THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES % GREENLAND: BEING EXTRACTS FROM A JOURNAL KEPT IN THAT COUNTRY In the Years 1770 to 1778. By HANS EGEDE SAABYE, Formerly ordained Minister in the Districts of Claushavn and Christianshaab now Minister of Udbye, in the Bishopric of Fuhnen ; and GRANDSON OF THE CELEBRATED HANS EGEDE. (JBofo first juHteTjeD.) TO WHICH 1$ PREFIXED, AN INTRODUCTION; CONTAINING SOME ACCOUNTS OF THE MANNERS OF THE GREENLANDERS, AND OF THE iWtsston in <reenlantr; WITH VARIOUS INTERESTING INFORMATION RESPECTING THE GEOGRAPHY, SfC. OF THAT COUNTRY; And illustrated by a CHART OF GREENLAND, By G. FRIES. SECOND EDITION. TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN. Honfton : PRINTED FOR BOOSEY AND SONS, 4, Broad Street, Royal Exchange. 1818. J Junes Compton, Printer, Middle Street, Cloth Fair, London. & HO S H a ' AT a time when the British Government ever laudably attentive to the interests of Science, have been induced, by the remarkable disappear- ance of the ice in the high northern latitudes, tc send out two Expeditions towards the North Pole the attention of the Public is naturally turned to the countries likely to be visited on this occasion : Greenland, in particular, excites peculiar interest, from the expectation of re-discovering the Bast Coast of that country, which has been inacces sible for four centuries. The Work, ofivhich the following is a trans- lation, has been received with such remarkable favor in Denmark and Germany, that there can be no doubt of its being peculiarly acceptable, under the present circumstances, to the British Reader. Were not the name itself of the venera- ble Author a sufficient pledge of the authenticity of his statements, it may be safely affirmed, that his Journal bears, in every page, the stamp of e^w/so** IV truth The circumstances which have led to the publication, are singularly honorable to him. The Bishop of Fuhnen, Dr. Plum, being on a visitation of his diocese, in a parish of which our Author is minister, ivas naturally led to converse with him on the subject of his resi- dence in Greenland. This induced him to take from his desk his Journal kept in that country, which his modesty had suffered to lie neglected for so many years. The Bishop was so struck with the unaffected simplicity of the narrative, and the interesting accounts which it contains of the manners of the inhabitants, that he pressed the venerable Author to have it published. The Bishop has prefixed to the Danish original, a letter to the Privy Counsellor, Von Bulow, who enjoys the highest esteem in Denmark, on ac- count of his liberal patronage of the Arts and Sciences ; and tvho has, on this occasion, done a new service to Literature, by defraying all the expenses of the publication of the original. Though many persons have, doubtless, a gene- ral acquaintance with the c/taracter and mode of living of the Greenlanders, yet such as have not, would not receive from this Work all the pleasure it is capable of affording. The Ger- man Editor, 3//*. Fries, has therefore prefixed avaluable Introduction, in which he not only gives a general vieio of the Country and its In- habitants, but adds from the latest authorities, and from the accounts which have been communicated to him by persons who have lately visited Green- land, various interesting particulars respecting the Geography, tyc, which ivould be in vain sought for elsewhere. The very neat Map with which this Edition is enriched, will be highly acceptable ; and our Readers will not fail to remark the Inlet dis- covered by Capt, Volquard Boon, on the East Coast, of which an account is given in the first note to the first Chapter of the Journal. Tlie Translator has only to add the wish, that the Work may experience, in an English dress, the approbation which has been universally be- stowed upon it on the Continent. H. E. Lloyd. VI N. J3. The miles mentioned in the follow- ing pages are German miles, equal to about four and a half English miles. The ells are Danish ells, of two feet English, nearly. Contents* Page. Introduction. i 97 Chap. I. The Isefjord, in Disco Bay 9S Chap. II. The Mission at Claushavn is extended 107 Chap. III. It is still possible to come to the East Side of Greenland . Ill Chap. IV. The Polygamist 122 Chap. V. Greenland Courtship 127 Chap. VI. The Baptism of a Catechumen 139 Chap. VII. Some Journics 140 Chap. VIII. Some Particulars of our Trade with the Greenlanders ... 160 Chap. IX. The Wedding 1 6s Chap. X. Sequel to the preceeding Chapter. 177 Chap. XI. The Child Saved 181 Chap. XII. Witchcraft 185 Chap. XIII. The Whale found 190 CONTENTS. Chap. XIV. Some characteristic Features 195 Chap. XV. The severe Winter 206 Chap. XVI. The Mode of Instruction 209 Chap. XVII. Some Cures 218 Chap. XV11I. The Avenger of his Father, or the Triumph of Religion . . 225 Chap. XIX. The Heathens kill Witches 238 Chap. XX. Religion and Superstition of the Greenlanders 243 Chap. XXI. The Domestic Life of the Greenlanders. 249 Chap. XXII. The Education of the Greenlanders 259 Chap. XXIII. Miscellaneous Information .......... ( *. 26*4 INTRODUCTION, J. HE Greenlanders are, in general, of a mid- dle size, but not of so small a stature as is ge- nerally imagined, 1 fleshy and well formed, of a rather dark colour, have almost all black hair, and broad flat faces. In respect to bodily strength, they are inferior to the Europeans in violent exertion and hard labour, but they can, by practice, become accustomed to carry weights on their heads, which an European would find much difficulty in doing : a Green- lander carries, for instance, his Kajak, and a Greenland woman a reindeer, a long way on the head 2 without difficulty. What they want in bodily strength they gain in dexterity : for (1) Only in the roost northern part of Greenland the inha- bitants may be all very short ; in the other parts they are of a common middle size : there are also some tall people among them, who are more frequently found the farther We proceed to the south, which indicates a mixture with the remains of the extirpated Norwegians and Icelanders. (2) The Greenlander carries, besides, his hunting utensil." in his hand, and his gun upon his shoulder. B 2 instance, they climb up rocks with uncommon agility, and jump with great facility, when the ice breaks under them, from one piece to another, and their dogs fall into the water. The men have, for the most part, no beard, either because Nature refuses it, or because they pluck it out at its first appearance. In winter the Greenlanders live in houses, and in summer in tents. The houses are from eight to ten ells (in the clear) broad or deep, about fifty ells long (according to the number of families who inhabit them), and only high enough for a person to stand upright : they are generally on elevated places, that the snow- . water may run off the better, but not far from the shore, as the Greenlander must live by the sea. The wall is several ells thick, and consists of great stones, between which earth and moss are laid. On the wall rests, in the length, a beam, which is supported by posts ; if it is not long enough, it is made of several pieces tied together with thongs. Upon this beam cross rafters are laid, between them small wood, and over that heath ; upon this is laid a bed of turf, which is strewed over with fine earth ; the whole is covered with old boat or tent skins : on the inside, the walls are lined with skins, to s keep out the wet. From about the middle of the house to the wall there is fixed, lengthwise, a bench made of boards ; it is about half an ell from the ground, covered with skins 3 , and divided by means of the posts which support the roof, and by skins which are extended to the wall. Every family, of which there gene- rally live two or three, and sometimes from four to ten, in such a house, occupies one of these divisions. This bench serves the inha- bitants of the house by day, for a table and seats (the men generally sit with their legs hanging down and the women cross-legged on it), and by night for a bedstead ; they sleep* upon them covered with quilts made of skins, and with their feet turned towards the wall ; but it is the custom, at least in Disco Bay, and in general in the north of Green- land, for married people, particularly if they are young, to have their sleeping place under the bench 5 . On the other side of the house, (3) Under the skins there is usually a thin layer of grasj or moss. (4) Their clothes rolled together serve them for pillows. Sometimes, but seldom, they have a pillow of skins, stuffed with grass or moss. y^ (5) That this custom, which the author mentions in Chap. XX, prevails in North Greenland, is beyond all doubt. 4 where the entrance is, there are some square windows, made of entrails neatly sewed toge- ther, about an ell each way, and so close, that neither snow nor rain can penetrate, yet the light shines through pretty well. Under the windows there is, on the inside, a narrow bench, upon which strangers sit and sleep ; and at the ends of the house is a broader bench, extending from the sleeping place to the narrow bench abovementioned. At every post is a fire-place, consisting of a wooden block covered with flat stones ; on it stands a low Stool with three feet, and upon that a lamp, nearly in the shape of a half moon, cut out of talc, but under this, an oval wooden vessel to catch the train oil which runs over. In this lamp, which is filled with seal's fat or fresh train oil 6 , some moss is laid on the straight side, which burns so clear that the house is In the south of Greenland it is perhaps otherwise ; I have not been ahle to learu any thing certain upon the subject, but I Have heard from many persons who have long resided in North Greenland, the conjecture that this custom prevails over the whole country. (G) The train oil which the Greenlanders burn in their lamps ib not boiled ; but the blubber, in the warmth, dissolves of itself into train oil: hence it does not give such a smell as our train or coarser sorts of oil. 5 sufficiently lighted by it, and even warmed. Over this lamp there hangs a kettle, also of talc, in which the food is boiled ; this kettle is of an oval form, flat and narrow at the bot- tom, and broader at top, and hangs to the beam by four strings. Over the kettle is a wooden horse, to dry clothes and boots. As there are always several fire-places in each house (but without the smallest danger of fire), upon which one or more lamps burn day and night, these houses are kept so extremely warm, that the Greenlanders at home go almost naked 7 , and often take rpfug-e unHer the sleep- ing place, because the heat is too great for them. These houses have no chimnies, which, as no smoke is perceived in them, would be useless ; in general they have no doors ; the place of both is, in some measure, supplied by the entrance in the middle of the house. This entrance, which is commonly towards the sea side, is a covered passage of stones and earth, built on the long side of the house, about six or eight ells in length, and at the same time so low, that (especially before and behind, where you descend into it) you must go more (7) They have only short brcecbe* "n. 6 upon the hands and feet, than stooping". This long- passage keeps out the cold so well, that the heat is almost intolerable to an European. The dense air goes out, indeed, through this opening- 5 but an European can scarcely endure the smell of the quantity of often half putrid meat which is boiled over these lamps, also of other uncleanliness, particularly of the urine- vessels, which generally stand near the en- trance, and in which skins are softened for tanning-. The Danes often have doors at the end, and also a fire-place near the passage, where they dress their food in copper or brass kettles over a coal fire ; but over the lamps they always use kettles of talc. Near their habitation the Greenlanders have little store-houses like ovens, built of stone, in which they keep meat, blubber, dried fish, and the like. What they catch in winter they preserve under the snow. Near the dwellings are their boats turned upside down, and placed on posts, and underneath they hang their hunting- utensils and skins. In September the Greenlanders build their houses, or repair them, go into them about Michaelmas ; and in March, April, or May, sooner or later, according as the snow melts and threatens to penetrate their 7 roofs, they joyfully leave them, and then live in tents. Every where on the coast we meet with houses, and if we might estimate the num- ber of inhabitants by that of the houses, in which very often about fifty persons live, Greenland must be a very populous country. But the Greenlanders love a roving life, and generally wander about the country all the summer. If a company is overtaken by win- ter, or where they think fit to pass that season, they build houses, if they do not find any ; and a house which has been inhabited one winter, may stand empty many years, till ano- ther party thinks fit to take up its residence in it. The tents are of two kinds ; namely, fixed, that is, such as form a fixed summer residence, and such as the Greenlanders set up on their journies, and which often stand only from the evening to the morning, or, at least, but a short time ; they are, therefore, travelling tents 8 . In the first, the interior, which is nearly oval, is surrounded with a wall of stones and earth, of half the height of a man. In front, (8) The following description of a tent, which, in many respects, is very different from that given by Cranz and others sifter him, is drawn up from a model made in Greenland. 8 where the entrance is, two long" posts are fixed in the ground, a little above the height of a man, so that they lean a little towards the inside of the tent : these posts are joined to- g-ether by a cross beam, and form the door- way. Upon this crossbeam, and on the wall, is placed, first, the main pole of the tent, which is a little thicker than the other tent poles, and, if the owner of the tent is opulent, adorned at the top with a ball, painted red : the upper end of this pole rises a little above the tent. Besides this, there are at least eight or ten poles, which are laid in a diverging" direction upon the wall, and bound fast to the cross beam. The two outermost poles are laid in the continued direction of the cross beam, and, as they would not have a firm resting place on the cross beam, they are put through a strap nailed upon it. Before the door-way there hangs a kind of curtain of thin entrails, bor- dered with red or blue cloth and white ribands ; it keeps out the cold air, but admits sufficient light. Before the entrance, two lower posts are fixed in the ground, which are also united by a cross beam. Two pretty heavy poles lie with one end on this cross beam ; the other end of them is joined by a leather strap as long- as 9 the door-way is broad, which strap lies behind the door-way, upon the tent poles : these two poles serve to hang- meat, boots, &c. upon. On the tent poles, which inclose a space nearly in the shape of half an obtuse cone, they lay a cover of seal skins, sewed tog-ether with the hair inside, and over this a second cover of the same kind. The first, which the rich often have double, and in this case, the inner one sometimes of reindeer skins, covers only the inner part of the tent, but the latter extends a good way over, and forms, as it were, the external house, where provisions, and the vessels which smell offensively are kept. If it rains, the hairy side of the external cover is turned out, that the rain may run off the better ; but, if the sun shines, the fleshy side is turned outwards, that the heat of the sun may not loosen the hair. The lower edge of the cover is lined with moss, and kept down with large stones, that the wind may not lift up the tent. In windy weather a piece of seal skin is fastened, on the windward side, to the frame-work standing before the entrance. The sleeping-bench is like that used in bouses ; the foundation consists of blocks, every two of which are joined by a thick board nailed over c 10 them. Upon this foundation lie boards, and upon them a carpet of seal skins : this bench reaches to the back wall of the tent, towards which the inhabitants turn their feet when they sleep. Before the bench stand the lamps, over which they seldom cook ; this is generally done, in summer, in the open air, with wood, and in copper or brass kettles. Every family has generally its own tent, yet two families often live together, and the owners sometimes take in some of their poor relations, so that not unfrequently twenty people live in such a tent. In the corners of the tent, the mistress of the house, who shews all her ornaments only in summer, keeps her furniture, and hangs before it a curtain of white leather, stitched with all kinds of figures, and fastens to it her looking-glass, ribands, and pincushions. Every thing is much cleaner in the tents than in the houses ; and, conse- quently, the abode in them is much more tolerable for an European. The travelling tents differ from the fixed tents in having no wall, but the lower ends of the poles rest on the ground. The dresses of the Greenlanders are made of the skins of reindeer, seals, and birds. The 11 coat or cloak, generally of seal skin, is not open in front, but sewed on all sides down to the knee (for which reason they put it over their heads after they have put their arms through it), and provided with a hood which they draw over their heads in cold or wet wea- ther. The breeches are made of seal skin, or of a thin-haired reindeer skin, and are short at the top and bottom ; the stockings are of the smooth skin of a young* seal j the shoes, of smooth black tanned seal skin leather, are tied at the top with a strap drawn through the soles, have no heels, and the soles project nearly two fingers' breadth before and behind ; the boots, which have the seam before, are made in the same manner : dry grass is put in the shoes and boots to keep the feet dry and warm. The skins of birds serve the Greenlander for shirts ; they wear the feathers inwards ; they also wear the reindeer's skin with the hair inside, and sometimes over this a cloak of thin-haired reindeer skins : these skins are now very rare. The cloaks and breeches are generally rough : it is only in summer, and when he means to be fine, that the Greenlander has on a smooth cloak and breeches, the seams of which are trimmed with several narrow and broad strips 12 of red and white dog's leather. The men are often seen in the dress of Danish sailors ; the women, on the contrary, keep to their national dress, except those who are married to Danes. The men wear their cloaks shorter in summer and longer in winter ; they reach about half way down the thigh, and hang loose. The breeches reach down to the knee, but longer in winter, when they are laced over the boots. The stockings, which reach to the breeches, are trimmed at the top with fur. When the men are at sea, they put on a water-proof coat, of smooth black seal skin leather, and under this cloak, and over the clothes, sometimes a frock made of entrails, the better to keep them warm and dry. The dress of the women differs but little from that of the men, only that the cloak has a longer hood, and in summer shorter sleeves, is not cut short off, but has a flap be- hind and before hanging down from the hips, and fits rather closer ; the breeches are a little shorter, and the stockings, on the contrary, longer, and, on the whole, they are more orna- mented : thus, the sleeves are not only trimmed round the edges, but have many stripes length- wise , the edge of the cloak is often trimmed with seven narrow and broad stripes of co- 13 loured leather, of rough seal skin, and at the bottom of red or blue cloth, besides a garland (for so 1 must express it) of coloured glass beads. They like to have the shoes and boots of white, yellow, or red leather, the seams neatly sewed, and often set with glass beads. Mothers and nurses wear a cloak which is so large that they can wrap up the child in it (which never has a cradle or swaddling clothes, and is generally quite naked) : that it may not fall through, they bind the cloak fast round the body with a girdle, which is provided in front with a buckle or buttons. The men wear their hair short, hanging down on all sides, and cut off before ; the women, on the contrary, do not cut it (except in the deepest mourning, and when they are resolved not to marry), but bind it together over the crown of the head, in a great tuft, over which there is a smaller one , for this they like to use a handsome riband, which is often ornamented with glass beads. The rich some- times tie a cotton or silk handkerchief round the forehead, but in such a manner that the tuft of hair, as the greater ornament, is not covered. In ancient times, the women, to be quite handsome, were tattooed : the mother 14 performed this operation on her daughter, al- ready in her childhood, for fear she should not get a husband ; she stitched the skin of the face, hands, and feet, with a thread made black with soot, so that when the thread was drawn through, the soot remained behind in the skin. Traces of this almost obsolete custom are now but seldom found, and that in old women. The men sometimes let their beard grow, which, as we have said, is very thin ; some- times they pluck it out with a knife. Reindeer flesh is the favourite food of the Greenlanders, but they do not often get it ; because, since they have obtained fire-arms, the reindeer are become more scarce. Their best food is, therefore, the flesh of sea animals, fish and fowl, particularly that of seals : they do not care much about land birds and hares. They eat some kinds of berries, roots, and herbs, as also sweet sea-weed, but the first more for refreshment than nourishment, and the latter (except one kind, which is taken as a refreshment) only if they are not provided with other food. A kind of smelt, dried in the open air, serves the Greenlanders for bread and ve- getables: they catch this fish in May and June, when they are so plentiful that they 15 catch whole boats full in a few hours, and preserve them in leather bags for winter pro- vision. In the summer they preserve the heads and leg's of the seals under the grass, and whole seals under the snow in winter : the flesh thus frozen and half corrupted they call Mikkiak, and eat it with great appetite. They boil the rest of the seal's flesh, as well as the flesh of the white fish 9 and other sea animals, also sea birds and small fish ; but they cut the larger fish, as hollibut, cod, &c., in narrow strips, which are dried in the sun and eaten raw. They eat the entrails of smaller animals without cleaning them, any farther than by squeezing them with their fingers. What is found in the stomach of the reindeer, as well as in the en- trails of the snow- fowl, mixed with fresh train oil and berries, they think a great delicacy. Bears' flesh, and the tail and skin of whales, are also among their favourite dishes : it is only in case of need that they eat the rest of the whale. Fresh, rotten, and half-hatched eggs, bilberries, and Angelica, they preserve for winter refreshment in a sack of seal's lea- ther, filled with train oil. It appears, there- (9) A smaller kind of whale. 16 fore, that train oil serves them to preserve their food, but they do not take it in any other manner ; neither do they take blubber, unless it be a little bit to the dry smelt. Fresh meat also is not eaten raw, except they are out in the chase, or are in want of vessels or time to dress it. Their beverage is water, and, that it may be the cooler, they like to put ice or snow into it. The boats of the Greenlanders consist of a light frame-work of wood, which is covered with seals' skin. These leather boats 10 are of two sorts ; namely, smaller ones for one man, which are principally used in the chase of seals, and larger ones, which are destined for the conveyance of goods, and for the women. The little boat, Kajak, or men's boat, is from eight to nine ells long, pointed behind and before, about three-fourths of an ell broad in the middle, and scarcely half an ell deep. On the light keel lie thin cross laths, on which (10) The following remark of Professor B. Thorlacius in his History of Thorail, called Orra-heens Stepson, where the Greenland bouts are spoken of, may perhaps be interest- ing to the philologer. In the ancient Scandinavian language these leather boats are called hudkeipr, from hud (cutis), hide or skin, and from keipr, num, rower's bench. We fiud in Cicero, epicopus, a little fishing boat. 17 stand two slight boards that form the sides of the Kajak, and on these again light cross pieces. This frame-work is connected by whalebone, and the whole boat is, on all sides, both above and below, covered with seal skins. The two sharp pointed ends, which rise a little, are furnished, to render them more durable, with slips of bone, and the points have also a bone head. In the middle of the Kajak is a round opening, into which the Greenlander slips, and seats himself on the laths, which are covered with soft skins, and draws the bottom of his water-proof cloak, which is bound tight round the neck and hands, so fast about a hoop of wood or bone, which rises two fingers above the opening, that no water can enter. The oar is of tough wood, about three ells long ; has at each end a thin blade three fingers broad, edged with bone. The Greenlander takes this oar in the middle, with both hands, strikes the water on each side, and can in this manner row ten or twelve miles, and even more, in one day. He is not much afraid of a storm in his Kajak, for, as long as a ship can carry her topsail, he swims like a sea-bird over the billows, and, if a wave dashes over him, he soon appears again. If a wave D 18 threatens to upset him, he supports himself by- means of his oar ; and, if he does upset, he makes a stroke with it under the water, and rig-hts himself again. But it is not every Greenlander that can attain this degree of skill, and many a one loses his life when he upsets. If he loses his oar, he generally perishes, unless there be somebody very near who can render him assistance. The Europeans hardly ever learn to row the Kajak, at the most only in calm weather, and where there are no waves : this skill must be attained in youth. The great boat, Umiak, or women's boat, is from fourteen to eighteen ells in length, and even longer ; about two or two and a half ells broad, and, in the middle, one and a half ell deep ; pointed behind and before, and flat 11 at the bottom. The frame-work consists of light laths, about three fingers broad ; on the keel, cross pieces lie in grooves, and upon these, on both sides of the keel, two laths in the form of a bow, which, at the stem and stern, meet the ( 1 1 ) It is, however, not always quite flat, any more than the Kajak ; for the keel goes, in some of them, deeper by its whole thickness than the lower edge of the sides of the boat, so that the skin, stretched over the keel, forms an angle, though a very obtuse one. 19 keel, and form the lower edge of the sides of the boat : on these two side laths, posts are fixed, which are let into the upper board of the boat, which is something- higher at both ends, and they stand rather wider apart above, which makes the boat broader at the top than at the bottom. Through these posts, on both sides, there passes a lath, parallel with the lower edge, a full ell above it, from stem to stern ; on this lath lie the rowers* benches, which are from eight to twelve in number, according to the length of the boat. The laths, which form the upper edge, project before and behind about two ells ; these ends, which are generally united behind by a cross bar, serve as handles to bring the boat on shore, &c. 12 Behind is a little bench for the steersman ; and in front a kind of staple, through which a pole, with a sail spread on it, may be put. This frame, the parts of which are every where joined together with whale- bone, and partly with wooden pegs (iron nails would rust, and the rust would eat away the skin which covers the boat), is covered at the bottom and sides with seal leather. The oars (12) The inferior boats of the women have not these handles. 