALONA III, Queen of Madagascar, . . 291 RANSOM, M. W., U. S. Senator from North Carolina, _ 256 REAGAN, JOHN H., U. S. Senator from Texas, . _ 300 REDPATH, JAMES, Journalist and Lecturer, ... 492 REID, WHITELAW, Editor New York " Tribune," . 77 RIDDLEBERGER, H. H., U. S. Senator from Virginia, . _ 351 REA, JOHN P., Commander-in-Chief G. A. R., . . 463 RODGERS, ELIZABETH, Female Leader K. of L., . . 199 ROSE, COL. THOS. E., Tunnel Escape from Libby Prison, . 96 ROSECRANS, GEN. WM. S., Register U. S. Treasury, . 305 ROSSA, O'DONOVAN, Dynamiter, . . . _ 147 RUSK, J. M., Governor of Wisconsin, ... 251 RUSKIN, JOHN, Great English Author, ... 297 SAGASTA, DON PEDRO MANUEL, Spanish Statesman, . 315 SAGE, RUSSELL, Wall Street Broker, ...... tO SAMUELS, S. S., Captain of u Dauntless," ... 218 SARTORIS, NELLIE, Gen. Grant's Only Daughter, _ . 240 SCHAEFFER, JACOB, Billiardist, ..... 131 SCHURZ, CARL, Journalist and Statesman, ... 494 SCRIBNER, CHARLES, Publisher, .... 208 x CONTENTS. SHERIDAN, PHIL, General U. S. A., . . 64 SHERMAN, JOHN, U. S. Senator from Ohio, . . 194 SHERMAN, GEN W. T., U. S. A., . 126 SIGEL, GEN. FRANZ, Pension Agent, New York City, _ 201 SITTING BULL, Indian Chief, . . 157 SMALL, SAM, Revivalist, . _ 179 SMITH, HENRY, Labor Member Congress from Wisconsin, 173 SPALDING, AL., Base Ball Manager, . _ 188 SPENCER, EARL, British Statesman, . . _ 417 SPENCER, HERBERT, English Philosopher, . 23 SPRECKELS, GLAUS, Sugar Monopolist, . . _ _ 491 SPRINGER, WM. M., Illinois Statesman and M. C., . 398 SPURGEON, REV. C. H., English Divine, 82 ST. JOHN, JOHN P., Prohibitionist, .... 73 STANLEY, HENRY M., African Explorer, . _ 110 STANTON, ELIZABETH CADY, Reformer, 98 STEVENS, THOMAS, Around the World on a Bicycle, _ 424 STEWART, WM. M., U. S. Senator from Nevada, . 246 STOWE, HARRIET B., Author " Uncle Tom's Cabin," _ 257 STREETER, A. J,, Union Labor Candidate President 1888, 527 SULLIVAN, SIR A., Composer "Pinafore," Etc., _ . 202 SULLIVAN, JOHN L., American Pugilist, . 388 SWING, DAVID, Beecher of the West, . . 497 TALMAGE, T. DEWITT, American Divine, ... 59 TENNYSON, LORD, English Poet Laureate, . _ . 137 TERRY, ELLEN, English Actress, 360 THOMAS, THEODORE, Orchestra Conductor, _ _ 190 THURMAN, ALLEN G., Dem. Candidate V. Prest. 1888, 544 TIFFANY, CHARLES, Head American Jewelry House, . 26 TISZA, KOLOMAN, Prime Minister Hungary, . _ 234 CONTENTS. xi TRAIN, GEORGE FRANCIS, Eccentric Scholar, . . . 180 TRENHOLM, W. LEE, Comptroller of the Currency, _ 346 TSENG, MARQUIS, Chinese Statesman,' .... 299 TURPIE, D., TJ. S. Senator from Indiana, ... 443 TYNDALL, PROF. JOHN, English Scientist, ... 407 VANCE, Z. B., U. S. Senator from North Carolina, . 365 VANDERBILT, CORNELIUS, Millionaire, .... 370 VERDI, Great Italian Composer, ... 29 VERNE, JULES, French Author, 460 VEST, G. G., U. S. Senator from Missouri, . . 415 VICTORIA, Queen of England, ..... 141 VILAS, W. F., Secretary of the Interior, ... 350 VILLARD, HENRY, President N. P. Railroad, ... 248 VON MOLTKE, Chief Marshal of Germany, . . 193 WALKER, DR. MARY, Woman's Rights Advocate, . . 171 WALLACE, GEN. LEW, Author of "Ben Hur," . . 361 WANAMAKER, J., Philadelphia's Leading Merchant, _ 326 WARNER, A. J., Silver Compromise, ... 389 WATTERSON, H., Editor Louisville " Courier-Journal," _ 454 WHITMAN, WALT, American Poet, .. _ . .48 WHITNEY, W. C., Secretary of the Navy, 54 WHITTIER, JOHN G., Eminent American Poet, . . 101 WILCOX, ELLA WHEELEK, Author "Poems of Passion," Etc., 117 WILDE, OSCAR, Lecturer and ./Esthetic, ... 19 WILLIAM II, Emperor of Germany, .... Ill WILLARD, FRANCES E., Temperance Leturer, . . 151 WIGGINS, E. STONE, Canadian Weather Prophet, . .116 CONTENTS. WILSON, EPHRAIM K., U. S. Senator from Maryland, 451 WINDTHOBST, HON., German Statesman, . 481 WOLSELEY, SIB GARNET, British General, . . 169 YOUNG, JAMES RUSSELL, Journalist, . 323 CAMPAIGN APPENDIX, - The Biographical Review OF PERSONS OF PROMINENCE, OSCAR WILDE. THERE seems to be nothing more remarkable abont Oscar Wilde than an intense peculiarity, which his admirers call genius, practical-minded folks humbug, with financial gain in view, and a remaining class who call it consummate weakness and folly. Mr. Wilde's singularity is part- ly due to nature, partly to affectation, and largely to profit by that weakness in human nature which causes people to run after any new and curious thing. In this instance, the ob- ject of curiosity, confined pretty much to people of " society" proclivities, is a young man and fairly good looking, of gentle blood, well-educated, with a won- drous turn to suave and persuasive talk. This noted lectur- ing aesthete, through the astute methods of his business man- ager, netted quito a large sum of money from his lecturing tour through this country a few years ago; especially as pro- fessional sestheticism was at a premium in the American mar- OSCAR WILDE. 20 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ket at that time. Both English and American caricature had been helpful to this substantial result, that of Gilbert and Sullivan's "Patience" most particularly. Between the cari- cature and the real aesthete there do appear to be many strong points of resemblance, for Oscar Wilde's appearance, talk and manners are sufficiently distinct from that of other men to give him an individuality which perhaps the most of people laugh at but many admire. And who is this Oscar Wilde i He is a young Irishman the son of Sir William W T ilde, who was an eminent oculist, surgeon-oculist to Queen Victoria; also founder and chief-of- staff of St. Mark's Ophthalmic and Aural hospital, Dublin) and an eminent archaeologist and author, twice distinguished by his election as president of the Royal Irish Academy. !Not only had the subject of this sketch such an eminent fa- ther, but his mother also was a poetess and novelist, and known to fame as "Speranza." Born in an enviable social status, Oscar enjoyed the edu- cational advantages of his position, but neither at school nor college manifested great ability. However, since about the year 1882 he has been acknowl- edged as the leader of that class of persons in London soci- ety who profess to find the secret of life in beauty, and who industriously spend their time, or fancy they do, in the en- joyment of the beautiful where less gifted mortals fail to find it. He has published a volume of poetry, which, though severe- ly criticised by the press, is not destitute of good verses; but on the contrary, the volume contains many poems of merit. He probably has been too severely dealt with by the critics, who are ever ready to apply the lash to the apostle of any new innovation. While lecturing in this country, he usually appeared on the platform dressed in full dress coat, whito vest, black knee breeches, black silk stockings and low shoes. He io now in London editing a paper exclusively for women. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. THOMAS MOONLIGHT. /lorn Xor. la. 1&}.'J. COL. THOMAS MOONLIGHT, appointed by President Cleve- land to the position of governor of Wyoming Territory, is a Scotchman, being born ^ear Arbroath, Forfarshire. He was a sailor boy when he came to this country, quite young but full of Scotch grit and determination, and the ambition to excel in learning and social position. Building upon the good foundation laid at school in his early childhood, he made the best use of such opportunities as he could find for study, arid was dil- igent and saving. In 1857 he settled in Kansas, and when the war began, in 1861, was estab- lished as a farmer in that state. He joined the union army as a private soldier;! when the war ended h< was Colonel Moonlight, ii command of a regiment of cavalry, with the brevet rank of brigadier-general. After the war he returned THOMAS >'""GHT. to Kansas, with which state his interests have been identified nearly thirty years. General Moonlight's earliest political preference was for the Douglas branch of the democratic party, and he adhered to the democrats until after the convention of 1864, which declared the war a failure. As a republican, he was elected 22 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. in 1868 to the office of secretary of state. After serving out his term of two years, in which he assisted in securing the establishment of a branch of the state normal school at Leavenworth, the city of his residence, he returned to the democratic fold. His services to his party, particularly since 1 870, have been of extraordinary value. Mr. Moonlight was a state senator in 1872, and was re-elected to that office two years later. In 1880 he was elected president of the state convention which appointed delegates to the national democratic convention of that year, and was a presidential elector-at-large on the Hancock and English ticket. He worked hard for his can- didates, and his services are believed to have increased by many thousands the democratic vote, in a state which was then overwhelmingly republican. To the action of General Moonlight is attributable in a large measure the nomination and election of Gen. Glick. the first democratic governor of Kansas. In 1884 he was again a presidential elector-at-large, and in the campaign in behalf of Cleveland and Hendricks, he even exceeded his energies and triumphs of four years previous. He was nom- inated for governor of Kansas, and although defeated, he polled one hundred and sixteen thousand votes the largest democratic vote ever cast in Kansas. Mr. Moonlight was an applicant for another position, but the president, it is said, was so favorably impressed with him that he selected him for the office of governor, which posi- tion expires December 30, 1890. The former incumbent, Francis S. Warren, was found to be involved as an offender against the law prohibiting the fencing of public lands, and was therefore suspended. George W. Baxter, son of the late Judge Baxter of Tennessee, was named as Warren's suc- cessor, but it was discovered later that he too had fences not permitted bylaw, and so was forced to ''decline" in favor of Mr. Moonlight. THE BIOGRAPHICAL BE VIEW. 23 PROF. HERBERT SPENCER. Born in 1820. THIS eminent scientist, Prof. Herbert Spencer, was born 5n Derby, England, where he received his education. At the age of seventeen Herbert Spencer became a civil engineer, but abandoned his profession after about eight years, having during this period contributed various papers to prominent publications. His first productions in general literature were in the shape of a series of letters on the "Proper Sphere of Gov- ernment.'' From 1848-53 he was engaged as a writer for the " Economist," and (hiring that time published his first considerable work, "Social Statics, or the Con- ditions Essential to Human Happiness." In 1855 appeared his 'Principles of Psychology,' an attempt to analyse the relations between the or- der of the worlds of mat- ter and of mind. Herbert Spencer paid a visit to the United States in 1882, and in 1883 he was elected a correspondent of the French academy of moral and political science for the section of philosophy, in the room of Johnson. He published a volume of "Essays, Political and Speculative." A series of his review articles on "Education, Intelligence Moral and Physical, "were published collectively in 1881. The later works of Mr. Spencer are "Education, Intellectual, Moral and Phy- sical;" 1 "First Principles," a system of philosophy; and vari- ous other works which have attracted universal attention in the scientific world. PROF. HERBERT SPENCER. 24 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. ANNA E. DICKINSON. Born Oct. 28, 1842. THE chilhood of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson was one of trial, loneliness, poverty and disappointment-, but by the power of her own indomitable will and courage combined with rare genius, she has struggled against and overcome every obstacle. The vices, follies and trivial weaknesses which have cast a shadow over the names of many noted and noble women, she had avoided, through all her temptations and discouragements, and had maintained a moral purity and probity of char- acter which adds not only lustre to her fame but hon- or to her sex. She is a nptive of the city of Philadelphia. Way- ward, headstrong, intense- ly earnest and imaginative, as a child, no attempt was' made to "break her will." Solomon's proverb met with at least one glorioua exception, for though the rod was here spared, the child was not spoiled. Owing to her mother's limited means, she was educated at the free schools of the society of Friends, and the taunts of her better dressed companions, in regard to the lack of elegance in her wearing apparel, seemed to sting and goad her on to strong and noble energies for the bettering of her condition. When about twelve years of age, ANNA E. DICKINSON. THE JifOGKAPHICAL REVIEW. 25 she entered Westpwn ' Boarding School of Friends;" and remained two years; from here she went to the <; Friends' Select School " In Philadelphia, where she pursued a dozen branches of study at a time, yet seldom failed in a recitation. At fourteen she published an article on slavery, in the 4 "Liberator." At seventeen she left school and began the life work which has been blessed with such glorious results. A remark, which she made about this time to the committee- man of a country school, aptly illustrates her independent spirit. He had told her that the position she was about to fill had formerly been occupied by a man at a salary of twenty-eight dollars a month, but that they would not pay a girl more than sixteen. Something in his manner aroused the rebellious spirit within her, and she replied, with great vehemence: "Sir! Are you a fool, or do you take me for one ? Though I am too poor, to-day, to buy a pair of cotton gloves, I would rather go in rags than degrade my womanhood by accepting anything at your hands." After a few efforts in the line of speech making at the meetings of the " Progressive Friends," she was invited to speak in Mullica hall, New Jersey, in April, I860. Her subject was " Woman's Work." At this meeting, and also many that followed at which she spoke, she created a pro- found sensation. Her earnestness of manner, the cogency of her arguments, her entire forgetfulness of self, held the audiences spell-bound, and she seemed to be able to rouse them to enthusiasm or fill their eyes with tears, at will. Her success was assured, and speech after speech followed in rapid succession, for which she received a hundred dollars a night. As a campaign speaker she did wonders. Wherev- er she went, the halls were packed. Her vigorous efforts during the contest between Seymour and Buckingham in Connecticut, during the war, may well be ranked among the crowning glories of her life. 26 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. Her name was on every lip; gifts were showered upon her; she was serenaded wherever she went, and even the democrats tore off their party badges and substituted her likeness. For her lecture on the night preceding the victory of the repub- licans she received four hundred dollars. Miss Dickinson has attempted the stage during recent years, appearing in her own and- in Shakespearean plays, but her success has not been marked, and the press advised her to hold fast to the platform, where she has achieved so much. She however started out again, playing Hamlet, Lady Macbeth, and other Shakespearean roles. CHAKLES TIFFANY. Born about 1825. THE head of the world's retail jewelry business (Tiffany and Company), is Charles Tiffany, a native of the state of New York. When a young man he was partner in a store for the sale of fancy stationery, and has continued in business ever since, adding to the scope of his stock as circumstances directed his enterprise. From the days of Tiffany, Reed and Company to the present time is a long period, during which a humble beginning had developed into the business done by the stock company of Tiffany and Company, the greatest retail jewelry house in the world. The headquarters are in New York, in a splendid building opened about the year 1875, and covering three numbers in the Union square. It is divided into three grand departments, and as many floors. On the first is the jewelry department; second, the bronze department; and the third, the porcelain department. In this splendid store is the largest stock of its kind in the world, computed to be five times as large as that of any similar place of business in London or Paris. Tiffany and THE BIOGRAPHICAL HEVIKW. 27 Company have an establishment in Paris and another in Ge- neva. Mr. Tiffany is an affable, pleasant old gentleman, usually to be seen in the New York house at any time during business hours. Mr. Charles Cook acts as manager. By those who know him best he is described ae a wonderful business man. Still young, he is a member of the company, a man of wealth, and be- gan as a boy at Tiffany's with a salary of three dollars a week. More than money-getting is practiced in the establishment which above all other business places is the pride of New Yorkers. It includes as one of its very complete practical departments, that which virtually answers the purpose of a school of design. Under Mr. Whitehouse's superitendence, young men are taught and practic- ed in art as applied to jewelry, with results which are gratifying especially as they are advantageous to the country as well as the individual. Mr Whitehouse is an English gentleman who has been in the employment of the firm a good many years. He design- ed the Bryant vase, which was the subject of unstinted praise at the time of its production. The prosperity of Mr. Tiffany and his associates is largely due to the fact that while making no pretence to sell more cheaply than competitors, and seeking no reputation of this kind, their customer is sure to find that what he has bought is exactly as represented to him. CHARLES TIFFANY. 28 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. EDWARD M'GLYNN. Born in 18.17. DR. McGLYNNwasone of the most popular priests in the city of New York, not only with catholics but with people of all denominations. The difficulty between the reverend gentleman and his superiors arose from the peculiar views of Dr. McGlynn on the land question, which are the same as those held by the celebrat- ed Henry George and his adherents. The Rev. Edward Mc- Glynn, D. D., is a native of the city of New York, -where he received the rud- iments of his scholarship at one of the public gram- mar schools. At the age of fourteen he was sent by Archbishop Hughes to the college of the Propaganda in Rome, where he remained several years. In the last year of his studies he^ was transferred to assist in the establish- ment of the American Col- lege in Rome, of which in- stitution he was for a time acting vice-president. He was ordained at the early age of twenty-two and a half years, and received at the same time his degree of doctor of divinity. Some months later he sailed for his native country, and un- dertook active ministerial duty in the city of his birthplace. After holding two appointments he was assigned to the mil- EDWARD M'GLYNN. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 29 itary chaplain ship of the Central Park hospital, in the city of New York, which he held during three years of the war of the rebellion. On the death of the Rev. Dr. Cummings he became the parish priest of St. Stephen's, one of the largest places of worship in the city of New York. When the local authorities of the church instituted a system of parochial schools, Father McGlynn remained alone among catholic priests in his ad- hesion to the public school system, and he did not advise the people of his parish to withdraw their children from the public schools to put them in parochial schools. Dr. McGlynn was also a friend of the land league when it lacked friends. Later he was one of the first men of note to join the labor party headed by Henry George. The the- ory of taxation as advocated by Henry George has also been endorsed by the subject of this sketch. GIUSEPPI VERDI. Born in 1814. THE great Italian composer, Giuseppi Verdi, who revolu- tionized lyric enthusiasts by his opera of " Othello," is the son of an innkeeper, and was born at Rancola, in the Duchy of Parma, Italy. He received his first lessons in music from an organist in Milan, where he lived from 1833 to 1836. He afterward studied diligently under Lavinga, and in 1839 published his earliest work, a musical drama entitled "Ober- to di San Banifacio." Verdi's principal compositions are serious operas, and the " Lombard}, "one of his first productions, made a strong im- pression throughout Italy, and laid the foundation of his fame. His best and widest known operas are: "Nabucco;'' "Ernani," founded on Victor Hugo's tragedy " Duo Fosca- ri;" " Macbeth;" "Masnadieri," founded on the the "Rob- 30 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. bers " of Schiller; "Louisa Miller;" "Rigoletto;" "II Tro- vatore;" "La Traviata;" " Un Ballo in Maschero;" and " Don Carlos." The "Masnadieri" was produced in 1847, with Jenny Lind as heroine, proved a failure in London, though it has since been successfully received in Italy. "II Trovatore" and " La Traviata " have had great success not only in Italy, but in Germany, France, and England. Signor Verdi's more re- cent operas are ' ' Giavan- no d'Arco" in 1868, "La Forza del Destino " in the folio wing year, and "Aida" in 1874. Verdi regards "Othello" as his greatest work. The libretto, which follows the tragedy of Shakespeare as closely as possible, is from the pen of Boito, who is known in America as the composer of "Mefistofele." Verdi was elected a member of the Italian par- liament in 1861, and in 1871 he went to Florence VERDI. in order to assume the post offered him by the Italian minis- ter of public instruction, for the improvement and reorgani- zation of the Italian Musical Institute. Verdi, who is a mem- ber of the legion of honor, was elected corresponding mem- ber of the Academy des Beax Arts in 1859, and was made grand cross of the Russian order of St. Stanislaus in 1862; and honor after honor in quick succession were bestowed up- on this great Italian composer by many nations. In 1874 'IHE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 31 Victor Emmanuel created Signer Verdi an Italian senator. To speak of Verdi personally, it is said his favorite occupa- tion is farming when he has anytime to spare for it. He is sis much at home in crops and cattle and agricultural opera- tions of all sorts as he is in counterpoint and thorough base. The farmers in the vicinity of his villa, at La Agata, look up to him as an authority on all questions connected with the cultivation of the soil, and he is daily to be seen on the grounds of one or another of his neighbors, giving advice or directing the laborers in their tasks, in which he is not above lending a hand himself when occasion requires. Verdi's nature is two-sided, and while in a circle of tried and genial friends he is as genial and jovial as a young Bo- hemian triumphant and radiant with his first success, to vis- itors actuated by curiosity he is frequently morose and sus- picious. He is loath to accord friendship readily, but when he becomes a friend he is loyal and faithful. Any parade of his celebrity is very distasteful to him. During the preparations for the premiere of "Othello,"no one was admitted to interview him; and it is owing to his self-contained and reclusive nature that no complete biogra- phy of the composer has ever been written. It is a difficult matter to know the real Verdi; he can on- ly be judged by his works. He has always been a devoted patriot, and he has demonstrated his love of country and his sympathy with the cause of freedom not only in a practical way, but by the sentiments expounded in many of his won- derful compositions. The subject of "Othello" has frequently tempted the greatest of operatic composers; and it is intimated that Ver- di has, himself, considered the theme since 1855. Truly, MM evidence that genius is not to be forced. He realized that the subject was a massive and difficult one. Although the words of this opera were written by Boito in 1884, Verdi did not complete his arduous task until 1887. 32 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. MRS. HENRY WARD BEECHER. Born in 1812. THE devoted wife of the late Rev. Henry Ward Beecheris a native of the state of Massachusetts, and of English descent, and is the daughter of Dr. Bullard, a physician. Mr. Beecher was at Amherst college at the same time that her brother was, who invited young Beecher to his home. Then Miss Bullard met Master Henry for the first time, when the young lady was seventeen years of age. The lovers were en- gaged for seven years, not being married until 183T, when Mr. Beecher was pas- tor of a church at Law- renceburg, Indiana, his first charge. For two years after their marriage they lived quietly at Lawrence burg, when they removed to Indianapolis, remaining there for eight years. After that time he was engaged as pastor of Ply mouth church, Brooklyn. Of Mrs. Beecher's ten children only four are living one daughter and three sons. The daughter, who is the eldest of the four, is the wife of the Rev. Samuel Colville, of Stamford, Connecticut. Colonel Henry B. Beecher, the eldest son, served in the regular army during the war. He afterwards entered the lumber business, and is now an insurance agent having an office both in New York and Brooklyn. Mrs. Beecher s second son is an attor- MRS. H. W. BEECHEK. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 33 torney, doing a business in the city of New York and resid- ing in Brooklyn. Herbert Foote Beecher. the third son, is captain of a mail steamer on Pnget Sound, Washington Ter- ritory, and has his residence at Seattle in the same terri- tory. Since about 1870 Mrs. Beecher has contributed articles, chiefly on domestic subjects, to various periodicals. Many of these have been published in book form, making three volumes. She has also written a work entitled "Letters from Florida/' Her book, "From Dawn to Daylight," 1 so named by the publisher, contains reminiscences of her first years as a min- ister's wife. It was written witli no thought of publication, but to beguile the weary- hours of a tedious sickness; and when the author had been persuaded to place it in the hands of a publisher, it was nameless. Only a small edition was printed, but the work was well received, and friendly criticisms were quite numerous. As, unfortunately, the publisher failed shortly after its produc- tion, arrangements we're not made for its publication in a second edition. This book is the one respecting which the rumor has been circulated that it was suppressed by Mr. Beecher. But there is no truth whatever in this statement of the case. The portrait of Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher presented in this article is from a recent photograph by Sarony, which fails to give, it is but in justice to say, that pleasing anima- tion which appears in the eminent lady's countenance when she is in company. Her constant devotion to her husband was worthy of emu- lation. She removed from his shoulders many of the world- ly cares that fall to the lot of a public man. The letters received by the eminent divine, consisting of begging letters and correspondence of every description, were generally an- swered by Mrs. Beecher. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE. Born Dec. 29, 1809. "Probably no one, past or present," writes Justin McCar- thy, "had in combination so many gifts of voice, manner, fluency and argument, reason and passion, as Gladstone." Beginning his career as an orator, Gladstone, the greatest of living statesmen, has achieved an unrivaled reputation as a parliamentary speaker, the intense gravity and earnestness or his utterances carrying conviction to the minds of his hearers. In over fifty years of public life he has either in- stigated or participated in a series of measures which have caused a most admir- able change in the English laws and government, the most notable being the ex- tention of the franchise to every man who has an es- tablished home. The only predecessors in English statesmanship who can approach him, are Pitt and Peel. But the periods of their fame were but short-lived in comparison 'ji with the half-century of Gladstone's public life, whose triumphs have all been triumphs of peace. WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE. He was born at Liverpool an Englishman by birth, but of Scotch descent. His father was a wealthy merchant, who acquired a large fortune in the West India trade. He was educated at Eton and the University of Oxford, and graduated before attaining the age of twenty-two years. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 35 He entered parliament in 1832 as a member for New. ark, Nottinghamshire, which borough he continued to repre- sent until 1840. During these years honors fell profusely on the head of the youthful commoner, " Handsome Glad- stone," as he was called. At this time he was a constant con- tributor to the ''Quarterly Review," chiefly on literary and ecclesiastical subjects. In 1834, he was made junior lord of the treasury; and three months later, under-secretary for colonial affairs. In 1841, Mr. Gladstone was made vice-president of the council and master of the mint. In 1843 he relinquished the first-named of these offices in order to assume that of presi- dent of the board of trade. In 1845 he entered the cabi- net as secretary of the colonies, under the premiership of Sir Robert Peel; but soon resigned this office and also his scat in parliament. In 1851 Mr. Gladstone broke away from the conservative party. The following year he became chan- cellor of the exchequer, a position for which he showed a marvelous aptitude, handling the national accounts with an easy mastery, and presenting them before the house of com- mons and the country with a degree of eloquence which per- haps had never before adorned so unattractive a matter as national finance. In 1858 Mr. Gladstone declined a position in the cabinet, but accepted a special mission to the Ionian Islands. In June, 1859, he again became chancellor of the exchequer, under Lord Palmerston, at whose death, in 1865, Mr. Glad- stone became the leader of his party in the house of com- mons. In 1868 he became premier for the first time, which office he held until 1874, when the conservative reaction dis- placed him. While in power he disestablished the Irish church, passed the Irish land bill of 1870, and also an edu- cational reform bill; he abolished the purchase of commis- sions in the army, and established the system of voting by ballot in elections. 36 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. In 18l<0 the country welcomed the liberals back into pow- er, and Mr. Gladstone again become premier, which office he held until ]8H<>, with the exception of brief intervals. Under this great statesman's leadership, the permanent good that has been accomplished in English domestic reform is most remarkable. In 1839 Mr. Gladstone was married to Miss Catherine Glvnne. Two of his sons are members of parliament; a third son is clergyman of the church of England; and one of his daughters is married to a minister of that denomination. Hawar.len Castle, near Chester, in Flintshire, now the beautiful home of Mr. Gladstone, came into his possession through his wife. The ancestors of this lady have owned the property for more than a century; her family is a very ancient one. tracing its Welsh descent to about A. D. 830. Mr. Gladstone has constructed an addition to the castle, where he has his study, which he calls his lk temple of peace." It contains fifteen thousand volumes, and of this storehouse of knowledge any resident visitor is allowed, on entering his or her name in a book kept for the purpose, to borrow at pleasure. The apartment contains three tables, one of which Mr. Gladstone uses when busy with political work and cor- respondence; another is reserved for literary work; and the third is used by Mrs. Gladstone, who is her husband's constant helper. The grand old park of the castle, of two hundred and fifty acres in extent, abounds in fine trees and rhododendrons, which in spring form masses of bloom; its banks and glades, richly timbered, afford splendid views of the Plain of Ches- ter and the glorious hills of Fordsham and Peckforton. . The villagers regard Mr. Gladstone almost in the light of a patron saint, and speak proudly of his prowess as a wood- chopper, in which lie equaled the late Horace Greeley. Like Mr. Greeley, he took this form -of exercise late in life, but he has developed a skill which is astonishing. Mr. Gladstone is a devout man, and when at his country seat, reads a por- 77//-; BIOGRAPHICAL It AT/A' IT. tion otVthe service of the morning prayer in the parish church of which his son is minister. As a statesman. Mr. Gladstone is stronger now than ever before* his efforts in the amelioration of the Irish being ap- plauded on both sides of the Atlantic. His personal power and magnetism seem unlimited, so great is the confidence of the majority of the British people in his integrity, sagacity and capacity; and if a few more years are spared this ener- getic statesman, his supremacy and power will be still more manifested in the admirable reforms he is now engaged in. PRINCE BISMARCK. Born April 1, 181'). THE unification of Germany, and the political greatuess of Prussia and the empire, are ascribed to the sagacity and statesmanship of Bismarck, which has justly made him famous. lie guides the for- eign policy of the empire and also administers the domestic affairs of state with vigilance and fore- sight. Karl Otto Von Bismarck Schonhausen, unquestion- ably one of the greatest and most notable men of the century, was born at Schon- liausen, April 1st, 1815. Having studied jurispru- dence at the universities of Berlin and Gottingen, he BISMARCK. lived in retirement for some years on the paternal estate in Pomerania. He married in 1847, and soon afterwards began 38 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. the parliamentary period of his career, as a member of the constituant assembly of Prussia. From 1851 to 1859 he was minister plenipotentiary of Prussia in the diet of the Ger- manic Confederation at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Having charge of the Prussian press bureau while at Frankfort, lie was enabled through it and by every other means available to prepare the way for Prussia to become the leading Ger- man power. He was also working quietly to the outcome which re-made the map of Europe. Jn 1859 he was sent as the Prussian ambassador to the court of St. Petersburg, where he remained until 1862, when he was transferred to the cor- responding position in Paris. On Sept. 23 of the same year he was made minister of foreign affairs in Prussia. Bismarck's long-cherished project of making Prussia the real head of Germany, resulted in a declaration of war against Austria, when Austria's strength was broken at the terrible battle of Sadowa. The North-German Confederation was formed, of which he was chancellor from 1807 to 1870. When the German empire took the place of the Confeder- ation in 1871, he became chancellor of the empire, and was also given the title of "Prince," the highest title that can be attained by him as a minister. It was undoubtedly his mas- terly policy, which placed Prussia at the head of the Ger- man states, crushed the French empire, and consolidated Germany into the leading power of the European continent. The domestic policy of Bismarck has not been equally suc- cessful with his foreign. He is somewhat opposed to the progress of liberalism in Germany, which steadily opposes him and outvotes his party at the polls. Under Bismarck, Germany is a vast barrack, and the work- ing people of the empire groan under the enforced military service, enormous taxation and low wages. Bismarck, the minister of "iron and lire,'' has a gentle side to his nature, and is most affectionate and genial in his social and domestic relations, and is a believer in Christianity. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 39 There is a little story in Count Beust's memoirs about Bis- marck which deserves to be recalled: "What do you do," he asked Count Beust, "when you are angry and grieved? Don't you find it a relief to destroy something when you are angry; I was over there once," he pointed opposite to where the emperor lives, "and I flew into a rage. Ingoing out I slammed the door and pulled the key, which I took with me into Count Lehndorfs room and threw into the basin, which flew into ;i thousand pieces. Count Lehndorf asked: 'Are you ill?' I was. That cured me." How natural is this, and how childlike! But what a blessing it would be if statesmen could always cure their anger by smashing a basin! Sometimes, like Lord Randolph, they smash a cabinet; or, like Mr. Chamber- lain, a party. But even these modes of relief are innocent compared with the usual methods of emperors and kings, and of Demos himself, all of whom find war occasionally necessary as a vent for their spleen. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. f ioni Fi'f>. :'.', Milt. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL, the distinguished American poet, ex-minister to England, and professor of Belles-Lettres at Harvard University, was born on Washington's birthday, at ' Elmwood," in Cambridge. His family came from England, settling in Massachusetts in 1639. His father was the Rev. Charles Lowell, for many years the pastor of the West Church of Boston. The Hon. John Lowell, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a lawyer of eminence and one of the fram- ersof the Constitution of Massachusetts; indeed.it was he who inserted therein the words All men are created free and equal," and. after the Constitution had been adopted, held in the courts that under it no man could beheld in bondage. This led to the abolition of slaverv in that state. 40 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. Mr. Lowell was married in 1 844 to Miss Maria White, of Watertown,a lady who had written some beautiful little poems. Of the several children of the couple, all died in youth with the exception of one daughter, who subsequently became Mrs. Edward Burnett. In 1852 he returned from Europe, after traveling, with his first wife, in England, Italy, Switzer- land and France; but that lady died the following year. In 1854 he delivered a course of twelve lectures in the Low- ell Institute in Boston, to large audiences, on the subject of British poets. In 1855 he was appointed professor of litera- ture to succeed the late Mr. Longfellow who had resign- ed; he did not take his seat, however, until 1857, devoting the interim to study in Europe. When the > ' Atlantic Monthly" was started by theleading literary men of Boston in 1857, Mr. Low- ell was made the editor-in- chief. He was also married in this year to his second wife, Miss Frances Dunlop, of Portland, Maine, with whom he visited England in 1873. He was offered the Austrian ministry, but refused it; he subsequently, in 1876, accepted the Spanish portfolio,and from there was transferred, in 1880, to the English Court of St. James, which position he held until 1886. Mr. Lowell received the rudiments of his education from a private tutor, and at a classical institute in Boston, and enter- ed Harvard college at the age of sixteen. He graduated at JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 41 the age of nineteen, and was the class poet. He then entered the law school, and took the degree of LL.D. in 1840, and opened a law office in Boston. He published a small vol- ume of poems, entitled "A Year's Life," when but twenty-two years of age. He then published the "Pioneer," but it ex- isted only three months, although it contained contributions from Poe, Hawthorne, and others of like ability. He has also written for the "-Miscellany," "Putnam's Monthly," and is a contributor to many of the best magazines. His writings are eagerly looked for, and contain many sparkling gems. In 1844, "A Legend of Brittany," "Prometheus," and some sonnets and miscellaneous poems, appeared in one vol- ume. The third collection of Mr. Lowell's poems appeared in 1848, which was a most prolific year, for it gave to the world the first series of his "Bigelow Papers," the "Vision of Sir Launfal," and the "Fable of Critics." " Fireside Travels" appeared in 1864. His latest published volume of collected poems, with the title "Under the Willows," was issued in 1868. This volume contained his "Commemorative Ode," 1 which has been considered Mr. Lowell's greatest poem, though the one he read beneath the "Washington Elm," July 3, 1875, is perhaps its superior. Among his later successful poems are "The Cathedral" and a second series of the "Bigelow Papers." Mr. Lowell has written much for the press, and has edited the poetical works of Marvell, Donne, Keats, Wordsworth, and Shelley for the collection of poets. In 1881 a new edition of his complete works, in five vol- umes, was published. He received in person, at Oxford Uni- versity, during his sojourn in Europe in 1872 to 1874, the degree of D. C. L. Since his last return from Europe, he has resided at Deer- field Farm, with his daughter, now the wife of Congress- man Edward Burnett, Here lie does'his writing, and never passes a day without accomplishing some literary work. 42 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. THOMAS A. EDISON. Born Feb. 11, 184:. THOMA.S ALVA EDISON, the wizard of Menlo Park, America's greatest inventor, has risen like a meteor, and shines with the steady glow of the fixed stars. Daily he adds to his triumphs. With an irresistible force he overcomes all obstacles, solving problems that have been declared by scientists to be insolvable. His birthplace is Milan, Ohio. At twelve years of age he began his career as a train-boy, soon having four other train-boys in his employ. He published a weekly newspaper on the train, it being the only journal that was ever printed on a railway train a fact noted at the time by the London "-Times." Telegraphy from the first took great hold upon him, and having one day snatched a station-master's child from in front of an approaching train, the grateful father taught him telegraphy; and from that time he became a systematic stu- dent. His ready ingenuity suggested all sorts of adaptations. One day the ice jam broke the cable between Port Huron and Sarnia (on the Canada side); the river at that point being a mile and a half in width, all communication by telegraph was cut off. Young Edison seized the valve of an engine that controls the whistle, which he tooted into long and short notes, like the dots and dashes in telegraphy. " Hallo, Sar- nia, do you get me?" he tooted; no answer. "Hello, Sarnia, do you hear what I say?" A third and a fourth time the message was sent over, and finally came the answer from an engine on the other side; the connection had been made, and communication easily carried on until the cable was repaired. Edison's many, inventions are legion, but his phonograph, megaphone, the quadruplex and duplex systems of tele- graphy, his telephone which alone netted him over one hundred thousand dollars, the electric railway and incan- descent electric light, are but a few of the best known of his most wonderful and valuable inventions. THE BIOGRAPHICAL IIKVIKW. 43 He now promises to place before the world his phono- graph or ''talking machine," perfected in such a manner as to faithfully record sounds of the human voice utterances that can be readily reproduced many times. The invention is also announced of a submarine telegraph, ilesigned especially to prevent collisions at sea. Mr. Edison resides at Menlo Park, New Jersey, where he continues his experiments and inventions in the application of electricity in the me- chanical arts. His patents relating to telegraphy num- ber nearly a hundred. Edison was married in 1873 to Miss Mary Still- well, of Newark. An inci- dent of the honeymoon is related to show how ab- sorbed this inventor be- comes in his work. He was taxing his mind on some problem, oblivious of the fleeting hours, but roused himself and wearily asked the hour; "'Midnight,'' was the reply. "Then," said this illustrious .inventor, "I must go home. I was married to-day." When Edison's phonograph was first exhibited at the Acad- emy of Sciences, a murmur of admiration was heard, which was succeeded by repeated applause. Some of the skeptical members started the rumor that the Academy had been mystified by a clever ventriloquist, and repeated experi- ments were required to convince these incredulous persons that no chicanery was used, and that the "talking machine" could be readily manipulated by anyone. THOMAS A. EDISON. 44 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. KOBEKT J. BURDETTE. Horn July .7(9, 1844. EGBERT J. BURDETTE, one of the most original and pro- line humorous writers of to day, was born in the little vil- lage of Greensborough, Green County, Pennsylvania, on the 30th of July, 1844, which incident, he says, "interested me about as little as any event that ever occurred." In 1846 his parents emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, and six years later removed to Peoria, Illinois. He was there edu- cated, graduating at the high school. In the summer of 1862, he writes, "at the tender age of eighteen, I was in- vited by President Lin- coln, in a proclamation is- sued about that time, to save the country. I did so. I entered Company 'C,' Forty-seventh Illinois In- fantry, as a private gentle- man, and put down the re- bellion with a musket lon- ger than myself, for I was brief of stature, being but five feet three inches short, I saved my country, al- ROBERT j. BURDETTE. though I have not got a deed for it yet. The government wouldn't promote me, and couldn't reduce me; sol held my rank steadily which is more than some generals did." After the close of the war, he was appointed clerk in the Peoria postoffice, occupying that position for two years. He subsequently entered journalism as a proof-reader on the Peoria " Transcript," afterwards becoming night editor. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 45 The editor of the ''Transcript" had no faith '-in my so- called humor," and on one occasion he said, "Young man, I want you to learn to walk before you try to prance;" and at another time he said, ' ' See here, young man, when I want anything funny in the paper I'll write it myself."' On March 4th, IS 70, Eobert J. Burdette was married to Miss Carrie S. Garrett, a Peoria lady, " the best and sweet- est little woman in all the wide, wide world." From this time on, so much of her hand and influence ran not only be- tween but in the lines of his work, and he says that what- ever he wrote should have been signed "Robert and Carrie Burdette." At this time he started an evening journal, the Peoria "Re- view," of which he says "the gods loved it, though the ad- vertisers didn't, and in one short year it died," but it estab- lished his reputation as a humorist. In 1874, he was engaged on the editorial staff of the Bur- lington " Hawkeye" as city editor; later on he wrote the po- litical editorials; soon afterwards becoming the managing editor, giving much of his time to the humorous department, which gained for himself and the journal a world-wide repu- tation. Mr. Burdette's fine literary abilities are not confin- ed to making mankind laugh; as a political writer he has few equals, and can accomplish a great variety of literary work in a comparatively short space of time. He started lecturing in 1876, and has since been one of the drawing cards of the platform. He has written several humorous books which have attained fair circulations; but they have not been as successful as his lectures, which have always been attended with financial success. In 1884 he severed his connection with the " Hawkeye," being engaged on the Brooklyn "Eagle," the only journal with which he is now connected. In 1879 he removed to Philadelphia, and since 1882 has resided at Ardmore. Mr. Burdette's wife, "Her Little Serene Highness," died 46 THE BIOGRAPHICAL EEVIEW. in 1884, which was and is the great sorrow of his life, for he writes: "The first throb of literary ambition, my earliest and later successes, so far as I have been successful, what- ever words of mine men may be pleased to remember most pleasantly, whatever earnestness and high purpose there is in my life, whatever inspiration I ever had or have that en- ters into my work and makes it more worthy of acceptance, I owe to the gentlest, best and wisest of critics and collabo rators a loving, devoted wife. And if ever I should win one of the prizes which men sometimes give to those who amuse them, the wreath should be placed, not on the head of the jester who laughs and sings, but on her who inspired the mirth and the song." BENJAMIN F. BUTLER Born Nov. 5, 1818. IN mental attainments Benjamin Franklin Butler stands pre-eminent among the great men of America. A most gen- erous, large-hearted man, the willing friend of the needy a fact apt to be lost sight of in the cognizance of his persist- ency of will, defiant .self-assertion and uncommon courage in the expression of his opinions. Indeed, he has always been very popular with the working classes, and undertakes with- out charge, the cause of the poor and oppressed ; in fact, it is said that a fee was never accepted for any of the many hundreds of claims that have been adjusted by him. Benjamin Franklin Butler was born in Deerfield, New Hampshire. His father, John Butler, commanded a cavalry c-ompany in the war of 1812, afterwards commanding a mer- chant vessel, on board of which he died in 1819, when Benjamin, the subject of this sketch, was but a few months old. As a child he was very frail, and much given to the perusal of books. His mother, wishing him to become a bap- tist-minister, sent him to Waterville (Maine) college. THE UHKiliAl'lUt'AL REVIEW. 47 During the course at college one of the professors deliver- ed a lecture which set forth that only one in one hundred so- called christians would be saved. Butler thereupon remark- ed that at that rate but six persons in the college could ob- tain salvation, and as there were nine doctors of divinity in the institution, it would be folly for outsiders to attempt to obtain salvation. The faculty, appreciating the humor of his remarks, saved him from expulsion. Graduating from this college in 1838, lie at once took up the study of law, teaching school in the meantime to eke out his income. He was admitted to the bar in 1840. and from that time his career has been marked and very brilliant, not only as a most successful lawyer but also as a soldier and states- man. In 1853 he was elected as a member of the house of representatives of Mas- sachusetts, and six years later became a state sen- ator. Entering the federal army with the rank of brigadier-gen- eral when the civil war broke out, he was promoted to ma- jor-general in May, 1861. He effected quietly the occupation of Baltimore, whence he marched to Fortress Monroe, and, having completed his duties there, assisted Admiral Farragut in the capture of New Orleans. Butler subsequently admin- istered the government of that city with a firmness that, as was natural, increased the confidence already felt in him by Union people everywhere, but evoked the undisguised hatied BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BUTLER. 48 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. of the more rabid secessionists. His services in the cause of the Union will go down in history. In 1803 he held command in the states of Virginia and North Carolina. Ben. Butler was returned to congress as a republican in 1800, arid re-elected consecutively to the three following congresses. Being an eminent lawyer, learned and fertile in resources, his career in congress was distinguished by his extraordinary ability in debate. He was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1882, which position was won after two failures to achieve it. He is now a member of the democratic party, but has the confidence of a large number of voters who. do not attach themselves to either of the great political organizations. AY ALT WHITMAN. Born May 31, 1819. WHATEVER the critics may say of the poems of Walt Whit-' man, tljeir perusal produces the feeling that there is a certain something in them which rivets the attention and commands respect. Who has read his later poem. ''With Husky, Haughty Lips. Oh Sea," without being struck with its solemnity? There is no one who has stood, alone, upon the s^a shore, on a stormy day, but has experienced the feelings that are embod- ied in that poem. The sea, the wonderful awe-inspiring theme that has called forth the enthusiasm of not only the subject of this sketch, but also of such illustrious poets as Byron, Tennyson, Cervantes, and others. His birthplace is Huntington, Louisiana, but he passed his youth in the cities of New York and Brooklyn, receiving but a common school education. He worked in a printing office when a young man. Engaging as a volunteer nurse in the war of the Rebellion, it is said that during the course of the war he attended to the THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 49 wants of a hundred thousand wounded soldiers, treating both confederates and federals alike. He suffers from partial par- alysis caused by this severe labor, and is entitled to a pension. but has steadily refused to. make application for it. He has written a book of prose, entitled "Specimen Days and Collection, "but his crowning work is ' Leaves of Grass,"" which was commenced in 1855, and completed in 1882. "Perhaps, the best of a song heard, or of any or all true love, or life's -fairest episodes or sailors', soldiers' trying scenes on land or sea is the floating resume of them, long afterwards," writes the subject of this sketch. 'And although, from a worldly point of view, the * Leaves of Grass' has been worse than a failure. I now look upon it as my definite carte visit? to the coming generations of the New World,* if I' may assume to say so. It spans those thir- ty eventful years from 1850 to 1880 a floating resume of the marvelous events of America's history." Leaves of Grass" is, or seeks to be. a faithful record of the author's thoughts, in song, solely of America and to-day. He now lives in a little house, owned by him. situated in Camden, N. J., near the Delaware. He continues to write a little for different maga/ines. and still retains his buoyancy of spirit and cheeriness. * \\'ht n CkampolHon, . THE great Irish statesman, Charles Stewart Parnell, was bora at A vondale, County of Wicklow. He was educated at and grad- uated from the Magdalene College of Cambridge, England. Parnell was made high sheriff of Wicklow in 1874. and the following year was sent to parliament from Meatb, from which county he was re- turned for three constitu- encies. In 1879, Mr. Parnell was elected president of the Ir- ish National Land League, in the formation of which lie had taken part; the ob- ject of the League being the reduction of rents, and to facilitate the obtaining of the ownership of the soil by the occupiers. In 1880, Parnell visited the United States, lectur- ^-^^^-^ .- . ing in a,l of the prinei- pal cities; he also address- ed the house of repre- CHARLES STEWART PA KNELL. sentatives at Washington. The result of his visit created a feeling which crystallized itself in the formation of the Grand League Associations, which have proved the main financial support of the home organization. He has been twice arrested for his connection with the land league, which lias been declared illegal. The jury dis- agreeing on the first trial, he was discharged; the second ar- rest (October, 1881), as a "suspect,"' he was sent to Kilmam- ham jail, but was released in the following May. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 51 Mr. Parnell's policy in the leadership of his party, has been to obstruct business in the house of commons, and to unite with the home rule question an agitation against the high rents paid by the Irish tenantry. In this way he has united the common people of Ireland in his favor, and made it no longer possible for the English to ignore the demand for home rule. MRS. PAKNELL. THE fact is not generally known that the mother of Charles Stewart Parnell, the "Uncrowned King of Ireland, "as he is ofttimes called, is an Amer- ican lady. Mrs. Parnell is the daughter of Commodore Stewart, of the United States navy, who com- manded the old frigate ''Con- stitution," which captured sev- eral English vessels in 1812. The Constitution was called "Old Iron sides, "and this was the name given to the Stewart estate at Bordentown, N. Y. Mrs. Parnell has always been a zealous supporter of the liberty of Ireland, and in the Irish National League she has ever been an active worker. The high respect with which she is held may be judged from the fact that, upon one occa- sion, at a meeting for Ireland in the Academy of Music in New York, when she appeared in one of the boxes, the whole house rose to its feet to do her homage. MRS. I'ARNELL. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. EGBERT J. TNGERSOLL. Horn in 1833. ROBERT J. INGERSOLL was born at Dresden, New York. His family removed to Illinois when lie was twelve years of age, where he was educated, studied law, and was admitted to the bar; here he also entered the political arena as a dem- ocrat, being nominated for congress in 1860, but was de- feated. Two years later he entered the army, was taken prisoner but was exchang- ed. Returning to civil life he became a republican, and in 1868 was made at- torney-general of Illinois. At the republican con- vention in 18 76, in propos- ing .Mr. Elaine's name for the presidency, his speech aroused general attention for its eloquence and pow- er, and since that time Col. Ingersoli has been promi- nent before the country as an orator. His skepticism to Christianity and bible views has given him much celebrity. Col. Ingersoli now resides in Washington, where he has a lucrative and extensive practice; indeed, it is said that he re- ceived one hundred thousand dollars in the Star Route trial. IngersolPs numerous lectures and eulogies have attracted attention throughout the United States as emanating from a brilliant mind. "In my judgment," he says, "slavery is the child of ignorance. Liberty is born of intelligence. All I claim, all I plead for, is simply liberty of thought." ROBERT (i. INGEB8OLL. THE JifOti It. I I'll It : 1 /. UK I 'IK II'. 53 HENRY W. GRADY. Horn in 1840. HENRY W GRADY, a native of Atlanta, Georgia, received a thorough collegiate education. After engaging for some years successfully in business, his ambition turned to jour- nalism. He was the leading writer of several popular news- papers, and became the Georgia correspondent of the New York "Herald.*' His writings through a series of letters under the title of -'Sheep. Gold, and Oranges," proved to be the means of reopening indus- tries to the southern classes which were at the time in a drooping condition. Sub- sequently lie became the editor and part owner of the Atlanta "Constitution" which is now one of the ni'^r influential organs of the South. Numerous ar- ticles are contributed by him on Southern subjects to both --Harper's" and the "Century Magazine," which have attracted na- tional attention. The writings of Mr. Gra- dy generally carry convic- tion, being both forcible and impressive; he is also a most brilliant and forcible speaker. Indeed, he is destined yet to occupy some higher public position than he now enjoys. The influence of the Atlanta "Constitution" in political affairs is widely felt throughout the southern states. Its doctrines advocate the closer unison of the North and South in all things that tend to the prosperty of the nation. HENRY W. GRADY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY. Born in 18:39. WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY was born in 1839 at Conway, Mass. He is a graduate of Yale College and attended the Harvard Law School, graduating therefrom in 1865. He finally settled in New York, there becoming popular as a party leader, at the same time being the foremost in the or- ganization of the now famous ''Young Democratic Club,'- and was also most active in opposition to the Tweed Ring. So vigorous and determin- ed were his onslaughts that he attracted the attention of the great reformer. Sam- uel J. Tilden, and was ma- terially assisted by that sage in all his subsequent efforts. He has held num- erous public offices, which have been filled with great credit to himself and to the 'entire satisfaction of the public. Mr. Whitney has been one of the warmest and most intimate of friends of Grover Cleveland since 1882, at the time the pres- ident was a candidate for governor of the Empire state; and when Mr. Cleveland became president, Mr. Whitney was made a member of his cabinet as secretary of the navy. Mr. Whitney is reputed to be wealthy. He is an ardent lover of horses, takes his drives daily, and is somewhat of a sportsman. As secretary of the navy, Mr. Whitney has shown great executive ability in naval affairs. WILLIAM COLLINS WHITNEY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 55 MRS. FRANK LESLIE. MRS. FRANK LESLIE is one of the leading lights of the American newspaper world, her numerous publications tak- ing' as much enterprise and executive ability as is required to rim ii metropolitan daily. She was born on a southern plantation in the French quarter of New Orleans, and comes ot Huguenot stock. At twenty she could speak five lan- guages fluently, and was well versed in literature. She mar- ried Mr. Leslie when he was well advanced in years, and succeeded him in the Frank Leslie Publishing House. The firm was in sore financial distress at the time of his death, being fifty thousand dollars in debt, which was liquidated by her in a very short time. Mrs. Leslie is one of the most handsome and attrac- tive women in New York. She has a clear complexion and large wonderful gray eyes with dark and curl- ing lashes; they are ready alike with a smile or a tear, and are radiant with expression. Mrs. Frank Leslie has traveled extensively, being gener- ally accompanied by artists. She has given the world much knowledge and pleasure from the perusal of her sketches and the many illustrations that have appeared from time to time in her numerous publications. She signs all checks and money orders, makes contracts, looks over proofs, writes articles, and is virtually at the head of the house one of the largest in America, yielding an enormous income. Mi;>. FRANK LESLIE. 56 THE BIOGRAPHICAL RE VIEW. MRS. JAMES BROWN POTTER. MARCH 29, 1887. Mrs. James Brown Potter made her de- but, as an actress, in the London Haymarket theater. The play was taken from a story by Wilkie Collins, she tak- ing the part of Anne Sylvester, a poor and persecuted gov- erness. Her acting was crude, but rough and unpolished as it was, there was power; in her earnestness there was the best of nature's gifts, the germ of a true emotion. The declaration of Anne's innocence was noble, wo- manlike and touching. There was a true ring of emotion in the voice when Anne yields up her miser- able life on the altar of friendship, and the final determination to cling to the dying man was full of truth and beauty. Mrs. Potter has for the past few years been known as ! an amateur actress and elo- cutionist, and one of the leaders of society both in Washington and New York, for some time by the reading of Mr. George R. Sim's poem, ""'Ostler Joe," by Mrs. Potter, at a private entertainment given at the house of Secretary Whitney. The poem, which is given in full, undoubtedly teaches a great moral lesson. It appeared at the time in many of the leading American newspapers, and called forth much criticism and comment. It is announced that she will appear as a star actress, dur- ing 1888, in the principal cities of the Union. MRS. POTTER. Society was put all in a flutter THE IlHKiltArHH'AL HE VIEW. 57 'OSTLER JOE. I stood at eve, as the tun went down, by a grave where a woman lies, Who lured men s souls to the shores of sin with the light of her wanton eyes; Who sang the sons? that the i-iren san on the treacherous Lurley height, Whose face was as fair as a summer day and whose heart was black as night. Yet a blossom I fain would pluck to-day, irom the garden above her dust- Not the languorous lily of soulless sin, nor the bloo J red rose of lust; But a swe- 1 white blossom of ho y love, that grew in the one green spot In the arid desert of Phryne's life, where all was parched and hot. In the summer, when the meadows wtre aglow with blue and red Joe, the 'ostler of the Magpie and fur Annie Smith were wed. Plump was Annie, plump and pr tty, with a cheek as white as snow, He was anything but handsome, wa^ the Magpie's 'Ostler Joe. But he won the wins me lassie. They'd a cottage and a cow, And her matronhocd sat lightly on the village beauty's brow. Sped the months a- d came a baby, such a blue-eyed baby boy ; Joe was working in the stable when t ey told him of his joy. He was rubbing down the horses, and he save them then and there All a special feed of clover, just in honor o the heir. It had been his great ambition, and he told the horses so, That the fates would senJ a baby who might bear the name of Joe. Little Joe, the child was christened, and like babies, grew apace; He'd h s mother's eyes of azure and his father's honest face. Sw ft the happy years went over, years of blue and cloud ess sky, Love was lord of that small cottage and the tempests passed them by. Passed them by for years, then swif ly burst in fury oVr their ome. Down the lane by Annie's cottage chanced a gen'lenun to roam; Thr ce he came and saw her sitting by the window with her child, And henocded to the baby, and the baby laughed and smiled. So at last it grew to know him little Joe was nearly four. He would call the " pretty gemplin," as he parsed the opt n door; And one c'ay he ran and caught him, and in child s-play pulled him in; And the baby Joe hid pra\ei for brought about the mother's sin. 'Twas the same old wretched story that for ages bards have sung, 'Twas a woman weak and wanton and a villain's tempting tongue, Twas a picture deftly painted for a silly creature's eyes, Of the Babylonian wonders and the joy that in them lies. Annie listened and was tempted, she was tempted and she fell, As the angels a 1 from ! eaven to the blackest depths of hell: She was promised wealth and splendor and a life of guilty sloth, Yel.ow gold for child and husband, and the woman le t them both. Home one eve came Joe the 'Ostler, with a cheery cry of "Wife." Finding thai which blurred forever all the story of his life. She had left a si ly K tter through the cruel scrawl he spelt, Then he sought the lonely bedroom, joined his horny hands ard knelt. 58 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. "Now O Lord, O God, forgive her, for she ain't to blame," he cried, "For I owt't a seen her trouble and gone away and died; Why, a wench like her, God bless her, twasn't likely as her'd rest With that bonny head forever on a 'ostler's ragged vest. " It was kind o' her to bear me all this long and happy cime, So for my sake please to bless her, though you count her deed a crime: If so be I don't pray proper, Lord, forgive me, for you see I can talk alright to 'osses, but I'm nervous-Hke with Thee." Ne'er a line came to the cottage from the woman who had flown: Joe, the baby, died tha winter, and the man was left alone, Ne'er a bitter word he uttered, but in silence kissed the rod Saving what he told the horses, saving what he told his God. Far away in mighty London rose the woman into fame For her beauty won men's homage and she prospered in her shame, And from lor J to lord she flitted, higher still each prize she won, And her rivals paled beside her as the stars beside the sun. Next she made the stage her market, and she dragged Art's temple down To the level of a show place for the outcasts of the town, And the kisses she had given to poor 'Ostler Joe for nought With their gold and costly jewels rich and titled lovers bought. Went the years with flying footsteps while the star was at its height Then the darkness cam j on swiftly, and the gloaming turned to night, Shattered strength and faded beauty tore the laurels from her brow: Of the thousands who had worshipped never one came near her now. Broken down in health and fortune men forgot her very name, Ti 1 the news that she was dying woke the ec toes of her fame : And the papers in their gossip mentioned how an "actress" lay Sick to dea h in humble lodgings, growing "weaker every day. One there was who read the story in a far off country place, And that night the dyi ,g woman woke and looked upon his face; Once again the strong arms c'asped her that hid clasped her long ago, And th weary head lay pillowed on the breast of 'Ostler Joe. All the past had he forgotten, all the sorrow and the shame, He had found her sick and lonely, and his wife he now could claim Since the grand folks who had known her one and all had slunk away, He could clasp his long lost darling and no m in woul 1 say him nay. In his arms death found her lying, in his arms her spirit fled: And his tears came down i i torrents as he knelt beside the dead: Never o c^ his love had faltered through her bal unhallowed life: And the stone above her ash as bore the hallowed name of wife. That's the blossom I fain would pluck to-day, in the garden above her dust Not the languorous lily of soulless si i, nor the bl >od red rose of lust, But a sweet white blossom of holy love that grew in the one green spot In the arid desert of Phryne's life wnere all was parche 1 and hot. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIW. THOMAS DE WITT TALMAGE. Born Jan. 7, 1832. THOMAS DE WITT TALMAGE, one of the bes.t known clergy- men in America, is also a most noted lecturer, having deliv- ered lectures not only in the principal cities of the Union, but also in England. His sermons are generally delivered ex tempore, and the pitch he sometimes works himself and his audience is ascribed to this fact. The sermons are report- ed and published in many of the leading religious and secular newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic. He was born at Bound Brook, a small town about equidistant from New York and Philadelphia. He com- pleted his education at the New York University, and graduated in 1853. He then entered the Theolog- ical Seminary of New Brunswick. N. J., and in turn graduated therefrom in 1856, being then in his twenty-fifth year. His first appointment was as pastor to the Dutch Reformed church at Belle- ville, N. J., subsequently becoming connected with the Dutch Reformed church at Syracuse, N. Y., serving that congregation about three years. He was then, in 1802, called to serve as pastor of the Second Reformed church of the city of Philadelphia. Mr. Talmage first became connected with the Central Presbyterian church of Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1869, and it was KEY. TALMAGE. 60 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. while serving as its pastor that he became famous. In the following year the Brooklyn Tabernacle, with a seating ca- pacity of nearly four thousand, was erected by his congrega- tion, but it was destroyed by fire on December 22, 1872. This was a severe blow to Talmage and his congregation, but the same year a new structure arose, phoenix-like, from the ashes, with a seating capacity of fully five thousand per- sons the largest protestant church in America. This vast edifice is maintained solely by voluntary subscriptions, no pew rents being charged. Mr. Talmage organized a lay college, open to all denom- inations, for instruction in philosophy, logic, and general literature; also for instructions in natural and systematic theology, sacred history, the evidence of Christianity, and the interpretation of Scripture and sacred rhetoric. In 1874 Mr. Talmage became editor of the " Christian at Work," and succeeded in giving it an extensive circle of readers. In addition to the four volumes of his sermons al- ready published, he has written a number of other books. The more notable of these works being his ''Abominations of Modern Society," which appeared in 1872, and in 1875 "Every Day Religion " was published, both books being ex- tensively read throughout the world. His work on "Daily Thoughts" has been widely read, and it contains mucli food for reflection, being a work that has been written in a masterly manner. This eminent divine's life has not only been a busy one, but also very useful in the propagation of truth. His works are highly appreciated, from a religious standpoint, not only in this country, but also in Europe ; and whenever on a lec- turing tour, his presence is always greeted by remarkably large audiences. Yet, although his years number over three score, he is still a hearty and well-preserved man, and many years he undoubtedly will enjoy in ministering to his congre- gation, who regard their pastor with reverence and love. THE niOdRAPHICAL REVIEW. 61 SAMUEL L. CLEMENS. [MARK TWAIN.] Born Nov. 30, 1835. SAMUEL L. CLEMENS is much better known to the reading public 4 as ' k Mark Twain. " Over or under the latter name he has provoked a greater number of smiles than has any other half dozen American writers. A solemn visaged person, no one seeing him without knowing his identity would ever suspect him as being the arch humorist he is. He condenses all his smiles into the point of his pen, for few are ever seen to illumine his counte- nance. Mr. Clemens had a varied and trying expe- rience before he was able to turn his capital of inimi- table humor into the very handsome fortune he now enjoys. His birthplace is Florida, Monroe County, Missouri. The pen name of this American humorist was suggested by the tech- nical phraseology of Miss- issippi navigation, where in sounding a depth of two fathoms the leadsman calls out to "mark twain." .His early education was meagre, and at thirteen he was apprenticed to the trade of a printer. His restless American temperament soon exhibited itself, and he traveled from place toplace,tind- ing employment as a compositor for the newspapers. In SAMUEL L. CLEMENS. 62 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 18.")5 he took service on a Mississippi river steamboat, of which he became pilot. This occupation enabled him to observe many strange and picturesque phases of life, some of which he has described in his volume, entitled "Life on the Mississippi." In 1865 he went to San Francisco, occupying a position as reporter on the Morning Call. He then tried gold mining, but having no success, he returned to San Francisco, and resumed newspaper work. He then spent six months, in 1806, in the Hawaiian islands, but returned to the United States, and delivered humorous lectures in California and Oregon; and then returning to the East, he published "The Jumping Frog and Other Sketches." In 1867 he joined a party of religious tourists, making a voyage to Egypt and Palestine, and paying brief visits to France, Italy and the Levant. The entertaining record of this journey was published in 1869 under the title of "The Innocents Abroad; or, The New Pilgrim's Progress." The book achieved a remarkable success, and Mark Twain be- came famous the world over. In five years from the date of its publication, the aggregate sale of the author's works exceeded 240,000 copies. For a time he was editor of a daily newspaper, "The Ex- press," published in Buffalo, N. Y., where he also married a lady possessed of a large fortune. In 1872 he visited England, giving several humorous lectures. A London publisher made a collection, in four volumes, of his humor- ous papers, adding, however, many which the author asserts were never written by him. In 1874, he produced in New York a comedy, "The Gilded Age," which had a remarkable success, owing mainly to the personation, by Mr". Raymond, of the leading character, "Col. Mulberry Sellers." Mark Twain is a frequent contributor to the magazines, and in addition to the books mentioned above, has published, "Roughing It" (1872), "Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876), "Punch, Broth- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 63 ers, Punch" (1878), -'A Tramp Abroad" (1880), -The Prince and the Pauper" (1882), " The Stolen White Elephant" and other tales in 1882, and " Life on the Mississippi" in 1883. He has been a resident of numerous cities of the United States, but now resides at Hartford, Connecticut, where he does his literary work, and superintends the publication of his numerous books. In 1885 he brought out Gen.U. S. Grant's "Memoirs," the share in the profits accruing to Mrs. Grant from the pub- lication, under a contract signed by Gen. Grant before his death, amounted in 1886 to $350,000, which was paid to her in two checks, of $200,000 and $150,000. In speaking of the late Benjamin Franklin, he misquotes him as saying "Never put off till to-morrow what you can do after to-morrow just as well," and says Benjamin Frank- lin early in life prostituted his talents to the invention of maxims and aphorisms calculated to inflict suffering upon the rising generation of all subsequent ages. " His maxims were full of animosity towards boys. Nowadays a boy can- not follow out a single natural instinct without tumbling over some of those everlasting aphorisms, and hearing from Franklin on the spot. "If a boy buys two cents' worth of peanuts, his father says, ' Remember what Franklin has said, my son: A groat :i day 's a penny a year,' and the comfort is all gone out of those peanuts. If he wants to spin his top when he- has work to do, his father quotes: 'Procrastination is the thief of time.' If he does a virtuous action, he never gets anything for it, Because 'Virtue is its own reward;' and that boy is hounded to death and robbed of his natural rest, because Franklin once said, in one of his inspired flights of maligni- ty: 'Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy and wealthy and wise." Mark Twain's works have been re-published in England, and translations of the principal ones in Germany. THE Bl OKA PHICA L RE \ 'IE W. GEN. PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. Born March 6, 1831. THIS great warrior and statesman, the present commander of the United States army, is of small stature. He was one of the most dashing officers during the war of the Rebellion, and was the idol of his men, to whom he imparted much of his vim. Born of Irish parents at Somerset, Ohio, Sheridan, as a boy, had but few opportunities. The family was poor and his school days were few. He was always a leader among his associates, how- ever. His time when not at school or engaged in do- ing chores, "was largely de- voted to the juvenile show business, where a charge of from three to five pins constituted the admission fee. Phil was invariably the * ' slack-rope perf orm- eiv" and if a menagerie was attached he performed the feat of going into the "lion's den," 1 ' which was a large box with wooden slats nailed on the front side and generally contained two or three dogs and a number of cats. He also took a great fancy to drilling, and had a company of eighteen or twenty of his playmates. His old playmates and the older people generally say he has a mania for riding vic- ious horses, and. although young and small for his age, he never found a horse he could not manage. Phil was known as a good-dispositioned, manly boy, but was as wild as any GEN. PHILIP HENRY SHERIDAN. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 65 of them, and stood ready to assert his boyhood at any time with bare knuckles if necessary, though he was by no means quarrelsome. An old resident who is full of reminiscences of Phil tells this story of his early days: <' Phil was a little bit of a fellow, but I guess he whipped very fighting lad in Somerset. He became early in life a most daring horseback rider. His first experience as a cav- alryman was on the bare back of an ugly beast without a 4 rap of leather anywhere about him. The horse started in- to a terrible run and did not halt until he came to a tavern some miles away. There he ran in the stable-shed. Sher- idan hung on like an Indian and did not seem to be in the least frightened. When asked how he had managed to stick, the five-year old answered: 'I'd been told how to do it. I just hugged his neck and stuck my knees in his side.' No one had ever before succeeded in clinging to the horse's back." At the age of twelve Phil went to work, being employed as a clerk in the dry goods business until 1847. While preparing himself for the academy he came near never seeing West Point. While lying on his bed at night, tired out after his day's work iu the store, he was hard at his studies, a lighted candle standing near the bed. Gradually his eyes grew heavy, the book slipped from his grasp, and he fell asleep. In some way the candle fell and set the bed on fire, and he barely awakened in time to save himself and the building. At the age of seventeen, he was admitted to West Point. While there he was put back a year for whipping a higher classman. Thus it took him five years to graduate, but still he was only 22 when he came out, graduating in isr>;>. After graduation he was assigned to the frontier in Texas, whence he was transferred to Oregon, where he was stationed at the breaking out of the civil war. He was then appointed quartermaster of the army of South- 66 THE HHHiKAPHICAL REVIEW. western Missouri, and in April, 1862, chief -quartermaster of the western department. The following May he was made colonel of the second Michigan volunteers cavalry; was com- missioned brigadier-general of volunteers in July of the same year; and after a brief period he was put in command of the eleventh division of the army of the Ohio. A divi- sion of the army of the Cumberland was commanded by him, and at Stone .River saved the army from rout by his stubborn resistance. For his gallant conduct he was made major-general of volunteers, and on the fourth of August was appointed to the command of the middle military division, and sent to operate against the Southerners in the Shenandoah Valley. His assaults upon the army's position at Five Forks (April 1 1, 1864) and Sailors Creek, being particularly brilliant. In November, he was made major-general of the United States army. Then joining General Grant's army at City Point, whence he started, March 25, 1865. to strike the final blow for the overthrow of Lee's army. On June 3d of the same year, Sheridan was assigned the command of the military division of the southwest, and on June 1 7 that of the Gulf. In 1867 he was assigned to the fifth military district by Johnson, and to the department of the Missouri shortly after. In 1869 he became, by promotion, lieutenant-general; and upon the retirement of Sherman, became commander- in - chief. The recent outbreaks among the Indians of the southwest necessitated his presence, with Gen. Miles, upon the field of hostilities. The name of Gen. Philip Sheridan has been put forward as a candidate for the presidency of the United States. The gallant general, however, does not wish to figure at all in the coming contest; but he is assuredly very popular, and a man that could be implicitly trusted with so important an office as that of President of the United States. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 67 Gen. Sheridan's serious sickness of 1888 tilled many a veteran's heart with sadness, for he was a general favorite everywhere in the army. While commanding his regiment, the second Michigan cavalry, he showed the mettle of which he was made. He was a fighter, and that is why he was so popular. His motto was as Irish as his heart: " Whenever you see a head hit it, and hit it hard." His methods were most simple in- deed, and were generally devised on the spur of the moment and to suit the occasion. No doubt he had studied the science of war, as he was a graduate of West Point and had been in continual service, but he went on the field to whip somebody, arid not to demonstrate theories of old masters. While he was with the army of the Cumberland he acquir- ed the title of Little Phil. It was not because he was a dim- inutive creature, but when in company with Pap Thomas, Garfield and Rosecrans, he was the smallest of the lot. They were all large men, which made him look slender, if not small. Then the term little is often applied to a favorite as a sort of pet name. As a matter of fact, however, he was a much smaller man than they when he became lieutenant- general. When in the army of the Cumberland he was one of the boys in camp, yet lie never became familiar with the men. He was not a dandy by any means, as far as his clothes were concerned. Indeed, his superior officers and boon com. panions often lectured him for looking so shabby. He would answer that he felt better in his old clothes. In addition to feeling better he also looked better in a common fatigue uniform than in a dress-parade suit. When he went into a fight he went in to win. It was for that reason that he never made any provision for a retreat. His men were always confident of victory, or at least iir\ri feared defeat. At Stone river his. men stood like statues, and held positions that were seemingly forlorn hopes. 63 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. THOMAS H. HUXLEY. Born in 1825. PROFESSOR HUXLEY has received nearly all the honors us- ually offered to learned men in his line of research. He has been president not only of the Royal Society, but of the Geological Society and of the British Association, and Lord Rector of the Aberdeen University. Breslau, Dublin, Ed- inburgh and Cambridge have conferred on him their honora- ry doctorates. Thomas Henry Huxley, F.R.S. , LL.IX, the natural- ist, was born at Ealing, Middlesex, England, where his father was master of a school. After receiving his preliminary education, he studied medicine, and in 1846, he took the 'diplo- ma of M.R.C.S., in or- der to qualify himself for J| the medical service of the royal navy, which he en- tered as assistant surgeon. He was next appointed to a ship commissioned for tli e STirvC-j of the Austra- lasian coast. His next appointment was as assistant surgeon to H. M. S. "Rattlesnake,"" and he spent the greater part of his time from 1847-51 on the eastern and southern coasts of Australia. The results of his studies in natural history, for which the cruise afforded facilities, appeared in a work entitled "Oceanic Hydrozoa." Upon his return to England, in 1854, Professor Huxley found himself a man of some note in the scientific world. PROFESSOR HUXLEY. ////: HinailM'llK'AL REVIEW. 69 He now left the navy, and succeeded Edward Forbes in the natural history chair of the School of Mines, and from that day he continued to occupy a prominent place in the public life of the country. Honor after honor has fallen to him, and had he cared for political distinction, it is certain that the popularity which secured his election to the first school board of Lon- don, would have carried him into parliament, and doubtless into the ministry. In the next few years which followed, Mr. Huxley en- riched zoology with numerous memoirs; and in 1857, the same year that he joined Dr. Tyndall in studying the nature of glaziers, he delivered his able lecture on ''The Theory of the Vertibrate Skull.'' In ls60, he delivered a series of lectures, which were published under the title of ."Lectures on our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Or- ganic Nature." Mr. Huxley also contributed largely to the English Cyclopedia; published his lectures on "Comparative Anatomy " in lsf>4; "Lessons in Elementary Physiology" in 1866; an introduction to the "Classification of Animals' 11 in 1869, and numerous other works. "When the Darwinian theory was first promulgated, Pro- fessor Huxley immediately ranged himself on its side. It may. indeed, be doubted whether without his powerful sup- port the doctrines of the great English naturalist would have found -so ready an acceptance in the highest scientific circles. No one has ever excelled Mr. Huxley in expressing in a clear, masculine language the facts which he desired to en- force. Hence, not only his "Hume" in the English Men of Letter series, font his "Lay Sermons," Addresses. Reviews, etc.. may be taken as models for the imitation of every one desirous of acquiring a correct English style. He has been made a member of scientific societies in all parts of the world, and is the author of many popular sci- entific works. 70 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HENRY GEORGE. Born in 1839. BORN at Philadelphia, he entered a counting house in 1853, then learned printing, and afterward took to the sea. In 1858 he settled in California, and in 1866 joined the staff of a San Francisco paper as reporter, subsequently becoming editor of the San Francisco ''Times" and "Post" in succes- sion. His attention had already been directed to the land question, and his views are embodied in 'Our Land and Land Policy," published in 1871. In 1876 he became state inspector of gas met- ers for San Francisco, and in 1879 a trustee of the San Francisco Free Public Li- brary. While visiting Ireland he was arrested as a " suspect' under the coercion act thenj in force; and although he! was immediately released, the event directed attention to the work "Progress and Poverty," which appeared in 1876, having an enor- mous sale. The charm of "Progress and Poverty" is the simplicity of its style, and the drastic remedy proposed for an exasperated people. Mr. George, maintaining that the " unearned increment " is rent, as Mill had called it, was rightfully the property of the nation, proposes to " appropriate rent by taxation/' which he argues would be no injustice, for "it is not necessary to confiscate land; it is only necessary to confiscate rent." HKNRY GEORGE. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 71 Tin- falacies in Mr. George's reasoning seem to be due to a mistaken notion of the real causes of poverty, and a some- what superficial acquaintance with economic works and eco- nomic history. In a lecturing tour throughout the United States in 1 883-4, Mr. George was enthusiastically received in many districts. In 1880 he was a candidate for the mayoralty of New York. lut was defeated. Though Henry George has acquired such large celebrity, his wife's name has hardly been mentioned in the papers that speak of him so often and so much. She is a thorough home body, devoted to her husband and their four children. She is one of the small, plump, cheery bodies that never get down- hearted, and people who have known them a long time say that but for her unflagging devotion and enthusiastic belief in him, Mr. George would never have been able to come triumphantly through the long period of straitened means and hard work which preceded his sudden success. JOHN CHARLES FREMONT. Horn 'Inn 21, 1813. AT Los Angeles, California, on Jan. 21, 1888, upwards of two thousand people were present at the reception of Gen. .lohn (. Fremont and his wife, given on the general's sev- enty-fifth birthday. It is the intention of the general to set- tle down in that beautiful city, where the general and his wife are the objects of much respectful admiration and love. He was detailed in 1842 by the government to make a survey of California, with instructions to pick his own men. and to seize the country if the Knii'lish made any hostile demonstrations; he subsequently took possession of Califor- nia in the name of the Knifed State-. Memoirs of My Life,'" which was issued in February. 72 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 1887, by Gen. Fremont, with the aid and assistance of his wife, Jessie Benton Fremont, abounds in breezy sketches and incidents of far western life. John Charles Fremont was born in Savannah, Ga., his father having been a French emigrant to this country. Though left an orphan at the early age of four years, he received a good education, grad- uating at Charleston College at the age of seventeen. He taught mathematics, and turned his attention to en- gineering, having received a commission as lieutenant of engineers in the United States army. Subsequently most of his time was for several years occupied in government surveys and explorations in the Kocky Mountains. In 1842 he explored the South Pass, and his exploits dur- ing the Mexican war gave him much distinction. Col. Fremont was one of the first two senators from California, serving from 1849 until 1851. In the year 1856 he was the republican candidate for the president of the United States in opposition to James Buchanan, the democratic candidate. In 1861 and 1862 he was a major-general of the United States army, and became governor of the territory of Arizona from 1878 to 1882. No man can claim the glory of the true American by a better title than Col. Fremont, who has made the knowledge and the development of the resources of this con- tinent the great end of all his exertions, and has pursued it with a self-sacrificing devotion. His name is stamped in- FREMONT. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 78 delibly with an imprint that can never be obliterated over the whole breadth of its geography. Gen. Fremont's personal history is in many essential particulars (especially in refer- ence to western affairs, and most particularly California,) the history of the country. Gen. Fremont, though his hair and beard are as white as snow, is as bright and active as a boy in his teens. When relating his experiences his eyes sparkle and dance, and his voice is as strong as that of many a man half his age. Mrs. Jessie Ben ton Fremont was born in 1825, and was married to Gen. Fremont when she was a little over twenty years of age. Mrs. Jessie is a plump and well-preserved matron, almost as vivacious and lively ar> she was when she captivated the heart of the young soldier-scholar, who dared to steal away the daughter of ''Old Bullion'' 1 (Col. Benton), whom it grieved so sorely that his daughter should run away with and wed a young teacher of mathematics and surveying. who had only two years before been appointed a second lieu- tenant of topographical engineers. But these events occurred over forty -five years ago, and Mrs. Jessie Benton Fremont's enthusiasm for her husband has never abated in all this time. JOHN P. ST. JOHN. Born in 1833. IN a lecture on "Prohibition." given in Chicago in 1887, ex-gov. St. John said: "It is not always to a man's discredit to be in the minority. I have been there three times once when I voted for freedom in 1856, then when I ran for gov- ernor of Kansas, and when Cleveland and Elaine beat me as a candidate for the presidency The liquor traf- fic must be wiped out. High license is a fraud and a sham. Why not apply the license to the marriage relation? A man who marries one wife to pay one hundred dollars; two wives, one hundred and fifty dollars; three wives, two hundred dol- 74 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. lars; ten wives, four hundred dollars; and the man who mar- ries a whole seminary, one thousand dollars!" St. John, the great prohibitionist, was born at Brockville, Franklin county, Indiana. Before he was twenty years of age he caught the "gold fever" and started for California. For- tune, however, did not smile upon him, and he was compelled to do all sorts of odd jobs for a living. He made several voyages to South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Sandwich Islands, and in 1852-53 took part in the Indian wars of Cal- ifornia and Oregon. In 1860 he returned to Illi- nois, entering the law office of Starkweather and Mc- Lean in Charleston. He was soon after admitted to a partnership in the firm. At the opening of the war he did not wait to be draft- ed, but voluntarily entered the army to battle for his country. He served in the sixty-eighth Illinois volun- teers as private, but was elected captain. He next became as- sistant adjutant-general, later commanding troops at Mattoon, Illinois. When the 143d regiment was formed, he was chos- en lieutenant-colonel. He resumed his law practice at the close of the war, at Charleston, whence he removed to Olathe, Kansas, in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to the state senate, and six years later he was elected governor of Kansas, and again in 1879. Two years later he was defeated for governor; and in 1884 he was defeated as prohibition candidate for the presidency, but polled 25,000 votes in New York state alone. JOHN ]'. ST. .TORN. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 75 MAJOR ADOLPHUS W. GREELY. Born March 27, 1844. MR. GREELY'S birthplace is Newburyport, Massachusetts. He enlisted in the army in 1861, and six years later he was detailed for duty in the United States signal service. In 1880 President Garfield appointed Greely leader of the United States arctic expedition, a post which, although he lacked a seaman's training, he was eminently fitted to occupy from his intimate acquaintance with metereological research. In 1881, Lieutenant Gree- ly, at the head of an expe- dition of twenty -five men, set sail for the arctic re- gions. They were soon lost .sight of, and nothing was heard from them tillJune, 1 S M. when they were res- cued off' Cape Sabine, by the United States explor- ing vessels '-Thetis" and Bear." under Captain Schley the third expedi- tion that hud gone to their relief. In the meantime Gree- k's party had suffered ter- GREELY. rible privations, and were accused of cannibalism, an accusation that was emphatically denied. Twenty of the crew had perished. lie went farther north than any preceding expedition, reaching to within eight degrees of the North Pole, and the good results of the expedition are numerous; and he suggests the North Pole a> the habitat of primitive man. He is now at the head of the signal service, being appointed to that position in 76 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. The weather bureau of the signal office has so far out- grown the other divisions of the office, that people are apt to forget that the signal service has any other duty than that of weather predicting. The weather bureau was established in accordance with a joint resolution of congress passed in 1870, which imposed on the signal office the duty of "giving notice, by telegraph and signals, of tne approach and force of storms." The work is now done by the bureau as follows: Stations are established in all parts of the United States, and tri-daily reports are sent to Washington, D. C. By means of these simultaneous reports, which are very minute, the bureau is enabled to keep an accurate weather map of the entire union; and by noting the course of storms, to predict, from one to two days in advance, what the weather in any partic- ular locality will be. These predictions are not certain to be fulfilled, but experience has shown that the probability is largely in favor of fulfillment, so that the announcements of the bureau may be made a guide to action. The percentage of verification has been given as high as eighty-seven to ninety per cent. And in the larger cities, when rain is predicted, people can be seen carrying umbrellas in anticipation of the fulfillment of the prediction. From the bureau in Washington, despatches are sent out at least as often as three times a day to the signal offi- cers at all ports and inland stations; and these, by the dis play of signal flags and by publication in the papers, warn the people what kind of weather to expect. In accordance with a recent order of the war department, a special weather forecast is made for the railroads of the United States, and telegraphed to the managers of the vari- ous lines shortly after midnight. On many roads the loco- motives of the morning trains display the flags indicating the probable weather for the next twenty-four hours. These sig- nals are square flags of white, bearing blue and red suns, crescents or stars in the center. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 77 WHITELAW KEID. Born Oct. 27, 1837. WHITELAW REID, who edits the paper founded by Horace Greeley, was born at Xenia, Ohio, and graduated at the Miami University in 1856. After acting for a year or BO as superintendent of the graded schools at South Charleston, Ohio, he bought the Xenia "News," editing it for two years. He took an active part in the campaign of 1860-1 and went to the convention as correspondent for three daily newspa- pers. At the close of the session he became city editor of the Cincinnati ''Gazette.'' and at the outbreak of the civil war went to the front as war correspondent for that journal. He served on the staff of Gen. Mor- ris in West Virginia with the rank of captain. At the close of the first AVt-st Virginia campaign he returned to Cincinnati and wrote for the "Ga- zette" until the opening of the second campaign, when he again went to the front with Gen. Rosecrans. He wrote letters over the sig- nature of "Agate," and witnessed the whole of the battle of Pittsburg Landing. His description of this gave him great distinction as a \vai- correspondent. In the spring of 1862 he went to Washington, and was appointed librarian of the house of representatives, and act- ed 80 correspondent of the Cincinnati "Gazette." He was at the battle of Gettysburg, and his description was a vivid WHITELAW REID. 78 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. narration of that engagement. In 1865. accompanied by Chief Justice S. P. Chase, he made a tour of the south. Mr. Chase made the tour upon the request of President Johnson for the purpose of ascertaining the condition and interests of the white and black races. Mr. Reid published ^After the War, a Southern Tour," as a result of this excur- sion. In 1865-7 he engaged in the cotton planting business in Louisiana and Alabama, and published "Ohio in the War." In 1868 he returned to the Cincinnati " Gazette," and be- came one of the leading editors. Soon after Horace Gree- ley renewed his offer first made in 1862 of a position on the N. Y. "Tribune." The offer was accepted, and in 1869 Mr. Reid became managing editor. Upon nomination of Gree- ley for president in 1872, Mr. Reid became editor-in-chief, and upon the death of the founder became the owner. GEN. GEORGE ERNEST BOULANGER. Born in 1837. THE army in France has from time immemorial been the nation's pride. No Frenchman can look back into his coun- try's history without a thrill of exultation. To this senti- ment has been added since 1870, one of deep-seated hatred and an insatiable thirst for revenge; and the army, though beaten, has become a greater factor than ever in the nation's existence. The law by which every Frenchman, unless inca- pacitated by bodily infirmities or a few other set causes, is enrolled among the possible defenders of his country, was enacted July 27, 1872. By its provisions every unexempted citizen must render military service, first for five years in the regular army, then for four years in the regular reserve, then for five years in the territorial army, and finally for six years in the reserve of the territorial army. In other words, France expects him to be ready at her call during twenty successive years of his life. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 79 The scrupulous enforcement of this law has enabled France to maintain a force of 4 ( .i ; . 143 men constantly under arms, which, together with the territorial army and regular troops. over one and three-quarters million men could be placed un- der arms in defense of the country. But where is the man who shall lead these brave soldiers against the enemy? Such is the question modern French- men ask themselves. Of the living generals capable of ser- vice, there remain but Saussier, commandant of Paris and commander-in-chief of the French army; Negrier, the hero of Tonquin; and last, but not least, Boulanger all three comparatively untried soldiers. "And who is Boulan- uvr'" lie is the son of a lawyer, and during 1886-7 trench minister of war. There was often "more bread than butter'' to be had in the domestic circle. The mother, after whom the son takes in personal appearance, is an English- : fl woman. Young Boulan- ger showed the lion's paw even while yet, at St. Cyr, where, on free days, he dined on potatoes in order to buy a pair of yellow gloves. He served as lieutenant in the Italian campaign, and had the good fortune to be wounded and decorated. Since then lie has been everywhere where Frenchmen have been fight- ing, and once he has been seriously wounded. His voice was much feared by the pupils of St. Cyr, whom he used to GEN. BOULANGER. 80 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. apostrophize as "ignores," but even at that time he courted popularity. There are two little Boulangers, one of whom bears the romantic name of Yvonne. He was educated for the army, and served as an officer in the Italian, Algerian and Mexican campaigns; and was rais- ed to rank of colonel for gallantry in tlie field during the Franco-Prussian war. He was made division commander of troops in 1877, and chief of the infantry department in the year following; he was also sent to Tunis as chief command- er of troops in 1881, but was soon afterwards recalled. A Frenchman who has known him for a long time says there is something effeminate in him; overstrung nerves, un- equal temper, vanity and amiability. "Whenever he chooses, he is a perfect soldier. Often he is cold, absent-minded, swinging his pince-nez like a censer. His forehead is low, but vaulted like that of a thinker; his head is small, and his face like that of a bird of prey. His beard, which is light- er round his mouth, and his hooked nose confirm the im- pression. He looks like a vulture, with his veiled gray eyes, but not like an eagle who soars towards the sun. His thin, long hands are adorned with jeweled rings. And when the war begins? Then Boulanger will mount his horse, leave the white scarf of the war minister to some- body else, and call out, as Gambetta did before him. "The general for whom thou art waiting am I." Of course, great opportunities often make great men, and Boulanger or some as yet unknown officer may prove a sec- ond Napoleon Bonaparte before the end of another Franco- German war. But whatever the final outcome of such a con- flict may be, the Germans can rest assured that with a huge chain of forts to rend asunder and over a million brave sol- diers to overcome, their task next time will as little resem- ble the "walkover'" of 1870 as the recent half-breed rebel- lion in the Northwest resembled our own terrible civil strife a score of years ago. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 81 KATE FIELD. Miss KATE FIELD, who is so outspoken against the Mor- mons, is known to every school boy by her writings. Her sketches on the follies and foibles of the human race have been widely read: and she has, in her lectures, been listened to by thousands of people. Her stand against what she calls * k The Mormon Monster." has brought her into prominence. Kate Field was born in St. Louis, Missouri, and was edu- cated in Massachusetts and Europe. She enjoyed the friendship, during the la- ter years of his life, of Walter Savage Landor, who was a volunteer in the Peninsular war and there attained the rank of colo- nel; he was also an author of note. During her stay in Eu- rope, Miss Field was the correspondent of the "Bos- ton Courier and Tran- script" and the New Or- leans Picayune," and af- terwards the well known "Straws, Jr.," of the Springfield Republican*' in 1867. She was also a frequent contributor to the New York Tribune," Chicago "Tribune," Philadelphia "Press." and the various London journals. She is the author of "Pen Portraits of Dickens' Read- ings." --Ten Days in Spain," and other works. Miss Field is an able dramatic critic, and in 1S74 made her first appear- ance on the stage as IVg Woffington." in New York. She also excels in horsemanship, of which she is passionately fond. MISS KATK FIELD. 82 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. KEY. CHAS. HADDON SPUKGEON. Born June 19, 1834. THE "Pall Mall Gazette" exposures, in 1886, of the in- iquities of the upper classes of London, produced a sensation rarely equaled in journalistic annals, and puUic opinion was much divided as to the advisability of publishing so much obsceneness in a journal making pretensions to decency. The proprietors of the paper, however, asserted that they had acted with a moral purpose, and although the journal was ostracized in many of the better houses and clubs, its course was sanctioned by many emi- nent men; among these was the great London di- vine, Chas. II. Spurgeon, whose fame is world wide. and in a sermon delivered by him, he spoke boldly in defense of the course of the "Pall Mall Gazette/' "St. Paul," the preach- er said, "felt it necessary to mention the hideous vi- REV. c. H. SPURGEON. ccs of the heathens, and left on record an exposure of the sins of his day which crim- soned the cheeks of the modest when they read it ..... Every secret sin is secret only by a lying phantasy of the imagination. It is public before God. It is necessary for the church to warn men of what will happen if they continue in their sins ...... It becomes every preacher to cry out, and spare not." The Kev. C. II. Spurgeon was born at Kelridon, Essex, THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 88 and was educated at Colchester. He became the usher in a school at New Market, at an early age, and while thus en- gaged competed for a prize offered by Mr. Arthur Mork-y, for the best essay on a religious topic, and although Mr. Spurgeon did not receive the prize, he was rewarded by a grant of money for the able manner in which he treated his subject. Some of his relatives, who were independents, pro- posed that he should enter one of their colleges, and under- go a training for the ministry, but as he held anabaptistic views, he joined the congregation which had been presided over by the late Robert Hall, at Cambridge. From this pe- riod he became a village preacher and tract distributor at Feversham,a village near Cambridge, under the designation of "The Boy Preacher." Shortly after this he accepted a pastorship of Waterbeach. The lad of seventeen became a well known c-haracter; and the barn in which he preached was always filled to overflow- ing with auditors. Invitations to preach were sent to him from the surrounding places, and at last his fame reached London. He was offered the chapel in New Market stivrt, and made his first appearance before a London congregation in 1853. His success was so great that before two years had elapsed the chapel had to be enlarged. His hearers multiplied so rapidly that it became expedient to engage Sur- ray music hall, and his followers erected a new chapel call- ed the "Tabernacle," which was formally opened in lSt',1. Hundreds of Mr. Spurgeon's sermons have appeared in print, and extracts are published in many of the English pa- pers shortly after their delivery. His sermons have been ru- bied to America, and his admirers in this country have thus been enabled to partake of his wisdom. Mr. Spurgeon has been most zealous in the founding and continuance of char- itable institutions, especially such as assist young men to obtain an education. The Stock well Orphanage, established in 1867, is one of the most enduring fruits of his labors. THE B10GUAP111CAL HE VIEW. WILL CARLETON. Born in 1845. AMONG the younger American poets, there is perhaps none better known or universally admired than Will Carleton. It is a singular fact that the western poets seem always to strike a new vein of thought or feeling. It is useless for the pedagogue to pcint out the faults of Carleton's poetry and tell us that his verses arc not properly constructed here or ungrammatical there, for they pointed out the same errors inPoe; they showed us where the great Dick- ens was at fault; in fact, everyone whom the people admired was faulty in their eyes. But notwithstand- this, Dickens touched the heart strings of his read- ers they wept or laugh- ed at his bidding. And as it was with Edgar A. Poe, so it is with the subject of this sketch. Carleton is a master hand in sounding the human heartstrings. He was born near Hudson, Lenawee county, Michigan, and was brought up as farmer boys usually are. His desire for knowledge, however, led him to walk five miles to the district school, where he studied Latin, algebra, etc. In 1805 he entered college, helping to defray his ex- penses by teaching school. Graduating in 1869. he joined the editorial staff of a Chicago paper, and later became edi- tor of the Detroit "Weekly Tribune.'' In 1868 he wrote his first poem "Fax," and at his graduation in 1869, "-Rifts in WILL CARLETON. ////; llHHillM'Hli'M. HK\'IK\\'. 85 the ClomU." Tlie following lines are taken from his beau- tiful poem, written in INTO, for Decoration Day, entitled 'Cover Them Over:" tin-in orer iritli l>ea ntifnl Jlowers; /it silent. liy nujht and l>y nl marked for the joyt <>f (he brave; Years they mutt irast^ in tin' sloth of the grave. Cover them on r yes. eorer them orer--- Parent, and husband, ami hrother. and lover: f'rmrn in your heart those ilcail heroes of ours, And eorer them oi'cr iritli beautiful flowers." In 1871 appeared his master work, entitled " Betsv and I Are Out," and soon after "How Betsy and I Made I').." and --Over the Hills to the Poor-house." In 1873 he produced "Farm Ballads." and in 1875 "Farm Legends;" "Farm Festivals" appeared in 1881, all of which were hand- somely illustrated. The works of Will Carleton are published in a very neat and attractive form. His Farm Ballads" and other poems. many of which have appeared in magazines throughout the ccmntry from time to time, have been read and appreciated high- ly. Indeed, by the American public he is regarded as a truly great poet: while his Betsy and I Arc Out" is especially well known, having become as familiar to the reading public, we might venture to say. as any poem of modern times. Some of his work gives evidence of hasty production; but taken altogether, Carleton is a poet of whom Americans can justly be proud. In his books, the author has aimed to give expression t<> the truth; and surely his literary faults can be overlooked "for the sake of the truths he was struggling to tell." 86 THE BIOGRAPHICAL It E VIEW. ROBERT TODD LINCOLN. Born Aug. 1, 1843. THE oldest and only surviving son [of a family of five children] of the martyred Abraham Lincoln, is Robert Todd Lincoln, who was born in Springfield, Illinois. He is as yet best known as the son of his father, and while he exhibits few of the characteristics which made a name (that will never die) for this illustrious stateman, there seems to be a certain- ty that the family name will suffer no detraction through any action of Robert Todd Lincoln. He makes no pretentions. does everything he undertakes in a quiet undemonstrative way, and is faithful to all the obligations of life. His parents at the time of his birth owned no home, and he first saw the light in the Globe tavern, a famous old-time hostelrv, where thev boarded. When he was about a year m * v */ old the family moved into the house which continued to be their home until the father became president. Robert went to school in Springfield, but after getting through with his primary studies, was sent to the Illinois State University, a Lutheran institution of very modest char- acter, which like most small western colleges, rejoiced in an ambitious name. He went east in 1859, and one year later entered the Phillips Academy of Exeter. After a brief at- tendance at this school he was admitted to Harvard Univer- sity as a member of the class of '64, having passed a highly creditable examination. Graduating in due time he entered the law school of the university, from which he retired after a brief stay to accept a commission as captain in the army and assistant adjutant general of the staff of Gen. Grant. He witnessed the fall of Petersburg and the pursuit and capture of Lee's army. After Petersburg W 7 as evacuated, he was sent with an escort to City Point, to bring the president [his father] to the front, He was at Appomattox and witnessed the surrender of Lee. The next day he started TH K BIOGRAPHICAL UK VIEW. 87 with Gen. Grant for City Point. He arrived in Washing- ton, April 14, the day of the assassination. Robert Lincoln made haste to reach the White House, and was the first to give the president news of the surrender of the rebel army. The murder of his father threw upon Robert Lincoln the re- >ponsibility of the management of the affairs of the family. After the funeral he left Washington with his moth- er without waiting to wit- iie^s the grand review, and hastened to Chicago. His service, though brief, was severe and, as the say- ing is, k * made a man of him." After the war he resign- ed his commission and went to Chicago, where he resumed the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1st;;. In 1870. he was elected supervisor of tbe south town of Chicago. He \v;i> an elector on the republican ticket for the state of Illi- nois, and was appointed as a trustee of the Illinois Central Railroad by the governor. He was at Springfield in the of- fice, of Gov. Cullom in 18*1. when he received the news of his selection as secretary of war, which position he occupied hiring lssl-s4. He was married in 18fi8, to Mary Harlan. a daughter of ex-senator Harlan, of Iowa; he has three children a girl born in 1809, a boy born in 1873, and a girl born in ROBERT TODD LINCOLN. 88 THE BIO G HA PHICA L RE VIE W. On the accession of Vice-President Arthur to the presiden- cy, Mr. Lincoln was the only member of the former cabinet who was requested to retain his portfolio, and he did so to the end of the administration. He performed the duties of the place with such ability and fairness, and with such a knowledge of the law, and appreciation of the needs of the army, as to gain the warmest approbation of its officers. NORMAN J. COLMAN. Horn in 1840. NORMAN J. COLMAN was appointed commissioner of agri- culture in 1885. He is a thorough and practical agricultu- rist, and publisher and proprietor of "Colman's Rural World,"" a weekly agricul- tural journal of wide circu- lation, published in St. Louis, of which city he is a citizen. His duties as commis- sioner of agriculture are to collect and diffuse useful information concerning ag- riculture as can be acquired tli rough the means of books, correspondence, and prac- tical experiments; to col- lect new and valuable seeds, and to learn by ac- tual cultivation their mer- NORMAN .1. COLMAN. ,-,. , seeds as may be deemed worthy of profitable propagation. He is assisted in his important work by an entomologist, a statistician, a botanist, a chemist, and a microscopist. The efforts of Mr. Column, during 1887, to stamp out pleuro- pneumonia, were highly creditable in their results. THK mod n A rnirA i. u K VIP: ir. PORFIRIO DIAZ. Born $,]>(. i~>. /N.W. UNDER the administration of Gen. Diaz, president of Mex- ico, manufactures have increased, the resources of the coun- try have been developed, commerce has multiplied, .educa- tion has advanced, the revenues have be 300." He was appointed postmaster-general by President Arthur in 1883, to fill the vacant place of the late Timothy Howe; and on September 25, 1884, he was made secretary of the treasury to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles J. Folger; and in the following October he was given a seat in the Unit- ed States circuit court. During his career on the bench, Gresham has heard and decided many noteworthy cases, ma- ny of his decisions illustrating in a remarkable degree his fearlessness, impartiality and judicial firmness. Givsham has been a man of action more than of study, and yet he has found time for wide reading. He possesses a thorough and minute knowledge of the history of the gov- ernment and of the country, of the measures of the various administrations, of the great debates, of the men who shaped and influenced legislation in their day. many of whom are now forgotten, lie understands the relations of this country to foreign nations, the nature of the treaties in force and the government's diplomatic history. He has been a careful and thorough student of the decisions of chief justice Marshall, and understands the just relations of federal and state sover- eignty. In other fields of literature he may be classed as a well- informed man. without being what one would call profound- ly versed in books. What he reads he makes his own, not by a mere effort of memory, but by philosophizing upon it and getting at the heart of the matter. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. GEOKGE W. CHILDS. Born in 1829. MR. CHILDS was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and at the ago of thirteen entered the United States navy, spending fif- teen months in the service. He then settled in Philadel- phia, where he obtained employment as shop boy in a book store. At the age of eighteen, having saved a few hundred dollars, he set up in business for himself; and in 1849, be- fore he was twenty-one years of age, he became a member of the publishing firm of Childs & Peterson. On December 5, 1864, he purchased the "Philadel- phia Ledger," a daily news- paper, which, under his management, has become a very influential and widely-circulated journal. Mr. Childs is noted not only for his success as a journalist and publisher, but also for his hospitality and liberality. Men of science and learning, prin- ces and others of noble blood have alike partaken of his most genial hospitality. When Mr. Childs purchased the " Ledger," it was losing scores of thousands annually; but he brought young blood, broad business intelligence and tireless energy to his task, and the newspaper that he bought for fifteen thousand dol- lars twenty years ago, now pays four hundred thousand dol- lars annual profit. The broad enduring foundation of its success is its entire reliability in all its departments, and in GEORGE W CHILDS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 95 .that it reflects the ripe business judgment and qualities of its successful publisher. What adds greatly in his honor is the quiet unostentatious way in which he helps the needy and afflicted. Between Gen. Grant and Mr. Childs there was a close friendship, and the former when in Philadelphia al- most invariably stayed at Child's house; indeed, he was one f the pall bearers at the funeral of Gen. Grant. DWIGHT L. MOODY. Horn Feb. .5, 1837. THE birthplace of Dwight L. Moody, the great revivalist, is Northfield, Massachusetts. At seventeen years of age he was in the employ of his uncle, in Boston, as sales- man; at twenty he obtain- ed employment in Chi- cago, there joining the Plymouth congregational church. The first mission he start- ed in Chicago was in a de- vrrted saloon, the worst characters of the city be- ing invited. Mr. Moody's success in this undertaking was without precedent, and he finally consented to de- vote his whole time to mis- DWKillT L. MOODY, sionary work. In 1863 Mr. Moody was installed in his new church, now situated on Chicago avenue, in the city of Chi- cago. A year prior to his instalment in this church, he be- came acquainted with Ira D. Sankcy. In 1S72 Moody and San key conducted revivals throughout the United Kingdom. which created, at that time, a furore in the religious world. 96 THE BIOGRAPHICAL 11EVIKW. COL. THOMAS E. ROSE. AMONG all the thrilling incidents in the history of Libby prison none exceed in interest the celebrated tunnel escape which occurred on the night of February !>, lsycamore log. The February air was keen and biting, but he kept his cramped position until late in the afternoon. Toward night he cautiously came forth, and waded acro>s the Chicahominy river, the bed of which being uneven, and full of holes, he was thoroughly soaked before he reached the other shore. His limbs became stif- fened, and he made a brave effort to throw off the horrible ague. 1'y day he had to hide from the confederates. II i> tattered clothes were fro/en stiff, but lie pushed on resolutely, wading through deep and treacherous morasses that proved such dangerous fever pool.; to Meridian's army in ls;^. After days of suffering he was again captured and sent back to Libby prison. However, a few months afterward he was exchanged for a confederate colonel, and on Julv (\, !>>' 4. he rejoined his regiment. Col. Ro>e. niice the war. has -erved with the Itith United States infantry, in which he holds a captain's commission. THE HIOGRAPHWAL REVIEW. MKS. ELIZABETH CADY STANTON. Born Nov. 12, 1815. ONE of the most celebrated exponents of woman's rights' doctrines, is Mrs. '-Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Adverse deci- sions in some of the states seem now tending gradually to- ward removing every theoretical objection to woman's par- ticipation in public affairs. Mrs. Stanton was not the pio- neer in this field in America to openly discuss female suf- frage, but she was the first woman to formulate the doctrines that have since been adopted. Some par- agraphs from the woman's convention, at which she was the head and main- spring, read as follows: "The object of the con- vention is to discuss the social and religious rights of woman. He (man) has never permitted her to ex- ercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise. He has denied her the fa- cilities for obtaining an ed- ucation, all colleges being closed against her. He has created a false public senti- ment by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women, whereby moral delinquencies, which ex- clude women from society, are not only tolerated, but deem- ed of little account in man. "Therefore, it is resolved, that it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to the elective franchise." MRS. CADY STANTON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 99 Elizabeth Cady Stan ton was born at Johnstown, New York, and was the daughter of Judge Daniel Cady and Mar- garet Livingston. Elizabeth Stanton had her attention early turned toward the disabilities of her sex. She married, in the year of 1840, Henry B. Stanton, and accompanied him to the world's anti-slavery convention at London. There she made the acquaintance of Lucretia Mott, signing with her the call for the first woman's rights' convention, which met July 19-20, 1848, on which occasion the first formal claim of suffrage for woman was made. After her return to America, she addressed the New York legislature in 1854 on the rights of married women, and in 1860 in advocacy of divorce for drunkenness; and again in 1867, both the legislature and the constitutional convention, maintaining that during the revision of the constitution, the state was resolved into its original elements, and that all the citizens had a right to vote for members of that convention. Since 1869, she has frequently addressed congressional committees and state constitutional conventions. She can- vassed the state of Kansas in the year 1867, and Michigan in 1874, when the question of woman's suffrage was submit- ted in those states. She was one of the editors of a work entitled "The Revolution." Mrs. Stanton was also the pres- ident of the national committee from the year of 1855 until that of 1865, in which position and duration of time, she dis- played extraordinary knowledge of the management of pub- lic affairs. She was also president of the Woman's Loyal League in 1863, and of the National Association until 1873. Mrs. Stanton is a smooth and polished writer and is indefa- tigable in her efforts for securing for her sex the right of the franchise and the revision of many laws. Through the untiring efforts of such noble women as Eliz- abeth Cady Stanton, the woman's rights' doctrine now com- mands great respect, and numbers among its adherents many leading men of the day. 100 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CYRUS W. FIELD. Born Nov. 30. 1819. THE birthplace of Cyrus West Field is Stockbridge, Mass- achusetts, where lie was educated. Entering a counting house in New York, he became in a few years the proprietor of a large mercantile establishment. Retiring from business in 1858, he traveled for a while in South America, and on his return in 1854 he gave his attention to the subject of ocean telegraphs, and was instru- mental in procuring a char- ter from the legislature of Newfoundland to establish a telegraph from the con- tinent of America to that colony, and thence to Eu- rope. For the next thirteen years he devoted himself exclusively to the execu- tion of this undertaking. He was actively engaged in the construction of* the ':$ land line of telegraph in Newfoundland, and in the two attempts to lay the submarine cable between Cape Ray and Cape Breton, lie crossed the ocean more than fifty times with the expeditions for laying the cable un- der the Atlantic, the success of which was mainly due to his exertions. He received the unanimous thanks of congress, with a gold medal, in commemoration of the successful en- terprise; and at the Paris exposition he received the grand medal. Since 1877 he has been prominently connected with the elevated railways in New Y r ork city, and has been president of one of the companies. CYRUS W. FIELD. ////; nioiii<'AL HEVIEW. 101 JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. Horn Da-. /;. /,vo;. WHO is the best American poet ( Shortly after the close of the Civil War, this question was asked (when conversa- tion on politics and finance began to lag) by one among a group of prominent men. Horace Greeley, who was one of the party, replied with the name of Whittier; and his judg- ment was instantly approved by all present. This shows his standing with typical Americans of his own times. On the primitive homestead in the beautiful Merrimack valley, about five miles distant from the market town of Haverhill, Massachusetts, the subject of this sketch was born, descended from Quakers and Huguenots. Although when young, he had but little to read the Bi- ble, ''Pilgrim's Progress," and the weekly newspapers; and a little schooling in the district school house yet the boy's poetic fancy and native sense of rhythm were not inert. A great stimulus came in the way of Burn's poems, a cheap edi- tion of which fell into his possession. Of our leading poets he was almost the only one who learned Nature by working with her at all seasons, -under. the* sky_and in the wood and field. A piece of verse sent by young Whittier to the Newburv- port "Free Press" led William Lloyd Garrison, its editor, to look up his contributor and to encourage him with praise and counsel. From that time we see the poet working up- ward in the old-fashioned way. Supplementing his training by a year or more in the academy, and by a winter's practice as a teacher, he entered upon a journalistic career of varied experiences. His first work was a book of legends, in prose and verse. He now was doomed to years of disfavor through his efforts for the abolition of slavery, and he should be crowned as poet laureate by all anti-slavists. Whittier was the secretary of the first anti-slavery convention. We are told 102 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. that from 1832 to the close of our dreadful war in 1805, hi* harp of liberty was never hung up. Not an important occa- sion escaped him, and every significant incident drew from his heart pertinent and often very impressive verses. In 1831 Garrison had begun the "Liberator," with the watchword of unconditional surrender, and he was re-inforeed by Whittier, with lyre and pen. "Snow Bound'' was received with a warm welcome. < /? --^r^ . He supplied his verse on the instant, and. of course, were not polished so finely as Longfellow and his com- peers; slight changes would have made that eloquent .lyric, "Randolph of lio- anoke," a perfect one. Skilled in prose, the best articles and essays from his pen are written with a true and direct hand, though rather barren of the epigram which enrich- es the prose of Lowell, Emerson and Holmes. Johnson's tribute, a com- plement to Parkson's paid honor is " The poet of free- JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. dom,humanity, religion; whose words of holy fire aroused the conscience of a guilty nation, and melted the fetters of slaves." He has tried to make the world a little better, to awaken a love of freedom, justice and good will, and his name will be enrolled "as one that loved his fellow men." In this person a grace is added to his poetry by the avowal, U I set a higher value on my name as appended to the Anti- Slavery Declaration than on the title page of my books." THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 103 EGBERT BONNER. Born April 28, 1824. BOKN in the north of Ireland, near Londonderry, Robert Bonner was brought to America whilst yet a child, and was educated in Connecticut. Showing a liking for the printers' trade ho was placed in the office of the Hartford " Courant," where he learned to set type. He soon became known as the best and quickest workman in Hartford, and upon one occasion set the astonish- ing number of seventeen hundred "ems" in one hour. In 1844, he went to New York, and worked on the American "Repub- lican;" and after the col- lapse of that journal, on the Evening " Mirror." Here- reived charge of the "Mer- chants 1 Ledger," which be- came the New York " Led- ger " of to-day. After su- perintending the "Ledger" for a short time, it was bought by him. At that time New York had no lit- erary journal, Philadel- ROBERT BONNER. phia and Boston being recognized as the literary centers. When Mr. Bonner announced his intention to make a liter ary weekly of tho " Ledger," his failure was predicted by all his friends. Fanny Fern was at the height of her popularity at that time; Mr. Bonner engaged her to write for the "Ledger" at one hundred dollars a column. lie advertised the fact ev- erywhere. The announcements of his paper were in almost 104 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. every journal in the land. The method was new and the sales of the "Ledger" were enormous. Mr. Bonner engag- ed the foremost writers of the day; and stories by Edward Everett, Alice and Phoabe Gary, H. W. Beecher, James Gordon Bennett, Henry J. Raymond, Horace Greeley and others, appeared regularly in the ;i Ledger." Mr. Bonner is a noted lover of horses and owned "Dex- ter," the crack trotter of a generation ago; "Ranis "and 'Maud S. v He has an elegant country seat at Morrissania, New York, in addition to a fine residence in New York city. DANIEL S. LAMONT. Born in 1851. THE private secretary of President Cleveland, Ool. Dan- iel 8. Lament, is a native of the state of New York, and is the only child of a country merchant. He was deputy clerk in the New York as- sembly for several years, and was afterward employ- ed in the state department. In 1878 he became legis- lative reporter to the Alba- ny "Argus, "and for a time was managing editor of that publication, having al- so a pecuniary interest therein. Mr. Lament has filled many important political positions with great credit. DANIEL s. LAMONT. So great are his perceptive powers, that he was called upon for advice by S. J. Tilden, when that astute politician was governor of the Empire state. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 105 TERENCE V. POWDERLY. Born in 1849. THE general master workman, Terence V. Powderly, is a native of Pennsylvania, and a machinist by trade. He is op- posed to strikes and boycotting, and has gained the respect of all classes, having shown himself to the public through his open letters to the daily press of the country to be an earnest student of capital and labor. As general master work- man of the knights of la- bor he commands the at- tention and confidence of the workingmen of the country. The leading political principles of the knights of labor are embodied in the state ownership of rail- roads, telegraphs, and the like means of transporting intelligence, passengers, and freight; a graduated income tax; that public lands be reserved for actual settlers, and all lands now held for speculative pur- poses to be taxed to their TERENCE v. powDEKLY. f u ii value, and the doing a\\ay with banks of issue. Mr. Powderly says: "The legisla- ture a few years ago would not have paid the slightest atten- tion to a labor organization, but now the knights of labor could defeat any candidate. I do not believe in boycotting, or in blacklisting: I believe in arbitration, and T would make arbitration compulsory." 106 THE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW. WILKIE COLLINS. Born in 1824. WILLIAM WILKIE COLLINS, the eldest son of the late William Collins, the well known painter of rustic scenes, was born in London. After being educated at a private school and spending two years with his parents in Italy, he was articled for four years to a firm in the tea trade, but soon gave up the mercantile position to study law. His first literary produc- tion was a biography of his father, published in 1848. From that time he de* voted himself entirely to literature, and published successively " Antonina " in 1851, "Basil "in 1852, "Mr. Kay's Cash Book" in 1852 , Hide and Seek " in 1854, etc. Soon after- wards he became a con- tributor to "Household Words;" and his "After Dark" and "The Dead Secret " are reprints of the tales which orginally ap- peared in that periodical. In 1859 he published "Queen of Hearts," and in 1860 his masterpiece, "The Woman in White." In 1862 "No Name" appeared, followed in 1863 by "My Miscellanies," and in 1866 by " Armadale," "The Moonstone," "Man to Wife," and many other works fol- lowed in rapid succession. Of late years he has contributed largely to "Harper's Magazine." Mr. Collins' works have been translated into almost every WILKIK COLLINS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 107 modern language, and have run through several editions. He is a member of the Guild of Literature and Art. He wrote "The Lighthouse," first played in private at "Tavistock House," and afterwards produced at the Olym- pic Theatre. In 1857 "The Frozen Deep" was produced at "Tavistock House" by a company of amateurs, among whom was Charles Dickens. Mr. Collins dramatized " The Moonstone " in 1877; but his play "Rank and Riches," pro- duced in 1883, was a complete failure. WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS. Born March 1, 1837. i IN William D. Howells, America has an author of whom she can well be proud. Not only are his works most pop- ular in America, but in England and on the continent they are received most enthusiastically. In choosing his sub-! jects, Mr. Howells has always taken those with which he i& thoroughly familiar, and therefore most competent to write; and in this he has followed the example set him by the masters of fiction. His works are characterized by the cleanliness and freedom from those debasing subjects of the times, with which many writers, notably those of the French school, deem it neces- >ary to introduce to their readers. William Dean Howells was born at Martinsville, Ohio. In 1840 he removed to Hamilton. Ohio, with his father, who was a printer and journalist. Mr. Howells learned the printers' trade of his father, and was afterwards editorially connected with the Cincinnati " Gazette " and "Ohio State Journal." From 1861 to 1865 he was United States consul at Venice. Returning to America he engaged in literary labor, and in 1871 became editor of the "Atlantic Monthly," a position which he retained until 1870, when he relinquished it to de- 108 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. vote himself exclusively to writing. Besides his papers in that magazine and other periodicals, he has published "Poems of Two Friends" (himself and J. J. Piatt) in 1860, "Venetian Life" in 1806, followed by "Italian Journeys," "No Love Lost," "Suburban Sketches," -'Their Wedding Journey," "A Chance Acquaintance." --The Undiscovered Country, ' r A Modern Instance," and a long list of other works. Mr. Howells is an inti- mate friend of the Ameri- can, novelist. Hen ry James, and the enthusiasm with which each admires the other's style, has made them the subjects of many jokes, and they are frequently called "The Mutual Ad- miration Society." Mr. Howells, according to the tenor of his novels, does not apparently ap- prove of talent in woman, for he makes one of his characters say, "Talent is a trouble and vexatious even to men, but to women it is nothing but misery." Sum- ming up the case against professional and working women, he makes Cornelia Root say, "I don't know whether I want to join in any cry that'll take women's minds off of gettin" married. It's the best thing for 'em, and it's about all they're fit for, most of 'ein. 7 ' Mr. Howells gives us not truth but a half-truth. He brings out woman's faults and weaknesses; he ignores her virtues except a general ineffective goodness and her strength. He has all the outside, but there is little or no soul withm. But his novels are highly entertaining and widely read. WILLIAM D. HOWELLS. THE BIOOBAPHICAL HE VIEW. 109 JOSEPH BENSON FORAKER. Born in 1846. BORN in Rainsboro, a farm village in Highland county. in the state of Ohio, young Foraker in 1863 enlisted as a volunteer, being at the time but sixteen years of age. In all the active service of his regiment he participated, and rose successively from orderly sergeant to the rank of first lieu- tenant. Late in the sum- mer of 1863 he was sent home on recruiting duty. On his return to the army he reached his regiment just as it was going into the battle of Mission Ridge. Taking charge of his com- pany, he led them to the assault, and was the first man of the regiment to scale the enemy's works. After this he participat- ed in the charge of Rocky Face, in the Atlanta cam- p a i g n , Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory and other places. After the fall of Atlanta he was detailed for duty in JOSEPH B. FORAKER. the signal service corps. He' marched with Sherman to the sea, and served to the close of the war, when he was mus- tered out at the age of nineteen. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1879 he was elected to Hamilton county superior court. In 1883 he was nominated for governor, in 1884 ied the Ohio dele* gation for Blaine, and in 1885 he was elected governor. 110 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HENRY M. STANLEY. Born in 1840. THIS noted explorer and traveler is a native of Denbigh, Wales. At fifteen years of age he ran away to sea, and go- ing to New Orleans, he was there helped and befriended by a wealthy gentleman, whose name Stanley took, his real name being John Rowland. He enlisted in the confederate service, but was taken pris- oner; he then became sailor in the United States navy. Dur- ing the war he began news- paper correspondence with success, and in 1867-68 was sent by the New York "Herald" to report the British invasion of Abys- sinia. In 1870-72 he went in search of Dr. Living- stone, and in the past fif- teen years he has made himself famous by his ex- plorations of the Congo river, and as founder and general manager of the Congo Free State, a quasi- commercial enterprise, es- tablished under the direct protection of Belgium, and HENRY M. STANLEY. by the consent of the Euro- pean powers, and of which so much has been said during the years 1886-87. In 1886 he was in America with a view of de- livering a course of lectures, but was recalled to conduct a relief expedition to Africa to institute a thorough search for Emin Bey, who led a part of the Khedive's troops in the war with El Mahdi, being at that time edged in by the enemy. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Ill WILHELM II, GERMAN EMPEROR. Born in 1860. DURING the year of 1888 two German emperors have died within four months of each other the father and grand- father of the subject of this sketch. The grandfather, Wilhelm I, had a long and eventful reign, first as king of Prussia, and then as emperor of Germany. He was over ninety years of age at his death. His son Frederick, the father of the new emperor, was at once crowned Emperor, but died of cancer in the throat, after a reign of but a few months. The mother of the pres- ent emperor is Victoria, daughter of Queen Victoria of England, to whom his father was married in 1858. This new emperor is the _ pride of the military par-j ty. was the favorite of his I grandfather, and is the) hope of Prince Bismarck. But the young man hates" everything that is not Ger- man, and much fear has been expressed that he will be a source of danger to the peace of Europe. At a banquet a few years ago he refused to drink champagne, saying: U I drink nothing but German wine/' However, his proclamation to the army on his accession to the throne was favorably received, being of a peaceful nature. The emperor was married in 1881, and the following year a son was born, Prince Wilhelm, now the heir-apparent. WILHELM II. 112 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. It is impossible to conceive a more unruly, noisy, and rough lot than the young men and boys who, for the purpose of acquiring foreign languages, have been placed under the care of some private tutor generally a declasse English clergyman in one of the provincial towns of Germany, Switzerland, and France, many of whom have been expell- ed for misconduct from the public schools in England. It is to these English college. ' men" and boys that is mainly attributable the intense and notorious hatred of the em- peror of Germany for everything pertaining to Great Britain. They rendered his life at Bonn perfect misery and torture to him. During the whole period of his school years in that pretty town on the banks of the Rhine he was a butt of their practical jokes, an object of their ridicule and contempt. and repeatedly exposed to the grossest kinds of insults at their hands. To give a solitary instance thereof it will be sufficient to state that no matter what hour he set aside for his swim in the river his young English tormentors wonld make a point of taki-ng their dip at the same time, and indulging in the roughest kind of horse play. Thus, no sooner would the emperor take his header off the -diving-board than several of them would immediately plunge, as if by accident, on top of him, and prevent him from coming to the surface. This was all the more cruel as, owing to the fact of his left arm being withered and utterly useless, the poor boy was, and, in fact, still is little better than a cripple. These, and a thousand petty insults, he patiently bore in stoical si- lence, and without appearing to take any notice thereof, a fact which enraged his tormentors and always stimulated them to the perpetration of fresh outrages. That, however, he has not forgotten or forgiven their behavior has been fre- quently and openly shown since he has become a power in the land by his extreme and publicly shown dislike for every- thing English. THE BIOORA PHK '. I /. /,' /; I 'IK If. 118 ADMIRAL DAVID DIXON PORTER. Horn -f/ti/i .s. /N/V. ADMIRAL D. D. PORTER is ;i native- of Pennsylvania. He is the youngest son of David Porter, who commanded tin- Essex in the war of IS 12- 14 with Great Britain. Young- Porter entered the service as midshipman in February, 1829, and served in the Mediterranean until 1835, when he was employed for several years in coast survey and river explor- ations. At the close of 1845 hi 1 "was placed on special duty at the Wash- ington observatory, resign- ing in 1846 to take part in the Mexican war. At the outbreak of tin- late war he was promoted to the rank of commander. and in 1862 the mortal- fleet for the bombardment of the forts below New Or- leans was placed under his orders. After the capture of Xew Orleans he went up the river with his fleet, and was engaged in the un- successful siege of Ticks- ADMIRAL n. n. PORTKR. burg in July. 1X62. During the second siege of that place, in the summer of ISC)/}, he bombarded the works and mater- ially assisted Gen. Grant, who commanded the besieging ar- my. For this he was made rear admiral. He was also en- gaged in the two combined attacks on Fort Fisher, which commands the approaches to Wilmington. North Carolina. The first of these attempts, at the close of 1X64, miscarried; the second, in January, ISO."), was completely successful. In July, 1X66. he was made vice-admiral, and after the death 114 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. of Farragut. was promoted, October, 1870, to the rank of ad- miral, which carries with it the command of the entire navy of the United States, subject only to the order of the president. Admiral Porter is urging the importance of protecting the coast approaches to all the large cities of the United States, with heavily armored monitors, carrying the heaviest guns. He has written to several of the congressmen and is in hopes that the bill appropriating five million dollars for the nation- al defence will include some of the most urgent demands of naval necessities. PIERKE LORILLARD. THE Lorillards are known to fame through their immense tobacco enterprise, and also as being enthusiastic turfmen. The Lorillard stables are world-famed, and Tuxedo Park, which Pierre Loril- lard has instituted in Jer- sey, is a swell thing con- ducted on English plans, ideas and principles. Mr. Lorillard spends lavishly, not only upon himself and friends, but also upon the employes of his factory. A recent addition to the privileges enjoyed by his workmen is a large library erected for the free use of employes on the presenta- tion of the factory card. A school is attached which PIERRE LORILLARD. seats three hundred children, and the entire expense of the establishment is borne by Pierre Lorillard & Company, "who feel a just pride in the success of their work. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. MRS. LOGAN. Born in 1838. THE widow of the late General John A. Logan was born in Sturgeon, Missouri, and in 1853 she was sent to St. Vin- cent college, and graduated two years later. Her father, Captain John M. Cunningham, served in the fierce Black Hawk war and in the Mexican war, and was a member of the Illinois legislature in 1845-4:6. When still a child Mrs. Logan assisted her father in the duties of sheriff of the county, and became acquainted at that time with John A. Logan, who was then prosecuting attor- ney of the same county. An intimacy sprang up between them, which re- sulted in their marriage in 1855, when she was but sixteen years of age, being twelve years younger than her husband. The young wife waa MRS. JOHN A. LOGAN. both companion and help- mate to her husband, and in 1856 saw him elected to the legislature. During the war Mrs. Logan took every opportu- nity that offered to be with the general during his campaigns. At Cairo, five hundred of the general's regiment suffered from an epidemic of measles, whose wants and comforts were nobly administered to by Mrs. Logan, aided bv the, ;iiMance of the kind-hearted ladies of Carbondale. She also ministered to the sick and wounded In the Memphis hospital in 1863, and lent her aid to her husband's cause on every possible opportunity. She never failed to do her first of all womanly duties of the wife and mother. Her children were 116 THE BIO G KA PHI CA L HE} 'IE W. educated under her direct supervision, and her household duties were paramount to all others. Her life has been full of adventures in war and politics that few women have expe- rienced, and she can relate them in a most graphic way; in- deed, it is rumored that she may be prevailed upon to write a book of her reminiscences of the war. PROFESSOR S. STONE WIGGINS. Born Dec. 4, 1839. THE noted weather prophet, S. Stone Wiggins, was born in Queens county, New Brunswick, Canada. He was edu- cated in Canadian and United States universities, having taken his degree of Doctor of Medicine at the Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery in 1868; and Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Laws at Albert University, Onta- rio. He distinguished him- . self^a&au -educator. He is the author of several works scientific, educational, and religious. As a predictor of storms and earthquakes he has won world-wide fame. His great storm of March, 1883, announced six months before it took place, was refer- red to by the press of all languages and nations between the polar circles, and although it did not prove as disastrous as predicted, yet it was a storm of almost unprecedented fury. He predicted the earthquake that appeared in England in 1884, and other predictions which have been fulfilled. PROFESSOR S. S. WIGGINS. THh: ItloiiliM'IIH'M. HI: VIEW. 117 ELLA WHEELER WILCOX. Horn tt/iii/tf lx~)0. THE Wisconsin songstress, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, was born at Johnstown, Rock county, Wisconsin. Her father was a Verraonter, but settled in Johnstown in the year 1848. Her love for literature was inherited from her mother. When thir- teen years of age she began to write poetry, and in time found confidence to send her verses here and there for publication. She re- ceived no financial return for these early efforts, but gradually won the fame which led to handsome re- muneration. At the pres- ent time she is in receipt of a good income, and her residence at Meriden, Con- necticut, is one of the pret- tiest and best, not to say the most luxurious homes in that place. Ella has suffered from critics, in common with poets of every degree. A good story is told of how she got even with a news- paper editor, who begged that she, instead of writing so ma- ny verses about babies, should devote a little of her time to puppies; Ella, ever willing to profit by suggestions, immedi- ately sat down and wrote a pleasant poem, where a child pleads for the lives of five puppies which she owns. One by one the little animals are taken from her, till finally but a ELLA WHEELER WILCOX. 118 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. single creature is left. At this juncture the child makes a piteous appeal, saying: "Just. save this one, for I want to make an editor of it." Ella had the poem published in a Mil- waukee newspaper, dedicated to the editor who had made the suggestion upon which she had acted. It is stated that he lost all interest in Ella's poems ever afterward. The book by which Mrs. Wilcox is best known is "Poems of Passion." When this was first published she was given a reception at the academy of music in Milwaukee, and five hundred dollars was presented to her by her admirers. Her volume of temperance poems, "Drops of Water," has many admirers. A novel from her pen, "Mal-Monlee," is less known, yet it contains some of her best verses. In speaking of past events, she says: "I had ceased to ex- pect any sudden success in literature when I published 'Poems of Passion.' The intense excitement the book caus- ed, the hue and cry raised against its alleged immorality, and the consequently remarkable sales, were all a stunning surprise to me. I had written of human nature as I had found it; I had no idea even that I was saying anything un- usual. The abuse my book received was very bitter for me to bear, because I felt it to be unjust. One critic declared that the book would damn me socially and intellectually. I am still a welcome guest in circles where he could not even obtain a position as valet unless I gave him a recommenda- tion; and rny book has brought me warm words of praise from the most celebrated people in the land. And the pro- ceeds from its first sales enabled me to build over and en- large the old home, rendering my aged parents comfortable for life. As I read over my works, and painfully realize their defects, I am moved to wonder why I have been accorded such unusual success when many writers who far excel me as poets have failed to win recognition or remuneration." Ella looks younger than she really is. Her figure is slight and girlish, and her head is crowned with red-brown hair. THE BIOGRAPHICAL It E VIEW. 119 ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL. Born March 3, 1847. THIS well known inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, Ph.D., was horn in Edinhurgh, Scotland, and was educated in the high school and the university of that city. He also entered a university in London in 1867, but left on account of his health, and went to Canada with his father in 1870. In is 72 he took up his residence in the United States, in- troducing with success his father's system of deaf- mute instruction, arid be- came professor of vocal physiology in Boston uni- versity. He had been interested for many years in the transmission of sound by electricity, and had devis- ed many forms of appa- ratus for tin- purpose; but the first exhibition of invention was at Philadel-v fa phiu in 1870. Its complete 9 HUCCCSS has m a d e h i mf wealthy. His invention ot' the" ; - Photophone," in which a vibratory beam of light ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL. is substituted for a \vire in conveying speech, has also at- tracted much attention, but has never been practically used. After the shooting of President (iai-Held, Professor Bell, together with Simmer Tainter, experimented with an improv- ed form of Hughes' induction balance, and endeavored to find the location of the ball, but failed. 120 THE 11 1 O KAPH1 CA L HE VIE W. ADELINA M. C, PATTI. Born in 1843. PATTI, the sweetest singer of the age, was born in Madrid, Spain; her father was a tenor singer of no very remarkable ability, and her mother attained celebrity as a prima-donna. When t.hoir child was about a year old her parents remov- ed to .New York, which the great singer speaks of as her home. In an article printed in' the "Century Magazine," Richard Grant White tells of having called upon her mother when Patti was a little child t; a slender, swarthy, bright-eyed little girl, in short skirts, who ran into the r o o m and chirped at her mother, and ran out of it, carolling as she went through the pas- sage way, 'and then ran in and out again in the same fashion."" As a matter of course, Patti's life from the begin- ning was musical, and while still very young, she became a student of her art. Her mother's influ- ence strongly assisted her ADELINA PATTI. progress, in which she received technical instruction from the eminent Maurice Strakosch, who had married her elder sister. When about sixteen she made her first appearance, in New York city, as Lucia in Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammer- moor," and acquitted herself in a manner which was more THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 121 than satisfactory, her extreme youth being considered, and promising of future eminence. She sang in America during the seasons of 1859-60. In 1861 she made her first appear- ance in London, and in Paris the next year. Her course has been a triumphant one. In 1870 she received the Order of Merit from the emperor of Russia. Her first marriage was in 1868, to the Marquis de Caux, a French nobleman, with whom she was unhappy, and the pair were legally separated. She is now married to Nico- lini, the noted tenor, who has traveled with her constantly; and they appear to be an affectionate couple. P-atti is con- sidered to be the best prima-donna of the time. Her voice is pure and perfectly well managed, and her taste unexception- able. A competent critic speaks of her as being "equally at home in the tenderness of deep passion and the sprightly vivacity of light comedy." GEORGE BANCROFT. Born Oct. 3, 1800. GEORGE BANCROFT is one of those literary characters of whom the United States has the best reason to be proud, and one, also, to whom his countrymen are indebted for having redeemed from mediocrity the literary standing of the young republic. There is no English speaking historian alive at the present day who is anything like his equal in the two most important characteristics of a faithful historian, devoted re- search and rigid impartiality. George Bancroft was born during the last year of the eighteenth century, at Worcester, Massachusetts, and was a scion of one of the most respectable and highly esteemed families in that section of the state. His parents, like most; of the natives of New England, looked upon a good educa- tion as the one thing needful to a young man in order to ena- ble him to work out his own salvation in the world of strug- 122 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. gles and hand to hand conflicts. George graduated with high honors at Harvard college, and soon after his gradua- tion he continued his education by a long European tour, ending with some years of study at the Gottingen and Berlin universities, at the latter of which institutions he received the degree of Ph.D. His parents had intended that he should study for the ministry, but having had a taste of what liter- ary life and activity really was, and shrinking from the dull monotony of a New England parson's life, he at last decided to devote his whole time to making for himself a prominent place in the world of let- ters. He held for a short time the position of Greek professor at h i s alma mater. His first literary venture was the publication of a volume of poems, some of which were very beautiful, on the politics of ancient Greece, which were very well received by American scholars. Soon after this time he opened a very large school for the instruction of youth. Dr. Bancroft's greatest work, and the one which has given him a position at the head of America's prose writers, is his "His- tory of the United States." This historian has been a well known contributor to the u North American Review "and other periodicals, and has brought out a history of the form- ation of the United States constitution. In 1871 Dr. Bancroft was appointed minister to Berlin, but resigned in 1874. He is a most genial gentleman, and resides at Washington. GEORGE BANCROFT. THE BIOGRAPHH '. I /. ItK VI K W. 123 REV. W. H. MILBURN. Born in 1823. THE recent prayers of the blind chaplain of the house of representatives, the Rev. W. H. Milburn, has provoked much discussion. One of the prominent New York journals calls it an abuse of prayer. The prayer in question was direct- ed against the stock brokers and others of that ilk. " Deliver us," the chaplain prayed, "from the influence and power of robbers, who, enticing their victims to boards of trade, stock exchanges and bucket shops, name their practices of plunder shearing the lambs." The chaplain's prayer against the brokers was so telling, that he next treated the labor question in the same way. He said: 'But now the many have learned the secret of organ- ization, of drill and dynamite. Rouse the rich of the world t<> understand that the time has come for the grinding, self- ish monopoly to cease. Teach the rich men of this country that great fortunes are lent them by Thee, for other pur- poses than to build and decorate palaces, to found private collections of art, to stock wine cellars, to keep racing studs and yachts, and to find better company than hostlers, grooms and jockeys, pool-sellers and book-makers." In accordance with the views of many members of the house, Mr. Milburn has, however, moderated the language of his prayers. When five years of age he received an accidental cut in the left eye from a sharp missile from the hands of a play- mate. The injury was not a fatal- one, and if the doctors had treated him properly, he would have had the use of two good eyes for the rest of his life. But after the wound was healed, it was covered by a slight scab, which the physician said must be removed by the use of nitrate of silver. This was applied in so large a quantity that the eye was seared as by a hot iron, and the sight went out forever. But by the use of a shade over the eye, the middle finger of the right 124 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. hand under it, to make a kind of artificial pupil, the book near the end of his nose, in a strong daylight he could see a single letter of good print, and, slowly bringing every letter of the line to the point on which the sight was fixed, he man- aged to spell his way through school and partly through college. Speaking of the events that resulted in his election as chaplain of congress, he writes: " We left Cincinnati, in the steamer Ilibernia, on a Friday morning in Novem- ber, 1845, the captain promising to land us at Wheeling by Saturday night. The boat was crowd- ed, and among the passen- gers was a number of con- gressmen, members of both houses, on their way to the capital to take their seats. I cannot say how I was shocked nor how indig- nant I became at discover- ing that not a few of these representatives of the sov- ereign people of the Unit- ed States swore outrage- ously, played cards day and night, and drank villainous whiskey to excess. "The river was low. Fogs came on. Sunday morning arrived; we were yet eighty miles below Wheeling, and there was no place where we could land to spend the Lord's day. At breakfast-time a committee of the passengers waited upon me to know if I would preach to them. Never did I say yes more gladly; for never had I been so anxious to speak my mind. A congregation of nearly three hundred persons as- REV. W. H. MILBTJRN. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIE W. 12-5 sembled at half-past ten o'clock, and I took my stand be- tween the ladies' and gentlemen's cabins. Seated in the places of honor upon my right and left were the members of congress. At the close of the discourse I could not resist the impulse to speak a straightforward word to the men on my right and left; turning to them, therefore, I said: 'I un- derstand that you are members of the congress of the United States, and as such you are, or should be, the representatives not only of the political opinions but also of the intellectual, moral, and religious condition of the people of the country. As I had rarely seen men of your class, I felt on coming aboard this boat a natural interest to hear your conversation and to observe your habits. If I am to judge the nation by you. I can come to no other conclusion than that it is com- posed of profane swearers, card-players, and drunkards. I must tell you that as an American citizen I feel disgraced by your behavior; as a preacher of the gospel I am commissioned to tell you .' At the close of the M-rvice I retired to my state-room. Soon after there was a tap at the door. A gentleman entered, who said he had been requested to wait upon me by the members of congress. They desired him to present me with a purse as a -token of their appreciation of my sincerity and fearlessness in reprov- ing them; they had also desired him to ask if I woifid allow my name to be used at the coming election of chaplain to congress. My new friends went on to Washington, and I tarried in Wheeling to preach; they secured my election, and I entered upon my duties as chaplain to congress." Forty years have passed since the date of his first chap- laincy, being called to the place again in 1853. The Mexi- can war broke out during his first term; the republican par- ty was born in his second. He is there again, after an inter- val of more than thirty years. Not a maw lias a seat in con- gress who filled it when he was first there, and but two or three when he was there the second time. Three generations of public men have passed away since his first election. 126 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN. Born Feb. 8. 1820. ONE of the most brilliant of the Union commanders of the war of the rebellion is Gen. W. T. Sherman, a native of Lancaster, Ohio. In 1840 he graduated from West Point, and served during the Indian wars in Florida in 1840-42. In 1847 he went to California, and was active assistant secretary there till 1850. He resigned his commission in 1853, and became a banker, carrying on his business in New York and San Francisco. In 1858-9 he practiced law at Leav- enworth, Kansas. On May 14, 1861, he was re-appointed to the army with the rank of colonel, and on the 17th of the same month was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He command- ed a brigade at Bull Run on July 21. In October he was appointed to the com- mand of* the army of the Cumberland. He directed a division in the Tennessee and Mississippi operations, and bore a prominent part before Vicksburg. From Memphis he received an order from Grant, who had succeeded Rose- crans, to cease all work and hasten to Chattanooga, where, on November 25, 1863, he succeeded in defeating Bragg. On February 4, 1864, Sherman moved to Meridian, the great railway center of the southwest, destroying all the confeder- ate stores, but was compelled to return on account of the failure of the cavalry, under Smith, to perform its duty. GEN. SHERMAN, THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 127 In March, 1864, Sherman was made commander of the military division of the Mississippi, which gave him com- mand of more than a hundred thousand effective troops with whom to operate against Gen. Johnston. On the 6th day of May, Sherman set out for Atlanta; at Dalton he defeated Gen. Johnston on May 13, and again on May loth at Resaca. On June 1 Alatoonowas occupied by Gen. Sherman, and later he compelled Johnston to evacuate Kenesaw On September 2, after a severe engagement, he captured Atlanta, occupying the city with his army for ten weeks, when he commenced his march to the sea with sixty thousand men, having previously dispatched some forty thousand men under Gen. Thomas to repel Gen. Hood's ad- vance into Tennessee. In less than a month they had march- ed three hundred miles without resistance, but later captured Fort McAllister after some severe fighting. In the middle of January, 1865,. Gen. Sherman began his invasion of the Carolinas, the march lasting six weeks. In North Carolina he encountered considerable opposition, and fought two pitched battles. On April 26, 1865, Gen. Johnston surrendered his army to Sherman on the same terms as had been granted to Gen. Lee by Gen. Grant. This surrender virtually closed the war. He continued in command of the military division of the Mississippi a year after the end of the hostilities, with the rank of major-general in the regular army. He was promoted to lieutenant-general when, in July, 1866, Grant had been made general of the army. On the election of Grant to the presidency, Sherman suc- ceeded him. in March, 1869, as general of the army. In 1871-72 he visited Europe; and upon his return he made his headquarters at Washington, but removed to St. Louis in 1874. The following year he contributed to the historical literature of this country by the publication of his memoirtt. Gen. Sherman is now upon the retired list. 128 THE BIO OR A PHICA L HE I r IE W. Gen. Sherman is famous for kissing girls at every opportu- nity, it is alleged, and although there have been some exag- gerated accounts of his doings in that line, it is nevertheless asserted that his fatherly kisses are apt to be bestowed upon the slightest provocation. He and Gen. Sheridan once visit- ed a private boarding school for girls. The misses did not dissemble their interest in the two warriors, but gazed on them after the manner of the aesthetic maidens at Grosvenor in ''Patience." Sherman bore it with adamantine fortitude, and even seemed to enjoy it, but, the story goes. Sheridan seemed diffident and rather ill at ease. After awhile a matron presented her daughter to Sherman. He took her hand and said, " I am very glad to know you." 'Oh, the gladness is all on the part of my daughter, lam sure," the effusive dame is reported to have said. ''Now, general, if you would give her one of those celebrated kisses Sherman needed no further invitation. He kissed the not unwilling girl with a smack on her cheek. There was some laughter and well-bred exclamations at this, and Sher- man turned to Sheridan, introducing the very pretty recipient of his kiss. "Now, Gen. Sherrdan," said a gentleman, "you surely won't let Sherman get an advantage of you." Sheridan had to kiss the girl or run. She stood demurely ready for the contact. He reddened visibly, and then, they say, in- stead of kissing the girl on the cheek, as Sherman had done, he lifted her hand to his lips. It was something of a disap- pointment, at least to the spectators if not to the girl. At an Indiana school were a number of southern girls, whose rebel proclivities they were always ready to make known upon the slightest provocation, and the result was that there was a constant feud between them and the northern girls. Among the latter no one was more pronounced in hatred of the rebel cause than Miss Minnie Sherman, now the wife of Lieut. Thackera of the United States navy. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 129 GEORGE W. CABLE. Born Orf.12,l*-ti. THE distinguished novelist, Geo. W. Cable, was born in New Orleans. At the age of fourteen he lost his father, and the family was left in such reduced circumstances that young Cable was compelled to leave school in order to aid in their support. From this time until 1863, he was usually employed as clerk. In that year he entered the confederate army, and served therein until the close of the civil war. Re- turning to New Orleans, he made such a living as he could, at first as an er- rand boy, although he was then almost twenty - one years of age; then in sur- veying, and finally secured a position in a prominent house of cotton factors. He stayed here until 1879, when he left to devote him- self entirely to literature. His first work in this direction was in the form of contributions to the New Orleans Picayune." over the signature of "Drop Shot." 1 His work, however, did not attract any very general attention. In this new capacity he was compelled to hunt up the docu- ment* of tin- Creole settlers, and to this fortunate circum- stance does he ascribe his present success. The first noted work from the pen of Mr. Cable was "Old Creole Days." which appeared in 1870 in k < Seribner's Mag- azine." the story being subsequently published in book form. This was followed by the ' Grandissimes " in 1880, and <;KO. \\ . CAULK. 130 THE .UOOEAPHICAL REVIEW. "Madame D^lphine " in 1881. In all these novels Mr. Ca- ble has shown such a mastery of the Louisiana dialect, and such a deep insight into the Creole character as to give him at once a prominence among American writers which few are fortunate enough to obtain in so brief an experience. In fact, his success is mainly due to his constant effort to excel. Even during his camp life Mr. Cable employed his leisure time in study, but yet saw his share of active service. Indeed, he is described as a good and daring soldier, and he was wounded in the arm, narrowly escaping with his life. In addition to his permanent residence in New Orleans, he has also a house in Hartford, Connecticut. He is an inti- mate friend of Mark Twain; and at the instigation of Cable, all of Mark Twain's friends applied simultaneously for his autograph. The autograph fiend is particularly objectionable to Mark Twain, and the effect of receiving several thousand requests for an autograph can better be imagined than de- scribed. The author of " Innocents Abroad " has intimated his intention of profiting by the joke, in publishing in book form the letters thus received. He has opened a new field in fiction, introducing to the outside world a phase of American life hitherto unsuspected save by those who have seen it. He has been the means, through his publications, of effecting reforms in the contract system of convict labor in the southern states. He has successfully entered the lecture field, reading selec- tions from his own writings, and unaffectedly singing to northern audiences the strange, wild melodies current among the French-speaking negroes of the lower Mississippi. In 1883 he wrote the popular novel -' Dr. Sevier;" and in 1884 appeared ik The Creoles of Louisiana," followed a year later by -The Silent South." He has also prepared for the government elaborate reports on the condition of the inhabitants of the Teche and Atta- kapas country in western Louisiana. TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 131 JACOB SCHAEFEK. Born Feb. 2, 1855. THE champion billiardist, Jacob Schaefer, is a Western man of German descent. He first came into prominence about 1880, since which time he has made great progress in his mastery of the game. Cool and daring, he never plays so well as when elated by success, and his boldness often leads him to attempt feats that other men would avoid. In the Chicago tourna- ment of a few years ago, he defeated every oppo- nent, in one game making an average of forty, the; highest on record. In the game with Vig- naux,the French champion - billiardist, the opinion that i had generally prevailed ! was in favor of the French- j man, but Schaefer disap-j pointed expectation, and|$|| won the championship the world. In this contest the first fine playing was made by Vignaux in the fifth inning, when he ran up to one hundred and thirty-nine, and displayed mar- velous coolness and skill in driving and holding the balls in position. At this Schaefer was fairly aroused and went in for business, making a run of two hundred and twenty before taking his seat; he won the championship of the world and a fivc-hundred-dollar gold emblem. JACOB SCHAEFER. 132 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. MRS. JULIA WARD HOWE. Horn in 18W. MRS. JULIA WARD HOWE is a strong advocate of woman's suffrage. She is a native of New York city; has bright au- burn hair, a florid complexion, and a peculiarly mobile and expressive face, set off by dark sad eyes. Her father was a man of wealth and culture, and early perceiving signs of ge- nius in his talented young daughter, gave her every advan- tage for improving her lit- erary and artistic tastes. Like many of her temper- ament, she abhorred math- ematics, but delighted in music and philosophy. She acquired the German and Italian languages with per- fect ease, and Goethe and Schiller became her divini- ties. She married Samuel G. Howe, of Boston, sailing immediately ,. for Europe. She was twenty-three years of age at this time, but was received merely as the wife of the " New Bayard," who had aided Greece so effec- tively in her struggles for independence. Mr. Howe became editor of the u Commonwealth " in 1851, when Mrs. Howe began her career as a journalist. She wrote editorials, poetry, stories, and witty paragraphs, and otherwise gave life and tone to the paper. Her first book, " Passion Flowers," was followed by "Words of the Hour;" and later on appear- ed "A Trip to Cuba," after having visited that country. During the civil war she was strongly interested in the cause of the north, and worked, lectured, and wrote in aid of JULIA WARD HOWE. TllK HKXlHAPltK'M. EEVIEW. ISS the federal government Her Marching On. " sung to the John Brown chorus, became the battle-hymn of the republic. Her stirring "Appeal to Womanhood Throughout the World " is pronounced the ablest peace manifesto ever written, and has been translated into French, German. Italian, and Swed- ish. She is one of the editors of the " Woman's Journal." 1 Mrs. Howe resides in Boston in winter, but in summer re- tires to a "nook among the mountains, to which none but friends with the password are admitted.'' Being a most de- voted and loving mother, she is adored by her children. Mrs. Howe is one of the founders of the New England women's club, of which she has been president since 187'J. She has also presided over several similar associations, in- cluding the American woman-suffrage association. In 1872 she was a delegate to the world's prison reform congress in London, and in the same year aided in founding the wo- man's peace association there. In 1884-5 she presided over the woman's branch of the New Orleans exposition. Mrs. Howe has delivered numerous lectures, and has often addressed the Massachusetts legislature in aid of reforms. She has preached in Rome, Italy, San Domingo, and from Unitarian pulpits in this country;* she lias also read lectures at the Concord school of philosophy. In 1876 Mr. Howe died, which was a severe blow to his devoted and loving wife. Notwithstanding the fact that Mrs. Howe has the intellectual powers generally looked for in the male sex. she has lost none of her womanly nature. Her literary productions rank with those of the Boston and Con- cord literary men. In her appointment to the presidency of the Woman's Association, tribute has been paid to those traits that have made her pre-eminent among her sex. She has written numerous poems, dramas, and lectures; and the two works from her pen." Life of Margaret Fuller'' and "Sex in Education," have especially received much praise from press and public. 