20 are short, with broad blades, which are set round with bone and fastened with straps to the edge of the boat. The sail is usually made of entrails sewed tog-ether, or sometimes of linen, and can only be used to sail before the wind : the yard is fixed at right angles to the abovementioned pole. In these boats, which are rowed by women (in general four), the Greenlanders remove, with their tents, house- hold furniture, and all their property, 100 or 200 miles to the north and south. The men row beside it in the Kajak, and with this pro- tect the boat from large waves ; and, in case of need, keep it upright by taking hold of the side. In such a boat, that is sometimes loaded with ten or twenty people, they generally row six miles in a day 13 . At night they unload, set up their tent, draw the boat on shore, and turn it upside down. If they cannot proceed any farther by water, six or eight of them carry (13) According to Wormskjold, who travelled in Greenland in the year 1812, and afterwards accompanied Captain Von Kotzebue on his voyage of discovery, and, by the latest news, was on the Sandwich Islands, a women's boat, fourteen or sixteen ells in length, manned with a steersman and four women to row, besides two or three travellers, and loaded with a weight of above two ship-pounds, generally goes nine or more miles in a day, in calm water, but then the boat is not heavy laden. 21 the boat on their heads, by land, to a place where they can again proceed by wa- ter. The seal is, for the Greenlander, what the reindeer is for the Laplanders, the principal source of wealth : without it they could not exist. They feed on the flesh of the seal j its skin serves them for clothing 1 , and for the co- vering- of their habitation ; and its blubber gives them light and warmth : the seal, there- fore, provides for them the principal necessaries of life. Several sea-fowls, the whale and nar- val, and, particularly, the whitefish, also con- tribute ; the flesh of the latter affords them an agreeable food, but they particularly use the entrails of this fish for windows, and curtains for tents, and the sinews, which can be split extremely fine, for thread. The chase on the water is, therefore, their main business, and every thing relating to it highly important to the Greenlanders : it is of three kinds ; the chase of seals, of birds, and of whales. The chase of seals, as the most important, is again divided into three different kinds ; first, they are caught with the bladder , secondly, by hunting ; and, thirdly, by shooting them on the ice. itifli 22 To catch seals with the bladder which the Greenlanders undertake, singly, each for himself to catch a larger kind of seals, they use the following" apparatus, which is contrived with great ingenuity, and well adapted to the object. 1. The harpoon is composed of several pieces, because otherwise the seal would break it. In the fore part of the shaft, which is about three ells long, and an inch and a half or two inches thick, a peg of bone is fitted, and so fastened to the shaft that it can come out. On this peg is the bone harpoon head, full half a span along, provided with double barbs, and an iron point an inch broad. To the harpoon hangs a thong eight or nine fathoms in length, the other end of which is fastened to a bladder. This thong, by means of a bone ring, which is held by a peg to the middle of the shaft, is so fastened to the latter, that it easily parts from it. The blad- der, made of the skin of a small seal sewed together, has two holes provided with bone stoppers to blow it up. The Greenlander, when he blows it up, takes the stopper in his mouth, that he may immediately put it in with his tongue, for fear the air should escape 23 out of the bladder ; afterwards he fastens the stopper properly with his hands. The spear is not thrown out of the hand, but, in order to give the throw more force, laid upon a casting board which is about an ell long", four inches broad before, and one inch behind. At the fore end notches are cut on both sides, to hold it fast with the fore -finger and thumb. Pegs in the shaft fit into holes on the surface of this board, which the Greenlander, when he throws, retains in his hand. 2. The great spear consists of a shaft two ells and a half long, and two inches and a half or three inches thick in the middle, in the fore end of which is fitted a piece of bone which is tied to it, and has a sharp iron point without a barb. The bone and the iron together are about half an ell long. This point separates from the shaft when the spear strikes the object. In the middle of the shaft, on both sides, a bone peg is fixed, behind which the fore-finger and the thumb are placed to throw the spear. 3. The small spear is about an ell long, without the point. At the fore end, where it is thicker than at the other, a narrow iron blade, full half an ell long, is fixed. 24 This apparatus is fastened by buttons to the right side of the Kajak, between straps that are stretched on the boat, and has its points lying" between bone pegs fixed on the edge of the Kajak in front. Before the Green- lander, lies the thong rolled up, and behind him the bladder, which is prevented from fall- ing out of its place by bone pegs fixed in the back part of the Kajak. When the Green- lander, thus prepared, perceives a seal, he first examines whether every thing about the har- poon, particularly the thong, is in order ; he endeavours then to approach the seal within four or six fathom, takes the harpoon with the casting-board, and, while he throws the har- poon at the seal, takes the oar in his left hand. If the harpoon pierces above the barbs, it separates from the shaft, and the thong un- rols. At the same moment the Greenlander pushes the bladder into the water, for the seal, as soon as he finds himself struck, darts like an arrow to the bottom. The Greenlander now lays the casting-board, and the shaft which is swimming on the water, in their proper place, and takes the great spear to throw it at the seal as soon as he appears. The seal often draws the bladder under the 25 water, though it can bear a hundred weight and a half, but exhausts himself so much by- it, that he is forced soon to rise again to take breath. As soon as he rises, the Greenlander throws his lance and wounds him in the body ; it immediately falls out, because it has no barb : he repeats this till the seal is quite exhausted, and then kills him with the lit- tle spear. Then he stops all the wounds, to preserve the blood, which is kept to make soup ; blows up the seal between the hide and the flesh, in order to convey it away the more easily, and ties it fast to the Kajak. In this species of chase the Greenlander is exposed to the greatest dangers. The thong, in rapidly unrolling, may get entangled, and catch hold of the Kajak, which the seal then easily overturns and drags under the water ; or the half dead seal may bite holes in the Kajak if it comes too near him. In both these cases the Greenlander generally pe- rishes. For what I call hunting the seal, the Greenlander uses a dart. The shaft is about two ells and a half long. It has a head of iron, half an ell long, a finger thick, with two notches instead of barbs, which, when the 26 dart strikes, comes out of the shaft, but remains hanging to the middle of it by a short strap ; at the other end of the shaft a bladder is fastened, that the seal may tire him- self. When the small seals enter the creeks in the autumn, the Greenlanders, collected in bodies, intercept their passage, frighten them under the water by loud cries, and throwing stones, that, as they cannot long hold out with- out taking air, they may exhaust themselves, and at last remain so long above water, that their pursuers can surround them, and strike them with their darts. Sometimes the seals take refuge on shore, where they are re- ceived by the women and children with stones and clubs, and, afterwards, pierced by the men. This chase is very amusing to the Greenlanders, and, at the same time, so profitable, that one man may get eight or ten seals in a day for his own share. The catching of seals on the ice is usual, particularly in Disco-bay, where the inlets are generally hard frozen in the winter. The Greenlanders watch for the seals when they come to take breath at the air-holes which they have made in the ice, and then kill them with their harpoons. They hold 27 in their hand the thong- fastened to the harpoon. It is seldom that the huntsman misses his prey, and one man may in this manner catch ten seals in a day. With an iron fastened to the other end of the shaft the hole in the ice is enlarged, and the seal drawn out. Another method of taking 1 these animals is with the long pole, which is done by two persons. Near to the air-hole, they cut a hole in the ice, large enough clearly to see through it under the ice. One of the hunters lays himself on his belly upon a sledge, and covers his head above, that the light may not hinder him from seeing- under the ice. In one hand, he holds one end of a pole, about three fathoms in length, to which the harpoon head is fixed, over the air-hole, and in the other hand the end of the thong-. The other hunter stands quite still at the air- hole, and holds the pole perpendicularly over it. The first then begins to whistle, by which he attracts the seals, which are very curious. At the right moment he gives a sign, the hunter who is standing strikes, and the curious seal is generally pierced. The Greenlandert also shoot many seals 23 when they lie asleep on the ice. This way of hunting* the seal is not successful, unless there be a great many of these animals in the bay, the air clear, and the cold not too severe, because otherwise they do not like to crawl upon the ice. Neither must any half-frozen snow be on the ice, because it creaks when it is trodden upon : new fallen snow, on the other hand, assists the chase, which is con- ducted as follows. The Greenlander binds his g"un to a little sledge, the bottom of which is covered with rough skins, and so contrived that a sail may be put up. When he sees a seal asleep, he keeps back the dog's 14 , ap- proaches softly with his sledge to the place where the seal lies : when there is new fallen snow, and the surface of it is not frozen, he can approach, upright, within 100 or even 80 paces ; otherwise not within 200 paces. Then he lies down, crawls forward on his knees and elbows, so that the sail is turned towards the seal, and sometimes looks over the (14) Dogs of a middling size, which resemble the wolf, are the only domestic animals of the Greenlanders. They put from four to ten dogs before their sledges, and make use of them also to drag the seals from the ice, home. They are of no use in the chase, except to hunt the white bears. Their skins are used for trimming clothes. sail, behind which he creeps unseen by the seal, in order to see if the animal continues to lie still. When he has got within shot, ge- nerally 40 or bO paces, he fires. If fortune favors him, he can catch, in this manner, ten or twelve seals in a day. The whale fishery is not carried on by the Greenlanders on their own account, but in conjunction with the Danes, with the boats and apparatus -of the company. Their own apparatus is so imperfect, that, though they indeed sometimes killed a whale, their prey too often escaped them. Cranz describes the whale- fishery as it was formerly carried on nearly as follows. " When the Greenlanders go upon the whale-fishery, they dress themselves tn their best clothes, for they believe that the whale flies, or, as soon as he is dead, sinks, if any one has dirty clothes on, particularly if he had touched a dead body in them 15 . The men row boldly to the whale, and throw several harpoons at him, to which bladders made of large seal-skins are fastened. These (15) It is possible that this belief formerly prevailed; but at present the Greeulander dresses, because he is coming to a large assembly, where those who are ill dressed are not well received. 30 bladders prevent the fish from remaining" long under the water, and tire him out. When he is quite exhausted, the Greenlanders kill him with their little spears. On these occasions, the women are present in the women's boats, and tow the dead animal to shore, while the men, having- put on their cloaks 16 , leap upon the fish, and into the sea, (the cloak puffs up in the water, so that they do not sink, but, as it were, stand in the water) cut off the blubber, and the barbs, or whale- bone." The proper whale, and the narval, are caught only in the north , the pottfish, and the smaller kinds, only in the south. The Greenlanders take the white-fish, and other smaller whales, as they do the seal, with the harpoon, which is then provided with feathers made of whalebone, about a span long-, and two or three fingers broad, that they may fly more steadily. To catch birds, that is sea fowl, the Green- landers use a lance two ells and a half long", and three inches thick in the middle. In the fore end is fitted a round blunt iron, (16) Cloaks of seal skin, which have the jacket, breeches, stockings, shoes, gloves, and cap, all of one piece, and are drawn fast round the head. 31 about half an ell long 1 , only once notched ; but, as the sea-fowl easily avoids the blow, there are fixed, in the middle of the shaft, three or four pointed hooks (which stand round the shaft like willow branches round the trunk), that the bird may be pierced by one of them if the point misses : these hooks are about a span long-, and thrice notched. Among* the fishing* tackle peculiar to the Greenlanders, their lines of whalebone are especially remarkable ; they consist of whale- bone split very fine, which are tied together, and often 200 fathoms in length, and even longer : these lines are used in fishing" on the ice, to catch a kind of hollibut 17 , which are found only in the Greenland seas. The Green- landers spear salmon and salmon-trout with a shaft, to which two bone or iron points are fastened. Sometimes they build a dam or weir of stones at the mouths of the rivers and streams, over which the fish pass at high water, (17) This fish, which our author mentions, is called, in the Greenland language, kalleraglik (Danish helleflynder), and is only taken on the ice, between the clefts in it. A larger kind of fish, which is caught also in the Danish seas, and is called, in Greenland, ntttarnak (Danish hellefisk), is taken by the Greenlanders, in women's boats, with lines made of hemp, which are more manageable than the lines of whalebone. 32 but at the ebb are left almost on dry land, and are easily taken 18 . In the chase on shore, the Greenlanders for- merly made use of bows and arrows ; but, since they have obtained fire-arms, these are no more to be met with. Their bows were of fir, about three ells long, and, to make them stiffer, they were bound round with whalebone and sinews ; the string was of sinews, and the arrow of wood, with a barbed bone point, and with feathers to steady it. Hunting is more an amusement to the Greenlanders than a source of advantage 19 , and is chiefly con- (J 8) The Danes catch the river fish in nets; of late they have successfully attempted to catch seals, and even white- fish, in that manner. But the Greenlanders are not very suc- cessful in this way, partly because they do not much like it, but prefer their ancient mode ; and partly because they are in want of good nets, which they cannot procure. (19) Almost all the accounts from Greenland agree that it were much to be wished that the Greenlanders would give up hunting entirely, and confine themselves wholly to fishing. In order to promote this object, as far as the Christian Green- landers are concerned, some officers of the company have imagined it would be advisable to change the time for ad- ministering the sacrament from April to August, because the Greenlanders would lose less by neglecting their fishery iu August than iu April, when it is very important ; and because this religious solemnity now induces them to leave their winter habitations earlier, and afterwards to roam about. 33 fined to the chase of the reindeer 20 . They spend a great part of the summer, with their wives and children, in this hunting". When they have discovered a troop of reindeer, they surround them ; the women and children drive them, by shouts and noise, to narrow paths and passages, where the men lie in wait to shoot them. If they are not in sufficient numbers to surround the reindeer, they set up white poles, on the top of which a piece of turf is fixed, on both sides of the way, that the reindeer have to pass, which do not venture to go between the white poles. The hunting- of the bear is attended with danger ; because the bear, if the ball misses him, or if he does not fall at the first shot, rushes on the hunter, who generally perishes if the bear reaches him. The following" is the (20) It is remarkable that the Greenlandcrs, though they are so fond of reindeer's flesh, entirely neglect to use them for domestic purposes. They seem incapable of taming any thing but dogs ; they consider all other animals as objects of chase, and as useless till they have deprived them of life. But this seems less surprising when we consider their inclination and habit of changing their abode ; they could not take tame reindeer in their journies, because they are performed by water, and must be so, since, in the interior of the country, and often on the coast, it is not possible to proceed far on account of the snow and ice. 34 usual method of proceeding in the chase of the bear : When one of these animals appears, the Greenlanders go in their sledges to meet him, and, when they are within shot, loosen some dogs from the sledges, which keep the bear in check while they are preparing to fire* The bear is afraid of the dogs, which are very eager after him ; but if one of them comes too near him, he immediately knocks him down with his paw. The Greenlanders endeavour to wound him in the shoulder or the belly, be- cause a shot in these parts soonest kills him. It is very seldom that one person ventures to attack him alone, as the danger is too great if the bear is not immediately killed. It is re^- markable, however, that this ferocious animal is afraid of the whip : thus, for instance, a few years ago a hunter, whose sledge had a better team (of dogs) than those of his companions, hastened before them, because he was afraid that one of them would shoot the bear, which he wished to shoot himself. In his hurry he missed him : the bear rushed furiously upon him, and threw him down. The other hunters, who by this time had got near enough, were going to shoot at the bear as he rushed on their companion ; but an old Greeenlander 35 dissuaded them, ran up, and gave the bear some blows with the dog whip. The bear fled, and the first hunter escaped with his fright, and some trifling bites in his arm. The fox is taken by the Greenlanders alive (only for the sake of his skin), in stone traps. As soon as the fox touches a bar, to which the bait is fastened, the door, which is a large flat thin stone, falls down. The snow fowl (Ryper), which is very stupid, is easily caught in snares, stoned to death, or shot. The Greenlanders make no use of the pro- ductions of the mineral kingdom, except of the talc, of which they make lamps and kettles, particularly in the country about Godthaab. The manufacture of these ves- sels, and of their boats, hunting apparatus, their clothes, and some trifles, such as to- bacco pouches, pocket-books, &c. shews that they have a natural turn for mechanical arts, and extraordinary patience in works of this kind. The men take upon themselves only the making of their hunting apparatus, of the wood work for their boats, tents, houses, and the like, because the seal fishery, being their chief source of subsistence, requires al- most all their time and efforts : all other 36 domestic labours are left to the women. The latter build the walls of the houses and of the tents, prepare the skins, cover the boats, sew the clothes, &c. In all these works, the greatest industry is displayed. The hunting" apparatus, and the wood- work, are made, though only by the eye, with the greatest ex- actness, and the parts are most carefully joined together. The cloaks, and all the articles of leather, are so strongly and neatly sewn, that no furrier could do his work better ; and those who have not seen such sewing, cannot form an idea of it. The preparation of the leather, which is a chief employment of the women, is effected by urine, in which the rough furs are steeped a shorter time, in order to draw out the grease ; but the smooth skins a longer time, in order to loosen the hair. All the skins are first scraped with shells, or with bone scraping knives, and those which are designed for clothing, are at the same time scraped thinner. From the skins designed to cover their boats, the fat is not wholly taken off. The rough skins and furs, when they are sufficiently steeped, are spread out, and dried in the open air ; but from the others, when the urine has drained off, the hair is scraped 37 with a knife, or, which the Greenland women find more convenient, pulled off with the teeth. They are then soaked in fresh water, spread out and dried. Those intended to be used for clothes, are lastly rubbed between the hands, and made pliable. If a boat is to be covered, the skins from which the hair has been taken are sewed together according" to the size of the boat, soaked in sea-water, and then the boat covered with them, while they are still quite wet. Last of all, the seams are smeared with old fat of seals. The thongs used in fishing, are cut round the seal, that they may be of the proper length, that is eight or nine fathoms. When they are tanned, smooth, and dry, they are smeared with well boiled train oil, generally that which runs from the lamps. The Green- landers use these thongs, also, to fasten the dogs to the sledges, as they are stronger than ropes, and do not take in the water. The character of the Greenlanders has many good features. They are good natured, soci- able, and open hearted; cheerful and con- tented. Kindness has more influence upon them, as it has upon all free men, than harsh- ness. They live in great harmony with each 38 other. Quarrels and disputes are seldom heard among- them ; blows are still more rare, for the fear of giving" each other offence seems to be innate in them. If one of them is sensibly offended, he usually challenges his adversary to a combat, not with the fist, but in singing. He composes a song, in which he severely satirizes his adversary, and sings it, supported by his friends, before a great assembly. The adversary answers sing- ing, also supported by his friends. If, in the opinion of the assembly, the former gains the victory, he has a right to appropriate to himself the best articles of the property of the vanquished ; but if he is defeated, he ex- poses himself to ridicule and scorn 21 . Their cheerfulness shews itself in jokes, talkativeness, and singing, of which they are very fond. The reader must not understand here any arti- ficial singing : their songs consist of short sentences without rhyme, and generally ter- minate in the unmeaning syllables Amna aja, Aja aja, A ha hu ! which is like the Tol de rol de rol, &c. in many of our popular songs. (21) It is true that very great insults were formerly, and, sometimes, perhaps are even now, revenged by assassination. 39 There are few nations poorer than the Greenlanders ; but it would be difficult to find a people, who, in spite of this poverty, are more contented with their fate than they, They are very temperate, and, when they have no seals flesh, are contented with bad fish ; and if they have not even these, they satisfy their hunger with sea weed. A con- sequence of this temperance is their thought- lessness, which often costs them dear. If they have a good supply, they do not spare it, and are, therefore, often obliged to endure want. In winter, when the seals are less nu- merous near the shore, or when drifting ice and bad weather impede the fishery, the Greenlanders live on dried fish. The quan- tities of hollibut, cod, and smelts, which are found on the coast, might furnish them with an abundant provision for winter, but they are not so diligent in their fishery, as were to be wished for their own advantage 22 . Careless of the future, they are more eager to pass the best season of the year in hunting reindeer, than to obtain abundant provisions at a good fish- ^S) That they make still less use of the river fishery, which would supply them with abundance of salmon and trout, is natural, as it does not so amply reward them as the sea fishery. 40 ing place, to lay up a stock for bad times, and thus escape the danger and torments of famine. They generally spend the short sum- mer among* the rocks, to hunt the reindeer, and to gratify the vanity of their wives and daughters 23 . The little reindeer flesh, on which they can reckon, they generally con- sume immediately, and seldom bring any of it home. The reindeer skins are at that season of little value, and can scarcely be used for any thing except for women's panta- loons, which are of little durability, and a mere article of luxury. They love finery, as appears from the gay trimming of their dresses, tent curtains, &c. and keep their new clothes very clean ; but they are in general very un- cleanly. This uncleanliness is, however, a natural consequence of their way of living (as they are always in the midst of blubber and train oil), their poverty, and the confined space of their dwellings. (23) The demon of vanity also reigns in Greenland among the female sex. A dress of handsome reindeer skins is for a Greenland woman, what the finest ornaments are for our ladies. A Greenland girl thinks it an honour to give her hand to a skilful reindeer hunter; and a woman is not a little proud, when, talking with another of her sex, she relates at length how many reindeer her husband has killed. 41 They possess much national pride, and think that no nation can be esteemed equal to them. As the Roman, in ancient times, said proud- ly, " I am a Roman citizen," so we now hear the Greenlander say, in the same manner, " I am a Greenlander." If they are very well disposed to any one, and wish to make him a flattering" compliment, they say, " You are a Greenlander." 24 With the highest ideas of their own worth, they combine the conviction of the superiority of their country, and prefer the abode among its naked sterile rocks to every other. Attempts have been made to make them sensible of the better condition of the Europeans; but, even Greenlanders who are acquainted with it, and who have been taken to Denmark, and well used, wished nothing so much as to return to the mode of living" of their countrymen, and could, at the most, be brought to confess, that the Eu- ropeans were as happy as they. At Copen- (24) Tbey call themselves Innuil, which in a more extensive sense, means Inhabitant, Man. They call the Europeans Kabiuruet, foreigners. In a more limited sense, this word means a Dane ; and they have proper names for the nations who go to Greenland on the whale fishery. Thus they call the Norwegians by a name which is equivalent to Longbeards, because the ancient inhabitants of Norway wore long beards. G 42 hagen, they said there was not Heaven enough, and no reasonable degree of cold. They also found that riches were too unequally divided, and could not reconcile themselves to seeing the rich refuse to assist the poor, which is quite contrary to the custom of the Green- landers. They are excessively fond of their children, and allow them the fullest liberty. They are even angry with the Europeans when they beat their children, and say, they do not deserve to have children. They are surprised, too, when they hear the Europeans scold their servants or dependants, and say, " You treat your fellow-creatures as the Greenlander does his dogs." They are not disposed to theft, as some persons have believed. The real Greenlanders are in this respect much superior to the lower classes of the Europeans and to the Blendlings (or children of an European father and a Greenland mother). If they ever do take any thing from the Eu- ropeans, it is a trifle ; and these pilferings, which are very rare, are mostly committed only by boys, who, perhaps, may take a little bread and a piece of candle (which are among their delicacies), a little tobacco, a few nails, &c.;; 43 for they think it is no sin to take some- thing" from the Europeans, of whom they, in general, have not the best opinion. Their bad opinion of foreigners is but too often strengthened by the excesses of the sailors. That they have taken things from ships which were stranded, and afterwards abandoned, can- not seem strange, as these things, according to their ideas, are without an owner, and the example of the Europeans has confirmed them in this opinion. How strict their ideas of the right of property are, appears from this, that if a Greenlander finds upon a distant island a piece of ship timber, or other wood, which has been driven on shore at high water, and which he thinks may be useful to him, and is not able to take it away with him at the time, he only lays one or two stones upon it, as a sign that it has an owner, and he is then fully secure that nobody will take it away. It scarcely needs to be observed, that we speak here of the Greenlanders in general, and that there are bad people among- them who do not answer to this description ; but these are exceptions, few in number in proportion to the whole ; and great crimes are very rarely 44 committed, unless superstition should interfere. Superstition formerly led the Greenlanders, and sometimes leads them even now, to the com- mission of the most revolting" cruelties. The belief in witchcraft is not quite eradicated in Greenland, any more than in some other coun- tries ; and if any body is so unfortunate as to be suspected of witchcraft, he is not sure of his life. The Greenlanders, according to ancient custom, kill those whom they consider as witches, or as the cause of the misfortunes which befal them ; and the unhappy persons who suffer this fate are particularly old women. In former times, many drew this fate upon themselves, by pretending- to cause and cure diseases, to enchant arrows, to drive away spirits, &c. ; and practised their mummeries for payment, in order to obtain a livelihood. The Greenlanders call by the name of Illiseetsok such witches, of whom they believe that they can do good, but that they do much more evil. Several of these unhappy persons have fallen, however, the victims of covetous- ness, revenge, and other base passions, when they were accused of witchcraft, and murdered. Thus, for instance, in 1793, a young Green- lander, of good character, named Aventak, 45 was murdered, in the district of Umanak, by two brothers. He was a very active hunter, went constantly upon the chase, or fishing-, so that he was much more fortunate than his murderers : the latter believed that he was the cause of their inferior success, and murdered him one day when he had rowed out in his Kajak. His wife, of whom they also enter- tained suspicions, was obliged to fly to another island, where an equally hard fate awaited her. A married Greenlander, named Apine, sought to obtain more familiar intercourse with her than she would allow ; and, incensed at the failure of his design, he accused her of witch- craft. As he could not entice her out of the house, he resolved to murder her in it. She learned his design, and fled, with her child, to a third island, where a family had set up their tent : she left behind, her women's boat and tent, together with the Kajak and gun of her late husband. Apine followed her, entered the tent, and killed her by stabbing her several times with a knife ; then, without taking any thought of the unhappy child of the woman whom he had murdered, he returned to the island where she had left 46 her effects, and shared them with the murder- ers of her husband, who then also resided there. After superstition, revenge is the chief motive for murder, and the sons or relations of the murdered person (that is, if he was not an Illiseetsok) are bound, according to the tra- ditional opinion of theGreenlanders, to revenge the murder upon the murderer in the same manner. But murders are become more rare since the dissemination of Christianity in Greenland, even among- the heathens, the number of whom is now very small ; who, as the minority, must conform to the manner of the rest, and have acquired more enlighten- ed ideas from their Christian fellow-country- men. Yet these ideas of the right of retalia- tion have not been wholly eradicated, not- withstanding the spreading of Christianity ; and, but a few years ago, a young Greenlander, whose father and brothers had been murdered about sixteen years before, returned from South Greenland, whither he had fled when a boy, back to Disco Bay, in order to revenge the murder of his family. He, however, desisted from his purpose, as his countrymen took upon them to punish the murderer. His family was 47 dispersed, and he left to provide for himself, by which he was reduced to the greatest po- verty, and was obliged to endure want in his old age. With respect to the religious notions of the Greenlanders, they believed in two great spirits and many inferior ones, the last of which ruled the elements, &c. ; and that the human soul, after death, joined to an ethereal body, will be happy in a state resembling this life. The great spirits were Torngarsuk 25 , and a female spirit for whom they had no name. They, indeed, considered Torngarsuk as the greatest and most powerful in the whole world ; and wished to come to him after death, because they believed that in his subterranean abode there was constant summer, and abun- dance of birds, fish, seals, and reindeer, which were easily caught ; but they did not look upon him as the creator of the world. They had not much respect for the female spirit, because she often enticed the sea animals into (25) Torngarsuk is a contraction of Torngarsoak ; i. c, the Grtat Spirit, which word again is composed of torngak, spirit, and the augmentative nominal affix, rsoak. It is re- markable that the North American savages also speak of the Oreat Spirit. 48 the abyss. They paid no adoration or worship to any spirit whatever ; nor had they any priests, though the Angekoks have, perhaps, been considered as such. These were their wise men, enchanters, and magicians, who pretended to be honoured with a more intimate intercourse with Torngarsuk, their oracle, and to have received from him a Torngak (spirit), who communicated to them all wisdom, and accompanied them to Torngarsuk, and to the female spirit, when they undertook a journey to consult with the former about the cure of the sick, good weather, success in fishing, &c, and to the latter about the dissolving of the charm which bound the sea animals. Some of them were not without knowledge of nature, and were, therefore, able to draw pretty cer- tain conclusions respecting the change of the weather, good or ill success in fishing, &c, and to give good advice. They endeavoured to cure the sick by a regimen which was not at all ridiculous ; but they gave their advice and their prescriptions with many mummeries, horrid grimaces, and pretended conversations with their Torngak, in order (as they them- selves confessed, when they were spoken to rationally on the subject) to make themselves 49 respected by the ignorant, and to give im- portance to their prescriptions. Some of them were, perhaps, enthusiasts, who fell into trances, and fancied they had visions and revelations ; but most of them were arrant impostors, who muttered over the sick, and blew upon them, in order to cure them, and pretended to repair the damaged soul, or even to fetch a new one. With the belief in their art, these conjurors have also vanished 26 ; and there are now no Angekoks in all North Greenland, except perhaps the most northerly part of the colony of Upernavik ; or ihey have so lost their credit, that if any one ventures to pretend that he understands something of the ancient arts, he is ridiculed, or perhaps permitted to practise his tricks and grimaces to amuse the spectators. (26) Even Cranz speaks of the decline of the credit of the Angekoks, after the Missionaries had exposed several of their impostures. He even says that already in his time there were instances of heathens having thrown an Angekok out of the house, during the pretended journey of his soul to Torn- garsuk; but that, notwithstanding, they were respected by many, because now and then a prediction was fulfilled, or a patient recovered, over whom they had acted their mummeries; and because, when the prediction was not accomplished, or the cure failed, they prudently laid the blame on the obscurity ol tlie oracle, or on the witchcraft of an lllitseetsok. B 50 In the most southerly part of Greenland, where the Missionaries did not penetrate till a later period, and where the heathens are, conse- quently, more numerous, there may, perhaps, be still some Angekoks, and it is possible they may still enjoy some consideration. The Mission in Greenland has now subsisted above eighty years ; and, if we reckon from 1721, when Hans Egede first arrived in Green- land, nearly 100 years. If we except the most northerly colony, Upernavik, where the mission was established about twenty-five years ago, and the most southerly colony, Julianes- haab, where a mission was not established till about forty years ago, there are scarcely any heathens left in the known part of Greenland, and these few old people, who will be all dead in a few years. Some persons fancy, notwithstanding, that the Greenlanders have not, upon the whole, been much benefited in respect to morals and intellectual improvement ; and that the Chris- tians are neither less vicious, nor believe less in witchcraft, than the heathens. It is true, there are wicked people here, who are guilty of excesses, and superstition still leads to cruelty, 51 and even to murder 27 ; but are there not wicked people every where ? Are there not examples, even in the most enlightened and civilized nations, that superstition leads to cruelties ? And was it ever otherwise ? It cannot, indeed, be denied, that the mis- sion has by no means produced the advantage, of late years, which it might have done, had it been better directed ; but to affirm, for this reason, that the Greenlanders have not gained much by it, either in morality or in knowledge, would be absurd. Many immoral customs, which were practised among the heathens 28 , have now vanished ; the impostures of the Angekoks have ceased ; the belief in witches is not so general, at least the dreadful conse- quences of it are not so frequent ; and such (27) Within the last ten years, an elderly woman, who was accused of witchcraft, was cut in pieces ; and a young man, who, in a fit of madness, threatened to eat up all present, was shot by his own mother. (28) One amusement of the Greenlanders is, for example, dancing. The company form a circle, in the middle of which the dancer, with a drum in his hand, makes all kinds of grimaces and contortions, singing and drumming at the same time. The company sings, in chorus, Amna qja, &c. Wheu one dancer is tired, another takes his place. On such occasions the song generally contained obscene allusions, and the motions of the dancers were accompanied with indecent attitudes. 52 revolting" cruelties, as effects of superstition, of which Collin mentions an example, now no longer occur. He relates that a father, by the advice of his brother, who was an Ange- kok, buried alive his child of two years of age, in order to be himself cured of a disorder. The wife of a merchant's clerk heard the child cry, saved it, and took it to herself. About a fort- night after, the relations were informed of it ; they came to the woman, and begged her to give up the child, assuring" her that no harm should be done to him. From confidence or fear, the woman gave up the child ; and the relations again committed the same cruelty, which was discovered too late to save the inno- cent victim. Among" a people who have neither magis- trates nor laws, a decrease of immorality can hardly be ascribed to any thing but mental improvement. It would be difficult to find a country in which the lower orders of people are more civilized than the baptized Green- landers : they are almost all, without excep- tion, able to read and write ; and, in general, they are fond of reading- the religious books which are translated for them ; not because they believe there is any merit in it, nor, as it 53 were, as a task, but in order to learn, and not forget what they have learned : this cannot fail to have good consequences ; and the mis- sion has, at least, the merit of having taught the Greenlanders to read well, and furnished them with the means of farther improvement. It is also a general custom among the baptized Greenlanders, to say their prayers every night and morning ; and nobody will deny that this custom, introduced by the Missionaries, and which turns the mind to religious senti- ments, is very suitable to the Greenlander, whose way of life exposes him to such conti- nual danger, and cannot fail to produce good effects. Formerly, Greenland had ten ordained Missionaries (few enough on an extent of coast of about 300 miles); but, since 1792, the number has been reduced, out of economy, to the half ! In the latter years, when, on account of the war with England, almost all commu- nication was intercepted, even this insufficient number was not complete ; at last there was only one Missionary in Greenland : when he left Greenland, last year, there was, in the whole country, only one clergyman, who was 54 a native, and formerly a Catechist, and was ordained by the beforementioned Missionary, and is now clergyman at Godthaab. In the month of April, this year (1817), four Mis- sionaries went to Greenland, of whom two are placed in South Greenland (namely, one in the district of Julianeshaab, and the other in the districts of Holsteinborg and Sukkertop), and two in the north of Greenland (namely, one in Disco Bay, and the other at Umanak) ; so that the regular number is now complete. The business of the Missionaries, according" to the present arrangement, is principally to exercise the ministerial functions ; to engage, instruct, and examine Catechists. From the smallness of their number, and the large districts which are assigned to each, their time for these em- ployments is very limited. In some districts but very few Greenlanders, or none at all, live in the place where the Missionary resides ; so that his opportunities of instructing them are chiefly, indeed entirely, confined to the jour- nies which he is to make in his district. When he arrives at the most distant part of it (thirty or even sixty miles from his place of abode), the Greenlanders are dispersed far and near, 55 perhaps over an extent of twenty to thirty miles. They are, indeed, summoned tog-ether, but do not all come, and thus even this op- portunity is often only partially made use of. I do not know upon what footing the salaries of the Missionaries are now placed, but a few years ago it was 300 rixdollars, and, besides, an allowance of European pro- visions ; this allowance consists in the fol- lowing articles, which he receives every twen- tieth day. Twenty-eight pounds of ship biscuit, nine pounds of butter, twelve pounds of salt meat, eight pounds of bacon, six pounds of stock-fish, one bushel of peeled bar- ley, and half a bushel of peas. As the Mis- sionary was to keep his housekeeper with this, the allowance was not very abundant, and the salary not sufficient, particularly as he must make many and often long journies at his own expense. The following passage, taken from a short essay of a former Mission- ary, will place this matter in the true light. To the remotest part of my district, I had a journey of fifty-six long miles, that is a hundred and twelve miles there and back. This journey could not be completed in less than eight weeks, if I executed in a proper 56 manner the various duties of my office, which awaited me among- the Greenlanders there assembled. During this long period, I had to feed eight always hungry Greenlanders, who attended me, daily with European food, which is dearer in Greenland than elsewhere, because the merchants, in the sale of the pro- visions, very justly reckon the freight for send- ing them over. These Greenlanders received pretty high wages, in money or goods. In this manner more than the half of my salary of 300 dollars was expended. And if, as was my duty, I now and then, during* the sum- mer, visited the Greenlanders in the bay and on the islands, which occasioned a propor- tionate expense, what had I left to procure myself the few conveniences to which I had been accustomed in my mother country ? Nothing-. My salary was not even suffici- ent for the necessary journies. These must, however, be made ; and if it is necessary in any country in the world to make home comfortable, it is truly in Greenland. Remote from friends, relations, and country, between mountains of ice, and the storms of the pole, with poor nourishment and fatiguing labour, the life of a Missionary in Greenland is hard 57 enough. The Missionaries should be so paid, that, besides the expenses which the perform- ance of their functions requires, they might have something- over, to make life comforta- ble. Even if their number were doubled, and the district, and, consequently, the dis- bursements of each Missionary less, his salary must still be larger than it has hitherto been. Strength to perform the duties of his office, greater zeal in the fulfilment of them, and the cheerfulness necessary to accomplish his hard vocation, would be the happy conse- quences. The Missionary, who is too con- scientious to break his oath, to rob the king, and to disgrace himself and his office by prohibited trade, goes poor to Greenland, and returns poorer still." The assistants of the Missionaries, the Ca- techists, are natives. In every district, where there are several, one of them is chief Ca- tehist. These chief Catechists are generally Blendlings of good understanding, who speak, or at least understand, Danish. They have a salary of 30 or 40 rixdollars, and an allow- ance of European provisions, like the work- men in the colonies; but the other Cate- chists, who are for the most part Greenlanders, l 58 have 4, 6, or at the most 10 dollars per annum, and no allowance. Such a salary is not indeed very tempting- ; and it cannot be wondered at, if such a native Catechist prefers the employments, which he has to follow, as a Greenlander for the support of himself and his family, to his duties as a Catechist. Only the little honour which is united with the post of a Catechist, and the consideration, which, if he is an honest man, he enjoys among his countrymen, can tempt a Greenlander to accept of such a place. The Missionaries have also Sub-teachers in their service ; but all they are capable of (with few exceptions) consists in being" able to repeat the catechism, and to read it, as well as what is translated from the Bible. It is extremely seldom that one of these Sub- teachers ever succeeds any farther, than in teaching* the Greenlanders to read, and this is, in fact, all that can be expected, if we consider the education he has received, and the small recompence that he obtains (perhaps one or two dollars per annum). It is difficult to procure capable persons for the places of Catechists, and Sub-teachers, because they have no prospect of a tolerable situation in 59 the future, and the Missionaries can give them only uncertain promises of farther promotion in the service of the Mission. In former times, many things were very different. There were, formerly, two Provosts in Greenland, but now there is no superintend- ance whatever on the spot. It is, therefore, possible that a Missionary may neglect his duties, and, considering the disproportionate extent of them, as the exact fulfilment of them almost exceeds all human ability, and considering the exceedingly small and in- sufficient income of the Missionaries, there can be no want of temptations, even for the most honest man, and the most sensible of his duties. When there were ten Missionaries in Greenland, each of them could, in some mea- sure, attend to his district, now and then visit the Greenlanders, when they are dispersed in summer in the islands, and the interior of the bays, to superintend the conduct of the Catechists, &c. In the present extensive dis- tricts, a great deal must be neglected. The Catechists neglect to give instructions ; ac- counts are heard of excesses, which would scarcely happen under the nearer inspection of the Missionaries, whom the Greenlanders fear as moral censors. Fathers of families, instead 60 of providing 1 for the winter, spend the best part of the summer season in unprofitable hunting-, which would more rarely happen if the Missionary could visit them, and advise for their good, &c. Young* Students, who had not yet undergone their examination in divinity, were formerly re- ceived into the seminary for future Missionaries, and instructed in the Greenland language, till, after their academical course was ended, they could enter upon a vacant place of Missionary in Greenland ; but many poor Students, who had enjoyed the emoluments appointed for these seminarists, afterwards chose another career, without being able to repay the sup- port they had enjoyed. The college of the Mission was often embarrassed to obtain can- didates* for the vacant offices; and, there- fore, resolved to receive into the seminary only candidates of theology, who had passed their examination. This arrangement, indeed, caused a considerable saving of expense, but had bad consequences in other respects. The Candidates seldom engage as Missionaries, till a few weeks before they are to go to Green- land, for most of them avoid as long as * Candidates are clergymen who have not yet obtained any church preferment. T. 61 possible going to a country, of which they en- tertain the most frightful ideas ; and when they do, at length, suffer themselves to be engaged, the time before their departure is hardly suf- ficient to learn the first elements of the Green- land language. With such a trifling knowledge of this dif- ficult language'' 9 , the newly arrived Missionary (29) The language of Greenland (with the exception of a few words resembling the Icelandic, and which are, undoubt- edly, remains of the language of the extirpated Icelanders and Norwegians) has no resemblance with any of the northern or other European languages. On the other hand, it is said to be almost the same as the language of the Esquimaux in Labrador ; as, indeed, the Greenlanders and the Esquimaux are said to resemble each other so nearly in every respect, that there is no doubt of their being of the same origin. The pronunciation is very difficult for an European. The many words which eud in K and T, make it disagreeable to an ear not accustomed to it. In things upon which the Greenlanders have been accustomed to think and to speak, from ancient times, their language is extremely rich, and has a peculiar word for every thing and action, when they have the slightest difference : it is, therefore, possible to say a great deal in this language in a few words. On the other hand, for objects, with which the Greenlanders have become acquainted at a later period, such as subjects relative to morals, religion, arts and sciences, their language is poor in expressions, which it therefore borrows from the Danish. The words are declined in various ways ; thus, for example, it has three numbers, the singular, the dual, and the plural ; and the verbs have twelve modes. The words too are variously compounded with U2 can expect little or no assistance from the native Catechists, who understand very little Danish. In this manner, several years elapse before he can converse with the Greenlanders upon every-day subjects, much less upon the doctrine which he is to teach. Before he can be of any real service in enlightening- the Greenlanders, half the time of his stay ha9 generally expired 30 . There can be no want of opportunity to speak the Greenland lan- guage, if he does not avoid the society of the friendly, cheerful, and talkative Greenlanders, and is not offended, that their ever lively humour sometimes excites a smile or a sar- castic remark when an European is embar- rassed by their very difficult language. It must not, however, be believed that the Green- affixes and suffixes. You may, therefore, express yourself in this language very concisely, and yet very forcibly and pre- cisely ; but it appears, from what we have said, that it is very difficult for a foreigner to learn it. He generally requires several years before he learns thoroughly to understand the Greenlanders, and to converse with them at his ease, and he very seldom acquires that ease and force of expression which the natives possess. (30) This is, for an unmarried Missionary, six years, and for a married Missionary, ten years ; because the latter re- ceives a half allowance more provisions for his wife and family. 