134 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ABEAM STEVENS HEWITT. Born July 31, 1822. THE expressions of Mayor Hewitt, in explaining his refusal to permit the Irish flag to be raised on the city hall on St. Patrick's day, will strike a responsive chord in the breast of every true American. In a communication sent to the board of aldermen, Mr. Hewitt says that he is of the opinion that no flag but the American has any right to float from any public building in any city in the United States. He cannot see, as he indicates, why, if Germany is to be ruled by Germans and France by Frenchmen, America ought not to be ruled by Americans. Fur- ther on he says: "I invite your careful study of the facts presented, which will serve to show why candi- dates for office are so anx- ious to secure the foreign vote, and to prove also that the danger line has been reached when it must be decided whether American or foreign ideas are to rule in this city." The mayor seems to have located the danger line with remarkable exactness. It is refreshing in these days, when American politicians are ready to bespangle themselves with shamrock in order to catch the Irish vote, or to wear thistles in their boots if nec- essary, to secure the Scotch vote, to know that there is at least one public man in America who is .not afraid of offend- ing the foreign element of our population. The mayor's atti- ABRAM STEVENS HEWITT. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 135 tude cannot be construed as resulting from any hostility to- ward the Irish. As he himself indicates, Mr. Hewitt has al- ways sympathized with the Irish in their struggle for home rule. And Americans will be glad to know that he also sym- pathizes with them in their efforts for home rule. Mr. Hewitt was born in Haverstraw, New York, and was educated first at a public school in New York city, whereby a special examination he gained a scholarship at Columbia college, and graduated in 1842, at the head of his class. During his college course he supported himself by teaching, and after his graduation he remained as an assistant, being in 1843 acting professor of mathematics. In 1844 he visited Europe with his class-mate, Edward Cooper, whose partner he afterward became, and whose sis- ter he married in 1855. Meanwhile he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He soon gave up the profession on account of impaired eyesight, and became associated with Peter Cooper in the iron business, a firm that now controls and owns the Tren- ton, Ringwood, Pequest, and the Durham iron works. He was elected mayor of New York in 1886, as a democrat, re- ceiving ninety thousand votes, against seventy thousand for Henry George, and sixty thousand for Theodore Roosevelt. His management of the municipal government has been marked by a rigid enforcement of the various departments to a strict accountability. He received the degree of LL.D. in 1887 from the Col- umbia college, and many other honors have been bestowed upon him. SIR JOHN ALEXANDER MACDONALD. Born Jan. 11, 1815. THK subject of this sketch was born and educated at Kingston, Ontario, and in 1835 was admitted to the bar. In he was sent to parliament from Kingston, being elect- 130 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. cd as a conservative. He was appointed a member of the executive council and receiver-general in May, and commis- sioner of crown lands in December, 1847. The cabinet of which he was a member resigned in March, 1850. Mr. Macdonald again became minister of militia, which office, with that of attorney-general of Upper Canada, lie con- tinued to hold until the confederation. This union of the province of British North America he was m a i n 1 y instrumental in bringing about. In 1871 Sir John was one of her majesty's joint high commissioners and plenipotentiaries to act in connection with the com- mission named by the pres- ident of the United States for the settlement of the Alabama claims, resulting in the treaty of Washing- ton, May, 1871. In 1865 Mr. Macdonald received the honorary de- SIR JOHN A. MACDONAI^D. gree of D. C. L. from the university of Oxford, and in 1867 was made K. C. B. ; in 1872 he was created knight of the royal order of Isabel la Catolica (of Spain). In 1878, on the fall of the Mackenzie reform government, Mr. Macdonald was entrusted with the task of forming a new administration, taking himself the position of minister of the interior and premier of the Dominion. For over forty years Sir John has been the acknowledged leader of the conservative party of Upper Canada. THE BI<><; HA I'/l/t 'A /. HE VIE W. 137 ALFRED TENNYSON. Born Aug. 6, 1809. TENNYSON is a born poet; that is, a builder of airy palaces and imaginary castles. But the individual passion and ab- sorbing preoccupations which generally guide the hands of such men are wanting to him; he found in himself no plan of a new edifice; he has built after all the rest; he has sim- ply chosen amongst all forms the most elegant, ornate, exqui- site. Of their beauties he has taken but the flower. At most, now and then, he has here and there amused himself by designing some genuinely English and mo- dern cottage. If in this choice of architecture, ad- opted or restored, we look for a trace of him, we shall find it, here and there; but we only find it marked and sensible in the purity and elevation of the moral emotion which we carry away with us when we quit his gallery of art. Alfred Tennyson was born at Somersby, a village in Lincolnshire, England. He was one of a family of twelve children, the father of whom was the Rev. G. Clayton Tennyson, LL.D., rector of Somers- by and vicar of Grimsby. Alfred was taught the rudimentary subjects partly at home and partly at the village school. His first verses were written upon the model of Thomson's Sea- eons." In 18 X 27 he went to Trinity college, and the following year gained a gold medal for a poem on "Timbuctoo." ALFRED TENNYSON. 138 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. The story of Tennyson's life can be little else than the story of his successive poems, though some glimpses of his pleasant family and personal life and of the slight eccentrici- ties of his character maybe gleaned from a charming article in a recent number of " Harper's Monthly." Bibliomaniacs are eager to give a high price for the little anonymous volume of "Poems by Two Brothers, "published in 1827, the earliest published verses of Alfred and Charles Tennyson. In 1830 appeared "Poems, Chiefly Lyrical, " and from that time on Tennyson's fame as a poet grew rapidly. The "Mort d' Arthur," "Locksley Hall," the "May Queen," and "Two Voices" followed each other in rapid succession. "In Memoriam," the laureate's greatest poem, recently called by a competent critic "the most, some say the ONLY influential poem of the century, "was suggested by the death of young Arthur Hallam. It is a series of marvelously touch- ing monodies, is resplendent with religious and philosophical speculation, and was the work of many years. In this work appear the well-known lines: 'Tis better to have loved and lost, Than never to have loved at all. And also appears in the same work that beautiful refrain commencing Ring out wild bells to the wild sky. Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth, in 1850, as poet laureate of England, and the noble poems as that on the death of the Prince Consort, and the famous "Charge of the Light Brig- ade," show that the laureate did not consider his office an idle honor. The " Charge of the Light Brigade " is by many regarded as Tennyson's most famous production; and as a lyric it is unsurpassed in any language. At the present time, this notable poet, who is a man of studious and industrious habits, is still living at Peterslield, Hampshire, England. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 139 CHARLES A. DANA. Born Aug. 8, 1819. PERHAPS, to a greater extent than in the case of any other conspicuous journalist, Mr. Dana's personality is identified in the public mind with the newspaper that he edits the New York "Sun." This great American journalist was born at Hinsdale, New Hampshire, spending his boyhood in Buffalo, New York, where he worked in a store until he was eight- een years of age. At that age he first studied Latin grammar, and entered Harvard college in 1839, but was compelled to leave after two years because of a serious trouble with his eyesight. He received an honorable dismissal, and was afterward given his bachelor's and master's degree. In 1842 he became a member of the Brook Farm association, being associa- ted with George and So- phia Ripley, George William Curtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Theodore Parker, William Henry Charming, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and other philosophers more or less directly concerned in the remarkable attempt to realize at Roxbury a high ideal of social and intellectual life. Mr. Dana's earliest newspaper experience was gained in the management of the "Harbinger," which was devoted to social reform and literature. Then after two years of editorial CHA.RLES A. DANA. 140 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. work on a daily newspaper, the Boston "Chronotype," Mr. Dana joined the staff of the New York ''Tribune" in 1847. The next year lie visited Europe, and on his return became managing editor and one of the proprietors of the "Trib- une," a position which he held until 1862. The extraordi- nary circulation attained by that newspaper during the ten years preceding the war, was in a degree due to the devel- opment of Mr. Dana's genius for journalism. The great struggle of the "Tribune" under Greeley and Dana was not so much for the overthrow of slavery where it already existed, as against the further spread of the institu- tion over unoccupied territory. Resigning his position on the "Tribune," he was engaged by Secretary Stanton in special work of importance for the war department, and in 1863 was appointed assistant secre- tary of war. Mr. Dana was in the saddle at the front much of the time during the campaigns of northern Mississippi and Vicks- burg, the rescue of Chattanooga, and the marches and bat- tles of Virginia in 1864-65. He next edited the Chicago "Republican," a new daily, which failed through causes not under his control. In 1867 he organized the stock company that now owns the New York "Sun," a democratic paper, and became its editor. The first issue appeared January 27, 1868, and for the past twenty years he has been actively and continuously engaged in its management. Mr. Dana has written numerous works. He planned and edited The American Cyclopedia," which has since been revised and issued in a work of sixteen volumes. In 1808 he wrote, with Gen. James H. Wilson, a "Life of Ulysses S. Grant," and in 1883 edited "Fifty Perfect Poems." He has also translated several books into English; and aside from his newspaper woik, he has contributed to and edited numerous miscellaneous works. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 141 QUEEN VICTORIA. Born May 24, 1819. THE happiest and most popular of English queens, is Victoria Alexandrina, Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India. She was born within the homely brick walls of Kensington palace, England. Her father died when she was but a few months old. Brought up with the strictest econo- my as children of much lower position rarely are, she was taught at an early age to restrain her expenditure within the limits of her in- come, even when that in- come was but a child's pocket money. One of the first things she did on hearing that she had succeeded to the throne was to call one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, and excitedly asked: "Ami I really queen, and I can! do what I choose by right?"| 4 'Certainly, your majesty."} u Then," said the you queen, " get me a cup of' green tea. Mamma never would let me have it; now I mean to know what harm QUEEN VICTORIA. it can do me." And she drank three cups, had a violent fit of the shivers, and has never liked tea since. She became queen in 1837, and on February 10, 1840, was married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, by whom she had nine children four sons and five daughters. The union was one of unalloyed happiness, Several unsuccessful attempts have been made upon her 142 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. life. The jubilee of her great and glorious reign of half a century was reached in 18 87, when she was feted far and wide. ALBERT EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES. Born Nov. 9, 1841. THE heir-apparent to the throne of England, Albert Ed- ward, Prince of Wales, has been at all times regarded as the. first subject in the realm. His education has indeed been thorough; in the languages, classics, natural philosophy mathematics, j urisprudence and other branches of study he has been assisted by tu- tors of great ability. ' In 1860 he visited Can- ada and the United States, and was received with great enthusiasm every- where. In 1862 he visited Egypt and the Holy Land, and other countries in the East, being accompanied ini his travels by learned men, whose instructions to the I young prince gives the ex- ception to the well known rule that ' ' There is no roy- al road to learning." PEINCE OF WALES. In 1863 he was married to Princess Alexandra of Den- mark, a beautiful and loving wife and mother, by whom he has two sons and three daughters. The future king of Eng- land is a practical agriculturist of much ability, and rarely fails to carry off several of the chief prizes at the Smithfield cattle show. He is very popular with his tenantry. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 143 JOHN BRIGHT. Born in 1811. AMONG the great orators of the house of commons of the United Kingdom, no one stands out more prominently than John Bright, with the exception of Mr. Gladstone. Bright's twenty-five years of representation for Birmingham was cel- brated at the time with great enthusiasm. This great statesman was born at Greenbank, England, and after receiving an ordinary education, he entered the business of his father a firm of wool spinners. In 1839 he distinguished himself by becoming a vig- orous member of the anti- corn-law league. He was representative for the city of Durham from 1843 to 1847, after which he was re- turned to parliament from Manchester. The indignation which was felt against the k 'peace- at-any-price "" party led to his rejection by Manches- ter,but was soon after elect- ed to represent Birming- ham, which position he still holds. During the civil war in this country, Mr. Bright was pro:ninent among English statesmen as a champion of the Union, and to this day he holds the gold-headed cane of Lin- coln as a token of the esteem the martyred president felt for him. His views on politics at home have been largely incor- porated in recent -legislation. So averse to war is he that he re- signed from the cabinet prior to Alexandria's bombardment. BRIGHT. 141 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEN. O. O. HOWARD. Horn A'ov. 8 18HU. THIS great Indian tighter was born at Leeds, Maine. He graduated at Bowden College in 1850, and in 1854 at the military academy at West Point, where in 1857 lie was made assistant professor of mathematics. Upon the breaking out of the civil ;war he was made colo- nel of a regiment of volunteers, and commanded a brigade at the first Bull Run. He lost his right arm at the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. November 21) of the same year he was made major-general of vol- unteers, and had the com- mand of a division under Bnrnside. besides other im- portant commands. In the fall of 1863 he was sent with his corps to the West, and took part in the campaign which fol- lowed down to the capture of Atlanta, and command- "" ed the right wing of the army during Sherman's fa- in 1864 he was promoted to mous GEN. O. O. HOWARD. March to the Sea.' brigadier-general, and in the following year brevet-general in the regular army. During 1869-73 he was president of the Howard University. In 1872 he was sent as special com- missioner to the Indians in New Mexico and Arizona, and from 1873 to 1881 served on the frontier. During the latter year he was placed at the head of the military academy at West Point. In 1886 he was made major-general, succeeding Gen. Pope, who has been placed on the retired list. THK AL KKVIKW. CHRISTINE NILSSON. Born Any. 3, 1843. THE sweet Swedish songstress, Christine .Nilsson, was born at Hussaly, near Wexio, Sweden. Her father was a peasant, but a musician likewise, leader of the choir in the parish church and a performer on the violin. He taught his son Carl how to play, and Christine while a child would pick out for herself on the in- strument the tunes she heard her brother play. In the course of time her voice and musical intelli- gence became an attrac- tion in the neighborhood of her home, and Chris- tine was soon heard sing- ing in country fairs whith- er her father had taken her for that purpose. Thorner- hjelm, magistrate of Lj ail- by, having heard her sing, offered to provide her a musical education. She was accordingly placed under the instructions of Mile. Valerius, who afterward OHKISTIXK NILSSON. became a baroness. Her debut was made in October, 1864, in Paris, in Verdi's "Traviata," which was a success. Her first appearance in London was in 1867, in the opera. Her marriage to a mer- chant of Paris took place at Westminster Abbey, London, in July, IST'J. A few months later she began her career of tri- umph in St. Petersburg. During the winter of 1873-74, 146 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Mile. Nilsson sang in the United States, where her u Elsa" in "Lohengrin" was hailed as a surpassing success. Her latest visit to the United States was in the season of 1882-83, subsequent to her widowhood. Her husband died in 1881. Mile. Nilsson's voice is a high soprano, with considerable breadth and remarkable firmness of tone. Her academical training was of the best, and she sings with perfect ease. T. B. BARKY. THE growth of the knights of labor has been unprecedent- ed, and it now has a membership approximating 650,000, and is steadily increasing. Mr. Barry is one of the most prominent men among the working classes of Michi- gan, and the labor party have intimated that they would nominate him for governor of the state. Mr. Barry is a resident of East Saginaw, and was the defendant in the fa- mous conspiracy trial, which was instigated by the lumber houses of the northwest. The lumbermen were working eleven hours a day and wanted their employers to reduce the time to ten hours. Failing to secure their demands, Mr. Barry advised them to strike, which they accordingly did. It was on that account that an action for conspiracy was based against him. He was, however, acquitted of the charge. He has been a member of the executive board of the knights of labor for several years. T. B. BARRY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 147 O'DONOVAN KOSSA. Born tn 1832. FEW men have been fortunate enough to receive the amount of gratuitous advertising that O'Donovan Rossa has. Al- though the journals on this side of the Atlantic, almost with- out exception, treated him and his pretentious with contempt- uous indifference, he is in England considered as the instiga- tor of all schemes intended to further the cause of Ireland. For years the English press clamored for the punishment of Rossa as the only effectual means of putting a stop to the dynamite outrages that oc- curred in England. His real name is Jerry Donovan, and was born in county Cork, Ireland. Young Donovan started a grocery store and contin- ued in that business until 1858. He was arrested in 1858 for being connected with an organization that was the nucleus of the Fenian brotherhood. O'DONOVAN ROSSA. In 1865 he was again taken into custody and was not releas- ed until 1870, when he made his way to New York and there went into the hotel business. He started the "United Irishman,"" a journal which soon became the recognized organ of the Irish party in America. His name was also unpleasantly connected with the Phoenix park murder. 148 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. "WILLIAM H. GILDER. Born Aug. 16, 1838. THE grandfather of W. H. Gilder was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature, and laid the corner stone of Girard college, Philadelphia. Col. William Henry Gilder, the noted arctic explorer, was born in Philadelphia, and enlisted as a private in the civil war. But during a large part of the war he served on the staff of Gen. Egan, and on being mustered out at its close, was bre vetted major. Col. Gilder is no novice as regards arctic traveling. He has made two journeys to the North; the first in 1878 was through King William's Land, with Schwatka, over the route of the retreat taken by Sir John Franklin, in search of the relics of that noted - man. This expedition was marked by the biggest sledge-journey on record 3,251 statute miles. Gilder's second voyage was on the Jeannette search expedition. It was during that search that he traveled across northern Liberia, and for six- ty-nine days was alone in that icy wilderness. Gilder spent the summer and autumn of 1883 in Tonquin, where the French and Anamese war was in progress; and in 1881 was one of the first to visit the scene of the earthquakes in Spain. On these occasions, as well as in the arctic expe- ditions, he acted as a correspondent of the New York "Her- WILLIAM H. GILDER. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 149 aid." He has published "Schwatka's Search" in 1881, and ' Ice-Pack and Tundra" in 1883. The latter work has been translated into French. In a recent expedition (1887) by the Gilder North Pole exploring expedition, in which the redoubtable Col. Gilder attempted to reach the pole by land, they failed to reach the object of their perilous journey, because the Esquimaux hunters had ceased their journeys northward. He returned at once to New York, which he quickly accomplished, hav- ing traveled over six thousand miles. He will now make the attempt on a whaling schooner. JAY GOULD. Born in 1836. IN most of the countries of Europe, and especially in Eng- land, great wealth when .uninherited is generally realized through the slow and patient channels of some trade or call- in-. But here a newly created world, so to speak, possessed of wealth far exceeding that of -'Ormus, and of Ind,"* and terming with all the resources necessary to our greatness and happiness, lies spread out before us in boundless expanses, j 'resenting to every species of enterprise fields for operation so filled with promise, and of such gigantic magnitude, that tiiove of the old world are dwarfed into insignificance be- fore them. Jay Gould was born at Stratton's Falls, Delaware county, in the state of New York. His father was a well to do far- mer and small storekeeper. Young Gould early betrayed symptoms of genius and self-reliance, for he had scarcely got well into his school-days till he regarded himself already a man and invented a mouse trap. When sixteen years of age. he made his first move in life and became a clerk in a small country store. The genius of Jay must have been of no ordinary charac- 150 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ter, for before he was twenty years of age he appeared sud- denly a full blown engineer, and made a survey of Delaware county, a map of which was published in 1856. When Mr. Gould bid farewell to the home of his youth, he went to Pennsylvania with Col. Zadock Pratt, and started a tannery in conjunction with that gentleman, at a place named Goulds- boro. Evidently from this name, young Jay was the lead- ing spirit of the enterprise. In 1859, Gould began to speculate in Wall street, in railroad stocks, and long before the end of the war he was said to be a millionaire. All through 1876, and up to the close of 1878, he purchased large lines of low price stocks which, as if by magic, began to rise in value the moment he- touched them; so that now his wealth must be very great some say upward of sixty millions. Mr. Gould is a married gentleman, and resides at his magnificent residence, Irving- ton on the Hudson. A story is told at the expense of his veracity. A speculator in a small way of business got points from Mr. Gould which, excepting on one occasion, he inva- riably reversed, and made money every time by going con- trary to his adviser's instructions, on one occasion he took the great financier at his word, however, and was almost ruined by doing so. Mr. Gould is a small man, weighing less than a hundred and twenty pounds. He has a swarthy com plexion, well made features and black eyes. JAY GOULD. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 151 FRANCES E. WILLARD. Horn Sept. 28, 1839. "FoR who knows most, him loss of time most grieves," is the line from Dante which confronts whoever visits the room [in ''Rest Cottage," Evanston, Illinois,] where Frances Wil- lard writes. It is a book-lined room, a picture-hung room, a room crowded with souvenirs of places, people, and events. One window lights it, a broad lounge with inviting pillows stands in a recess, and a stationary chair, luxuriously uphol- stered, is built in comfortable proximity to the cracking little stove which supplements the heat of the furnace. Down stairs in her little cottage is the office where her three associates work two secretaries and one stenographer. These young ladies are imbued with much of Miss Willard's enthusiasm, and conduct a wonderful amount of work, answering, in addi- tion to many other tasks, about thirty thousand letters a year. In the United States alone there are now ten thousand women's christian temperance unions, comprising a mem- bership of one hundred and fifty thousand. In addition there is the World's W. C. T. U., and all the foreign interests in other countries. There are foreign departments in the work, and Miss Willard keeps a close correspondence with the heads of each of these departments. Then, as a sort of side Issue, Mis- Willard is at present engaged on a history of that part of her life which relates to temperance work. Miss Frances E. Willard was born at Churchville, a village near Rochester, in the state of New York, of New England parents, and was educated at schools in Wisconsin. When fourteen \cars of age she published several sketches of coun- try life, and at eighteen years of age read an essay before the state agricultural society of Illinois, which took the first pri/e. After that she began the career of a teacher, and in IM'M was appointed preceptress in Genesee Wesleyan college at Lima, in the state of New York. In 1868 she went to Europe, devoting a year to study in Paris and spending eigh- 152 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. teen months in visiting the various capitals of the continent. After her return to America in 1870, Miss Willard deliv- ered a series of lectures in Chicago on "The New Chivalry," or the educational aspect of the woman question. In the following year she was elected first president of the Woman's college at Evanston, which position she held until 1874, when she began to turn her at- tention to temperance re- form, being elected secre- tary of the womaifs na- tional union, and after- ward becoming president of the Woman's National Christian Temperance Un- ion. Her career as a tem- perance lecturer has been a long one, and she has visited nearly every state in her endeavor to reform drunkards. In 1878 Miss Willard was the editor-in chief of the Chicago "Evening Post," and since then has contributed largely to American periodicals. "My home is filled with gifts," Miss Willard says, "all you see here, pictures, books, desks, everything, are gifts from different friends." Here is a beautiful picture of the president's wife with the words, "To my honored friend. Frances Willard, from Frances Cleveland," written on the outside; here is a souvenir from Margaret Bright Lucas, here one from brave Josephine Butler, here one from Powderly; and on the fly leaf of almost every book is an inscription or a line of presentation from some friend, famous or humble. FKANCES E. WILLAED. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 153 KALAKAUA, KING OF HAWAII. Born Nov. 16, 1836. DAVID KALAKAUA, descended from one of the chief fami- lies of the Sandwich islands, received a good education, in- cluding a familiar knowledge of the English language. In February, 1874, Kalakaua was made king. In the au- tumn of 1874 he set, out on a tour of the United States. On July 10, 1887, after some political excitement, he signed a new constitution, limiting the prerogatives of the crown. The wife of the king re- ceived a native education, and adheres to the nation- al customs, and founded in Honolula a house for the children of lepers. In 1887 she visited the United States and Europe, receiving royal honors in her travels, and on the oc- <-a>ion of the jubilee me- morial, was a guest of the ijiieen of England. There is little in com- mon between the royal pair, and it is but natural that they should live apart, KING KALAKAUA. though a feeble effort is made toward preserving appearan- ces. No children having been born to them, the king named his eldest sister, the princess Lilinokalani, as the heiress-ap- parent, and in case of her death occurring before Kalakaua's, the throne will descend to the little princess Victoria, daught- er of the late princess Likelike and the Hon. A. S. Cleghorn. 154 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HENRY LABOUCHERE. Born in 1831. IN the house of commons, Mr. Labouchere's power of light satire have made him a conspicuous figure; he is a pronounc- ed radical, and has several times proposed the abolition of the house of lords. He is equally celebrated in the world of journalism. Mr. Labouchere was born in London, and was educated at Cambridge. Soon after leaving school he drifted to Mexico, becoming an attache of a circus there. From there he went to Minnesota and lived with a band of Chippewa Indi- ans for six months. He next wandered to New York, and was successful in gaining a diplomatic ap- pointment, but was seldom at his post. But he was sent to St. Petersburg, Munich, Frankfort, Stock- holm, and Constantinople on government missions. During the siege of Pa- ris he wrote for the London "Daily News" the "Diary of a Besieged Resident in Paris," which created quite a sensa- tion. Soon after he became connected with the '.' World," ' but left that journal to found the "Truth," the most auda- cious, personal sheet published in England to-day; it is a perfect mint and is feared by all. Labouchere is wealthy and moves in the best society. He has represented Northampton in parliament for several terms. HENRY LABOUCHERE. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 155 JOHN GRIFFIN CARLISLE. lion/ St'pt. 5, 1835. THE youngest son of a largo family, J. G. Carlisle receiv- ed but a common school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Kentucky in 1858. In 1859 he was elected a member of the Kentucky house of representatives, and in 1866 was elected to the senate of his native state, and again in 1869. He was elected to the lieutenant-governorship in 1871, serving until 1875. His fellow-citizens made him presidential elector at large for Kentucky in the year 1876, and was subse quently elected to the house of representatives at Wash- ington. Mr. Carlisle's "record" in congress is that of an able and diligent man, well informed and compe- tent to fill more exalted positions than any he has occupied heretofore. On the vital question of free trade he has placed himself on record in the following passage, which is quoted from a speech made while he was on the floor of the house: "In the broad and sweeping sense which the use of the term generally implies. I am not a free trader. In my judgment it will be years yet before anything in the nature of free trade will be wise or practicable for the United States. When we speak of this subject we refer to approximate free trade, which has no idea of crippling the growth of home industries, J. G. CARLISLE. 156 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. but simply of scaling down the iniquities of the tariff sched- ule, where they are utterly out of proportion to the demands of that growth. .... It is entirely wrong to continue these burdens on the people for years and years after the requirements of protection have been met and the representa- tives of those industries have become incrusted with wealth." MRS. JOHN G. CARLISLE. ONE of the leaders in Washington society is Mrs. John G. Carlisle, the daughter of Major John H. Goodson, one of the old aristocrats of Ken- tucky. She was sent to school at' Covington, where she received a clas- sical and society educa- tion. In temperament she is vivacious, genial and pleasant, with a charming open manner. During a recent conver- sation with Susan B. An- thony, she expressed, her- self as delighted with the courage and energy dis- played by the woman's rights people. Whereupon Miss Anthony suggested that Mrs. Carlisle ought to know more of the woman suffragists, personally. To this Mrs. Carlisle responded, that it was doubtless because elie did not know 7 them nearer, that she esteemed them so much. As the wife of John G. Carlisle, she adds not a little to that statesman's popularity. She has two sons, both of whom are lawyers at Wichita, Kansas. MRS. JOHN G. CARLISLE. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 157 SITTING BULL. Born in 1837. IN presenting to our readers the portrait of this wily and merciless savage, we are, of course, sensible of the fact that no pleasing interest attaches to the subject; but then, as a warrior and strategist beyond the boundaries of civilization, this cruel and calculating Sioux is entitled to a place in his- tory, notwithstanding that his career has been so marked hitherto with deeds of treachery and blood, that it were better forgotten. Sitting Bull, the son of the chief. Jumping Bull, and the nephew of Four Horns and Hunting His Lodge, two chiefs also, was born near old Fort George, below the mouth of the Cheyenne river. This sullen chief has two wives, and has had anoth- er who has *-gone to the Great Spirit." He has nine children; and (what fortunately, for the coun- try, is most rare among his race) two pairs of twins. He has always been a faithless and troublesome customer; and after his participation in the massacre of the brave Cus- -ter and those who fell with him, he escaped, with his war. riors to Canada, where he remained until 1881, beyond the reach of the United States government. Sitting Bull now avers that he wants no more blood spilt, but he appears to be a somewhat sullen and ill-satisfied prodigal son, as he complains bitterly of the treatment lie recf'vc <. SITTING BULL. 158 THE BIOGRAPHICAL B E VIEW. BRET HARTE. Born in 1838. BRET HARTE is a thorough American poet. He represents iii a strong degree the impulsive, democratic and plain spc- ten element of the American people. That he is a man of brilliant wit, wide information and strong purposes is pro- ven by the success he has achieved. He was born in Albany, in the state of New York, and inherited from his parents English, German and He- brew blood. In 1854, the family re- moved to California, and in the rude mining settle- ments, surrounded by char- acters, lawless, immoral and profligate, the young man received impressions which were stamped upon his memory so forcibly that, in after years, it be-i came an easy task to re-; produce them for the pub- lic with his pen. During: the first three years in Cal- ifornia, he passed through the varying hardships and frequent changes of occu- pation which seem to attend invariably the earlier steps of % genius. For a time he was compositor in a printing office, then he mined for himself, with most' indifferent results. The life of a school teacher, which followed, gave a new incentive to the literary tastes which had been awakened in the printing BRET HARTE. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 159 office, and a year's work as express messenger threw him into continual contact with the various characters and life studies which he has given to the world. In 1857, he returned to the compositor's case, in the office of the " Golden Era," of San Francisco; and it was here that a few Bohemian sketches, rapidly dashed off for copy. attracted the attention of the editor, and he was assigned a place in the literary department. Much of the work which came from his hand at this time bears all the marks of keen wit and pungency of expression wiiich characterize the articles and sketches which he has retained in the complete edition of his writings. In 1863, his first sketch appeared in the east, which was followed by frequent efforts, until in 1868 he became the edi- tor of the "Overland Monthly." In 1871 he came to Bos- ton and was connected with the " Atlantic Monthly/' His ''Heathen Chinee" did for him what Thanatopsis" did for Bryant threw him into the front rank of competitors for popular favor. "The Luck of Roaring Camp," "The Outcast of Poker Flat," " Higgles," and so forth, sketches of California life which he published in the "Overland Monthly," established a reputation for him which he has admirably sustained by the brilliancy of his wit, his undeni- able ability and the versatility of his genius. His poem of the Heathen Chinee is familiar to the gener- ality of readers, and especially the following lines: For ways that are dark. And tricks that are vain, The Heathen Cliincr /> pm/liar, Which the same I am free to maintain. With the smile that ivas childlike and Ma ml. In "Jim" there is another hiatus. A chum, inquiring for Jim, after a lapse of two years, hears that the boy is dead. Dead? That little cuss? Is all that he can falter out. The glass, from' which he was 160 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. drinking falls from his hand, and there comes a laugh. It jars! Half ashamed of his emotion, and like many another and better man trying to hide it by bluster, he roars: What makes you star You over thar? Can't a man drop A glass in your shop But you must rar? It wouldn't take J) much to break You and your bar! Relieved by this explosion, he goes on: Dead! Poor . . . little . . . Jim! Wliy there was me, Jones and Sob Lee, Harry and Ben: No^accoimt men; Then to take him! But little Jim had not been taken. It was he who had "rar'd," and he is ultimately recognized in the following characteristic lines: Soldi Sold! Why you limb I You ornery Derned old Long-legged Jim! The whole poem contains fifty-eight short lines, but deliv- ered by a good reader, it speaks volumes. The prose tales of Bret Harte teem with noble thoughts, and the " Luck of Roaring Camp " is full of tender touches. GEN. JOHN C. BLACK. Born Jan. 27, 1839. THE Black family were among the earliest settlers in Pennsylvania. Gen. Black, however, was born in Lexing- ton, Mississippi, and received the advantages of a classical education, which was obtained from working at odd jobs in the intervals of his studies. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 161. In 1861 he enlisted in the thirty-seventh Illinois regiment, and was mustered out August 15, 1865, as a brevet-brigadier general. He was wounded at the battles of Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove; in the former battle, so severely as to cripple his left arm. On leaving the army he took up the study of law in Chicago, and in 1867 commenced practice, continuing the same until his appointment as com- missioner of pensions in 1885. Mr. Black for eighteen years has been an active democrat and was on three occasions a candidate for congress, but his district being strongly republican he was defeated each time. He never held a public office of profit, although, he has been connected as an officer with many char- itable institutions. " He is - GEN ' JOHN c - BLACK - a member of the board of trustees of the national home for disabled soldiers. lie declined to be a candidate for governor at the Peoria convention in 1884, and although his name was. most prom- inently mentioned in democratic circles for the vice-presi- dency on the ticket with Cleveland, he refused to allow his friends to consider him a candidate. As a lawyer Mr. Black stands confessedly at the head of his profession. Not only is he renowned for his great erudi- tion, but he is one of the ablest speakers of his state. As a political speaker he has few equals, and therefore hi> services have alwavs been in demand at election times. 182 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JAMES G. ELAINE. Born Jan, 31 , 18,30. SINCE the time when young Henry Clay was the most magnetic of speakers and the most charming of gentlemen in either house of congress, it is safe to say that no man except James G. Elaine has ever dared to rival the reputa- tion of the sage of Ashland. James G. Elaine was born at the Indian Hill Farm in Washington county. Penn- sylvania. His father was one of the heaviest land proprietors in the state, and the son spent several years in early youth at school in Lancaster, Ohio. In 1843 he entered college at Washington, Pennsyl- vania, and graduated in 1847 when but seventeen years of age. After his graduation, Mr. Elaine taught for some years in the schools of the neighborhood, at the same time making a decided mark as a magazine and newspaper writer. In 1853 he went to Kennebec, Maine, where he had been asked to assume the management of the Kennebec " Journal." Shortly afterward he accepted the con- trol of the Portland "Advertiser." In 1858 he was elected to the legislature and served there four years; at the beginning of his last term of two years, he was chosen speaker and performed the duties of that office to the satisfaction of the law-makers of the Pine Tree state. JAMES G. BLAINE. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 163 It was during the war of the rebellion in 1862 that "Elaine of Maine " was first sent to congress. He at once devoted himself to a careful study of the rules of the house, and it was not long before he began to be regarded as one of the best parliamentarians in that body. He was repeatedly re- elected from the same district and in 1869 was made speaker of the house. His rulings were always prompt and accurate, and it was not often that his bitterest enemies could find a flaw in his parliamentary armor. He made the finest speech in congress against what was known as the "Ohio idea "of paying the national debt in greenbacks, which was a product of Mr. Pendleton's fertile brain. Two days before the republican convention of 1876 met, a report was presented to the house of representatives attempt- ing, falsely, to implicate Mr. Elaine in certain improper transactions as speaker; and his manly outspoken explana- tion and refutation of the charges only partially removed their effect on the convention, backed as it was by the elo- quence of Ingersoll. whose "plumed knight" speech will go down to history as his greatest effort. Mr. Elaine received 351 votes in the final vote as against 379 for the Hayes com- bination engineered by Roscoe Conkling, who had never for- given the Plumed Knight" for his severely vivacious ref- erence to him on the floor of the house as the "turkey gob- bler member from New York." Mr. Elaine had been chosen a member of the senate and entered uppn his duties in 1877. He had voted against the electorial commission bill on the ground that it was uncon- stitutional. In 1880 he was once more a candidate for the presidential nomination and succeeded in so using the influ- ence which he had, as to defeat the third term scheme and to overthrow the Conkling-Cameron-Logan triumvirate. He did as much as any other one man worker to elect President (iarfit-ld, and his appointment as secretary of state was a perfectly natural one. 164 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Upon the retirement of Mr. Elaine from the state depart- ment in 1881, he was for the first time in twenty years out of public office. He soon entered upon the composition of an elaborate historical work, entitled "Twenty Years in Con- gress,"- the first volume being published in 1884. and the second in 1886. The work had a very wide sale, and secur- ed general approval for its impartial spirit and brilliant style. In 1884 he was nominated for president on the fourth ballot receiving 541 votes out of a total of 813. The elec- tion turned upon the result in New York, which was lost to Mr. Blaine by 1,047 votes, whereupon he promptly resumed the work upon his history, which had been interrupted by the canvass. He visited Europe in 1887, for health and pleasure, and has received marked attention from the leading statesmen of many countries. JOAQUIN MILLER. Born Nov. 10, 1841. THE life of Joaquin Miller has been an interesting one 1 . His true name is Cincinnatus Hiner -Miller, and he was born in the Wabash district of Indiana. At thirteen years of age he removed with his parents to Oregon. He then attempted mining, and lived an adventu- rous life in California. He served with Walker, in Nicara- gua, and afterward sojourned with the Indians. In 1860 he began to study law, and upon the breaking out of the war, issued a democratic paper at Eugene City, Oregon, in which his expressions of opinion were of so rank a character that the authorities saw fit to suppress it for disloyalty. He had then achieved a reputation as the author of poetic pieces marked by striking qualities, and was known as the "Poet of the Sierras." In 1863 his attention was attracted by a series of graceful THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 165 verses in the western papers, which bore the signature of <" Minnie Myrtle." The name of the writer was Miss Minnie Theresa Dyer. Mr. Miller called upon the lady, and after a three days' acquaintance inaivied her. Domestic trouble soon followed, and in 1870 the couple were divorced. Miller went to England in 1871, and published a volume of poems called "Songs of the Sierras," a portion of which had already been published under the same name in the United States. His efforts met with bet- ter success in England than they had done in America, and from that time for- ward his publications met with a ready sale. The poet is a most eccen- tric man, and for many years his long hair, red shirt, unpolished boots and tramp-like appearance were a source of much comment. After his divorce from his Pacific coast wife he JOAQUIN MILI.KK. married into the Leland family, of hotel fame. It is claimed that the fortune he had accumulated from the successful sale of his books was. lost in Wall street, and the fact that to-day he works hard as a New York newspaper man, for moderate pay, leads to a be- lief in the report. His hair and clothing are now of conven- tional cut, and he walks Broadway unnoticed, save by those who know him. Perhaps his most popular work is "Songs of Italy." He is the author of that successful drama, "The Dariites." Maud Muller is the daughter of his first wife. 166 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, JUSTIN McCAKTHY. Born in 1830. ONE of the sturdiest, staunchest friends that Ireland has is Justin McCarthy. This noted man advocated Ireland's cause in season and out; never for a moment has the weal of his native land been absent from his mind, and to-day he is idolized by the Irish masses. He was born in Cork, and joined the staff of a Liver- pool newspaper in 1853. In 1860 he reported the doings of the house for the "Morning Star," and in 1864: became chief editor of that sheet. In 1868 he resigned his post and trav- eled in America for three years. He has contributed ar- ticles to the leading Eng- lish and American period- icals; and is the author of various novels. In 1880 he published "A History of Our Own Times," and in 1882 " The Epoch of Reform." He was sent to parliament from Longford, Ire- land in March, 1879, and was made vice-president of t-he Irish parliamentary party in the house of commons. In a visit to this country in 1887, on a lecturing tour, Mr. McCarthy was received with great enthusiasm. In one of his lectures Mr. McCarthy says: "Out of all the many civilized communities or commonwealths associated under the British crown, Ireland was the only civilized, which is at once civ- ilized and divided from England by any expanse of sea, JUSTIN M CARTHY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 167 whether broad or long, which is not allowed the priceless benefit of home rale. We say to England: 'You have twen- ty three home rule communities already: we want to know why is Ireland alone to be denied that privilege. Canada, the Australasian colonies, the South African colonies, the Channel islands, the Isle of Man, are perfectly content with their partnership with England, because they are allowed to manage their own national, domestic, and local affairs. What is there in Ireland, in her geographical position, in her history, in her traditions, in the capacity of her people, which shows that she alone of all civilized communities un- der the English crown shall be denied the privileges of man- aging her own domestic affairs for herself ?' We ask no right to interfere with England, or Scotland, or Wales; ask no right of undue influence as regards the common affairs of the whole imperial system. All we ask is that Ireland shall be the twenty-fourth of these commonwealths under the Brit- ish crown which are allowed to govern and manage their own affairs for themselves." Mr. .McCarthy is not merely a member of the British par- liament. He is a distinguished journalist, a graceful novel ist. an admirable speaker, and the raciest historian of "Our Own Times." He is besides the trusted first lieutenant of the leader of the Irish people, and ran speak with an au- thority on the Irish question. Those who have read his works and they are legion need not be told that McCarthy will treat his subject lucidly and with argumentative force. He is a sensible, clear headed, big-brained man, who can not be carried away by passion, clamor, .or even enthusiasm. FERDINAND DE LESSEES. Horn- in lsit">. M. DE LKSSKPS is certainly one of the most interesting men of our day, and if he could, unembarrassed by personal, po- 168 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. litical, and commercial entanglements, interests and associa- tions, write a record of the main events of his life, it would doubtless make a very interesting volume. The bulky and not elegant English translation of his "Recollections of Forty Years," almost does an injustice to this man whose name is written ineffaceably upon the surface of the globe u writ in water," indeed, but not to perish. It is always pleas- ant to read of the inception of a great project, and its suc- cessful realization, and the story of the Suez canal has a special charm. In these - Recollections' Americans particularly will find of in- terest M. de Lesseps' ac- count of the Panama canal. He maintains that the "Pa- nama will be easier to make, easier to' complete, and easier to keep up than the Suez canal." Versailles, France, is the birthplace of M. de Les- seps, the father of the Suez canal. He was educated as a civil engineer,but entered the diplomatic service in 1825. After long service in different consulates he was appointed minister to Spain, and held that position until the French revolution of 1848, and was afterward sent to Rome as representative of the French republican government. His commission to negotiate the construction of the Suez canal was given in 1854, but it was not until 1864 that actual work on the canal was fairly begun; and it was completed in 1869, the greatest piece of engineering of modern times. FERDINAND DE LESSEPS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 169 LIEUT. -GEN. SIR GAftNET J. WOLSELEY. Born July, 4, 1833. CREATED a baron by Queen Victoria after his quick and triumphant campaign in Egypt against Arabi Bey in 1882. Gen. Wolseley had before that time gained a brilliant repu- tation as an active and almost invariably successful com- mander. He comes of an old family, the Staffordshire Wol- seleys, of Wolseley Hall, and is the son of Major G. J. Wol- seley, of county Dublin. He entered the British ar- my at the age of nineteen as an ensign. At the storming of Myat-toon he led the party that first scal- ed tin- walls, and was se- verely wounded in the left thigh by a rifle ball. At the outbreak of the Crimean war he landed with the ninetieth light infantry and served in the trenches as an assistant engineer. Conspicuous services in the attack on the Quarries, in the assault of June 18, and in the third, fourth MK <;AKNKT .1. \VOLSELKV. and fifth bombardments of Sebastopol won for him repeated mention in dispatches. He was wrecked in 1857 in the straits of Banca while proceeding in her majesty's ship "Transit" to China. During the Indian mutiny he took part in the relief of Lucknow, and in the siege and eapture of the same place. Colonel Wolseley was sent to Canada during the period when difficulties were threatened with the United States, owing to the affair of the Trent, and afterward visit- ed the confederate camp. In December, lSfi'2. the troubles 170 THE BIOGBAPHIGAL REV [1 W. with the Red River settlement broke out, which gave him more active work. It was, however, his conduct of the Ashantee war that brought him so prominently before the public, and for which he received a grant of twenty-five thousand pounds. After the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882, he was at once sent against Arabi Bey, completely routing the rebels, and restoring peace within thirty days. For this service he received, in addition to other honors, fifty thousand pounds. FRANK HATTON. Born in 1845. FRANK HATTON was born in Cadiz, Ohio, and learned the printer's trade with his father, who published a paper in that place. At the outbreak of the rebellion he entered the United States army, being but seventeen years of age; and. three years later was advanced to the lieutenaritcy. After the war he returned to Cadiz, where he became local editor on his father's paper. The family soon after removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where the elder Hatton bought and published the "Journal," and at the death of his fa- FRANK HATTON. ther, Frank became the editor and joint proprietor. In 1874 Mr. Hatton bought a half interest in the Burlington "Hawk- eye," and at a little later date became sole proprietor and editor-in-chief. In 1881 President Arthur appointed him. as assistant postmaster-general; and later, postmaster-general. THE BIO OR A PHI (' A L It K VIK\V. 171 DR. MARY WALKER. THE career of Dr. Mary Walker has been a checkered one, and her notoriety has not been enviable, for her determina- tion to study and practice medicine met with great opposition in the years when lady "M. P. V were much more of a rarity than they are at the present time; and it placed her in an antagonistic position to the sterner sex, while her adoption of trousers, stiff brimmed hats, and coat-like garments roused the indig- nation of her less strong- minded sisters. Her early life was spent at Oswego. in the state of iS'ew York; and her own statements lead to the in- ference that even as a child a great portion of her hap- pines> depended upon the brevity of her skirts. During the civil war she distinguished herself by ef- ficient service in attending the sick and wounded sol- diers, often expending her o\vn money for the traveling expenses to keep up with the army. A medal was awarded her for these services, and had Lincoln lived he would, undoubtedly, have bestowed upon her a position of trust, as a recompense for her earnest and praiseworthy labors. In I860 she visited Kurope. hoping that her reformatory ideas would meet with more encourage- ment. But in this she was doomed to disappointment, In conversation she is agreeable and entertaining, though DK. MARY WALKER. 172 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. better liked among men than among women. Those of her own sex to whom she is well known, speak of her in the highest terms of praise, and insist that her motives are mis- understood, and that her efforts are against the unhealthiness of tight lacing, French heeled boots and cumbersome skirts, and not prompted by a desire for a share in the governing of the country. Her motives are pure, and her desire is for the physical and moral development of her sex. CARTEK HARRISON. Born Feb. 15, 1825. THE late democratic mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, was born in Fayette count}- Kentucky. He received a classi- cal education, graduating at Yale college in 1845. Although he studied law he followed the occupation of a farmer in his native county until 1855, graduat- ing in that year at Transyl- vania law school. After a while he removed to Chicago, becoming a real estate operator. He represented Illinois in the forty-fourth and forty-fifth congresses, his second term expiring in 1877. Ever since his terms in congress, Carter Harrison's name has almost intennittingly been in the public prints. He was elected as mayor of Chicago for three terms, his last term ending in 1887. His second wife dying about this time, he suddenly started out on a tour of the world. CARTER HARRISON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ITS. HENRY SMITH. Born in 1838. HENRY SMITH is a native of the city of Baltimore, in the state of Maryland. He was but an infant when his parents removed to Marshalltown, Stark county, Ohio. And in J ^4r> the family removed to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in which city young Henry received a common school education, afterward learning the trade of mill-wright. When he was about thir- ty years of age he began public life as a member of the common council of the city of Milwaukee. After four years' service in this capacity, he resumed work as a private citizen. In 1878 he took his seat as a member of the Wis- consin legislature. He was again a member of the common council of the city of his residence from 1880 till 1882. The next two yt ars he was city comptroller at Milwaukee. From 1884 to 1887 he was for a third time a member of the common council. Then followed his election to the fif- tieth congress as a representative from his district. Mr. Smith is highly respected as a man of distinguished abilities and unblemished character. As a friend of the workingman he has at all times proved himself to be entitled to their praise. HENRY SMITH. 174 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. SARAH BERNHARDT. Born Oct, 22, 1844. SINCE "The divine Sarah " made her first tour of the Tin: ted States in 1880, she has grown stouter. She still posses- ses the remarkable knack of dressing unlike other women, yet dressing well, and the materials of her gowns are very handsome and costly. Her place at the head of her profes- sion she still retains. Speaking of her recent appearance in Washington, a correspon- dent says: "She is still lithe and surpassingly graceful, soft, loving, fierce as a tiger, alluring as a siren, fitful, capri- cious, intense, everything that is gracious, ravishing, sad and terrible in human nature." There is and can be but one Sarah Bern- hardt. She is fresh from tri- umphs in South and Cen- tral America, by which nearly seven hundred thousand dollars were ta- ken into the managerial treasury. Her art has been SARAH BERNIIARDT. rewarded with munificent public liberality, but she says she never has any money. At the present time she is trying to remember that the time will come when she will not be able to earn more. She is no longer young. She was one of eleven children of a wandering Jewess who lived in Paris at the time of Sarah's birth; and was christen- ed in the Roman catholic church, receiving her early educa- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 175 tion in a convent. While a young girl she was sent to Am- sterdam to be reared by her maternal grandmother. In her teens she was taken back to Paris, where it is said she lived in a wretched set of rooms in the top story of an old house in the Rue St. Honore, and had for her neighbors the family of a costumer in the theater Francais. Her first efforts at the Francais were unsuccessful, and it is said that she was think ing of committing suicide when . she received encouraging advice and assistance from George Sand of the Odeon; but becoming disgusted with her experience she ran away from the theater. Eventually, after more than eighteen years of intercession on the part of George Sand, Sarah Bernhardt was cast in "Hernani," to be put on at the Odeon. Her appearance was a complete triumph, and the press of Paris over-rated her as much as it under-rated her before Since that time she has interpreted many of Victor Hugo's dramas and other masterpieces of the French stage. In June, 1879, she made her first appearance in London, which was a great success. Her visit to this country was a great event in the story of its amusements. In 1883 she bought a theater in Paris, her management of which did not prove successful. Arrangements for the tour, of which that in the United States is a part, were made in the spring of 1886. Sarah Bernhardt was the mother of several children prior to her marriage to M. Damala, a Greek, in 1882, and from whom she soon separated. GEORGE M. PULLMAN. Born March 3, 1831. IN both the Old and the New World, the name of G. M. Pullman is honored as that of a man who has reduced greatly the inevitable weariness and discomfort of railroad traveling. He was not the inventor of the sleeping-car, but the improve- ments in its structure originated by him, and the large num- 176 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. her of cars made by the Pullman Palace Car Company give his, perhaps, the first place in the records of the invention. He was born in Chautauqua county, in the state of New York, where his father was known as a good mechanic. The boy received a common school education, and in due time was placed at work in a furniture establishment. The length- ening of the Erie canal, begun soon afterward, gave him the opportunity of securing the appointment of contractor for the erection of the buildings needed along the course of the extension. When twenty-eight years of age, Mr. Pullman re- moved to Chicago, and busied himself, very suc- cessfully, in raising build- ings of the city to grade without the interruption of business. This great un- dertaking was justly cited as a triumph of mechani- cal ingenuity. Many large GEORGE M. PULLMAN. stone and brick buildings were raised several feet without serious injury or loss of time to owners or occupants. In 1860 Mr. Pullman left Chicago to mine in Colorado, from which occupation he re- tired in 1863, and henceforth devoted himself to the aug- mentation of comfort in travel. The use of the Pullman sleeping, parlor and dining cars is now general on this con- tinent, and is also seen in the United Kingdom. Its maker resides in Chicago, Illinois, near which city is the new town of Pullman, where the Pullman Palace Car Company have located all their works. This town is a model of neatness and is considered the workingman's paradise. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 177 SUSAN B. ANTHONY. Bom Feb. 15, 1820. OF all the little band of men and women who have gained respect from their bitterest enemies by taking and holding a very positive opinion on the rights of women to vote, and the expediency of conceding that right in the United States, Susan B. Anthony is perhaps the most prominent. Her birth- place was the little village of South Adams, in the western part of the state of Massa- chusetts, and almost under the shadow of the Hoosac mountains. After reaching woman- hood, Miss Anthony be- came a school teacher, and at the end of fifteen years of hard work, this lady found herself with three hundred dollars in her ]><><-ket and a determination in her heart to do some- thing to right the wrongs which women had to suffer and which she had herself experienced. Conventions were called, societies were organized, and Miss An- thony became a fairly well- known figure among radical agitators in every field of so- cial development. With Wendell Phillips and William Lloyd Garrison, she was very actively identified in the movement for the aboli- tion of slavery. The movement in favor of stopping the man- ufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors has also received her wannest support. SUSAN B. ANTHONY. 178 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEN. NELSON A. MILES. Born Aug. 8, 1839. THE commander of the military department of the Arizo- na, Gen. Nelson A. Miles, is a soldier with an excellent re- cord a hard fighter, no "vain carpet knight/' He was engaged in a civil occupation prior to the war of the rebellion, and joined the twenty- second Massachusetts volunteers, with the rank of captain, in 1861. After several promotions he was made a brigadier- general of the United States volunteers " for distinguished services during the recent battles of the Old Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House in Virginia/ 1 This was on May 12, 1864. preceded by only a few months his be- ing bre vetted a major-gen- eral "for highly meritori- ous and distinguished con- duct throughout the cam- paign, and particularly for gallantry and valuable ser- vices in the battle of Ream's Station, Virginia. " o On October 21, 1805, Gen. Miles became a major general, and on September 1, 1866, he was mustered out of the vol- unteer service. On March 2, 1867, he was brevetted a brig- adier-general and a major-general in the United States army, that "for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia," and this for his exhibition of the superior military qualities in the battle of Spottsylvania. He was promoted to his present rank on December 15, 1880. GEN. MILES. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 179 Gen. Miles served in the department of Dakota in 1876, when he did excellent service in subjugating the rebellious Sioux. He has proved himself a hard fighter, and consequent- ly his services have been and still are of great value to the country. SAMUEL WHITE SMALL. Horn July :i. 1851. BORN at Knoxville. Tennessee, Sam Small received his primary education in that city, but graduated from- the high school in New Orleans. To finish his education he was sent to Emory and Henry college, graduating there- from with high honors. His father was a journalist aiid was also a rich and in- fluential man. But the wealth of his father pr< >ved Sam's bane. lie was led into all kinds of exee>se>. The young man started out in life as a lawyer, and next became a journalist, and aNo learned to be an expert stenographer. He has lived in most of our large cities, and spent some years in Europe, where his father's wealth opened to him all avenues of enjoyment and dissipation. Since his conversion. Sam Small joined Sam Jones in a series of revival meetings throughout the country; and they have thereby become almost as popular revivalists as were the world-renowned Moody and Sankey. Mr. Small has a wife and several children. SAM SMALL. 180 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEORGE FRANCIS TRAIN. Born March 24, 18M. ONE of the most eccentric men in America is George Francis Train, who was born in Boston, in the state of Mas sachusetts. In 1833 his parents and three sisters died of yellow fever in New Orleans. In 1842 he was at college in Cambridge; in 1844 established the Liverpool packet firm of Train and Company, and was married in 1851. In 1853 he established the house of. George Fran- cis Train .and Company, shippers, in Melbourne, Australia; and during the same year declined the presidency of the Austra- lian republic. In 1860-61 he devoted himself to the introduction of street rail- ways in London. He re- turned to America in 1862 and ^became noted as a public speaker on the is- sues of the day. Many of his speeches have been published; and he has also written various works, among others, " An American Merchant in Europe, Asia and Australia," "Young America in Wall Street," u Spread Eagle- ism," and so forth. In the same year Train was assaulted in Boston, Dayton and elsewhere on account of his utteran- ces, and an attempt was made to assassinate him at Alton, Illin;is. He obtained the original capital, about two mil- lion dollars, to construct the Union Pacific railroad. In 1864 he organized the Credit Mobilier, with a capital of ten mil- GEOKGE FRANCIS TRAIN. THK HtonilArmCAL REVIEW. 181 lion dollars, und obtained donations of land grants for the company at Omaha. In 1869 he began an active canva-- for the presidency of the greenback party. In 1872 he went To Europe and delivered many public speeches; on his return he published some alleged obscene literature, and Antho- ny Comstock put him in the Toombs. Train was also ad- judged a lunatic, but after a year's confinement was released. In 1874 he became the champion of the working man; and about the same time quit eating animal food, butter and condiments. He refused the greenback presidential nomina- tion in ls~i. also refusing invitations to lecture. In 1877 In- began u psychological conversations " in Madison Square, .New York city. It was in this year that he became disgusted, evidently, with the world and everybody in it (except chil- divin and stopped talking with adults. Train is said to be very rich, and owns much real estate in Omaha and other parts of the West. He again came into prominence as the 'champion of the anarchists in 1887, and gave a series of lec- tures in their behalf throughout the country. M. M. POMEROY. Born itlmiit iw>. " BRICK" POMEROY, as he is popularly termed, is one of the best known men on our continent. His quaint sayings made his name a household word, and his incisive language made him feared by both parties. In the city of La Crosse, on the banks of the Mississippi river, he built up a sensa- tional newspaper, which reached a circulation of one hun- dred thousand copies; and money came to him very rapidly in the years of 1867-68. At La Crosse he erected the finest building of that section, including an opera house and accommodations for his great printing interests. He was worth, perhaps, a quarter of a million of dollars; and it was a poor day when the mails THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 182 did not bring him at least one thousand dollars. But he became ambitious for a larger field, and went to Cincin nati to look around; at last he came to the conclusion that that city would be the place for him. Washington McLean, the father of the present owner of the "Enquirer," then pub- lished that paper, and gave Pomeroy a dinner, which was attended by a number of prominent democrats. At the table McLean made a- speech eulogizing Pomeroy, and wound up by saying that Cincinnati was altogether too small for Pomeroy, that he should go to New York and Pomeroy went. In 1868 during the heat of the Grant campaign, he started a daily paper, and so curious were the people to see it that over thirty thousand copies were sold on the first day. But the genius of Pom- eroy was erratic, and the people soon tiring of the paper, the circulation fell to six or seven thousand and stayed there; but he stuck res- olutely to his enterprise, and in the course of three or four years lost his entire fortune. He started a weekly which was a failure; he then tried Chicago, his old home La Crosse, and Denver, with but indifferent success. He drifted to New York again, and started another weekly, which had a fair circulation. Although advanced in years, this old-time journalist is still as sanguine as when he made his first grand success; and his career has, indeed, been a varied one. M. M. POMEROY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 183 LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. Born about 1x4:,. RANDOLPH CHURCHILL is a son of the Duke of Marlborough, and inherits the courage, if none of the other great qualities of the illustrious soldier who won the battle of Blenheim. His prominence is mainly due to his attacks on the govern- ment and the Gladstone ministry. He is often compared with Disraeli; but the great difference is that while Disraeli had a great party behind him. Churchill has not. Tin 1 dashing young states- man is well known in New York, the home, in her maiden years, of his lovely wife a daughter of Mr. Leonard Jerome. He is popular in society, being a genial and accomplished man. with a bright and fas- cinating wife to assist his sprightly genius for enter- tainment. His course, naturally. is regarded with particular interest in this country, and his many admirers cherish the opinion that he \vill yet attain reputation in the councils of a great party, which, on -.>me occasions, lias thought it expedient to honor him with extraordinary distinction. A recent writer, Mr. Anderson, who has produced an inter- esting book of pen sketches ,,f British statesmen, draws the following description of Lord Randolph Churchill: He is KAMiol.l'll CHURCHILL. 184 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. scarcely above the middle height, of slight build and appar- ently delicate constitution, and has smooth dark brown hair, parted down the middle and thin at the crown. The head is small, the eyes large, the nose short, and the cheek bones rather high. Churchill is not eloquent with the eloquence of Gladstone or Bright. He has, indeed, a slight lisp, an im- perfection of vocal delivery which spoils his pronunciation of some of the consonants,, particularly the letter 's." LADY RANDOLPH CHURCHILL UNDOUBTEDLY Mr. Churchill's popularity has been greatly increased by the influence of his wife, an American lady, well known in society cir- cles of New York. As the daughter of Mr. Leonard Jerome, her pros- pects in life were very en- couraging; and when she married the young Eng- lish statesman - - and a lord ! it was considered by "soctety" as a most brilliant match. However, had she been to the manor born, she could not have filled the titled position with greater credit than she has done. Mrs. Churchill has become very popular in London, indeed, it might safely be said that she is the most popular American woman in England. She moves in the highest circles of royalty, and is honored and loved for her many noble qualities. MRS. CHURCHILL. THK r.HKiliM'UH'M. HKVIK\V. 185 ANTHONY COM STOCK. Born March 7, 1844. EN-FEEBLED bodies, perverted and weakened intellects and corrupted hearts are the direct conseqiiencesof the circulation of obscene literature and pictures. They sap the foundations upon which pure and noble manhood and womanhood are built. Their suppression is a work in which every good citi- zen is deeply interested. The pioneer society for the suppression of vice was that of London, insti- tuted in 1802. It was not until May 16, 1873, that the act incorporating the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice was pas>ed by the legislature, .of the state. The society's plan is thus stated: 1, To obtain infor- mation that a crime is be- g committed: f 2. legal ; evidence of that crime: ''. a warrant in due form of law: 4, that warrant exe- cuted, and no notice sent to the criminal to enable him to escape: 5, a trial according to law: I',, a sentence that shall be commensurate with the crime. The work of the society is divided into two parts.- that for the suppression of obscene literature and pictures, and that for the suppression of lottery and policy gambling. At the head and front of the movement as an effective worker. a terror to evil-doers." is Anthony Comstock. who AM HoNY < "M-K" K. 186 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. was born in New Canaan, Connecticut. Having received the rudiments of education, he attended a high school a short time, being compelled to leave under the pressure of financial necessity. Next working two years as a grocery clerk, at the end of that time he served two years as a soldier. On j being mustered out with his regiment, he again took a posi- ; tion as a grocer's clerk. Removing to New York, he worked as a porter in a commission house, and in 1872 he began his work in the suppression of licentious literature, at first with- out aid, and limited means. But the Young Men's Christian Association came to his relief, and the society was organized. JOSEPH PULITZER. UNTIL lately the name of Joseph Pulitzer was not familiar to the public. He is a Hungarian by birth, and of Hebrew blood. After a period of suc- cessful journalistic work and enterprise in St. Louis, he bought the New York "World, "the circulation of which, at that time, was very small. Numerous illustrations, a racy style, and " sensa tion " characterize the New York "World," as edited by Mr, Pulitzer. Through the exertions of the " World," over a hun- dred thousand dollars was collected for the pedestal of "Liberty Enlightening JOSEPH PULITZER. the World." He was a member of the forty -ninth congress. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 187 HENRY CHAD WICK. Horn in 1814. THE founder of the popularity of base ball, and the "an- ,-hority" in the game, is Henry Chadwick, of Brooklyn, and an Englishman by birth. He is the improver of the game of oase ball when it needed improvement; and is the leading writer on the subject of the great popular field sport of this country. Now, in life's de- cline, he still occasionally takes part in a game of base ball. In 1844 he entered the ranks of journalism as contributor to a Long Is- land newspaper. His work throughout a long career as newspaper man has been to report cricket and base ball matters, and he is the author of well-known works on the national game. It was in 1850," he says of his first conception of the work that has made him famous, '-when, on IIKNKV ( ii AHWICK. returning from an early closing of a cricket match at Fox hall, Hoboken, I chanced to go through the Klysian tic!(U during tin- progress of a l>a>c ball match between the then noted Kagle and (iotham clubs. The game was being sharply played on botli sides, and I watched it. with deeper interest than any previous match of the kind I had seen. From that period I became an ardent admirer of base ball, and I have devoted my efforts to the 188 THE BIOGRAPHICAL RVV1EW. improvement of the game and to fostering it in every way I thought likely to promote the object I had in view, which was to build up a national game for Americans, such as cricket was for England." When Mr. Chadwick was chairman of the committee of rules of the old National League, he revised and improved the playing rules of the game. He continued actively en- gaged as a member of association conventions until the pres- ent National League was organized. AL. SPAULDING. ONE of the most noted base ball enthusiasts of the coun- try is Al. Spaulding, ^Chicago, whose name is as widely known as that of any oth- er of the base ball lights of the past or present time. Spaulding had reckoned on securing the champion- ship for Chicago in 1887 most too confidently; but, his ardor and energy in the sporting line acknowl- edges no defeat, but only increases the desire to be ever up and doing, and he hopes to secure the cham- pionship for 1888. Al. Spaulding is the in- ventor of many u seful de- vices used for the protec- tion of base ball players. He has also published a number of score books which have received unqualified endorsement. Mr. Spaulding, in connection, with his brother, entered in Chicago, in 18T6 into the business of furnishing base ball supplies; and so successful was this venture, that they have opened a branch office in New York city. AL. SPAULDING. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 189 ISAAC PITMAN. Born in 1813. THE inventor of phonography, Isaac Pitman, was born at Trowbridge, England. He was educated to be a public school teacher, and subsequently became a principal. Mr. Pitman invented and published his system of phono- graphy, which may be said to have superseded the old sys- tems of shorthand, in the year 1837. The phonetic alphabet has a character for every sound used in speaking, and its advantages as the basis of a system of short- hand consists in its. accu- racy and adequacy on this account, and the fact that all the characters, repre- senting every consonant sound, are written in curved or straight lines with a sin- gle stroke of the pen. In January, 1840, he published a second edition of his book, containing some improvements in the forms <,f letters. By 1849 phonography had taken nearly the shape it now wears, but Mr. Pitman has published many editions of his book since that year. He still lives at Bath, England, and is doing a good pub- lishing business with an enormous correspondence. Various systems of phonographic shorthand based on Isaac Pitman's, but varying from it somewhat, have been published; all of which are. in the judgment of their originators ami followers, superior to his in some respects. Such are Benn Pitman's ISAAC PITMAN. 190 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. (who, by the way, is a brother of Isaac and lives at Cincin- nati), Munson's and Graham's. Therefore, verbatim reporters almost innumerable are indebted to Isaac Pitman's invention for the means of their dexterity. THEODCKS THOMAS. Born in 1835. THE skill with which Theodore Thomas handles large bod- res of voices or instruments, places him at the head of all orchestral leaders in this country. Theodore Thomas is the son of a violinist of some celebrity, and was born in Germany. He made his debut at Hanover in 1841. In 1845 the family emi- grated to New York, where young Theodore appeared in concerts for two years. Then he traveled for four years in the South, return- ing to New York in 1851. During the next ten years he was conductor of vari- ous German and Italian opera companies, contain- ing such celebrities as Jen- THEODORE THOMAS. ny Lind, Mario, and Grisi. In 1861, he began the formation of his famous orchestra, and gave his first symphony concerts in New York in 1864. The well known and popular summer night festivals were instituted in 1866, and in 1869 he began his annual round of the principal cities of the Union, which was continued for nine years. Since 1878 he has held high positions, directing the great festivals for several years past. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 191 THE SULTAN OF TURKEY. Born in 1842. . AMERICANS as. a rule do not hold the Turks in very high esteem. The Turks, however, are a religious race, and are born with a reverence for sacred things. The prohibition against wine is still in existence, and the Moslems do not touch it. For politeness the Turks are preeminent. One of the chief characteristics of the Turks is their ven- eration for women. A com- pany of soldiers would ivadily clear the streets of a mob of turbulent men, but would turn and run from a mob of women. Abdul Hamid II, the sultan of Turkey, came in to power in 1876, succeed ing his brother. His will is absolute, when not con- trary to the precepts of [the Koran. The state and church are allied, the sul- tan having been for many hundred:- of years the califf or acknowledged head o f the clllU'ch. The Sll- blime porte is virtually the cabinet of the sultan, consisting of the ministers of different departments, appointed by hin self and individually responsible to him only. The porte ad . ministers the government, subject to the sultan's will. Much is, therefore, bound up in the personality of the Turkish sul- tan. and a new sultan might give an altogether different as- pect to the future of the Ottoman empire. TIIK SULTAN OK TfRKKV. 192 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. The distinguishing trait of the Turks is their military spirit, and consequently they are a brave and courageous race. The Turks are, indeed, one of the most heroic races on the earth, and this is proved by the vast empire over which they formerly ruled by conquest. With regard to the harem, a great many errors have crept into the minds of foreigners generally. Into the harem of the wealthy, no man (save the husband), not even a rel- ative, can enter. When a woman enters the harem she throws off all allegiance to friends, and holds no further communication with men. In the poorer classes, where there is but one room in the house, before a man can enter, the wife is allowed to withdraw of to cover her face. Although polygamy is allowed, it is not practiced by five per cent of the sultan's subjects. No man is allowed to take more than one wife unless he can comfortably support her, and the wife is permitted to do as she pleases. In the harem she has her own apartments, her own slaves, and she can go and come as she chooses. She also buys what she wants and the husband pays the bills. They receive company and are perfectly happy. Gen. Lew Wallace, in a lecture, says: "I have talked with many ladies who have visited harerns, and with my wife; and they admitted that th^ intelligence of the Turkish ladies is so limited that it was not the part of genuine philanthropy to try and ameliorate their condition." The lecturer describ- ed in fitting words the beauty of the Turkish women and their costumes. "They are," he says, "the most beautiful women in the world except the American women. In Tur- key is found a splendid picture of domestic life. There is the reiauon of parents and children, and the Turkish mother is a model. But the Turk never alludes to his domestic life. In the harem not even the officers of the law can enter to arrest a culprit. It is the sacred or reserved place; and, ren- dered into the dear old Saxon, it is home." THE . IIF.VIEW. 193 COUNT VON MOLTKE. Born in 1800. THE field-marshal and chief of the staft'of the German army. Count Von Helmuth Ktui Bernhard Moltke, was born at Parehiin, near Mecklenburg, and is the son of an ex-officer in the Prussian army. In 1811 the family removed to Copen- hagen, where Moltke entered the military academy. In 1819 he entered the Danish army, but left it in 1822, returning to the army school at Berlin. Ten years later he was appointed a member of the general staff, and engaged on a military survey in Si- lesia and Posen. On the appointment of Emperor Wilhelm to the regency of the kingdom in 1858, Moltke's sphere of action and influence rapid- ly increased. In war he is a great strategist, and generally di- vides his army, in times of war in accordance with his well known maxim of marching separately and striking together.'' He thus entered Saxony with three col- umns during the Aiistro-Prussian war of 1SW, which ended in the Prussian victory at the terrible battle of Saclowa. The victory of the Germans in the Franco-Prussian war of \^1". which resulted so disastrously to France, was a great military triumph for Moltke; high honors were awarded him, and he was made a life member of the upper house. As a representative of the reichstag, he is known as the '-great si- lent one," and his speeches, though brief, are ever important. COUNT VON MOLTKE. 194 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JOHN SHERMAN. Born May J0, 1823. v ON the question of finance, John Sherman's record proveu him to be a great authority. The making of treasury notes a legal tender in 1862 was mainly due to him and Salmon P. Chase. In 186T he proposed the refunding act that was passed two years later, and the resumption of specie payment on January 1, 1879, was the leading triumph of his financial policy. In 1877 he was made secretary of the treas- ury. John Sherman was born at Lancaster, Ohio, in a family of English extrac- tion, whose first American ancestry - settled in Con- necticut and Massachu- setts. His father was made a judge of the supreme, court of Ohio the same year in which John was born, the eighth child of a family of twelve. When hjs father died, John was only six years of age, and the widow's eleven surviving children were divided through harsh necessity, only three being left in their mother's care. In 1831 John was taken by a cousin of his father, to live with him at Mount Yernon. This kinsman had him thoroughly prepared for the academy in anticipation of giving him a col- lege education. At twelve years of age young John entered the academy of Lancaster. JOHN SHERMAN. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 195 We next find him acting as a junior rod man in a corps of engineers engaged in the MuBkingom improvement. In 1838, when only fifteen, he was given charge of the works at Bev- erly. His next move was to study law in the office of Charles T. Sherman, an older brother, who was afterward made a judge of the United States district court. He subse- quently entered into partnership with his brother at Mans- field, Ohio, in 1844. Four years later he began his political life as delegate to the whig convention which nominated Gen. Taylor for president. In 1848 he was married to a daughter of Judge Stewart, of Mansfield. He was a delegate to the Baltimore convention of 1852, which nominated Gen. Scott. His first election to congress was in 1855, where he gained distinction in committee work. In the following year he was a supporter of John C. Fremont, believing that the area of slavery should not be extended, while the existence of the institution itself could not be disturbed in the states which supported it. Mr. Sherman was elected to the thirty -fifth and thirty-sixth congresses, which he served with distinction. In 1861 he was elected to the United States senate, and so popular had this statesman become that he was re-elected in 1807 and 1873. During the war he was conspicuous for patriotism to the Union cause, spending money, time and service in it> behalf. After rendering great services to the country in the passage of the refunding act, which was passed in \*1^. and in other ways sustaining the financial credit of the country, lie was, in 1877. made secretary of the treasury. In 1879 the re- sumption of specie payment was mainly due to his exertions, and was undoubtedly the leading triumph of his financial policy. Upon the retirement from office of President Hayes, the veteran financier resumed his seat in the senate, which he still retains. 