63 landers indulge in such a smile at church : on the contrary, they take a pleasure, when divine service is over, in pointing- out to the preacher those passages of his sermon, where, as far as the language is concerned, he might have ex- pressed himself more clearly. In the former times of the Mission, it was usual to send to Greenland, boys from the Foundling Hospital, after they had been con- firmed. By their intercourse with the natives, they soon learned the language, and became naturalized in a short time. When their age admitted of it, they were employed as chief Catechists ; and were of great use to the Mis- sionaries, particularly to those who had but lately arrived, till they had learned the lan- guage. To these Catechists, who were amena- ble to the laws, and might be brought to account, the Missionary could, with more con- fidence, entrust the remote places in his district, than to a native Catechist, who, being an in- dependent Greenlander, can only be punished by a reproof, which indeed afflicts him, and makes him ashamed, or by his discharge, which he but little regards. The youth, who are extremely desirous of learning, and are endowed with rare quickness of comprehension, 64 then received much better, and, at least, more constant instruction, than they now obtain from the native Catechists, who, as we have ob- served, rather apply (and indeed from neces- sity) to their own business than to the instruc- tion of youth -, and, after the manner of the Greenlanders, are fond of roving- about the country. From all that has been said, it appears, that the Mission, if it were regulated in a better manner, might effect far more good than it at present does. To this may be added a moral obstacle, which the Mission is but little able to check. Many Europeans, of the labouring class, bring moral corruption with them, and even make a point of honour of spreading it. The Greenlander is like a child, and follows every example without reflection 5 hence so many offences against morality among the Greenlanders, which were formerly unknown among them. In their language, for instance, there is no other word of affirmation than * truly? and formerly they had an abhorrence for strong liquors. They called brandy mad water ; and if one of their countrymen was drunk, they said, to ridicule him, that he was become a foreigner. Now we see, if not 65 often, yet more frequently than formerly, drunken Greenlanders ; and most of them are able to roar out, in their intoxication, all kinds of sailors' oaths. How much the bad example of some Europeans hinders the good effects of the Mission, is shewn by the answer of a Green- lander, which is mentioned by Wolf in the Essay which we quoted before. He had sent for the Greenlander, to give him a serious reproof for his disorderly way of life. " Re- prove your countrymen," said he ; " they should be better and wiser than we , but they are much worse. When you have corrected them, then call me to account." It can therefore scarcely be wondered at, con- sidering the defects in the establishment of the Mission, that no more has been done towards the moral and intellectual improvement of the Greenlanders ; but we must be rather sur- prised that so much has been effected by it. Only the susceptibility of the Greenlanders for religious sentiments, and their respect for the teachers of religion, can explain this. Wolf, in his Essay, expresses himself on these subjects as follows : " I, for my part, do not know in what country it should be more encouraging to be a teacher, than precisely in Greenland, I 66 The Greenlander has understanding- enough to see, that the European must labour diligently and incessantly, and struggle with many diffi- culties, before he acquires sufficient knowledge of the Greenland language, before he can in- struct, edify, and comfort the children of the country. For this reason, he loves and respects the honest Missionary, who, by indefatigable industry, has so far succeeded : I might almost say he honours him as a superior being ; if we add, that the Greenlander has much respect for religion (I might say of many of them, that they have a true sense of the value of religion, and I have never met with a scoffer of religion among the natives, except one, who was hypochondriac), how much good might a conscientious teacher effect there, if other ob- stacles did not oppose him !" The Moravian brethren have three settle- ments in South Greenland. Their Missionaries, particularly those in New Herrnhut, employ the influence which they have over the Green- landers of their community, in a manner which renders their situation much worse. They are often in want of the first necessaries ; and the opportunity to bring up the youth to gain their subsistence, is taken from them ; because 67 the brethren, not so much to render the labour of instructing* more light, as because it is con- formable to their religious notions, collect the Greenlanders round their place of abode, where there is little opportunity to obtain food, even for a few families, much less for so many. The representations made to the brethren upon this subject have been in vain ; and the con- sequences will be, that the produce of the colony of Godthaab, which has already so much diminished that it no longer pays the expenses, will decline so much, that the colony must be given up. In the other settlements of the brethren, particularly at Lichtenau, in the district of the important colony of Julianeshaab, the drawing" tog-ether of the Green- landers, and the inactivity produced by it, have so much increased, that the consequences will be felt by the trade, unless they are checked in time : the houses of sisters, usual among the brethren, are checks upon the popu- lation and the productiveness of the colony 31 . The Geographical knowledge of Greenland extends but little beyond the settlements of the Europeans on the western coast, and that coast (31) See Efterretn om Gronl. af Colliu. 68 itself. The Danish settlements are, eighteen larger and some smaller establishments : the former are called colonies, and the latter fac- tories 3 ", and communicate immediately with Copenhagen ; the latter, the produce of which is brought to some colony, are called out-places (udsteder). All the settlements extend from Nennortalik to the north of Upernavik, from about the 59th to the 74th degree of north latitude, and are divided into two inspector- ships. The northern inspectorship contains the following settlements : 1. The colony of Upernavik, the most northerly settlement, was laid aside in the year 1790, and made dependent upon the facto- ry of Godhavn, because the communication by sea was attended with so many difficulties. In the year 1806, it was again made an inde- pendent colony ; but afterwards, during the war, entirely abandoned : this colony is now settling again. 2. The colony of Umanak (formerly Noog- soak), founded in 1758, is distinguished by its excellent seal fishery, which is carried on (32) Colonies and factories differ from each other only so far, that the latter are subordinate to the former in commer- cial concerns. 69 by the Greenlanders, in their Kajaks, and upon the ice, and by the Danish garrison with nets, which are let down between the openings of the ice. There are here coal mines, which supply the colony with that article. 3. The colony of Ritenbenk, founded in 1 755 (and transposing the letters of the name), called after Count Berkentin, then President of the Board of Trade, has a good whale- fishery. Large quantities of seal blubber and seals' skins are obtained from the natives. 4. The colony of J akobshavn( Jacob's haven), founded in 1741, was, for some time, one of the most advantageous establishments in Disco Bay. 5. The colonies of Christianshaab (Christian's Hope) founded in 1734 ; and, 6. The factory of Claushavn, under it, founded in 1752, both in Disco Bay, have a good fishery of seals and whitefish. The whale fishery is more precarious. What was formerly the dwelling of the Missionary at Claushavn, is converted into a chapel. 7. The colony of Egedesminde (Egedes- Memory), in Disco Bay, founded in the year 1759, by Captain Egede, and called after his father, Hans Egede, consists of a great many 70 " large and small islands. The proper settle- ment is on the island of Ausiet. Between this and the Fox Island (Roevoe) there is a remarkably safe harbour. A great many seals are caught here, especially in nets ; but the collecting of eider-down is the most important branch of industry : about 1000 pounds are annually collected. Among many abandoned fishing places, the island of Akkonak was very well peopled, previously to the year 1786; but an epidemic carried off, in the years 1785 and 1786, almost all the inhabitants, and the Greenlanders are not to be persuaded to settle again in such a place. There are astonishing quantities of salmon here, parti- cularly near Ekalurksuit, where the houses of the colony formerly stood (about fifteen miles more to the south on the continent). At the distance of half a mile from this spot, there is a lake, which is said to be twelve miles in length, and surrounded by a fine country. From this lake a large river flows into the sea ; and in this river there is such an incredible quantity of large salmon, that, in the year 1 792, three thousand five hundred were caught in a week. This colony has two dependen- cies, Rif kol and Wester -Eiland, where a few 71 colonists are settled in order to purchase their articles from the Greenlanders. Near Rif kol, on the north side of the island of Nunnursoak, there is a roomy and safe harbour, which was settled in 1792. 8. The factories, Kronprindsens-Eiland, and 9. Hunde-Eiland (Dog Island), both in Disco Bay, are settlements for the whale fishery. The first was settled in 1778, and consists of fifty larger and smaller islands, in which there is a great deal of scurvy-grass (cochlearia) and good turf moor. On the factory island there grows about as much grass as would suffice for winter provision for a few goats or sheep. In the year 1806, an epidemic distemper carried off the greater part of the strongest Greenlanders, so that they have been scarce since that time. In the years 1796 and 1798, an extraordinary num- ber of little children died of a singular disease : though their appetite was good, they pined away ; their belly swelled ; and, after linger- ing for some months, they died, without suf- fering any great pain. By this, the Green- landers who have children have been deterred from settling here. The factory of Dog Island, the inhabitants of which escaped the 72 epidemic in 1786, consists of twenty-two islands. 1 0. The factory of Godhavn (Good Haven), in Disco Island, subsists chiefly by the whale fishery and the produce of a coal-mine, by which the settlements in Disco Bay are sup- plied with that article for fuel. In the southern inspectorship there are the following settlements : 1. The colony of Holsteenborg, founded in 1 759, and called after Count Holstein, then President of the Missionary College, and the factories dependent on it. 2. Kirgurtursuk, and 3. Omanarsuk, subsist chiefly by the whale fishery. Here, too, about a thousand pounds of eider-down are annually collected. In the year 1773, a wooden church was erected in this colony, the first that has been built by the Danes in Greenland. In the district of this colony, near Amertlok, there are found remains of the habitations of the ancient Green- landers : farther to the north, none such are met with. A colony had been settled, at first, in Sydbay, which was repeatedly destroyed by the Dutch, and was wholly abandoned after Holsteinborg was founded. 73 4. The colony of Ny-Sukkertop is one of the most important settlements, on account of the quantity of seals' blubber which is procured there, and has one of the safest and best har- bours in the country. The colony, which was founded in the year 1755, under the name of Sukkertop, but was removed, in the year 1783, much farther to the south, under the present name, is called after three pointed hills, which, at a distance, resemble sugar- loaves. 5. The colony of Godthaab (Good Hope), the oldest in the country, was first founded in the year 1721, by Hans Egede, on the island of Kangek, which is called by the Danes Haabets-Oe (Island of Hope), but was, in 1 728, removed to the continent. There be- long under this colony, 6. The factory of Fiskernaes (Fisher Point, or Fisher Cape), founded in 1754. The Danes here carry on the seal fishery with nets, which are fifty fathoms long, and often longer, and eight or ten fathoms deep, and are set between the islands, where the seals frequent, so that numbers are taken at once. The trade with the natives is inconsiderable, because the po- pulation is only small, and the greater part L 74 belongs to the community of the Moravian Brethren, who have here two settlements, and fix their abode as near as possible to the house of meeting". The best places for fishing are, therefore, not occupied ; and the Greenlanders, who are often reduced to want the first neces- saries of life, have nothing left to sell. The settlements of the Moravian Brethren are, New Herrnhut, in the neighbourhood of Godthaab, founded in 1733; and Lichtenfels, not far from Fiskernaes, founded in 1758. In this district, particularly in an arm of JBals Revier, talc is found, of which the Greenland- ers make lamps and kettles : here also are many remains of ancient dwellings. 7. The colony of Frederikshaab (Frederick's Hope), founded in 1742, has a district extend- ing so far to the south, that it has been found necessary to establish an out-place at Arsut, where a colonist is settled, who purchases of the Greenlanders the articles they have to sell, that they may not be lost to the trade. In this district also there is some talc. 8. The colony of Julianeshaab (Juliana's Hope), the most southerly, and on account of the pretty certain purchase of seals' blubber, seals' skins, and foxes' skins, the most im- 75 portant colony, was founded in 1775, and its district extends to the most southerly point of Greenland, Statenhuk, and beyond it, along the east side, as far as inhabitants are known to exist. As these are so far remote from the colony, that it is difficult for them to bring thither any thing" but seal skins, an out-place is established at Nennortalik (Bear's Island), where a colonist is fixed, to buy the seals' blubber, that it may not be lost. This colony is the only one where the servants of the com- pany can keep horned cattle, though it is difficult enough to procure winter fodder for a few beasts, because the breeding of cattle can be carried on only as an accessary branch of employment, and not in a manner adapted to the nature of the country. Farther up the bays, some single families living there find good pasturage for a few sheep. A small wood of low birch trees has furnished the co- lony with the necessary fuel ; but it has been found more advantageous to supply the colony with fuel from Copenhagen, because the felling of wood caused more important labours to be neglected. The difficulty of sending vessels to this colony, which occasioned frequent losses, induced the purchase of a galliot, which re- 76 mains constantly in Greenland, to convey the produce of Julianeshaab to Frederiks- haab, and to carry back to the former colony every thing- necessary for its supply. In the district of this colony, a great many bays go deep into the land, and on these bays are found numerous vestiges of the habitations of former inhabitants. Here also is the most southerly settlement of the Moravian Brethren, Lichtenau, near the island of Onartok, which has three warm springs. Among the many bays along the whole coast which run up into the country, the fol- lowing appear to be the most remarkable. 1 . Isefjord (Ice bay, Icecreek), between the colony of Jacobshavn and the factory of Claushavn. 2. Balsrevier, in which the colony of God- thaab lies. 3. Amarilikfjord, rather farther to the south. This bay runs many miles up the country, and then divides into several arms* 4. Bjoernesund (Bear Sound), and b. Iisblink (generally called in the maps, Witte blink), between the factory of Fisker- naes and the colony of Frederikshaab. Over the mouth of this bay, there is a dreadful 77 bridge of ice, upon which you may pass from one side to the other, and from which, at the distance of many miles, a light is seen in the air, like that of the Aurora Borealis. These arches of ice being* from twenty to sixty ells in height, it would be easy to sail under them, if there were not reason to fear the falling pieces of ice: within this icy bridge, the water is open. 6. Sermeliarsok, south of Frederikshaab. Before this bay lies the island of Nunarsoak (Desolation). This last bay has been long considered to be Frobisher's Strait, and we find this strait so misplaced in an English Chart (the Green- land Pilot), published in the year 1800, though there cannot well be the least doubt but that it is to be looked for much far- ther westward, and to the north of Hud- son's bay. In the same manner it is con- jectured there was formerly a passage to the east side, through the Bear sound and Ise- fjord. That these bays, and perhaps others, go through the country, is not incredible ; but whether they formerly afforded a passage through, is another question. This opi- nion is, perhaps, chiefly founded on ancient 7S uncertain traditions of the Greenlanders : the old Icelandic accounts of Greenland, as far as I am acquainted with them, make no men- tion of such a passage. The population of Greenland is very small in proportion to the extent of the country. According to an account taken in 1798, the number of the natives was found not to exceed about 5100 persons. In the year 1805, the population, so far as it could be ascertained, was full 6000 persons. These two statements, however, are neither of them quite to be depended on, as may be pre- sumed from the rambling life of the Green- landers. The more frequent marriages of Da- nish subaltern officers of the company with Greenland women, have probably much con- tributed to the increase of the population. For the administration of the Colonies and of the Trade, there are two Inspectors, and about thirty superior officers (Merchants and Clerks). In the several settlements there are about 160 inferior officers, as artisans, sailors, and workmen, among whom there have al- ways been some natives. Of late years, the number of these natives has been particularly increased with Blendlings, who, when well 79 directed and treated, are by no means infe- rior to the Europeans in capacity for labour ; by which much is gained, both in an economical and moral point of view ; for these Blendlings are satisfied with smaller wages than the Eu- ropeans, whose morals, in general, are no good example for the Greenlanders. Of the interior of the country, little or no- thing is known, because no trouble has been taken to explore it, on the supposition that, since the passage to Old Greenland has been forgotten, the country has lost in respect to vegetation and pasturage. That such a sup- position is entertained is no great wonder. People had formed exaggerated ideas of the beauty of Old Greenland, and, on the first rediscovery of the country, hardly any thing was found but naked rocks and rude coasts. The first thought which naturally arose, was, that the country had grown worse, and no- thing more was thought of than to make use of it for the purposes to which it seemed adapted ; namely, for the whale and seal fish- ery, and for trade : new colonies were founded in the most convenient places, that is upon the coasts* The new settlers were too much occupied with their trade to be able to ex- 80 amine whether their preconceived opinion of the country was well founded. The daily sight of moss, and naked rocks of snow and ice, served to confirm this opi- nion, and, probably, still serves rather to in- crease the bad idea of Greenland, which the colonists bring with them, than to make them recognize in it the former abode of a people whose employment was the breeding of cattle; but how much the outside may deceive us here, as it does in other cases, appears from this circumstance, that the frightfully desolate and naked island of Nunarsoak, which lies before the fine bay, in the district of the colony of Julianeshaab, gave occasion to call this better part of the country, " Desolation.' ' The circumstance that the natives live al- ways on the coast, and use the interior of the country only a short time, for the pur- poses of hunting, may also have contributed to make people entertain no better opinion of it than of the coast ; but among a peo- ple, who, from ancient times, have lived by the sea, and have no conception of agri- culture and breeding of cattle, this circum- stance cannot be taken into account. The Europeans had settled an Greenland 81 above half a century before they paid any attention to the many traces of former in- habitants which are found in the district of Julianeshaab ; and the remains of ancient ha- bitations found in the more northern parts, which are mentioned already by Egede, Cranz, &c, are so inconsiderable, that they rather strengthen the general prejudices of the un- fitness of the country for the breeding of cattle, than give a clear idea of the means which it affords for subsistence, and of its former application to the breeding of cattle, and the possibility of still turning it to the same use". It is hardly to be doubted that in the interior of the country, on the shores (S3) According to ancient accounts, there were upon the east side of the country (Oesterboigd) 1 90 Bygde or Boigde (a collection of habitations, which, in some measure, lie upon one spot, and, therefore, form straggling villages), several Convents, one Bishop's see at Gardar, and on the west side (Vesterboigd), ninety Bygde, and four or five churches. The country was rich in pasture, oxen and sheep, and the inhabit- ants paid a tribute in cheese and butter, which, on account of the superior quality of these articles, at the time of Queen Margaret, was delivered into the Royal buttery. On the other band, the land produced but little corn, and most of the inhabitants, as is said, in Kongs-Skugg-Sio (King's looking- glass), did not know what bread was, and never sowed corn. M 82 of the gulphs, which run far inland, there are many places where numerous families might find ample means of subsistence, as well as the ancient inhabitants who have been extinct for some centuries. Thus, for exam- ple, on the Amaralikfjord, which extends five or six miles inland, and then divides in many branches, there are upon these branches beautiful vallies, which contain considerable remains of the habitations of the ancient in- habitants. The reindeer, which are there numerous, and the agreeable climate, entice the Greenlanders thither in summer, and they, as well as the Danes who have been there, cannot sufficiently extol the beauty of these vallies. Even now, it is evident that many families might subsist in several places of the dis- trict of Julianeshaab, like the ancient pas- toral inhabitants ; for the few cattle kept there, thrive very well, though they are but ill at- tended to. At least it must be as easy to make use of the reindeer in Greenland, as in Lapland, and this must be attended with profit. The east side of the country is not at 83 all known, for every attempt to land there has failed 34 . That this coast is inhabited by a race of men, the same as the Greenlanders on the west coast, is beyond all doubt (for the inhabitants come now and then to Nen- nortalik, and even to Julianeshaab, to trade) j and it is to be presumed that it is inhabited beyond the polar ice, as it is affirmed that one of these inhabitants said, that in his country, in the summer time, the sun did not set for many days together. But whether this coast is inhabitable by Europeans, or whether it ever has been inhabited by them, cannot be decided, on account of the total want of knowledge of its nature ; but it is asserted that in two places there are remains of ancient habitations. If this were really the case, it would be much in favour of the general opinion, which however has been much contested in modern times, that (34) It is said, indeed, that Admiral Godske Linden o\v, who was sent by Christian IV to look for Greenland, suc- ceeded in landing upon the east coast, in the year 16*05. But if this landing on the east coast really took place, which is not proved, no other consequence resulted from it, than that some of the unfortunate inhabitants were dragged to Copenhagen. 84 the Oesterboigd of the ancients lay upon this coast. This opinion has been disputed princi- pally by H. P. Von Eggers, in his essay, Om Gronlands Osterbygds sande Beliggenhed (on the real Situation of the Osterbygd in Greenland), in the collection of " det konge- lige danske Landhuusholdnings Selskabs Skrif- ter, 4Deel, 1794," and defended by Wormsk- jold, in his essay, "Gammelt og Nyt om Gronlands, Viinlands og nogle af Forfaedrene kjendte Landes formeentlige Beliggende" (Old and New Observations on the presumed Situ- ation of Greenland, Weinland, and other Countries known to our Ancestors), in the writings of the Scandinavian Literary So- ciety, 1814. Whether the opinion supported by Eggers, that the Osterboigd of the anci- ents was situated in the district of Julian- eshaab ; or Wormskjold's opinion, that by Ves- terboigd, in the more extensive sense, we are to understand the now known west coast of Greenland, and by Vesterboigd, in a more limited sense, the district of Julianeshaab, and that the Osterboigd is to be looked for on the east coast of the country, but not 85 . more to the south than 62, and not more to the north than 65, is the best founded, time must shew. So much is certain, that the situation of the east coast, on the map drawn by Torfceus, which is looked upon by Geographers as cor- rect, and has been generally copied, is in- correct ; but he himself did not attach so much value to his map as others have done. In his note upon the back of this map (added to his work, Gronlandia Antiqva) he says very honestly, after touching upon the difference between it and the maps of his predecessors : " Consultissimum igitur duco reservare hsec omnia futurae experiential, et neqve meam neqve aliorum tabulas credere cum terra ipsa ad amussim concord are 35 ." Under the 65 of latitude this coast is placed from 4 to 6 lon- gitude too far east : more to the north and to the south, this coast may, perhaps, be laid down more accurately. Lieutenant Egede says, that in his voy- ages, in the years 1786 and 1787, to attempt (35) " I, therefore, consider it as the best way to leave all this to future experience, and not to believe that my map, or others, exactly agree with the situation of the coun- try itself." 86 a landing 1 on the east coast of Greenland, he found in latitude 64, and in longitude from 40 to 41 west of Paris, ice, beyond which he could not see from the mast head : here, therefore, the coast 36 must fall away to the west, and form a bay. In David DanelPs 31 voyages, it is stated, in a remark of the 6th of June, 1652, that the coast in the 65 of latitude extends east and west with Sneef- jeldsjokel (a glacier near Sneefjeldsnces), and that, on the 4th of June of the same year, they saw the land at a distance of ten miles to the north. That part of the east coast of Greenland, the situation of which is known with some certainty, extends, according' to the map pub- lished by Lieutenant Egede, in 1789, under the 65 s and 66 of latitude, and 36 and 39 of longitude west from Paris, south-south- west, and north-north-east, and, therefore, ap- proaches Iceland under the 66. Now, as the north-west coast of Iceland lies much more west than the more southern parts of the (36) That b to say, if this account may be depended upon. He does not say when he was in this longitude and latitude. (37) D. Danells or de Nelles went in the years 1052 and 53 to discover the Osterboigd. 37 country, this seems to indicate that the coast of Greenland projects to the east, exactly towards the north-west part of Iceland, and forms a point ; which agTees at least with the theory of nature (of which we may be con- vinced by looking" at any good map re- presenting coasts opposite each other), name- ly, that where one coast projects consider- ably, the opposite coast generally projects also 38 . In Iceland (as I have heard from my friend Lieutenant Von Born, who has mea- sured the north-west part of Iceland), they estimate the distance of Greenland from that part of Iceland, at between thirty and forty miles. Dutch captains have also assured him, that, in the channel between the two coun- tries, they had seen at the same time the Sneef- jeldsjokel and the Hvidserk, a very high mountain, which, according to ancient ac- counts, is situated on the Greenland coast. From what has been said above of the pos- (38) Lieutenant Egede also mentions in his voyage, that on the 17th of May, 1787, a signal was made from the ship de- tached by him, in about 65 16' north latitude, and 34 47' longitude west from Paris, that they could see land about ten miles to the north. 88 sible and probable projection of the Green- land coast towards the north-west part of Iceland, the above estimate of the distance between both, seems not to be absurd -, but as for the assertion of the captains, it is to be conjectured that an illusion took place, which, perhaps, was occasioned by the ancient tradition that the two abovemen- tioned mountains might be seen half way between Greenland and Iceland. If we place the Hvidserk according to P. Egede's chart, under 67, the distance be- tween that and Sneefjeldsjokel must be at least seventy miles, and the middle of the channel about thirty-five miles from each of the two mountains, a distance at which it cannot be supposed possible to see them from the sur- face of the sea ; if, with Worm skj old, we sup- pose that the Hvidserk may lie under 6b, the distance from Sneefjeldsjokel will be still greater, and the assertion of the captains still more incredible. But that the Hvidserk can- not well lie under the first mentioned la- titude appears to be evident, from the fact, that from the rocks within the bay, on the north-west coast of Iceland, which rise into and above the clouds, and from which you 89 may see above thirty miles into the coun- try, neither the Greenland coast nor a moun- tain upon it are to be seen, and from so elevated a point of view, a mountain, which was visible from the surface of the sea, at the distance of thirty or thirty-five miles, might surely be seen at the distance of fifty miles, or more, as no object intervenes to im- pede the prospect 39 . However, that Green- land is not to be seen from these rocks, can- not well lessen the probability of the con- jecture, that it is not above forty miles dis- tant, partly because these high rocks do not lie in the extreme west coast of Iceland, but many of them several miles farther to the east ; partly because the convexity of the earth is to be taken into account, in so con- siderable a distance. That the distance between Iceland and Greenland is considerably less under the 66 than in a more southern latitude, may be indeed taken for granted; but this smaller (39) Born, though his eyesight is uncommonly keen, and though he has frequently looked from the rocks of Iceland for the purpose, was never able to descry the coasts of Greenland ; but he sometimes saw the ice, which is collected before it, even when the channel between Greenland and Iceland is free from it. N 90 distance will hardly afford the advantage which our author seems to expect from it (Chap. III). Every attempt to approach the land on this side would probably be fruitless, as the ice, in this narrower channel, which is frequently blocked up by it, will be always more col- lected, particularly on the coast of Greenland. This was probably the case also in ancient times, as the old sailing* directions, at least as far as I have any knowledge of them, men- tion no more northern passage than from Sneefjeldnss. A passage in the King's Look- ing-glass seems to refer to this ; it says that the ice to the north-east, or north, lies more out before the land than in the south and south- west, and that, therefore, every one who seeks to reach the coast, must not attempt to ap- proach it till he has passed all this usual ice. Besides, it might be difficult to find in the north-west parts of Iceland, ports, which, without some previous arrangement, would af- ford secure winter retreat for the ships to be sent out for this purpose. Any future attempt to sail to the east coast, if it should ever be undertaken, will probably be best made in a more southern latitude, viz. as has been al- ready said, according to Wormskjold's opinion, i between the sixty-second and sixty-fifth de- grees, where this coast must be, on average, much more than a hundred miles distant from Iceland. With respect to the map which I have drawn, according" to the wish of my pub- lisher, I find it necessary to make the following remarks : The west coast of Greenland, as the principal, is laid down according to P. Egede's chart, the best that has yet been published. In order to introduce some parts qf Iceland and other points, I was obliged to draw the meridians in other angles to the basis of the chart, by which a larger piece of James Island is introduced than in P. Egede's map. For this I had no other model than a map of Ame- rica, published this year (1817) by the Royal Marine Chart Office, the scale of which is much smaller than that of my map. This island is, therefore, merely laid down according to its situation ; but, as James Island is here of little consequence, the imperfect drawing of it is of no importance. The piece of the north-west coast of Iceland is laid down according to a plan communicated to me, made after the latest admeasurements undertaken since 1815. The grounds upon which I have laid down, by approximation, the direction of the east coast of the southernmost point of Greenland, up to the latitude of Iceland, are contained in what is said above on this subject ; but on the direction of this coast above Iceland, I was quite in the dark, in respect to the longitude. Now, as the latitude of one point, and the di- rection of the coast, were given (see Chap. I, Note 1 ), I took the longitude (as near as may be) according to the beforementioned map of America. The whole direction of the east coast, therefore (excepting the part laid down with some certainty after Lieutenant Egede's map), is merely conjectural, but probably more accurate than on other maps. If I ex- cept the names of the waters, my map contains only those which are mentioned in what pre- cedes, and even some of these are omitted, because I did not find them in my model, and do not exactly know their positions. To the Danish original, is prefixed a Letter from Dr. F. Plum, Bishop of Fuhnen, to the Privy Counsellor, John Biilow, who has de- frayed the expenses of the original. The fol- lowing passages seem particularly interesting, partly in a scientific point of view, and partly -in other respects : 93 tf I confess," says the Bishop, " that the interest which the book excited in me, was heightened by the manner in which I became acquainted with it. The author, a venerable clergyman, seventy-one years of age, read me some passages out of the manuscript, on a journey to visit the churches of my diocese. He read to me about the country where the Egedes, his mother's father and brother, had formerly performed such services, and where he himself, as a new Apostle of Greenland, so faithfully trod in their footsteps. He first read to me the chapter of * The Avenger of his Father,' a piece of which I may affirm, that it would be received with universal admi- ration, if I could boast of having discovered it as a fragment of an ancient Apologist." " In the year 1540, about which time the author supposes that Bishop Amund (Aug- mund, or Ogmund) may have made the voyage in the neighbourhood of Greenland, of which Torfoeus speaks, this Bishop had already been, blind for some time, and had intended to lay down his office (see Finni Johannaei Hist. Eccles. Isl. torn. 2, p. 541). Torfoeus says, expressly, that he resigned, in this year, the bishop's see of Skalholt : the year of his voyage 94 must, therefore, be put farther back 48 . The passage in Torfceus is as follows : ' Traditur, qvod Episcopus Skalholtensis Augmundus, qvi anno 1502 initiatus erat, sed 1540 officio se abdicavit, aliqvando in reditu in Islandiam tempestate in occidentalem oceanum ad Grbn- landiam pulsus, cum aliqvantisper juxta littora in aqvilonem navigasset, circiter vesperam pro- montorium Herjolfsnesiam agnoverit, tamqve prope terram vela fecerit, ut homines, oves et agnos in septa compellentes, perspicue viderit ; inde ferentem ventum nactus, postridie in sinu Patreksfjordensi occidentalis Islandize navim ad anchoras alligaverit, idque mane, cum pecora mulgarentur, id est circiter horam nonam antemeridianum, id quod minime con- sistit, vix etiam si nonam vespertinam intel* lexisset 41 " (Grbnlandia Antiqua, Hafn. 1706, (40) Most likely about the year 1530, as I remember to have read somewhere. (41) It is related, that Bishop Augmund of Skalholt, who was consecrated hi 1502, and laid down his office in 1540, once returning from Iceland, was driven, by a storm in the western ocean, towards Greenland; that, as he had sailed some time along the coast to the north-east, towards evening he perceived the cape of Herjolfsnxs ; and, as he sailed along near the coast, he plainly saw sheep and lambs driven to the fold ; and that the next day, having a good wind, he anchored in the bay of Patreksfjord, on the west side of Iceland, and m p. 261). The idea of the discovery of the Osterboigd, by extending" the southern colo^ nies up to and round Statenhook, to the eastern part of the country, was not brought forward, as far as is known, in the years 1786, 7, and 8, when so much was written about Old Green- land ; nor does Wormskjold mention it in his Essay on the probable Situation of Greenland, &c, by which the hope of again finding the Osterboigd, which was destroyed, in the opi- nion of many persons, by the well-known Essay of Von Eggers, was again revived and made probable, by a truly scientific investi- gation 42 . that early, when the people were milking the cows, i. e. about nine o'clock in the morning. This, however, is not possible, even if we would understand nine o'clock in the evening. It is not known where the cape that was called Herjolfsnxs lay. Wormskjold, with Danell, supposes its latitude to be about 65. If, now, we assume its longitude in the direction of the tract of coast marked in Lieut. Egede's Chart (it cannot in any case be placed nearer to Iceland), the distance from Patreksfjord, in a direct line, is seventy miles. The justice of the remark with which Torfceus concludes the passage above quoted, is, therefore, beyond all doubt. Fries. (42) It might be advisable to examine, by a voyage under- taken for the purpose, whether the plan of the author is prac- ticable, before greater expenses were risked upou attempts, the success of which is so uncertain. If the inhabitants of the 96 " Cranz will have Torngarsuk be looked upon as a good being-. A man of learning, acquainted with the country, is of the same opinion, and has observed to me, that had not this word been used in the very beginning to signify the Devil, it might have done very well as the name of God ; by which the adop- tion of the Danish word Gud (God), in the Greenland language, would be avoided. But Hans Egede and Paul Egede relate things of Torngarsuk, which can hardly be reconciled with our ideas of God." " At the conclusion of his letter, Dr. Plum calls our Author's work a fine monument of the golden times of the Mission in Greenland. east coast can come down, in their leather boats, to Nennor- talik, it must also be possible to sail up that coast in small vessels; though it is to be conjectured, not as our author supposes, that the current of all the bays on the east coast flows towards the sea, but, in some, sets inwards up the coun- try. That this is the case with one far to the north, indeed, we know (see Chap. I, Note 1); and, according to the opinion, that the sea on the east and west coasts is connected by the Bearsouud and Sermeljarsok (which opinion is probable from the south-west direction of the current of the sea on the east coast), it must be the case in, at least, two places in that part of the east coast which is here under consideration. Perhaps Mr. Giseke has undertaken such a journey : the result of his researches is not yet published.- Fries, 97 How well founded this opinion is, is evident from what has been said before, chiefly after Wolf's Essay on the present Obstacles to the Mission. We must observe, that the Bishop not only caused the publication of this Work, but that we owe to his suggestions several ex- planatory and very interesting* remarks of our Author.' ' END OF THE INTRODUCTION. JOURNAL IN GREENLAND. Chap. I. The Isefjord, in Disco Bay. This remarkable gulph extends between the tracts of land in which the colonies of Claushavn and Jakobshavn are situated. It is from five to six miles long, and from a quarter to half a mile in breadth. It is said that, in former times, it was free from iceberg's, and was navi- gable ; nay, old Greenlanders even relate, after a tradition of their forefathers, that at times it was possible to navigate upon it to the east side of the country, between the rows of moun- tains which are now covered with eternal ice. They even relate, that, in later times, a piece of square timber was driven down, between these mountains, from the east side, and that it was used as a beam in a house. If this were true, it would certainly prove that there was formerly 'a passage through the gulph, frons the east to the west side, which has since 99 been stopped up by icebergs 1 . The ridge of mountains itself, which extends along the country, and divides the east side from the west, has been long since a boundless ocean of (1) Volquard Boon, a whale-fisher, of the island of Fcebr, gives the following account of a bay on the east side : " From the 21st of June till the 31st of July, 176 1, he came along the coast from 76 30' to 68 40', north latitude, at the distance of from one and a half to six miles from the coast, the direction of which he found by the compass to be north- east and south-west. On the 27th of July, in the latitude of 70 40', he was carried, by a strong current, into a great bay, the breadth of which he estimated to be fifteen miles, and the direction of which was north-west by west. He could not perceive the end of the bay ; for, though the air was clear, no land was to be seen (i. e. beyond it) ; and he therefore conjectured, especially as the stream flowed up the country, that this bay, in which there was a pretty strong current and a considerable quantity of ice, probably intersected the coun- try entirely." Wormskjold conjectures that this bay is that which the ancients called Allum lengri Fjordz (the longest bay of all), one of the most easterly, which was narrow before, but broader farther from the mouth, along which they had built no habi- tations, and the end of which was unknown to them. As the stream in the Isefjord, on the west side, always flows out- wards, there arises almost more than a conjecture, that this and the abovementioned bay have a connection with each other. See Wormskjold Gamm. og Nyt, on Gronl. Beligg., in the Memoirs of the Scandinavian Literary Society, vol. xiii, p. 383-4. Fries. 100 ice, which, at a distance, seems to blend with the clouds. The ice increases every year ; but the large quantity of snow which falls in the winter is melted by the sun in summer, flows down in streams, and makes dangerous opening's in the ice, in which the Greenlanders, in pursuit of the reindeer, often find their grave. When this ice projects over the water, it breaks by its own weight, and falls into the bay -, hence the terribly magni- ficent mass of icebergs which I attempt to describe. When such a piece of ice falls, the noise may be heard at the distance of many miles : it rebounds several times before it recovers its equilibrium, and frequently brings up pro- digious stones with it from the bottom. The whole bay is in commotion ; the water swells and roars ; the mountains burst asunder, with a loud crash, and tumble about in a terrible manner, till they either obtain a firm footing, or roll farther. The sea is covered, to the distance of several miles, with drift ice, which impedes the navigation. On such occasions, the swelling of the water often lifts up the greater part of the icebergs, and carries them, with 101 incredible rapidity, farther out into the bay, or even into the open sea. Here they often appear to us like ships, which approach the land under full sail : we are deceived, and deceived again, and yet, so great is the resem- blance, we remain standing, with joyful ex- pectation, till they change their course, and shew themselves, on another side, in their true shape. If a person who has never seen this bay were to exert his imagination to the ut- most, he would not be able to form a just idea of it. Conceive a tract of so many miles in extent, full of icebergs, so large that they reach 200 or 300 fathoms below the surface of the sea. They look as if they would bid defiance to time, and yet they are deceitful as water. In sailing by, you see houses, castles, gates, win- dows, chimnies, &c. It is a very agreeable illu- sion, as long as we do not know how dangerous it is to approach them ; but even when we know this danger, we take pleasure in looking at them. I saw, among other magnificent build- ings, the great gate of the Palace of Christian- burg, with its pillars and side doors ; and my eye dwelt on the mezzanine story, which was astonishingly resembling. As these masses of ice, accordingly as they are formed of sweet or 102 salt water, are white, blue, or green 2 , this difference of colours heightens the illusion, particularly when it is assisted by the power- ful beams of the sun. These masses of ice have an attractive power, to which the stream doubtless contributes in a great degree, so that even large ships are in danger of being driven against them, if they do not take care, in time, to keep at a proper distance. The Greenlanders are very familiar with them, though many lose their lives by their con- fidence ; but as the seals like to be near them, the Greenlanders must follow them thither, and seek food or death. The echo is so very strong among the icebergs, that, not only when you speak as you sail by them, you hear your words plainly re-echoed from the top ; but the latter, when it is rotten, as they call it there, is so shaken by the sound, that it falls down ; and woe then to him who is near it ! The following accident happened while I was in Greenland : A (2) Our learned O. Fabricius denies the green colour : see his essay on Drift Ice in the Northern Seas, in the new Col- lection of the Writings of the Royal Danish Society of Sciences, vol. 3, page 67 ; but Crana, in his History of Greenland, page 35, agrees with roe. women's boat passed from my side of the bay to the other ; the people in the boat exhorted each other, as usual, as they ap- proached the icebergs, not to speak, and did not suffer the oars to make any noise ; but a young- lad wantonly struck with apiece of wood on the skin stretched over the boat. The sound was propagated in a few moments to the top of a rotten iceberg ; the latter fell down, and all the people in the boat, seven in num- ber, were drowned 3 . (3) A remark communicated to me, by a friend, which was occasioned by the above account, makes the following expla- nation necessary. " In Greenland, and particularly in Disco Bay, where the Isefjord lies, it is notorious, that every sound, whether of speaking or other noise, under an iceberg, is quickly propa- gated to its summit, from which it is returned with a loud echo. It is equally notorious, that when such a mountain, either by the effects of the sun, or by revolutions in the bay, has become brittle, or, as they call it in that country, rotten, the summit of it is broken off by the vibration of the sound, falls down, and dashes to pieces whatever is under or near it. I have, myself, frequently spoken under icebergs when they seemed sound, and admired the uncommonly loud echo. I always es- caped happily; and though 1 saw such tops of icebergs fall down, I never saw them fall upon any body. But the case is unhappily not so rare. Not only the abovementioned seven persons perished in this manner, but single Greenlanders also, who went there in pursuit of seals, and fired their guns under these icebergs, without first examining whether 104 In this gulph, they catch, in winter, a kind of turbots, which are indeed much smaller, they seemed to be rotten : that the seven persons lost fheir lives by the abovemeutioned sound, and the fall of the sum- mit occasioned by it, was told us by a Greenlauder who had accompanied the women's boat in his Kajak, and being in the neighbourhood, though not quite close to the women's boat, or under the iceberg itself, had been witness of the action of the boy, and of the misfortune that ensued." " When the Greenlanders travel in their women's boats, they generally have one or two attendants in Kajaks, partly because it does not become them as men to sit idle in a women's boat, and still less to row the boat, which is the women's business, and partly in order to catch a seal on the way, if an opportu- nity should offer. Only the master of the family is in the boat as steersman ; the rest are, as already said, in their Kajaks. But if they make a voyage over the Isefjord, they have always a Kajak with them, the proper business of which is to recon- noitre the bays and the icebergs, to examine where there are openings in these icebergs, that is shorter ways, and whether these are so broad that they can venture to row through them. It was in such an opening, or icy vault, that the abovemention- ed women's boat perished, but solely by the imprudence com- mitted ; for, according to the report of the Kajak rower, the opening was broad enough to pass through. The pieces of ice floating in the bay often cut holes in the women's boat : we aft first stop them up with fat, and row on, but the holes may be- come so numerous (I once had nine in my boat), that the water pours in, and then it is necessary to go on shore to sew up these holes. While this is doing, or when they go on shore in the evening to put up tents, the boat is turned upside down, yet not quite with the keel uppermost, but with one side a little raised from the ground, and supported by a kind of props or forks, the pointed end of which is fixed in the ground; aud 105 but more delicate, and much fatter, than the common ones. The Greenlanders catch them with lines, which they make of whalebone. The fishing" place is always surrounded with iceberg's, but sometimes the latter stand like lofty buildings round a market place. There a great many people assemble ; those who live at a distance come to purchase, and the fisher- men sell. It is quite a fair ! Every iceberg" threatens them with death, and yet they are as cheerful and secure as if no danger was near. I once visited their market. The fishing place was very large, the ice thick, and the number of people assembled very great. They had already been fishing above eight days in this place, and the surrounding icebergs did not seem rotten. I was delighted with their cheer- fulness and activity, and at their trade. They fished and caught in my presence, that I might the fork supports the edge of the boat, in order that, while they are sewing it, or by drying in the sun, it may not get out of shape (which might easily happen, as the boat is quite wet from the voyage) : three or four such props support the boat, and they are as indispensible on a voyage in a women's boat, as fat, needles, and thread, and a kind of pitch, to strengthen the seams. It was with one of these props that the boy gave the blow upon the boat which produced such unhappy conse- quences. 106 see how they proceeded. Some lent me their lines, with which I measured the depth, and I found it in several places, as mentioned above, from two to three hundred fathoms. After staying about two hours, I left them, because it grew late, and I had three quar- ters of a mile to go home. Not half an hour after I had left them, an iceberg near the fish market fell down, broke the ice to pieces, and deprived several fishermen of their lines and fish. Some fell into the water, were crushed between the pieces of ice, and severely injured. The greatest part of them escaped uninjured, although they departed with empty hands. I should scarcely have been saved had I been still there, because every one had enough to do to save him- self. Besides, we Europeans are not so skil- ful as the Greenlanders in jumping from one piece of ice to another, or, when we fall into the water, in climbing up again. It may easily be supposed, that such a prodigious number of icebergs, by the cold which proceeds from them, must make the air near them much more raw, than it is, even much farther to the north. I lived half a mile from them: when a mountain 107 fell in ruins, I heard the noise like loud peals of thunder ; I daily saw these icebergs, and felt the effects of their neighbourhood. When I returned home from Christianshaab, which lies four miles more to the south, the tears flowed from my eyes for cold, even at Whitsuntide, when my back was in a per- spiration. Chap. II. The Mission at Claushavn is extended. When I came to Greenland, only my co- lony of Claushavn was provided with a Cate- chist. He was a Dane, and, perhaps, the ablest in the whole country. In Christians- haab, on the contrary, where, besides the married Danes, who had many children, two or three Greenland families lived, they made shift with an old married Danish sailor, who had lost an eye in his youth, in a drunken affray, and had broken one thigh. It may easily be supposed, that his instructions and the fruits of them were nothing- extraordi- nary 5 I, therefore, considered of means to IOS supply this want. As soon as my acquaint- ance with the Greenlanders and their lan- guage in some measure permitted it, I en- deavoured to qualify a young Greenlander to become a national Catechist, and allowed him a certain salary. After he was employed, things went on better, and, by practice, in- struction, and encouragement, better and bet- ter still. This successful attempt induced me to instruct some more of the young men of my place of abode, who seemed to have the clearest heads, in order to place them among the heathens, where the latter dwelt , for when the heathens asked for in- struction, though Claushavn was a thriving place, yet they wished, in general, to re- main at their usual abode, rather than remove to the colony : to gratify their wishes in this respect, was removing an obstacle, and was in itself just and reasonable. In this manner, I sent, some years after- wards, a national Catechist to some families, who settled a quarter of a mile to the north of me. The Catechist, who was the son of a deceased Dane of mixed race, was tolera- bly clever, and could dedicate the greatest part of his time to his office, because he 109 had not much success in fishing"; but it was necessary, on this account, to give him a larger salary, that he might not suffer want, and from want become indifferent to his of- fice. Two years after this, a family which lived a quarter of a mile farther north, wanted a teacher. I promised to fulfil their wish , but as I did not know whether I might de- pend upon their perseverance, or on the parti- cipation of several families in the instruction, and, besides, the way was not farther, I pre- vailed on the same Catechist to undertake the instruction of this family also. In the morn- ing, he instructed the first mentioned families ; and in the evening the latter ; but I was obliged to give him an addition to his salary, in consideration of this increase of his labour. Afterwards, more families applied ; and as long as I was in Greenland, and could pay attention to it, this method went on very well ; but whether it continued after my departure, I do not know, for almost a year elapsed before my successor arrived. My neighbour Provost Sverdrup had indeed promised me to do his utmost, and punctually kept his word; but his own Mission employed him so fully, that he very seldom came to mine, and, when he did 110 come, he had not time enough to see after every thing*. It is, therefore, possible that this last arrangement, for want of being" at- tended toy has ceased ; perhaps even before my successor arrived. Happily I did not baptize anybody, either here or at Tus- sangme*. I must add a few words about this island, the real name of which is Tussak, which lies six miles from Claushavn. In my pas- toral journeys, I sometimes went there, and that with the more pleasure,' because some families lived there, among whom was a Poly- gamist, who always liked to hear my con- versation. These families once asked me for a teacher : I had one in readiness, but, when I proposed to him to go there, he felt no inclination. He said the island was too far off, &c; I was, therefore, obliged to ask my national Catechist at Christianshaab, to undertake it. He consented, and resided a week alternately at each place, but on the con- dition of receiving an addition to his salary. I engaged these national Catechists on my own account, and also paid them the first (4) Cranberries CTyltebaer) grow here in abundance, and, a* fur as 1 know, nowhere else in Disco Bay. in year myself. The Missionary College ap- proved of my proposal, and also repaid me the money I had laid out, as far as I ventured to make it known j but this College was, however, very sparing" with its salary, and not inclined to give Danish provisions, especially bread, which is so great an inducement