196 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CHARLES S. FAIROHILD. Born in 1842. WITHOUT respect to party everybody speaks with approval of the work of the secretary of the treasury, Mr. Fairchild. He was assistant secretary under Daniel Manning, and dur- ing the tedious illness of that statesman was acting secretary, filling that position with perfect success. Mr. Fail-child was born at Casenovia, in the state of New York. His father was a lawyer, and for a number of years counsel of the Central railroad. The secretary of the treasury is a thoroughly educated man, a graduate of Harvard, and a well- read lawyer, and practiced at Albany. In 1874 he was appoint- ed deputy attorney-general ,of the Empire .slate, an( i m that capacity took a lead- ing part in several import- ant cases. In 1875 he was elected state's attorney, a position that he held for two years. From 1877 until his appointment as assistant secretary of the treasury, Mr. Fairchild held no political of- fice, but devoted himself to his law practice. The secretary of the treasury is a hard worker, and no en- couragement can be found in his example for the waste of public time. He listens to people who call on him, in a man- ner which is impenetrable to the caller, and interviews are very apt to be short. CHARLES S. FAIRCHILD. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW- 197 JOHN W. KEELT. Born Sept. 3, 1837. FOR many years the public curiosity has been kept alive with regard to the Keely motor, which, it is alleged, is an actual thing, and capable of unprecedented preformances. Scientific men and engineers have exercised their wits in the vain attempt to find out what the nature of this motor is, but it appears that they are as much in the dark about it as people not possessed of the knowledge proper to their pur- suits. Newspaper men either ridicule the invention as a sham or a humbug, or write of it with wonder and bated breath as a prodigious production of inventive genius. If it actually is. it remains a mystery; if it is not, its alleged inventor is a deceiver of the first magnitude. Born in Philadelphia, John Worrall Keely studied at the public schools until he was twelve years of age, when he be- came a carpenter's apprentice, and continued at that trade until ls~ He had a good knowledge of mechanics, and was fond of making experiments on his own account. Meanwhile he had become interested in speculations con- cerning physical forces, and originated certain theories of questionable value. The vibrations of windows and glass dishes in response to the sounding of various musical chords, first set his mind upon the subject of vibration and the curious sympathy between distant waves vibrating in harmony. When he stumbled upon what he calls his new force he put it on the market, and has been thriving on it ever since. The company to aid him was started in 1872; and funds, since aggregating a half million dollars, were placed at his disposal. He lives in handsome style in the upper part of the city of Philadelphia; his house is elegantly appointed and his drawing room is tilled with bric-a-brac. His workshop is con- 198 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. nected with his house, with an entrance just round the cor- The place is like a big machine shop, with curious ner. looking iron vessels and tubes lying about on the floor arid tables. All the things are connected in some way with gen- erating Keely's tk Force" just how, nobody, except per- haps he himself, knows. None of the big machines- generating engines, they are called ever seem to be quite satisfactory, and they are al- ways undergoing changes. One of them cost some- thing like fifty thousand dollars, and it was not al- together satisfactory, but that little circumstance did not make him sad, but he went on with another. He takes recreation in two interesting ways he reads all the comic papers that he can buy or borrow, and plays the flute madly. He has constructed over one hundred different en- gines. Results which are marvelous in their effects have been obtained by JOHN w. KEELY. him in the presence of reliable experts; but all exact details of the method of operation have thus far been carefully kept secret. In the summer of 1875 people w r ere led to believe that the mystery would at last be divulged. A gauge of enor- mous proportions was exhibited which, it was stated, was ca- pable of testing any force from ten to fifty thousand pounds, and constructed for the purpose of testing the vaporic force of the motor; but the test was not satisfactory and definite, and the secret of the motor itself is still unbroken. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 199 The' stock of the half-million dollars that has been put up r<> forward this invention, is worth nothing to-day. That is certain. But to-morrow, to-morrow it may represent a fortune. What the stockholders base hope for to-morrow on no man can say unless they have a Keely superstition. Kct'ly goes on smilingly all the while. He is picturesque and striking, more than six feet tall, with broad shoulders, and as straight as an Indian. He is swarthy, with thick, glossy black hair worn rather long, and deep shining black eyes. His fingers are swollen and knotted, the result of a variety of accidents met with in his experiments. ELIZABETH RODGERS. Born in 1X4',. THERE are women members of the organization of the knights of labor, but with a solitary exception, they are un- heard of as leaders. Mrs. Elizabeth Rodgers is the energetic woman who is the peer of the ablest and most eloquent in the great body of which she is a leading ornament. Mrs. Rodgers is master workman of district assembly 24 of Chicago. She was one of its delegates at the knights of la- bor convention at Richmond in 1887. Mrs. Rodgers is an Irish woman, born atWoodford, Coun- ty Galway. and when six years of age came, with her mother, to America. After a short residence in New York, they re- moved to London, Ontario, where the mother still lives. Mrs. Rodgers is the mother of twelve children, nine of \\liMin are living. Family cares have not robbed her of the sweet graces which are the proper adornment of womankind. She is a model wife and mother, as well as a leader knight with a tongue ready in debate, and the head of a statesman. Mr. Rodgers has good reason for his obvious pride in his well preserved, clever and pleasant spoken wife. 200 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. She organized the first working women's union in Chicago more than ten years ago, and was its presiding officer for two years. Mrs. Rodger's was president of the Eighth Ward Land League, and also of the Daughters of Erin. For many years she has been a dele- gate to the state trades as- sembly of Illinois; and also the delegate from local as- sembly 1,789 of Chicago to district assembly 24, for several years. All this time she was master workman of local assembly 1,7.89. In 1886 she succeeded J. P. Murphy as master work- man of district assembly No. 24. In recounting vices to working people, those of her husband for recognition, becauso if not identified with them always, they have an ob- ject in common with hers. George Rodgers is a mem- ber of the executive board of district assembly 24, of which he is chairman. He was born in Pembrokeshire, South Wales, in 1844-. When living in London, Canada, he met and mar- ried his wife. He was a delegate from the iron moulders' union of that place' to the international moulders' union which met in Philadelphia in 1870, and to the Richmond convention in 1872 from Detroit. Mr. Rodgers has been president of the trade and labor assembly of Illinois for many years, and was master workman and treasurer of district as- sembly 24, filling all these positions with great credit. MRS. ELIZABETH RODGERS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 201 GEN. FRANZ SIGEL. Born in 1^,'4. BORN in Germany, Sigel graduated at the military acade- my of Carlsrulie in LMl, and served as an officer in the regular army until 1847. when he resigned his commission. In ls-4- >>-'. he took side with the people in the revolutionary struggles of the period. He afterward lived successively in Switzerland, Italy. France and England, until 1852, when he sailed to America, landing in New York. In 1857 he went to St. Louis, where he held the position of professor of mathematics. American his- tory and French at the German - American Insti- tute of that city; and was also elected director of the St. Louis public schools in I860. At the outbreak of the civil war, Sigel resigned these positions, and organ- ized a regiment of infan- try, a battalion of artillery of three batteries, and a squadron of cavalry. He GEN. FRANZ SIGEL. commanded the expedition to southwest Missouri, and fought the battle of Carthage with eight hundred against four thou- sand men. (ien. Sigel also commanded a brigade in the battle of Wil- son's Creek under Gen. Lyon, a division in the campaign of Gen. Fremont, and two divisions in the battle of Pea Kidge. 202 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. He was ordered to the East in May, 1862, and commanded a division at Harper's Ferry, and the first corps of the army of Virginia, under Pope, in the battle of Cedar mountain, on the Rappahannock; and in the battle of Bull Run on August 28-30. I After serving gallantly throughout the war, he resigned from the army in 1865. He has filled numerous civil positions, and was a republi- can in politics until 1876, at that time declaring for Tilden; and he has advocated the policy of the democratic party since that time. From 1881 to 1885 Gen. Sigel lectured in English and German, and also edited a weekly paper. In 1887 he was appointed pension agent, by President Cleveland, for the city of New York. SIR ARTHUR SULLIVAN. Born in 1844. EVERYBODY has heard of Arthur Sullivan, whose music is as popular in this country as in England. " Pinafore" was probably the greatest success of the age, as nobody, who has ever witnessed a stage performance at all, has probably failed to see and hear this most delightful of comic operas. "Tri- al by Jury," and u Pirates of Penzance," though less widely known, have all secured exceptional successes. That the au- thor of these popular compositions, and greatest of English musicians, should have received the honor of knighthood is not surprising. It is royalty's tardy recognition of eminent merit, and gives Sir Arthur Sullivan special prominence at this time. Arthur L. Sullivan is the son of a professional musician, and was born in the city of London. In 1855 he became a choir boy, and two years later gained the Mendelssohn scholarship at the royal academy of music. He afterwards THE i; /<><;/;. i rniCAL REVIEW. 203 continued his studies at Leipsic; and on returning to Eng- land, entered upon the career in which he was to win such eminence and distinction. "The Prodigal Son " and "The Light of the World " at once became popular, while his mu- sic to Shakespeare's "Tempest " obtained a great success. His songs and sacred music placed him among the leading composers of the day. But 'Pinafore," after all, is the basis of his fame. No other piece, within a like period, has ever been play- ed so many times or in so many different places. When first brought out in England, it failed to gain that extraordinary, though necessarily ephemeral, success it obtained when reproduced in America to- ward the end of IS 78. At that time Mr. Sullivan, with Mr. W. S. Gilbert, 1 came to New York, to su- perintend the production of "Pinafore" under his SIR ARTHUR SULLIVAN. personal leadership, and the success of the enterprise was beyond the most sanguine expectations. Cambridge university conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Music in 1876, and at the Paris exposi- tion in 1*7* was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. Mr. Sullivan has for a number of years worked in con- junction with Mr. W. S. Gilbert, who wrote the words of "Pinafore" and "The Pirates of Penzance." Mr. Sullivan is a genial, companionable man, and during his visit to this country gained many friends. 204 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. THOMAS NAST. Born in 1840. THE humorous aspects of human nature are regarded with a peculiar relish by Americans, and caricature has always been a feature of American journalism. Benjamin Franklin was a caricaturist, and his rude but apt designs brought many abuses into ridicule. Thomas Nast is perhaps the most distinguished and cer- tainly the best known of American caricaturists. He is the son of a mu- sician in the Bavarian ar- my, and was born at Lan- dau, Bavaria. When Thomas was six years of age, the family came to this country and settled in the city of New York. They were very poor but through industry and | economy they were able to subsist in a comfortable manner. At an early age the boy displayed great zeal and aptitude in draw- ing, although he received little encouragement from THOMAS NAST. his parents, who insisted that he should become a mechanic. The only instruction that he received was from Kaufmann,with whom he studied about six months while a boy. When fifteen years of age he applied for work in the Frank Leslie publishing house. Being remarkably short for his age, and of a boyish expression of countenance, the pub- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. m 205 lisher looked at him with astonishment. "What, my boy," said he, " so you think you can draw well enough for my paper, do you?" " I would like to try," said the youth. "Well," rejoined Mr. Leslie, "you shall. Go down to the Hoboken ferry, and bring me a drawing of the scene just as the boat is coming into the dock." This was putting the lad to a severe test; and even Mr. Leslie said that he had little expectation of the little fellow's doing it, and gave him the job for the purpose of bringing home to his youthful mind the absurdity of his application. Young Nast struck boldly, however, upon the paper, and produced a sketch, which, though far from correct, abounded in those graphic and vigorous touches so needful in popular illustrations. Mr. Leslie saw at a glance its merits and de- fects, and at once made a place for him in his establishment. He now applied himself with the greatest diligence, and in three yean he had saved considerable money and acquired something of a reputation. He then visited Europe, where he was engaged to make drawings of the great prize fight between Ileenan and Sayers. After that, event he joined Medici's expedition to Southern Italy, and went to the island of Sicily with Garibaldi, and was afterward present at the sieges of Gaieta and Capua. He sketched all the memorable events which came to his notice for American, English, and French periodicals, and at the end of a year he again landed in the city of New York. It was in l.srt:>, during the great struggle between the North and the South a time when American genius was at the highest pitch of inspiration, that Thomas Nast began work on "Harper's Weekly." The great scenes of the con- flict were reproduced with all the vividness of reality. During the exposure of the Tweed Ring in istl. his cari- catures of Tweed and his confederates buried them in a depth of contempt and infamy beyond the hope of resurrection. The bitter and telling caricature by his pencil was really an 206 THE BIO GRAPHIC A L BE VIE W. effective aid to the forces which put an end to that peri od of misgovei nment is New York; indeed, in some respects it was the most powerful of all, for one of the miscreants is said to have declared that he didn't care a straw for all the papers said of him, as most of his adherents couldn't read, but those pictures, whose meaning everyone could see at a glance, they hurt him badly. In 1882 he retired from his studio and made a tour of Eu- rope for needed recuperation. Though still in the prime of life, Mr. Nast does but little newspaper work now. He spent the winter of 1887-8 in an extended Western tour, passing through Colorado to California and Oregon, and delivering a few lectures by the way. A successful newspaper artist has a lucrative profession, and industry and thrift have made Mr. Nast wealthy. He has a handsome home at Morristown r New Jersey. The famous cartoonist is somewhat short and stout in fig- ure, but his face is refined and intellectual. His eyes are keen and penetrating, his features are finely cut, and his hands and feet are small. Though a foreigner by birth, he is an American by educa- tion and a sincere patriot in sentiment. The weapons he has wielded have been in good hands. Amid the strife and con- fusion of political campaigns he has always been the cham- pion of reform, and the uncompromising foe of corruption of misgovernment. KEY. WILLIAM BOOTH. ; Born April 10, 1829. BORN in the city of Nottingham, England, young Booth was educated at a private school. He studied theology, and became a minister of the methodist ''-new communion" in 1850, but resigned in 1861 and began his work as an evan- gelist. In July, 1865, he started the " Christian Mission " in TUK REVIEW. 207 London for the benefit of the poor non-going church-peo- ple. To this mission, when it had become a large organiza- tion formed upon military lines, he gave the name of the "Salvation Army.'' This was in 1878. The now organiza- tion soon became widely known, and spread with such rapid- ity that it was necessary to establish stations in the United States, France, Australia, India, Cape of Good Hope. Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, and many other countries. Its officers are numbered by thousands, and the whole establishment is directly under the control of Gen. Booth. He has published sever- al h}-mn and music books; also a volume called "Sal- vation Soldiery.'' describ- ing his views as to relig- ious life and work; also 'Holy Living." and vari- ous other works. Mr-. Booth, who has shared in all the General's efforts, has further explain- ed tlx-ir views in Practical Religion " and other works. Their eldest son is the chief-of-staflf. managing all the busi- ness; their eldest daughter directs the work ii. France, and the other children all take some part in managing the branch service. The "War Cry," the official gazette of the Salvation Ar my. was started in 1880, and its circulation has now reached the enormous number of nearly half a million, and reprints are issued in the United States, and other countries. Booth is wealthy and lives in good style in London. <>KN. BOOTH. 208 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CHAKLES SCRIBNER. Born Oct. 18, 1854. CHARLES SCRIBNER, whose young shoulders support the business of Charles Scribner's Sons and Scribner & Welford, was born in the city of New York. He graduated at Prince- ton in 1875, and began his business career in the same year. The firm of Charles Scribner's Sons was formed in 1878. The death of his brother, J. Blair Scribner, devolved its entire business, in Jan- uary, 1879, on the subject of this sketch. Several years ago he sold out his interest in the magazines known as the "Century," and "St. Nich- olas,"" and has nothing to do with the publication of either of them; but he has since started a new publi- cation called < Scribner's Monthly," which, by -the way, was the name of the 'Century" before it pass- ed from his control. His father founded the Scribner business, which was start- ed in 1846, and since that time thousands of books by lead- ing American writers have been published by this firm. The Scribner catalogue is remarkable for the large pro- portion of books published by arrangement with American authors. In its list of writers are many great names, both American and foreign. Theology, natural science, history, biography, select works of fiction, poetry, language, travel, school books, and other works are among the subjects. CHARLES SCRIBNER. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 209 PHILIP D. ARMOUR. Born about 1835. ALTHOUGH beginning life under most unpromising condi- tions, Philip D. Armour is now one of the wealthiest Amer- icans living, and is rapidly adding to his wealth. Shrewd and far-sighted, courageous and dashing, in him are com- bined the elements of the greatest business success, and there is no possibility of conjecturing how rich Phil Armour may become, who is yet but a comparatively young man. When he was a school- boy at an academy in Wa- tertown, in the state of New York, he got into trouble- by riding out with a young girl, also a pupil in the same academy, and was expelled for the of- rVn-e. This misfortune he converted into a stepping- stone to fortune. Turning his back upon New York state, he sought the freedom of the great west, and after a hard jour- PHILIP D. ARMOUR. ney, made in deprivation and interrupted by serious illness, reached California, where he sought gold and found it. In the course of a few years he had money enough, made from gold dust, to start him in business as a pork packer, in Mil waukee. WiM-onsin. Pork went up to an enormous figure to- ward the end of the civil war. Foreseeing the inevitable collapse of the confederacy. Armour sold largely, and made 210 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. a great fortune at a stroke. A year after he was at the head of the Chicago business bearing his name. Many of his transactions since that time have been re- markably expressive of his sagacity and pluck. Several years ago he bought for a million of dollars the largest glue factory in the West, where he works up refuse from his pack- ing house. When, in the spring of 1885, Grant & Ward failed, he saved Chicago from a threatened panic. On Wall Street he has made five million dollars by one operation. He virtually controls the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, own- ing a large amount of stock therein. Indeed, his wealth is probably among the scores of millions. This powerful financier, the leading man in Chicago, is of medium height and fleshy, but not fat. He lives in simple fashion and wears plain clothes, is unpretending in speech and manner, genial and good natured. His health is perfect, and he has seemingly an untiring capacity for work. The residence of this great u pig-killer " is on Prairie avenue, in the city of Chicago. Its appearance does not suggest the wealth of its proprietor, who strongly prefers simplicity to ostentation in his manner of life. MARY ANDERSON. Born in 1859. THE favorite actress of the West, Mary Anderson, is a na- tive of California. When Mary was an infant, the family migrated from California to Louisville, Kentucky, where she became a victim to the passion for the stage; and in Novem- ber, 1875, made her first appearance after two years of pre- paration. The critics went into ecstacies over this product of the West, and her tour from city to city was a triumphal success. 77/ /-: AL I:KVIK\V. 211 On November 12, 1877, Mary Anderson made her first appearance in New York, under the disadvantage of exag- gerated praise from the western newspapers. "The Lady of Lyons " was the piece presented on the occasion, with the young actress as k ' Pauline." The critics dealt gently with their subject, as was due to her youth and comparative inex- perience; but they could not blind themselves to the obvious faults of her personation, to the sameness of her gestures and walk, the im- perfect management of a good voice, and the un- changing expression of her countenance. But she received a good share of encouragement in the metropolis, which she left to fill engagements in other cities. Returning to New York three years afterwards, she still failed to redeem the promise, with which she had been endowed by her too enthusiastic admirers. Since that time, however, she has studied hard to perfect herself in the profession; and as a consequence has steadily gained in public favor, and she now is one of the most pop- ular actresses in the world. Her popularity is remarkable; indeed, on severa 1 occasions she has been publicly crowned with flowers. In England her success was phenomenal, and she was always favored with large and enthusiastic audiences even royalty itself bowed down in praise to this talented Western girl, of whom all Americans can well be proud. MARY ANDERSON. 212 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HERR JOHANN MOST. Born about 1830. HERR MOST made his debut as an anarchist about twenty- five years ago, when he became a disciple of the German agi- tator, Lasalle. Most was too radical in his views to long fol- low the moderate teachings of his tutor, and started out on his own hook. He traveled much in Saxony, addressing la- boring people in the man- ufacturing districts, and as Marc Anthony incited the Roman populace to riot, so Herr Most set on his dupes. But his career as a blood and thunder orator was brief, for the authorities seized him and sent him to jail a place by the way, where Most has spent ma- ny years. After the attempt made upon the Kfe of the late Emperor William by Hoe- del and Noebling, he con- sidered it prudent to start HERR JOHANN MOST. for a more hospitable ref uge. But the authorities in Switzerland, Belgium, Holland and France made haste to inform him that agitators of his stamp would do well in getting across the border, the quick- er, the better. Most concluded to give England the benefit of his presence. His first act was the foundation of a revo- lutionary sheet intended for circulation on the continent, ita mission being especially to undermine the German empire. The publication, which he dubbed "Freiheit," has since achieved an international reputation as a revolutionary organ THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 213 par excellence. The English people did not take kindly to his teachings and felt quite relieved when the crown prose- cutor secured his conviction on a charge of inciting to the murder of all royal personages. The print was confiscated and the whole organization received a pretty severe blow, from which it never rallied until Most had served his time in Milford prison. Most finally came to America, and for several years past has been publishing a revolutionary paper called "Freiheif in New York, issuing communistic literature, and doing his be>t to bring about anarchy. The particular language uttered 1>\ Most for which he was lately indicted, was at the meeting in Gennania hall, New York, when he advised his hearers to buy rifles and to use them on the police or anybody else. CAPTAIN W. L. COUCH. CAPTAIN W. L. COUCH owes his prominence to the fact that he is the leader of a band of people known as the "Ok- lahoma Boomers." Toward the end of President Arthur's term of office, attention was directed to the efforts of these people to over-run the Indian Territory. Many of them had already squatted on the lands and had to be ejected by force, not before, however, they had become so well settled as to carry the impression to others of perfect security. This led to Captain Couch's band setting out, and their curious wagons emblazoned by the device, "Going West by Thun- der," attracted general attention. The government, however, was determined that the territory which had been reserved for the Indian tribes, and to remove them to which it had cost the government considerable, should be theirs forever. The change in the administration of national affairs led the "Boomers "to hope that the opposition to their entrance Would be dropped, but the new executive proved even more 214 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. determined in the matter than his predecessor. The troops sent out to enforce the law were placed under the control of General Hatch, noted for his success in the Indian wars. Arkansas City became the headquarters of the would-be inva- ders, and there they assem- bled to the number of sev- eral thousand. The defec- tions, however, caused by the poor prospects of suc- cess were numerous, and the excitement gradually died out. Captain Couch still hopes to secure this valuable land to his followers, and has enlisted many eminent statesmen in his behalf. and in reply to the ques- tion as to the prospect of the opening of Oklahoma by legislative enactment, the captain said: " Never were they more flattering; the feeling regarding the move- ment has changed. In 1880 we were denounced alike by the people and press. This change is due to a more thor- ough understanding of the situation. People now see lying idle millions of acres of the richest land in the United States. The bill before the forty-ninth congress, asking for the opening of the country failed, and perhaps it is best it did. It included the countries of the five civilized tribes. In the bill introduced by Mr. Springer of Illinois, this land is not comprised, but only that west of it and also 'No Man's Land,' and I think there is every reason to believe that bill will pass." The land thus included consists of about twenty-five million acres. CAPTAIN W. L. COUCH. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVEIW. 215 R. T. BUSH. THE yacht race across the Atlantic ocean in 1887, between tlu' Coronet" and the " Dauntless," brought the owners and captains of these respective yachts into special promi- nence, and their names will always be associated with the event. Mr. Bush, the owner of the schooner-yacht "Coro- net"- the winner in this race is the president of the Bush & Denslow Manufacturing Company, refiners and deal- ers in oils. He has not had a very extensive yachting experience, having only owned a small yacht be- fore having had the " Cor- onet" built. His intention when building the vessel was to take his family on a cruise around the world, intending to start in the fall of 1885, but he was not able to get her ready in time and she lay all win- ter at the yard of her build- ers, and got off finally in July, 1886. Arriving in Europe, his contemplated cruise was abandon- ed, and he returned to America in a steamer. Mr. Bush recently said that he was a commercial and not a sporting man. I knew when I sailed across the ocean in the l Coronet,' that I had a very fast yacht, and was anx- ious to find out how fast she was in comparison with the best American keel boats. Hence I issued an invitation to yacht owners to race across the ocean against her. I was confident that she would win the race, and I determined to dispose of K. T. HUSH. 216 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. her just as soon as I could afterward. A racing yacht would be no more good to me than a racing horse; I could get just as much comfort out of an old plug as v out of a flyer." CAPTAIN CKOSBY. THIS noted sailor has been connected with the "Coronet" since her keel was laid, and perhaps it may be said before that, for it was he that modeled her. He had complete au- thority to fit the craft in any manner he desired, Mr. Bush, the owner, not possessing a very extended yachting experience, and having an unlimited confi- dence in his skipper. This confidence apparently was not misplaced, as in the fit- ting out of the yacht, al- though everything neces- sary had been provided, the fitting was not nearly as expensive as was that of the "Dauntless." Capt. Crosby is a native of Eastport, Maine, and CAPTAIN CROSBY. . has followed the sea ever since his boyhood. He once sailed a catboat from Boston to Bermuda, and on another occasion he sailed a tugboat from New York to Capetown. His adventures on the sea have been as diversified, numerous, and perilous as those which usually fall to the lot of the seafaring fraternity, and he can spin an interesting yarn with the sang froid and dexterity of a Baron Munchausen. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 217 CALDWELL H. COLT. Born about 1856. THE race between the " Dauntless " and the " Coronet " from New York to Qneenstown in 1887, resulted in the de- feat of the former, despite the fact that the "Dauntless" had an international reputation. The owner, Mr. Colt, is the son of the inventor of the re- volving pistol, who died in isc.2. leaving an immense factory for the manufacture of firearms, in Hartford. Connecticut. Here a beau- tiful episcopal church was erected to his memory by his widow, who. with her only son, the subject of this sketch, still continues the manufacture of firearms. Nearly three million dol- lars were >pcnt on the man- ufactory prior to the death of the father, and young .Colt is credited with the good fortune to be posses- CALDWELL H. COLT. sor of a yearly income of nearly two hundred thousand dollars. He is an enthusiastic sportsman, and besides owning the "Dauntless," is the owner of the sloop "Wizard." lie is passionately fond of yachting, and since he has owned the "Dauntless" he has been across the ocean several times in her. He accompanied the craft in the race of 1887, accom- panied by several guests, Mr. John IT. Bird, secretary of the New York Yacht Club being one of them. 218 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CAPTAIN SAMUELS. THE captain of the "Dauntless," Samuel S. Samuels, first became famous as a yacht-racing skipper when, in command of the schooner "Henrietta," he raced across the ocean .against the schooners "Fleetwing" and "Vesta ' in 1866. 1 He subsequently became the commander of the "Daunt- ' less," commanding the trim little yacht when she raced against the British schooner "Cam- bria." He was commission- ed by Mr. Frederick Lane, treasurer of the Erie rail- way company, to superin- tend the building of a schooner- yacht for him, and which was named the " Dreadnaught." T h e yacht subsequently became the property of Mr. Sam- uels, who sailed some fa- mous races in her, beating the "Palmer," a very fast schooner, and winning the Bennett Cape May chal- lenge cup, which is now in Great Britain, having been carried there by the cutter "Genesta." This cutter won it from the "Dauntless," the yacht that was beaten by the "Coronet" in 1887. "While owner of the "Dreadnaught," which, by the way, cost nearly fifty thousand dollars to build, Mr. Samuels won another famous race over the Newport course, on which oc- casion the celebrated yacht "Sappho" received her defeat. He has had great experience in the management of yachts, and the recent defeat of the " Dauntless" in no way reflect- ed upon his management of that vessel. CAPTAIN SAMUELS. THE BIOQEAPHICAL REVIEW. 219 WILLIAM R. MORRISON. Born Sept. 14, /w>. MR. MORRISON is best known to the country as a tariff re- former. His bill, advocating a horizontal reduction of duties, was agitated before congress, and after a thorough argument, pro and con, rejected. Notwithstanding his defeat he is as determined as ever to enforce his views on the tariff, and is us fully convinced now as then, that the prosperity of the country lies in a reduction of the import duties. As chairman of the ways and means he had great power. the committee being the m o >t important of the ho: iso. Born in Monroe county, Illinois, he was educated iti the common schools and at Me Ken dree college, Illinois. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He was made clerk of the circuit court, and for four terms was a member of and for one term speaker of the Illinois house of representatives. He was elected to the thirty-eighth, forty-third, forty-fourth, forty-fifth, forty-sixth, forty-seventh, forty-eighth, and forty-ninth congresses as a democrat. In the last congressional campaign he was defeated by the Hon. Jehu Baker. Mr. Morrison has gained the reputation of being a great thinker. He will often pass his most intimate friends with- out recognizing them when in a study, and in absent-minded- ness on such occasions is only equaled by Justice Lamar. WILLIAM R. MORRISON. 220 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. A. K. CUTTING. Born about 1847. MR. CUTTING was the publisher of a Spanish newspaper, called the "II Centinela," at the small town of Paso del Norte, where he was arrested and imprisoned for the publi- cation of certain defamatory remarks on a rival publisher, Im- iglis Medina, in his own paper; and also in the "Sunday Her- ald " of El Paso, substantiating his remarks with the addi- tion of fraud and swindler. Cutting was arrested by the Mexican authorities at the motion of Medina, and was not even allowed to furnish bail. American cit- izens have often been sub- jected to the indignities of Mexican authority, and in the event of war, the feel- ings of both governments will be agitated by the wrongs that have occasion- ally been perpetrated on both sides of the border. The affair, however, was amicably settled, but not until Cutting had acquired national notoriety. At the time, soldiers gathered at El Paso, Mexico believing that she could easily defeat the United States, and firmly believes that, in case of war, the southern states would come to her assistance to regain what they lost during the civil war. Mexico also thinks that England would render her valuable assistance in blockading the Atlantic and Gulf ports. But the cloud passed away, and our amicable relations with her are continued. A. K. CUTTING. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 221 NILS ADOLF ERIK NORDENSKJOLD. Born Nov. 18, 1832. A NATIVE of Finland, this noted arctic explorer came of a race distinguished since the latter part of the seventeenth cen- tury .for daring endeavor and scientific acquirements, num- bering among them mining engineers, soldiers, alchemists, and scientific farmers. The family was ennobled in 1757, and a peculiar residence was built on their proper- ty, the central portion of which contained a large hall with a gallery, around which were arranged col- lections of natural history. A sepulchral mound in the park surrounding the house formed the last resting- place of several members of the family. While yet a boy he be- came an indefatigable col- lector of minerals and in- ."ts, and often accompa- ffl/} nied his father in his geo- logical surveys. He re- ceived a thorough educa- tion, and early in life he began to publish original researches in chemistry, mineralogy, and natural history. In 1858 he began his career as an arctic explorer, which result- ed in I^T'.i in the accomplishment of the Northwest passage. The results of his expeditions are unparalleled, and have been productive in increasing our knowledge of the conditions and products characterise of the polar seas. BARON V 222 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. LOUIS PASTEUR. Born in 1822. THE celebrated French chemist and physiologist, Louis Pasteur, is a son of a tanner who was also an old soldier of the First Empire. Louis, however, received a good education, and early in life began to devote himself to chemistry. After graduating, he was appointed assistant professor of physics at Strasburg. In 1854 he removed to Lille, as dean of the facul- ty of sciences. Though still an enthusiast in mole- cular physics, he devoted some of his lectures to the subject of fermentation, as the staple industry of that town was distilling. In the course of the next few years, spontaneous genera- tion, wine, vinegar, the silkworm disease, splenic fever, chicken cholera, and > hydrophobia received his attention, and were won- derfully elucidated by his researches. He succeeded in saving millions of dollars to the graziers, by protecting animals from severe attacks of the plague, through his discovery that an attenuated virus of the splenic fever, if used as inoculat- ing matter, would confine this plague to but a mild form. In like manner, his discovery that inoculating a person bitten by a mad dog with an attenuated virus of the poison, producing rabies, acts in such a manner that the original LOUIS PASTEUR. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. -223 poison seems neutral i/.ed, and the patient recovers, has almost revolutionized one section of medicine. A large pension, voted by the French legislature, enabled the savant to devote the greater portion of his time to the researches indicated; and now his admirers, aided by the Paris municipality, have erected a large hospital and labora- t.ry for the treatment of hydrophobia under his system. M. Pasteur has received high honors, both from his own and from foreign countries. lie is a member of the acad- emy of sciences; while orders, doctorates, and other honor- arv diplomas, have been showered on him by almost every civili/.ed country in the world. CHARLES FRANCIS JOSEPH. Horn AIJ. /.s, IK:,U. THE emperor of Austria and king of Hungary, Francis Joseph, was at the early age of eighteen called to rule an empire shaken by rebellion and civil war. The absolutist regime was maintained during the first ten years of the emperor's reign, though as subsequent events showed, the emperor's own sentiments inclined to a more lib- eral and constitutional rule. The system fell through severe reverses abroad. In 1859 the Austrians were driven out of Lombardy and severely defeated by the allies; and in 186G Austria, after her de- feat at the battle of Sadowa, was compelled to agree to the North Cierman confederation, under the leadership of Prussia. These disasters compelled the change to constitutional- ism. The emperor called to his councils a Saxon statesman, Count von P>eiist. and with his assistance put an end to the dispute with Hungary. National self-government was restor- ed in that kingdom; the emperor was crowned king of Hun- gary in -I une. lM'7, and the dominions of the Hapsburgs 224 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. became a "dual monarchy," or federation. The two divi- sions of the nation were independent as far as regards inter- nal affairs, but linked together by a common ministry for common affairs. Francis Joseph is a good man of business, a great soldier and an indefatiga- ble worker. He is simple in his habits, and, except for an occasional hunting tour, allows himself little relaxation from affairs of state. In foreign affairs his influence has been con- siderable, and it has been chiefly directed to estab lishing and preserving a close alliance with Ger- many. The conflict of races which prevails in the em- pire has always been a matter of grave anxiety, but the present emperor, through his wise administration, has succeeded admirably in procuring a harmonious feeling between the two races of his empire. The emperor of Austria, Francis Joseph, is fifty-eight years old, and has worn the, imperial crown for forty years. His predecessor was his uncle, who abdicated the throne in his favor when but fifty-five years of age, because he was tired of the turmoil and trouble. Francis Joseph is a polish- ed scholar, a linguist, an equestrian, and an admirer of mil- itary pomp. He is healthy and bids fair to reign for a long time to come. He is the supreme chief of the land and naval forces of the empire. CHARLES FRANCIS JOSEPH. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 225 Years ago when Francis Joseph, now emperor of Austria, paid a visit to the duke of Bavaria, then living in a mountain chalet with his three daughters, it was not for the sake of the Princess Elizabeth, but for that of her elder sister, that he went. While on his way on foot to the duke's residence, Francis Joseph stopped on the brow of a hill, whence there was a fine view over a charming lake and valley. On the lake his eye caught sight of a girl dressed as a peasant and seated in a boat, who, instead of rowing, seemed indulging in a day dream over her oars as she slowly drifted along. The prince descended to the water's edge. "Mademoiselle," he said, "will you row me across the lake? I believe the duke's chalet, to which I am going, is on the other side." " Will- ingly," answered the young girl, and with a stroke or two of her oars she pulled her boat alongside the bank, and Francis Joseph stepped in. When they reached the other shore he asked if she would show him the way to the duke's abode. Mooring her boat, she started up a narrow pathway: he followed, watching with pleasure the easy grace of her steps and her swaying figure, as shapely and strong-looking as that of a Diana. After dinner, just as the duke and his guest entered the parlor, a young girl, dressed in white, with long, fair hair falling in ringlets over her shoulder, entered the room. To his surprise the prince recognized his guide of the morning, and then with a peal of merry laughter, she told the story of their meeting to her father and sisters. When he retired that night Francis Joseph had made the discovery that it was not the eldest but the youngest of the I>avari:in princesses with whom lie was in love. The next morning he said as much to his ducal entertainer, and as nothing had as yet been hinted to any of the girls as to the motives of the prince's visit, the substitution was easily ar- ranged. 226 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HON. G. V. N. LOTHROP. Born in 1817. THIS gentleman is a native of Connecticut, and was edu- cated at Brown University, graduating therefrom in 1838. He then began the study of law at the Harvard Law School, graduating from there in 1840. Among his class-mates were James Russell Lowell, William M. Evarts W. W. Story, Ru- fus King, and E. Rockwood Hoar. Mr. Lothrop began a law practice in Detroit in 1844, being connected in the un- dertaking with D.Berthune Duffield. This connection lasted until 1856. Mr. Lothrop was attor- ney-general of Michigan in 1848 and again in 1860. During the war he was what in those days was termed a u war democrat," and has always been most earnest in advocating the cause of the democracy. He is not only one of the ablest lawyers of his state, HON. G. v. N. LOTHROP. but is one of the foremost barristers in the Union. He is most brilliant as an orator, and has often assisted his party upon the sturnp. On May 8, 1885, he was appointed, by President Cleve- land, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary of "the United States to Russia, at an annual salary of seventeen thousand five hundred dollars. Personally, Mr. Lothrop is a thorough and pleasing gentle- man of distinguished presence and carriage. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 227 HENRY BERGH. Horn in 1823. THE everyday life of Henry Bergh, the animal's friend, has been an expression of sympathy with "our poor earth- born companions and fellow-mortals," the dumb creatures. He was born in the city of New York, the son of a wealthy ship builder, who was also a native of the Empire state and an old-time resident of the city of New York. He received a superior education. In 1862 he was appointed secretary of le- gation at St. Petersburg, and there began that active interference in behalf of the right of animals to kind treatment, which has given him a reputation as wide as civilization. The society of which Mr. Bergh was the founder, is modeled largely after the English Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, in London. Returning to New York in 1804, he spent a year in matur- ing his plans for the establishment of means to check and prevent cruelty to animals. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was instituted in 1865. In 1866 it was given by statute the power of prosecution and even arrest, a power which it still possesses. Mr. Bergh has been its president since its inception, and its invaluable ser- vices to beast, and man as well for men are made better by being more humane are largely due to his resolution, HENRY BEKGH. 228 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, tact and perseverance. He stands six feet high, and his ap- pearance and carriage denote a power of will which readily commands respect. But his appeal to the moral sense and his disinterestedness are the principal elements of his suc- cess. He receives no salary for his work, freely gives his time and energies to it, and the public knowing this to be the case, respect and honor the man who makes the sacrifice. The statute of 1866 constitutes Mr. Bergh an assistant district attorney in the city of New York, and assistant of the attorney-general of the state, in the enforcement of the laws against cruelty to animals. He is a member of the bar, and effective in the court- room, as well as in interferences in behalf of animals in the public streets and elsewhere, and on the public platform as a lecturer enforcing the wisdom and duty of humane feeling and action. The New York society has nearly four hundred workers in the state. Nearly all the states in the Union have founded similar organizations, and Mr. Bergh's correspondence con- tains many applications from foreign lands for information as to his methods and the laws under which he works. Ten thousand cases of crufelty to animals -have been pros- ecuted by this society, and about thirty thousand animals in New York and Brooklyn have been suspended from work because of being disabled. Dog-fighting men, rat-baiters and cock-fighters, as a mat- ter of course, regard Mr. Bergh as an enemy. But pigeon- shooting, a form of sport affected by the wealthy and influ- ential, he has as yet been unable to stop. An arena was built in the city of New York for the avowed purpose of bull- fighting; but Mr. Bergh put an end to the enterprise, with great loss to its promoters. The income of the society is over twenty-five thousand dollars per year, and has been assisted powerfully by bequests, that oi Bonard being $150, 000. "Our Animal Friends " is the official gazette of the society. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 224 GEN. E. S. BRAGG. Born Feb. 20, 1827. THE present (1888) American minister to Mexico, was aj> pointed to that position by President Cleveland in 1887. Gen. E. S. Bragg, the minister referred to, is a resident of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. He was a delegate to the demo- cratic national convention at Chicago which nominated Cleveland; and in eulogiz- ing the then governor of the Empire state, he said, "We love him for the en- emies he has made, "allud- to Tammany's opposition. Born at Nunadilla, N. Y., he received a classical education, which was com- pleted at Geneva college. He studied law and was admitted to the bar; and later removing to Fond du Lac, he there practiced his profession. In 1868 and 1869 he was a member of the state senate. Upon the breaking out of the war, he entered the Union army as a captain. This was in May, 1861, and in October, 1865, he was mustered out of service with the full rank of brigadier-general. Gen. E. S. Bragg was sent to represent his district in the forty-fifth congress, and was re-elected to the forty-sixth, forty-seventh and forty-ninth congresses, serving his constitu- ents with faithfulness. GEN. E. S. BRAGG. 230 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. EGBERT BROWNING. Born in 1812. psychological school of poetry, and who has now been for nearly half a century regarded, and by many recognized, as one of the most original and intellectual of intellectual poets, was born in Camberwell, in Surrey, and educated in the London university. As a child he began to write verses though this may be said of almost every poet. At the age of twelve he had written enough poetry to make a volume. At the age of twenty he produced anonymously "Pauline: a fragment of a confession." Up to this time his verses were written chiefly under the influence of Byron and Shelley, but neither of these was destined to be his poetic master, "for he was to make a path of his own in poetry, and to work in a manner strikingly personal and original." In 1832 he went to Italy and acquired a remarkable knowledge of the Italian life and language. In 1830 the drama or, more strictly speaking, metaphysical dialogue, " Paracelsus" 1 was publish- ed and brought its author into notice of several of the best critics of the day. The keynote of his poetry is struck in "Paracelsus," in which is shown that love of psychological analysis and that subtle imagination more fully displayed in the author's later works. It is the history of a soul struggling and aspiring after hidden knowledge, power, and happiness "All ambitions, upwards tending, Like plants in mines, which never saw the sun," but is thwarted and baffled in the visionary pursuit. For an author of twenty-four years of age this was a remarkable poem. In the following year appeared the historical drama " Straf- ford," which was brought out upon the stage but proved THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 231 unsuccessful, notwithstanding Mac-ready personated the hero. In this the interest again centred in the struggles and mo tives of one heroic personage, this time entangled in a fatal mesh of great events. In 1841 he sent forth another psychological poem- which one of his critics has characterized the richest puz- zle to the lovers of poetry which was ever given to the world" a thin volume, entitled "Sordello." In 1843 "A Blot on the ' Scutcheon " was brought out at Drury Lane, and though it failed as a repre- sentation, it evinced such tragic strength as to stamp the author as a great poet. II is subsequent works were conceived in drama-, tic form and spirit, the most popular cis it is cer-j tainly the most si m p 1 ej and varied of his plays); being '- Pippa Passes." In: this beautiful drama, cluster of four scenes, with prologue, epilogue, and KOKKKI I:KO\VNING. interludes, the author shows every side of his genius. Pippa is a girl from a silk factory, who "passes" the various per- sons of the play at certain critical moments, in the course of her holidays, and becomes, unconsciously to herself, a de termining influence on the fortunes of each. This drama is a work of pure art which has a wealth of original fancy and romance, apart from its wisdom, to which every poet will do justice. Some of the other plays are "The return of the 232 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Druses," u Columbe's Birthday," and " Luria," and two short dramatic sketches, " A Soul's Tragedy " and "In a Balco- ny," which are superior productions both in conception and execution. "The Pied Piper of Hamelin: a child's story," told with inimitable liveliness and spirit, and with a flow of rattling rhymes and quaint fancies rivaling Southey's "Cat- aract of Lodore." In 1855 the reputation of Mr. Browning was greatly en- hanced by the publication of a collection of poems, fifty in number, bearing the comprehensive title of " Men and Wo- men," which is considered as the most finished and com- prehensive of his works and the one his readers least would spare. In all of his work Browning deals with the individual man as a soul distinct and unique. As G. W. Cooke says, " He is not dainty or sentimental, but full of noble impulses, overflowing with geniality, robustness, and vitality. He has lived in the whole of his being, and he has poured out the manifold riches of his nature without measure. There is a completeness in his work, as of one who has left no corner of his being unoccupied. The mansion of his mind has all the rooms in use, while sun and air come into them in un- stinted circulation. Work and play and joy are going for- ward in every one." A less enthusiastic admirer (Mr. E. C. Stedman) pays the following tribute to his genius: "He represents the antiquity of his race by study of mediaeval themes, and exhibits to the modern lover, noble, statesman, thinker, priest, their prototypes in ages long gone by; he constantly exalts pas- sion above reason, while reasoning himself, withal, in the too curious fashion of the present day; again, he is the expo- nent of what dramatic spirit is still left to England that of psychological analysis, which turns the human heart inside out, judging it not from outward action, in the manner of the early, simple, objective masters of the stage." THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 233 Mr. Browning was married in 1846, to Elizabeth Barrett, better known as Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the greatest English poetess, who died in 1861. MOUTZ HITO, MIKADO OF JAPAN. Born in 1852. THE Mikado of Japan, Moutz llito, succeeded his father's titular honors in 1867. The Mikado's passion for European- izing his country outrages the feelings of conservatives. A brand-new constitution was created by imperial author- ity in 1875, and about the same time materials for a brand-new religion were being diligently collected among the nations of the West. The telegraph was intro- duced one year, railways the next, and iron-clads shortly afterward. The external relations of the monarch have been pacific, especially with Europeans. With China, there have been occasional disputes, chiefly concern- ing the suzerainty of Corea; but in 1875, and again MIKADO OF JAPAN. in 1884, the matter was finally settled without fighting the two governments wisely determining not to give Rus- sia a pretext for intervention. 234 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. KOLOMAN TISZA. Born in 1830. THE Hungarian statesman, Koloman Tisza, was bonx in Geszt, and on the outbreak of the revolution of 1848, he had just become a clerk of the ministry of public instruction. He spent the next few years in travel, and in 1859 came forward as a champion of Hungarian protestantism. In 1860 he was returned to the Hungarian cham- ber, and became a party leader; and in 1875 he be- came minister of the inte- rior and president of the cabinet. He has displayed great financial skill, and is un- doubtedly the Hungarian Gladstone. By his wise and timely counsels he has kept in check the somewhat tur- bulent chamber, winning the admiration of friends and adversaries alike. KOLOMAN TISZA. In October, 1866, an im- portant statement was made by Koloman Tisza of the inten- tion of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy to resist any imposi- tion of the treaty of Berlin, and of her determination to abide by the German alliance. This policy brought the sub- ject of this sketch into still greater prominence. M. Tisza, as prime minister, has guided the affairs of the nation with vigilance and foresight, effecting many reforms that have endeared him to his countrymen. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 235 CAPTAIN JOHN ERICSSON. Born in 1803. As i.t.G as the page of history exists which records the terrible naval combat between the Monitor and the Merri- mac, so long will the name of John Ericsson be known to posterity. In the very heart of Sweden there was once a little min- ing camp, and the place is marked to-day as the birth- place of the great engi- neer, by a granite shaft. When but thirteen years of age, he was one of a corps of surveying engi- neers, and had charge of a section of a ship canal; his engineering ability having made itself apparent, even at that early age. In 1826 he visited Eng- land, and has never since returned to Sweden. Up on his arrival in England, he immediately turned his attention to a series of ex- periments with the steam engine, and in 1829 his locomotive, the l - Novelty," was entered as a competitor against Steph- enson's "Rocket." Ericsson still claims that his locomotive was the fastest motor, although the " Rocket" was declared the winner. His first propeller, the "Francis B. Ogden," met with so little favor in the eyes of the admiralty, that he determined to try a new field for his operations, and came to America in 1839. JOHN ERICSSON. 236 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. He began at once the construction of war ships. The first was the "Princeton," and he reached the climax in that line when he built the little iron-clad "Monitor, "which played such sad havoc with the navy of the confederates in the civil war. He has devoted much time and energy to the construc- tion of his torpedo boat, " The Destroyer," and his sun-mo- tor engine. The latter is intended to irrigate the sun-burnt, tropical regions of the earth, by utilizing the concentrated rays of the sun and the atmosphere as a motive power. He is averse to any publicity which takes him from the work in which he delights, and though he gives a caller a strong cordial grasp and welcomes him with a rich, deep voice, if he is, by chance, in the reception room when he ar- rives; yet his secretary is speedily introduced if the conver- sation becomes of a personal character. POPE LEO XIII. Born March 2, 1810. THE holy father of two hundred million souls has more to do with the destiny of things human than any other man on earth. The spiritual hierarchy which he has been chosen to represent can boast of a far longer succession than any dig- nity in the world. It has linked together the two great ages of civilization, and were the things which it has led to strick- en from the chronicles of every age, the pages of history would present a universal blank. "Our modern feudal kings," says Macaulay, "are mere upstarts compared with the succession in regular order of Sylvester and Leo the Great." Not long after the death of Pope Pius IX in 1878, Gio- acchino Pecci was chosen his successor, and crowned as Leo XIII. He is descended from an old patrician family, and was born at Carpineto, a village of Central Italy. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 237 After graduating in law and theology, he became a pre- late in the household of Pope Gregory XVI, with whom he was an especial favorite. At thirty-three years of age he was made archbishop of Dalmatia. There are many peculiarities in the appearance and man- ner of Pope Leo, solemn and impressive peculiarities, the proper "attributes of awe and majesty wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings." His complexion is bleached and white as ivory; his speech is slow, and no breach of gravity is ever noticeable in his demean- or. His every action is a ceremony proclaiming him a most reverend and potent man. As archbishop of Peru- gia, his pastorals attracted much attention. Upon re- ligious topics he wrote a good deal, and then as now he was wont to dismiss the questions of modern socie- ty in a simple, pleasing and effective style. Bonghi said of the arch- bishop that his was "one of the most finely balanced and vigorous of characters," and that he realized the ideal of a cardinal such as St. Bernard conceived it. It is doubtful, in- deed, if Rome has ever seen a pope of a more exquisitch cultured mind, or one who possesses a more thorough ac- quaintance with philosophy and letters. Popes are regarded as arrogant, exacting, and given to all sorts of extravagance, when, in fact, they are the very reverse. POPE LEO XIII. 288 . THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. According to the Brussels ' ' Courier," the papal cofters are in better condition now than for years past. The annual expenses of the papacy are said to be about seven million francs. The burden is substantially met by the Peter's penny, which was originally an English idea. But in 1861, after the twenty provinces pf the papal states had been reduced to five, the Peter's penny was quickened into new life in Belgium. The first incitement to the generous endowment of the papacy by the free-will offerings of the faithful, rich and poor, was given by the diocese of Ghent. Its example was quickly followed in other lands. Until the year 1870 the average yearly result of the Pe- ter's penny was a little over seven million francs. Since that date it has constituted the sole income of the pope, and in no single year has it been lower than six million francs. During the jubilee year of 1887-88 the bishops of Latin Christendom have handed in to the pope the extraordinary sum of thirty-two million francs, which is equivalent to over six million dollars. The jubilee mass of Leo XIII brought nearly three mil- lion francs. The papal treasury is, consequently, in good condition. The "Work for the Extension of the Faith," founded at Lyons in 1822, provides the papacy with a fund for missions. It has contributed from 1822 to 1887 no less than two hundred and twenty million francs. Its contribu- tions for the year of 1887 amounted to nearly seven million francs. The pope expressed his regret that the contributions of Germany to that fund amounted to only four hundred thousand francs, while Austria gave even less than one hun- dred thousand francs. The pope disposed in 1887, in addition to the annual ex- pense of seven million francs, some six million francs for missionary purposes contributed "for the spread of the faith," as heretofore mentioned. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEOKGE Q. CANNON. Born Jan. 11, 1827. ONE of the presidents of the Mormon church is George Q. Cannon, who is also a statesman of no mean ability. He is a native of the English seaport of Liverpool, and at the age of twelve years sailed for Canada, where soon afterward he embraced the Mormon faith, and proceeded to the Illinois town of Nauvoo, the Mormon headquarters at that time. Here he learned the print- ers trade, and worked at the case as compositor. In 1847 he went with Brigham Young to Salt Lake, and two years later was sent on a mission to California, and thence to the Sandwich Islands. He returned to Salt Lake in 1854, and in 1855 was again sent to California, this time to publish the "Western Standard," a Mormon sheet, but return- ed to Utah in 1857, upon the breaking out of the "Mormon War." In 1860 he was made an "apostle" and was sent to Eu- rope, sending thirteen thousand emigrants from there to Utah. In 1862 he returned and edited the "Deseret News," and when Utah claimed admission as a state, he appeared in Washington as a claimant for the senatorship. lie was made territorial delegate in 1872, and continued in office until the year 1881, when he was thrown out by the first of the anti- polygamy laws that was enforced. GEORGE Q. CANNON. 240 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Upon the death of Brigham Young, he was made one of the executors, and also made first counsellor of President Taylor. He is now the ruling spirit of Mormonism. He asserted that the Mormons cannot get justice in the federal courts, and accordingly went into hiding to avoid arrest under the new law against polygamy, and eluded the government officers until February 13, 1886, when he was arrested and admitted to bail in the sum of $45,000. He did not appear for trial, and the $45,000 bond was forfeited. MRS. SARTORIS (NELLIE GRANT). Born in August. 1855. THE favorite child of the late General Grant was his daughter Nellie, who was born in the same house in which her mother was born on her grandfather's farm at Whitehaven, near the city of St. Louis. She was married to Mr. Sartoris on May 21, 1874, in the east room of the White House in Washing- ton. Before her marriage she was a great favorite in Washington society. Since her nuptials she has lived in England, but hastened to this country at the time of the General's death, and who had expressed a wish to gaze upon the face of MRS. SARTORIS (NELLIE GRANT). his favorite child again. The marriage has not been a happy one, her husband be- ing somewhat dissipated, though she remains a faithful wife. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 241 EDWIN BOOTH. Born in 1833. THE great American tragedian, Edwin Booth, is a son of Junius Brutus Booth, who also was one of the greatest tra- gedians of his day. Edwin was born in the state of Maryland, near the city of Baltimore. His first success on the stage was in 1851, when, during his father's illness, he took the part of Richard III " in a new York theater. After professional tours in Australia and the Pa- cific, he visited England in 1861; and on his return to America established his reputation by a series of Shakespearean revivals. In 1869 he opened a large new theater in the city of New York; but though it still bears -his name, the management passed from his hands, ow- ing to pecuniary losses. After this he retired al- most entirely from the stage until 1877, when he CMI acted another brilliant series of revivals of Shakespeare's plays. In 1880 Edwin Booth again visited England, and play-<| "Othello"" with Henry Irving, each acting Othello and lago on alternate nights for several weeks to crowded London au- diences. He then played in the principal cities of Europe. Mr. Booth's acting is remarkable for graceful n-tiiu-ment and carefully poetic enunciation of the verse, in which he is considered the highest living master. EDWIN BOOTH. 242 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JULES FERKY. Born April 5, 1832. THE French statesman, Jules Ferry, was born at St. Die, an old monastery town in the east of France. He struggled against poverty in acquiring his education, and in 1854 he made his debut in Paris as a lawyer. Coming to the great capital, where every one he met was a decided partisan, he began to have a lively interest in politics and was filled with disgust at the imperial par- ty and the doubtful char- acter of its operations. He joined that daring band of young lawyers who aided the deputies in maintain- ing a constant opposition to the empire. In the famous trial of the "Thirteen" he was one of those condemned, and this taste of imperial correction served but to embitter his hatred, while it caused him to look for new means of obtaining satisfaction for his griev- ances. He felt his power, as every powerful Frenchman does, and was determined to make his enemies share in that feeling. Accordingly in 1863 he published a pamphlet called the "Electoral Contest," in which he directed his fire at the shameful manner of electing official candidates. It had a surprising effect. The young lawyer was no longer looked upon with indifference. He was making himself dangerous- ly offensive, and spies were set upon his track, who dogged JULES FERRY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 243 his footsteps with sublime patience and persistency. In 1865 we find him writing for "Les Temps," which was the best evening paper in Paris. Prefect Haussmann was thru rebuilding the city and his accounts received a terrible anal- ysis in this paper at the hands of Ferry. If he had flung a quantity of stinging vitriol into the face of that functionary it could not have had a more painful effect. Ferry soon became one of the most fearless and formida- ble players in that dangerous game of satirical journalism to be found in France, and more than once his weapon made a wound which required an application of a pecuniary na- ture, an "amende," as the Parisians say, which was often enforced with painful rigidity in those days. In 1870 he was made a delegate to the central mayor- alty of Paris and presided over the assembly of mayors dur- ing the war. In this position he showed himself wonder- fully fertile in expedients. Every morning he satisfied in- numerable demands from the twenty wards of the city. He found food when everyone else failed, and always either found or forced a way through every difficulty. In 1871-2 he was prefect of the department of the Seine, and in 1872-3 he was embassador to Greece, although M. Thiers desired that he should go to Washington instead. He was made minister of public instruction and fine arts in 1*7 ( ., and during his term his opposition to the abrogation of the exile laws, which had been enacted at his instigation, is especially noteworthy. He was made president of the council in 1880, and two years 'later was again appointed minister of public instruction. In 1883 he became prime minister of France. Jules Ferry is, on the whole, one of the most ivmarkable men in France. He is a man of stern stull'. who-.,- inaiim-r is nervous and impressive. However bitter he may hsivu been as a partisan, when France was in danger he has never feared to stand "in the imminently deadly breach." 244 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JOHN JAMES INGALLS. Born Dec, 29, 1833. THE present senator from Kansas, John James Ingalls, was born at Middleton, Massachusetts. He entered Williams college at eighteen, and graduated from that institution four years later. None of his fellow-students were more able and diligent or better equipped at graduation for their life work. He and Garfield were in this college three years to- gether, Mr. Ingalls gradu- ating one year before him. Immediately after leaving college, young Ingalls be- gan the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. The year following he removed to Atchison, Kansas, where he began the practice of his profes- sion. Within a year he had so far established himself in the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens, that he was chosen a member of the Constitutional Con- SENATOB INGALLS. . . vent i O n, and later on elect- ed to other high offices. He was elected to the state senate* in 1862. Being defeated in his candidacy for the lieutenant governorship, he accepted the position of editor of the Atchi- son ''Champion,' which he retained for three years. In 1872 he was elected to the United* States senate as the republican candidate to succeed Pomeroy, and assumed his seat on March 4, 1874, which he still holds. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 245 In 1887 John J. Ingalls was made president of the senate pro. tern. The vice-president of the United States is the president of the senate; but that officer having died, Senator Ingalls was chosen by his fellow-senators to preside. When Ingalls was a graduate of Williams college, he looked as he does now thin and spare. He was eccentric in his dress, and always wore something that was of a strik- ing character. "He used to wear, I remember, a big, red necktie," said one of the senator's classmates to a correspondent in the city of New York. Continuing, the classmate said: " He was a shy, reserved fellow, and had the reputation of being very cynical. It was said that he lay awake nights polishing his bitter epigrams. Young Ingalls wasn't very popular; and as a lawyer, though he was considered smart, he had only a fair practice. I think I came to be as intimate with Ingalls #s any of the boys were, and I well remember his telling me one night as we sat in my room smoking together, the manner in which he was working to secure command of language. He said it was his practice for an hour or so each day to open Web- ster's dictionary at random and run-down a column or so of words, carefully studying the meaning of each word, and hunting up in the lexicons its derivation and so forth. In explaining the meaning of a great many words, the diction- ary gives a line or a couplet from Pope or Johnson, or from one or more of the classic authors, and these quotations In- galls would often commit to memory, especially if they hap- pened to appeal to his imagination. Then, too, he would look up in Crabb's synonyms the words which meant the same, or nearly the same, as the word he had in his mind; and he would study carefully the nice shades of ditlrmicr between them all. He told me that so far from finding this work tiresome or disagreeable, he took the greatest plea-uiv in it, and that he knew it did him inestimable benefit." 246 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. WILLIAM M. STEWAKT. Born Aug. 9, 1827. THE repeated election of Mr. Stewart to the United States senatorship, proves that gentleman to be a popular and fa- miliar figure in the public affairs of Nevada. He was born in Wayne county, in the Empire state. En- tering Yale college in 1848, he remained eighteen months only, when he left to emigrate to the gold fields of Califor- nia, where he spent two years in the mining busi- ness. In 1852 he commenced reading law, and during that year was appointed district attorney for the county of Nevada, being subsequently elected to the same office. He next spent nearly two years practicing at his profession in San Francisco, and afterward at Nevada City and Dow- nieville. In 1860 he re- moved to the then Terri- tory of Utah (now Neva- da), and served in the territorial legislature in 1861. Mr. Stewart was also a mem- ber of the constitutional convention 'held in 1863, and was elected a senator in congress from Nevada from the term commencing in 1865 and ending in 1869, during which time he served on many important committees. In the year of 1865 he received from Yale college the degree of M. A. The senator was re-elected for the term ending in 1875, and he also holds a seat for the term ending in 1893. SENATOR STEWART. THE BIOGRAPHICAL IIKV1KW. Ml FREDERIC AUGUSTE BARTHOLDI. Born about i835. THE sculptor, Bartholdi. was born in France, where he still resides. The work of the colossal statue of ''Liberty En- lightening the World "is from the hands of this famous French sculptor. As a pupil of the famous Ary Scheft'er, his artistic ability was recognized in the bas- relief of Francesca di Rimini," executed in 1852. His nanu- was brought into pleasing prominence in the United States in the year 1 ^~'l. when his well- known statue of Lafayette was forwarded as a gift from the people of France. At the centennial exhi- bition, where he was one J^ of the French commission- er>. he was awarded a medal for the exhibition of the fine bron/.e statues of Peace." -The Young Vine Grower.'' and "Ge- nius in the Grasp of Mis- er." M. Bartholdi is a \I. i: \KTIIol. 1)1. chevalier of the legion of honor; auf the famous "Iron Brigade" which did such effective work before Chancellorsville. GEN. LUCIUS FAIRCHILD. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 261 On May 3, 1863, he was made staff-officer under Gen. Wadsworth. At Gettysburg, during the first day's fighting, Wisconsin lost one hundred and sixteen out of three hundred men engaged, and there Col. Fairchild fell with his left arm so badly shattered that amputation near the shoulder became necessary. After his recovery he was nominated for secretary of state by the union convention of Wisconsin, and resigned his po sition as brigadier-general, to which position he had in the meantime been appointed, to make the canvass. He was tri- umphantly elected, and filled the position with great dis- tinction. In 1865 he was nominated for and elected governor, and was re-elected in 1867 and 1869 respectively, filling this im- portant office to the entire satisfaction of the public. In 1872 he wsa made American consul at Liverpool, Eng- land, serving until 1878, when he was made consul-general for France. In 1880 he was made American minister to Spain, but two years later resigned his post and returned to Mailison, where he was received by his fellow-citizens with an outbreak of the greatest enthusiasm. The high esteem in which he found himself to be held by the citizens of his adopted city and state, and the country . the youngest of these sons, was naturalized in Maryland in the year 1G.S4. It was his grandson, the grandfafher of the subject of this sketch, who made Thomas Jefferson president of the United States by his vote in the house of repre>cntativr>. in the year of 1801. So Mr. Bayard comes of old stock, and is himself a credit to his ancestry. As a scholar and gentleman he ranks with the noted politicians and statesmen of the country, who ac- knowledge him as a leader. Mr. Bayard'* wife fort J- snd fort ^ - ninth congresses as a republican, FRANK HISCOCK. and has served on several important committees. He was most popular with his fellow members, and his ability soon made him a party leader, and was one of the most prominent candidates for speaker of the forty-seventh congress. The action that he took in the Lasker matter was general- ly regarded as indicating a manly and dignified course. In 1887 he was elected to the United States senate, which position he will honorably fill. The term of this office expires in 1893. "?:?^^^^ THE BIOGRAPHICAL HEVIi:\\. 267 MARQUIS OF LANDSOWNE. Born about ISM;. THE full mime of the Marquis of Landsowne is Charles Keith Fitzmaurice. Although but a comparatively young man, this English statesman has already filled the positions of lord of the treasury and that of under-secretary for India. both of. which positions he has filled with such ability as to add greatly to the honors of his name. Because of a difference of opinion in regard to the land policy of Ireland, where he is a large prop- erty owner, he retired from Mr. Gladstone's cabinet, of which he was a member. Landsowne was made governor-general of Cana- da in 1883. The wife of the marquis is the daughter of a duke, and is not only a beautiful! woman, but also a scholar and good writer. She took kindly to Canada, and was somewhat a favorite with the ma>-< -. MAKO.TIS OK LANDSOWNK. The marquis is not as popular as were his predecessors, Dufferin and Lome, who were always greeted with entlniM a-iu by large crowds of admirers, while Landxiunc recei\e> hardly a respectable cheer. But the majority of Canadian people are tiring of having an English uut'.crat un-siding overthem. They want a chief executive of then-own creation a native who knows its customs and requirements. 268 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW DR. EGBERT KOCH. Born in 1843. " LIGHT, more light," these were the kst words of the great Goethe, who saw the first struggling efforts of science; and it has been vouchsafed to his race to make some of the greatest scientific discoveries. Dr. Robert Koch, the young German microscopist, was born in the Hartz moun- tains. He took his degree as physician in the year of 1866, and for six years he was an assistant in differ- ent hospitals. He claims to have dis- covered the germs of chol- era, which he calls bacili; he also has proved, to a certain extent, that con- sumption and diptheria are traceable to the minuter organisms. His claims are antagonized by many prom- inent physicians, but the researches in the same field by Pasteur, the eminent French chemist and microscopfst, give every indication that Koch is correct. One thing is certain, that he has stirred medical and scien- tific circles by his discoveries, and his name has become as familiar as that of Jenner, who discovered that small-pox could be prevented by inoculation. Any light on the sub- ject of treating such a disease as consumption, which is the scourge of the nineteenth century, will be eagerly welcomed. As Koch has the assistance of the German government, we can look upon his career as but commencing. DK. ROBERT KOCH. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. BENTON J. HALL. Born Jan. 13, 1835. IN 1888, Benton J. Hall, of Burlington, Iowa, was made patent-commissioner at Washington, succeeding Mr. Martin Montgomery. He was born in Mount Vernon, in the state of Ohio, but has been a resident of Iowa since December, 1839. Mr. Hall was educated at Knox college, Illinois, and at Miama university, Ohio, at which latter institution he gradu- ated from in June, in the year 1855. Studying law in the of- fice of his father, in Bur- lington, he was admitted to the bar when but twen- ty-two years of age, and has ever since been con- tinuously engaged in the practice of his law profes- sion. For the term of 1872 until 1873 he was a mem- ber of the lower house of the general assembly of the state of Iowa. He was elected a senator in the general assembly of Iowa for four years, commencing in 1882; and was eventually elected to the forty-ninth congress as a democrat, receiving the election by a small majority. The reputation Mr. Hall has gained in his state a- a law- yer is indeed worthy of reward, and the position of patent- commissioner, although the salary is but five thousand dol- lars per annum, is a recognition of his worth. BENTON J. IIAI.I.. 370 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HON. S. J. RANDALL. Born Oct 10, 1828. FOR over a quarter of a century Mr. Randall has occupied a seat in the house in which he has been for a very long time the leader of the democratic party. Of an aggressive character, he shows greater strength in making an attack than in repelling one; and as the leader of a minority in congress, he has been more success- ful than as the defender of a majority where it is only necessary to hold the van- tage ground. The chair of the house was assumed by Mr. Ran- dall at a very critical mo- ment soon after the elec- tion of 1876, the result of which was involved in a dangerous uncertainty at that time. Samuel Jackson Randall is one of the many dis- tinguished sons of Penn- sylvania, being born in the city of Philadelphia, the son of an eminent lawyer of that city. His mother's maiden name had been Ann Worrall, and she was the daughter of James Worrall, a democratic leader in the days of Jefferson; so that the subject of this sketch may be said to be traditional- ly a democrat, as well as by convictions a member of that time-honored party. His first position in public life was as a member of the city council of Philadelphia, wherein he showed marked abil- ity, and was soon transferred to the senate of his native state. HON. S. J. KANDALL. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. T1 The beginning of the civil war. in his thirty-third year, prompted Mr. Randall to patriotic military service in the light horse of Philadelphia, which led to his promotion first as quartermaster of his company, and then as cornet, a rank corresponding to that of captain in the regular army. In the terrible year of 1863 he was among the troops advanced to Harrisburg as the result of General Lee's invasion of north- ern territory. When General Couch announced to Cornet Randall, com- manding, that Governor Curtin would accept the active ser- vices of his troop without swearing its members, he said: " I know we can trust to the honor of the corps without an oath.'' In the summer of the same year he made a brilliant re- connaissance, in which he captured several prisoners and es- tablished the presence of the confederates in force between Chambersburg and Williamsport. During the battle of Get- tysburg his rank was that of provost marshal of Colombia. He entered the thirty-eighth congress in 1861, and has kept his seat in the house of representatives ever since that time, having served on the committees on public buildings and grounds, banking and currency, retrenchment, and on expenditures in the state department, besides serving on nu- merous other committees. This eminent statesman is a ready, concise speaker, with- out rhetorical affectations. The campaign for General Han- cock in 1880 was opened by Mr. Randall with a most effec- tive speech at New York. He has served as chairman on important committees, and during 1877-81 was speaker of the house. Randall is a firm believer in a protective tariff, and it was mainly upon this issue that he \vas born in the <>ld ' gambrel-roofed " house in Cambridge, Massachu- setts, opposite the Harvard university buildings. II is father, Rev. Abiel Holmes, D.D., was an eminent preacher, and was long pastor of the tirst congregational church of Cambridge. Dr. Holmes graduated at Harvard in 1829, and adopting the medical profession, completing his studies in IS.'W. Up to 1M7 In- filled the chair of anatomy ami phy>ioh>gy at Dartmouth, lie then assumed a similar professorship at Harvard. He continues in his retirement a resident of Piston. It would be difficult to say whether Dr. Holmes enjova greater distinction as a physician or a man of letters. Both OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. -276 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. in the theory and practice of medicine, he has achieved the most brilliant success. His graceful and polished style in- vests the dryest topics with a peculiar charm, making him one of the best known and most popular of American writers. His earliest work in verse was in the form of contributions to the " Collegian," a paper published by undergraduates at Harvard. He has written many verses with college anni- versary occasions as their subjects. The problems created by the interdependence of mind and matter have employed Dr. Holmes' pen, both as he is a man of science and as a literary man. In his " Currents and Under-currents in Medical Science," and in "Mechanism and Morals," he deals with them from the scientific, and in "Elsie Yenner," a romance, from the artistic standpoint. The "Atlantic Monthly" had Dr. Holmes among its founders, and " The Autocrat of the Break- fast Table " appeared first in the pages of that periodical. Several medical journals and the " North American Re- view 1 ' and the "International Review" have been enriched by contributions from the versatile doctor, who seems to be equally ready for profound disquisition on a wide range of subjects and for the composition of those " trifles " which will always be treasured as expressions of genius. Who does not know the " One Horse Shay " arid the "September Gale?" The apt sweetness of his sentimental verses is appreciated by all readers of taste. The wife of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes died at her resi- dence in Boston in 1888, in the 69th year of her age. Mrs. Holmes was a daughter of Judge Charles Jackson, one of the justices of the Supreme Judicial court of Massachusetts, who sat on the bench from 1813 until 1824. His daughter was married to "The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" in June, 1840. A son Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. is a justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, who also served with distinction in the war. ////. mOGRAPHH'M. UK VIEW. 277 Dr. Holmes has been likened to Thomas Hood, but there is little in common between them, save the power of combining fancy and sentiment with grotesque drollery and humor. Holmes writes simply for the amusement of himself and his readers. He deals only with the vanities, the foibles, and the minor faults of mankind, good-naturedly and almost sympathizing by suggesting excuses for folly, which he tos ses about on the horns of his ridicule. COUNT GUSTAVE VON KALNOKY. As THE minister of foreign affairs in Austria-Hungary Count Gustave von Kalnoky, occupies a position of much importance in the present troubled condition of Eu- ropean affairs. The SOD of an imperial chamberlain, whose forefathers had been hereditary magnates of Hungary for two centuries, he entered life as an officer of the hussars. IK- was then in his thirtieth year when he resolved to pas- examination for the diplo- % matic service. His promo- tion here was rapid. He was secretary of le- gation at Berlin ami for t'<>ur years follow- in.ir was in the service of COUNT orsTAVE VON K.xi.NoKV. his government in London. After being minister successively at 1 1 ague, ('..pi-nhugen, and Home, lie was in 1880 transferred to Petersburg, and was embassatlor in that city. 278 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JOSEPH E. M'DONALD. Born August 29, 1819. INDIANA has many distinguished sons who have rendered conspicuous service to the country. Not the least prominent of these is the Hon. Joseph E. McDonald, whose name is often mentioned as a possible candidate of the democratic party in presidential contests. Joseph Ewing McDonald is descended from Scotch and Huguenot parentage, and was "born in Butler coun- ty, Ohio. To the careful training which lie received in his youth from his moth- er, Mr. McDonald is large- ly indebted for his supe- rior qualities. His father died when he was yet a small boy, and until he was twelve years of age young McDonald spent his time on the farm receiving instruction from his moth- er. He early expressed a desire to study law, but it JOSEPH E. M'DONALD. was thought advisable for him to learn a trade before committing himself to a professional career. Accordingly he was apprenticed to the firm of Andrews and Nichol, saddlers and harness makers at Lafayette, Indiana, for a term of six years. He applied himself with great diligence to the task of acquiring skill and efficiency in the craft, with so much success that he was dismissed from his apprenticeship three months before the legal expiration of the same. He was now eighteen years of age, and he resolved to THE BIOGRAPHICAL It K VIEW. 279 prepare himself for a nobler sphere of action than was of- fered by the saddlery business. He entered Wabash college at Crawfordsville, Indiana, supporting himself by working at his trade night and morning and between terms. In 1840 he left this institution and entered the Asbury university at Greencastle, Indiana, of which Bishop Simpson was the president. If reports are reliable, young McDonald was a most exemplary student during his career in college, and when he retired from the seat of learning was more than ordinarily proficient in his studies. He began the regular study of law soon after leaving col- lege, in the office of the late Zebulon Baird, at Lafayette, In- diana, who took a kindly interest in the young aspirant, and devoted much time to instructing him in the principles of law. On his admission to the bar he possessed a better knowledge of the practice and principles of law than is common in can- didates. He was elected prosecuting attorney soon after, and re-elected in 1845. During that year he removed to Crawfordsville, where he built up a large and lucrative practice, und achieved a position of the first rank at the bar of the state. In Iv.r, he was elected attorney general of Indiana, and filled the position in u most satisfactory manner. Three years later he removed to Indianapolis and entered into partnership with Addison L. Koache, ex-judge of the supreme court. This connection lasted until 1800, when Mr. Roache retired. Mr. McDonald then formed a partnership with the Hon. John M. Butler, with whom he is still associated. They at once axumed a position among the leading firms of the state, and have had a hand in some of the most celebrated eases which have been contested in Indiana. Mr. McDonald has ever been a t'aithful and devoted ally of the democratic party. In 1M'. he was elected to the thir- ty first congress, but was defeated in his next candidacy. In l>til he was nominated tW governor, but was defeated. 