to these men to lead a sedentary life, so different from that to which they are accustomed. If, there- fore, I wished to have them do any thing, I was obliged to give them what the College refused. Chap. III. It is still possible to come to the East Side of Greenland. The Icelanders landed early, perhaps about the year 982, on the east side of Greenland ; and, finding the country agreeable, they after- wards visited it, and settled there. In process of time the population increased ; and, by their diligence, not only procured subsistence, but even had articles for exportation. Nu- merous communities, churches, convents, and 112 bishops' sees, arose there. Even in the southern part of the west side, there were many villages and churches, of which some remains are still shewn. The inhabitants tilled the land, and, besides other kinds of grain, are said to have raised the finest wheat. The pastures were rich, and fed numbers of oxen and sheep, which supplied milk, butter, and cheese, not only in great abundance, but of such excellent quality, that the royal kitchen, at Drontheira, was supplied with them. There were forests there, in which were hares and other game ; and lakes well stocked with fish. It is, there- fore, no wonder that this side of the country became, in a few years, so populous as it is stated to have been. According to ancient accounts, the Ice- lander, Erik the Red, or Redhead, was the first who discovered the east side of Greenland, and landed there. In an old Latin his- tory book, which was lent to me in Green- land for a short time, this Erik is said, pro- perly, to have fled thither, because he had killed his adversary in a duel ; but that he was afterwards reconciled with the relations of the deceased ; and, as he could now sail, unmo- lested, backwards and forwards, he induced 113 many families to accompany him thither. The following* anecdote, which I took from this book, has its place here : Erik, probably he who is beforementioned, arrived, with his wife, who was pregnant, on the east coast. He first built a hut, and supported himself and his wife by the chase. He always returned home in the evening-, as well out of tenderness for his wife, as to prepare every thing for her approaching- delivery, and for the winter, which was at hand. One evening-, when he came home, he found his wife dead, and a new-born male infant crying- at her breast. He stood for a few moments as if petrified. The cries of the child roused him from his stupor ; but irresolute, and almost in despair, he knows not how he shall preserve its tender life. Soon, however, he collected himself; took a small sharp-pointed instrument, and pricked his breast round the nipples, so as to draw blood ; then he put the child to his breast ; it sucked eagerly, and thus obtained sustenance. He was now forced to remain, for the most part, with the child ; and repeated the operation as often as it required food. By degrees, the blood became milky, and, at last, real milk. In this manner he suckled his son, 114 of whom he became extremely fond, and who grew up to be an active and courageous man, as his father had been 3 . I regret that the title page of this book was torn ofF. The book had every appearance of high antiquity, and, in my opinion, of historical credibility : it contained many very interesting, and (to me at least) unknown notices of Iceland, and, parti- cularly, of the population and fertility of the east side of Greenland. It is uncertain by what particular cause the navigation to this fine part of the country, and, (5) The same anecdote is related of Thorgils Orrabeinst- jupa, but with other circumstances. Cranz speaks (p. 331 and 322) of this Thorgils in the following words : " Fresh colonies continued to arrive from Iceland and Norway, who were, in part, Christians : among them was Thorgils, a new but zealous Christian, who had gone to Greenland against the repeated warnings of his former idol, and of whom they relate a strange and wonderful history of many years' perse- cutions by the Devil, and severe misfortunes by water and by land ; after which, he at last, like Job and Tobias, obtained honours and happiness." Setting aside that part which con- forms with the inclination of the ancient inhabitants of ihe north, like other nations, to believe in prognostics, and to re- gard dreams, the contents of the Floamanna Saga are not so strange and marvellous, but very credible. In the writings of the Scandinavian Literary Society, vol. 7, there is a transla- tion of this very interesting Saga, by Professor B. Thorlacius. Fries. 115 at the same time, all connection between the inhabitants and the mother country, ceased. It cannot have been what is called the black death, for the navigation continued long after this plague. Troubles, arising from war, may have interrupted it for some years ; but it can scarcely be believed that it could have been neglected in more peaceable times ; be- cause it afforded important advantages, and the inhabitants of the two countries were united by the ties of friendship and affinity. There is, indeed, a general tradition, that the natives of the country, at that time called Skroellinger 6 , fell upon the new inhabitants, and extirpated them (so the descendants of the former, namely, the Greenlanders, relate the story) ; but to me this appears improbable. The ancient Norwegians and Icelanders were tall, stout, and warlike ; the Greenlanders, on the other hand, were little, cowardly, or, at least, not accustomed to combat. Neither could they well expect a successful result even from a surprise, because the population was so great ; for, that they should have ventured on open (6) A nickname, given to signify the small stature and weakness of the Greenlanders, in comparison to the tall and robust Norwegians and Icelanders. Skroelling still means, in the Daniib, weak, puny. Fries. 116 war is what I cannot imagine. But, supposing that they attacked, by surprise, and destroyed the Europeans on the west coast of the coun- try, where they were not numerous, yet those on the east side must have been taught, by the misfortune of their countrymen, to be on their guard, particularly as they were not only informed of it, but are even stated to have come to their assistance : the history, indeed, says, that they came too late, and found only cattle running about the fields without a master. In whatever manner this extirpation was effected, it took place first on the west and afterwards on the east side 7 . Only a few (7) It is, however, probable, that the black death was the first and principal cause of the neglecting of the intercourse with Greenland, and of the extirpation of the Icelandic and Norwegian settlers. This plague, which raged about the year 1350, carried off about two-thirds of the population of the north. One consequence was, that navigation in general, and consequently that to Greenland also, was very much diminished in the succeeding period. The greater part of the inhabitants of Greenland were, doubtless, carried off by this plague ; consequently, the articles for trade must have been much diminished, and the trade itself wholly declined. Poli- tical troubles contributed to check the little intercourse that was still kept up. Meantime the savages who came to Greenland, long after the Normans, advanced farther ; and it could not be difficult for them to overpower the diminished population, now left entirely to its own resources. Fries. 117 remains of the ancient Icelanders are said still to exist on the east coast. The tradition has been preserved from ancient to modern times ; when some Greenlanders affirmed that they had seen tall, bearded men, who were terrible, and, doubtless, man-eaters ; others said they had been so far to the east, that they had seen the sun rise from the sea, and that they saw people in the country. Torfceus relates, in his Historia Gronlandica, that the Icelandic bishop, Amund, in a voyage from Norway to Iceland, was driven, by a storm, to the coast of Greenland, and sailed along" the coast, where he plainly distinguished people driving their sheep and lambs on the meadows. This voyage must have taken place about the year 1540, and the east coast must then have been inhabited, though the intercourse with the mother country was broken off. If we may believe all this, we may conjecture that de- scendants of those robust Icelanders and Nor- wegians are still to be found there. But were this not the case, the country, however, remains ; and this must still be, what it was formerly, a fine, fertile country, worth looking for, and, if possible, settling in. Many fruitless expeditions and voyages have US been undertaken with this view, from time to time, under our king's, from Christian III io Christian VII, under whose reign the last attempt was made. Our present King-, then Crown Prince, promoted this expedition, and, as far as I know, bore the expense of it. Two ships were fitted out, and wintered in Iceland. Repeated attempts were made : they sailed along the ice, as well to the south as to the north ; were exposed to many dangers, once even to total shipwreck ; but saw no possi- bility of approaching- the coast, respecting- which the particulars are contained in Egede's Journal, 1789. However, this last account of the voyage to East Greenland gives (as well as more ancient accounts) hints of the possi- bility of some time or other attaining- the end proposed. The ice is terrible, but does lie fast ; is not every year alike $ does not come at the same time, or in the same quan- tity -, it changes its position ; nay, it is pre- tended it was once found to have wholly vanished. May happy times one day re- turn to our country ! Who would not then be allowed to hope for another attempt to re-discover East Greenland ? It would, indeed, require considerable expense -, but if it sue- 119 ceeded, the advantage reaped by it would be great : at least we should acquire the country, which many would be glad to acquire, if an opportunity offered. The attempts, like some earlier ones, must be undertaken from Iceland. Two small copper-bottomed vessels must remain there, not one, but two or three winters. From the beginning of spring, and as long as the season allowed, they must reconnoitre. They need not, indeed, keep the sea all the time ; but, as the passage from Iceland thither is said to be but forty 8 miles, they might sail over to the ice several times ; coast along it, northwards and southwards ; and observe the situation of it, and the changes that might have taken place between one trip and another. Accounts of this, as well as of the whole enterprize, must be sent in, every autumn, by the trading vessels. If this were continued, as I wish, for three years, perhaps the object would be ob- tained, and then all the expense and all the dangers would be forgotten. But, even sup- posing that we could not get thither, we should (8) According to Lieutenant Egede's Chart, the least dis- tance from Iceland is sixty-seven miles. For farther parti- culars on this subject, see the Introduction. Fries. 120 obtain greater certainty respecting" the coming, the situation, and the chang-es, &c. of the ice. In short, we should obtain some degree of certainty respecting the possibility, or the im- possibility of getting to East Greenland on this side. But, even should these attempts be wholly fruitless, we must not yet give up the coun- try as lost. There remains still a possibility left, which would, indeed, require time, but would be less expensive, less dangerous, and more promising. We had already, in my time, colonies far to the south on the west side, which we inhabited. If the Government would make an arrangement, that, every second or third year, a new colony should be established, always some miles farther to the south, we should, in time, reach Statenhook, then go beyond it, and so in the same manner up the east side. As the colonists advanced, they must endeavour, by trade, if any opportunity offered, and by their own industry, to make good a part of the expenses of the undertak- ing ; but the main object, that of examining the nature of the country, and to obtain cer- tain information respecting- its population, its fertility, the ice, &c, must not be forgotten. 121 As the currents always flow outwards, and partly keep the ice at some distance from the shore, it would doubtless be possible to pro- ceed, in small vessels, between the coast and the ice, and for one colony to assist another, where larger vessels cannot approach ; for it can hardly be doubted but that supplies might be annually sent from the mother country to the most southerly of the eastern colonies. This method of gradually approach- ing the end in view would have this advan- tage, that report would precede the new comers, would so far make them known, and prepare the inhabitants to receive them. By one or other of the methods here pointed out, I consider the re-discovery of the east coast to be possible, without any great ex- pense to the state. I am almost convinced that it will be one day found, and that one of these projects, or perhaps both united, will lead to the accomplishment of this wish. Happy the man for whom the decrees of Providence have reserved this discovery 9 . The (9) The late H. Egede, after his return from Greenland, not only made similar proposals for the re-discovery of the east coast, of which he speaks in his Natural History ; but be even offered to go with the expedition, if it should be B 122 land, and the possession of it, even without in- habitants, would be a real addition and ad- vantage to our country : with inhabitants, perhaps more would be gained. Religion would accompany us thither, and spread her beneficent light, with purer splendor than it formerly shone there. May this happen ! Chap. IV. The Polygamist. To take more wives than one at the same time, is not indeed very common in Green- land, but not absolutely uncommon. A man who loves change, and is so skilful in fish- ing, that he can support more than one, sometimes takes two wives ; nay, a few miles from my place of abode, there was a man who had three. These women often agree very well ; but if the reverse is the case, a black undertaken, in order to convince himself, that nothing was neg- lected that might tend to ensure success. But his proposal, and his petition to the king, for what reason is not known, were laid on one side. See Life of H. Egede, by J. J. Lund. 123 eye cures the one who is quarrelsome. The first wife is always the most respected, and properly the mistress of the family, if she is not the most loved. If she has borne her husband children, particularly sons, she is sure of his continued respect ; but if she is barren, she must behave with great pru- dence towards him, and with good humour to the other wives, not only to preserve her precedence, but even to avoid being repu- diated. Among the inhabitants of Tussangme, there was, as I have said, a Polygamist. This man, who was the ablest of the whole, was always very eager, when I came, to hear something about our country. I fulfilled his wish, and en- deavoured, as usual, to direct his thoughts to the great Creator. "Kaf Kaf Pelesse 10 ! Usomakau! i. e. Go on, Priest ! He is glorious, and worthy of praise If exclaimed he. " Send us a teacher ; we will be obedient, we will all be obedient." " If I can be certain that you are serious," I replied, " I will with pleasure look out a teacher for you, and visit you myself as often as I can." " We are quite serious," said he. (10) So the Greenlanders pronounce the Danish word Proett (Priut). Fbies. 124 " When you have been here, we talk of what you have told us ; we will acknowledge the Great Being, who is so good." I did not say a word on this occasion of his two wives ; it would have been wholly misplaced, and have destroyed his good intention. I per- suaded, as I have before said, the national Ca- techist at Christianshaab to divide his time, and to go there every other week. I accom- panied him the first time he went, presented him to them as their teacher, and exhorted them to be attentive to his instructions. They promised it, and kept their word. Every time that I came, I had reason to be satisfied with their diligence and conduct, in which the Po- lygamist encouraged them. I wrote on ac- count of this man to the Missionary college, and represented, that as it seemed as if the apostles, when any had two wives before they were converted to Christianity, had, in this case, connived at it, I wished to have per- mission to baptize him ; but I received for answer, that this permission could not be grant- ed, especially on account of the consequences. One day, towards the end of the second winter, he asked me, " You will baptize me, Priest ?" " I would do it with pleasure," I 125 replied, " but you have two wives." " What !" exclaimed he, hastily, " cannot I then become a believer ?" " You know," said I, " that the great Lord in heaven cre- only one man and one woman, to shew that only two such should live together in wed- lock. " " You grieve me, Priest." He cried, and pointed to his second wife, " Can I reject her ? she has borne me sons, and how can I abandon these little ones ?" " You shall continue," said I, " to provide for them all, but abstain from conjugal intercourse with your second wife." " That is difficult," an- swered he. " Will the good God reject me, because I cannot reject her ? You know that I wish to become a believer. You know, too, that I know him, and that I live like a believer." " Yes," 1 answered, " I know all this, and I wished to baptize you ; but, besides what I have already said to you, my masters in our country have forbidden me." I unwillingly said this, and he heard it with some displeasure. " Do you not think, Priest," continued he, " that the great Master of hea- ven is more benevolent than those in your country ?" " Certainly, he is," continued I : "he is all goodness : he judges differently 126 from man, because he knows the heart better." " I wish to be a believer, and I dare not !** said he, affected : " but I will continue to obey God, and to avoid evil ; and I hope that he will not reject me when I die." I affirmed this, took his hand, and looked at him, with emotion. It was a short time before I returned home. " God in heaven," said I, " thy Father, and my Father, and the Father of us all, be merciful to thee, for Jesus Christ's sake, here and for ever !" " Be happy, Priest," answered he, with tears : "before the good God in heaven I shall see thee again !" " Yes, there we shall meet again in happi- ness," said I, and went away. He accom- panied me in silence to the shore, and long followed me with his eyes. 127 Chap. V. Greenland Courtship. Decorum requires that a girl must not choose to marry, and that the parents must not give their consent to the marriage of their daugh- ters : but then, the young men carry off their girls by force. Some friends accompany the suitor into the house of the parents, and carry off the girl, without ceremony, even in the presence of the parents. Often she knows nothing of her lover's attachment to her ; but even if she does, she must make all possi- ble resistance, which often goes so far, that she suffers herself to be dragged along by the hair ; nay, if she persists in not getting up, and in refusing to go quiely, she receives some hearty boxes on the ear. When she at length arrives in the house of the lover, she sits desponding with dishevelled hair, and seizes the first opportunity to run away again. She is fetched back, runs away again, and is again fetched back If her repugnance is only feign- 128 ed, she laments, perhaps, for a day or two ; but then she yields. If, on the other hand, she dislikes the suitor, she continues to run away, till he either ceases to go after her, or, if he is desperately in love, really employs constraint. In ancient time, the suitor, in such cases, used to cut a few slits in the soles of the feet of the obstinate girl, and was then pretty certain that she would yield, before she was able to walk again. At present, indeed, this rough manner of obtaining a girl's affection is no longer in use ; but I know, that, even in my time, a suitor threatened his mistress, who repeatedly ran away from him, with this punishment for her obstinacy. If the girl really dislikes the marriage, for some reason or other, and if she cannot avoid it, in this distress, she cuts off her long hair, and seeks a retreat among the rocks : but by this, she renounces marriage for the future; it must not, therefore, be wondered at, that this step is seldom resorted to. When the troublesome days of courtship are over, and the girl has become a wife, she takes the place of mistress of the house on the bench, provides every thing for her husband, and superintends the 129 household ; but if her husband's mother is still living-, the latter manages the household, and the wife is, so far, only a maid. Such a violent kind of courtship cannot be allowed among the baptized Greenlanders ; they, therefore, leave the business to the Cler- gyman, and the way of proceeding is gene- rally as follows. The suitor comes to the Cler- gyman, and says, " I have a mind to take a wife." "Whom ?" He names her. " Have you spoken with her ?" Sometimes the suitor answers " Yes, she is not unwilling-; but you know how people are." Often he answers, No!" "Why not?" "That is so diffi- cult ; the girls are so shy. Do you speak to her." In this case, the Clergyman sends for the girl ; she comes, and after some indifferent questions, he begins his suit as follows. " It will soon be time that you should marry." " I will not marry." " That is a pity : I have a suitor for you." " Whom ?" The Clergyman names him. " He is good for nothing; I will not have him." Then the Clergyman enumerates all his good qualities : " he is young, a good and successful fisher- man, sits upright in his Kajak, throws his dart with skill and strength, and, what is the s 130 most important, he has a good disposition, and loves you." She listens very attentively ; her looks betray her approbation ; yet she still answers, " I will not marry ; I will not have him." " Well, I will not constrain you ; I shall easily find a wife for this active young fellow." The clergyman now says no more, as if he considered her " No" as coming from the heart. At last she says softly, with a sigh, or with tears in her eyes, " As you will, Priest." "Noj" as you will: I will not persuade you any farther." Now comes a profound sigh, " Yes;" and the affair is settled. Mean- time, the suitor awaits his fate. He is sent for, and made acquainted with his good fortune ; but told, at the same time, how difficult it was to prevail upon his bride. The wedding-day is fixed, of which the girl is already informed. When it arrives, the bridegroom, in his finest clothes, appears with his train, in the house of the clergyman. He advances, with becoming seriousness, to the altar ; the clergyman is obliged to take her by the hand, and shew her the place where she is to stand. She, indeed, takes her place, but turns away from the bridegroom, that the clergyman is often obliged to turn her a little, 131 so that, when he puts the questions from the book, he can lay her hand in that of the bridegroom. This giving her hand, and the * yes,' which she must pronounce before all the company, is the most difficult part to her. Generally, she answers only with her eyes, and this, reasonably, passes for a full and sufficient f yes.' The young couple now go to the house of the bridegroom ; he cheerful, she, as it seems, unmoved and cold. Soon after, the clergyman sends them a bushel of peeled barley, or peas, and some stockfish, with his compliments, desiring" them to entertain themselves and their friends. Soon the kettles are hung" over the lamps ; the g-uests are called ; they chat together, and enjoy their little repast with cheerfulness. The bride sometimes suffers herself to be persuaded to taste a little bit, but extremely seldom to lie down, in the evening", in the nuptial bed. However, she never runs away, as the heathen brides do ; accustoms herself very well, in a few days, to be a wife ; and her former talkative- ness and cheerfulness return. If she, as a girl, has observed all this, and the parents have not shewn themselves inclined to consent to the match, every one has done his part : she has 132 preserved her honour, and nothing can be said to the disadvantage of the parents. * * * The Reader will observe, that the clergyman takes a part in the marriage concerns of the baptized Greenlanders, only to prevent the before described manner of courtship, which is so contrary to morality and Christian propriety. He opposes this, without pretending to a right to interfere farther. The suitor, indeed, gives him the commission, the consequences of which are, order and marriage. Long before my time this was the custom in Disco Bay ; but I will not affirm that it is the custom all over the country. 133 Chap. V. Tke Baptism of a Catechumen. 