280 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. He was elected United States senator in 1874, against strong opposition, due to his hard money theories. He took his seat March 5, 1875, and retained it until 1881. Mr. McDonald is a resident of Indianapolis, Indiana, where he is known as a hospitable, kind and generous neigh- bor. He has been three times married, and his present wife is one of the most handsome and accomplished ladies in Indiana. JUSTIN S. MORRILL. Born April 14 1810. THIS statesman, Justin S. Morrill, is a native of New Eng- land, being born in Vermont. He received an academic educa- tion, and after graduating became a merchant. This business proving distaste- ful to him he shortly after- ward engaged in agricul- tural pursuits. Entering the political arena, he was elected a representative in the thir- ty-fourth and re-elected in the thirty -fifth, thirty -sixth, thirty - seventh, thirty- eighth, and thirty-ninth congresses. He was elected to the United States sen- ate as a union republican ^. ........... in 1867, being re-elected in 1872, in 1878 and in JUSTIN S. MORRILL. jgg^ His ^^ Q ^.^ expires on March 3, 1891. He has served on important com- mittees, and in 1887 was appointed chairman of the com- mittee on finance. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 281 CLAKA LOUISA KELLOGG. Born in /MV. THE career of Clara Louisa Kellogg is one which will ever be a valuable example and trustworthy guide to all vo- cal aspirants. She was born at Sumter, South Carolina, but her parents came from New England, and her earlier years were passed in Connecticut, where she was educated at the free schools. Though her voice was rather sweet, it attracted no particular attention, and when singing in a church choir at Lynne, Conn., her pretty voice was quite ignored in the presence of more vigorous organs. In 1858 her parents were residing in New York city, and knowing their daughter's desire to be- come a public singer, con suited with Miss Eli/a Logan, the once distin < gui.-hed actress, and si^tc*i ^ of Olive Logan. Miss Logan attempted t. discourage the young girl by pointing out the haps and mishaps that are inevitably connected with a life on the sta^e. and dwelt at length upon the unjust obloquy which attaches to the name of almo-t every act re--: hut in -j.ite California, round Cape Horn, in a sailing vessel. His success there at first \\a> not very well assured; but being an active and able politician, he was subsequently elected sher- iff of Tuolumne county, and was returned several times to the upper and lower houses of the state- legislature. In 1807 he was a can- didate for the lieutenant- governorship, but was de- feated. Poor and disgusted with politics, he then removed to Nevada, where he became interested in several mines, and among others in the Crown Point and Belcher. Finally, with the assistance of some friends, he became the owner of the Crown Point, in which, not long afterward, a bonanza was found that placed him in the possession of ten million dol- lars at once. In is 73 he succeeded Mr. James Nye as senator for Ne- vada, when it was supposed that he w<>ul gardi - " and "gardes a cheval." the euira>siers of the emperor, the cuirassiers of the empress, and the two regimen:- : < sacks, all under the supreme command of the C/arowit/. The second division includes the horse grenadiers," the Uhlans of the guard and of the emperor, and the hus>ar> of the empcn.r and of (Jrodno. GEN. A. KOM.\I;O|.|.-. 290 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVTEW. HENRY L. DAWES. Born Oct. 30, IS16.- THE United States senator from Massachusetts, Henry L. Dawes, was born at Cmnmington, in that state. He was a graduate of Yale college, began life as a school teacher, and edited the Greenfield "Gazette" and Adams "Transcript/' At the same time he fitted himself by his exertions for th legal profession, and was admitted to the bar in the year 1842. Beginning his public ca- reer in 1848 as a member of the lower branch of th legislature, he was returned to that office in 1849 and 1852, and in 1850 became a member of the state sen- ate. In 1853 he was a del- egate to the state constitu- tional convention, and in the same year was appoint- ed district attorney for the western district of Massa- chusetts, retaining that of- fice until 1857. Mr. Dawes was elected to the thirty-fifth congress in 1858, and was re-elected to the thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh, thirty- eighth, thirty-ninth, fortieth, forty-first, forty-second, and forty-third congresses, declining in 1875 to be a candidate for election to the forty-fourth. For ten years he served as chairman of the committee on elections, during the most important years in the history of the country through the war and the reconstruction period. This senator's term expires in 1893. HENRY L. DAWES. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 291 RANAVALONA, III. Born in 1861. THE qneen of Madagascar, Ranavalona III, who is a dig- nified, sensible woman, mounted the throne and was crowned in 1883, succeeding her aunt, Queen Ranavalona II, being chosen by her predecessor to succeed her, but was also form- ally elected to the office. According to the custom of the country, the queen on her accession married Rami- lalarivono, the prime niin ister of the kingdom, who had also been the husband of the last queen. The present queen has always been eager to forward the development of the people. She has embraced Christi- anity for herself, and made it the state religion. The Hovas are a good fighting race, and their experience in repelling the recent French invasion has; developed them greatly in! a military way. Their civilization, also, has been advanced, in spite of the war, during the past few years, under the wise administration of the present queen. The queen has a council of advisers, but the royal will is su- preme in every case. The French minister resident in Madagascar has advised his governmentto confer the decoration of the legion of honor on the queen, regarding her friendship worthy of the gift RANAVALONA III. 292 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. LI HUNG CHANG. Born in 1823. THE most distinguished statesman, Li Hung Chang, is a staunch advocate of progress, an enlightened and skilful di- plomatist, and a determined enemy of that self-sufficient spirit which has so hindered the advancement of the Chinese people. Hofei, in China, isliis birthplace. After a very hon- orable career in college, he was ordered to take the field against the Taeping rebels that were ravaging his na- tive province. As the re- ward of conspicuous skill and bravery in this en- counter he was made judi- cial commissioner. Later he became an in- tendent of circuit and gov- ernor of the Droviuce of Kiansoo. In 1862 he first came in- to intimate relations with foreigners, and co-operated with Gen. Staveley in the defense of Shanghai. He LI HUNG CHANG. , , -, ,,. made a close study or this general's methods and recognized the superiority of foreign- ers in military science. On the appointment of " Chinese " Gordon to the command of the ever victorious army, Li Hung Chang joined him cordially and with becoming deference. He has opened the Kaiping coal and iron mines, brought about the construction 'of a telegraph line along the coast of the empire, and memorialized the throne in favor of railway enterprises. He is a man of commanding appearance, being over six feet in height, and having an intellectual face. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. MICHAEL DAVITT. MICHJEL DAVITT, who ranks among Ireland's most popular men, was born in Mayo county. He has devoted many yeans of his life to the solution of the Irish question, and does not yet despair of seeing Ireland fully righted and no longer subjected to the domineering rule of England. Michael Davitt has been in prison for his connection with lri>h politics for a period of over nine years. This length of time was passed in several jails and convict establishments. He was t r e a t e (I as an ordinary prisoner, not being allrwed any indulgences, until the favor was granted him (on is remiion to Portland MM MI on the 3d of Febru- ary. l*sl, after breaking bis ticket-of-leave.) to keep a little blackbird. Thisbird, named ,]<>*., was the S..H- tary Audience'' of the book which he wrote while in prison a n d which was published in London in 1884, under the title of "Leaves from a Prison Diary; or Le:tures to a Solitary Audici>< Both sad and serious, gay and amusing are the notr> found therein: written in a style at once simple and eloquent. He writes with much pathos of his ('hum .lor;" mt especially in the passage where he released hi* little companion. !! says: "I opened the door with a trembling hand, when, quick MM II. KF. DAVITT. 294 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. as a flash of lightning, he rushed {rom the cage with a wild scream of delight and in a moment was beyond the walls of the prison." In speaking of his hone that the bird would re- turn to him, he says: " The instinct of freedom was too strong to be resisted, though I had i idulged the fond hope that he would remain with me." After Davitt's release from prison he went to England and spent some time there maturing fu'.ure plans. He intended going to Australia before visiting America but that plan was abandoned, and he visited this country instead, delivering lectures; and since his return to Ireland he has devoted him- self entirely to the work of reform. He says in a cablegram of June, 1886, to Mr. Patrick Ford, in the state of New York, " Victory is certain if the Irish race throughout the world will stand united and calmly persevere on the present lines." WADE HAMPTON. Born March 28, 1818. THE name of Wade Hampton is "familiar in our mouths as a household word," and has been for many years. No more prominent statesman than he gives distinction to the south in the councils of the nation. South Carolina is proud of her son, whose loyalty to her interests, according to that view of them given by his convictions, has been invariably devoted and conspicuous. Hon. Wade Hampton is of distinguished birth, the grand- son of General Wade Hampton, a mayor general in the American army of the revolution, and a representative in the congress of the United States. His father was also a prominent and wealthy man. Wade Hampton was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He received an academic education. Having graduated at South Carolina college, he read law and was admitted to the bar. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 295 In 1861, South Carolina seceded from the Union; he was serving as state senator and resigned his seat, and devoted his energies to the confederate cause, in a capacity of a soldier. Among the earliest in the field of conflict, he led the '-Hampton Legion" at the first battle of Bull Run, in which he was wounded. His services in this action were conspicuously recognized by the confederate government, which commissioned him a brigadier-general. As soon as possible he resumed service in the ar- my, and was wounded, the second time, in the battle of Seven Pines. He com- manded the confederate cavalry of the army of Northern Virginia. In 1864 he was made lieuten- ant-general. Early in 1865 he was sent to South Carolina and. commanded the rear guard of the confederate army which was falling back be- fore Gen. Sherman. Large quantities of cotton had been stor- ed at Columbia, the capital of the state, which, upon the ap- proach of the Union forces was piled up in an open square ready to be burned, fire was set to thin which resulted in a conflagration by which a great part of the city was destroyed. A sharp discussion arose between Gen. Sherman and Hamp- ton, each charging the other with the destruction of Columbia; according to the best evidence, as far as either side was con- cerned, the conflagration was purely accidental. He was wounded the third time in the battle of Gettysburg. When the army in which he was serving surrendered to the Union WADE HAMPTON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 296 forces, nis military experiences were ended. In 1876 he was elected governor of South Carolina, and was re-elected in 1878. He is exceedingly popular in his native -state; knows its condition fully, and is of course, strongly and unequivocally in favor of federal aid for education. " When the negro was made a citizen, lie said, " it follow- ed as a logical consequence, under the theory of our institu- tions, that he must become a voter." With these well known views, he was re-elected to the United States senate in 1884, and his term of service expires March 3, 1891. South Carolina will receive an addition to her school fund of over four and a half million dollars, when this bill for which the senator not only soeaks, but votes, passes. Born to great wealth and large estates, he has always been regarded as one of the richest men in the South, and his hospitality knows no bounds in his great house. Four years of confederacy, however, nearly ruined him. For years after the war he was one of the most uncompromising of confed- erates. Now he is a furrowed, grizzly old man, whose ex- perience has dulled the blood of middle age, and he enters into no arguments. He has been in both branches of the state legislature and was a senator when his state seceded; he however resigned his seat on the occurrence of that event. Senator Hampton is one of the finest looking men in the senate chamber, though a hunting accident a few years ago cost him the loss of a leg. The injuries received on this oc- casion he has never fully recovered from, the shock and suffering consequent upon the loss of his limb having some- what shattered his system, and the ill effects have aged him considerably. This great soldier and politician has done much toward improving the educational condition of the south. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 297 JOHN KUSKIN. Born in 1819. BORN in London, John Ruskin, in 1842, graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, where, three years before, he had gained the Newdigate prize for English poetry. The first volume of his "Modern Painters" was published in 1843, and the fifth and last in 1860. This is the one of his numer- ous works which is the most read. It embodies a treatise on the principles of art, and is enriched with descriptions of nature which are unsurpassed for eloquence. The publica- tion of the first volume raised a storm which greatly promot- ed the popularity of the book. Its design was to prove the superiority of modern landscape painters, Turner above them all, to the old masters. Conservatives in art strongly opposed this position, and the contest of opinion is memor- able in the history of art and literature. When, in after years, Ruskin saw the Turner collection in Marlborough House, his love of truth led to the considerable modification of his early and enthusiastic admiration for the artist, but the views expounded in "Modern Painters" have greatly influ- enced and improved recent art. Mr. Ruskin published "The Seven Lamps of Architecture" in 1849, and in 1851-53, "The Stones of Venice." Both were written for the purpose of promoting a better style of domestic architecture. They were adorned with illustrations made after the hand of the author. A later work, "The Study of Architecture in Our Schools," published in 18G5, contains studies and investigations founded upon Mr. Raskin's observations of Venetian buildings. The complete list of his works shows him to be one of the most vuluminous as well as ablest writers of the century. In 1807 he received the degree of LL.D. from the University of Cambridge, which also gave him a professorship. Two years earlier, Ox- ford had made him Slade Professor of the Fine Arts. He 298 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. showed his desire to advance art education by giving twenty, fiye thousand dollars to endow a Master of Drawing at Ox- ford. His "Element of Drawing" is a valuable and thor- oughly practical treatise. "Political Economy of Art" is a successful endeavor to prove the scope, the capacities and j the utility of art. Besides many other lectures, essays and pamphlets upon subjects related to architecture and art in their proper aspects, Rus- kin has written upon mor- als, social problems and other questions in no way related to the studies and labors which have given him pre-eminence. " Fors Clavigera " is a work de- signed to promote the in- terests of workingmen. It has failed to awaken that interest in the class ad- dressed which Mr. Ruskin had hoped to awaken. John Ruskin is a noble, free-handed man. While, as a matter of course, not equally happy in treating all the subjects which have JOHN RUSKIN. engaged his prolific -pen and eloquent voice, the greatest art critic of the world never speaks from press or platform without exciting the interest of cultured persons. John Ruskin is now known as the champion growler and cynic of the age. Writing to the Pall Mall Gazette about the province of universities, he says: "The university's business in any country in Europe is to teach its youths as much Latin, Greek, mathematics and astronomy as they can THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 299 quietly learn in the time they're at it and nothing else. If they don't learn their own language at home they can't learn it at a university. If they want to learn Chinese, they should go to China and if they want to learn Dutch, to Amsterdam; and after they've learned all they want, learn wholesomely to hold their tongues, except on extreme occa- sions, in all languages whatsoever." In 1878 he was minister to MARQUIS TSENG. Born in 183G. THE great Chinese diplomatist, Marquis Tseng, entered the Chinese service at an early age. the courts of London and Paris, to which that of St. Petersburg was added the o following year. He succeeded in arrang- ing a treaty by which Rus- sia ceded the northern part of the province of Kulja, for which five million rou* bles was paid in exchange by China. During the state of un- declared war that existed! between France and China in consequence of French (perations in Tonquin, the' Marquis Tseng made sev- eral unsuccessful efforts to effect a reconciliation. In MAK^TIS TSK.M;. 1885 peace was, however, maintained through him on the ba- sis of the cession of Tonquin to France. Other services have also been performed by him at different times. 300 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. SENATOR REAGAN. Born Oct. 8, 1818. THE subject of this sketch was born in Sevier county, in the state of Tennessee, where he received a limited collegi- ate education. He studied law, and settled in the republic of Texas in 1839, where he became both farmer and lawyer. He was deputy surveyor of the public lands from 1839 to 1843, and was elected to the legislature in 1847. Five years afterward he was made judge of the district court, resigning in 1856, when he was re-elected for another term. In 1857 he was elected representative to congress, and re-elected in the year 1859. In 1861 he was a mem- ber of the Texas secession convention, and a repre- sentative of that state in the confederate congress. For a short time before the close of the war he was acting secretary of the treasury of the confederacy In 1875 he was a member of the state constitutional conven- tion, and was elected successively to the forty-fourth, forty- fifth, forty-sixth, fortyrseventh, forty-eighth, forty-ninth and fiftieth congresses. In 1888 he was elected to the United States senate, suc- ceeding Senator Maxey. The career of Mr. Reagan, as a statesman, has been a long and busy one; and he yet will live to attain still higher positions of public trust. SENATOR REAGAN. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 301 HENKY W. BLAIR Born Dec. 6, 1834. THE United States senator from New Hampshire, Henry W. Blair, was born at Carnpton in that state. His father, who was a decendant from a colony of Scotch-Irish which settled in New Hampshire, was a scholarly man, of musical tastes aud culture, and a prominent officer in the state militia. The mother of Senator Blair had similar tastes and attiin- ments to those of her hus- band. Both his parents were members of the con- gregational denomination. In 1836 Senator Blair's father was killed accident- ally, leaving a widow in extreme poverty. Before the subject of this sketch had attained the age of thirteen, his mother also died. About three years previous to this bereave- ment, he had been taken as an inmate of the resi dence of Mr. Richard Bart- lett, of Campton, with whom he lived several years, improving his mind as opportunities afforded and working on the farm of his benefactor. His education up to the age of nineteen was gained chiefly by attendance at the common school in winter, and two terms at the Plymouth academy Upon leaving his home at Mr. Bartlett's, Mr. Blair taught school and adopted other means to raise sufficient money for a full course at college; but his health failing, was deprived HENRY W. BLAIR. 302 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. of this advantage, succeeding only in having one term at the New Hampshire Conference Seminary. He subsequently read law with William Leverett, of Plymouth, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1859. In 1860 he was elected prosecuting attorney for Grafton county. Upon the outbreak of the war he entered the army, and was appointed major of the fifteenth New Hampshire volunteers, of which regiment he was soon made lieutenant- colonel. During the siege of Port Hudson he was wounded severely twice, and, on account of sickness, was incapable of active service during the remainder of the war. In 1866 he was elected member of the New Hampshire house of representatives, and of the state senate in 1867-68. He served in the forty-fourth and forty-fifth congresses, but declined a renomination to the house of representatives of the forty-sixth. Perhaps his greatest distinction has been earned by his attention to social questions. He is an ardent temperance reformer, as well as educationalist. His speeches, both in congress and at temperance meetings, have commanded con- siderable attention throughout the country. Mr. Blair's leading achievement as a statesman has been the passage in the senate of his educational bill. As passed in 1884, it appro- priated seventy-seven million dollars to be distributed among the states in proportion to their illiteracy, an the basis of the census of 1880, the payments of the money to extend over a series of eight years. The amount proposed to be distribu- ted the first year was seven million dollars; the second, ten million dollars; the third, fifteen million dollars; the sums then diminishing at the rate of two million dollars annually until the eighth year, when all appropriations would cease entirely. Mr. Blair was elected to the United States senate, and took his seat June 20, 1879. He received the re-election, and his present term expires in 1891. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 303 NICHOLAS OF MINGRELIA. Born Jan, 4, 1847. NICHOLAS, Prince of Mingrelia, is a colonel in tlie Russian army, and an aide-de-camp to the czar. The hereditary title of "prince" comes from his ancestors, who held a chieftain- ship over some of the wild tribes of the Caucasus. The ex- tinct dynasty which he represents, claimed direct descent from King David of Is- rael. Prince Nicholas is said to be a highly educated, and courteous man of European type, and speaks several languages. Though still maintaining his ances- tral castle at Luddidi, he resides mostly at St. Pe- tersburg. Mingrelia is in Asia, bordering on Circassia and the Black sea, and is a part of the lieutenancy of the Caucasus, of which the Grand-duke Michael is the satrap. The people of Mingrelia NICHOLAS, PRINCE OF MINGRELIA. do little beside raise corn and rice enough for tobacco, and bad wine enough to supply their appetites. There are practically no roads or other improvements, and the whole country has a savage and forbidding aspect. The inhabitants number about two hundred and forty thousand, and are of the most debased type of Georgians, being physically, men- tally, and morally, the lowest of the Caucasian tribes. Min- grelia was taken in conquest by Russia in 1804. 304 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. MILAN I, KING OF SERVIA. Born in 1855. THE king of Servia, Milan I, was crowned in 1882, with the consent of the powers; but before that he had held the throne for fourteen years by election as Prince Milan Obrenovic IV. He is the fourth of his dynasty since Servia threw off the Turkish yoke in 1829. His predecessor was assassinated. In 1885, the king, with- out a declaration of hos- tilities, led his army across the Bulgarian frontier, ac- tuated by motives of jeal- ousy at the prospect of Prince Alexander becom- ing the ruler of a united Bulgaria. After decisive successes had been won by the Servian troops, Prince Alexander rallied his men, and drove the Ser- vians out of Bulgaria. The intervention of Austria put a stop to hostilities, and peace was made in 1886. Servia has a population of two millions; the regular army consists of fifteen thousand soldiers, with a reserve of sixty thousand men. The constitution of this kingdom was recently remodeled in liberal form. The executive power is vested in the king and his ministers, and the legislative power in an assembly of two houses elected by the people. The king was married in 1875; a year later the heir apparent, Alexander, was born. MILAN I, KING OF SERVIA. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 305 GEK ROSECRAKS Born in 1819. GEN. ROSECRANS is one of the heroes of the late war. He was employed as an engineer until 1654, when he resign- ed. He commanded the army of the Mississippi, and the army of Cumberland in 1862-63; and commanded at Stone river and Chickamauga. Graduating at West Point, he en- tered the army, but resign- ed in 1854. He re-entered the service in 1861, and re- signed again a major-gen- eral in 1867. In 1868 was minister to Mexico; from 1881 to 1885 a member of congress from California. Was appointed register in 1885. The register of the treas- ury was established in 17-'.'. It is the duty of the register to keep a strict ac- count of every receipt and disbursement on behalf of| the government. At the outbreak of the war he was appointed brigadier-general, and com- manded the union forces GEN " in West Virginia. In 1862 he commanded the army of the Mississippi, and gained an important victory at Corinth in October of the same year. In 1863 ho defeated Bragg at Stone river; and going in pursuit of him into Georgia, he occupied Chattanooga but was compelled to retire. The general has filled many diplomatic and military appointments and was American minister to Mexico in 1868 306 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. LILLIE LANGTKY. Born in 1852. THIS noted beauty, Lillie Langtry,is the daughter of a clergy- man and a native of the little Isle of Jersey. She made her debut as Lady Clara in " A Fair Encounter," soon afterward appearing at the noted London Haymarket theatre. After a provincial tour, during which she assayed new characters, she again appeared in London in September, 1882, in "As You Like It." la the fall of the same year she came to the United States, and played in New York and Boston to large audiences, which, like the English public, manifested at first a qualified approv- al. As she improved rap- idly in her acting, she gained the praise of critics and popular applause. Returning to London she leased a theatre and play- ed to large audiences, winning great applause as Pauline in the "Lady of Lyons." In 1886sheagain visited the CTnited States, and repeated her successes in this country, where she has invested most of her earnings. In July, 1887, while in San Francisco, Lillie Langtry re- nounced British allegiance, and applied for naturalization as a citizen of the United States. When in Chicago, a correspondent visited her, and found the "Jersey Lily" in the reception room of her parlor-car, LILLIE LANGTRY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 307 in which she always rides when traveling in this country. The beauty, in a loose Turkish robe, sat among her rugs, her silks, and her books. There were books of all kinds: Swin- burne and Owen Meredith, Shelley and Shakspeare, Irving on the "Art of Acting/' and an abstruse treatise on botany. "Even when I was only fourteen years of age " she said, u a sighing swain had proposed for my hand. He was a lieutenant in the forty-third foot, and I was a tomboy, play- ing cricket and football and saddling my own rnare. He was the son of a former archbishop of Canterbury, and my father, who, you know, was dean of Jersey, thought it would be delightful to marry me to the son of an archbishop. But you can't think how I hated the man. He was very nice, no doubt; but I had a girlish dislike of him, and much pre- ferred the society of my seven big brothers and my lesson- books. For, do you know, I was quite studious when I was simply Miss Le Breton of Jersey. "At that time I studied Latin and Greek. Even mathe- matics. I could translate Virgil and dabble in Xenophon. I was pretty good, too, in algebra and trigonometry. But this learning seems to have vanished like a dream, and I sometimes feel, like Roger Tichborne, that a good education has been wasted on me. "A great many people have said that I had an early training for the stage. But I had none. I never trod the boards, even at home, till I appeared at Twickenham town hall in 'A Fair Encounter.' And all I knew of the stage I learned from the boxes of the little theatre of my native town." She married Mr. Langtry when but nineteen years of age. When asked about him she was silent. And the actress traveled back in memory to a day when she was neither famous nor thought of fame to a day when she only thought of love, and a Viking came over the seas to win her. " Though only twenty-five, he was a widower," she said, 308 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, after a pause. "Plis first wife was a Miss Price. The Prices were Irish people living in Jersey; and Mr. Langtry was Irish, too, his people being among the chief land-owners of Belfast. One of my brothers married his sister, and so our families contracted their intimacy. " My father thought he was richer than he was. He was nearly at the end of his fortune, and I knew nothing of what was in store for me. His money lasted only three years after I married him. When we went to London we were miserably poor. "I was an artists' success. The paintings made me famous. My face belonged to the Greek type, which was popular in London. Watts used to measure my face when I sat for him. He would say, 'Good God! Not a hair's breadth out.' Then my pictures were exhibited at the Academy, and that made everybody talk of me. My poverty did even more than the painters popularity. I had recently lost one of my brothers, and I went to parties in a plain black dress that I possessed, and I wore it everywhere. The women sneered at first, but the men commended. 'Notice her simplicity,' they said. 'She always appears in a plain black dress. She wears no jewelry, no ornaments of any kind.' And in this way they thought me to be lovelier, 'perhaps, than I really was. But after all it is luck blind luck. There are so many pretty women in London that there was no reason why I should be singled out. 'All my best successes have been in dramas of society. I love to play the part of a wronged wife. Perhaps I feel the character more then others do. "In 'A Wife's Peril,' she is not a wronged wife; she is a naughty wife. I don't like the type myself; but the public seem to like it. "In 'As in a Looking Glass' the heroine is an adventuress. She is a woman of society. I have seen many such women in society. So has everybody else. And I doubt if the type had ever been presented on the English-speeaking stage." THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 309 JOHN BROWN. ]>rn in 1790. IN these days of rapid changes in political affairs, a man who has been continuously employed by the government for a half-century or more, is certainly an object of interest. Such a man is John Brown, the founder and still a resident of Brownsville, Washington county, Maryland. At the age of sixteen he commenced driving his father's team to Baltimore, follow- ing this pursuit for six years. Then he went to work at the United States armory at Harper's Ferry, a place destined to be in- separably associated long afterward with the deeds of a namesake. Remaining there about eighteen months, he next enlisted in the army for the war of 1812. He first encamped at Camp Han- sted; his company fought bravely at the battle of North Point, under the command of Captain Stem- pie. Upon the restoration of peace he was honorably dis- charged, and returned to the old homestead. In 1816 he started a tan-yard, and erected the buildings f< ; u tannery ifl what is now Brownsville, continuing in the trade until a short time ago. In 1826 he put up the first house in Brownsville, the place taking its name from him; two vrurs hitcT he married, two children, Catherine and Cornelius blessing this union with JOHN BROWN. 310 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Hannah Dare, who is yet healthy and strong, at the jovial age of eighty-four. The venerable pair occupy the dwelling which Mr. Brown erected in 1826, situated in the center of the village. The little tannery prospered, bringing people to the place and leading to the beginning of a settlement. A postoffice became a necessity, in due course, and one was established by President Jackson, in charge of John H. Beall, whose appointment dated from January 28, 1833, his successor being Andrew Burns, who served from Octo- ber 27, 1835, to February 30, 1836, when the subject of this sketch succeeded to that position, which he held for twenty- seven years. On February 25, 1863, his son Cornelius took the office his worthy father had filled so long and faithfully, and he is the present postmaster. The old gentleman did not entirely sever his connection with the postal business, although retir- ing from the more active duties of the village " Narby," to this day he is in the employ of the department as mail car- rier, although ninety-eight years old he never misses a trip. Thus for upward of fifty years he has served the government without a break, and he is certainly the oldest of its employ- es engaged in actual work. The patriarch enjoys excellent health, retains his faculties unimpaired, and is a veritable encyclopedia of events reaching back to the dawn of the century. The portrait is engraved from a photograph taken a few years since, and is an ad- mirable likeness. There are many people in the employ of the United States government who have led more eventful lives, if not of so long a duration, as that of John Brown; and could the lives of such persons, however unimportant a part they may have played in the world's history, be placed before us, undoubt- edly they would be of more interest to the great majority of the reading public, than are the lives of many a monarch or *' eminent " man. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 311 LUCIUS QUINTIUS C. LAMAR. Born Sept. 17, 1825. THIS great statesman was born in Putnam county, Georgia, and graduated from Emory college in 1845. Studying law under the Hon. A. H. Chappell, he was admitted to the bar in 1847. Going to Mississippi in 1849, he was made pro- fessor of mathematics in the Mississippi university. In 1850 he resigned and went to Covington, Georgia, where he estab- lished a law practice, and was elected to the legisla- ture in 1853. In 1854 he returned to Mississippi, and was sent to congress, serving in the thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses. In 1861 he represented his state in the convention of the southern states, and during the same year en- tered the confederate army. In 18f 3 he was sent by President Davis to Russia on diplomatic business. In 1866, he became LUCIUS QUINTIUS c. LAMAR. professor of political and social science in the university of Mississippi; but in the succeeding year, he was transferred to the law professorship. In 1876 he was chosen United States senator for the full term, having previously been elected to the forty-fourth and forty-fifth congresses. He was appointed' secretary of the interior by Cleveland on March 5, 1885, and chief justice in 1888. Senator Lamar's speech in congress, after the death of the eminent Charles Sumner, made a deep impression and creat- 312 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ed a profound sensation, coming as it did from southern lips, yet praising sincerely and fervently, with eloquent words, the life of one who had criticized with severity the south and its policy. All his prepared efforts are remarkable for their beauty of conception and dignity of expression. When Mr. Lamar was in congress before the war he was a popular and well-known figure at the capitol. He has al- ways had as many friends on the republican side of the senate as on the democratic side. He and Roscoe Conkling were boon companions, and it was one of their favorite diversions to meet for a friendly round with the gloves. The new judge is also an excellent swordsman, and he is al- ways happy to take up the foils with any one who pretends to have skill in fencing. SHELBY M. CULLOM. Born Nov. 22, 1829. SHELBY M. CULLOM, of Springfield, Illinois, was born ID Wayne county, Kentucky, his father removing to Tazewell county, Illinois, when the subject of this sketch was but one year old. After receiving an academic and university edu- cation, he went to Springfield in the autumn of 1853 to study law, and has since resided there. Immediately upon receiving license to practice, he was elected to the position of city attorney, still continuing, how- ever, in the business and practice of law until he took his seat in the house of representatives In the year of 1865. Mr. Cullom became a presidential elector in 1856 on the Fillmore ticket, and was elected a member of the house of representatives of the Illinois legislature in 1856, 1860, 18T2, and 1874, being elected speaker in 1861 and in 18T3. He was also a representative from Illinois in the thirty-ninth, fortieth, and forty-first congresses, serving from 1865 to 1871. This great statesman was also a delegate to the national re- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 313 publican convention at Philadelphia in 1872, being chairman of the Illinois delegation, on which occasion Gen. Grant was placed in nomination; and again in 1884 he was a delegate to the national republican convention as chairman of the Il- linois delegation. After filling numerous positions of trust, he was elected governor of Illinois in 1876, was re-elected in 1880, serving until 1883, when he resign- ed, having received the election to the senate of the United States as a republi- can. This term expires in March, 1889. Mr. Cullom is an unpre- tending, capable, and an exceedingly conscientious man. Senator Cullom's popu- larity makes his house a favorite resort, and there is seldom a moment during the morning or the evening ^^^^^^^^^ that he is without callers. SHELBY M. CULLOM. Mrs. Cullom is equally popular in society, and her parlors are constantly sought by a host of friends and admir- ers. The senator says that his wife's enthusiasm for the inter-state commerce bill was simply intense until she learn- ed by the merest accident that when it became a law she would not be able to ride on passes any more. After that she turned a regular somersault and became one of the haul- ers of the opposition. The Senator labors in the plain, old-fashioned way that his facial counterpart Abraham Lincoln did, giving his time and his mind incessantly to his arduous legislative duties. 314 THE BIOGRAPHICAL EEVIEW- MARIE CHRISTINA. Born July 21, 1858. THE Queen Regent of Spain, Marie Christina, widow of King Alfonso, gave birth to a son in 1886. This son, whose royal sire died before his birth, is named Alfonso Leon, and is the heir to the throne of Spain. Queen Marie Christina is the daughter of the Archduke Karl Ferdinand and the Archduchess Elizabeth, a cousin of Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria. She was married to King Al- fonso XII, of Spain, in the year of 1879. A daughter was born to them in 1880, who was ac- cepted, at the death of the king, as heir to the Span- ish throne; but the birth of this male heir, of course, took from her that royal honor. In 1886 the queen sign- ed a decree freeing the slaves in Cuba, which lit- MARIE CHRISTINA. tie island is a Spanish pos- session. This brought to a close the emancipation move- ment of that country, and the curse of slavery no longer ex- ists in Cuba. The decree of the queen released, it is estimat- ed, about two hundred thousand slaves. The military glory of Spain has passed away, it is true, yet she has an army, on a peace footing, exceeding one hun- dred thousand men. The expenditure generally exceeds her revenue, and there is a debt of $1,190,000,000. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 315 DON PEDRO M. SAGASTA. THE prime minister of Spain, Senor Sagasta. is the leader of the Spanish liberals. He is an old and experienced statesman, and is backed by a very large majority in the cortes. The king of Spain, Alfonso XII, died November 25, 1885, of consumption, deeply mourned by his loyal subjects. His son and heir, Alfonso XIII, was born May 17, 1886; it was the very unusual case of a child born to the throne acknowledged a king from the moment of its birth. The Carlists had hoped to profit by political disor- ders after the death of the late monarch, but were doomed to sad disappoint- ment, as it seems to have rallied all classes in sup- ( port of the throne. For in the general elections of 1 880 the ministerial party headed by Senor Sagasta. secured an overwhelming majority in both houses, completely discouraging the follow- ers of Don Carlos, the pretender to the Spanish throne. This pretender is the grandson of Carlos de Bourbon, the second son of Charles IV. Of course the power and authority of the present king, on account of his infancy, is limited by the regency of his mamma, Marie Christina. SENOR SAGASTA. 816 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. Born Dec. 17. 1835. THE son of Louis Agassiz occupies a place probably not less distinguished than that filled by his illustrious father. Alexander Agassiz is one of our most eminent men of science, and is regarded with the grateful interest to which men of superior attainments who employ them for the public good are surely entitled. He was born at Neuchatel, Switzerland. His mother was the sister of Alexander Braun, Louis Agassiz's friend while at college, a woman distin- guished in many ways, but especially in the skill of drawing. When, in 1846, his father left home for the United States, Alexander remained at home with his mother. He was fifteen years of age when he land-; ed in the United States, ai motherless boy. His father had him prepared for col- lege, and he was entered a student at Harvard, where he was graduated in 1855. Young Agassiz chose ALEXANDER AGASSIZ. civil engineering as his profession, and studied in the Law- rence scientific school of Harvard, and took his degree of B.S. in 1857. During three terms in the chemical school, with which he supplemented his studies at the scientific school, he devoted apart of his time to teaching in his father's school for young women. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 317 Alexander Agassiz went to California in 1859, where he received the appointment of assistant on the United States coast survey. His work was on the northwestern boundary. After resigning office he employed himself in San Francisco making drawings of fish that had been caught along the boundary. At this time also he began to make additions to his fathers collection of natural objects. He spent the greater part of the winter of 1859-60 at Pa- nama and Acapulco, collecting specimens for the museum of comparative zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The next spring he returned to his work in San Francisco. After examining mines in the interior of California, in July, 1860, he returned to Cambridge, where he was appointed agent of the museum. He then took the full course in the zoological and geological departments of the Lawrence scien- tific school. Previous to the absence of his father in Brazil in 1865, he had been appointed assistant, in zoology at the museum, Cambridge, of which he was in full charge at the time. In 1865 he also engaged in coal mining in Pennsylvania, additional to his work at home in Massachusetts. From 1866 to the autumn of 1869 Agassiz assisted with brilliant success in the development of mining property in Michigan. He afterward went abroad to examine the museums of the lead- ing countries of Europe. In 1870 he returned to Cambridge, when he was made assistant curator of the museum. His father died in 1874, when Alexander succeeded him as curator of that institution. In that year also, he was elected by the alumni one of the overseers of Harvard. Four years subsequently he was chosen by the corporation one of its fellows. He resigned the honor several years ago on account of bad health. Mr. Agassiz retains his connection with the museum, which he has enriched by liberal gifts. It is stated that in all he has given more than half a million dollars to Harvard 318 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. university. He was away on a long voyage to Alaska, to get rest and to regain strength, after the exhaustion induced by excessive application. Mr. Agassiz was for a time connected with the Anderson school of natural history, on Penikese Island. Some results of his work in various parts of South America in 1875 are seen in the collection of Peruvian antiquities at the Peabody museum, Cambridge. In 1873 he gained the Walker prize of a thousand dollars from the Boston society of natural history. Two years later he assisted Sir Wyville Thompson to arrange and make up the collection of the Challenger exploring expedition. He was the first foreigner to receive the " Prix Serres " from the academic des sciences de Paris. The honor is awarded once only in ten years. Agassiz spent the winters from 1876 to 1881 in deep-sea dredging, the steamer ' ' Blake " being placed at his disposal for this purpose by the coast survey. His degree of LL.D. is from the university of Cambridge, England. He was elected a member of the American asso- ciation for the advancement of science in 1869; six years later he became a fellow; and in 1870 was made vice-presi- dent. In 1866 was elected to membership in the national academy of science, and held the office of foreign secretary till 1886. Dr. Agassiz is likewise a member of numerous societies, both in this country and in Europe, including the academy of natural sciences, Philadelphia; the New York academy of science; and American philosophical society, Philadelphia. The list of his published works would be a long one. 'All his papers and volumes are on subjects of natural history. This eminent man of science is unpretending in his manners, lively and energetic in his movements. He is kindly-natured and affable, a good and a wise man; like his great father, an honor to human nature. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 319 ABDURRAHMAN KHAN. Born in 1840. THE ameer of Afghanistan, Abdurrahman Khan, is the son of Dost JVlohamed, the ruler of Afghanistan fifty years ago. When Shere Ali was disposed by the British, his son, Yakoob Khan, was made ameer, but being a weak man, he was unable to maintain his authority. In 1879 he was de- posed, and his cousin Abdurrahman succeeded him. The ameer has made an offensive and defensive alliance with Great Britain, for the sake of protecting his country from an inva- sion by Russia from the north. Afghanistan lies in the path between Russia and British India, and its conquest is undoubtedly a part of Russia's plans. So far, however, Russia's ad- vance has been checked by British diplomacy. Russia is steadily ad- vancing her conquest of Asia. The Transcaspian district has been wholly conquered and the railroad extended through Merv to Bokhara, which is the next country to be annexed. This will extend the Russian power all along the northern boundary of Afghanistan and further endanger the peace of that country. Furthermore, Ayoub Khan, the pretender to the anu-cr- ship, has been released by the Persians, and with secret as- sistance from the Russians, seeks to gain the favor of the disaffected Afghans. ABDURRAHMAN KHAN. 320 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEORGE F. EDMUNDS. Born about 1828. AMONG those who are universally conceded to be among the most prominent statesmen, is Senator George F. Ed- munds of Vermont. As a lawyer, statesman and debater, he ranks among the highest in the land. The country hears from him on all great public questions, which do not seem to have been thoroughly discussed until the illumination of his learning, cool judgment and perspicuous statement have been brought to bear upon them. He is a genial man, warm and constant in his friendships, as is seen in the brotherly association with ex -Senator Thurman of Ohio. That he is a man against whose fair name calumny would be power- less, needs not be said. In 1880 and 1884 sev- eral newspapers strongly urged his nomination for GEORGE F. EDMUNDS. the presidency, and the latter year he received ninety-three votes for that office. Ed- munds is a Yermonter by birth, having been born at Rich- mond. Receiving a public school education, he read law and was admitted to the bar. At twenty-three years of age he was elected to the state legislature, and continued to assist in its proceedings five years, during three of which he served as speaker of the house. In 1861-2 he acted as temporary pre- siding officer of the senate of Vermont. The seat in the THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 321 United States senate has been held by him continuously since 1866. On the resignation of David Davis as the pres- ident of the senate, he was elected to succeed him. No public man commands greater respect than Senator Edmunds. His honors are universally felt to be due to his superior talents, exemplary diligence and exalted character. WILLIAM M. EVAKTS. Born in 1818. IT is said of Senator Evarts, that his favorite amuse- ment rests in his feet rather than in his hands, and he winds his long legs in and out like the India-rubber man of the cir- cus. He is said to be able to twist one leg around the other three times and rest both feet flat on the floor* and this is his favorite attitude while listening to a good story or think- ing up an after-dinner speech. Evarts is one of the best af- ter-dinner speakers in congress,and he is one of the best sto- ry-tellers. He rarely remains in his seat for any length of time, and slides about through the senate chairs from one brother senator to the other, giving a word of wisdom here and a witty repartee there, and carrying good nature with him wherever he goes. Evarts is a good laugher that is, he is a good laugher for Evarts. lie seldom laughs loud enough for any one else to hear him, and the only time when he gets the wrinkles out of his anatomy is when he hears a*good joke and shakes all over with that convulsive but silent laugh. This statesman, William M. Evarts, is one of the most dis- tinguished citizens of the United States. Although he is an uncompromising republican, he is revered and esteemed by his political opponents, fully as much as by his friends. The Evarts family hail from Massachusetts, and Jeremiah Evarts, the father of the subject of this sketch, was one of the most 322 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. prominent of Boston's clergymen. William M. Evarts was born in Boston, and graduated at Yale college in 1837. He studied law at the Harvard law school and was ad mitted to the bar in 1840. He practiced law in New York city and soon established a lucrative practice, and became celebrated for his great profundity and great erudition. When the republican party was founded, he was one of the first to enroll himself as a member. At the time of Presi- dent Johnson's impeach- ment, Mr. Evarts was his principal counsel, and suc- ceeded Stan berry in the cabinet. Before this, from 1 847 to 1853, he was United States district attorney. In 1871, he with two col- leagues were appointed by Gen. Grant to defend the interests of the citizens of the United States before the ''Tribunal of Arbitra- tion" that met to settle the "Alabama claims." Mr. Evarts was the principal counsel in the notorious Tilton-Beecher trial in 1875. In 1877 he argued the repub- lican side of the case before the electoral commission. Up- on the accession of Mr. Hayes to the presidential chair, he entered the cabinet as secretary of state. He is considered one of the most brilliant of orators, and he was honored in receiving the degree of LL.D. from Union college in 1857; from Yale, his "Alma Mater," in 1865; and from Harvard in 1870. The senator's term expires in 1891. WILLIAM M. EVARTS. 7 HE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 323 JOHN RUSSELL YOUNG. Born in 1841. THIS popular author and newspaper writer was born at Downington, Pennsylvania, and was educated at the high school at New Orleans. Upon attaining a proper age he became connected with the Philadelphia " Press, 1 ' and work- ed upon the paper in the capacity of compositor, reporter, and news editor. Such was the ability with which he managed his department on that paper that he at- tracted the attention of Horace Greeley.who offer- ed him a position on the New York "Tribune, "then at the zenith of its success. Mr. Young accepted the offer and became the man- aging editor. This was in 1865; in 1869 he resigned and started the "Stand- ard, "which did not, how- ever,meet his expectations; and, in 1872, he joined the staff of the New York '-Herald." When General Grant made his tour of the world, Young was elected to accompany him, representing the New York "Herald;" and he sent that paper graphic accounts of the journey. Returning with Grant to America, he wrote his ex- periences and published them in book form, which was pro- fusely illustrated. In 1882 Mr. Young was made minister to China. He was married shortly before his departure for that, country, where his wife died. JOHN RUSSELL YOUNG. 324 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. LOUISE MICHEL. THE life of Louise Michel lias been one of sadness and of unusual intensity. She was born at the Chateau de Vroncourt, where her mother was a domestic; her father is said to have been an aristocrat. Her early life was passed in plenty, and she was the pet of the household circle, who admired her pre- cocity and the originality of her views. Upon the death of her protectress and the ad- vent of new owners to the home in which she had lived in comfort and honor, her mother and she were sent out into the cold world. Under these cir- cumstances she opened a school in the village of Audelencourt, but did not |Succeed;and an experiment fof the same character, LOUISE MICIIKL in Paris, was also a ffailure. She then found more congenial associa- tions than those of the school-room in the political clubs which were springing up in the French capital; and she became a leader in the diffusion of ideas which, in the course of time, took the form in her mind of a new social system. During the struggle made by the Commune she fought under the red flag, was made prisoner and exiled to New Caledonia. The noble generosity of the woman appeared in many ways while on her way to that far-off' land and while a resident there. Her THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 325 bestowing her stockings and shoes upon a wretch more in need of them than she while on the way out is remembered as one of her numerous acts of self-denial. Upon her pardon and return to her native country she resumed her old occu- pation as a political agitator, and came the second time under legal constraint, being sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. By the clemency of the president of the French republic she was, however, soon liberated. Louise Michel is described as a quiet, kind-looking middle- aged woman, homely in her general appearance. Her brow is intellectual, her mouth too large for beauty, her hair brown in color and cut short, her eyes gray and full of ex- pression. She dresses shabbily in black. One of her ad- mirers says that after a brief conversation with her the plainness of her features is lost sight of in the charm of her manner and of her mind. Her delivery as a public speaker is quiet and subdued; she utters terrible things in a manner amiable and winning. Her political views are summarized in her own words, thus: " Tear down the whole social edifice, and begin over again." She maintained that crime is the result of existing abuses, which would be destroyed in the creation of a new social edifice, in which justice and love would rule. Her scheme involves the abolishment of govern- ment and the creation of social groups, in which every member would contribute to the general good, the abler members without superior reward on account of superior ser vices, but content with doing more for the association. Money would have no place in this arrangement, the wants of all being supplied from a public store to which all would contribute according to the nature of their production and the extent of their capacity. The apostle of this dream has her home in poverty in one of the obscure parts of Paris. She has realized but little by the authorship of school -books, which are said to possess superior merits. 326 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. JOHN WANNAMAKER. Born about 1840. THK leading merchant in Philadelphia, John Wannamaker, is yet a middle-aged man. His youth was a laborious struggle, rewarded in early manhood with the means to open a cloth- ing establishment in "the city of Brotherly Love." Untiring, honest, straightforward, shrewd, the young merchant prospered. A good story is told of him wlie-ling a barrow containing a large package promised to a customer for delivery at a certain time, rather than to disappoint his customer. He continued in the clothing business un- til about the year 1880, when he opened the bazar, which is one of the " sights " of Philadelphia. New York has nothing to compare with it. It is a wonderful transformation of the depot formerly oc- cupied by the Pennsylvania Railway Company. Every- thing for which a place. can be found in the house is purchaseable at Wannamaker's excepting, perhaps, groceries and meat. To fully enumerate its variety is an impracticable and un- necessary task. Of course, old-fashioned and conservative business people said Wannamaker would fail in his great enterprise. They were mistaken. He is the first mer- chant of his city. JOHN WANNAMAKER. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 327 GEORGE I, KING OF GREECE. Born in ix-i~>. GEORGE I, the king of Greece, or king of the Hellenes, has been king for a quarter of a century, or since he was but eighteen years of age, when he was elected to the Hellenic throne. He finds it a hard job to rule the modern Greeks or keep their favor, and has never been too firmly establish- ed on the throne. More than once during his event- ful career it seemed as if King George would even have to abandon the throne. Neither can it be said that, undor his reign, agri- culture has much improved or even that brigandage has diminished. The relations between Greece and European pow- ers (except France and DC- 11 mark) are not altogeth- er friendly, as Greece re- sents the action of the powers in forcing her to desist from war with Tur- key in the spring of 1886. GEORGE i, KING OF GREECE. Like Servia, Greece resented any disturbance of the exist- ing order of things by which she did not profit, and armed iicr>elf in preparation for a general conflict, advancing her claims to Epirus and Thessaly, based on the award of the Berlin conference; but she was ordered by the powers to dis- band her armies. The population of the country is about two millions, with an army of thirty-five thousand men. 328 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. MURAT HALSTEAD. Born Sept. 2, 182!). THE great journalist, Murat Halstead, is a native of Ohio, being born in Paddy's Run, in Butler county of that state. He spent the summers on his father's farm, and the winters in school until he was nineteen years old. He then taught school for a short time, entered Farmer's college, near Cin- . cinnati, Ohio, whence he graduated in 1851. He had already contri- buted to the press, and after leaving college, be- came connected with the Cincinnati "Atlas," and later on with the " Enquir- er." He afterward estab- lished a Sunday school paper in that city, and din- ing 1852-53 worked on the "Col umbian Great West, " a weekly newspaper. After working on the Cincinnati ' ' Commercial " a short time, he bought an interest therein, and in 1867 its control passed in- to his hands. After pursuing for a time a course of independent journal- ism, he allied himself with the republican party, which he has since supported. The Cincinnati "Gazette" was consolidated with his paper in 1883, and he became president of the company that pub- lish the combined journal under the name of the "Commer- cial-Gazette." MTTRAT HALSTEAD. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 829 WILLIAM C. ENDICOTT. Born Nov. 19, 18&. THE prominent lawyer and statesman, William Crownin- shield Endicott, is a native of Salem, in the state of Massa- chusetts. He is a direct descendant of ex-gov. John Endicott, and a grandson of Jacob Crowninshield. Graduating at Harvard in 1847, he studied in the law school and with Na- thanael J. Lord, and was admitted to the Massachu- setts bar in 1850. He then practiced law until 1873, when he was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts, which office he held for ten years, when he resigned. Mr. Endicott was origin- ally a "whig" in politics, but when that party was broken up, he joined the democrats, and was a can- didate of that party for the governorship of Massachu- setts in 1884, but received defeat, although he was very popular, and polled quite a large vote. In March, 1885, he was appointed secretary of war, which position he still holds (1888). The war department was es- tablished by act of congress in 1789. The secretary of war is at the head, and performs the duties respecting military affairs, subject to the wishes of the president, of whose cab- inet the secretary is a member. The duties of this office are manifold, requiring a general supervision of army affairs. WILLIAM ('. KNIMCOTT. 30 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JOHN M. HARLAN. Born in 1833. THE subject of this sketch, John M. Harlan, before he became a justice of the supreme court, was well known as a politician and public speaker. Judge Harlan is a native of the state of Kentucky, and still remains one of the citizens of that state. Early in life he studied law, and before he had attained his thir- tieth year was elected at- torney - general of his state. In 1877 he was appoint- ed by President Hayes to the position of justice of the supreme court of the the United States, which he still retains. The duties of the supreme court are very arduous, and the increase of appeals made to it grows larger every year. Justice Har- lan says : "In 1803 the whole number of cases on the docket of the supreme court was fifty-one. In 1819 there were one hundred and thirty- one cases. But in 1860 the number had increased to three hundred and ten, of which ninety-one were determined during the term. In 1870 the docket contained over six hundred cases; in 1880, over twelve hundred; and in 1886, nearly fourteen hundred, of which four hundred and fifty-one cases were disposed of dur- ing the term." This shows the heavy work that falls to the lot of the justices of the supreme court. m JOHN M. HARLAN. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 331 HENRY L. MULDROW. Born about 1835. THE lawyer and politician, Henry Loundes Muldrow, is a native of the state of Mississippi. After studying law he was admitted to the bar in 1859. When the war broke out, he entered the confederate army and served four years, rising to the rank of colonel. In 18T5 he was elected to the state legislature, and two years later was sent to congress. Here he con- tinued until 1885, when he was chosen for the first assistant secretaryship of the interior department. The department of the interior was established by act of congress in 1849. At the head of the depart- ment is the secretary of the interior, who is charg- ed with the supervision of public business relating to the following subjects: Public lands, including HENRY L. MULDROW. mines; the Indians; pensions and bounty lands; patents for inventions; the custody and distribution of publications; ed- ucation; the census; government hospital for the insane; Columbia asylum for the deaf mid dumb; and the territories of the United States. There are two assistant secretaries and a large clerical force in the general office, to say nothing of the employes in the different bureaus of the department. Some idea can, therefore, be seen of the work that would naturally fall upon the shoulders of Mr. Muldrow. 332 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JOE MULHATTAN. Born about 1845. IN 1884, as a joke, Joseph Mulhattan was nominated for president of the United States, by the drummers' national convention, held in Louisville, Kentucky, on the ticket of the "business men's reform party. 1 ' Mr. Mulhattan professed not to regard his nomination as a joke, but spoke of it quite seriously. In an interview at the time he said: "There are two hundred and fifty thousand drummers in the United States, and though we do not expect a large vote this time, we shall make a good showing, and organize for the next cam- paign. This year we had to do everything inside of a week, and we did not have time to get properly orga- nized. The drummers are good canvassers, and they will stump the country from Maine to California; so, you will see, we shall have lots of stump speak- ers on the road. We may carry a state or two, and JE MULHATTAN. thus throw the election into the house, and in that case the present political parties will have to compromise with us. I have always been a democrat, but now I suppose I shall have to call myself the leader of the business men's reform party. In 1888 the drummers propose to down the bummers." THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 333 Joseph Mulhattan was born near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of a presbyterian minister. He was educated at Pitts- burgh, and graduated with honor in the high school of that city. Upon leaving school he began business life with a hardware firm in Pittsburgh, and in a short time he was sent on the road as a drummer for the house. Subsequently he en tered the employment of a firm of wholesale hardware mer- chants, Louisville, Kentucky, and began to travel in their interest. His peregrinations were extensive, over the south- ern and southwestern part of the United States, and had been continued six years for one concern, when he accepted an engagement from a Louisville house who had an establish- ment at Galveston, Texas, which was made Mr. Mulhattan's headquarters. Having traveled about a year in Texas and Mexico in this position, he returned to the service of the Louisville firm who first employed him, with whom he still remains. His experience as traveling salesman has been a great success. Mi 1 . Mulhattan is a remarkably bright and clever business man, is genial and tender-hearted, sunny of disposition, truthful, excepting in joke, and apractical philanthropist. A year ago he organized the Kentucky humane society, and has worked hard since to promote the success of this benevolent enterprise. He is still a bachelor, having, as he says, refused all offers of marriage and never made one. In personal appearance this ex-presidential candidate is very pleasing. He is a small, and shapely man, about five feet five inches in height, and weighing one hundred and thirty-five pounds. His hair and beard are dark, and heavy dark eye-brows reach acro>s his nose. He speaks with astonishing rapidity, and is quick in all movements. His blue eyes give the impression of com- prehensive observation. Slanderous attacks on Mulhattan would fail of their purpose; he is a good man, and is highly esteemed wherever he is known. 384 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. The expression "the greatest liar in America," as applied to Mr. Mulhattan, must be understood with modification. It has been given him on account of the harmless weakness with which he beguiles the monotony of selling hardware all over the country east of the Rocky mountains. " Joe Mulhat- tan " is known everywhere in connection with the authorship of newspaper yarns as surprisingly clever and impossible as the creations of Baron Munchausen.' They are as entirely harmless as brilliant in conception and treatment, such as only a pure-minded and educated gentleman of exceptional endowments can write As a rule they have been used with- out remuneration to the author, who has sometimes done graver work for the magazines and newspapers for pay, and with the conscientious regard for trustworthiness which characterizes ail Mr. Mulhattan's merely business operation. Apart from these his genius takes wing and indulges in flights which amaze by the sublime range of their unveracity. Hence the .epithet applied to this American Munchausen, which he never resents, because his unassailable character as a business man and good citizen gives the proper limits to its application. "The champion liar of America," a variation in phraseol- ogy which some affect in speaking of this ex-presidential can- didate, is credited with the enormous feat of " laying out " Tom Ochiltree, who, with characteristic chivalry, acknowled- ged his defeat. Threats were made of sending him to con- gress in Tom's place on this account, and he had to leave the district in order to avoid what was, at that time, an un- desirable consummation. The story which produced such momentous results is briefly .outlined as follows: A huge meteor fell from the heavens, crushing houses, people, cattle and trees by its stupendous weight. So enormous was its ponderosity that its fall imbedded it two hundred feet in the earth, and left seventy feet in height still exposed to the light of day. This meteor was red hot, blasting everything THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 335 about it, and from huge fissures in. its substance* proceeded sulphurous gases of baneful strength. The Fort Worth Gazette published this incredible fabrication in collusion with its author. An associated press agent read the account, in his hunger for news swallowed it, and telegraphed it to the main office in New York, from whence it was distributed the length of the United States. The morning after its univer- sal publication, the Gazette received one hundred and four- teen telegrams of inquiry respecting the alleged phenomenon, of which several were from Europe; and letters asking for further imforrnation poured into the office for months. Even more horrifying was the alleged discovery of five skeletons found in a carriage in a lonely place on the wild prairie of Texas. This little story had the distinction of being illustra- ted in several weekly publications, and is most devoutly be- lieved by a great multitude which no man can number. When the readers meet with a circumstantial account of hidden rivers being found here or there, of vast bodies of water deep under ground, the haunts of eyeless sharks and whales and other monsters who swim in its waters of untold depth, upon which icebergs float, he is exhorted to think of Mulhattan; and the ethnologist and geologist are warned against believing all they see in newspapers about newly discovered works by prehistoric man. How many persuasively written and circumstantial fabrics of lies Mr. Mulhattan has written probably only their author knows. Recent oft-repeated accounts of John Wilkes Booth having been seen in many places, which have caused great excitement, had their origin "on the road;" and that biggest of all " sells," his " great national joke," as Mulhattan calls it, was characterized with his usual felicity of expression. Everybody refnembers it, and the time of its origin, 1870. A proposal was published all over the country to remove the bodies of Washington and Lincoln to the centennial exhibi- tion, and charge fifty cents a head to view them. 336 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEORGE A. JENKS. Born in 1836. GEORGE A. JENKS was born in the state of Pennsylvania. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and has followed the practice of his profession. Mr. Jenks was elected as a representative from his district to congress, serving one term in that body. In 1885 he was appointed assistant secretary of the interior, the ardu- ous duties of which posi- tion he fulfilled with great executive ability and faith- fulness. In July, 1886, he was transferred from the posr tion of assistant secretary of the interior to that of solicitor general, which of fice he still retains. It is the duty of the de partment presided over by the attorney - general to consider and report on the questions of law submitted by the president or the head of any executive de- partment, and also to conduct and argue the case of the gov- ernment in any suits at law in which the United States may be interested. Beyond this, the attorney-general has the su- pervision of the United States district attorneys and their assistants, and the superintendence of lawsuits in which these local officers are engaged. United States marshals and clerks of the federal circuit courts are likewise under the authority of the department of justice. This office has also the editing and publication of legal opinions and court decisions. GEORGE A. JENKS. THE HLOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 337 CHARLES B. FARWELL. Born July 1, 1823. THE successor of the late Gen. John A. Logan to the Uni ted States senate' was Charles B. Farwell, a native of Painted Post, in the state of New York. His education was gained at the Elrnira academy in that state. When he was fifteen years of age, young Farwell's father removed to Illinois, settling upon a farm in the county of Ogle, where the subject of this sketch did the work that usually falls to the share of farmer's sons, but at the same time learning something about surveying. But Ogle county was not suited to his taste, and he went to Chicago when he was twenty-one years of age, the possessor of a good store of pluck, per- severance and energy. He was given a position in the county clerk's office, and it is related that, dur- the illness of his superior, he virtually ran the office for a period of four months. In addition to his duties in this office, he obtained employment in a dry goods house to work in the evenings. Saving money from his wages, in less than two years he began the purchase of real estate. During 1841-49 he was a clerk in a real estate office, and when he left that office he entered a private banking house, where he remained until the year 1853. In that year he was CHARLES B. FARWELL. 338. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. elected county clerk of Cook county, holding that office until 1861, giving entire satisfaction. The war gave him a chance to invest in commercial trans- actions the money he had accumulated, and he began to grow rich. In 1864 he bought an interest in the dry goods house of his brother, John V. Farwell, and his tremendous energy assisted in building up for the firm an extensive business which it still retains. Financially, Mr. Farwell is a very wealthy man indeed, being rated a millionaire several times over. In 1870 he ran against John Wentworth for congress and defeated him in one of the most bitter campaigns ever ran in the state of Illinois. He was re-elected in 1872 and again in 1874. Four years later he again came forward as a can didate for congress and was again elected. His service i i the lower house was creditable alike to him and to the dis- trict he represented. In 1885 he was a candidate for the nomination as senator against Logan. There was said to be a time when Farwe 1 and Logan were far from being friends politically, but it is understood that their differences were patched up long be- fore the death of Gen. Logan. On the death of Gen. Logan, Mr. Farwell succeeded him as Senator from Illinois. His term of office expires in 1891. JUDGE THOMAS M. COOLEY. Born Jan. 6, 1824. MR. COOLEY is a native of Attica, in the state of New York. Removing to Michigan in 1843, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at Adrian in 1846, where he settled permanently two years later. In 1857 he was appointed to compile the statutes of Mich- igan, which were published in two volumes. About this time THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 339 he was also a reporter of the Michigan supreme court, una published eight volumes of reports. In 1850 he became professor of law in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and held the position for many years. In 1864 he was elected a justice of the Michigan supreme court, but was defeated for re-election in 1885. Mr. Cooley has published a " Digest of Michigan Reports" in 1866, and a' k Treatise on Constitutional Limita- tions of the Legislative Power of the States " in 1868, on which latter work largely rests his fame as a jurist. Several years ago he served with E. B. Wash- burne and Allen G. Thur- man as an advisory com- mission to settle trunk-line disputes, becoming sole ar- bitrator on the withdrawal of his fellow-commission- ers. In 1886 he was re- receiver of the Wabash. Of Judge Cooley it is related that in early life he was not thought to be much of a lawyer; and, indeed, he once aban- doned that profession for farming, and bought one hundred acres of land near Adrian, which for a long time claimed more of his attention than did his profession. Falling in love with a rosy young lass, the daughter of a farmer, his timid proposal to the old gentlemen was emphat- ically rejected, who darkly swore that no child of his should marry a man that could not earn his own living. The young lady consented to elope, however, and married "Torn" despite her father. He is now chairman of the inter-state commission. JUDGE COOLEY. 340 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CAKOL I, KING OF ROUMANIA. Born in 1839. CAROL I, king of Roumania, is the son of Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. He was elected prince by the national assembly of Roumania in the year of 1866, and proclaimed king in 1881, succeeding Prince Alexander John I, who had been deposed by a revolution. In 1869 he was married to Princess Eliza- beth von Neuwied. Roumania is governed by a parliament of two houses, elected by the peo- ple. The executive power is vested in the king, with the limitation that all roy- al acts must be sanctioned by a responsible ministry, thus checking the powet of the monarch. The population of Rou- mania is estimated at a lit- tie over five millions. This country maintains a stand- ing army of eighteen thou- sand soldiers, and could, in case of war, place one hundred and fifty thousand soldiers in the field. The expenses of the government gen- ally exceed the revenue, and at the present time there is no surplus in the treasury. The indebtedness of the country is something over one hundred and fifty million dollars, the interest on which is a constant strain upon the taxpayers. The king is fifty years of age, a brave soldier, and well-be- loved by his subjects. CAROL I, KING OF ROUMANIA. THE REVIEW. THOMAS E. BENEDICT. Born in 1839. THE subject of this sketch, Thomas E. Benedict, is a native of New York. He is a printer and publisher by trade, and for SOUR- years ran a political paper in aid of the New York democrats. He was elected and served three years in the legislature of his native state. In 1886 he was appointed to the position of public prin- ter at the national capital. The government printing office is the largest print- ing and binding establish- ment in the world. It does all of this kind of work that is needed by the gov- ernment, except the fine work specially entrusted to the treasury bureau of en- graving and printing. The public printer is un- der heavy bonds to account for the money received by him, and on the strength of these bonds, money is advanced to him by the secretary of the treasury to keep the office "going" until the work is finished and charged to the proper appropriation. Congressmen and executive officers authorized to order printing at government expense, deal directly with the pub- lic printer, who is accountable chiefiy to the congressional committees on printing. The average number of persons em- ployed in this department is fifteen hundred. They arc \\vll paid, but retain their places only by favor of the managers or of congressmen who claim the right of work for proteges. THOMAS E. BENEDICT. 342 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. FKEDERICK DOUGLASS. Born about 1817. THE colored people of America are now very thoroughly organized for the protection of their rights, and at their na- tional convention a few years ago at Louisville, Kentucky, Frederick Douglass, the famous colored orator and journal- ist, was elected permanent chairman. The colored men could not find among their num- ber a more able and trust- worthy leader, or a man of more influence in political councils. Mr. Douglass is- not aware of the exact date of his birth, but thinks that it was in the year 1817. His father was a white man and his mother a negro slave; and his birthplace was Tucakahoe, on the eastern shore of the Mary- land, a place noted for the sterility of its soil and the wretchedness of its inhab- itants. He was reared as a ne- gro slave on the plantation of Col. Edward Lloyd; and at ten years of age was transferred to a relative of his owner, at Baltimore. Mr. Douglass endured great suffering as a slave, which was the more keenly felt on account of his extraordi- nary intelligence. The story is familiar how he first learned to make the let- ters of the alphabet, by studying the carpenter's marks on the planks and timbers, in the ship-yard at Baltimore. He FREDERICK DOUGLASS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL- REVIEW. 343 used to listen to his mistress reading the bible, with a curi- ous interest, and lie longed to learn the secret which enabled her to read and enjoy the holy book. One day he asked her if she would not teach him to read. The good lady consent- ed, and he proceeded with such aptitude and rapidity that his master, who did not believe "in teaching niggers to read," summarily put an end to the good work. In spite of every obstacle which was thrown in his way, he at length learned to read, and in company with another young man started a Sunday school. This excited the righte- ous indignation of the church people, and the Sunday school was rudely broken up at one of its sessions. The sensitive nature of our young hero began to chafe under the hardships to which he was subjected, and the ig- nominy which rested upon his race. His whole soul was in rebellion, and he resolved to break away from his bondage. For many years he kept secret the manner of his escape, but it was made known not long since. Procuring what was called sailor's protection papers from a friend who had been a seaman, and making himself up to answer the description in it as nearly as possible, he boarded the train at Washington and succeeded in reaching New York. Thence proceeding to New Bedford, Massachusetts, he married a colored woman-and settled down. He worked here until 1841, when he attended an anti-slavery convention at Nantucket and spoke so eloquently that he was immedi- ately employed as a lecturer by the Massachusetts Anti-Sla- very society, and for four years he lectured with' success. In 1845 he published his autobiography, and made a lec- turing tour of. Great Britain, where one hundred and fifty pounds was contributed for the purchase of his freedom. In 1M7 he established a weekly abolition paper. He was a presidential elector for the state of New York in 1872. Mr. Hayes appointed him United States marshal for the District of Columbia. H44 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ADMIRAL LUCE. Born March 23, 1827. THE noted naval officer, Admiral Stephen Bleecker Luce, is a native of Albany, in the state of New York. Entering the navy as midshipman in 1847, he was com- missioned lieutenant commander in 1862, commander in I860, captain in 1872, commodore in 1881, and rear-admiral in 1885, filling these posi- tions with great skill. In 1862 he served on the frigate "Wabash," which was at that time at- tached to the blockading squadron on the coast of South Carolina; and par- ticipated in the battles of Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal. The same year he commanded a h o w i t z e r launch during an engage- ment with the confeder- ates. Also in 1863 he com- manded the monitor Xan- tucket,'' and later com- manded the "Pontiac." During 1869-70 he was on the steam-sloop kt Juniata." From 1884 to 1886 he was president of the United States naval college; and in the lat- ter year he was appointed commander of the North Atlantic Squadron. This great naval officer was a founder of the United States naval war college, and was also instrumental in the establishment of the naval training school; and has written a Wv>rk on * Seamanship," and edited "Naval Songs.' ADMIRAL LUCE. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 345 JAMES W. HYATT. MR. HYATT is a native of Norwich, in the state of Con necticut, and still has his residence in that city. He has been distinguished as president or manager of various rail- road companies, in which positions he has always shown marked ability, both from a business and financial stand- point. Indeed, for ten years he was a bank com- missioner of the state of Connecticut. He has also served as a member of the state sen- ate. In January, 1887, he was appointed a national bank examiner for the states of Connecticut and Kliode Is- land, and toward the end of the same year he was made treasurer of the Uni- ted States. This office was establish- ed in 1789. The treasurer and assistant-treasurers (at the sub-treasuries throughout the union i receive all munevH paid to the United States government. Payments of m^ney are made by the treasurer upon warrants issued by the sec- retary. The treasurer is also fiscal agent of the United States, in paying on demand the intere.it on the public debt, and re- deeming in coin such United States notes as maybe pn nt- ed. He also pays the salaries and mileage !'ee>. and s> t'.n-th, of the house of representatives. The treasury also receives :md disburses the funds of the postoftice department. JAMES W. HYATT 346 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. WILLIAM LEE TRENHOLM. Born in 1836. THE subject of this sketch, William Lee Trenholm, was born in the state of South Carolina, and received a very fair education. When the war broke out he joined the confederate forces, and served gallantly through the war. In 1865 he resumed business in Charleston, continuing it for a number of years. In 1885 he was appointed one of the commissioners of the civil service of the United States. Previous to this he had held no pub- lic office, except that of city alderman for a term of two years. In 1886 he was transfer- red from his office of com- missioner to that of the comptroller of the curren- cy- Like his father, who was secretary of the treasury in the southern confeder- a c y , Mr. Trenholm has shown a taste for questions of finance, and was, previous to his appointment, well known to the American public through his numerous writings and public addresses. . The office of the comptroller of the currency dates only from 1863, and is the outgrowth of the national banking system established during the war. This office has charge of the national bank note issue. WILLIAM LEE TRENHOLM. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 347 LEOPOLD II, KING OF THE BELGIANS. Born in 183,'t. THE king of the Belgians, Leopold II, has been on the throne nearly a quarter of a century; and if he should reign till he reaches the age at which his father died, he will be king up to the year 1910. He is the son of Leopold I, the father being before his election to the throne of Belgium a prince of the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leo- pold II succeeded his fa- ther in 1865. The first part of his reign was uneventful, but in 1870, on the outbreak of the Franco-German war, the position of Belgium was naturally one of great anxiety; but a neutrality was maintained through the influence of the pow ers, and notably that of England. The king was married in 1853 to Marie Her.riette, daughter of Archduke Jos- eph of Austria. Three daughters have been born to them, but no sons; and as the royal succession is in the direct line of heirs male, the king's eldest brother Philippe, Count of Flanders, is heir apparent. Wage-workers in many parts of the state are infected with socialistic doctrines, and strikes and riots frequently occur. Among King Leopold's many philanthropic efforts is the International African Association for opening up the Congo to trade, of which he was the leading spirit, and Henry M. Stanley the executive. LEOPOLD II. 348 THE BIOGRAPHICAL EEVIEW. GEORGE F. HOAR. Born Aug. 29, 1826. A CORRESPONDENT speaks of Senator Hoar as a round-faced, fair-skinned man, with features like those of Horace Greeley; looks out through big spectacles at the gallery, and his hands nervously play with a bunch of keys as he does so. This gray-haired, cannon-ball-headed senator, who sits there and plays with these keys all day long, is the senator from Mass- achusetts. When rising to speak he passes the bunch from one hand to the oth- er, and as he sits and thinks of his Massachusetts gene- alogy, and of the close line which divides the Massa- chusetts mugwump from a Massachusetts republican, his actions become nervous and a pronounced jingle of the keys may be heard in the press gallery. It ap- pears that without these keys he would indeed be lost. The correspondent fur- ther says that " the play- ing with them has become a part of himself, and I am told that he has a pocket for them in his night-shirt, away down at the side corresponding with the pocket of his pantaloons, and that he sometimes gets them out in his dreams." George F. Hoar, of Worcester, Massachusetts, was born at Concord, of that state, and studied at Concord academy and Harvard, graduating from the latter in 1846. GEOKGE F. HOAR. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 349 After studying law. he graduated from the Daur law school of Harvard, and settling in Worcester, was there admitted to the bar. Mr. Hoar was a member of the state house of representa- tives in 1853, and of the state senate in 1857. He was elect- ed, as a representative, to the forty-first, forty-second, forty- third, and forty-fourth congresses, and declined are-nomina- tion for the forty -fifth session. From 1874 to 1880 he was an overseer of Harvard col- lege. He presided over the Massachusetts republican con- ventions of 1871, 1877, and 1882; was a delegate to the re- publican national conventions of 1876, 1880, and 1884; and presided over the convention of 1880. Mr. Hoar was one of the managers, on the part of the house of representatives, of the Belknap impeachment trial in 1876; and was a member of the famous electoral com- mission during the same year. To the Smithsonian Institution he has been a regent, and also president of the American Antiquarian Society. In 1877 he was elected to the United States senate as a republican, was re-elected in 1883, which term expires in the year 1889. Mr. Hoar is a gentleman whose culture represents his na- tive state, and he is numbered among its most earnest phil- anthropists. WILLIAM F. VILAS. Born in July, 1840. THE steady and consistent democrat, William F. Vilas, is a native of Vermont, but at the age of eleven years removed to Wisconsin. After graduating from the Wisconsin state university, he studied law at Albany. During the civil war lie served as an officer in a ivgmicnt from his adopted state. The attention of the general public 350 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. was first attracted by him through a speech at a banquet of the army of the Tennessee in 1879. So eloquent was this ad- dress that it made him the cynosure of all eyes. Mr. Yilas is one of the foremost lawyers of Wisconsin, practicing at Madison, where he is a popular citizen. He was commissioned to revise the statutes of his state; the state university made him a regent, and also a professor in its law school. In July, 1884, he came into nation- al prominence, having been chosen chairman of the democratic national con- vention at Chicago. He was also made chairman of the committee entrusted with the commission to formally announce to Mr. Cleveland his nomination to the presidency of the United States. As an orator he has gained a national reputa- tion for his eloquence. As a rising man of the bar, he is considered to WILLIAM F. VILAS. have great prospects of becoming a most eminent jurist. In the democratic party he is also considered a leader, and one who is yet destined to play a most prominent part in the po- litical arena of the nation. In the Cleveland-Elaine campaign of 1884 he was most active in the western states, and through his ability did much to effect the election of Cleveland. As a reward for his ser- vices he was appointed postmaster-general by the president in 1885; and in January, 1888, he was appointed secretary of the interior. T1JK niOORAPHICAL REVIEW. 351 HARRISON H. RIDDLEBERGER. Born Oct. 4, 1844. MR. RIDDLEBERGER was born in Virginia, received a com mon school education, and had a home preceptor for two years. Serving three years in the confederate army, he held the rank of second and first lieutenant of infantry and cap- tain of cavalry. Mr. Riddleberger is a lawyer by profession, and served as attorney for the common- wealth for two years, also two terms in the house of delegates, and one term in the state senate. Since 1870 he has edited three newspapers, "The Tenth Legion," The She- nandoah Democrat," and the " Virginian." Until 1875 he was a member of the state committee of the conservative party; in the year 1876 he was a presi- dential elector on the dem- ocratic ticket; and also an elector on the read j uster HARRISON H. RIUDLEBERGER. ticket in 1880. By a combination of circumstances not unusual in politi- cal bodies, Riddleberger, the only member of the upper house not elected as a representative of either of the great parties, holds what is practically the balance of power, as the sen- ate contains thirty-eight republicans, thirty-seven democrats, and one independent, the latter being Senator Riddleberger, whose position is naturally an interesting one, and a source of anxiety to both sides of the house. 352 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW Mr. Riddleberger in the first part of his terra general- ly co-operated with the republicans, but later on showed a tendency to assist the democratic side. He is swayed by his own personal feelings in regard to public matters, and no one can tell how he will vote on any given proposition upon which he has not previously declared himself. With \io party ties to bind him to support caucus resolutions, his individual prejudices or fancies may swing him to one side or the other. This feature of uncertainty in his character is a constant source of apprehension to both sides when political questions are involved. Riddleberger is not popular with the grave and reverend senators. Defeated by them for the position of sergeant-at- arrns, his late ally, Mahone, then in control of the politics of Virginia, made his erratic lieutenant his colleague in the senate, and constructively the equal of the senators who had refused him the less exalted position of sergeant-at-arms. Under such conditions Riddleberger felt under no obligations to his fellow-senators. He has been a terror to them for his utter disregard of the ponderous dignity of the senate. The rules of the body confine him within no pent-up Utica, and regardless of points of order he says and does what he feels inclined to when upon the floor. For nothing does he show such manifest contempt as he does for the sacredness of the secrets of executive sessions, which he has time and again announced as a humbug. The readjuster senator's most recent exploits was in the tactics he used to defeat the ratification of the extradition treaty between this country and Great Britain. His opposi- tion to it was based upon the assumption that it would give Great Britain the opportunity to extradite Irish suspects who had taken refuge in this country. There is no more sincere friend in the Irish cause in public life than Riddleberger, and he was determined to prevent, by all means in his power, whether regular or irregular, the proposed treaty. Day THE Hind RA PHICA L EEYIFA\ \ 35:} after day he moved to have it considered in open senate, a course which meant its certain defeat. Under the rules of the senate such a motion was out of order, but he defied the rules and insisted on a public discussion of the treaty. Final- ly he gave his fellow senators to understand that if the trea- ty was ratified in secret session he would make public the names of those who favored it. They took the hint, and the consideration of the treaty was postponed. It is a curious in- cident that one senator, without a party or without political following or allies, could thus defeat, single-handed, a great international measure. His term expires in 1889. ORVILLE H. PLATT. Born July 19, 1827. ORVILLE H. PLATT is a native of Washington, Connecticut, and received the advan- tage of a thorough classical education. After the coin- p 1 e t i o n of his college course, he took up the study of law at Litchfield, and in 1849 was admitted to the bar. He established a law of- fice in Meridian, which he has ever since maintained. In 1855 he was chosen clerk of the Connecticut state senate. In 185T he was state secretary, and in 1861-62 was state senator. During 18 64-09 he was a state representative. ORVILLE H. PLATT. He was elected to the United States senate in 1879, and received the re-election in l*s:>, which term expires in 1891. 354 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JOHN DILLON. Born in 1851. JOHN DILLON is the son of John Blake Dillon, an Irish rebel leader in 1848. Dillon the younger has no special gift of oratory, but he is a recognized leader of his party both in parliament and in appeals to the people. He is bitterly hostile to the Irish landlords and to English rule in Ireland and has often been arrested for inciting the people to violence. He was educated at the catholic university of Dub- lin. During 1879 he as- sisted Mr. Parnell and Mi- chael Davitt in founding the land league in America. Of his numerous speech- es, perhaps the most re- markable was that made at a land league meeting, in w h i c h lie expressed his opinion that the "cattle would not thrive" on the fields of the occupier of the land of an evicted tenant, and advised the men of the land league to enroll them- selves in order to resist the paying of rent. In 1886 he took his seat once more in the house of commons. He defended boycotting and re- fused to denounce outrages as long as the government re- fused to denounce evictions. At another time he very much regretted that Ireland was unable to resist England in arms. JOHN DILLON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 355 HENRI BRISSON. Born in 1835. THE French statesman, Henri Brisson, is the son of a law- yer of Bourges, and was called to the French bar in the year of 1859. In 1864, after an extended tour for his health, he returned to France, and distinguished himself, in the columns of the popular newspaper "Le Temps," as one of the leading political writers of France. And he also be- came known as a down- right opponent of the Sec- ond Empire. Upon the downfall of Bonapartisrn, M. Brisson became deputy mayor of Paris, but he soon resign- ed from that position be- cause of his inability to conscientiously deal with; the communists as severely j as his office required him to do. Elected in 1871 as a deputy to Paris, he became HENRI BRISSON. known as a politician of the highest order, and in 1879 was chosen sneaker, a position that he tilled with very great credit. In 1885, on the downfall of Jules Ferry, Henri Brisson, sorely against his will, undertook the premiership of France. He resigned, however, in the following year, and was suc- ceeded by M. Freycinet, who in turn was succeeded by anoth- er premier, so hard is it to please the changeable populace. 356 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. M. DE FREYCINET. Born in 1828. THIS great French politician, Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet, was born at Dauphine. At an early age he was apprenticed to an engineer, which trade he adopted as a pro- fession. In the year of 1870 he was chosen by M. Gambetta as chief of his military cab- inet. In 1876 this eminent statesman was elected sen- ator. A year later he be- came minister of public works, which position he again occupied in the year of 1882. On January 7, 1886, M. de Freycinet was made pre- mier of France; but on December 3 of the same year he resigned. Rene Goblet, the rninis- 'ter of public instruction in M. de Freycinet's cabinet, then formed a ministry, M. DE FREVCINET. but continued in power less than six months. France is burdened with a large and .increasing public debt, and economy seems impossible, since the army must be maintained, together with the other extrav- agances for which French voters clamor. This is principally the cause of the constant changes in the ministry, which is continually at odds with the chamber over money matters. M. Rouvior is now (1888) prime minister, who, in the past has shown great ability as a lawyer and as a financier. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 357 PERRY BELMONT. Born Dec. 28, 18TA. THE young statesman, Perry Belmont, is the son of Au- gust Beimont, the banker-politician. He was born in the city of New York, graduated at Harvard in 1872. and at the Columbia law school four years later. After he was admitted to the bar, he practiced in the city of his birth until 1881, when he was elected to congress as a democrat, serving from 1S81 to 1887. During his first term in congress he was a member of the committee on for- eign affairs, and in that capacity came into notice by his cross-examination of James G. Blaine concern- his relations with a syndi- cate of American capital- ists interested in the devel- opment of certain guano deposits in Peru. It was sought to prove that Mr. Elaine's efforts, while sec- retary of state, to mediate the differences and restore peaceful relations between Chili and Peru, were actuated through motives of a pecuni- ary nature. Perry Belmont owes not a little of his prominence to his father's wealth and political influence, although he is a lawyer and politician of no mean ability. He still occupies a seat in the house of representatives at Washington, being a repre- sentative from the first district of New York. PERRY BELMONT. 358 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. MILTON J. DURHAM. Born in 1824. MILTON J. DURHAM was born in Mercer county, in the state of Kentucky, graduated at Asbury university in 1844, after which he studied law with Joshua Bell, and graduated at the Louisville law school in 1850. For several years he followed his profession with great success, and in 1861-62 was a circuit judge in his section of the state. He then returned to his law practice at Danville, which he continued till the year 1873, when he was elected, as a democrat, to congress, and continued a member of the house of representatives for six years. At the expiration of that time he again resumed the practice of the profession of law. In 1885 Mr. Durham was appointed first comp- troller of the treasury, an office which he has filled with ef- ficiency. The duty of the comptroller of the treasury is to examine and certify accounts. The office is as old as the treasury department, but the divisions in first and second comptroller- ship date only from 1817. The comptroller literally con- trols the disbursements of the departments under his super vision, for his signature must always accompany that of the secretary of the treasury. MILTON J. DURHAM. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 359 STEPHEN JOHNSON FIELD. Born in 1816. THIS great jurist, Stephen Johnson Field, was born in Had- dam, in the state of Connecticut. When but thirteen years of age he accompanied his sister, who had married a mission- ary, to Smyrna, for the purpose of acquiring a knowledge of oriental languages. On his return he entered Williams college, and graduated in 1837, standing first in his class. Having studied law, he begun its practice as the partner of his brother, Da- vid D. Field of New York, and spent some time in European travel. In 1 849 he emigrated to California, where he was shortly afterward elected to the state legislature. In 1859 he became chief jus- tice of the state, and four years later was made a jus- tice of the federal supreme court. In 1880 Mr. Field's name was placed in nomination for the presidency of the United States at the Cincinnati convention, and he received sixty-five votes on the first ballot, a fact that at least proves the popularity of this eminent scholar and jurist. Hi- received the degree of LL. D. from Williams colh-gc. and later was appointed professor of law. He was appointed subsequently to the high place of honor of associate justice of the supreme court. s. J. FIELD. 360 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ELLEN TERRY. Born about 1849. THE famous English actress, Ellen Terry, accompanied, as leading lady, Henry Irving on his recent professional tour through this country. The greater part of the life of this lady, who is one of the most successful of English speaking actresses, has been spent behind the footlights. Her pro- fessional life began when she was a child, at the Princess theatre, London, where she assayed with striking success the role of Mamilius in the "Winter's- Tale." Mr. Kean was then manager of that theatre, and is said to have been greatly impressed with her precocity. With equal success she played the part of Arthur in the revival of "King John " at that theatre soon afterward. Miss Terry made her professional debut as Ger- trude in "The Little Trea- sure, "with Mr. Sothern in the principal role. In all her early attempts she displayed great vivacity and a careful fidelity to real life. At the new Queen's theatre in 1867 she made her next notable appear- ance, when she played Rose de Beaurepaire in Charles Reade's "Double Marriage." After an interval of seven years she reappeared in the "Wandering Heir," by Charles Reade. She received a most ELLEN TEKRY. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 361 hearty welcome on this return to the boards, and the evi- dence of improved methods and matured power in her act- ing was greeted with well-deserved applause. Shortly after her appearance in 1874, she won her first tri- umph as Portia in "The- Merchant of Venice." She made an equally decided hit as Pauline in u The Lady of Lyons." These, two master strokes following -each other in quick suc- cession, produced quite a sensation in London. The theatre was crowded nightly, and the press of the city proclaimed the rising of a new genius. The seal was set upon her grow- ing reputation, and since then she has been one of the most prominent figures on the British stage. Up to 1878 she appeared regularly in the Prince of Wales theatre; but shortly after that date she began an engagement at the Lyceum theatre, and since then her professional life has been confined to that place of amusement, where she has won enviable distinction as the coadjutor of Henry Irving. In her recent tour of this country with the Lyceum com- pany, she was accorded applause from press and public, which her excellence as an artist entitled her to. Ellen Terry has an original and most intelligent concep- tion of the part she plays, and all her efforts show evidence of careful study. Her features are not particularly hand- some, but they are very expressive. She has been twice married; her present husband is Mr. Charles Kflly, an Eng- lish actor. GENERAL LEWIS WALLACE. Born April 10, 1827. LAWYER, legislator, politician, soldier, and d.p'omat, the author of " Ben Hur" adds to these distinctions that of hav- ing written the most successful and most popular bock of the century, with possibly two exceptions, " Uncle Tom's Cabin " 362 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. and Macaulay's history. But as these have been before the public for forty years and "Ben Hur" only since 1880, it is not at all unlikely that the latter, the sales of which have already reached a quarter of a million copies, will at least equal if not in time surpass them. It has been repub- ,lished in Canada, England, and on the continent of Europe, and has been translated into German, French, Italian, Swed- i s h , Bohemian, Spanish, .and other languages. Al- though founded upon the times of Christ, with a thread of religious feeling running through its warp and woof, it has had the good fortune to find favor with all sorts of readers, catholic, protestant, and Jew. Lewis, or "Lew," as he prefers to write himself,! was born at Brookville, inj the state of Indiana. His] f father, David Wallace. was one of the most distinguish- ed citizens of Indiana; in- deed, he was governor of that state, a congressional member, a judge of the common pleas, and a lawyer, states- man and soldier. Young Lewis lost his mother when he was but ten years of age, and so far as schooling was concerned he grew up a rather unmanageable boy. His father was wont to say that he had "paid tuition for him for fourteen years and he had never gone to school one." He was not a wild and dissolute youth, but he loved solitude and nothing for companionship, GEN. LEW WALLACE. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 3fi3 lived entirely in a world of his imagination, and was an om- niverous reader of romance and poetry. From his mother he inherited a love of art, and he early exhibited a taste for drawing and painting which if duly cultivated might have made him a great artist; and such was his ambition. But art in the West at that time was considered of small account. He was reading law when the Mexican war broke out. If from his mother he inherited a love of poetry and art, from his father he inherited decided military tastes, for though but nineteen years of age at the outbreak of that war, he en- listed in the Indiana first regiment and was soon promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. ' The chief result of this mil- itary experience was the conception of his first novel, "The Fair God." While in Mexico he saw about him the evidences of a strange civilization, long passed away, which kindled his imagination and made him ambitious to make it live again in the pages of romance. And he resolved that when he returned to his home he would write that romance. It was also while in Mexico that he first heard of the young lady who afterward became his wife. Miss Susan Elston of Craw- fordsville. After the close of the Mexican war he began the practice of the law at Covington, Indiana, whence he removed to Crawfordsville Between then and the beginning of the civil war he served one term in the senate of Indiana. When the war of the rebellion commenced, Capt Wallace immediately tendered his services to Gov. Morton, who ap- pointed him adjutant-general of the state After a short period of service in this position he was appointed colonel of the eleventh Indiana regiment. Just previous to the battle at Fort Donelson he was made brigadier-general, and had command of a division. And he was the first federal gen- eral to enter the rebel lines. His gallant services at Donelson won him a major-gener alship, and he commanded a division in the army of the 364 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Tennessee on its march up the river to Pittsburg landing. Gen. Wallace fought at Shiloh, saved Cincinnati from cap- ture, and prevented Early's capture of Washington, by fight- ing the battle of Monocacy, Maryland, July 9, 1804, which resulted in his defeat, but gave Gen. Grant time to reinforce the capital from City Point. Gen. Hallack having deprived him of his command after this action, Gen. Grant re-instated him, and acknowledged in handsome terms the obligation which the country owed him in the saving of its capital city from capture. Gen. Wallace was a member of the court which tried the persons alleged to have been in complicity with Wilkes Booth, in the murder of President Lincoln; and he presided at the trial of Captain Wirth at Andersonville. After these exciting events he resumed the practice of law at Crawfordsville, and continued his literary work. He had commenced his romance, "The Fair God," shortly after his return from Mexico; he now took it up, publishing it in 1874, when it created a great sensation. In 1876, after the disputed Hayes and Tilden vote in the South, Gen. Wallace was one of the visiting statesmen to Florida to look after the count there. When Mr. Hayes was inaugurated he appointed him governor of Mexico. During 1880-8-4 he was United States minister to Turkey, and there gained the high regard and admiration of the Sultan. "Ben Hur" was published by Harper Brothers in 1880. Gen. Wallace made a tour of the Holy Land, and visited those scenes described in his great work, which he had as yet only seen in imagination. During this journey he was entertain- ed as the guest of the Sultan; palaces were placed at his disposal; a retinue of servants and a detachment of soldiers accompanied him; and he was met at the gates of Jerusalem by an official deputation. This noted man resides in Craw- fordsville with his wife and son. This lady is herself a wri- ter of considerable note, and a woman of rare mind. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 365 HON. ZEBULON B. VANCE. Born in 1830. SENATOK VANCE laughs like a boy, and his rollicking ha! ha! can be heard a block away on a cold day. He likes to laugh and he is a good story-teller, and is one of the sena- tors who has a story ready for every occasion. Senator Vance has so long been before the public in im- portant political capacities, that it is almost superfluous to speak of his ability and popularity. As a speaker he is perhaps the best re- presentative of the South, being witty, brilliant and eloquent; his appearance on the platform is always hailed with applause. Zebulon B. Vance was born in Buncombe county, North Carolina. His colle- giate education was obtain- ed at Washington college, Tennessee, and at the uni- versity of North Carolina. Studying law, he was ad- mitted to full practice in 1852, and was the same year made county solicitor. His po litical career began in 1856, when he was chosen a member of what was then called the house of commons of North Carolina. Two years later he was elected to congress and serv- ed until the outbreak of the war. Like several of the best men of his state, Mr. Vance was originally opposed to secession, but when the step was talu-n, threw his fortunes in with those of his state. As colonel of tl><5 twenty-sixth North Carolina regiment he was present at HON. ZEBULON B. VANCE. 366 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. the battle of Newbern, the seven days before Richmond, and Malvern Hill. In 1862 Col. Vance was elected governor of North Caro- lina, and in 1864 re-elected. After the "reconstruction" of the state, Gov. Yance was chosen to represent North Carolina in the senate, but not admitted, and in 1 872 handed in his resignation. He ran again for the position in 1872, but was defeated by a coalition of bolting democrats. In 1876 Mr. Vance was elected governor of the state, after an exciting canvass, by a very handsome majority. Three years later he again met his old antagonist, Col. Mer- rimon, and defeated him before the legislature as candidate for United States senator. He received the re election to the senate in 1885, and his term expires in 1891. "DON" CAMERON. Born in 1833. JAMES DONALD CAMERON or "Don" Cameron as he \A familiarly called, has acquired a national reputation as a republican "boss." Other bosses have risen up in large numbers and soon suffered a decadence of their power, but " Don " still retains his political prestige and is likely to for some years to come. He is the son of the Hon. Simon Cameron, the famous political veteran, who resigned the senatorial chaii* which the "Don" now occupies. Mr. Cameron was born in Middletown, in the state of Pennsylvania. He graduated at Princeton college, and be- gan life as a clerk in the Middletown bank, where he rose to the position of cashier. He learned railroading by engaging in the transportation of troops and supplies, and in 1866 be- came president of the Northern Central railroad, now a part of the Pennsylvania Central. His first appearance in politics THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 367 was in the cabinet. President Grant made him secretary of war in 1876, and he served the remainder of Grant's term till 18TT. When he left the office of secretary, his father, the Hon. Simon Cameron, who was growing old, resigned his seat in the United States senate, and instructed the legisla- ture of Pennsylvania to elect "Don/' It did so. The young " boss" was re-elected in 1878, and on the death of Zach Chandler in 1879 he succeeded him as chairman of the national republican committee. It is now a matter of history that if the other third term- ers of that committee had sustained his position at the Chicago convention, when he claimed that by precedent he had the right of naming the temporary chairman. Grant would have been nominated in- stead of Gartield. "Don" cannot make a speech. As a "boss" this is fortunate, as speeches have been known to rise up and ruin him that ut- tered them. He is a man with keen foresight, un- flinching determination and of great executive ability. He concedes when cdncession will win; he defies where defiance is victory. Mr. Cameron has been married twice. By his first wife he has a daughter older then his second help-mate. "Don "Cameron was re-elected to the senate in 1885, and his term expires in 1891. DON " CAMERON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 688 DON GUZMAN BLANCO. THE president of Venezuela, Guzman Blanco, was elected jn March, 1886. This remarkable man has since 1876 so far controlled political affairs in his country that the government has been practically administered by him. The government .of Venezuela is a federation of states, united by their own choice, and reserving to themselves most of the attributes of sover- eignty. As in our own country, under the articles of confederation, the laws passed by the federal con- gress are administered by state officers. The congress consists of a senate representing the states, and a house repre- senting the people. The president of Venezuela is chosen by a federal council of sixteen, which is in its turn selected by the con' gress. The population of Vei; ezuela is estimated at ovet two millions. The national expenditure is about ten million dollars per annum, the revenues generally yielding that amount. The indebtedness of the country is something over,fifty millions. Don Guzman Blanco is a well-educated anan, an expert nced statesman and wise ruler, and very popular with the people of his country. DON GUZMAN BLANCO. , THE BWGltAPHICAL REVIEW. JOHN D. C. ATKINS. Born in 1825. JOHN D. C. ATKINS is a native of the state of Tennessee. He studied law early in life, and practiced his profession in his native state. He was elected as a representative to the state legislature, and was subsequently elected to the senate. In 1857 Mr. Atkins was elected as a representative in con- gress at Washington. This position he tilled with great credit. When the war broke out he served in the confeder- ate army, and was elected to the congress of the con- federacy in 1861; receiving the election again in 1863, he again took his seat. In 1874 he was elected to the federal congress as a representative from Ten-! JOHN D. C. ATKINS. er of Indian affairs. The office of Indian af- fairs was established in 1832, and transferred to the interior department in 1849. The head of the office the commis- sioner of Indian affairs has charge of all matters arising out of treaty relations with the various Indian tribes. The ful- fillment of all agreements with these tribes, the care of the Indian wards of the government, and the discharge of duties arising out of treaty stipulations on the one hand, and out of congressional legislation on the other these are assigned to the office of Indian affairs. 370 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. COKNELIUS VANDERBILT. Born about 1845. THERE seems to have never been any doubt that the bulk of the vast fortune left by the richest man in the world would be inherited by his eldest son, Cornelius Vanderbilt, who, like his grandfather, the Commodore, and his father, had evi- denced that he knows not only how to take care of the money but to make it increase and multiply. The past of Cornelius Yanderbilt's life presents what amounts to demon stration that the Vauder. bilts' distinction as finan- cial magnates of unequal- ed majesty, will be main- tained for at least as long as Cornelius Vanderbilt shall be the head of the family. This man, upon whose broad shoulders unequaled financial responsibilities to be placed, was born at New Dorp, Staten Island, New York, forty years ago. William H. Yanderbilt, his father, was at that time cultivating a seventy-acre farm. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. He gained the rudiments of education at his mother's knee. When old enough he was placed at an academy in the city of New York, where he worked with exemplary diligence and thoroughness. He left school a well educated, if not a liberally educated, young gentleman. He was eighteen years old when he found employment at THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 871 a bank on Wall street. His business ability gratified the pride of his grandfather, after whom he had been named, and before long he was made assistant treasurer in the office of the Harlem Railroad, then virtually owned by the first of the Vanderbilts. During the year he spent in this office Mr. Vanderbilt became thoroughly aquainted with comprehensive details of railroad management, and acquired the superior executive ability which impresses men who deal with him. The Commodore died in the beginning of 1877, leaving a trifle of five millions dollars as a bequest to his promising grandson and namesake. Mr. Vanderbilt is said to have trebled this amount in the few years which have elapsed since he became possessed of it. Among the changes brought about by the death of the first Cornelius Vanderbilt, was the installment of his grandson as first vice-president of the New Central. He held this po- sition till 1883, when his father retired from the presidency of the road. Cornelius then became chairman of the board of directors. At that time he had been made a director in the Canada Southern, St. Paul and Omaha and Nickel-Plate railways, and in the Union Trust Company of New York. Of late the condition of his health has forbidden his attentions to new undertakings, however tempting to a man of his capacity and ambition. Cornelius Vanderbilt has been married about sixteen years. His wife is the daughter of a lawyer of eminence, practising in Cincinnati. The couple have five children; of whom the two eldest boys are preparing for college. Their home is a centre of elegant hospitality. It is one of the finest in New York. In public spirit and usefulness Mr. Vanderbilt is one of the leading men of the Empire city. His name is con>pK- uous among those who support the varied institutions and charities of the protestant episcopal church, and other phil- anthropic activities. 378 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HENRY IRVING. Born Feb. 6, 1838. HENRY IRVING arrived at New York in 1887 and made a professional tour in this country. His genius as an actor, his irreproachable character and social standing, have elevat- ed the histrionic art and helped to bring. about a recognition of its essential dignity. Henry Irving was born at Keinton, near Gladstonbury, Somersetshire, England, his full name being John Henry Brodrib Irving. He was educated at a private academy in Lon- don, with the view of his engaging in commercial pursuits. In pursuance of this intention, upon his re- moval from school he was placed in the office of an East India merchant; but his bias towards the stage was so strong within him that while still young he broke away from business and committed himself to the vicissitudes of the act- or's career. His first ap- pearance before the public HENRY IRVING. was in 1856 at Sunderland, in the North of England, where he essayed the part of Orleans in '"Richelieu." The next year he became very popular in the theatre Royal, Edinburgh, where he did responsible business. Two years and a half with a company including such performers as Miss Cushman, Miss Helen Faucit, Messrs. Yandenhoff, Robson, Charles THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 373 Mathews the younger, Benjamin Webster and Wright, prov- ed invaluable to the young aspirant, who, in 1859, appeared in the Princess theatre, London. His brief engagement there was succeeded by his appearance in Manchester, where he played Hamlet. By 1866 he had earned a high position in his profession, and had made his appearance on the board of the St. James' theatre, London, in various important parts. In 1868 and 1869 he acted in the Queen's and Drury Lane theatres in the same metropolis, with still increasing reputa- tion. Engagements at the Vaudeville and Lyceum theatres followed. In the last-named house his personation of Mathias in "The Bells" gave him a reputation equal to the greatest ever earned on the stage, and his place in the forefront of contemporary actors has been maintained ever since. This was in November, 1871, a date memorable in the annals of triumphant acting. His undertaking was to depict, in the language of the London "Times," "the concluding hours of life passed in a constant effort to preserve a cheerful exterior with a conscience tortured till it had become a monomania." A subsequent notable success was his part of Charles I in Mr. W. J. Wills' "^Charles the First," which was performed on consecutive nights for more than half a year. Mr. Irving's Richelieu, Macbeth, Philip in Tennyson's "Queen Mary," Richard III, his assumption of the two parts of Lesurques and Dubosc in Mr. Charles Reade's "Lyon's Mail," and his Louis the Eleventh are known, by name at least, to all read- ers of the newspapers. Hamlet especially commanded great attention from scholarly critics, and Mr. Irving's personation of this difficult character was given probably greater at- tention than any other in his wide range of parts, during his visit to America. Since 1878 he has been manager of the Lyceum theatre, London, which is described as a perfect temple of the drama. It may be gathered from considerable reading on the sul> ject that Henry Irving is a hard student with the means of 374 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. assisting his natural extraordinary histrionic perception with the observations of scholarly and .gifted people. He is a sympathetic man, and possessed of an astonishing celerity of thought and changeful emotion. He makes a skilful use of his hands in reading his lines, and their shapely beauty is said to assist the illusion wrought by his sympathetic and in- tense elocution. Lastly, Mr. Irving is always original; in all Jiis parts he is true to his own intelligent perception of the manner in which they should be played. He does not lean his back against tradition, content with the ideas of other men. He goes to the book of Shakespeare and not to the business of a scene as others have played it. The prominent actor is a tall slim man, somewhat nervous in his movements. His appearance indicates the great actor. You feel it in talking with him; but there is a cordiality and well-bred dignity in his manner that puts you at ease in his company. Here is a man who is -'every inch a king," but he don't seem to be conscious of the fact himself, and from the moment of shaking hands you feel quite at home with him. He is rather slow and deliberate in his speech, now sitting carelessly in his chair, now standing in a grace- ful pose, and now striding the room and stamping his foot impetuously at times by way of emphasis. What an ex- pressive countenance he has ! It is not handsome, but its features are'strongly marked and capable of picturing every emotion of his heart. His long nervous frame is like a deli- cately-stringed instrument, which his artistic spirit plays upon with masterly skill. No living actor has a more correct understanding of the principles of art, and his success marks an epoch in the his- tory of the British stage. Mr. Irving thinks that the Shakespearean drama is rapidly growing in popular favor; certainly in his own country, and apparently in others. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 375 GEN. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. Born in 1807. THE soldier and statesman, Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, is a na- tive of the state of Virginia. In 1829 he graduated at the United States military academy, in the same class with Kob- ort E. Lee. Mr. Johnston at once entered into active military life, and served with distinction through many battles, nota- bly those of the Indian Florida and the Mexican wars. In 18C1 he resigned from the military service of the United States, and entered the confederate service, in which he became one of its most noted generals. In 1865 Gen. Johnston was ordered by Gen. Lee, Commander-in-chief of all the armies of the confed- erate states, to assume command of the army of the Tennessee, and all of the troops in South Caro- GEN. jos. E. JOHNSTON. lina, Georgia, and Florida, "to concentrate all the available forces to drive back Sherman." Gen. Johnston was wounded in the Florida Indian- war, in the Mexican war, and in the civil war, ten times in all. After the war he was president of numerous business en- terprises, and in 1877 was sent to congress. He is now (1888) cominissioner*of railroads of the United States, being appointed by President Cleveland in 1885. Gen. Johnston has published a narrative of the late war, which attracted considerable attention. 376 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ALFRED P. EDGERTON. Born in 1813. A VARIED career has been that of Mr. Edgerton, who in his lime has been an editor, merchant, and politician. He is a native of the state of New York. Removing to north- western Ohio, he was elected to congress as a representative from his district; and so popular had he become that he re- ceived the re-election, thua being a member of that body for two terms Mr. Edgerton s u b s e - quently removed to the state of Indiana, where he now resides. He is a prominent dem- ocrat, and has taken an active part in the manage- ment of the democratic party. The educational move- ments in his adopted state have also claimed a fair share of his attention, and in which he is ever ready to take a prominent part. In 1885 he was appoint- ed to the office of civil ser- vice commissioner, in which position he has distinguished himself as a man of great ability and broad principles. The idea that the one hundred thousand or more officers of the government civil service belong to the party in power is acknowledged as a bad one, and the civil service commis- sion was established to draft rules for the administration of the civil service on the basis of merit and competition. ALFRED P. EDUERTON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 377 SAMUEL SULLIVAN COX. Born Sept. 30, 1824. MR. Cox is a native of Ohio. His father Ezekiel Taylor Cox was by trade a printer, but served in the Ohio senate during 1832-33. Mr. Cox received his education at the Ohio university at Athens, and Brown university in Rhode Island, graduating with honor from the latter institution in 1846. He shortly afterward be- gan the study of law in the office of Yachel Worth- ington, in Cincinnati, and he made the Queen city his home until 1850, when he went abroad on an ex- tended European tour. On his return he pub- lished "The Buckeye Abroad."' a w r ell written and popular work, descrip- tive of his travels. In 1853, Mr. Cox became proprie- tor and editor of the - ' Ohio Statesman," a Columbus paper, at which place he took up his abode. While editor of this paper he received the sobriquet of "Sunset" Cox, having obtained the appellation from a de- scription of a beautiful sunset witnessed by him and pub- lished in his paper. In 1855 he was offered the secretaryship of the legation to England, but he declined the honor; he, however, the same year, accepted the secretary ship of the legation to Peru, but resigned on account of ill-health. He was elected representative from the Columbus district S'AMUEL S. COX. 378 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. in the thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh, ,and thirty- eighth congresses, serving on various committees, and as one of the regents of the Smithsonian Institute. He did all in his power to avert secession and civil strife, but the war having begun he heartily supported all constitutional meas- e to account for the dismissal of employes, and the new rules offer no protection against arbitrary discharge from the public service. CHARLES LYMAN. 392 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEN. NICHOLAS KAULBARS. Born in 1845. THE noted Russian general, Nicholas Kaulbars, has seen much active service for one, comparatively speaking, of his years. During the Basso-Turkish war of 1877-78 he served gallantly in the Russian array, winning distinction as a brave and intrepid soldier. Since the close of that war he has resided in the Danube states as a trusted agent of the Russian government. In 1887 Gen. Kaulbars. was sent by the czar to Bulgaria, as his special envoy, in which mission he showed great diploma- tic skill, despite the fact of the failure of his mis- son. Gen. Kaulbars is a man of literary tastes, and has gained quite a reputation as an author. The population of Rus- sia, including Siberia, is over one hundred millions. With such a population she can place in the field an enormous army; and she will undoubtedly play a promi- nent part in the world's history if a general war breaks out in Europe. The great struggle for supremacy will indeed be terrible, for the improvements in weapons of warfare have been so great; and when that dark and ominous war-cloud that assuredly hangs over Europe bursts, that beautiful con- tinent will be deluged with human blood GEN. KAULBARS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 393 MAGGIE MITCHELL. Born in 1832. THE fnll name of this famous American actress is Mar- garet Julia Mitchell, but she is known in the amusement world simply as Maggie Mitchell. She is a native of the city of New York, where she also first appeared before the footlights. About as soon as she could toddle, she was made acquainted with the stage, and took child's parts at ffiKffiWfc^ /feltf^ V^JOjf* A .->S*oJ5.sV. the Old Bowery theatre when Mr. Hamblin was manager of that time-hon- ored edifice. At the age of nineteen she appeared as Julia in "The Soldier's Daughter," which was presented in a New York theatre. In her subsequent starring tour she played in " Kitty O'Shiel," "Satan in Paris," "The Young Prince," the "French Spy," "Mignon" and other dramas. In the summer of 1802 she leased Laura Keene's theatre, in her native city, where she produced "Fanchon," then new to the metropolis. This noted actress was married to Mr. Paddock, M.D., of Cleveland, in 1868, after the man of her choice had court- ed her with praiseworthy perseverance for a period of four- teen years. This lady is a great favorite with the public, and is well known throughout the United States. MAGGIE MITCHELL. 394 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. DK. WILLIAM JUNKER Born in 1840. THE eminent Russian explorer, Dr. Junker, began his African travels about 1876, exploring portions of Tunis and I Upper Egypt. In 1880 he went into the heart of Africa, at i his own expense, to complete the exploration of the country 1 lying in the basins of the Bahrel Ghazal and Welle Makwa rivers. From the depths of that mysterious region he has but recently emerged; and his account of the results of .his geographical, botan- ical and ethnological studies in that new field will, when published, be one of the most interesting contributions of late years to our knowledge of the Dark Continent. He is a short man, now inclined to embonpoint, though he has not yet re- gained his full measure of strength. He wears a full beard, and the general cast of his face is strongly marked. He has a plenti- ful crop of hair, worn thick and long, and brushed , , j TT i_i DR. WILLIAM JUNKER. backward, lie is amiable, frank, modest. Henry M. Stanley writes of him: "To every question he answered without reserve. He is so free, in fact, that without my asking, he is about presenting me with a map of his travels seven feet long! I can see that he has a method of his own, which, added to his peculiar patience, THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 395 love of exactitude, has enabled him to present in a sensible shape the topography of the country. " It is a remarkable survey by compass every tiny hill and every tiny stream is down, and under all I see the sturdy form of the patient, honest man doing his best with all the faculties nature gave him and education ripened for him. Looking up from his wonderful map and seeing him before me, I recognized that Russia had also given us a true and loyal-hearted African explorer. "He promised to tell the Royal and Scottish geographical societies some day what he can, and though his English is not of the best, and his appearance unimposing, I venture to say that when English geographers see his map they will forget his bad English and all else, and only see honest Junker trudging patiently with his tiny caravan, making music with his accordion to the wondering tribe of the Welle- Makwa Valley, and collating valuable facts for civilized mankind. They must admire the man's modesty. Russia will be justified in making much of this quaint hero, and in- deed any country might well be. Take my word you will like him." William Junker comes of Russo-German parentage, and was born in Moscow. He was educated at St. Petersburg and Gottingen, and studied medicine in the latter place, as well as at Berlin and Prague. At a meeting of the Royal Geographical society in London in 1887, the paper of the evening was read by the celebrated African explorer Dr. Junker, the subject being "Explorations in Central Africa." He said that he been engaged in explor- ations in Central Africa during the past seven years, and, al- though he had encountered many and serious difficulties, he had been enabled to explore the country beyond the river Welle. While he was in Africa groat changes had taken place in the country around Emin Pasha, who had so strengthened his position at one time as to be enabled to send 396 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. out troops to reduce disorderly tribes to order. Speaking of the habits of these people, Dr. Junker said: "Immorality on the part of native women was often punished by death; and if the female who lapsed from virtue happened to be married, both she and her companion in guilt were punished by the deprivation of their lives. Their clothing consisted of a piece of bark, which, upon sitting down, they pulled over their knees. The consorts of the leading chiefs were not content with the simple adornment, and had very ingen- iously learned to paint their bodies with various geometrical figures, lines, squares, and circles. This practice had been carried to so much perfection that he could only compare the appearance of the body of a woman of fashion with a va- riegated inlaid floor." Dr. Junker has been the main cause of the Stanley relief expedition to Africa, which was to institute a thorough search for Emin Bey, who led a part of the Khedive's troops in the war with El Mahdi. Emin Bey was accompanied by two explorers, an Italian by the name of Casati and a Russian named Junker. The latter saw an opportunity to steal through the environment, and after many months of hard traveling through the jungles, reached the Zanzibar coast. He at once delivered letters which he had brought from Emin Bey, end this was the first intimation the civilized world received that Emin Bey was still alive. Immediately a call went out to relieve him, and the man who expressed a willingness to undertake an expedition for that purpose was Henry M. Stanley, who, reports say, intended to secure the aid of Tippoo Tib, an Arab and slave-dealer in Central Africa. Dr. Junker has given much valuable information which will aid the search. Much has been written of the "Dark Continent" since the great Livingston began to explore the Nile, yet the in- terest manifested by explorers still seems to be as ardent as ever it was. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 397 CHAKLES COURTNEY. THE noted oarsman, Charles Courtney, is a native of Union Springs, state of New York. At and early age he evinced a fondness for equatic sports which gave promise of a brilli- ant career as a u knight of the spruce." Until a few years ago these promises of former years were rapidly being fulfilled, and he was the victor in many im- portant sculling contests. The enviable reputation which he held as a scien- tific and able sculler has been rapidly waning since the appearance of Mr. Edward Hanlan as a rival for public favor. The disfavor into which he has fallen has been caused by the many dis- appointments to which the public has been subjected, and which have been at- tributed to him, either on account of his laziness or fear of defeat. Poisoned tea, sawed boats, sand bags and midnight assailants have figured largely in the excuses he has given to his backers for his inability to justi- fy their hopes. His career, as a favorite, is certainly at an end. In the recent race at Watkins, in New York state, there was much excitement in the anticipation that Hanlan and Courtney would meet, and a howl of disappointment went up from ten thousand throats when Courtney was de- barred from rowing through some alleged foul. CHARLES COURTNEY. 398 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. WILLIAM M. SPRINGER. Born in 1836. THE subject of this sketch, William M. Springer, is a na- tive of the state of Indiana, but when he was only twelve years of age his parents removed to Jacksonville, Illinois. Mr. Springer is a lawyer by profession, but has been a mem- ber of congress since the year 1877. He is now the chair- man of the house commit- tee on territories. To say that Mr. Spring- er is a popular representa- tive and an able statesman is borne out by the fact of his being returned so many times as a representative to congress by his constit- uents, and by his selection by his fellow members to serve on many of the most important committees. At all times he has acquitted himself in a most credit- able manner. As chairman of the house committee on territories, Mr. Springer holds a position requiring great ability and good judgment. Because congress has tlie power to govern the territories despotically, it does not follow that this power is habitually exercised. The general form of the government established is liberal and suited to the desires of the inhabitants. The territories may send delegates to join in the debates of the national house of representatives on territorial questions, but no vote is allowed them in that body. WILLIAM M. SPRINGER. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ARTHUR P. GORMAN. Born March 11, 1839. ONE of the most prominent men in the great presidential contest of 1884, was Arthur P. Gorman, of Maryland. This statesman was born in Howard county, in the state of Mary- land, where he was educated at the public schools. When he was but fourteen years of age he was appointed as a page in the United States senate, and there at- tracted the attention of Stephen A. Douglas, whom he accompanied during the campaign against Mr. Lin- coln. He was continued in ser- vice in the senate until the year 1866, when he was made postmaster. He next was appointed collector of internal revenue for the fifth district of Maryland, which he held until 1869. In 1870 he was chosen to the Maryland legislature, and received the re-elec- tion, when he was chosen speaker. In 1872 he was made president of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company. Mr. Gorman was made state senator in 1875, and received the re-election in 1879. In 1881 he became a senator of the United States, and received the re-election in 1887, which term expires in 1893. The face of Mr. Gorman betokens its Celtic origin, and in repose is as expressionless as it is possible to conceive. He is one of the leading democrats of the country. ARTHUR P. GORMAN. 400 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JAMES L. PUGH. Born Dec. 12, 1820. THE subject of this sketch, James L. Pugh, of Eufaula, Alabama, is a native of Georgia, being born in Burke coan- ty of that state. He was but four years of age when his parents removed to Alabama, and he has resided there ever since. He received a collegiate education, and was licensed to practice law in 1841, being so employed when elected to the senate. His first political posi- tion was as a presidential elector in 1848 and 1856; and he served in the same capacity when Alabama declared her preference for Tilden in 1876. Mr. Pugh was elected to the thirty - sixth congress when Alabama seceded from the Union. Joining the Eufaula ri- fles in the Alabama first regiment, as a private, he was elected to the confed- erate congress in 1861, and re-elected in 1863. After the war he resumed the practice of law, and in 1874 he was made president of the state con- vention of the democratic party. In the year 1875 he was a member of the convention that framed the state constitution of Alabama. Mr. Pugh was elected to the senate as a democrat, to fill the balance of the term of the late George S. Houston, taking his seat in 1880; he was re-elected in 1884, which term expires in 1891. JAMES L. PUGH. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 401 LILLIE DEVEREUX BLAKE. Born in 1835. THE noted social reformer, Lillie Devereux Blake, is con- sidered a beautiful woman. She has well-formed features, large gray eyes, a good figure, and is always dressed in exqui- site taste. Her public as well as private discourse is season- ed with ready wit, and no lady lecturer in the land is more admired than this great so- cial reformer. She is a native of Ra- leigh, North Carolina; her father, George Devereux, was a wealthy Southern gentleman of Irish de- scent. Her mother's maid- en name was Sarah Eliza- beth Johnson, of Stratford, Connecticut, a descendant of William Samuel John- son, who was one of the first two senators from > that state. Her father died in '1837, and her mother subsequent- ly removed to New Haven, Connecticut, where she was well known for her large LILLIE DEVEKETX BLAKE. and generous hospitality. The daughter Lillie, the future favorite writer and lecturer, was a much admired belle; and in 1855 was married to Frank Umsted, a lawyer of Phila- delphia, with whom she lived two years in St. Louis, in the state of Missouri. Mr. Umsted died in 1859; and his widow, who had written sketches for "Harper's Magazine," and published a novel called "Southwold," from that date con- 402 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. tributed largely to leading newspapers and magazines. She was the Washington correspondent of the " Evening Post" in the winter of 1861, published " Kockford " in 1862, and wrote many stories for "Frank Leslie's Weekly," the Phila- delphia "Press," and other publications. In 1866 Lillie, the widow, was married to Grenfill Blake, of the city of New York. In 1872 Mrs. Blake published "Fettered for Life," a novel designed to show the legal dis- advantages of women. Mrs. Lillie Devereux Blake since 1870 has been known as one of the leading advocates of the enfranchisement of her sex, and. has written much on the subject in the newspapers since that date. Her energetic advocacy has, moreover, taken the form of eloquent public speech in lectures and addresses almost in- numerable. In appearances before committees of congress, state legislatures and other bodies having the subject of the enfranchisement of women under consideration, Mrs. Blake has manifested a thorough acquaintance with this great sub- ject in all its phases. It was owing mainly to her efforts that the bill was passed in New York state giving women the right of school suffrage. She was the person who began the movement to open the advantages of Columbia college to the enjoyment of women, which was a great gain to the cause of social reform. As a public speaker, the subject of this sketch has taken a prominent part in various political campaigns in New York and other states, the rights of women being the leading sub- ject of her addresses. She was a prominent figure at the fortieth anniversary of the women's rights convention, which was held in Washing- ton, commencing on March 25, 1888, and lasting several weeks. There were present at this convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Frances E. Willard, Mrs. Frank Leslie, Belva Lockwood, and many others. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 403 SYLVESTER PENNOYER. Born in 1831. SYLVESTER PENNOYER is a native of the state of New York, being born at Groton, Tompkins county. His early yi-ars were spent upon his father's farm; but desiring to pursue a professional career, he entered the law school of Harvard University, graduating therefrom in 1854. Armed with his law diploma, he set off for the territory of Oregon, which at that time was considered very remote. The young pioneer was admitted to practice in the inferior and superior courts of the territory, but seeing a better opportunity of making money than by the pursuit of his profession, he relinquished it and be gan business in the lumber trade. In this he persisted successfully, and is now connected with one of the largest mills in the state. Mr. Pcinioyi-i 1 is a man of culture, and wields a ready pen, as demonstrated in his editing of the Oregon " Herald " for a short time. Oregonians are proud of the wealthy pioneer settler they now place at their head as gov- ernor, to which position Mr. Pennoyer was inaugurated Jan- uary 12, 1887, and the term expires in 1801. His sympa- thies are with the people, and he is strongly opposed to mo- nopoly in any form. SYLVKSTER 1'KNNOYKK. 404 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JULES GREVY. Born Aug. 15, 1813. WHEN, in 1830, Charles X, king of France, abdicated the throne, Francois Paul Jules Grevy, then a student at Paris, was one of those who had taken part in the proceedings which had led to the revolution. After receiving a classical education he studied law in Paris t and became a prominent lawyer of that city. On the breaking out of the revolution of 1848, he was appointed by the provis- ional government a com- missioner for the Jura, and was subsequently returned by that department to the constituent assembly, of which he was elected vice- president. In 1869 he was elected jjjto fill a casual vacancy in fthe-Jura, receiving.the re ^election in the following |year. In 1871 he was [elected president of the assembly, which position JULES GREVY. he resigned in 1873; and two years later he declined a nomination for life senator. In 1876 he was re-elected by the Jura, and again appointed president of the chamber. When, in January, 1879, Mar- shal MacMahon resigned the presidency of the republic, Grevy was elected for seven years. M. Grevy enjoys the confidence and respect of all parties for his administrative ability, his high culture and the purity and dignity of his character. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 405 JAMES GORDON BENNETT. Born May 10, 1841. THE oniy son of the founder of the New York "Herald," James Gordon Bennett, became the proprietor of that news- paper upon the death of his father. This son is named James Gordon after his father, and was born in the city of New York. He of course received a thorough academic educa- tion, and no stone was left unturned in the prop- er selection of teachers to train the young man in his studies. Residing for the most part in Paris, he gives his attention chiefly to super- intending the collection of foreign news. Mr. Bennett has added to the fame of his paper by publishing in England., storm - warnings transmit- ted from the United States; by fitting out the"Jean- nette " polar expedition ; JAMES GORDON BENNETT. by sending Henry M. Stanley in search of Livingstone; and by other similar enterprises. In 1883 he associated himself with John W. Mackay in forming the commercial cable company and laying a new cable between America and Europe, to compete with the combined English and French lines. By these and numerous other enterprises he has impressed the public as being a man of liberal character and large scope of mind. And as all of these enterprises have been 406 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. heralded through the columns of the New York "Herald," that publication is now considered the most enterprising newspaper in America. Mr. Bennett has at all times taken great interest in the world of sports, especially in yachting; and in I860 he took part in a memorable race from Sandy Hook to the Needles, Isle of Wight, Great Britain. This race was won by his schooner " Henrietta," which made the voyage in thirteen days, twenty-one hours and fifty-five minutes, running against two competing yachts. In 1870 he sailed another race across the Atlantic ocean from Queenstown to New York in his yacht ''Dauntless," but this time he was beaten by the English " Cambria," which, however, arrived only two hours in advance. The New York "Herald" has been a great success from a financial point of view. Even as early as the year 1841 the yearly income of the paper was at least one hundred thousand dollars. In 1846 a long speech by Clay was tele- graphed to the "Herald," which was considered a great feat in those days. During the civil war this enterprising sheet more than doubled its circulation, with such energy did the elder Ben- nett apply himself to the management of his paper. It ac- tually employed sixty-three war correspondents, who were ever on the alert for news to telegraph to the "Herald." 1 As a collector of news the elder Bennett was unexcelled. He would read exchanges constantly, noting down an idea here and making a clipping there, that he was a veritable scrap-book of every-day events. Add to this the faculty which he possessed of knowing just what matter would en- gross the interest of the public. And daily he would sug- gest to his editorial staff themes upon which to write that would add to the value of the paper. In 1855 "The Me- moirs of James Gordon Bennett and His Times " was pub- lished, which contains much interesting matter. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 407 PROF. JOHN TYNDALL. Born in IKX). As AN exponent of scientific discoveries, Prof. Tyndall occupies the foremost place among his contemporaries, his only rival being his friend, Professor Huxley. It would al- most be impossible to over-estimate the value of the labors of these two great scientists, or their importance in the modification of the thought of the present generation. The great scientist, John Tyndall,F.K. S.,D.C.L., LL.D., was born in the village of Leigh lin Bridge, Carlow, Ireland, and was a son of a member of the Irish constabulary. He received a common school education; and his father taught him occasion- ally, constantly exercising his mind in theology. In 1839 he joined the Irish ordnance survey; and in 1844, his wishes to come to America being thwarted by his friends, he became a railway engineer. This position he exchanged in PROF - JOHN TYNDALL. 1847 for that of master at Queen wood college, where he de- voted himself to chemical research. In 1848 he became known to the scientific world as the author of a luminous treatise on "Crystals," and in 1851 repaired to the laboratory of Prof. Magnus of Berlin. In 1853 he was given the degree of F. II. S., and appointed to 408 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. the chair of natural philosophy in the royal institution of Great Britain, conjoined with the post of superintendent, an office in which he succeeded Faraday. Professor Tyndall visited the Alps for purposes of recrea- tion in 1849, and began to go there yearly for the purpose of studying the glacier formation. In 1856 he made a memorable expedition to Switzerland, in company with Professor Huxley, which resulted in a joint treatise "On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers." The adventures and discoveries of this notable scientist are recorded in the following works published by him: "The Glaciers of the Alps," published in 1860; "Moun- taineering," in 1861; "A Vacation Tour," in 1863; "Hours of Exercise in the Alps," in 1871; and "The Forms of Wa- ter in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers," in 1872. These works attracted the attention of the whole scientific world, and the popularity of this great author and scientist was- remarkable. In the meantime he had also published " Heat as a Mode of Motion," which appeared in 1863; "On Radiation" two years later; then followed a work on "Sound," and in 1870 appeared "Light." In 1872 Professor Tyndall made a lecturing tour through the United States, which resulted in adding still more to his fame as a man of great learning. Among the other more notable and later works of this em- inent man the following attracted considerable attention: "Faraday as a Discoverer," "Natural Philosophy in Easy Lessons," "On the Scientific Use of the Imagination," and "Fragments of Science," all of which appeared in rapid succession. In a life of the duration of nearly three score years and ten, this able man has wielded his pen in the cause of science with a steadiness of purpose and a persistency of will that is worthy of praise and emulation. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 409 JOSEPH E. BROWN. Born April 15. 1821. THE subject of this sketch is a lawyer, a wealthy man of business, and an experienced statesman, and his biography presents many features of interest to the American public generally. This gentleman who has played many parts on the stage of life, lives in sumptuous style in the city of At- lanta. His present term, to the office of which he was re- elected almost unanimous- ly, expires in the year of 1891. Indeed, so popular is Senator Brown, that there were but two opposing votes in the legislature of Georgia against his election as United States senator from that body. Senator Brown is a man of great learning, which with his broad and liberal views has made him a pow- er and authority on public JOSEPH E. BROWN. questions of the day. Senator Brown has grown steadily into favor as his ster- ling qualities became apparent to his colleagues and the people of his state. His long career in the rnitrtl States senate, too, has won for him fresh laurels; and the people of the North, as well as the South, recognize in him an able and eminent man. 410 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Mr. Brown was born in Pickens District, South Carolina, but became a resident of the state of Georgia when a boy, his father removing thither. After leaving Calhoun academy, South Carolina, he taught school in Canton, Georgia, and spent his abundant leisure in the pursuit of that jealous mistress, the law. He was admitted to the bar in August, 1845, but before beginning practice he attended Yale college law school, where he graduated. Thus equipped, in 1846 he opened an office and began the practice of the law, choosing the state of Georgia as his residence. Three years after he was elected to the state senate. He was a Pierce elector in 1852. In 1855 he was elected judge of the superior courts of the Blue Ridge circuit; and in 1857 and again in 1859, governor of the state. He was a democrat in politics, and in 1860 be- came a secessionist. As such he continued in the governor- ship after the war had begun. His energetic administration as a war governor led to his re-election in 1861, and again in 1863. He was opposed to the policy of Jefferson Davis as expressed in the conscript act, but threw no obstacles in the way of its being carried out in the state government which he administered. At the close of the war he was among the southern leaders who advocat- ed acquiescence in the reconstruction measures prescribed by the federal congress. When the democratic party opposed these measures he voted for General Grant in the ensuing presidential election. In 1868 he was nominated for United States senator, and was defeated, the first and only time in his life in which he has been an unsuccessful candidate. Governor Bullock made him chief justice of the supreme court of Georgia, which he held for two years. He then became president of the Western Atlantic railroad company. He filled the term out of a resigned member of the sen- ate, to. which position he was elected again in 1885. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 411 WILLIAM F. CODY. [BUFFALO BILL."] Born in 1841, WHO has not heard of the famous scout and buffalo hun- ter, yclept " Buffalo Bill ?" In 1871 he was a scout of the Western plains, being at that time about thirty years of age, and had never been east of the Mississippi river. He was a poor man, who seemed to have found his place in the world as a hunter, a "crack shot," and a desirable escort for par- ties who would see life on the border of civilization, or rather beyond it. Gen. Sheridan in those days had no lack of applications from foreign tourists for some one, the proper person, to conduct them safely through a Buffalo hunt and a camping out among the redskins. Happy were they if Buffalo Bill assumed the responsibility; and perhaps nothing surprised them more in their strange experience than to find so true a gentleman, a man so honest, trusty and high minded, where the opposite had hardly been out of the order of things. Brave, ready, keen, the perfect confidence he inspired and never betrayed was not less than the admiration he was sure to excite that personal fascination which made the corres- pondents of the London press write of the man as "sitting his prancing white horse like a centaur," possessing "the courtly manner of a grandee of old Castile," and as " fulfill- ing every requirement for a hero of romance." The fact that he is a genuine gentleman by nature, and was such when he supported his little family at Fort McPherson by his mea- ger earnings, and was a good husband and father when the contrary would hardly have been uncensured, largely explain- ed his wonderful success. Professor Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, New York, the fa- mous natural scientist, had as much to do with the develop- ment of that success as anyone. Perhaps he gave the ira- 412 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. pulse to the evolution. It was in January of 1872 that a grand buffalo hunt was arranged for the Duke Alexis, Pro- fessor Ward was honored by an invitation, which he received so late that he did not reach the hunting grounds until the hunt was over. Not a bad thing for him, however, for he found horses and hunters in plenty for the scientific ends he had in view; and then he met Buffalo Bill for the first time, and the rifle of the expert hunter was at once engaged for an expedition in the inter- ests of that scientist's nat- ural science establishment. Professor Ward's esti- mate of William F. Cody has known no decrease from that time to this. It is the old story of enthu- siastic admiration for this great scout. Cody told him of his invitation to visit New York by the Union club and the Je- romes, and his reluctance to -accept. Ward urged him to go insisted upon it; Cody should go east in his company, which chang- ed the view of the journey. Cody decided, finally, to go, but Ward must wait until Mrs. Cody could make a suit of cloth- ing for the traveler. Mrs. Cody did her best and as speedily as possible, and, so arrayed, the hunter turned his face eastward, little think- ing that he would no more return as a scout of the plains. He was surprised at the attentions he received on his journey and in New York. Everybody, of course, plied him with questions about Indians and buffaloes, and so forth; and so BUFFALO BILL. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 413 pleasingly did he respond that Professor Ward suggested that he should go before the public in New York, not with a formal lecture, but to explain and illustrate life on the plains. The character of the man was seen in his declining to do such a thing, for the reason that he found it would be questionable for him to improve the hospitality tendered him for his own pecuniary profit. He was the guest of Professor Ward on his return from the east, and while at that gentleman's house Ned Buntline came along with his play of "Western Life," and he urged Cody to take part in it with Texas Jack. That was the be- ginning of his life as an actor. He brought his family at once to Rochester, and soon after bought a home for them there. The death of his little boy, Kit Carson, was less noted by the community generally than it would be to-day, for then the subject of this sketch passed through the streets like a stranger, unless discovered and heralded by the small boy. Even now that he is famed, and one of the most successful men of the time, a great majority of the people of Rochester are surprised to learn that his name may be found in the di- rectories of 1872 and 1873, if not later "William F. Cody, actor." He carried with him, when he went to England on the visit which was concluded in 1888, successfully several large stuffed buffaloes, which were prepared at Ward's natural sci- ence establishment. Possibly it would add something to the buffaloes in the collections of many foreign as well as home museums if it were known that they were brought down by the rifle of this famous buffalo hunter. There is but one opinion concerning the man by those who know him best. The flower of England's chivalry do well to admire him; he is chivalry itself; genuine, loyal. His suc- cess in London was the evolution of his success on the plains. There was nothing phenomenal about it. He has earned it by good, hard, honest work when work gave him scanty 414 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. comforts and few, if any luxuries. When he arrived in Lon- don with his Wild West show he must have had some two hundred influential friends there, Englishmen of wealth and position many of them, who remembered their faithful guide and hunter on the plains. They believed in him, and so could believe in his show; and they were enthusiastic in giving it what we call " a good send off." It was hard for the Eng- lish public to believe that it was a private enterprise and not a national undertaking. The success of this venture was be- yond Mr. Cody's most sanguine expectations, and the money realized therefrom was a neat fortune, and which will be used judiciously. From London Cody intended going around the world with his show, and Jerusalem was on the list of cities where In- dians, buck-jumpers and cowboys were to give performances, showing how the pony express carried the news of Abraham Lincoln's election, and how the Deadwood coach was often surrounded by redskins, and what the massacre of frontier settlers was like. In 1871 Mr. Cody's wife was bravely doing her best in Rochester to save and make thrifty expenditure of his earnings. She remains on his ranch in Nebraska most of the time, looking after his business there. He does not find the reward of his labor in the shouts that greet his every entrance into the ring, nor does he wear his heart upon his sleeve, great as it is. This Col. Cody, known to fame as " Buffalo Bill, "is well up in biblical knowledge. To Mrs. Jester, his sister, of Leavenworth, Kansas, he telegraphed as follows, on his re- cent arrival in the city of New York: "Read second epistle of St. John, twelfth verse. Your brother." Turning to the verse indicated, Mrs. Jester read the following words: "Hav- ing many things to write unto you, I would not write with paper and ink; but I trust to come unto you and speak face to face, that our joy may be full." THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 415 GEORGE G. VEST. WHEN President Cleveland took up his official duties at the white house he invited into his cabinet some of the most conspicuous and ablest of the democratic leaders in the United States senate. Their places were filled by new men who, under the traditions of the senate, were not expected to participate in public affairs to any great extent until the probationary period of two years had elapsed. The organization of a cabinet out of the best tal- ent in the senate left the democratic side of the body at a great disadvantage for the time being. Garland and Bayard were both powerful debat- ers, foremost in the politi-: cal discussions of the sen- ate, and stood at the head of their party in this re- spect as far as personal leadership is recognized in the chamber. Their retire- GEOROE u. VEST. meiit brought to the front Senator Vest, a man of many marked peculiarities. He is a rapid and vigorous talker, seemingly never at a loss for a word, and while never ornate or flowery in his remarks, he observes a nicety of expression and a discrimination in the use of effective words that is the great feature of his address- es. The only drawback to his manner of speech is a certain nervousness of manner indicated by the frequent jerking of his head when excited, which is further accentuated by the 416 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. high key which his voice is pitched. During the present and the past congress he has been the chief champion of his par- ty in the senate, and has never shirked a contest with his long-headed and quick-witted opponents on the other side. With a naturally aggressive disposition, he enjoys the heat of debate, but never needlessly prolongs one after all hands have bad a chance to announce their sentiments and con- victions. The Missouri senator is a typical western politician. He serves his constituents not only in the way of throwing light upon economical questions, but helps them to get any offices that may be lying around loose. If the roster of govern- ment officials were analyzed, it would doubtless show that Missouri was by no means in the rear in the distribution of these favors. Consequently the senator is not a civil service reformer, and he does not hestitate to admit that he is not. He has a powerful influence in his own state, but he does not assume the attitude of a political boss. His reputation as a lawyer is an exceedingly high one. Senator Vest has had a varied legislative career. He was a member of the -Missouri Chouse' of representatives as far back as 1860-61. Subsequently he was elected to the lower house of the confederate congress, where he served one term. At its expiration he was elected to the confederate senate, in which he served until the confederate states resumed their allegiance. Four years afterward he was elected to the United States senate, succeeding James Shields, who had been elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Lewis V. Bogy. His present term expires in March, 1891. One of Senator Vest's most recent brilliant efforts was the presentation of the claim of St. Louis for the national demo- cratic convention of 1888. His address was in his happiest vein, and went a great ways toward swinging the tide toward St. Louis, as the sequel showed. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 417 EARL SPENCER. Born in 1835. THIS royal politician has held numerous political positions during his eventful career. A few of the more important ones will be mentioned. In 1868 he was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, and retained that appointment until the fall of the ministry in 1873. During the Disraeli administration, Lord Spen- cer took considerable part in the debates on foreign and Irish questions; and in 1880, on the return of Mr. Gladstone to office, he became lord president of the council. In 1882 Lord Spencer was again appointed lord, lieutenant of Ireland, andj arrived in Dublin on thet ) day of the murder of -Lords Frederick Cavendish and* Mr. Burke. This sad affair is spoken of as the Phoenix park murder. Lord Spencer at once applied himself to the re- EARL SPENCER. stomtion of law and order throughout the country, and despite the attacks of the Irish members, Lord Spencer stood manfully to his post until the fall of the ministry in 1885, when he resigned. In 1886 he once more accepted office, becoming again lord president of the council. This great English liberal is an ardent sports- man and a crack shot. 418 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. PRINCE OSCAR OF SWEDEN. Born Oct. 15, 1859. AMID the rumors of war reaching us from Europe comes a sweet and romantic love story. Prince Oscar of Sweden, in becoming the husband of his affianced, virtually for- feits his right to the throne and his privileges as a member of the royal family. His title of royal highness and duke of Gotland he also lays down, with the allowance voted him by the diet, or parliament, of his country. He also resigns his palace at Stockholm. In short, he will be virtually unprinced, but the barren title of Prince Bernadotte he will be permitted to use. The object of the devo- tion manifested in these astonishing sacrifices was a Miss Munck, a Swedish | beauty of little or no for- tune, daughter of an officer in the army. She was a maid-of-honor to -Prince Oscar's elder brother's wife when she contracted an en- gagement of marriage with PRINCE OSCAR OF SWEDEN. a young officer. The match was broken off, and the young lady retired from court for a time. Upon her return she met Prince Oscar, who had recently come back from a two years' trip in the royal Swed- ish frigate " Vanadis." The attentions of the royal sailor to Miss Munck were marked, and she retired from court the second time, declin- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 419 ing to receive his addresses, as her marriage to him would involve the loss of his royal dignities and more substantial advantages. She then took charge of a ward in a charity hospital of the Swedish capital, where, after great persever- ance in his search for her, he found her. When his suit was rewarded with the knowledge that she loved him, Miss Munck persisted in her intention not to marry. Prince Oscar then sought the offices of his royal mother in promoting the success of his passion, and won her consent to the union. His father sanctioned his addresses only after a long delay, being naturally reluctant, as a king and a man of the world, to yield to his son's wish to become merely a private citizen. In time, however, his sanction was obtained. The Prince is the son of Oscar II, reigning king of Swed- en and Norway, and Queen Sophia, daughter of the late Duke Wilhelm of Nassau. He is commander in the Swedish navy, and won his rank in the usual course of service and promotion. His marriage will not interfere with the prose- cution of his naval duties. In person Oscar is a man of exceptionally noble size and proportions. He stands six feet six inches in height. His hair and beard are blonde. The lovers make a handsome pair, and their appearance respectively of manly nobility and feminine grace and loveliness is proper to the subjects of a delightful romance. The first representative of tbe royal line to which Oscar belongs was Carl XIV, his great-grandfather, who was orig- inally a private soldier in the French army. His name then was Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte. lie was born at Pan, in the south of France. From private soldier he became one of Napoleon Bonaparte's marshals, but being offended with the great emperor he left the army in disgust. In 1810 he was elected crown prince and heir to the throne of Sweden, on condition of his becoming a protestant. Eight years after- ward he ascended the throne of Sweden and Norway. 