1 had once among my Catechumens, at Christianshaab, an elderly widow, who had fled from the southern part of the country, because she was accused, by her neighbours there, of being an llliseetsok (that is, a wicked sorceress), and her life was, therefore, in dan- ger. Some years before, the wicked wretch who accused her, had been received by her in her house , and she had given him the use of her tent and women's boat, on the condition that he should keep them both in order with skins. For some time he punctually fulfilled this condition j but afterwards he conceived a wish to possess them himself. He was pretty sure of obtaining this wish, if he accused her of witchcraft : no sooner thought than done ; the innocent, forlorn widow, who was in- formed of it in time, was forced, in order to save her life, to fly secretly with a sick child, eight or nine years of age, and to abandon her property. She found an asylum, for the 134 present, in the dwelling" of a married colonist, near Christianshaab ; and as I came there soon after, she applied to me to receive instruction : she received it accordingly, and shewed both good-will and capacity. Towards winter I learned her unhappy condition; spoke with her upon it ; and promised to protect her as far as lay in my power. v Time passed away, the summer approached, and the baptism of the Catechumens was at hand. After I had performed this solemnity at home, at Claushavn, I went, the week before Whitsuntide, to Christianshaab, in order to go over, daily, the truths of religion with those Catechumens whom, on account of their knowledge and conduct, I thought worthy of baptism. Among these Catechumens was the widow of whom I have spoken. " Will you baptize her ?" said the merchant, when I re- turned from the last examination. I replied, * Yes ; she has the necessary knowledge, and expresses a desire for baptism." " I advise you not to baptize her," continued he, " for the Greenlanders who live farther to the south intend to kill her ! It would really be very bad if they began to kill baptized persons as witches !" Should I then," replied I, 135 " expose her to the fury of her persecutors, or rather deliver her up to it, by refusing her baptism ? No ; that would be a sin. I will baptize her with several others, and thereby lay upon you and your people an obligation more, to defend the life of an innocent per- son, who is become your fellow Christian. " " Neither I nor the people can take upon us to defend her," said he ; "we are often absent : her assassins (they lived about a mile from the colony) may watch their opportunity ; and, even if we were at home, we should not expose ourselves to the fury of the Greenlanders, for they have resolved upon her death." " Then I will take her with me," replied I, M when I return ; and, till then, she may surely be in* safety here." The morning came ; it was Whit-Monday. Engaged in reading, I regarded nothing that was passing ; till, at length, the cry of " The murderers come! they land!" called my at- tention. This visit was, at this moment, as unexpected as it was disagreeable. I collected myself, however, and remained faithful to my purpose, as well to defend the innocent widow, as to baptize her. Two of these men came im- mediately to the colony, and asked for the 136 priest : they were shewn my room, and enter- ed abruptly. After some indifferent discourse, one of them, mentioning her name, said, " Will you baptize her ?" " Yes," I replied. " She is good for nothing 1 ," said he ; " she is an Illiseetsok." " It is your Angekok," said I, " who accuses her ; but he is a liar. I know that you intend to murder her, either now or in the sequel ; but I take her under my protection, because she has done no evil ; and, when she has become a believer, the Danes and the baptized Greenlanders shall also defend her." They withdrew without replying. Meantime, the hour of divine service was come, and I sent for the Greenlanders ; but, at the same time, begged some sailors to ac- company the poor widow, who was probably afraid. The murderers, ten or twelve in num- ber, stood on the place over which she had to pass, but did not attempt to attack her, as they saw that she was not without defenders. She entered the room trembling. " Thou art afraid," said I ; " but dost thou not believe, then, that the great God whom thou acknow- ledgest is more mighty than thy persecutors ? Place thy trust in him, and be of good cou- 137 rage." After the sermon, she, as well as the others, rehearsed her belief, and was bap- tized. Copious tears betrayed her feelings ; they were drawn from her by joy, fear, and hope. When divine service was concluded, I said to her, " Now you belong to God, and to us. Thank him, and prove always, by your conduct, that you are a believer." Her persecutors were not yet gone ; I, there- fore, shut her up in my room while the peo- ple were attending divine service, and had her guarded the rest of the day. The following day, I departed to return home ; my wife, who had accompanied me on this journey, the widow, and,her daughter, besides the steersman, and four women to row, were on board. When we had got to a considerable distance from the colony, we perceived several Kajaks, but had not the smallest idea of their being the murderers of yesterday, till they got nearer. The widow recognized them first, and exclaiming, " There they are !" threw herself, with her face down- wards, on the bottom of the boat. Her per- secutors had heard that I would take her with me, and had, therefore, gone northward, my way, instead of southward, which was T 138 their own way home. They rowed rapidly towards us, threw their darts, to shew their strength and dexterity in hitting- a mark, and, at last, laid one arm on the edge of my boat. Then, certainly, courage was necessary, and it was given me. After some insignificant questions, one of them said, " What woman is that lying there ?" " She whom you want to kill," replied I, with firmness ; " she is a believer : I take her under my protection, and I shall find means to protect her.'* They turned pale, and were silent. At last, one of them cried, " That is the same to us.'* They then suddenly tacked about to the creek, where their tents were set up. We were now so far delivered, and the poor woman began to breathe more freely. Whether it was the eagerness of my women who rowed, to lose sight as soon as possible of these infuriated men, or whatever might be the cause, one of the oars broke ; we could not go on well, and we had nothing to repair the oar. We had no means left, but to row into the bay, to the widow's enemies. This was, indeed, extremely hazardous, but, as it could not be otherwise, I resolved upon it, confiding in God, and my good cause. We rowed into the 139 creek, and, at last, landed in the midst of these men, who were all assembled on the shore. I took the broken oar in my hand, went on shore, and said, " Who will repair this oar ? I will pay him well." One of them immediately took the oar, and began to repair it. " Akakak n f" said some of them to each other , " he is not afraid." They now invited us to their tents (my wife had now come on shore) ; but I could not accept the invitation, for then, perhaps, it would have been all over with the widow. I, however, conversed with them, till the oar, after we had waited one livelong" hour, was repaired. They were con- tent with what I paid : we put from the shore, parted as friends, and reached home in the middle of the night. The widow was now in safety. I placed her and her daughter with a family, who had room to spare. She lived two or three years without suffering want, and died in peace. (11) Exclamation of surprise. 140 Chap. VII. Some Journies. I. TO CHRIST1ANSHAAB. I had to make so many journies thither, and many of them so dang-erous, that I might very easily fill some sheets with them. About Christmas, I went there by land, and rolled down several times from the summit of high rocks to the foot of them 12 . I travelled on ice which was so thin, that it could scarcely bear the weight of four dog's. I travelled by water, when storms were rising-, and often when quantities of drift ice were floating- about, which cut holes in my women's boat. But three of these journies seem to me to be peculiarly dangerous, and worth relating-. I generally went to Christianshaab the day before Easter, as well on account of the Danes, who lived there, as to examine the Catechu- mens. This time, the sea was open, though full of floating- ice. Some sailors, who had (12) This happened, when, after having with infinite pains gained the top of the rock, I seated myself on the sledge to descend, which, acquiring velocity from the steepness of the descent, was hurried past the dogs. 141 been at Claushavn, on commercial business, resolved to accompany me ; but when the day for our departure came, they were afraid of the ice, and remained behind. I set off early with a steersman, six women to row, and a Greenlander in his Kajak. With much diffi- culty and labour, we rowed three miles through the ice, by twelve o'clock. We were saying, that the mile which we had still to go, was not so dangerous, when the steers- man suddenly exclaimed, " Look there, up to the rock, Priest ! a dreadful storm is rising, which will soon overtake us." I saw it, and answered, " We can scarcely proceed, the resistance is too great ; let us put back : we shall find some place in the neighbourhood, where we can stop till the storm is over." We tacked about, but while we were doing so, the storm was already come up, and would, certainly, have overset our boat, had not the Greenlander, with his Kajak, laid himself to windward, and manoeuvred in so masterly a manner against the mighty waves. He let them pass over him, by which they lost some- thing of their violence, before they reached us. The boat, however, laboured violently, by which some knees were broken, which 142 made it unsteady. There was not much ap- pearance of our being* saved. The women lost their courage, and would not work any longer. " Row !" I cried, and took an oar, "or we shall be drowned!" " We shall be drowned notwithstanding," answered they: "it avails nothing." I encouraged them by words and by my own example, rowed with all my might, and said, " We must do what we can for our safety, and we shall be saved." They now took up their oars again ; but the storm continued, our boat became weaker and weaker, and, in truth, our hopes also. After we had laboured for about an hour, with infinite exertions, and had been in the utmost danger of our lives, kind Providence conducted us into a little bay, where the land protected us against the violence of the waves. Here, we found ourselves saved, and thank- ed God. It cost us some trouble, indeed, to get the boat up over the crust of ice, but we effected it. We turned it upside down, laid ourselves under it upon the snow, and spoke of the danger which we had escaped. The Kajak rower was not a little proud of his ex- ploit -j and he had reason to be so, for he con- tributed the most to our deliverance. Some 143 refreshment would now have been welcome, but this was not to be thought of. I had, indeed, two of the biscuits, called Skonsogne, which my wife had made me take when I left home ; but what was that among so many ? A part of the afternoon was already gone, when the weather became more calm. " To- morrow is Easter Sunday," said I to my Greenlanders : " I must go forward by land, or else back." " You joke, Priest," answered my steersman, quickly. " No," answered I. " I am quite serious." " You cannot go forwards," said he ; " I have no knowledge of any way. The rocks are terrible, and the way back is so long, you cannot accomplish it." "Let us see," said I ; "follow me!" At last I prevailed on my steersman and two women, and set out. As long as it was day- light, we went on well, though the snow was deep ; but when night came on, we were un- able to distinguish rocks and vallies from each other. We fell into heaps of snow, helped each other up, fell again, and again got up, but became more and more fatigued, and faint. After we had proceeded for some hours, my Greenlander said, " We have missed our 144 way ; I no longer hear the sea roar." I listened, and was also unable to hear it. " We must go westward," said I ; " the wind has not changed." We did so, and, by extraor- dinary exertion, came in about two hours nearer to the strand, and soon after to a plain, which was inclosed, on both sides, by high rocks. I thought I recollected this plain, walked up and down on the beach, and found that I really recognised it, having been there the preceding autumn. " We are in Sand- bay," said I to my companions when I re- turned to them, " and are now not far from home." " It is a mile," said my Greenlander, M if we go the right way ; but we should have scarcely half a mile, if you could clamber up that rock." " Wait a little," said I, and di- vided my two biscuits among us four. We eat them, drank or swallowed some snow, and felt ourselves a litle refreshed. " Now, up the rock !" I cried. " At the top it is perpendicu- lar," replied my Greenlander ; "if your foot slips, you fall into the sea, and no one can save you." " We will try," said I ; and now we began, with the little strength we had left, to clamber up. We walked and crawled, but 145 still advanced, however, till we reached the abovementioned steep place. " Now, tate care, Priest ! don't slip I" ' Help me," said my Greenlander, " and I will help you when I have got up." He began to climb, and, by the assistance of the women who helped him, got up happily. " Wait a little," said he ; " I must rest myself:" but soon after he laid himself on his belly, stretched himself out as far as possible over the steep rock, and said, " Come ! I will take hold of you." One of the women clambered up, I helped her, he took her hand, and pulled her up. Now, it was my turn. Both those who were up, and she who was behind, exerted their strength for me : I climbed , my knees tottered ; I was near falling, and, consequently, perishing, when I got hold of the out-stretched hand of the Greenlander. By this, and the help of the woman who was behind, I got up 1 , 3 safe. " That was good ! that was good !" cried my companions. " Yes," said I, " that was good. God be praised. But now, help her who is behind." That they did faithfully; (13) The Greenlanders, accustomed from their youth to climb up high rocks, have a great advantage. U 146 both took her hand, and we were all saved, but so exhausted, that we were obliged to sit down, and rest, ten times during the quarter of a mile which we had still to go. At length, we reached the colony, on Eas- er Sunday, at four o'clock in the morning, so exhausted that I fell over the threshold of the kitchen door, and my companions stumbled. I knocked at the door of the chamber, and pronounced my name : my wife was awake, and lay praying to God for my safety ; for all the Danes and Greenlanders at Claushavn said, the day before, while the storm raged, that it was impossible we should be saved if we were at sea, but they hoped we might have arrived at Claushavn, before it broke out. While my wife got up, and opened the door, I went to the chamber of my man servant, to wake him, and to tell him to make a fire in the kitchen. He had gone to sleep with the idea that we were all drowned. When I awoke him, and he, still half asleep, recognized my voice, he thought it was my ghost, crossed himself, and said, " God, be merciful to his soul ! He was a good man !" "It is myself,'* said I ; "we are saved." Now, he became 147 thoroughly awake, and thanked God from the bottom of his soul 14 . Meantime, my wife had opened the door of the room, and fell upon my neck, with tears of joy. "God then has restored him to me," was all that she could pronounce. Yes ! we were restored to each other. After she had become a little calmer, we felt with grateful joy the miraculous deliverance which God had vouchsafed me. But now it was necessary to think of some refreshments for me and my companions ; and these were not so easily to be obtained. The fast time had set in 15 ; every thing that custom had rendered necessary, wine, brandy, coffee, tea, sugar, &c, was wanting. My wife, therefore, warmed a pot of good beer, with a slice of bread, and some butter. In the condition in which we were, this was, per- haps, the best thing we could have had. We ate Skonrogn with butter, drank warm beer, and found ourselves refreshed/ My Green- (14) He was a good honest Jutlander, and had kept a shop in some town in Jutland. Having been unfortunate in husi- ness, he was obliged to go to Greenland, and served me, for several years, with fidelity, and uncommon zeal. (15) That is, the time when the stock of provision was ex- hausted, and the arrival of the ships anxiously expected. It often lasted long, and was hard enough to bear. 146 landers went home quite cheerful. I threw myself on the bed for a few hours, and per- formed divine service at the usual time. Though I had been ill before this journey, it had no bad consequences, except a little pain. At the news of my return, my good Green- landers came early in the morning to my wife, to inquire after me, and expressed their joy at my safety. My boat, which the Kajak-rower had patched up a little, arrived in the after- noon much damaged. The people were well, but excessively hungry : they had need of re- freshment, and received it accordingly. II. -^-ANOTHER JOURNEY TO CHRISTIANSHAAB. About twenty or thirty paces from my house there flowed a small stream, with excel- lent water : it came from the mountains high up the country , formed two fresh-water lakes ; and afterwards emptied itself into the sea. In winter it froze over i but in spring it broke forth with violence from its sources. If care had not been taken to dig channels to direct its course, it took a wrong direction, and not oniy overflowed the spot on which my house stood, but even threatened the house itself. 149 This was particularly the case one spring. On the 24th of May I was told that we might expect the stream. My people had, indeed, already done something- to guide its course, but not enough. In the forenoon it had al- ready spread over the place, and approached the colony. I had resolved to set out, in the afternoon, on business, to Christianshaab ; and had, therefore, ordered the sledge to be ready at two o'clock. The forenoon was employed in instructing the young people j but, when it was time for them to go home, the way was intercepted ; the swollen stream was already above the threshold of the house, and flowed through my little garden. The children were obliged to get over an out-house, by means of a ladder, in order to reach home, and this was scarcely possible. I wished to dine before I set out : dinner was served up, and we ate ; but as my wife was going into the kitchen, and opened the door, it was torn out of her hand, and the water rushed into the room. We were at a loss what to do. There was every appearance that the house might be broken through ; and I was to depart. My old Catechist had been already thrown down by the water in the kitchen ; and with us in 150 the room all was afloat. My wife and my son could not remain behind ; I should else have been tormented by anxious suspense respecting" their fate in my absence. At last we set out a great table, put chairs upon it, and endeavoured to save our beds by laying them upon the chairs. We drew the drawers from the wardrobes, and piled them up in the same manner. We wanted now only a nap- kin, with bread and butter, for a few days, and we were ready. I prevailed upon the Catechist to accompany us ; and now we escaped out of the kitchen window, which went out on one side, where the water was not so deep, because the ground was higher. But now we had to walk a pretty considerable distance over the ice 16 ; my wife in order to take up her abode in a Greenland house, and I to get to my sledge. But the ice was ex- tremely brittle, hardly any thing but foam, and still more dangerous on account of the stream, which rushed furiously along ; and yet we had to go over this very place ! Resolved to share the same fate, we took our little son, (16) The overflowed stream rushed furiously between my house and the Greenlanders. The ice was the only way by which we could reach them. 151 two years old, between us : the Catechist ac- companied us, and we reached, almost without hoping" it, our destination for the present. My wife had never yet passed a night in a Green- lander's house, and could not prevail upon herself to sleep upon the bench, among all the naked people. With her back against the wall, and her little boy upon her lap, she held it out for three nights and three days. On the fourth day the stream had returned into its own bed : it was still rapid and furious, but not so broad but that she could attempt to pass it, supported by two Greenlanders, upon a board laid across ; and she got home safe. I will say nothing- of the destruction in our house and around it. My wife did every thing to put it, in some measure, in an habit- able state before my return. As soon as I had placed her in security, in a Greenlander's house, on the beforementioned 24th of May, I set out upon my journey. The ice was very brittle ; not like that upon which we are used to venture at the beginning" of winter, but like that which the stream and sun daily undermine and melt away. After we had proceeded two miles, we met with an opening so long that we could not go round 152 it, and so broad that we could not get over, except by a successful jump. My Greenlander said, " We shall not get over unless we take a run before we leap ; and then it is a question whether the ice on the other side is strong- enough to bear us." We had each of us a tuk 17 . My companion took a run, with his pole in his hand, and got happily over. I also took a run, aimed at the same spot as he, to obtain firm footing, and reached it ; but by his weight the ice had already so far burst, that, when mine was added to it, it broke under me, and I fell up to the arms in the cleft. In this situation I should certainly have got under the ice, and have been irrecoverably lost, had not my pole, which as I fell came across the cleft, supported me. I had sunk too deep to be able to help myself up ; and my Greenlander did not like to take hold of me, as the circumstances required. " How shall I help you up, Priest ?" said he. M Dare I take you by the hair and one arm ; for you must not let go of the pole ?" M Take hold of me where you think best," answered I ; *' but as soon as possible, for I grow every (17) A pole about six feet long, with an iron at the end, which is carried to examine the ice with. 153 moment heavier.' ' Now he quickly took me by the hair and the left arm , but it was ne- cessary for him to be very cautious, that the ice might not break while he was helping me, and thus both of us perish. He pulled me up so far that I could help myself: I, of course, did this more and more in proportion as I was able, and, at last, got out happily, but was wet through. In this condition, I had still two miles to travel 18 . The wind blew cold from the north, and I was, indeed, not warm. However, we got to the end of our journey. On my arrival at Christianshaab, I immedi- ately changed my clothes and linen. The merchant then regaled me with coffee, a good repast, and afterwards with excellent punch, which warmed me thoroughly. I slept well, got up in good health and spirits, and thanked God. When the business which oc- casioned my journey was finished, I returned home by water. My simple dwelling looked miserably, and yet it had been repaired as far as the time had allowed. My little garden (IS) When the Greenlaoder had helped me out, he called the dogs to him, and they swam over with the sledge. 154 was entirely ruined. My wife and son were in good health, and my Greenlanders were well ; every thing, therefore, was well. III. A JOURNEY TO JACOBSHAVN. I was indisposed, and resolved to go in the Christmas holidays to Jacobshavn, to get my- self blooded by the merchant there : he was the only person, for some miles round, who could perform this operation ; but the season was unfavourable ; the 20th of December , there was no daylight ; so near the equinox ; the sea was stormy ; the ice unsafe ; and the ice- bergs, which were raised from the bottom by the high sea, extremely deceitful. However, I set out; necessity commanded ; and a Green- lander had told me, the day before, that it was possible to go over the ice in the Isef- jord. Our party was in two sledges. We travelled half a mile by land, without any accident ; but when we had got some part of the way over the bay, the ice grew so thin, that we were obliged to take all the dogs except four from the sledges : we should not have 155 been able to do even this, any more than to turn, had not a piece of old ice given us an opportunity to halt and unharness the dogs. We now continued our journey. At the dis- tance of a musket shot to our left there was open sea, and on our right some Greenlanders were sitting at the foot of the neighbouring ice- bergs, to shoot seals. Far up the bay, icebergs were falling together with a dreadful crash. At last, after many dangers, we reached the op- posite coast. The way to the colony passed over a pretty high rock ; we ascended it ; looked back ; and on the spot over which we had just driven in our sledges, there was no ice now to be seen ! We thanked God for our escape, drove on, and reached the colony about eight o'clock in the evening, just as the mer- chant and the clergyman had sat down to supper. They had, indeed, heard the barking of strange dogs , but they could not possibly imagine that an European had ventured over the bay at this season, and did not mind it. I entered ; and, as I perceived that I was not recognized, I seated myself on a bench near the door. The conversation was respecting me. The merchant turned to me, whom he 156 took for a Greenlander, and asked me, with kindness, whether I had heard any thing to- day of the clergyman at Claushavn ? " I have seen him to-day." " Seen him !** he ex- claimed ; " you lie !" " No !" said I, and stepped forwards. My arrival, at this time, astonished them ; but, at the same time, they were happy to see me alive. Now they made me relate the circumstances of my journey over and over again. " My business," said I, " among other things, is to ask you to bleed me to-morrow." " Very willingly," said he, " if necessity requires it ; but it is the equinox, and this season is not considered favourable." The day came and went, without my resolving on any thing : the next day came ; but whe- ther it was the change of place, company, or conversation, or whatever it might be, my spirits were more cheerful, my blood cooler, and, as I was advised, I deferred, to another time, the bleeding for which I had come with such imminent danger. Now I was to return home again, as the holidays were at hand. But how ? No Dane would venture, at this season, to go in a vessel out of the Isefjord (only the Greenlander in his Kajak ventures upon it) j and in the bay 157 itself, and between the rocks, it was extremely dangerous, though it was said, that, half a mile above the place where I had passed, it was still possible to get over the ice. I resolved, however, to return home, though my friends dissuaded me, and my good wife wrote to me by a Kajak, that the old Catechist would attend to the divine service for the Green- landers, and would read to the two Danes there, a printed sermon ; so that nothing should be neglected, and that I should, by all means, remain where I was. On the 23d of December, in the morning, I set out on my return : my friends accom- panied me for some time ; but, when the road began to be difficult, we took leave of each other, as their accompanying me any farther would only have detained me. After great exertions, and many dangers, we came to an iceberg, which, except for the space of two fathoms, was surrounded with open water. We could not pass over this water, nor was there any possibility of passing any where else ; we were, therefore, obliged to resolve on climbing over the iceberg, which was not high, and seemed to be sound. A hazardous under- taking! However, we got over the iceberg 158 happily -, called our dogs, which swam over to us ; and, at last, reached our shore. But the ice was every where broken ; we could not land ; and there was every appearance of our being- obliged to remain where we were. For some hours we drove and walked back- wards and forwards, till, at last, we found, in a little creek, a narrow slip of ice fast to the land, over which we hastened, and got on shore. But my Greenlanders had never been so far up the country : they knew neither rocks nor val- lies ; all they knew was, that we must travel towards the south-west, in order, if possible, to reach home. The evening was at hand, and, with that, the darkness. We did not know how long the way was which we had still before us. However, we had escaped the dan- ger of the bay, and drove on full of hope ; but, after we had travelled about an hour, one of our sledges, in descending a rock, struck against a large stone : the thong that fastened the dogs to the pole broke ; and the dogs ran away, finding themselves free. This impeded our progress, for we were obliged to give the Greenlander a place in our sledge, and allow him to fasten his behind ours. The dogs reached home long before us, and were, as 159 usual, received by the other dog's in the place with noise and barking. This made the Green- landers come out of their houses ; and, as they knew the dogs were still wet, and their coats full of icicles, it was generally believed that we had perished. In anxious expectation, and almost without hope, my wife and the others went about ; when the dog's of the colony again began to bark, and thus announced our arrival. The joy of my wife was not to be described. The sudden transition from grief to joy had such an effect on my old Catechist, whose son was my driver, that his scurvy seized him, and held him so fast to the earth, that he could not stir from the spot : I went up to him, and saluted him. To shew him that we were not so fatigued as to be unable to be cheerful, I said, "Are we not active people?" "Yes," said he, " so active, that you will one day perish, to the sorrow of us all." 160 Chap. VIII. Some Particulars of our Trade with the Green- landers. +*+*-+*++ The navigation to Greenland, as well as the trade with the inhabitants, was carried on, some years ago, for the account of the king, who, probably, seldom gained by any trade ; but, in general, it has been carried on by a company under the direction of a board 19 . The uninitiated could only guess at the profits, which, in the manner that the trade was ma- naged, must have been considerable. A cer- tain price or tariff was feed for the goods which were sent thither, and, at the same time, it was fixed what payment the Greenlanders should receive for the articles which they dis- posed of. The goods sent there, consisted, among other things, of kerseys, Silesian linen, cottons, silk handkerchiefs, ribands, beads, scraping-knives, and other knives, harpoon (19) This, however, is after the reports of others. I can- not affirm it as certain, and it must be indifferent to the reader who carried it on. 161 irons, kettles, powder, lead, tobacco, and fire- arms. The Greenlanders sold blubber, seals skins, foxes skins, sometimes bears skins, whale- bone, unicorns horns 20 , eider down, &c. I do not know what the abovementioned Danish goods cost ; but, in my time, the tariff for us Europeans was as follows : Marcs. Schil. Groschen. Pfennig. 