420 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CLARA MORRIS. Born in 1850. CLARA MORRIS was born in Cleveland, in the state of Ohio. Her parents were exceedingly poor, and she possessed only the most meagre educational opportunities. When fifteen she entered upon her stage career as. a. ballet girl at John Ellsler's Academy of Music, and by the time she was nine- teen had risen to the highest position in the theatre. Her next engagement, made in 1869, was at Wood's theatre, Cincin- nati, where she remained one year as leading lady, during which her populari- ty largely increased. She afterward went to New York in the hope of secur- ing an engagement in that city. Her services were declined by Mr. Harris Palmer, who was at the time making money by the "Black Crook," but Mr. Augustin Daly engaged CLARA MORRIS. her to appear at the Fifth Avenue theatre, in obscure parts. Her faith in her ability did not waver notwithstanding the inauspicious beginning of her New York career; and when in the early part of the season of 1870-71, Miss Fanny Morant fell ill, she was pro- moted from a comparatively poor place in the cast of " Man and Wife " to personate Anne Sylvester. This was an op- portunity by which she took the best means to profit. Having thoroughly studied her part and conscious of her power, she played it with a success which led to her engagement for THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 421 three years, and to an extraordinary popularity. Two years of the three had been filled when she and Mr. Daly parted as a result of a disagreement. Mr. M. A. Palmer, of the Union Square Company, New York, secured her services at once, with results which were most satisfactory to all concerned. Her remarkable ability as an emotional actress was never more conspicuously seen than in "The Wicked World," which Mr. Palmer brought out in November, 1873. After completing her engagement at the Union Square theatre, Miss Morris appeared as a star in many cities of the Union. Her ability has ever since commanded a high degree of pop- ularity, mixed with sympathy c evoked by. the precarious condition of her health from time to time, which has serious- ly interfered with her work. She is the wife of Mr. F. C. Harriott, a New York merchant. The peculiarities of her acting are everywhere known. Her most severe detractors cannot deny her possession of a most remarkable ability to simulate the expression of a pow- erful emotion. Though they deny that she is thoroughly skil- ed in the detail of her art, they cannot withold from her the appreciation due to such an intensity, of feeling in her inter- pretation of emotional parts as powerfully affects her audi- ences and secures a crowded attendance wherever she appears. In the West especially, Clara Morris is a favorite, and her appearance never fails to be greeted with the greatest ap- plause. The character of Anne Sylvester in "Man and Wife," in which she made such a success, was undoubtedly the step- ping stone to popular favor, as demonstated by subsequent events, Mrs. J. Brown Potter made her debut in London in 1887 in this same character of Anne Sylvester; and though the critics were rather severe, she yet bids fair to rise in popular favor by the selection of this same character. 422 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ROBERT COLLYER. Born Dec. , 1823. THE ringing of the anvil, the glow of the forge, the wheez- ing of the bellows, a.nd the scattering of sparks under the sturdy strokes of the hammer, were the accompaniments to the early ministerial training of the eminent Robert Collyer. Like Elihu Burritt and Lyman Beecher, he kept his book ev- er before him, in his case on a little shelf, the leaves held open with a bit of iron. Thus he would catch a sentence now and then, and ponder over it as he turned the heated irons on his anvil. His mind and body progressed together through combined mental and physical development. As an author, this elo- quent minister has gained quite a reputation. He has written several works that have had a large sale. In 1866 appeared "Nature and Life; two years later "A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant," and in 1871 "The Life That Now Is." Then in 1877 appeared " The Simple Truth: A Home Book;" and in 1886 "A History of the Town and Parish of Ilkley," written in collaboration with Horsefall Turner. Also in the same year appeared "Lectures to Young Men, with Asides to Young Women," a new edition of which is now (1888) having a large sale. ROBERT COLLYER. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 423 Robert Collyer was born at Keighley, in Yorkshire, Eng- land. He received but four years of schooling, and at the age of eight or nine went to work in a linen factory, where he remained six years. Mr. Collyer was then apprenticed to a blacksmith, his father's trade being the same, and for twelve years remained at the Ilkley forge. To the duties of these twelve years he owes, no doubt, the robust frame and sound lungs which are so rare in the clerical profession. In 1847 he was converted to methodism, and on Sundays, at the neighboring chapels, gained his first experience as a preacher, and laid the foundation of his work as a min- ister. In 1850 he decided to emigrate to America, and while at Shoemakertown, Pennsylvania, obtained a license as a preach- er, working at his trade through the week. Later he became acquainted with Dr. Furness, who invited him to preach in his pulpit. He did so, thus incurring the charge of heresy, and losing his right to a license from the conference. This occurred in January, 1859, and in February of the same year he was invited to the pulpit of the Second Unitarian Society of Chicago, newly organized, with a membership of only for- ty, but which rapidly became one of the most flourishing churches in the northwest. After twenty years of work with this society, and with much hesitation, he accepted the call of the church of the Messiah, in the city of New York. The Chicago church sent to Ilkley and purchased the old anvil in Collyers smithy, and it is cherished by it as a memorial of the humble beginning of Mr. Collyer's life. The luxuriant growth of hair, streaked with white, which covers his large head, and the general cast of his features, reminds one forcibly of Beecher. He resembles him also in straightforward originality and force of will. In his essays and discourses* he uses words of Anglo-Saxon origin almost entirely, which gives a singular charm and strength to his style. 424 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. THOMAS STEVENS. Born about 1858. THOMAS STEVENS, the bicyclist who left San Francisco r California, April 18, 1884, on a bicycle tour around the world, arrived at San Francisco early in January, 1887, from Japan. With the exception of some rough treatment in China, and a little trouble elsewhere, he had retained only pleasant memories of his journey. In trying to reach India he was twice turned back on his journey, once by Russians in Central Asia and again by the Afghans on the frontier. He was thus forced to take a more roundabout way. The re- port concerning his rough treatment by peasants in China were fully corrobo- rated by Stevens, and he added that he was very glad to escape with his life. To use his own description he says: " I arrived at Can- ton October 11, 1886, by steamer from Calcutta, and proceeded up the Ki Kiang river through the province of QuangTung. At first the crowds that followed me did not make any attempt at molestation, simply pressing around me curiously. "At Ta Ho, however, two soldiers were provided as an es- cort, and traveled with me to Kingan Foo. Here the mob commenced jostling me, then took to throwing pebbles, and finally bricks. I was knocked down, and my large pith helmet alone saved my life. Soldiers warned the crowds THOMAS STEVENS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 42-5 that I was armed, but they wrenched the bicycle from me and would have demolished it had not the soldiers interfered. The mob howled and clamored for me like a lynching party, and had I not been provided with a viceregal-passport I would never have escaped the clutches of the heathens. At midnight I was packed in a palanquin and carried down to a sampan, surrounded by native soldiers, who treated me much as if I were a murderer, whom they were unwillingly obliged to guard. The mob must have numbered upward of two thousand, and the air was full of stones, my body being bruised all over. At Kui Kiang I was placed on board a steamer plying on the Yangtse to Shanghai, and then once again I breathed freely." Mr. Stevens' experience has led him to form some very decided opinions upon Chinese characteristics. While journ- eying in some parts there were nothing but narrow footpaths, which began and ended in the most unexpected places, so that sometimes he did not make over a mile an hour; and a large part of the time he was obliged to dismount and walk, owing to obstructions. Finally, at one time he gave up trying to ride and hired a boat, in which he traveled for eight days, resorting at the completion of that time to his wheel again. In Japan he received the very best of treatment, and his journey through that country was much enjoyed. Mr. Stevens is a slight young man of medium height, and has spent all of his former life west of the Mississippi as a ranchman. He was a re- sident of Kansas, and is yet a young man, being but thirty years of age. The use of bicycles is constantly on the increase, and in our large cities it is no uncommon sight to witness a dozen young men on their bicycles dashing along the streets, boule- vards and parks. And it is not only a pleasure to them but is also a- healthful form of exercise that is highly recommen- ded by all. 426 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. PROF. R. A. PROCTOR. Born March 23, 1837. As AN astronomer and mathematician, Prof. R. A. Proctor stands in the front rank of scientists; and to the most assid- uous and untiring industry he adds a brilliancy of imagina- tion, lucidity of style, and a charming regularity of purpose that give him a distinct and honorable place among the se- lect and industrious few who have widened the boundaries of exact knowl- edge, and devoted great intellectual power to the elucidation of some of the grandest themes in the ar- cana of the sciences. In 1863 this eminent man, Professor Richard Anthony Proctor, was un-' known, but now his name is as familiar as household i words in England, and in I this country even, who hasj not heard of him ? He has attained in the) past quarter of a century a prominent position both as an investigator of celes- tial phenomena and as an eloquent and instructive writer upon the most modern phases of the science of astronomy. Born at Chelsea, England, Richard was educated in his boyhood chiefly at home, because of his delicate health. Be- ing a diligent reader, his tastes inclined to history, literature, and theology, more than to mathematics or the sciences. PROF. R. A. PROCTOR. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 427 He showed a great liking for the construction of maps, and still regards charting not only as a valuable aid in scien- tific investigation, but also as a very important instructive exercise. At the age of twelve he began to read Euclid at school, and at once took to geometrical study. Biit the death of his father occurring a year later, he was taken from school, and became a ward in chancery. The property of his father be- ing mortgaged, it was several years before the estate was settled, caused by the long and tedious delays of the English court of chancery, an institution, by the way, which received a merciless scourging in a work of Charles Dickens, because of its unnecessary and vexations delays. In consequence of this delay in the settlement of his fa- ther's estate, his mother's means soon became exhausted, and young Richard had to seek employment, which he obtained in 1854. This position was a clerkship in a bank, which also aided him in getting the means of going to the university, as he was designed for a clergyman of the English established church. In 1860 he was graduated bachelor of arts; and before the year was out he had become a benedict, being at that time twenty-three years of age. Mr. Proctor's first literary effort was a nine-page article in "Cornhill Magazine " for December, 1863, on the subject of "Double Stars." Then shortly afterward appeared his first book, "Saturn and Its System, "a work chiefly remarkable for its fullness. In 1866 "The Handbook of the Stars" was ready for the press. Then followed in quick succession several works on astronomy that attracted the attention of the scientific world. Having lost his money through the failure of a banking institution on the memorable Black Friday of 1866, he \vas compelled to write for a living to support himself and grow- ing family. 428 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. With this end in view he went to London to sell his scien- tific treatises; but for three years he sought the aid of pub- lishers in vain. He was not, however, the first author, whose writings afterward brought fame and profit, who came through the same experiences. All the world knows how Shelley, to the last day of his life, had to pay for the publication of his own poems; and how Thackeray hawked around the manu- script of his " Vanity Fair." But Proctor was not the man to allow himself to be utter- ly disheartened. He persisted in writing, and if he could not get a publisher to issue his works, he was successful in se- curing the publication of a series of essays or scientific pa- pers by the leading popular magazines, for which he receiv- ed a pecuniary compensation. Meanwhile his reputation as a rising scientist was steadily on the increase in philosophic circles. In 1868 Mr. Proctor commenced writing popular science essays for the London "Daily News," and continued to do so for many years. In 1870 appeared "Other Worlds Than Ours," which had, indeed, a prompt and most remarkable success. It is a deplorable fact that had not Professor Proctor been compelled to write for his daily bread, he would have devot- ed more of his time to original research. But as stern ne- cessity was ever urging him to fresh endeavors, volume after volume was given to the world in quick succession, in order to meet the expenses of the maintenance of his family. He had, altogether, nine children, of whom three sons and two daughters are still living. It is but just to say that Professor Proctor has been sin- gularly fortunate in enunciating theories which have been subsequently confirmed, and in some cases demonstrated by new observations. And of late years he has devoted more time in original research and observations, which make his popular writings of still greater value. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. KICHAKD J. OGLESBY. Born July 25, 1824. RICHARD J. OGLESBY "Uncle Dick," as he is invariably called by the press has served with much ability in every position which he has occupied. Indeed, he has been prom- inently identified with the successful measures adopted for the welfare of the people of the state of Illinois, who have for three terms chosen him as governor. He settled in Illinois in the year 1836, his birth- place being in Oldham county, Kentucky. He re- ceived a common school education only, after which he worked for two years at the carpentering trade. He then studied law, and con- tinued its study until he was admitted to the bar in 1845. Mr. Oglesby serv- ed one year in the Mexican war, and worked for two years in the mines of Cali- fornia. He was elected to the state senate in 1860, but resigned this honorary position to enter the volunteer service in 1861. At the com- mencement of the Rebellion he was made Colonel, after' wards appointed Brigadier-general, and two years later re- ceived the title of Major-general. He resigned in 1864, and was elected governor of Illinois, receiving the re election in 1872, and again in 1884. He was chosen United States senator for the term ending 1879. RICHARD J. OGLESBY. 430 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Mrs. Oglesby, the mistress of the executive mansion of Il- linois and the leading lady of the state, is the eldest daughter of John G. Gillett, a prominent and well-known citizen of Elkhart, Illinois, and possesses many of the marked charac- teristics of her father. The first husband of this lady lived but a few years. Her son by that marriage, Mr. James H. Keyes, is now (1888) about twenty-one years of age, a graduate of Harvard at the last commencement of that institution. In social life Mrs. Oglesby is a very popular lady. In her own house she 1 entertains with grace and ease; and.it is said that, even as the governor's wife, she makes a point of re- turning all calls in person. During the winter of 1887-88 she was not especially active in society on account of the death in October, 1887, of her grandmother, Mrs. Avia Parke, to whom Mrs. Oglesby was most affectionately attached. She is a great favorite among the children, and delights so much to entertain them. Christmas-eve of 1887 a party was given at the executive mansion at Springfield for the three little Oglesby children -- Felicity, Dick, and John and about one hundred little folks were present. In the midst of these children Mrs. Oglesby seemed just to be in her element. In person Mrs. Oglesby is tall and graceful, and of easy, elegant manners; and she fills the position of the governor's wife to the delight and pleasure of her friends, and to the universal honor and credit of that station. Indeed, there is a general opinion among her friends that she would grace the White House admirably. Be that as it may, time works great changes in the destin- ies of persons, and when the path to fame is once found out, it cannot be foretold whence it will lead them. And Mr. Oglesby has surely found that path, and is following a straightforward course. Whither will it lead? THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 431 GEN. J. C. S. BLACKBURN. Born in 1838. JOSEPH CLAY STILES BLACKBURN is a man of marked in- dividuality, and has long been a conspicuous figure in Ameri- can politics. Born in Woodford county, Kentucky, near Versailles, his early education was acquired at Bayer's in- stitute, Frankfort, and at Centre college, Danville. When twenty years old he was admitted to the bar, having read law for two years with George R. Kincaid, Esquire, of Lexington. He began practice in Chicago; but in 1860 he returned, and, like hundreds of other spir- ited young southern law- yers, left a rapidly growing practice at the outbreak of war to take his place in the confederate ranks as a private cavalry soldier. His introduction to pol- itical life had taken place the previous year, 1860, when he served as assist ant elector on the Breck- enridge presidential tick- et, and stumped the state with much of the ardent spirit so characteristic of him in after life. Gen. Blackburn served his state to the end of the war, acting as aide-de-camp to Gen. William Preston, and taking part in many of the most important battles. His reputation as a soldier was that of a dashing and intrepid fighter. At Chicamauga his bravery excited the wildest enthusiasm of the men he commanded. GKN. J. C. S. BLACK BURN. 432 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Returning to civil life in 1865, he for three years practiced his profession in Arkansas, coming back in 1868 to his native county, and there engaging again in farming and le- gal practice. Gen. Blackburn was twice elected to the state legislature, in 1871 and 1873. In 1874 he was chosen as Mr. Beck's successor in congress, and was four times re- elected. His course as a congressman has been honorable and marked by the strictest integrity. As a speaker he is fiery and an adept in the use of impassioned invective. Gen. Blackburn is a strong but not a bigoted party man, and his services haye been as valuable to the democrats in the caucus as in the halls of congress. His popularity in his district is attested by the fact that his majorities have often been dou- ble the entire vote of his opponent. In committee- work Mr. Blackburn has been especially efficient; and one of his most notable speeches was made in presenting his report from the committee on expenditures in the war department in regard to the Belknap frauds. A per- sonal controversy some two years ago with Gen. Burnside attracted some attention, and rumors as to the possibility of a duel were freely circulated. In the matter of the contested election of 1876, Congressman Blackburn was an earnest and eloquent opponent of the plan of the electoral commission. Since that time he has been most prominent as a bitter foe of official corruption of every kind and from whatever source. In personal appearance Gen. Blackburn is a typical Ken- tuckian, tall, sinewy, and muscular with a fine head, square forehead, and eyes that are by turns humorous and stern. A heavy dark mustache shades a finely cut mouth. The long experience of this democratic senator in every department of public life, his acknowledged skill and capa- city as a legislator and orator, and his undoubted integrity in political as well as in personal life make him a fit occupant of the seat once held by Henry Clay. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 433 DOM PEDRO II. Born in 1825. THE total abolition of slavery in the empire of Brazil by an act of parliament took place in 1888. The passage of this law was anticipated for a long time. For years past the emperor Dom Pedro has set his mind on effecting the abolition of slavery in the empire. As far back as 1871 a law was passed for the gradual emancipation of the vast slave popula- tion, but it was badly ad- ministered, and in many places not enforced at all. A more stringent law was passed in 1885, where- by all persons born in sla- very should be free at the age of twenty-one, and all slaves over sixty should be entitled to liberty. To facilitate the operation of this law a deduction of six per cent for each year was made in the value of each slave, and a tax of five per cent on all imports- and in- ternal taxes was imposed for the government eman- cipation fund. Voluntary societies of buying up slaves sprang up in almost every city, and one province freed all its slaves by paying the masters the government valuation. Still the emperor was not satisfied with the slowness of this progress, and, through his influence, a bill for the immediate emancipation of the slaves was introduced into parliament DOM PEDRO. 434 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. at each session. On leaving Rio for his European tour in 1887, he passed the helm of affairs to his daughter Isabella, the princess regent, with the injunction that she would leave no means unexercised to bring about the passage of the emancipation bill. The bill was presented, and the minis- try, refusing to pass it, resigned. A new ministry was form- ed, and the bill was passed by both houses. By the recent emancipation law nearly one million and a half slaves were freed from servitude. Outside of the planta- tions, slavery in Brazil was not an abused institution, the slaves in private houses being almost invariably regarded and treated as members of the family. In recognition of this enlightened measure, removing the last stain of slavery from the new world, Pope Leo XIII has sent the golden rose to the princess regent of Brazil. Dom Pedro II is the son of the first Brazilian emperor, and grandson of King John of Portugal. He succeeded to the throne on the abdication of his father in 1831, and was crowned ten years later. In 1843 Dom Pedro was married to a daughter of the king of Sicily. Brazil is at all times peacefully inclined. In the first place the emperor, Dom Pedro, is a comparatively old man, over three score years of age, in feeble health, which he tried to amend by a European tour. After him the crown will go to his daughter, the Princess Isabel, and then to his grandson. The royal family would oppose a war unless absolutely necessary for self-defence, and this in Brazil means much. Then, Brazil, though a country with a vast territory and a great future, is yet un- developed and maintains but a small army, some fourteen thousand men. She is very largely in debt, and her finan- cial resources are somewhat limited. The population of Brazil is a little over ten millions. The public revenue about sixty-five million dollars, and the expenditure generally ex- ceeds that figure. THE IUOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 435 VIOLET CAMERON. Born about 1855. THE actress, Violet Cameron, originally was known by the unaristocratic and homely name of Thompson, having been brought up by Lydia Thompson, the celebrated actress, and Alexander Henderson, the fascinating Lydia's husband. Violet has a square chin, with a resolute mouth, steel-gray eyes, and hair so extreme- ly blonde that it might pass for gray. Her figure is somewhat exuberant. Her marriage with Mr. de Besande was a smooth and happy one until the Earl of Lonsdale became acquainted with the pair. The nobleman made pres- ents to the wife, and final- ly bought an interest in the business of the com- pany of which the actress and her husband were members. Trouble between the men followed in con- sequence of their financial transactions, and probably the jealousy of de Besande. \IOLET CAMERON. Lord Lonsdale was fined for an assault on the husband; and later Violet Cameron filed a petition in the English divorce court for a judicial separation. Consequently her arrival in this country on a professional tour was heralded by these occurrences of a few months pre- vious. She was accompanied by the nobleman, who washer business manager while in this country. 436 THE BIOOBAPHICAL REVIEW. EDWARD SYLVESTER MORSE. Born June 18, 1838. THE great American naturalist and scientist, Prof. E. S. Morse, Ph.D., is a native of Portland, Maine. After receiv- ing an education at an academy at Bethel, in his native state, he became a draughtsman in the Portland locomotive works, meanwhile devoting his leisure to studies in natural history. The work of Mr. Morse having attracted the atten- tion of Louis Agassiz, the eminent naturalist, he was invited by that notable scientist to study at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, where he was assistant until 1862. Brachiopods became the subject of his investiga- tions; they had been re- garded as mollusks, but after careful research Mr. Morse announced that they were to be classed among || the worms. This work at- tracted special attention abroad from famous natu- ralists, notably Charles Darwin, who manifested great interest in this discovery of the young American scientist. In 1866 Prof. Morse settled in Salem, and was associated in establishing the "American Naturalist," becoming one of its editors; and in founding the Peabody academy of science, of which he was made a curator. His biological investigations continued until 1871 in Sa- PROF. E. S. MORSE. TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 437 lem, during which time he published more than twenty me- moirs. In 1871 he was called to the chair of comparative anatomy and zoology, in Bowdoin, where he remained for three years. In 1877 he visited Japan in search of new material on the subject of brachiopods,and accepted from the Japanese gov- ernment the professorship of zoology in the imperial univer- sity of Tokio. Keturning to the United States in 1880, he continued his researches there. Prof. Morse has lectured extensively throughout the Uni- ted States on scientific subjects, and has delivered special courses in Boston, Baltimore, and Salem. He has invented an apparatus for utilizing the sun's rays in heating and ven- tilating apartments; a device for introducing fresh air into a heated room; and a pamphlet jacket. In 1885 Prof. Morse was elected president of the Ameri- can association for the advancement of sciences, from which he retired in 1887. The scientific papers of this noted man already number over fifty, besides numerous less technical articles written for popular journals. He is the author of " First Book in Zoology," published in 1875, a favorite text- book, which has been translated into German and Japanese; also "Japanese Homes and Their Surroundings" in 1885. The illustrations in both of these works were made by him- self; and he possesses the rare accomplishment of drawing equally well with either hand. Professor E. S. Morse has a fine collection of Japanese pottery, said to be the best in the world, not even excepting any in Japan; this collection is valued at one hundred thou- sand dollars, and can be seen at his residence in Boston. It is said to be a marvel of complete and systematic classifica- tion, covering the ground historically from the earliest pre- historic pottery down to the work of living men, by pro- vinces, by makers, by forms, and by types of work. This magnificent collection is now offered for sale. 438 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HON. WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS. Born about 1854. FOR some years the face of William Walter Phelps has been gradually becoming more and more familiar to the readers of the illustrated weekly press. In no way has he made so much noise in the world as by his bangs which the caricaturists have made their own. The gradual growth of a public man into the favor of the caricaturists and his con- sequent presentation to the great reading public is one of the most interesting things in pictorial journ- alism. There is no more inter- esting figure in the house of congress than the mil- lionaire representative from New Jersey, William Walter Phelps, who, like many other men of wealth, finds in the discussion of public questions a diver- sion more agreeable than is furnished by their pri- vate inherited wealth, has in his time been lawyer, HON. WILLIAM WALTER PHELPS. railway promoter, diplo- mat, politician and congressman. He likes a stirring occu- pation such as the game of politics affords, and he once re- fused a judgeship tendered by Governor Fenton, of New Jersey, because he did not want to confine his sphere to the business of untangling legal intricacies. In 1881 he wa& appointed minister to Austria and accepted. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 439 Like all public men, Phelps is better known by certain pe- culiarities than anything else. The wits and paragraphers have had so much to say about his "bangs" that they have become as famous as Ben Butler's drooping eyelid, Luke Poland's silver buttoned coat, or Tom Ochiltree's cross-eyes. This mild affectation, together with a certain softness in speech, invariably impresses a stranger with the idea that Phelps is ''putting it on." The idea is an incorrect one. Phelps combs nis hair over his forehead to conceal the scan- tiness of his locks, though this device does not serve to hide the enlarging bald spot on the crown of his head. What is regarded as affectation in his speech is really natural, and his addresses are polished, shrewd and sound. He can see as far into a mill-stone as anybody, and he enjoys the live- ly skirmishes which congresional discussions afford. When " Jim " Belford, who gloried in the title, "red-headed rooster of the Rockies," was representing Colorado in congress, he had a pick at Phelps and made the famous declaration that "no man who banged his hair could run the republican par- ty." However, Belford is now in obscurity while Phelps is in the president-making business. Phelps dislikes the routine work of politics, and has a man employed by the year to keep him posted on all political changes. He uses this man's information as a sort of anim- ated reference book, and does not bother his own memory for anything of this nature. In the political maneuvering on the floor of the house, Phelps' attitude is significant, owing to the fact that he is regarded as the close personal friend of James G. Blaine. Phelps is supposed to look after Elaine's interests in the house, while Hiscock does the same in the senate. It is not a violent presumption to assume that Mr. Phelps would receive distinguished honors should Mr. Blaine have the opportunity to confer them. Phelps makes his home in Englewood, New Jersey, and his wealth is reported as fabulous. 440 THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. CHARLES DICKENS. Born Jan. 6', 1837. THE son and namesake of the immortal novelist, Charles Dickens, was educated at Eton and Leipzic, after which he passed five years in Baring Brothers' banking firm. Tn 1860 he went to India, China, and Japan; then, after another spell at business, he finally took to literature in 1868, joining his father as sub-editor and becoming his partner the following year. When his father died, in 1870, he left him his share in ' ' All the Year Round, " which Mr. Dickens has carried on ever since. In 1881 he revived Household Words as a penny magazine. He has done a great deal of work on papers and mag- azines, and has published "The Life of Charles Ma- thews," the dictionaries of London and the Thames, besides issuing in 1887 an annotated jubilee edition of "Pickwick." In 1861 he married a daughter ot nis father's old printer and publisher, Mr. Evans, by whom he had several children, among whom Miss Mary Dickens has made a name for herself as an actress. Of late Mr. Dickens has taken to publ c reading through the British provinces with great success. Like most mem- bers of his family he is a clever amateur actor, and the read- ing of selections from his father's popular works &r f e rendered with skill and pathos. CHARLES DICKENS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 441 Mr. Charles Dickens, Junior, visited the United States in 1887, and delivered a series of " Readings from Dickens by his son, Charles Dickens." He is a gifted reader a clever comedian also, as was his father but it was Dickens the eld- er who called forth the laughter and applause that accompa- nied the readings. And it was evidently to the readings more than to the reading that Mr. Dickens trusted for effect. "The very name of Mr. Dickens is enough to awaken our warm interest," said Major Kirkland, in introducing Mr. Dickens to the audience. "I have the honor to introduce the son of the man who made that name beloved by us." Mr. Dickens arose and bowed. There were only the two gentlemen on the platform. "I shall read selections from ' David Copperfield,'" said Mr. Dickens, "embraced in five chapters, prepared by my father for his own public reading." Then he immediately began at the description of the Peg- goty house. Mr. Dickens started out in an easy mono-tone. The reading seemed commonplace at first, and one's first thought was that the familiar lines were having an inadequate interpretation. The scene was that where Steerforth handsome, nonchalant, secretly excited was introduced by David to Mr. Peggoty, little Emily, and the rest. But after a few moments the audi- ence and Mr. Dickens seemed to like each other better, and at the close of the first chapter, where David left Steerforth lying asleep, everybody was satisfied that Mr. Dickens was a felicitous and discriminating reader. His interpretation of Steerforth's character grew on one wonderfully. On first becoming acquainted with Mr. Pickwick one sees only a fat, blundering, good-natured old gentleman with a knack of making himself ridiculous; by-and-by, when one knows the old gentleman intimately, he is found to be one of the warmest hearted and most delightfully lovable old fellows in the world. In like manner Mr. Dickens' interpretation of Steerforth grew on one. At first one saw only the affected, 442 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. blase college youth; but presently the subtle lovableness in him appears through his mask of vicious moods, and the listener catches that half-flippant, half -passionate charm which made him so magnetic the charm which made good people love him despite his wickedness. Mr. Dickens does not rely for effect on the customary meth- ods of the professional elocutionist. He does not try to give a characteristic voice or tone to each of the various characters, and yet he is a better reader of dialogue than of simple description. He discriminates between the characters, partly by a slight change of tone, but chiefly by a change of mood and by facial expression. Mr. Dickens' reading of the last two chapters was all that could be desired. It was an artistic and a literary treat. Jt was a mixture of tears and laughter, but the pathos was obtrusive and the laughter subdued. Not that Mr. Dickens is the sort of reader who brings tears to the eyes. One never forgets the reader in the character; he is Mr. Dickens always and not Mr. Peggoty. But his simple, unpretention is most im- pressive more impressive, indeed, to many than would be the faltering voice and choked throat and other theatrical tricks that are the stock-in-trade of the average professional reader. But it is as a reader of humorous dialogue that he is conspicuously successful. All his gestures are graceful, easy, and unobtrusive, and his facial play is sometimes exquisite, using but little stage business. ' Of all my books I like this the best," said Dickens of "David Copperfield." "It will be easily believed that I am a fond parent to every child of my fancy, and that no one can ever love that family as dearly as I love them. But like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favorite child. And his name is David Copperfield." And that Dickens the younger loves the characters his father created and loved is evident in his every tone and ges- ture. But who doesn't love them? THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 443 DAVID TURPIE. Born July 8, 1829. THE long senatorial contest of 1886 in Indiana, which re- sulted in the triumph of the democratic members of the legis- lature, brings into prominence a man of marked personal pe- culiarities and attainments. In the membership of Judge David Turpie, the United States possesses an accession of learning and debating power which cannot but have a mark- ed effect on its proceed- ings. David Turpie was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, in which Cincinnati is situated. He graduated at Kenyon college, the same state, in 1848; was admit- ted to the bar in 1849 and began practice in Logans- port, Indiana. In 1852 he was a member of the house of representatives. He was ; appointed a common pleas; judge in 1854, and a judge of the circuit court in 1856, both of which positions he resigned. In 1858 he was again a member of the state house of representatives. When Jesse D. Bright was expelled from the senate in 1862, under charges of disloyalty, Judge Turpie was elected as a democrat for the unexpired part of Senator Bright's term, serving from January 22, to March 3, 1863. During the last few years he hus done little either in pol- DAVID TURPIE. 444 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. itics or business, being well-to-do and fond of spending his time in good company in the hotels of Indianapolis and elsewhere. In person he stands about five feet eight inches in height, and weighs one hundred and sixty-five pounds. He wears an iron gray beard on the lower part of his face. His com- plexion is described by a man who knows him well, as of mingled blue and red. David Turpie is a good lawyer and an eloquent speaker, excelling as a maker of phrases which "bite worse than old cheese." Making his capability the more striking, the judge is nervous in manner, said to be an effect of excessive smoking. In the literature the senator is entitled to a renown he has not yet received. He is conversant with Shakespeare and all the standard poets, and commands the ability to quote extensively from them; and is said to be equally at home with Homer and other classical authors, and to be so learned in the bible as to excite the envy of the clergy. In 1885 he lost his wife, a lady of superior beauty and cultivation. He has one child, a daughter, the light and or- nament of his household. The senatorial term of David Turpie expires in the year of 1893. So far he has distinguished himself in many ways, and will certainly become still more conspicuous as a states- man and jurist. Senator Turpie has now (1888) been before the public for over forty years, during which time he has ever led an active and useful life, winning the high regard of not only his con- stituents but also of his political opponents. Since the death of his wife, he consoles himself somewhat in literary pursuits, especially in the perusal of standard poetical works, of which he is exceedingly fond. And to his daughter, Judge Turpie is a very indulgent, kind and loving parent as ever child could wish. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 445 CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. Born in 1837. JVtrioHELL DEPEW is better known to the public as a pre-eminently social man and as an orator than the labo- rious railroad president, who disposes of as much business every day as would bveak down the constitution of many men to undertake. He is also a great philanthropist, and is per- sonally a very popular man. Mr. Depew was born at Peekskill, in the state of New York. His ancestors for more than two hundred years were farmers on the family acres at Peekskill - a rugged, hardworking folk, brought up on simple fare without dissipation, luxury, or doctors. The earlier of them were French Huguenots. Blend- ed with blood of that qual- ity, he claims descent from the brother of a signer of the declaration of inde- pendence. He was graduated in the year 1856 with high honors, leaving college in the stirring period that developed the birth of the republican party. In 1858 he was admitted to the bar and elected a delegate to the republican state convention. Two years later he took the stump for Lincoln and won his first laurels as an orator. In 1861 he went to the New York assembly, and was re-elected the following year. CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW. 446 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Mr. Depew was next nominated for secretary of state, and was elected by a majority of thirty thousand votes. The re- nomination was offered and declined, and then President Johnson commissioned him collector of the port of New York, but afterward tore up the parchment in consequence of a quarrel with Senator Edmund D. Morgan of New York. In the same administration Mr. Seward offered Mr. Depew the post of minister to Japan; after considering the appoint- ment for four weeks, Mr. Depew decided to decline it. In 1872, when the Greeley ticket was in the field, Mr. De- pew was nominated for lieutenant-governor of his state, but, with the rest of the ticket, was defeated. In 187T he was made regent of the State university. He was a candidate for the United States senate in 1881. After a contest of eighty-two days, in which he received fully three- fourths of the republican votes, he withdrew his candidature. His connection with the Vanderbilt railway system dates back to 18 GO, when he was made attorney for the Harlem road. In 1875 he was made counsel for the New York Central railroad, and in 1883 was elevated to the vice-presidency, and shortly afterward became president of the road. In personal appearance, Mr. Depew is nearly six feet in height. He has a large head, high forehead, bright gray eyes, and sandy hair and side whiskers. His frame is com- pact and erect, and he moves with rapidity. His voice has a distinct, pleasant and fascinating tone, and he is gifted with remarkable conversational powers. Mr. Depew was married in 1871 to a lady who is as much his help-meet now as when he was not a millionaire. He lives stylishly, but he eats and drinks with scrupulous regard to the preservation of his health. Some years ago he gave up smoking cigars, as he considered it lessened his nervous force. This popular man is a churchman and very liberal in his charities; and was also a presidential favorite in 1888. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 447 RUSSELL A. ALGER. Born Feb. 27, 1836. RUSSELL A. ALGER, of Detroit, Michigan, was one of the favorites, at the national republican convention of 1888, for the candidature for the presidency of the United States, re- ceiving a good round vote on every ballot; the delegates from Michigan being steadfast in their loyalty to the ex gov- ernor, who is very popular in his state. This man of business and statesman was born in Lafayette township, Medi- na county, Ohio. Both of his parents died when he was only eleven years of age, leaving him to pro- vide for himself and also a younger sister and broth- er. He managed to sup- port the obligations thus thrust upon him by an un- toward fortune. When the war of the union began he was a resi- dent of Michigan, and was able to leave his affairs in good shape and fight for the federal cause. Mr. Alger enlisted in the second Michi- gan cavalry, in obedience to the first call addressed to the patriotism of his state. Afterward he was mustered into the service of the United States as captain of company 0. He proved to be a brilli- ant officer of cavalry, was present in some of the most ob- stinately contested fights of the war, and was twice wounded. RUSSELL A. ALGER. 448 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. During the winter of 1863-64 lie was on private service under orders from President Lincoln, and visited nearly all the union armies in the field at the time. The career 0? Mr. Alger as soldier and general evidences his great ability and courage. In the year of 1865 General Alger began his successful career at Detroit as a dealer in pine timber and pine lands. He is now the president of one of the wealthiest corporations engaged in the operations indicated; and outside of this he has large business interests in railroads, banking and in car- building. General Alger has been identified with the republican party from its beginning, and has ever been acknowledged as one of its most prominent adherents in the state of Michigan. The popularity of Mr. Alger resulted in his election to the governorship of Michigan, which position he filled during the years of 1886 and 1887. As governor he administered his executive power with great wisdom and calm judgment, winning the esteem of the people generally, irrespective of party lines. Being a man of rare business ability, he was eminently fitted for .that, position , which requires sound judg- ment and a steadfastness of policy to properly adminster the affairs of the state. In nominating General Alger at the convention of 1888, Robert B. Fraser, of Detroit, said: "Gen. Alger will supply to you strength from all quarters of the union. The rich men will trust him, for he is a man of business, and his honor among them has been unquestioned. If you think he is not a friend of the poor man come with me to the city of Detroit where he lives, enter with me into the poor man's home aye, into the very abode of misery and mention the name of our favorite, and you will find that next to their God among the poor the name of Gen. Russell A. Alger is held sacred." THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 449 BENJAMIN T. BIGGS. Born Oct. 1, 1821. BENJAMIN T. BIGGS is a native of Summit Bridge, in the state of Delaware. He was born on a farm, and his early years were spent in the open air and sunshine of the fields. After supplementing his elementary studies with two years at Pennington seminary, New Jersey, Mr. Biggs taught school for a short time. He then entered Wes- leyan university, Middle- town, in the state of Con- necticut, as a student, but he could not stay for grad- uation on account of bad health. Mr. Biggs was twenty- six years of age when he made up his mind to culti- vate his constitution on a farm, and let ambition go. Six years afterward, how- ^ ever, his name appears as that of a member of the state constitutional con- BENJAMIN T. BIGGS. vention. Later on he began the successful enterprise in the development of local railways. Mr. Biggs was defeated as a candidate for the house of representatives in Washington in 1860, but was elected to the forty-first and forty-second congresses as a democrat. Mr. Biggs was elected governor of Delaware for the term that commenced in January, 1887, which expires in 1891. The salary is two thousand dollars a year. 450 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. EMILY FAITHFULL. THE great work which Emily Faithfull has given herself to do is " to seek remunerative employment for women." She has devoted her whole time to this task, since when a young woman weary of the gaieties of London, she began life in earnest. Her father was a clergyman of the church of England. The daughter Emily was presented at court, and spent some time in the pursuit of fashion- able pleasure. She soon grew tired of this and began a life of useful activity in the be- half of her sex, which she still maintains. As a printer and pub- lisher she employs only women. Her "Victoria Magazine," in which she advocated her peculiar views, was discontinued af- ter a respectable career. As a lecturer she is very successful. Her leading subjects at the present time are "Modern Extravagance: Its Causes and Cure," and the "Changed Position of Woman in the Nineteenth Century." In personal appearance Miss Faithfull is pleasing. She lec- tured in the United States in 1872-73, and made hosts of friends. She again made a lecturing tour through this coun- try a few years ago. Her observations as to the con- dition of women in the United States are favorable to our national self-esteem. EMILY FAITHFULL. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 451 EPHRAIM K. WILSON. Born Dec. 22. JS2/. THIS statesman, Ephraim K. "Wilson, was born at Snow Hill, where he now resides. His father was a gentleman of more than local distinction, and was a member of the house of representatives in the twentieth and twenty-first congresses. Senator Wilson's preparatory education was gained at Union academy and Washington academy, whence he was en- tered a student of Jefter- son college, Pennsylvania. He was graduated at this seat of learning in August, 1841. Returning to Snow Hill he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Dur- ing the twenty years be- tween 1848 and 1868 he built up a large practice and achieved superior pro- fessional reputation.. His public services be- gan in the year 1847, when he was elected to the legis- lature of Maryland. In 1852 he was a presidential elector on the Pierce and King ticket. He was elect- ed a member of the house of representatives at Wash- ington in the year 1872, and served as such from December 1, 1873, to March 3, 1875. At the time of his election to the United States senate he was serving as circuit judge. Senator Wilson is distinguished for his legal learning and generous culture. EPHRAIM K. WILSON. 452 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CHAKLES W. ELIOT. Born March 20, 1834. THE president of Harvard college, Charles "William Eliot, LL.D., is a native of the city of Boston, in the state of Mass- achusetts. His father was a former treasurer of Harvard. Young Eliot graduated from the Boston Latin school in the year 1849, and from the college four years later. Prof. Charles W. Eliot was inaugurated president of Harvard college on May 19, 1869, and was the youngest to sit in Parson Turell's legacy, with but one exception that of President Locke. Before his election he had been tutor and assist- ant professor in the col- lege, and also taught in the institute of technology in Boston. He was also pro- fessor of mathematics and chemistry for a number of years, both at Harvard and in a Boston college. Probably the event in his pre-presidential life upon which the under-graduates look with most enthusiasm is the fact that he once sat (while a tutor) in a university boat. Be that as it may, President Eliot has been at all times popular with the whole college. In 1866 "Manual of Inorganic Chemistry" appeared, which was the joint work of Charles W. Eliot and F. H. Stor- er. Since that time Prof. Eliot has contributed largely to various scientific journals. CHARLES W. ELIOT. TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 453 MARY MILLER. IN the case of Mary Miller, the comparatively liberal in- crease of occupations in which women can take part is strik- ingly illustrated. Only a few years ago, to suggest that a woman command a" steamer would have been considered ab- surd, but Mrs. Miller has received a government license au- thorized her to such com- mand, and she has used it in an unquestionably satis- factory way. This is, in- deed, an age of progress. Mrs. Mary Miller is the wife of an old Kentucky steamboat man, who had the good sense to marry a wife much younger than himself. When he went a-voyag- ing amid the shifting bars and the caving banks and ;anags of western rivers, ;;she went with him, and ac- Jquired a practical knowl- i-j^edge of navigation. Her husband in time made money, and built a steam- boat of his own. In the fall of 1882 he sailed his craft to New Orleans, and entered the Ouachita river trade. He prospered in his ventures, but aged so rapidly that he was unable to command his steamer. Then his wife secured a captain's license, hav- ing proved herself worthy of it by passing the necessary ex- amination. "Captain" Miller, the reader will agree, is the comeliest among commanders of steamers. MARY MILLER. 454 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HENRY WATTERSON. Born Feb. 16, 1840. THE great journalist and editor of the Louisville "Courier- Journal, 1 ' Henry Watterson, was a prominent figure at the national democratic convention held in St. Louis in 1888, and was a member on the committee on resolutions. Henry is a native of Washington, where he was educated by private tutors because his eyesight was some- what defective. Being very fond of lit- erature, he decided to en- ter into the profession of journalism. y He at once obtained employment on the " Washington States," a democratic paper. He next became editor of the ' 'Democratic Review ;" and in 1861 he became editor of the Nashville "Repub- lican Banner." He entered the confed- erate service at the begin- ning of the civil war, and edited the "Chattanooga Rebel." The war being ended, Mr. Watterson returned to Nashville and revived the "Banner." Removing to Louisville, this young journalist bought an in- terest in the "Journal" of that city. In conjunction with Mr. Haldeman, who controlled the "Courier," the "Demo- crat" was purchased in 1868; these three papers were merged into the "Courier-Journal," of which the subject of this sketch became editor. He was a member of the forty-fourth con- gress as a democrat. m HENRY WATTERSON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ttfi SIR LYON PLAYFAIR. Born in 1819. THE eminent scientist, the Right Hon. Sir Lyon Playfair, K. C. B., LL.D., F. R. S.,is the son of Dr. George Playfair, who was an inspector-general of hospitals in Bengal. Sir Lyon received a classical education, and also a thorough study in the science of chemistry, under the direction of practical chemists. Mr. Playfair has been professor of chemistry in the Manchester royal in- stitute, and the Edinburgh university, and also chem- ist to the museum of prac- tical geology. He has served in num- erous important commis- sionsj as that of the civil service commission of the year 1874, of which he was president. Other po- ; sitions of public trust have been held by this noted man. His political career' commenced in 1868. In 1885 he received the elec- tion from Leeds. SIB LYON PLA YFAIK. Sir Lyon Playfair has distinguished himself by speeches on university education and sanitary questions. In 1873 he became postmaster-general, and chairman of wavsaml means and deputy speaker from 1880 to 1883, when he was knight- ed. In 1S85 he was president of the British association. This distinguished man has published numerous addresses on education :i1 aii.l x-ientif!:- ;::!. rets. 456 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEN. BEAUREGARD. Born May 28, 1818. THE distinguished soldier, Pierre Gustave Toutant Beau- regard, was born near the city of New Orleans, in the state of Louisiana. He graduated at the military academy at West Point in the year of 1838, when he was but twenty years of age, be- ing second in the class. He was assigned first to the artillery and then to the engineers; and in the years 1838-39 was assist- ant in the construction of Fort Adams, Newport. During 1840-45 he was on engineering duty. At the beginning of the war with Mexico, he was en- gaged in the construction of defences at Tampico; at the siege operations of GEN. BEAUREGARD. and City of Mexico, where he was twice w r ounded. Shortly after this he was brevetted major, and attained the full rank of captain of engineers, and was a lieutenant for fourteen years. On January 23, 1861, he was detailed as superintendent of the military academy at West Point, but held the position only a few days, resigning his commission on February 20 of the same year. This ends Beauregard's record as a military officer of the United States. He at once offered his services to the Southern confeder- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 457 acy, then organizing to resist the authority of the federal government, and he was placed in charge of the defences of South Carolina. On the morning of April 12, 1861, Beauregard opened fire soon after daylight; and from that time till the close of the war he took an active and prominent part in the southern cause. This great warrior was practically in command at the bat- tle of Bull Run of July 21, though superseded at the last moment by Gen. Jos. E. Johnston; and here again he was victorious some time afterward. In the spring of 1802 he was ordered to Tennessee, where he succeeded Gen. Johnston; that officer having been killed at the battle of Shiloh, Beauregard took command and near- ly succeeded in routing the northern army. In 1864 Gen. Beauregard, re-inforced by Lee, defeated Butler at Drury's Bluff, and held Petersburgh against the federal advance. In the same year he was appointed com- mander of the military division of the west, and sent to Georgia to resist the march of the federal army under Gen. Sherman. After the war Gen. Beauregard became president of the New Orleans, Jackson, and Mississippi railroad; also he was made adjutant general of the state. And he subsequently be- came manager of the Louisiana state lottery, an institution that is known throughout the continent of America, although its business is of a questionable nature, and letters for it are not forwarded by the postoftice department, which is sustained in its action by a recent decision of the supreme court of the United States. Gen. Beauregard is the author of " Principles and -Maxims of the Art of War," which was published in 1863; and in the following year appeared the " Report of the Defences of Charleston." In these works the General shows himself to be also possessed of much literary ability. 458 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JOHN W. DAVIS. Born about 1825. THE governor of Rhode Island, John W. Davis, is a native of Rehoboth, in the state of Massachusetts, in which state he , was educated. For many years Governor Davis has been a prominent business man in Providence, in the state of Rhode Island. He has never held any political office until within the past few years. In 1885 and 1886 he was a member of the sen- ate of Rhode Island, but resigned soon after his second election in order to accept a federal appoint- ment. Governor Davis is in politics a democrat; yet he; succeeded a republican in the governorship of his state, receiving a majority of over one thousand votes. This fact alone is evidence enough of the great popularity of Mr. Davis. JOHN w. DAVIS. Mr. Davis has gained the reputation of being a man of strict business integrity, and a man not easily swayed by popular excitement from the path of duty. And that busi- ness ability, which he possesses, is a greater recommendation and requisite to the position of any executive office than is any other qualification excepting, of course, that of hon- esty and sobriety. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 469 RUFUS BLODGETT. Born Nov. 9, 1834. RUFUS BLODGETT was born at Dorchester, New Hampshire, where he learned the machinist's trade. About 1866 he re- moved to New Jersey, where he found employment in the service of the New Jersey Southern railroad company, of which he subsequently became superintendent. He then be- came superintendent of the New York and Long Branch railroad. While living at Man- chester, Ocean county, New Jersey, he was three times elected to the state assem- bly, of which he was an active and useful member in the sessions of 1878, 1879 and 1880. He was defeated as a candidate for the state senate in the last- named of these years. In the presidential carn-i paign of 1884, Mr. Blod-j gett was chairman of the' democratic state commit- tee. In 1886 he was a candidate for the demo- .... RUFUS BLODGETT. cratic nomination tor gov- ernor, but was defeated. In 1887 he became a United States senator from New Jersey, which term expires in 1893. Mr. Blodgett is a democrat of the to-the-victor-belongs-the spoils variety, and is said to be proud of it. He resides at Long Branch, in the enjoyment of much social comfort, with his wife and son. 460 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JULES VERNE. Born Feb. 8, 1828. THE best known works of Jules Yerne are unique in the combination of scientific information with incidents, many of them of an astounding character, constituting a well con- structed story. The deft and original quality in Verne's works has given them an amazing popularity. With the solitary excep- tion of Yictor Hugo, the most popular of recent French writers is Yerne. who was born at Nantes, France. He read law, but the literary propensity in his nature dominated, and while yet a very young man he was addicted to the composition of plays and operatic pieces. His first romance, "Five Weeks in a Balloon," was published when he was thirty -five years of age, and was received with favor. J.ULES VERNE. Among his numerous pro- ductions are "Around the World in Eighty Days," "The Mysterious Island," "Michael Strogoff," and "Twenty Thou- sand Leagues Under the Seas;" and he has also produced an illustrated geography of France. The first of these has been successfully dramatized, and many people have enjoyed seeing the effective display of stage effects incidental to its production. THE -BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 461 A correspondent writes that he had been running over the leaves of a diary in which Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, lovers of art in every form, had kept their thoughts and im- pressions, when his eyes had fallen upon an entry made July 16, 1856. "After reading Poe, the revelation of something that cri- tics do not appear to have found. Poe, a new literature, the literature of the twentieth century, the miraculous scientific; imagination by dint of analysis; the making of fabulous tales by A. and B. ; a literature at once monomaniac and scientific. Zadig, a judge; Cyrano de Bergerac, a pupil of Arago. And things taking a better part than beings; and love, lessened in Balzac's work by money love yielding its place to other wells of interest; the novel of the future to tell the story of things that are in the brains rather than in the heart and humanity." And he wondered what Jules V erne, whose first novel ap- peared in 1862, would think of that, and he went to Amiens. The residence of Jules Yerne is a large, handsome mansion, surrounded by well-kept grounds, in the Avenue Charles du Bois, an avenue that commences at the Boulevard du Mail, which was an exterior rampart of the old town, and has be- come the dividing line between old and new Amiens, even as Canal street that is not no wider than the Boulevard du Mail in New Orleans is the dividing line between the New Orleans of the colonist, Mr. Cable's New Orleans, and the New Orleans of to-day. Jules Yerne, who is a Parisian to his fingers'-ends, lives at Amiens because his wife's relatives are Amiens people. It was his custom to go to Paris once a month for a day or two until the year 1886, when he was wounded by a pistol-shot in the left leg. He limps, cannot bend his leg, and is de- prived of other exercise than driving. The nephew, his brother's son, who fired the shot, was his favorite. No reason could be found for his insanity. 462 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Jules Yerne never commenced a story without knowing how it was going to end. He writes the plot, then studies the details. The results of his studies are in notes of one word in columns, on sheets of paper, letter size.. These words refer to books in his library or to other notes of ideas or facts. When he has become familiar with his notes he writes the story. His manuscript is remarkably neat, on the left of a letter-size page, leaving a wide margin at the right for the dates. Ah! the dates! They give him more trouble then you can imagine And the names! His proof-reading costs a good deal of money to the editor, he says. He sends the original manuscript to the printer without an erasure, and there are eight successive proofs to be corrected by him. He is fastidious in the extreme with regard to his style; that has to be absolutely faultless. He goes to bed at eight o'clock, gets up early, and is at work until midday in his cozy workshop on the second floor. One of Jules Verne's latest novels is " Texar's Revenge," a tale of the American civil war. " Fifty lines out of a few pages of the Comte de Paris' history of the civil war in Ameri- ca induced me to write 'Texar's Revenge,'" said Jules Verne. The Comte de Paris and he have always entertained pleasant, friendly relations, and he was in sympathy with the north at the time of the war. "I regret my ignorance of the Eng- lish language. I have to use translations and translators. The story is interesting because it rests upon alibis and the key is at the end of the story." From the day of his first novel, " Five Weeks in a Balloon," Jules Verne has been able to live by his pen; and has written since that time about two volumes every year. His object was to write books that the young could read with profit. He had no pretensions to being a savant, a man of science. He read incessantly. Whenever he was in doubt, he went to town to one who knew. Joseph Bertrand of the institute had been his advisor on many occasions. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 463 JOHN P. REA. Born Oct. 14 % 1840. THE commander-in-chief of the grand army of the repub- lic, John P. Rea, was appointed to that position in the latter part of the year of 1887, succeeding Gen. Lucius Fairchild. Mr. Rea is a native of the state of Pennsylvania, being born in Lower Oxford Township, in Chester county of that state. His father was a woolen manufacturer in that place, and owned the factory. The son JohnTiere receiv- ed his education, attending school until he was twenty years of age. Then he went to Piqua, in the state of Ohio, where he taught school until the breaking out of the civil war. He then took up the cause of the union and be- came a member of com- pany B of the eleventh Ohio infantry. After serv- ing with this company for four months, he was com- missioned second lieutenant of company I, first Ohio caval- ry; was was promoted to first lieutenant in 1862, and in the following year to the rank of major. He served in the regi- ment about three years and a half, and during that time was absent only ten days, seven as prisoner and three days on sick leave. At last the war was over, and John P. Rea returned to Ohio. Entering the Wesleyan college at Delaware in that state, he graduated therefrom in the classical course in June, JOHN P. REA. 464 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 1864. During the vacation of 1866 he entered a law office at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, as a student, and was admitted to the bar there in August, 1868. Then becoming associated with a prominent lawyer, he began the practice of the law; and in 1869 was appointed a notary public in Lancaster. On April 12, 1869, Mr. Rca was appointed assessor of in- ternal revenue, by President Grant, for the ninth district of Pennsylvania, which office he held until it was abolished by law in 1873. In 1869 he was married; but no children have blessed the union of tins pair. Mr. Rea continued in the practice of the law in Lancaster until December, 1875, when he removed to Minneapolis, where he became editor-in-chief of a prominent newspaper. He continued as editor until May, 1877, when he again re- sumed the practice of law. In November of the same year he was elected judge of probate, and served in that capacity for four years with the greatest ability. When, in April, 1886, the judge resigned his seat on the bench of the local distrJct.eo.ur-t,; Governor Hubbard appoint- ed Judge Rea to fill the vacancy. The commander of the grand army of the republic has as always been a prominent man in that body, and is a mem- ber and past commander of the well known George N. Mor- gan post. In politics, Mr. Rea is a republican, and is considered a true friend of that party. During January and February, 1888, Commander-in-Chicf Rea made an official trip throughout the Eastern and West- ern states, visiting all the principal cities. The eastern trip lasted about six weeks, and several weeks were spent in the west. He was received with enthusiasm everywhere, and ac- corded dazzling receptions. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 465 FANNY DAVENPORT. Born April 10, 183). THIS popular actress was born in London; her education was obtained at the common schools of Boston, where her early life was spent. She appeared on the boards of a the- atre in that city in child's parts at an early age. In 1862 she first appeared in New York in the play of " Faint Heart Never Won Fair Lady," which was produced at Ni- blo's Garden. Subsequent- ly she acted at the Little Tremont theatre, Boston; and in the South, where she played soubrette parts for a season. Afterward she played in Philadelphia, where she at- tracted the attention of Augustin Daly, who intro- duced her in New York at his Fifth Avenue theatre in 1869. There she played Lady Gay Spanker in "London Assurance;" Rosalind in "As You Like It;" Nancy Sykes in "Oliver Twist;" Lady Teazle in the "School for Scandal;" Lu and Fanny Ten Eyck in "Di- vorce;" the title-role in "Leah;" and Mabel Penfrewin the play of "Pique," in which she won great success, the play running for two hundred and fifty nights. She has made starring tours throughout the United States. In 1880 this actress played "Olivia" successfully; and afterward brought out Anna Dickinson's play of " An American Girl." Fanny was married in 1879 to Edwin H. Price, an actor. FANNY DAVENPORT. 466 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ~ ALGERNON S. PADDOCK. Born about 1830. THE legislature of Nebraska elected to the United States senate, for the second time, Algernon S. Paddock, who suc- ceeded Charles H. Yan Wyck March 4, 1887. Mr. Paddock is a native of Glen's Falls, New York, and was fifty-seven years old when elected senator. He attended school in his native village until he had reached the age of eighteen. He then remov- ed to Detroit, Michigan, where he was engaged in teaching for the space of eight months. Afterward Mr. Paddock returned to his native state and again taught school. While thus employed he sudied law and was admitted to the bar. In the spring of 1857 he went to Nebraska and engaged in farming. Fin- ally he removed to Omaha, and became a writer on the republican newspapers of that city. He was one of the prominent organizers of that party in his state. ALGERNON s. PADDOCK. Mr. Paddock was a mem- ber of the Chicago convention that nominated Abraham Lin- coln for president, and was a delegate to the Baltimore con- vention which renominated him. He canvassed New York state for the republican ticket in 1860, and was a power on the stump as a speaker. William H. Seward, his warm pesonal friend, procured THE BIOGRAPHICAL RE I V A If. 467 his appointment as secretary of the territory of Nebraska in 1861. While holding this office he took an active part in procuring for Nebraska the change from a territorial to a state government. He was a candidate for the United States senate in 1867, but failed to secure the nomination. Subse- quently he was nominated for congress; but was defeated in the ensuing election. In President Johnson's administration he was appointed governor of Wyoming and confirmed by the senate, but never assumed the functions of the office, owing to congress failing to make an appropriation for his salary that year. He re- signed the office the next year. After this he became inter- ested in farming operations, manufactures, railroads, and other enterprises. In January, 1875, he was elected to the United States senate, and was sworn in at the special session in March, 1875. He retained his seat until the end of the term, March, 1881. Senator Van Wyck,whom he succeeded in 1887, was his suc- cessor. The senator is a resident of Omaha*. At one time he was rich, but lost heavily by speculation. Owing to the ap- preciation of property in Omaha of late, he is again well off. Indeed, it is said that he is worth about two hundred thou- sand dollars; and with such an amount, together with his high office, he ought to be happy. In all the various offices that have been held by this great statesman, lawyer and writer, he has ever been an active worker, at all times has done his duty to his constituents in a manner that has won him great applause and honor. He is a much respected citizen in the city of his residence, and is an influential man throughout the state of Nebraska. His term of office in the United States senate expires in the year 1893. He is a loyal member of the republican party, and is con- sidered one of its most prominent leaders. 468 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. HENKY B. PAYNE. Born Nov. 30, 1810. MR. PAYNE was born in Hamilton county, New York. After the usual preparatory course he entered Hamilton col- lege, from which he received a degree. Upon graduating he immediately began the study of law, and after his admission to the bar settled in Cleveland, Ohio. This was in 1848. One year later he was elected to the state senate, where he remained until 1851. For several years he was city counsel and president of the Columbus Railroad Company. He was also identified from time to time with many important in- dustries. In 1857 he was a candi- date for the United States n aYe arid ^also for the Igovernorship of the state. pie was a delegate to the ^Charleston convention in 1860 and to the democra- tic national convention in 1871. He was elected to HENRY B. PAYNE. the forty-fourth congress as a representative from Ohio in 1874. For some twenty years he has given much attention to building up and fostering the manufacturing interests of Cleveland. Since 1862 he has been president of the board of sinking fund commission- ers of that city. He is possessed of rare legal knowledge and executive ability. IHE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 469 EDGAR WILSON NYE. [BILL NYE.] Born Aug. 25, J850. ONE of the greatest American humorists of the day is Ed- gar Wilson Nye, more popularly known by the pen-name of "Bill Nye." He is a native of Maine, being born in Shirley, in Pisca- toria county in that state. He received his education in an academy at River Falls, Wisconsin. Afterward he removed to Wyoming territory, where he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1876, and began tta practice of the law. Mr. Nye began early in life to contribute humorous sketch- es to the newspapers, using the pen-name of "Bill Nye," and soon became connected with various leading journals of the country. He then removed to the city of New York, and devoted himself almost entirely to writing humorous sketches. Among his humorous works and sketches the most promi- nent are " Bill Nye and the Boomerang," which appeared in 1881; "The Forty Liars," in the year following; "Baled Hay," in 1884; "Bill .Nye's Blossom Rock," in 1885; and "Remarks "in 1886: Besides issuing these works he is a constant contributor to various leading newspapers, usually on popular subjects, treated in such a humorous way as to cause much merriment to the reader. This levity of style is characteristic of American journal- ism, and writing of that class is eagerly accepted by wide- awake publishers generally: hence the great success of the subject of this sketch. From an article which appeared in the daily press of 1888, the following is an extract. It will give the reader an idea of Mr. Nye's style of humorous writings, though they vary somewhat from this at times. 470 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. I am glad to know Cornell university is to establish a de- partment of journalism. I have always claimed that journal- ism could be taught in universities and colleges just as successful as any other athletic exercise. Of course you cannot teach a boy how to jerk a giant journal from the clutches of decay and make it a robust and ripsnorting shader and trimmer of public opinion, in whose counting' room people will walk all over each other in their mad efforts to insert advertisements. You cannot teach this in a school any more than you can teach a boy how to discover the open Polar Sea, but you can teach him the rudiments and save him a good deal of time experimenting with him- self. It would also be a good idea to establish a chair for advertisers in some practical college, in order that they might run in for BILL NYE. a few hours and learn how to write an advertisement so that it would express in the most direct way what they desire to state. The life of a journalist is a hard one, and, although it is not so trying as the life of the newspaper man, it is full of trials and perplexities. If newspaper men and journalists did not stand by each other I do not know what joy they would have. Kindness for each other, gentleness and generosity, even in their rivalry, characterize the conduct of a large number of them. I shall never forget my first opportunity to do a kind act for a fellow newspaper man, nor with what pleasure I avail- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 471 ed myself of it, though he was my rival, especially in the publication of large and spirited equestrian handbills and posters. He also printed a rival paper and assailed me most bitterly from time to time. His name was Lorenzo Dow Pease, and we had carried on an acrimonious warfare for two years. He had said that I was a reformed prohibitionist, and that I had left a neglected wife in every state in the union. I had stated that he would give better satisfaction if he would wear his brains braided. Then he said some- thing else that was personal, and it had gone on so for some time. We devoted fifteen minutes each day to the manage- ment of our respective papers, arid the balance of the day in doing each other up in a way to please our subscribers. One evening Lorenzo Dow Pease came into my office and said he wanted to see me personally. I said that would suit me exactly, and that if he had asked to see me in any other way I did not know how I could have arranged it. He said he meant that he would like to see me by myself. I there- fore discharged the force, turned out the dog, and had the office to ourselves. I could see that he was in trouble, for every little while he would brush away a tear in an under- handed kind of way and swallow a large, imaginary mass of something. I asked Lorenzo why he felt so depressed and he said: " William, I have came here for a favor." He al- ways said "I have came," for he was a self-made man and hadn't done a good job either. "I have came here for a favor. I wrote a reply to your venomous attack of to-day and I expected to publish it to-morrow in my paper, but to tell you the truth we are out of paper. At least we have a few bundles at the freight office, but they have taken to send- ing it C. O. D., and I haven't the means just at hand to take it out. Now, as a brother in the great and glorious order of journalism, would it be too much for you to loan me a couple of bundles of paper to do me till I get my pay for some equestrian bills struck off Friday." THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 472 " How long would a couple of bundles last you?" I asked as I looked out of the window and wondered if he woul re- veal his circulation. "Five issues and a little over," he said, filling his pipe from a small box on the desk. "But you could cut off your exchanges and then it would last longer," I remarked. " Yes, but only for one additional issue. I am anxious to appear to-morrow, because my subscribers will be looking for a reply to what you said about me this morning. You stated that I was a 'journalistic bacteria looking for some- thing to infect,' and while I did not come here to get yon to retract I would like it as a favor if you would loan me enough white paper to set myself straight before my subscribers." " Well, why don't you go and tell them about it? It wouldn't take long," I said in a jocund way, slapping Lorenzo on the back. But he did not laugh. I then told him that I could not possibly loan any, but that if he would write a caustic reply to my editorial I would print it for him. He caught me in his arms and for a moment his head was pillowed on my breast. Then he sat down and wrote a card in which he said: "I denounce the whole article as a malicious falsehood, and state that if you will only give me a chance I will fight you on sight. All I ask is that you will wait till I can over- take you, and I am able and willing to knock great chunks off the universe with you." I looked it over, and not seeing anything personal in it I told him I would print it for him with pleasure. He then asked that I would, as a further favor, refrain from putting any advertising marks on it, and that I would let it follow pure reading matter, which I did. I leaded the card and printed it with a simple word of introduction, in which I said that I took pleasure in printing it, inasmuch as Mr. Pease could not get his paper out of the express office for a few days. It was a kindness to him, and did not hurt my paper. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 473 MAJOR-GENERAL GERALD GRAHAM. Born about 1830. GEN. GERALD GRAHAM is a thorough soldier and efficient commander. He entered the British army as an ensign in the royal engineers in 1850, and served through the Crimean war with that body, receiving promotion for his gallantry, and gained the highly prized Victoria Cross for his courage in heading a party in an assault by ladders at the Redan. Twice during the Crimean war he was wounded. In the Chinese war Gen. Graham also distinguished himself, taking part in the assault of Tangku and the Taku forts, and also in the capture of Pekin. His pro- motion was gained step by step, until, in 1881, his present rank was reached. In the campaign against Arabi in 1882, Gen. Gra- ham commanded the sec- ond brigade, and won new honors. This military hero is the general under whose com- mand the British forces in the Soudan war recaptured Tokar, defeated the forces of the false prophet at Teb in 1884. and finally routed the remnants of the Arabs forces under Osimm Digma, and practically put an end to that great rebellion. In this battle the rebel forces outnumbered the British three to one, but repeating rifles and Gatling guns soon thinned their ranks. Many of the Arabs were armed only with spears and old style muskets. GEN. GERALD GRAHAM. 474 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. ROSE E. CLEVELAND. Born about 1846. WHEN President Cleveland took his bride to the White House, his sister, Rose E. Cleveland, ceased to be the first lady of the land. Since that time she has spent her time visiting, or at Holland Patent, near Utica, where she owns real estate. Her career as first lady of the land was a social success, and her literary ability has earned her considerable money and a fair reputation as a writer. The book of "Studies "by which she became known as an author, was succeed- ed by other works. Rose Elizabeth Cleve- land was the youngest of nine children born to Rich- ard and Anna Cleveland, at Fayetteville, in the state of New York, whence her parents removed to Clinton when she was a little girl; and later, in 1853, to Hol- land Patent, where her fa- ther took charge of the presbyterian church. He died in that year, leaving Rose fatherless at the age of sev- en. After careful preparation by her mother, Rose was sent to Houghton seminary, where she proved a brilliant pupil, graduating with the highest honors. "Original People "was the theme of her graduating essay, which was declared to be a most happy effort. The subject of this sketch then became a teacher in the ROSE E. CLEVELAND. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 475 Houghton seminary, when, after remaining in that position two years, she went to Lafayette, Indiana, as principal of the Collegiate Institute in that town. She afterward taught in Pennsylvania for a short time at a private school; and then she conceived the idea of lectur- ing before classes, and proposed to the principal of Hough- ton seminary to make a beginning there. The principal of the seminary entering heartily into the arrangement, Rose Cleveland wrote a course of historical lectures which she de- livered that season. As she devoted herself to her aged mother, she was unable to leave Holland Patent to pursue her work continuously until after that lady's death, which took place in the summer of 1882. After this sad event her brothers and sisters naturally ex- pected that she would make her home with one of them, but being of an independent nature and self-reliant, she preferred to remain in the old home, where she continued to live when not away lecturing, until she assumed the position of mistress of the White House. In person, Miss Cleveland is of medium stature and build, with a shapely and highly intellectual face good-looking but not pretty. She comes of generations of presbyterian ministers. All the traditions of the parsonage center about her past. Her eldest brother is a minister, and her eldest sister is a mission- ary in Ceylon. Her brother-in-law is a minister, and her near kinsmen, in several instances, are preachers of the gospel. Miss Rose Cleveland is an orthodox Christian, believing, with child-like tenacity, in the instructions she received at her mother's knee. Her efforts in the cause of temperance have been very praiseworthy. In this lady are combined those qualities that makes the true woman whom all cannot fail to admire. 476 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. SIMON BOLIVAR BUCKNER. Born in 1823. THIS eminent soldier is a native of Kentucky. In 1844 he was graduated at the United States military academy. He entered the second infantry, and for nearly a year was professor of ethics at West Point. From 1845 to 1855 he held numerous positions as a mili- tary instructor of infantry tactics. In 1855 Mr. Biickner was superintendent of con- struction of the Chicago custom house. He next pr acticed law, and be- came one of the most pro- minent members of the Knights of the Golden Circle in Kentucky. After the civil war be- gan he was made com- mander of the state guard of Kentucky, and adju- tant-general of the state. September 12, 1861, he issued an address to the people of Kentucky, call- ing on them to take up arms against the usurpa- tion of Abraham Lincoln. Fort Donelson was surrendered by him to Gen. Grant on February 16, 1862, together with sixteen thousand prisoners and vast stores. Buckner himself was imprisoned, but was exchanged six months later. He was subsequently made major-general, and took an active part in many severe battles, finally surrendering with Kirby Smith's army at Baton Rouge, May 26, 1865. Gen. Buckner was one of the pall-bearers at Gen. Grant's funeral. SIMON BOLIVAR BUCKNER. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 477 PROF. FELIX ABLER. Born Aug. /5, 1851. THE distinguished man who is the subject of this sketch is the most prominent Hebrew thinker, teacher and social reformer in the United States. The Hebrew population of the city of New York includes a great variety in the social condition and religious views of its members. No more striking contrast can be instituted than that afforded by a comparison of the wretched and ig- norant Jews of some of the poorer districts of the metropo- lis, and the cultured and wealthy people of the same nation- ality, who sit at the feet of Felix Adler. While sordid super- stition and intellectual force and independence are contrast- ed in these instances, intermediate between them are found degrees of differing opinion, all included within the term Judaism, to classify which would be impossible and certainly uninteresting. Felix Adler was born at Alsei, Germany, and came to this country in 1856, being at that time but five years of age. His father was for many years chief rabbi of the Temple Emanuel, on Fifth avenue, in the city of New York. After receiving a preparatory education in the public schools and in the Columbia grammar school of that city, he was entered a student of Columbia college when only fifteen years of age. After graduation he was sent to Germany for further intellectual training, and with the view to his prepar- ation for the rabbinical office. While abroad, however, he forsook Judaism, abandoning supernaturalism for science the undemonstratable for what is known. In his philosophical views he is a disciple of Immanuel Kant. An incident of his student life in Europe was his being able to witness the bombardment of Strasburg. 478 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. In 1873 he was made a doctor of philosophy by the Uni- versity of Heidelberg. Soon afterward he returned to the United States, and was given the chair of professor of Ori- ental languages at Cornell university. In 1876 Dr. Adler founded the Society of Ethical Culture, as the head of which he is best known. Its membership in 1888 was over live hundred persons, and the present place of meeting is at Chicker- ing hall, on Fifth avenue, in the city of New York. The cardinal principles of the organization are the improvement of its adhe- rents, without dogma or creed, by so educating the moral sense inherent in human nature, as to de- velop purity and dignity of character. Dr. Adler's public utter- 'r ances generally treat of: some public question in the manner that, in his judg- ment, best conduces to the object of the society which he addresses. Branch societies have PROF - FELTX ADLfiR ' been established in Chicago and Boston, and more are being added to the number. The men in charge are trained for their work by Dr. Adler. Whatever may be thought of the theory underlying his teaching, there can be but one opinion as to the value of the philanthropic movements which have been originated by the society of which he is the leader. Prominent among these is the Workingmen's school, in New York, where two hundred 1HE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 479 and fifty children receive instruction. This begins with the kindergarten, and includes eight classes in the full course. The pupils, chiefly the children of poor families, for whose instruction no fees are charged, and who are provided with a dinner every day without cost, are educated by means of the senses and actual contact with things, and instructed in manual arts; and, in the summer, given a holiday in the country, where they gain an acquaintance with farming and other matters, by the same means used in their instruction at school. The District Nursery System, founded and maintained by the Society of Ethical Culture, employs nurses from the hos- pitals to take care of poor sick persons, and supplements their services with gifts of clothing, bedding, and other ne- cessities. Neglected orphan children are tenderly cared for by the society, which practices the method of dividing them into families of six to ten, living in separate homes. Prof. Adler has organized a society to build a better class of dwellings for the poor of the city of New York than the wretched tenement houses in which they are generally doom, ed to live. Nearly a hundred thousand dollars have been sub- scribed toward this object. His name is also prominent in a company organized for the purpose of providing facilities for the disposal of the dead by means of cremation. Dr. Adler is a married man, and lives in modest style in the city of New York. Some years ago he lectured before the British association at Montreal, on the ethical movement, the audience being a distinguished and brilliant one. When Felix Adler closed an oration given in 1888 in New York, he was greeted with such a sudden burst of applause that reminded one of the memorable scene in Plymouth church when for the first time Henry Ward Beecher denounc- ed the doctrine of eternal punishment as the most hideous nightmare of theology. 480 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. "The question has been asked, ' Are we agnostics?' I am an unfeathered biped and an agnostic, arid yet this does not describe me. Religion does not depend upon a personal God. It existed before monotheism came into the world, and it is a universal and ineradicable element of human na- ture. In the whole world's history there are only a few re- ligious souls. The majority do not and can not profoundly experience religious feelings. What is the use of trying to make all the sons and daughters of humanity take into their minds the idea of a universe, whether they have the faculty or not? What is the use of trying to force music upon those who cannot receive it? To force religion upon everybody regardless of capacity means an infinite degradation of the thoughts of the master minds of religion, an infinite lowering and caricaturing of religious ideas. It would make religion an object of disgust and a source of terrible evils. The molt- en metal of religious feelings when poured into vulgar molds will harden into vulgar shapes. The great masses cannot master anything that is not concrete. God soon becomes a being of flesh and blood to be praised, and pleased, and ca- joled like a vain human king. Heaven, the place of celestial bliss, is assigned a. geographical location, half church and half palace, and Hell becomes a glowing furnace. It is time to profit by experience. Let us henceforth separate. Let us -keep the religion for the religious, and let us not make religion a common property. Let us guard religious truths and try to enhance them and preserve them from the contact of those who are not fit to approach them. Why is it that people will insist upon spreading abroad this religion, trying to make even savages accept metaphysical doctrines? Why try to make everybody produce this spiritual music we call religion? It is no longer necessary to make men religious to make them moral. Morality can stand on its own feet." Thus spoke Prof. Felix Adler in closing his oration in Chickering hall, New York, on the night January 15, 1888. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 48, HERR LUDWIG WINDTHORST. Born Jan. 17, t812. THE subject of this sketch attended the " Carolinum " in Osnabruck, and continued his studies at Gottingen and Heid- elberg. He became a lawyer and syndic, and subsequently presiding member of the consistory at Osnabruck; he after- ward became Ober-Appellationsrath in Kalbe, and from 1863 to 1865 he was minister of justice at Hanover, finally being nominated and in- stalled as chief syndic of the crown in Kalbe. From the years includ- ing 1849 to 1866 he was a member of the assembly of the estates of the realm, and in 1851 president of the second chamber of the same. This great German statesman next became a member of the constituent and the regular reichstag, and since 1867 he has been a member of the Prussian house of deputies. In all these positions he has shown great ability, his chief arms of controversy being in short, crisp, and pungent retorts. In giving a personal description of Herr Windthorst, a correspondent says: "He is puny in size, almost deformed, ugly as Socrates; he is an antagonist before whose wit the boldest deputies tremble, and under whose assaults even the great Chancellor Bismarck loses his coolness and self-com- mand. As a tactician he is unsurpassed. His faction is now the most numerous party in the house;" HERR WINDTHORST. 482 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. WILLIAM H. APPLETON. Born about 1815. IN 1838 Mr. William H. Appleton became a partner with his father, and ten years later Mr. D. Appleton retired, leaving the business rich and prosperous and in good hands. He desired that his name should be kept in the firm as long as it lasted, and no check or note is ever signed without the name of Daniel Appleton written in full. He is digni- fied but affable and ex- ceedingly courteous. His customary dress is dark, a long black frock coat its principal feature. He is tall and thin, and graceful in his movements. Mr. Appleton is still earnestly devoted to busi- ness. To his wise judg- ment and mature experi- ence the proud position of the house is largely due. The firm ordinarily uses a thousand dollars' worth of paper a day, sometimes a great deal more than this amount. It produces and distributes a million copies of tiie Webster Spelling Book a year. In the first year after the war the number sold was a million and a half, owing to the demand from the newly liberated negroes. Eight thousand dollars a week are paid out in wages. Six hundred and fifty hands are employed in the factory in Brooklyn, and eighty clerks are steadily employed in the New York store. Two benefit societies and a large library -are among the advan- tages possessed by the Brooklyn hands. WILLIAM H. APPLETON. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 483 The great firm which is known everywhere as the publish- er of " Picturesque America," " The American Cyclopaedia," and of "Webster's Spelling Book," is now (1888) in the six- ty-first year of its existence, and of unbroken prosperity. The founder, Daniel Appleton, was born December 10, 1785, at Haverhill, Massachusetts; and in that town he be- gan his business career, soon, however, removing to Boston where he established himself as a dealer in dry goods. At Clinton Hall, the first publication bearing the imprint of D. Appleton, appeared in the year 1831. It was a little miniature volume of bible texts, " Crumbs from the Master's Table; or, Select Sentences, Doctrinal, Practical, and Ex- perimental," by W. Mason. It was only three inches square and one inch thick, containing one hundred and ninety-two pages; but of course this first-born little one gave as much trouble, or perhaps even more, than the " Cyclopaedia " did in after years. About a thousand copies were sold. The little volume had been long out of print; the firm did not possess a copy, but was anxious to obtain one of this their first productions; accordingly, an advertisement was publish- ed, stating that they would give in exchange for a copy of " Crumbs," a copy of the largest book they had published. An old lady in Maryland saw the paragraph, sent the covet- ed booklet, and received a volume twenty times the size. The little "Crumbs" was at once handsomely bound, and fitted in a velvet-lined silver box, to be kept as a precious relic of the house. The success of the "Crumbs" led to an- other venture of a similar kind, entitled "Gospel Seeds." The issue was announced by a placard in front of the store, bearing the words, " l Gospel Seeds ' for sale here;" and the story goes that one of Uncle Sam's sailors, when paid off and bound for some landward town, called in to ask how much they were a peck. The third book published was, " A Re- fuge in Time of Plague and Pestilence," and had enormous sales. It appeared in 1832, the year when cholera first made 484 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. its appearance; and, just as "Gospel Seeds" was mistaken by some for a specimen of agricultural products, so the " Refuge " was bought largely, under the impression that it was a treatise on cholera, with advice how to avoid or cure the dreaded pestilence. Like the other two volumes, it was, we need scarcely say, a devotional treatise. The success of the firm had been so great during the first quarter of a century of its existence as a publishing house, that it was enabled to begin the second quarter by a monu- mental enterprise, the " New American Cyclopaedia." The editors were the late George Ripley, so well known as the critic and literary editor of the "Tribune," and Charles A. Dana, the editor of the "Sun." The two men had been together members of the Brook Farm experiment, and fellow- workers with Horace Greeley, with both men of wide erudi- tion and high culture, both masters of English style, and both possessed of that critical faculty which at once seizes what is important and rejects what is irrelevant. Both knew, too, exactly what the public wanted that is neither a series of lengthy essays in the style of the older encyclopaedias, like those of Ersch and Grueber and the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," nor yet such dry pragmatical condensations as were furnished by the "Conversations Lexicons." They took a middle course, and furnished the task in sixteen vol- umes. Difficulties attended the commencement and the com- pletion of the work. The year 1857 was a year of panic; and it required not only capital, but courage, to undertake so extensive an enterprise at the time when the business outlook was so bad. The year 1863, when the last volume was issued, was in the very crisis of the civil war the year of the capture of Vicksburg. Yet, through all these financial and political perturbations, the firm continued to issue their book, volume after volume. The cost of the first edition must have exceeded half a million of dollars, and the sales must be counted by tens of thousands. Till-: BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 485 EDWARD O. GRAVES. Born in 1843. EDWARD O. GRAVES is a native of the state of New York, being born in Herkimer county in that state. He received a good education, and in 1863, as soon as he left college, he was appointed to a clerkship in the treasury department. He was diligent in the performance of his duties, receiving sev- eral promotions through the various grades until he became, in 1868, chief clerk of the treasurer's office. Mr. Graves was detailed on the treasury board of examiners on the adoption of the civil service rules in 1872, and served as the executive officer of that board for one year, writing its report, which has be- come a sort of civil service manual, and supplement- ing the original depart- ment rules. The rules were made the basis of those now in force in the custom house of the city of New York. In 1873 Mr. Graves was detailed as chief examiner of the civil service, and the following year was appointed superin- tendent of the national bank redemption agency on its or- ganization, and held that office until appointed assistant- treasurer in 1883. The redemption agency in all its details, both small and great, was organized by him. In 1877 he was made a member of the commission ap- pointed to re-organize the bureau of engraving and printing. EDWARD O. GRAVES- 486 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. By this reorganization the expenses of the bureau were de- creased to the extent of several hundred thousand dollars per annum. Mr. Graves was once of the three members of the com- mission appointed by Secretary Manning for investigating the operations of the treasury department and recommending changes in its organization. His promotion in 1885 as chief of the bureau of engraving and printing was a promotion from his former position. The salary of this office is four thousand five hundred dollars per annum, which is nine hundred dollars more than he re- ceived as assistant-treasurer. Mr. Graves cast his presidential vote for Cleveland, and is said to have always been a democrat in politics. The bu- reau of engraving, of which he is chief, has about twelve hundred employes. The treasury bureau of engraving and printing is the largest and most complete establishment of its kind in the world. The work done by it is a marvel of excellence and accuracy. This is a good thing, not only for the credit of the country, but also for the protection of the public from counterfeiters. The notes, bonds, securities and tax-stamps produced by it are so skillfully cut, and printed by such nice and intricate processes, that counterfeits of the same are easily discerned by experienced cashiers. This bureau of engraving and. print- ing has, of course, no connection with the government's printing office, where ordinary composition and presswork is done. The bureau is exclusive in every way, and is jeal- ously guarded both against those who would spy out its se- crets, and against betrayal of trust on the part of employes. The work being of many grades, it requires persons of all degrees of experience and capacity. Mr. Graves has been in this office since 1875, and has im- proved the bureau in many ways. THE BIOGRAPHICAL HE VIEW. 487 GEORGE PECK. THE editor and proprietor of "Peck's Sun," published in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has made a fortune in a comparative- ly short time out of his paper and the publication of his humorous writings that originally appeared in the columns of the " Sun." Mr. Peck served gallantly through the civil war. He is a very popular and highly respected citi- zen of Milwaukee, where he resides and publishes the "Sun." It was his weekly hu- morous sketches of "The Bad Boy and His Pa " in the " Sun " that brought him into public notice, and his paper acquired an enor- mous circulation, being sold on the streets of the principal cities of the union. The sketches were afterward printed in book- form under the title of " Peck's Bad Boy." This work has also been successfully dramatized. Then a volume was published, entitled " Peck's Fun, "be- ing a collection of his humorous articles selected from the " Sun." The selections given are a fair sample of his humorous writings, although he has written longer articles that cause much more merriment. However, the selections here given will answer the purpose. GEORGE PECK. 488 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. Up to the present time "The Sun" has struggled along from infancy to middle age, without a safe in its office. It has never needed one. It does not need one now, but custom has much to do with these things. The associations that surround one, go far toward making these changes. When we look at the immense safes in the office of our neighbor, tilled with bonds and mortgages, we feel that a safe will look well. So we purchased a sort of an iron range, with a nickle-plated knob, and a lock with as many figures on it as a tax list or a lottery advertisement, and placed it where it will strike the visitor on his first entrance. Ah, what an imposing affair it is. As we lean back in a chair and look at it, and close our eyes, we can see millions in it, in our mind. It is a cross between Alex. Mitchell's safe, and a child's bank. It is not full, but it has evidently been tak- ing something. It is a grand feeling to walk along the streets and feel that your head contains the secret which opens the safe. No one but yourself and your Maker, and the maker of the safe, know the three numbers, which will cause it to open. The numbers are safe with you, and the all-seeing eye you have confidence will not give it away, so that the only show a burglar has is to get solid with the maker of the safe. "What a piece of mechanism is the lock of a safe. The man we bought it of gave us the programme that opens it. You go to the dial, turn the knob, put your fingers to your nose and wink. If you leave out the wink, the safe will not open, but we. never leave out the wink. The trouble is, if there is a lady customer in with a bill, and we go to open the safe, we wink too many times and have to go all over it again. Then we place the numbers in their order, 4-11-44, and when the "four" is exactly opposite the dipthong. we turn the knob back three revolutions, light a cigar and walk three times around the room. This is to give the mechan- ism in the inside time to coalesce. Then we put the "eleven'* THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 489 in its place, turn the knob forward one revolution, and put on our hat and go out and take a drink. That is in the programme, and we sometimes think the inventor of the lock is interested in a brewery. Then we come back, wipe our mustache on the tail of a linen coat, place the figures " 44" directly over the pointer, whistle "there's a land that is fairer than this," place the right foot forward, then turn the knob, the door swings on its hinges, and the untold wealth of the Indies lies before us, in our alleged mind. O, safe, are you honest? Are you true to us? You look pure and chaste, and your new overshirt of varnish, and your puffed niching of gold and blue, sets you off to good advantage, but you may not be impregnable. You have al- ways gone in good society, and no scandal has ever been attached to your name. Your purity and innocence has been remarked by all who have met you, and there are none who would dare to intimate but that you would maintain your reputation against any attack, but sometimes we think we should hestitate to leave you all alone, with the light turned down, all night and over Sunday, in the company of an elo- quent, persuasive, good-looking burglar, armed with a jim- my, and we feel that his warm hearted can of powder would strike a responsive chord in your impulsive nature, and that you would yield up the jewels confided to you; and your honor, your reputation, your standing among safes would be forever ruined. And yet we may be wrong. But what would it profit a burglar to gain the whole con- tents, and wear out his soles? If he got in that safe, he would find a package of bills that we have tried a year to collect, and we would give him the bills if he asked for them, and he could save his powder. He would find one bill of sixteen dollars, with an endorsement that one dollar is paid, after thirteen dollars worth of shoe leather had been worn out. And yet the burglar would have a soft thing on cigars with that bill, for everv time he visited the doctor he would tell 490 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. him to come again, and give him a cigar. Another thing the burglar would find would be a protested draft from a great Philadephia patent medicine advertiser. The burglar could take a tie pass that is in the safe, and walk to Philadelphia, and trade out the twenty-five dollar draft, by taking Buchu on account. But no burglar who has any respect for himself, we feel sure, will ever do us the injury to scrape the paint off of that safe. A negro who was challenged at the Rome (Georgia) elec- tion by a white man, thought it was a challenge to fight, when he took to the woods, and has been subsisting on roots and herbs ever since. During the trial of Susan B. Anthony for illegal voting, the prosecuting attorney got one admission from the defense that should endear him to the hearts of the American people. He compelled Susan, through her attorney, to admit that she was a woman. That is a point gained that will be valuable in future litigation. Two girls, belonging to a church choir at Oshkosh, got locked into the church the other night while talking over the fashions. They gave the alarm, when a man living near the church put a board up to the window and they slid down to the ground. The most singular thing that when they got safely to the ground they looked mad and went off" without thanking the man, and they won't speak to him when they meet him. He couldn't account for it until he went to take the board down, when he got slivers in his fingers and scratched his thumb on a shingle nail that stuck up through the board. Some men are mighty careless. He says he don't care only for the other hearts that may ache. A girl in Chicago has never heard the name of Christ except in profanity, and never had an idea who he was. She said she asked an express driver once who Christ was, and he said he believed he used to drive a team for Potter Palmer. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 491 GLAUS SPRECKELS. Born about 1815. OLAUS SPRECKELS, who, with one of his sons, visited the east in 1887 to complete arrangements to build refineries to compete with the sugar "trust," has almost single-handed, built up the Hawaiian Island sugar trade under the recipro- city treaty. Within ten years the production there has in- creased from twenty thousand tons a year to one hundred and twenty thousand tons for the year of 1887. In this business he has amas- sed a fortune estimated at from one hundred million dollars to two hundred million dollars, while each of his three sons, who are in business with him, is worth not much less than fifty million dollars. The Spreckels' are now engaged in the establish- ment of beet sugar factor- ies throughout California. . Glaus Spreckels is a native of Hanover, Ger- many, poorly educated and of humble origin. He came to the United States about 1830, and opened a gro- cery store in the city of New York. When California be- came the shrine towards which myriads of pilgrims traveled in the hope of wealth, Spreckels joined the great procession. He opened a grocery store in California, and made money fast. A later venture was to buy an interest in a brewery. CLAUS SPRECKELS. 492 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. After a few years he sold out, a large gainer, and invested his money in the business of refining sugar. Their great object in going east was to select a site for a refinery, situated in one of the great eastern cities. Phila- delphia offered ten acres for that purpose. If the project was carried out, raw sugar, the most of which comes from Cuba and Manilla, they would buy in the open market. Manifestly their competition with the sugar "trust" would be advantageous to the public. When Spreckels was a poor young man he married the woman who is now the wealthy Mrs. Spreckels of San Fran- cisco, but who was then a German girl in domestic service. They have four sons and one daughter. Spreckels shows age but is still active and healthy. He has the light hair and complexion, and the eyes and features of the ordinary Ger- man. That his hair is rapidly whitening is not remarkable in a man of his years. In figure he is of medium height and weight, active and energetic. JAMES REDPATH. Born about 1828. JAMES REDPATH, journalist, correspondent and lecturer, js not an Irishman neither by birth or descent, but is widely known in both the United States and Ireland as the "adopt- ed Irishman," a sobriquet given 'to him by his enthusiastic Irish friends after his return from Ireland, during the famine years of 1879-80, when a special correspondent of the New York "Tribune," he sent over a series of letters descriptive of the distress in the west of Ireland. These by their vivid presentation of the abject misery of the peasants and their ardent denunciations of the exactions of the absentee landlords, made his name a household word in every Irish home throughout Christendom, and added TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 493 more than one hundred thousand dollars to the famine re- lief fund. Mr. fledpath has been prominently before the American public for more than thirty years. He made a national re- putation as a special correspondent of the St. Louis "Demo- crat " at the opening of the Kansas troubles, during which he took a conspicuous part in the free state movement. Subsequently, by his anti-slavery writings in the prom- inent journals of the cities of New York and Boston, and by his life of John Brown and other works; by his participation in the various movements for the elevation of the poor; by his Haytian colonization scheme; his influence on the Lyceum system by his famous "Boston Lyceum Bureau;" and by his fre- quent and zealous activity in political discussion: by all these events Mr. Ked- path has made his influence widely felt. During recent years he has occupied himself much with the Irish question, and on account of his letters and essays on the land league move- ment, and numerous lectures and speeches, has been recog- nized by the Irish people in this country and in Ireland as perhaps the most influential advocate of their cause, not of their own race. In person, Mr. Redpath was, in his active days, a small wiry man, quick and energetic in his movements. He is a very successful lecturer. JAMES REDPATH. 494 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. CARL SCHURZ. Born in 1829- CARL SCHURZ was born at Liblar, near Cologne, Ger- many. He was educated at the collegiate institution at Co- logne, and afterward at the University of Bonn. Carl was editor of a paper identified with the unsuccessful revolution of 1848, and took part in the defense of Rastadt, after which he fled from Germany, and took refuge in Switzerland. Subsequently he resided in Paris and in London, where he was a teacher and newspaper correspondent for three years, at the end of that time emigrating to this country in the year 1852. His commanding abili- ties were soon recognized, and he was made a dele- gate to the national repub- lican convention of 1860. On the accession of Presi~ CAKL SCHCKJ5. Schurz was appointed minister to Spain, which position he soon resigned, was appointed a brigadier-general of volun- teers, and took an active part in the second battle of Bull Run, and also in the battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga. After the war he held numerous public positions, and became connected with the press of New York, Detroit, and St. Louis. He was a delegate to the national republican convention of 1868, and the following year was elected a member of the United States senate. Subsequently he was made secretary of the interior. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 495 H. RIDER HAGGARD. Born about 1854. RIDER HAGGARD is described as a slightly built, wiry-look- ing blonde, with a pale complexion and light blue eyes. He is said to be very much of a lion in London society, where, with "a vague manner of well-bred 'ennui,' he listens to the fulsome allusions to his book." The eminent writer of "She" and other sensational books writes to the London "Times" that something must be done soon in the matter of American copy- right. "Either the foreign author must finally and forever be pronounced to be outside of the law; or his right to some remuner- ation for his work, how- ever humble the amount, must receive a legal ac- knowledgment." He says that a scheme will shortly be laid before the public which will pro- tect authors, foreign or American, from wrongs and frauds, if congress can be persuaded to pass it in- to law. The reader will remember that some years ago the committee of the senate of the United States having the matter of an American copyright for British authors under consideration, was addressed by authors, publishers and mechanics interested in the publishing trade on the subject; H. RIDER HAGGARD. 496 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. when it was shown that the literary industry would better thrive in an atmosphere of literary honor than under present conditions, which admit of wrongs to national workers, against which they can only protest. Haggard has suffered much by "piracy," and his protest is a vigorous one. He is young to have attained celebrity in both the old and new worlds. He began writing books in 1882 with a little volume of a political character relating to events then recent in South Africa, of which he was well qualified to speak. When he was nineteen he had gone to Natal with Sir Henry Bulwer, and during the two succeeding years had served on the staff of Theophilus Shepstone, the special commissioner to the Transvaal. He remained in the colonial service until 1879, and then returned to London to marry a lady of dis- tinguished family. Because of his wife, or for some other reason, he remain- ed in England and adopted the profession of the law, be- coming a practicing barrister of Lincoln's Inn, London. While still in active practice at the bar he began to write. The political pamphlet with which he first courted fame at- tracted little attention. His next book was "Dawn," pub- lished in 1884, and a year later came "The Witch's Head," neither of which was much heard of until they were recently republished on the strength of the fame that the author had gained by subsequent works. His first real success wag with " King Solomon's Mines," published in 1885, which attracted the mingled condemna- tion and praise of the critics and won great popularity abroad and to a less extent in this country. Mr. Haggard's fame was confirmed abroad and made in this country by "She." " Jess," that followed, and "Allen Quartermain," have main- tained American interest in the author. Mr. Haggard visited Iceland in 1888, more as an explorer than as a novelist. At the same time he is convinced that he will be able to produce a piece of fiction from its legends. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 497 DAVID SWING. Born Aug. 23, 1830. THE representative preacher of the West is David Swing, pastor of the Central church, Chicago, who is also one of the foremost of the world's public teachers. He is eminent as an orator, thinker and writer, whose mission it is to be the eloquent exponent of the best thought and motive of the teeming activities of this age, particularly as he sees them in the busy city of which he is one of the most distinguished residents. He excels as a newspaper writer and essayist, and is renowned as an editor who deals with current events with a broad view, and one that detects the principles and relations of what is going on, with searching and just perception. This prophet of Chicago is of German origin, and was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1852 he graduat- ed at Miami university, at Oxford, in his native state. His first employment was as instructor in Greek and Latin at that institution, where he was principal of the classical department. In 1866 he became pastor of a presbyterian church in Chicago. Eight years later he was tried for heresy, but was acquitted. This event led to his taking pastorial charge of the congregational church. He is the author of u Club Essays" and other works. DAVID SWING. 498 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. JEFFERSON DAVIS. Born June 3, 1808. JEFFERSON DAVIS was born in Christian county, Kentucky, in 1808. His father removed to the state of Mississippi during his childhood. He graduated from the West Point Military Academy when he arrived at the age of twenty years, and served with distinction against the Indians until 1835, when he resigned his commission, returned to Missis- sippi, and married the daughter of Gen. Taylor, afterwards president of the United States. He then became a cot- ton planter, continuing in the business for nearly eight years, when he in- terested himself in politics as a democrat, and took a prominent part in the elec- tion of Polk. He was sent to the house in 1845, and took an important part in the debates on the tariff, the Oregon question, the preparation for the Mex- ican war, etc. Upon the breaking out of the Mex- ican war he was elected colonel of the Mississippi regiment of volunteers, and re- signing his seat in congress, he joined the army of Gen. Taylor on the Rio Grande, and was engaged in the storming of Monterey and the battle of Buena Vista. At the close of the war he was offered by President Polk the rank of briga- dier-general of volunteers, but it was declined. Two years later he was elected senator for Mississippi; in JEFFERSON DAVIS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 499 1850 he became chairman of the committee on military af- fairs, and was distinguished by the energy with which he defended slavery, and by his zealous advocacy of state rights. A year later he resigned his seat in the senate, to enter upon a canvass for the election of Franklin Pierce, who, on being elected president, appointed Mr. Davis secretary of war. He was again elected senator in 1858, but the elec- tion of Lincoln two years later, and the subsequent secession movement, caused him to withdraw. When the secession movement received shape and form he was chosen provisional president of the confederate states, and in 1862 was elected president for six years. After the fall of Kichmond, President Davis, while endeav- oring to make his escape, was captured at Irwinville, Geor- gia, May 10, 1865, and remained a prisoner at Fortress Mon- roe for two years awaiting trial. He was then released on bail, and all proceedings against him discontinued. He then visited Europe, became president of the Carolina Life Insur- ance Company, and a few years ago wrote "The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy. " The two sons of Jefferson Davis are dead, but his two daughters are still living; the younger, Winnie, being her father's favorite child, because, perhaps, she most resembles him in disposition and intellectual qualities. She is a natural aristocrat, and like her father, will at heart never have any- thing in common with the masses. She has grown to be a beautiful woman, rich in physical and mental charms, and is known by her admirers as the " Daughter of the Confeder- acy. " To show the esteem with which the subject of this sketch is still held in the South, in 1887 a movement was set on foot at Macon, Georgia, to raise by popular subscription a Jeff Davis fund. The project was heartily approved by the press and the people, and bid fair to be a great success; but it has now been entirely abandoned, because of a letter from Mrs. Davis deprecating the project. 600 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. VARINA DAVIS. THE life of "The Daughter of the Confederacy" is a quiet and uneventful one, the formal entertainment of friends at Beauvoir, Mississippi, being a rare occasion. This place is not accessible to travelers. No form or ceremony is observed, and the few people who come and go are invariably treated in the way known to New Englanders as "being one of the family." Busy with her studies and literary work, and helpful to her father in what historic research he may undertake, the life of Varina Davis is as differ- ent as possible from that of the "society girl" of the period. Her first appearance in public was at the laying of the corner-stone of the confederate monument at Montgomery, in Alabama. She had, previous to that time, lived in privacy at Beauvoir. On the trip from Montgomery to Atlanta, af- ter the laying of the corner-stone, General Gordon presented Varina Davis to a crowd at Newman, Georgia, as "The Daughter of the Confederacy," a title by which she is gener- ally known in the South, and which indicates the time of her birth, when North and South were engaged in deadly strife. Varina Davis dresses richly, but very quietly, and apparently has no desire to attract attention. VARINA DAVIS. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 501 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the U.S. FOR ONE HUNDRED YEARS. AN ACCOUNT OF VARIOUS POLITICAL PARTIES. STANDARD BEARERS OF 1888. ONCE more the American Nation has entered upon a pres- idential campaign fraught with interest and importance to sixty millions of people. The struggle for the highest office in the land will continue uninterruptedly until the polls close on Tuesday, November 6, 1888. A brief review of the different contests from the earliest period to the present time will be of especial interest at this time on the eve of another contest for national supremacy. The story of presidential elections begins with the evolution of the form and system of the national government by the convention of 1787; the great perplexity of the convention in arriving at definite conclusions in the matter being shown by its long and exhaustive discussions and many reversals of decisions. The manner of electing the president and vice-president was finally decided by adopting Article II, Section I, of the constitution, which provides that " the executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America, who shall hold his office during a term of four years, with a vice-president chosen for the same term; to be elected by electors chosen by each state, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives from each state to congress, in such manner as the legislature of each state may direct." 502 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. The first presidential election under the new constitution was held in the autumn of 1789, when Gen. George Wash- ington of Virginia, was elected president, and John Adams, of Massachusetts, vice-president, after a very earnest and ex- citing canvass by electors elected by the state; the efforts to have these officers elected by a popular vote of the people having failed in the constitutional convention. * * * President Washington and Vice-president Adams were re- elected to these offices in 1792 by the electors that met in the city of New York, December 5, 1792, under the election law of that year. During both of these first elections the country was still greatly reduced and suffering from the ef- fects of the long and exhaustive revolutionary war; and the bitter political rivalries and animosities that then prevailed and distracted the nation with a turbulent turmoil have never been excelled in any subsequent campaign. * * * John Adams of Massachusetts, was 'elected the second president, with Thomas Jefferson of Virginia,* as vice-presi- dent, in 1796, after another very excited canvass, which greatly agitated the 'entire country for months before the election. * * * In the campaign of 1800, Thomas Jefferson was elected president, and Aaron Burr vice-president, by the republican- democratic party, after a heated and earnest political contest, resulting in the defeat of the federalists and a change of ad- ministration and government policy. * * Thomas Jefferson was re-elected president, with George Clinton vice-president, in 1804. In 1808 James Madison TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 503 of Virginia, was elected president, and George Clinton was re-elected vice-president. In 1812 Madison was re-elected president, and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts, vice- president. # * # James Monroe of Virginia, and Daniel D. Thompkins of New York, were elected respectively president and vice-pres- ident in 1816, and were both re-elected to thes.e positions in 1820, for the ensuing term; and these two elections, com- pared with all preceding them, were quiet and uneventful, with much less public excitement and agitation. At this time the democratic party, having retained the political con- trol of the government ever since the first election of Jeffer- son, erased the word " republican " from the party name, and have been known as democrats until now. The "feder- alists," the opposing party after the war of 1812, rapidly declined and lost their former controlling political power and influence. The presidential election of 1824, unlike any that preceded or followed it, was in some respects the most important and interesting yet recorded. The federal party then existed in but few of the states and in political control of none. More than two years before the election, as early as April, 1822, there were as many as seventeen candidates for the presidency in succession to Mr. Monroe, but by 1823 the number of this long list was reduced to six, as follows: John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, DeWitt Clinton, Henry Clay, William H. Crawford and Gen. Andrew Jackson. After a protracted and exceedingly bitter and virulent campaign, John C. Calhoun was elected vice-president; but there was no election of president by the people, neither of the candidates nominated receiving a majority of the votes; and the election of a president devolved by law upon the 504 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. house of representatives. After a prolonged, thorough and heated discussion of the question (this being the first elec- tion of president by congress), on February 9, the house elected John Quincy Adams president, by eighty-nine votes to seventy-one votes for Andrew Jackson, and fifty-four for William H. Crawford; and Mr. Adams and John C. Calhoun were inaugurated as president and vice-president respectively. The exceedingly acrid political animosity engendered by the election of 1824 still survived, and its smouldering emb- ers were easily fanned into a lively flame early in the cam- paign of 1828, which grew more active and heated to its close and resulted in the election of General Jackson, presi- dent, and the re-election of John C. Calhoun, vice-president, by the jubilant and triumphant democratic party of that day. The election of 1832, though less exciting and disturbing than the last, was a very warm and lively contest between the democrats and the "whigs," by which party name their opponents, the successors of the "federalists," were then(as formerly) known in the. politics of the country, and Gen. Andrew Jackson was re-elected president for another term, and Martin Van Buren of New York, was elected vice-presi- dent. * * * In the presidential election of 1836 the democrats still continued in full control of the national government, and all its offices and political machinery; and that party easily elected their candidate, Martin Van Buren, president. There was however, no election of vice-president by the people, and Richard M. Johnson of Tennessee, the democratic candidate, was ' elected by the United States senate, subsequently by thirty-three votes for R. M. Johnson to sixteen votes for Francis Granger, of New York, this being the only instance THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 505 in the history of the country when the election of a vice, president devolved upon the senate as provided by law. * # Next came the election of 1840, the famous "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" campaign the most universally exciting and important political canvass and election the country had then ever experienced. No preceding political canvass bears even a near resemblance to the now celebrated "Log Cabin" and "hard cider" campaign of 1840, when the young men of the country and especially those of the whig party, whose candidate for president, Gen. William Henry Harrison, the hero of "Tippecanoe," was then nearly seven- ty years old, by their intense and extraordinary enthusiasm and fervor utterly demoralized and won a triumphant vic- tory over the great democratic party which had controlled the government since the beginning of the century. The irresistible popularity of the "Log Cabins" erected all over the land; the "Tippecanoe Clubs," the immense mass meetings, and the monstrous processions with banners of taking device; but above all the wonderful effects on the masses of the campaign songs, which swept over the entire land like a great musical tidal wave and obliterated all op- posing forces, all conspired to make this the, greatest pol- itical victory ever won and the most famous and memorable presidential election in our political history. General Har- rison of Ohio, was elected president, and John Tyler of Virginia, vice-president. President Harrison was inaugurated March 4, 1841, but died within a month of that time; and John Tyler became president of the United States for the rest of the term that ended with the close of 1844. Henry Clay of Kentucky, was the candidate for president of the whig party of 1844, and James K. Polk of Tennessee, 506 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. was the democratic candidate. The canvass was nothing like so exciting as the last; the whigs endeavored to win again with the song and hurrah and other tactics of their last canvass, but failed in their efforts; and the democrats elected James K. Polk president, and George M. Dallas vice- president. In some respects this was a unique campaign. The democrats in the convention, after a hard struggle to secure an available candidate among the many aspirants, com- promised on the nomination of Mr. Polk, who was then so little known in the politics of the country as to excite the universal inquiry: " Who is James K. Polk? 1 ' By his nomin- ation and election he acquired the distinction of being the first " Dark Horse candidate " in the political history of the country. * * * In 1848 the political tables were turned again, mostly by the growing influence of the slavery question upon politics; and Gen. Zachary Taylor, the hereof the Mexican war, "Old Rough and Ready," as he was popularly designated, was elected president, and Millard Fillmore of New York, vice- president. General Taylor like General Harrison, his military predecessor in the presidential chair, died soon after his in- auguration, and consequently Vice-President Millard Fill- more became the president to the end of that term in 1852. The "irrepressible conflict," as Mr. Se ward happily phras- ed the all-pervading slavery agitation, was now looming up very conspicuously and overshadowing the political field with serious aspect, and this absorbing and exciting question was the leading influence and animus of the spirited campaign of 1848, which resulted in a victory of the whig party, a de- feat of the democrats, and a change of policy. * * * The growing political power of the newly organized free soil party reunited democrats of all shades against it in the THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 607 canvass of 1852, and though all the early fall elections were favorable to the democrats and they won a great victory in the presidential election in November of that year, the con- vass was not a very exciting one. Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, was elected president, and William R. King of Alabama, vice-president. The democratic party was again successful in 1856, electing James Buchanan of Pennsylva- nia, president, and John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, vice-president, after a comparatively quiet canvass. The coun- try then drifting along over ths stormy sea of politics toward the menacing and inevitable crisis, until that momentous epoch in our political history, the great presidential election of 1860, which resulted in the complete victory of the re- publican party, the utter defeat of the democrats, and a civil war that raged four years in a fruitless effort to destroy the Union. # # * Then followed the election of Lincoln of Illinois, president, with Hannibal Hamlin of Maine, vice-president; the com- plete victory of the republican party; the secession of eleven of the slave states, and their formation of a " southern con- federacy;" the bombardment of Fort Sumter and the civil war that ensued; the surrender of Lee; the assassination of Lincoln, and succession of Andrew Johnson. * # # Abraham Lincoln was re-elected president in 1864, with Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, for vice-president. The civil war had not then ended, and the voting for president in this election was confined to the loyal states of the nation; the struggle for political supremacy in this contest being be- tween the republicans, and war-democrats who sustained the government and the politicians of all parties and factions that had met in convention at Chicago, and voted that the war to preserve the union was a failure, and demanded that 508 THE BIOQRAPHICA L KE VIE W. the government should immediately end it by compromising with those then still in arms and fighting to destroy the union. President Lincoln was killed by the assassin John Wilkes Booth, six weeks after he had taken the oath for his second term, by which awful deed the conscience of his indignant countrymen and the whole civilized world was astonished and shocked as never before; and Andrew Johnson became president to the end of the term in 18t>8. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was elected president and Schuyler Co) fax vice-president by the republicans in 1868, without much opposition, after a rather quiet and uneventful canvass. In the campaign of 1872 General Grant was re-elected presi- dent, and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, vice-president. This campaign was not very active or exciting, and the re- publicans easily carried the election. * # The election of 1870, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was the republican candidate, and Samuel J. Tilden the democra- tic candidate, resulted in a dispute, both parties claiming the victory. After the most dangerous political crisis the re- public has ever experienced, Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio, was elected president, and William A. Wheeler of New York, vice president, by the electoral commission, a body of pro- minent citizens appointed by congress with the consent of both parties, to settle this most alarming and dangerous pol- itical difficulty that then threatened to endanger the future peace of the nation. * * * The campaign of 1880 was quite a noted one, and one of us remarkable features was the strenuous effort that was made by the friends of General Grant to nominate him for a third THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 509 term, an innovation in our political history and usage which proved very unpopular, no man ever having even been named for a third term before that time. But the attempt to nomi- nate General Grant failed, and James A. Garfield of Ohio, and Chester A. Arthur of New York, were nominated; and in the following November were elected president and vice- president by the republican party. President Garfield was shot by the assassin Guiteau July 21 1881, dying in Septem- ber; and Chester A. Arthur, vice-president, then became the president until the end of the term, March, 1885. * * * The campaign for 1884 commenced early, and it was prosecuted with great earnestness and animation by both parties to the end. James G. Elaine was the candidate of the republicans, and that party was very confident of his election before the votes were cast. Stephen Grover Cleve- land, then governor of the state of New York, was the demo- cratic candidate, and he carried his own state by a small majority of the popular vote, securing democratic electors from New York (the pivotal state of that campaign), thus deciding that great contest in favor of the democrats. Ste- phen Grover Cleveland was elected president, and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana, vice-president, for the next four years until 1888. The vice-president died not long after his inau- guration. * * * This brings us down to 1888, with numerous tickets in the field. The democrats again put forth Grover Cleveland as their candidate for re-election, with Allen G. Tluirinan of Ohio as vice-president. The republican's presidential candi- date is Benjamin Harrison of Indiana, with L. P. Morton of New York as vice-president. These are the two great parties. Which will win ? 510 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. POLITICAL PAKTIES. RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE VARIOUS ORGANIZATIONS THAT FROM TIME TO TIME EXERTED MORE OR LESS INFLU- ENCE IN SHAPING THE COURSE OF THE NATION. AT the close of the revolutionary war there was but one political party in the United States, and that original party was known as the American "whig" party, who had fought the war to a successful issue, and had united to organize and sustain a new constitution and government. The war ended in 1781, and for the next five years few changes in politics occurred; but by 1787, the whigs or national party, under the leadership of the first president, Washington, Hamilton, and their associates, that party became known as "federalists;" and all the opponents of the whigs and their policy united and formed a new party and called themselves "anti-feder- alists." * * * This anti-federalist party was composed of all who feared the- establishment of the new central political power, and those who dreaded the addition of federal to state taxes; and this party opposed ratification of the new constitution, in con- ventions and outside, with all their power and ability. Alex- ander Hamilton, the great statesman and financier, holding the leadership of the federalists, held the control of the government during these trying and troublous times. The anti-federalist party, early in 1789, changed the par- ty name and called themselves "republicans," in opposition to the monarchical federalists, as they were then tauntingly termed by their opponents. In 1780 Thomas Jefferson re- THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 511 turned from France, wholly engrossed and inspired by the scenes and political developments of the French revolution; and under his influence and leadership, by 1793, the party in opposition to Washington, Hamilton and the other feder- alists, adopted a new name and called themselves the "dem- ocratic-republican party." Both parties continued to sustain their respective names until the close of Jefferson's adminis- tration, when the democrats dropped the word republican; they named themselves the democratic party, by which they have been known ever since; and under this name that party elected James Madison president in 1812. After the war of 1812 the federalists gradually faded away and in a few years the party name of federalists became extinct; but their suc- cessors, as opponents of the democratic party and policy, formed a new political organization. and adopted the name of the "whig party," the first name of the party afterward call- ed federalists. # * Whigs and democrats were therefore the only parties known in the political field when Andrew Jackson was elected president in 1828, and so continued with some local and un- important variations until 1852, when the great whig party, as was tersely said at the time, " died of an attempt to swal- low the fugitive slave law." In 1852 the American party, composed of seceders from both the old parties, was formed. This was a secret, oath-bound political organization, whose name, nature and object were not known, even to members, until they reached the higher degrees, and thus the party became known by the popular name of "know-nothings." Its design was to oppose the easy naturalization of foreigners and to elect only native-born citizens to office. After the election of 1855 the southern democrats withdrew their sup- port from this party, and it then disappeared from the politics of the country. 512 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. The " free soil party " was formed in 1852, and embraced all members of all other parties who were opposed to the extension of slavery into the free states and territories, and for the next four years this new party increased very rapidly. * * The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska bill by the democra- tic congress in 1854, quickly and firmly united all opponents of the ruling democratic slave oligarchy policy into the great "national republican party," and the republican national convention in 1856 adopted that name, and nominated John C. Fremont for president; and James Buchanan was nomi- nated and elected by the democrats. In 1860 Abraham Lin- coln was elected by the republicans, which election resulted in the civil war from 1861 to 1865, during which time pa- triotism nearly obliterated party lines, and the war destroyed the slave power, emancipated the slaves and settled forever that great political question that had divided the great par- ties ever since the origin of the government. The republican party retained the political power and control of the national government for twenty-four years, until 1884, when that party was defeated by the democrats, who elected Mr. Cleveland, the present president. Since the year of 1884 both of the great parties have set- tled into their old position, with tariff reform as the ruling political question of the hour; and democratic and repub- lican voters will contest and decide the campaign of 1888, which will be as lively a campaign as any that has been wit- nessed in this country for many years, the outcome of which cannot be foretold. And still greater uncertainty prevails because of the many other candidates in the field, notably the prohibition party and the labor parties with candidates for the presidency of the United States. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 513 THE PROHIBITION PARTY. THE Prohibition party, in national convention assembled at Indianapolis, Indiana, completed its session May 31,1888. Clinton B. Fisk received the candidature for the presiden- cy, and John A. Brooks for the vice-presidency. The insertion of a woman suffrage plank was hotly con- tested. Miss Frances Willard took the floor and said: "Some of you say that if the women will keep quiet you will give us suffrage after you get prohibition. Look at the state of Maine. Have they given us the ballot there after they got prohibition ? Some say woman's suffrage and prohibition cannot trot in the same class; that they don't travel at the same speed. I say drive them tandem and they'll go well together. The women have not tried to force this question. They simply set the tuning-fork to that pure, sweet key of truth and send out women tuned to that key, and on that we are conquering the world." Then followed protests from the minority. Delegate Richmond of Wisconsin, jumped upon the press table and thundered out the warning: "Woman's suffrage is a quar- ter of a century behind prohibition. Don't make us go back and pick up another load. Don't stop the onward march of reform which has called our party into existence. Push the living forward to victory." In vain did Richmond vaguely imply rebellion and shout: "Do not bind the hand of this young party with this great and crushing weight." Then up spoke Mrs. Merriweather of Missouri: "Take this band from the brain of woman and set her free." The throng thundered its approval. After a long and animated discussion, the woman suffrage plank was embodied in the platform by a vote of 1000 to 28. The Rev. Sam Small then read the platform; each plank was received with great enthusiasm. 514 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. PLATFORM OF THE PROHIBITION PARTY. 1. That the manufacture, importation, exportation, trans, portation and sale of alcholic beverages shall be made public crimes, and punished as such. 2. That such prohibition must be secured through amend- ments of our national and state constitutions, enforced by adequate laws adequately supported by administrative au- thority; and to this end the organization of the prohibition party is imperatively demanded in state and nation. 3. That any form of license, taxation, or regulation of the liquor traffic is contrary to good government; that any party which supports regulation, license, or tax enters into alliance with such taffic and becomes the actual foe of the state's welfare; and that we arraign the republican and democratic parties for their persistent attitude in favor of the licensed iniquity, whereby they oppose the demand of the people for prohibition, and through open complicity with the liquor cause, defeat the enforcement of law. 4. For the immediate abolition of the internal revenue system, whereby our national government is deriving support from our greatest national vice. 5. That an adequate public revenue being necessary, it may properly be raised by import duties and by an equitable assessment upon the property and the legitimate business of the country, but import duties should be so reduced that no -surplus shall be accumulated in the treasury, and that the burdens of taxation shall be removed from foods, clothing and other comforts and necessaries of life. 6. That civil-service appointments for all civil offices chief- ly clerical in their duties should be based upon moral, intel- lectual and physical qualifications, and not upon party ser- vice or party necessity. 7. That the right of suffrage rests on no mere circumstance of race, color, sex, or nationality, and that wherever from any cause it has been withheld from citizens who are of suit- IHE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, 6)5 able age and mentally and morally qualified for the exercise of an intelligent ballot, it should be restored by the people through the legislature of the several states on such educa- tional basis as they may deem wise. 8. For the abolition of polygamy and the establishment of uniform laws governing marriage and divorce. 9. For prohibiting combinations of capital to control and to increase the cost of products for popular consumption. 10. For the preservation and defense of the Sabbath as a civil in rtitution without oppressing any who religiously ob- serve t he same on any other day than the first day of the week. That arbitration is the Christian, wise, and economic meth< d of settling national differences, and the same method shouJ j by judicious legislation, be applied to the settlement of disputes between large bodies of employes and employers; that the abolition of the saloon would remove the burdens, moi al, physical, pecuniary and social, which now oppress labjr and rob it of its earnings, and would prove to be the wifre and successful way of promoting labor reform, and we invite labor and capital to unite with us for the accomplish- ment thereof; that monopoly in the land is a wrong to the people, and public land should be reserved to actual settlers, and that men and women should receive equal wages for equal work. 11. That our immigration laws should be so enforced as to prevent the introduction into our country of all convicts, inmates of dependent institutions and of other physically in- capacitated for self-support, and that no person should have the ballot in any state who is not a citizen of the United States. Recognizing and declaring that prohibition of the liquor traffic has become the dominant issue in national po- litics, we invite to full party fellowship all those who on this one dominant issue are with us agreed, in the full belief that this party can and will remove sectional differences, pro- mote national unity, and insure the best welfare of our nation. 516 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. GEN. CLINTON B. FISK. Born Dec. 8, 1828. PROHIBITION CANDIDATE FOB PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. GEN. CLINTON BOWEN FISK, Prohibition candidate for the presidency of the United States in 1888, was born at Greggs- ville, Livingston county, state of New York. His father was a blacksmith. Shortly after the birth of Clinton B. Fisk the fifth arrival in the family his parents removed to Michigan, where his father bought out a trader, whacked away at the anvil, and managed to pound out considerable money, which he invested in western lands. He died in the year of 1832. Clinton B. Fisk was "bound out" to Deacon Wright, a farmer, who was to rear the lad, and when he had attained his majority agreed to give him a horse, saddle, and bridle and two hundred dollars in money, besides his schooling. Young Clinton was a great reader in fact, his love for books amounted to a passion. When twelve years old*he walked twelve miles to Jackson in order to sell to a traveling circus a pet which he had taught many tricks, the money be- ing invested in " Anthon's Latin Lessons." He united with the methodist church about this time. He also succeeded in securing his release from the old Deacon, to whom he was bound, and turned bookkeeper for a laundress at ten cents a week. He also did odd chores and attended district school, to which he was obliged to walk three miles morning and night, winter and summer. Later he attended the Albion seminary, in Michigan, but was unable to com- plete his course. At the age of twenty-one he married and settled down at Coldwater, Michigan. He was an ardent abolitionist, and helped manipulate the u underground railway" of ante-bellum days. In 1861 when the war broke out, Mr. Fisk enlisted as a private in a St. Louis regiment, where he had been in business since THE BIOGRAPHICA L RE VIE W. 5, 7 1858. One year later he was made brigadier-general, and in 1865 was brevetted major-general. He served in the army of Tennessee until the fall of Vicksburg, and then in Mis- souri until the close of the war. Then he was ordered south to carry out the provisions of the Freedman's bureau. Gen. Fisk about this time founded the famous Fisk uni- versity in Tennessee. The general lost nearly all his fortune in the war, but soon picked up again by in vest- ments in Missouri railroads and real estate. He is now the owner cf a beautiful home at Sea Bright one of the handsomest places on the New Jersey coast. He has no regular business, and finds plenty of oppor- tunity to work for the cause of prohibition. In person Gen. Fisk is a tall, well-developed man, with a merry face, iron-gray hair, and twinkling eyes. He does not look a day GEN. CLINTON B. FISK. fifty in his manner in fact, magnetic and can make a temper- ance or camp-meeting speech that always delights his meth- odist brethren and sisters. General Fisk is one of the leading laymen in the meth- odist episcopal church. He is president of the board of trustees of Fisk university, for colored students at Nashville, a trustee of Dickinson college, Pennsylvania, of Drew theolo- gical seminary and Penningtori seminary, New Jersey, and of Albion college, Michigan. 5J8 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. He has three children, two sons and a daughter. Mrs. Fdsk was among the early Florence Nightingales in the war of the union. Associated with Mrs. Jessie Benton Fremont she was concerned at St. Louis, in the organization of the first society for the relief of the soldiers. She was in the field two years with her husband in charge of hospitals. Be- ing on one occasion engaged in assisting Dr. John H. Douglas, recently physician to the late General Grant, in the care of the wounded on the battlefield of Shiloh. JOHN A. BROOKS. Born June 8, 1836. PROHIBITION CANDIDATE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT. JOHN A. BROOKS, the candidate for the vice-presidency on the prohibition ticket, was born in Mason county, in the state of Kentucky. His ancestors were Virginians. Dr. Brooks was educated at Bethany college, Virginia, then pre- sided over by Alexander Campbell. He graduated from the school in 1856, and presided over the Flemingsburg college, Kentucky, for two years, when he resigned to enter the ministry. He was at one time supreme master of the Ancient Or- der of United Workmen, and has taken an active interest in politics. From the commencement of the prohibition move- ment in Missouri, Dr. Brooks has been at its head. He was among the organizers of the party at Sedalia, Missouri, in 1880. In 18S4 he was the nominee of the party for the governor- ship of Missouri and made a vigorous canvass of the state. Since the campaign of 1884 he has acted as the general agent of the lecture bureau, and spent much time in the states of Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Alabama. The doctor is possessed of powerful physique and apparently in possession THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 519 * * EQUAL RIGHTS PARTY. THE national convention of the Equal Rights party was held in DesMoines, Iowa, on May 15, 1888. Mrs. Nettie Sandford Chapin of Marshalltown, chairman of the national committee of the party, called the conven- tion to order; and after some preliminary remarks, announc- ed that its main work would be the counting of the ballots for equal rights candidates forpresident and vice president of the United States. Mrs. Chapin said that the national committee had made arrangements so that women suffragists all over the country could send in their ballots and have them counted just the same as if they were present themselves. The committee had sent out a blank form of ballot containing the sugges- tion that a good ticket could be made up with Belva A. Lock- wood of Washington, for president, and Albert H. Love of Philadelphia, for vice-president. A majority of those who voted evidently agreed with the committee, for on counting the ballots it was found that the ticket had received three hundred and ten votes with forty votes scattering. The scattering votes were distributed among Elaine, Alli- son, Senator Blair, General Clinton B. Fisk, FrancesWillard, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Henry George, Terence V. Pow- derly, General Black, and one ballot for Frances Folsom Cleveland for president. The convention had every confidence in the ability, integ- rity and firmness of their candidates. Having formally declared the ticket of Belva A. Lockwood and Alfred H. Love duly nominated, the convention pro- ceeded to adopt a platform, which was submitted by the com- mittee on resolutions. 520 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. PLATFORM OF THE EQUAL RIGHTS PARTY. "Believing that the disfranchisementof women has much to do with the growing influence of crime in the nation, we, the women of America, by their representatives here assem- bled, do pledge ourselves that if our party and candidates come into power, that equal rights shall be meted out to all citizens without regard to sex or color a fair ballot and an honest count. " We shall ask congress to pass an enabling act giving the women of this nation the right to vote in all election pre- cincts of the United States, as women are citizens amenable to the laws and liable to taxation. "That the settlement of estates shall be the same in the courts of joint property, and in the case of the death of the wife her heirs shall receive the same consideration as that of the husband without consulting his interests. In case of the death of the husband the wife shall be the administrator and guardian of her children without any process of law. "We pledge ourselves to the cause of temperance, and are in favor of arbitration by international commission in- stead of the sword, although under the circumstances of the late war our Union soldiers and sailors were inspired by the purest patriotism and principles of right. And we will de- mand of congress to pension them each and every one if they need help. " That we urge measures to be taken to stop immigration of the scum of Europe and Asia to our shores, and that we protect our workingmen from cheap foreign labor by protect- ing our home markets and manufacturers. "That lands owned by foreign landlords and wealthy cor- porations be heavily taxed to support government, and put sugar and lumber on the free list. And abolish taxes on whisky and tobacco, as it makes the government a partner in their excessive use the evil of the century." THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 521 MES. BELYA LOCKWOOD. Born in 1840. TWENTY-FIVE years ago it would have been preposterous for the Women's Rights people to have placed a candidate in the field, but since that time a decided change has been ex- perienced in the matter of women's suffrage. In England as well as in America the subject is being agitated, and in many states of this country women are allowed to vote on minor questions. In Eng- land much sympathy is felt for the opposite sex, and the supporters of the wom- en's rights doctrine are con- fident of its final success. Mrs. Belva Lockwood,. whom the women's rights party nominated for presi- dent in 1884, is one of the foremost women lawyers in the United States. Notwith- standing the fact that she had gained great promin- ence in the lower courts, she was refused admission to the United States supreme court; and in 1878 she was also denied admission to the circuit court of Baltimore. She then directed her efforts to congress with such success that at the ensuing session a bill authoriz- ing the admission of properly qualified women to practice in the supreme and circuit courts was passed by both houses. On March 3, 1879, Mrs. Lockwood was admitted to prac- tice in the supreme court at Washington the only woman ever admitted, where she has since served with great dis- tinction. For years she edited the Chicago "Legal News," a journal that was established by her husband. BELVA LOCKWOOD. 522 TEE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, # * * THE UNION LABOR PARTY. A CONVENTION of representative men from almost every state and territory in our country assembled in Cincinnati, Ohio, February 22, 1887. They came in answer to a call of the Industrial Union from Granges, Alliances, Agricultural Wheels, Knights of Labor, Grand Army of the Republic posts, Currency Reform, Land and Labor clubs, and Trades Assemblies; and after a careful consideration of principles they adopted the platform and name of the Union Labor party for the purpose of taking political action to remedy the ex- isting evils against the industrial interest in our republic. Since that time Union Labor clubs have been organized by the hundreds in all parts of the country, and a large gather- ing of its forces on May 15, 1888, in Cincinnati, Ohio, nominated a presidential ticket and prepared for a vigorous battle with the ballot. This party claims that all organizations established in the interest of labor have a chance to protect the great army of the toiling masses from corporate greed and class rule. A motion made, seconded and adopted that five minutes be allowed to each state represented, to give the progress and status of the Union Labor party in the different states. J. H. Randall states that he had registered a list of near- ly two thousand Union Labor clubs with a membership ranging from twenty-five to two hundred and fifty each, and that the reports of organizers to -the office of the Chicago "Express" ranged from fifty to a hundred clubs per week. Mr. Rankinof Indiana, reported that they had polled from eighteen to twenty thousand votes last spring, and had a full state ticket. Similar encouraging reports were made by representatives from Georgia, Kentucky, California, Missouri. Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas and New York. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 628 The Union Labor Party assembled in the national con- vention at Cincinnati, Ohio, on May 15, 1888. The following day the chair announced the nomination of candidates for president of the United States in order. A delegate from Wisconsin announced that the Hon. Henry Smith would not accept the nomination for president if tendered, and besides they wanted him for congress. Mr. Cunningham, of Arkansas, nominated A. J. Streeter, of Illinois. Allen Root, of Nebraska, nominated Gilbert C. De La Matyr, of Colorado. J. H. Randall, of Illinois, stated that Dr. De La Matyr could not accept a nomination. M. Baldwin, of Connecticut, seconded the nomination of Streeter. J. W. Harlin, of Colorado, nominated General James B. Weaver, of Iowa, whereupon Randall announced he had a letter from General Weaver in which he positively declin- ed the nomination. M. Vandewater, of Illinois, seconded the nomination for Streeter. Indiana indorsed Mr. Streeter. An Illinois delegate arose and declared that when Mr. Streeter was elected it would be the first time a man ever went from the farm to the White House. Iowa announced her choice to be Mr. Streeter, as did Kan- sas, Kentucky, Michigan, Nebraska and Missouri. J. B. Carter of Ohio, took the stage and nominated John Seitz, who, being still in the chair, positively declined the honor, and announcing his choice to be Mr. Streeter. Penn- sylvania, Tennessee, West Virginia and Wisconsin seconded the nomination of Streeter. Mr. Weller moved that Streeter be nominated by acclam- ation, and the motion was unanimously adopted. There wi-iv loud calls for Streeter, who sat in the Illinois delegation. 524 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. He was escorted to the stage by A. C. Karschner, of Cincin- nati, and loudly cheered. Mr. Streetersaid: "Mr. chairman and delegates of the convention I thank you for the distinguished honor you have conferred upon me. And I realize the fact that this compliment was not intended so much for me as it was for your desire to choose a " stan- dard bearer " who might be acceptable to all industrial people in the country. I hope you may not be disappointed in this. But, be that as it may, no man can say that I have sought this nomination, but would have gladly seen you confer this distinguished honor upon another more worthy than myself." Nominations for vice president being called for, a New York delegation presented the name of Samuel Evans, of Texas", Arkansas, California and a number of other states seconded Evan's nomination. Illinois named T. P. Rynder, of Pennsylvania. Iowa wanted Charles E. Cunningham, of Arkansas; Ohio endorsed Evans; Pennsylvania endorsed Rynder. The roll of states was then called, with the follow ing results: Cunningham 32; Rynder 44; Evans 124. Mr. Evans having received a majority of all the votes cast, was declared the choice of the convention for vice- president, and his nomination was made unanimous. The convention gave him three cheers, and he responded in an address, promising to do all he could to secure success of the cause, but said he must decline the nomination, and sug- gested in his stead Charles E. Cunningham of Arkansas. Charles E. Cunningham, of Arkansas, was then declared the nominee of the convention for vice-president by acclam- ation. In a brief speech Mr. Cunningham returned thanks, stating that he would not formally accept the nomination now, but at the proper time they would hear from him; that he was heart and soul devoted to the cause of the people, and that he would fight it out in the Union Labor party. A few weeks later Messrs. Streeter and Cunningham ten- dered their letters of acceptance. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 525 After a preamble or recapitulation of the resolutions, the following platform was adopted: UNION LABOR NATIONAL PLATFORM. 1. While we believe that the proper solution of the finan- cial distress will greatly relieve those now in danger of losing their homes by mortgage foreclosures, and enable all in- dustrious persons to secure a home as the highest result of civilization, we oppose land monopoly in every form, demand the forfeiture of unearned grants, the limitation of land own- ership and such other legislation as will stop speculation in lands and holding it unused from those whose necessities require it. We believe the earth was made for the people and not to make an idle aristocracy to subsist through rents upon the toils of the industrious, and that corners in land are as bad as corners in food, and that those who are not resi- dents or citizens should not be allowed to own lands in the United States. A homestead should be exempt to a limited extent from execution or taxation. 2. The means of communication and transportation shall be owned by the people as is the United States postal system. 3. The establishment of a national monetary system in the interest of the producer, instead of the speculator and usurer, by which the circulating medium in necessary quantity and full tender, shall bo issued directly to the people without the intervention of banks, and loaned to citizens upon land se- curity at a low rate of interest so as to relieve them from the extortion of usury and enable them to control the money supply. Postal savings banks should be established, and while we have free coinage of gold we should have free coin- age of silver. We demand the immediate application of all the money in the United States treasury to the payment of the bonded debt, and condemn the further issue of interest bearing bonds, either by the national government or by states, territories or municipalities. 4. Arbitration should take the place of strikes and other 526 THE BIO GRAPHICAL RE VIE W. injurious methods of settling labor disputes. The letting oi convict labor to contractors should be prohibited, the contract system be abolished on public works, the hours of labor in industrial establishments be reduced commensurate with the increased production by labor saving machinery, employes protected from bodily injury, equal pay for equal work for both sexes, and labor, agricultural and co-operative associa- tions be fostered and encouraged by law. The foundation of a republic is in the intelligence of its citizens, and children who are driven into workshops, mines and factories, are de- prived of the education which should be secured to all by proper legislation. 5. We demand the passage of a service pension bill to every honorably discharged soldier and sailor of the United States. 6. A graduated income tax is the most equitable system of taxation, placing the burden of government on those who can best afford to pay, instead of laying it on the farmers and producers, and exempting millionaires? bondholders and corporations. 7. We demand a constitutional amendment making United States senators elected by a direct vote from the people. 8. We demand the strict enforcement of laws prohibiting the importation of subjects of foreign countries under con- tracts. 9. We demand the passage and enforcement of such legis- lation as will absolutely exclude the Chinese from the United States. 10. The right to vote is inherent in citizenship irrespec- tive of sex, and is properly within the province of state legislation. 11. The paramount issues to be solved in" the interests of humanity are the abolition of usury, monopoly and trusts, and we denounce the democratic and the republican parties for creating and perpetuating these monstrous evils. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. 627 A. J. STREETER. Born Jan. 18, 1823. UNION LABOR CANDIDATE FOB PRESIDENT OF THE U. S. A. J. STREETER, the candidate for president on the Union Labor ticket (1888), was born in Rensselaer county,New York. His father, Roswell Streeter, was a native of Massachusetts, and moved to Alleghany county, New York, in 1817, and from there to Lee county, Illinois, in 1836. When land came into market there he entered one hundred and sixty acres at the land office in Dixon. He lived with his father on the farm until after his majority, and had the opportunity to attend school two winters' quarters in a log school house, which he helped to build. He drove six yoke of oxen in a breaking team, raised wheat and corn on the land, and hunt- ed game in the fall, threshed wheat by tramping it with a breaking team in a circle on the ground, and then hauled it to Chicago with the same team, taking a week to make the trip; slept under the wagon every night, subsisted entirely on a box of provisions taken from home, delivered the wheat sack by sack, on board a schooner, and received usually about fifty cents a bushel for it. At the age of twenty-three he felt in need of an education, and having no means but an iron constitution and a will to do something, he heard of Knox Manual Labor college, situated at Galesburg, Illinois, where young men might work their way while obtaining an education. He thought this his opportunity, and in the fall of that year, with less than twenty dollars in his pocket, he made his way to Galesburg across then the open prairie, and upon arrival there found that the labor part of the institution was not in working order: but he did not give it up. With what money he had he bought books, paid one term of tuition, lived in a garret the first winter and boarded himself, working Saturdays and every hour that could be spared from school. Being handy at making oak shingles with a frowe and drawing knife, he 528 THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. bought trees in the timber, sawing them into blocks and hauled them into town. In this way he always had work on hand at which he could make good wages, and by so doing he maintained himself in school two and a half years. In the spring of 1849, Mr. Streeter left college, went overland to California, and spent the most of eighteen months in the mines, with some success. In 1853 he went across the plains again with a drove of cattle, and in 1854 with another drove; in both these ven- tures he made some money. In 1856 he returned and bought land near where he now lives, New Windsor, Illinois, and since that time has built up a large business in farming and stock raising. He has, notwithstanding his extensive business, kept him- self posted in public affairs. His official life began soon after he located in New Windsor, as he has several times been elected to serve on the board of supervisors. During the war he was a war democrat. At the time of the Granger movement he was a very active member of that order. In 1872 he was elected to the Illinois state legisla- ture, serving on the committee on education and agriculture, and taking active part in railroad legislation, "to prevent extortion arid unjust discrimination." In 1873 Mr. Streeter severed all his old political affilia- tions and became interested in the forming of the Green- back Labor party, naturally drifting into it from the princi- ples that were discussed so extensively in the Grange. In 1878 he was the candidate for congress on that ticket in the tenth district of Illinois, and Deceived nearly four thousand votes, while at the time each of the old parties had candi- dates in the field; each one declaring himself in favor of Greenback Labor principles and the only Simon-pure Green- backers in the district. In 1880 the same party made him their candidate for governor of Illinois, and gave him an exceptionally large vote. THE BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW. In 1884: lie was elected to the state senate, where he found that the corporations had a controlling majority, and that he could get no measures through the senate to which they were opposed, but succeeded better with other bills, amnn