1 Ell of kersey 81 .... 2 10 or 10 6 1 Pound of powder 2 or 8 1 Pound of lead.... 10 or 2 6 1 Scraping-knife... 1 8 or 6 1 Harpoon iron 1 Q 8 ^ g Q without barbs ) 1 Do. with barbs... 12 or 3 The Greenlanders, on the other hand, had to pay, for an ell of kersey, a pound of powder, six harpoon irons, two scraping" knives, &c. a tub of blubber. The tub called a bulge was the measure in which the merchant received the blubber, and it should contain a barrel. (20) Unicorn (Eenhjorning, Narhval) is a fish which is from sixteen to twenty-two feet in length, and has a long tooth pro- jecting from the left side of the upper jaw. This tooth is what is called unicorn's horn. Fries. (21) The prices in marcs and schillings are probably in pa- per currency, and the groschen silver currency. Trans. Y 162 A barrel of blubber, when boiled in Copen- hagen, might yield about three quarters of a barrel of train oil. When we know that a tub or barrel of blubber was paid for with no more than the value of a rixdollar, that the Danish goods were sold to the Greenlanders at an advanced price, as we have seen above, and also that the barrel of train oil was worth, in those years, from sixteen to eighteen rixdollars (and, therefore, three quarters of a barrel from twelve to thirteen and a half rixdollars), we see, not only what these necessaries cost the Greenlanders, but also what advantages the company derived from them. But of all the goods, none cost them dearer than a rifle gun, which was so indispensable for them, in Disco Bay, where the ice lies fast for many months, and the seals must be shot. I am not certain, but I was told, that each rifle cost the com- pany six or seven rixdollars : and the Green- landers were obliged to give ten rixdollars, or ten barrels of blubber, which, according to the calculation above, was a great expense for them, and a great advantage to the company. This expense, however, they could bear : nor was the profit unreasonable when we consider the expenses of fitting out the ships, provisi- lta oning the colonies, and then the payment of the numerous persons employed in Copenhagen and in Greenland ; to say nothing of the risk of trade in such a dangerous sea : but the Greenlanders paid a great deal more for their goods, and this more was too much. I will explain my meaning more clearly. They gave, for example, not ten tubs of blub- ber for a rifle gun", but even fifteen, and the tub did not contain one barrel only, but one barrel and a half, and was, besides, with- out a bottom. When they were to measure, the workmen very cunningly contrived to put the tub over a hole, which was to be filled before the blubber reached the bottom of the tub, and, after that, the tub was filled. The Greenlanders knew, indeed, that this was not as it should be. Some were silent, others laughed and said, " Well, it will be full at last," and all remained on the same footing. I do not exaggerate, but affirm that the Green- landers, in my time, paid for their guns in this manner. Two or three years passed before they could save so much. They seldom (22) The rifle gun was the most important necessary. They had to pay, in the same proportion, for other necessaries ; but I cannot exactly say what they gave for a kettle, for instance. 164 received the gun till they had delivered the half, and when they did, there was often a crack in the barrel, or the lock was damaged, and these faults required new expenses before it was serviceable. In short, they gave an immense price for a gun, which was often very indifferent, and this price is often obtained with difficulty, and at the risk of their lives. The company received only ten barrels : the merchants kept the rest without any scruple for themselves" ; and yet these were not real merchants, but only commercial agents. They risked nothing in the trade. If they only gave an account of the goods sent over to them, and of the quantity of blubber, whalebone, &c., which they purchased for them, and provided themselves with a certi- ficate from the captain, for the goods which they sent home, they were exempt from all loss, even should the ship perish ; they ought, therefore, to have been contented with a small- er profit. It was absolutely necessary to allow (23) The Greenlanders receive, as I have said, according to the company's tariff, only one rixdollar for a barrel of blubber, and, after the merchants' tariff, one rixdollar for one tub or barrel ; but I do not know what payment was given them for whalebone, skins, unicorns horns, and other goods. 165 them some profit ; for example, so much per cent on the quantity of blubber which they sent home, or premiums when they sent a cer- tain quantity, &c. ; for most of them know no other blessing" than profit ; and, without hope of obtaining- this, none of these commercial agents would remain in Greenland, and the trade would stand still. I must be very much mistaken if the company does not gain upon the goods which it receives according" to the appointed tariff ; but how much more would it gain, would the mother country and the poor Greenlanders gain, if the appointed tariff, both for the Greenland and Danish g*oods, were fol- lowed, and the whole quantity of blubber obtained from the colonies turned to the advantage of the legal trade ? The merchants were very mysterious, even respecting the goods which they sent home to the company ; but I know, however, that from the two places where I was Minister, there were shipped, for its account, from one hundred and thirty to two hundred barrels of blubber 2 *; nay, one year certainly, three (24) The blubber sent home was calculated according to casks, each containing two barrels; the quantity, reckoning that from Jakobsbavn, was, perhaps, three hundred barrels, and above. 166 hundred barrels, besides other goods, such as whalebone, skins, &c. If the Minister, as the representative of the Greenlanders, particularly of those who were baptized, spoke or wrote to the merchant on the injustice of such proceeding's, the peace between them was broken, and many unplea- sant consequences ensued : if he sent such ac- counts home, he was a quarrelsome man, a man who meddled in things which did not concern him, and effected nothing. The directors of the company trusted their servants, and the missionary college was so convinced of their honesty, that, before we departed, it enjoined us, among other duties, to live upon good terms with the merchants. The favour, which we might expect at our return, in some measure, depended upon it. My merchant and I always observed outside appearances, and God knows that I had no desire to injure him. At times, indeed, I was obliged to write to him, but without bitter- ness ; and, in our conversations, all such things seemed to be forgotten. At my departure, he wept, and wished fervently that I could and would remain ; and, after my return to my own country, the missionary college gave me 167 a complaint, made by him, to answer. It stated, that I had carried on an illicit trade 85 with the Greenlanders. I was convinced that, as an honest man, I ought to contribute my part to set bounds to irregularities, by which so many people were injured, when an oppor- tunity presented itself ; and I obtained it in the following manner. I gave a hint of some of the things which I have mentioned above. I received for answer, " Be so good as to give it in writing." I wrote, but at the same time desired not to be considered as an informer. I wished to see nobody called to account ; I only wished that it might be made impossible for those con- cerned, to act towards the Greenlanders as they had hitherto done. For this purpose, I pro- posed that legal tubs or barrels should be sent to Greenland, which should have a bottom, but hold a barrel and a quarter, because the merchants, without this excess, would be suf- ferers ; also that the Greenlanders should be publicly informed that they should not suffer their blubber to be measured with any barrels (25) At the place where I lived, I could not make any legal advantages, and I never allowed myself to make illegal ones. 168 beside these, &c. I have reason to believe, that my proposal was partly followed, parti- cularly as the king sent to Greenland, in the following- year, two civil officers, called In- spectors, whose office something resembled that of the bailiffs here in Denmark. It was an important duty for them, to watch over the conduct of the merchants, and to take care that the Greenlanders were not cheated. I hardly need to observe, that I have spoken here of the trade, only as it was carried on in my time, and particularly in Disco Bay. Chap. IX. The Wedding, I have said above that the Minister must interfere in marriage concerns, and also given the reasons for it. There would be, therefore, nothing more to say on the subject, had not the wedding, of which I am going to give an account, been very remarkable, and very near costing me dear. The son of the Catechist, of mixed race, a 169 handsome, well made, and active Greenlander, had fallen in love with the handsomest girl in the colony. She was sensible, modest, and domestic ; so that his father had no objection to his attachment. The parents who, indeed, perceived his inclination to the girl, allowed him to frequent their house, and thus gave him an opportunity to see and speak to his mis- tress. Some years passed in this manner ; but the constraint to which they were subject in these visits, was, at last, importunate to the lovers, as their passion increased. They sought and met each other in other places, and had frequent secret interviews 86 . The Greenlanders began to speak doubtfully con- cerning them. As soon as I perceived this, I told his father what I had heard, and proposed to him to let the young people marry. " Very willingly," said he ; "I desire their union, the sooner the better." I sent for the father of the girl, and, after a short preface, said, " You know that Peter loves your daughter Louisa : you can have nothing against their marrying, as he is able to provide for a wife, (26) This girl did not scruple to acknowledge her attach- ment to her lover. She was the first, and the only one, who did so, in my time. Z 170 and is a worthy young man." " I want her services myself," said he. " She cannot al- ways serve you," said I ; " you have certainly heard what people say ; and, as her father cannot allow her reputation to be hurt " " The people lie," said he ; ff she shall not have him." " You say that," continued I, " merely to follow the old custom. In our country, parents rejoice to see their daughters well married before they die, but it is your way always to affect opposition. If you die, who shall take care of your daughter, who may, by that time, have become an old maid ?" " It is all the same," said he, in a tone of displeasure, and rose to go away ; " she shall not have him." " She shall have him," said I ; "I dare not allow young people to live a disorderly life." He was silent, and withdrew. The Catechist, who was so well acquainted with the way of thinking of the Greenlanders, was of opinion that the opposi- tion was of the usual kind, and was of no con- sequence. I appointed the day for the wed- ding ; fpr the Minister always fixes the day, and acquaints the parties concerned. I wished to do as much honour to the festival as possi- ble, in order to shew the father of the bride- 171 groom how much I valued him as a teacher. I therefore invited the young couple and their parents to dine with us on the wedding-day, ordered the flag to be hoisted, &c. The day and hour came ; the bridegroom appeared with his train , but the bride did not come. I sent a messenger for her ; but the messenger came back, and said the father was angry, and would not let the girl go. I was dressed to perform the ceremony : my wife said, therefore, " I will go and fetch her 5" and went ; but she, too, came back without the bride, and said that the father watched her as a miser did his treasure. What was now to be done ? The resistance was unusual ; for the parents always let their daughters go, even though they appear to be displeased 27 . The dignity of my office would have suffered by yielding, which, in this case, would have been weakness 28 ; I, therefore, put on my pe- (27) That is, those parents that are baptized : among the heathens it is different, as has been remarked before. (28) I must here observe, that some Greenlanders told me the young people had began too familiar an intercourse ; and, at the same time, begged me to prevent, in time, further offence being caused, &c. This was a duty the more incuni- bent on me, as teacher of religion and morals, as the Green- landers themselves, even the heathens, consider temperance in 172 lisse, and went myself to fetch the girl. " Do not go there, good Priest !" said a woman to me as I went along : " he is malicious." " You know," said I, " that I desire only what is right, and he must obey me." " We shall see," said she, as I went on. When I entered the house, I saw him sitting on the side bench, next his daughter (she sat, un- dressed, on -the right-hand bench) ; and be- sides them some women. " Why do you make so much resistance ?" said I. " You know why your daughter must now marry : let her go." " You may take her," answered he, violently, " and make her your concu- youth as a virtue, and blame an opposite conduct (see Hans Egede's Natural History, 8. 79). I was convinced of the truth of this information, and therefore endeavoured to persuade the father to consent. I could easily guess at the objection he would make, for that was usual ; but not that he would carry his opposition to extremities; nor could I presume that the consequences would be such as ensued. In my own country, my way of proceeding would have been improper; and, if it could have occurred there, would have justly merited censure ; but my situation in Greenland, the peculiar relation in which I stood towards my baptized Greenlanders, who, in my time, had the confidence in the Minister, and the Minister alone, that he desires only what is right, and, therefore, hold them- selves bound to oblige him ; nay, even the way of thinking of the people, or their opinion of immorality, will doubtless justify it. 173 bine ; but he shall not have her." " Now you are malicious," said I : "we blame your countrymen who have concubines, and you offer your daughter as such to the priest ! Put on your pelisse," said I to the girl, seri- ously, " and come with me to my house." She hastily threw on her pelisse, and passed by her father, who said nothing, and let her go. I did not observe any change in his counte- nance ; but the women must have remarked it, for they all went out, as I supposed, to accompany the bride. When we were alone, I said to him, " You see that your opposition availed nothing : I have invited you to dinner to-day ; come now with me ; see your daughter married ; and dine with me." He made no answer. " Very well," said I ; turned from him, and went to the door of the passage oUt of the house ; but, as I stooped, in order to go down into the passage, I perceived that he was behind me. I immediately stood upright ; and, turning round, saw him with his arm lifted, and a large knife in his hand, with which he intended to stab me in the back, as soon as I had got with half my body into the passage, and, therefore, would be incapable of making any resistance. I instantly seized 174 him, and threw him on the ground ; but he seized me round the body, and held me so fast, that I fell on the ground with him. In a rage, he endeavoured not only to get loose, but also to give me the meditated blow : he succeeded in neither ; but, as he was naked, and I could only hold him fast by the hair, it cost me trouble enough to manage him. " Now I could beat you, use you ill, and you deserve it ; but I will not : I must defend my life, of which you so basely attempted to deprive me, but not revenge myself ; thus the great Teacher commands." " That is the same to me," replied he, foaming at the mouth. While this was passing, my man came with his sledge near the house, to fetch turf 29 . " Quick ! go in ! Frederick ! the Priest !" and other uncon- nected words, exclaimed the Greenland women. He came : " Good God, Sir ! What is that ? What shall I do ?" cried he, almost beside himself. " Try to get the knife from him," said I ; " take care of it, and of all the others that you can find : till you have done that, I dare not let him go." He took my adversary by the right arm ; but, in disarming him, re- (29) Not having room in ray house, I kept my turf in the open air. 175 ceived a severe cut in the finger. At this time, a young" Greenlander happened to return from fishing. The women, in their terror, told him what had happened : he immediately left his boat, and came in to us. " Priest," said he, " I will help you. Oh ! the villain !" This offer was the more laudable, as the Green- landers are, in general, averse to hurting each other. " I thank you for your good will," said I ; M but now he cannot do much more." These words gave him strength to make some faint attempts to get loose without assistance. At last he said, " Let me go, Priest." I left him under the guard of his countrymen, and went away, having first reproved him for his base and unlawful conduct. When I got into the open air, I heard my wife, in the utmost consternation, ask the Greenland women about me, and for the house in which she had just been herself , for one of them had called out, " Come, good lady ; Frederick has doubtless stabbed the Priest !" She saw me, and wept for joy. While all this was passing, the young couple and the attendants had been waiting for me. I came now, and, as soon as I had put my dress in order again, let the ceremony 176 begin with a psalm ; but when I was going* to advance, in order to speak, the Catechist said to me, in a whisper, " You must not stand just before the window : he knows that you always stand there when you perform the marriage ceremony, and he might be wicked enough to shoot you through the window." I was, therefore, obliged to change my place, and make the young couple change theirs. The ceremony began and finished ; and never did a Greenland bride give me such a willing and plain answer as this one. The young couple, the Catechist, and his wife, dined with us (the train, as usual on such occasions, I had enter- tained in a Greenland house) ; but, though I tried to encourage them, there prevailed in the company a silence, a fearful presentiment of some misfortune impending over me, which Providence graciously averted. Notwithstand- ing all the opposition that the father had made, he was soon reconciled to his son-in-law ; the marriage was happy. I took my usual walks without apprehension ; and he never afterwards tried to injure me. 177 Chap. X. Sequel to the preceding Chapter. It may easily be supposed, that the event related in the preceding* Chapter was soon generally known. Since the time of the late Hans Egede, nobody had yet ventured to lay hands upon the Priest, or upon any European. It was spoken of at visits, and, especially, at the fishing* places, where so many persons are sometimes assembled. The most, particu- larly my baptized Greenlanders, considered his conduct as a crime towards their good Priest, as they called me ; others smiled, and said, M So, then, there are, at last, people who dare shew the Danes that they are not masters here." The Danes in the neighbouring colo- nies heard the news with astonishment j and wrote me word, that, if the account were true, this Greenlander must be publicly whipped ; and that, if I desired it, their people should come to inflict the punishment. I thanked them ; but, at the same time, assured them that I did not think of taking any revenge ; that what had passed would have no farther a a 178 consequences, &c. However, he no longer frequented our Christian assemblies : I sent to him, but he made an excuse ; I went to him, but he always contrived to avoid me. About a year had passed in this manner, when an epidemic distemper attacked the Greenlanders, and carried many off ; so many, indeed, that, at last, the healthy were not sufficient to bury the dead : they then crept with their corpses to me, and left it to my care to do the rest. From morning to evening I went about among all their sick ; spoke to them, and gave them the medicine which I judged proper for them. Some became deaf; to these I was obliged to cry every thing aloud : others became delirious ; with these I was forced to watch for lucid intervals : all had a most dreadfully offensive breath. Five or six weeks passed before the disorder sensibly diminished : it was, in truth, in many re- spects, a hard time for a feeling heart 30 . One morning, after I had returned home from paying my first visits to the sick, to take a little breakfast, my Greenlander suddenly entered the door, and stood still. I asked him (30) At this time, I always chewed a piece of Angelica root, as au antidote. m to sit down : he did so ; but was still silent, and cast his eyes on the ground. At last, I broke the silence ; and inquired his business. " I wish much to speak to you, Priest," said he ; " but I am unworthy, and I suppose you will not help me." "'Certainly I will help you," answered I, " if I can: have yoti'an^ one sick '?" " My only son," replied he, " is very ill." " I spoke to him but yesterday," said I, "and, when I asked him after his health, he told me he was well and hearty." " Yesterday evening," continued he, " he be- came ill, very ill." This youth, seventeen or eighteen years of age, was well-informed ; read and wrote well ; promised to become an active fisherman ; and was his father's orily earthly hope. While I was making myself ready to accompany him, I said to him, " But tell me now, Was it Teally your intention to kill me, or did you merely mean to frighten me ?" " It was my intention to kill you," answered he : " if you had not o suddenly turned round, and thrown me on the ground, my knife would certainly have put an end to your life. I was malicious; I was mad. Can you forgive me ? Will you help me ?"-^ " I have forgiven you," I answered : " our 180 great Master in Heaven forbids us to revenge ourselves on those who injure us \ and com- mands us to forgive them, as he forgave his murderers. Now come !" I accompanied him to his house ; I fervently prayed to God (why should I conceal it?) that the youth might live. His recovery, thought I, will thoroughly convince the father of my forgiveness ; and religion will gain by it. I afterwards visited him every day, as I did my other patients , but he died. This loss, this great affliction, deeply affected the father ; but, at the same time, produced a change in him for the better. A few days after the death of his son, he came to me again : "I am greatly afflicted, Priest !" said he ; " have you consolation for me ?" This confidence, especially from him, gave me infinite plea- sure, and I made use of it. From that time, he not only came to divine service on the Sunday, but also to daily prayers, and to the teaching of the catechism. Every week he visited me once or twice ; and almost every time one of his questions was, " Priest, have you forgiven me ?" I gained him entirely ; and he also gave me one proof more of the truth which I so willingly cherish, that, by 181 reasonable and Christian kindness, we can effect much more, with most men, than by severity. Should I have gained this man (I trust, with confidence, that I gained him for heaven), if, by the help of others, I had had him bound to a stake, and chastised ? Chap. XL The Child Saved. Among the heathens, when a mother, who has a child at the breast, dies, and there is no other mother near who can suckle it, the child is generally buried alive with its deceased mother. Thus I once learned, that the hea- thens, half a mile to the north of me, had laid a child, about a quarter of a year old, with its mother in the grave, but, from a certain degree of feeling, had not wholly stifled it by the stones which they had laid upon the grave. They heard it faintly moan, and so it lived for about a day. This account, the first in its kind since I had come to Greenland, greatly affected me. Some days afterwards, I went 182 to these people, to reprove them for the wrong they had done. They did not deny the deed, but would not have it looked upon as crufelty. "What shall we do, Priest?" said they: " you know that we love our children ; but if the mother of the poor little things die while they are at the breast, and no other woman is near, who can take care of them, they must either die of hunger, or cry themselves to death : is it, then, not better that we, out of compassion, give them a quicker death ?" In fact, they have no means to support such innocent little creatures but the breast ; no milk, no light food. I could of course not approve of their cruel compassion, but told them, that, if such a case should often happen, they should inform me of it ; I would then fetch the orphan child, and have it brought up. About a year after this, one of these Green- landers came to me in a hurry. " Priest," said he, " we have not forgotten your words ; M. N. 's wife bore a boy to-day, and died. All the others are absent, as you know ; and there is no one to suckle him. Will you take him ? if not, we bury him with his mother." I thanked him that he had remembered my words, gave him a little present, and im- 183 mediately sent my women's boat to fetch the boy, whom they brought me well and hungry. My wife put him to the breast , he satisfied his first hunger, and fell asleep. Mean- while, I persuaded a Greenland woman, for payment, to give him the necessary attention, for our own son was not yet a quarter of a year old ; but he received from my wife his daily nourishment. He grew and throve by it, and began to take notice. His smiles were her reward. I baptized him the following Sun- day, and called him after a brother of my wife's, to make him dearer to her. The day before, the father came to me, and asked me whether 1 would baptize his child. On my answering in the affirmative, he asked per- mission to be present. He obtained it, under the condition that he would be quiet. He came. Every thing which he saw and heard during divine service, was new and surprising to him ; but he was all ear. During the bap- tismal ceremony, a tear started into his eyes ; why ? he did not know himself. When divine service was over, I said to him, " Now, your son is my son ; nay, more than mine : he now belongs to the great Lord in heaven, who will make him unspeakably happy." " Yes," 184 answered he $ " you have behaved to him like a father, and your wife is like a real mother ; but now I will live with you, and be obedi- ent, and become a believer ; I may then see him sometimes ?" " Yes," answered I, " daily, if you like." He, in fact, came soon afterwards, with his whole family, often saw his son, and was baptized the following" year. After the custom of the country, the boy was now our son, and, as such, he became daily dearer to us. I often fancied him as the well educated youth, as the enlightened, upright man, as a useful teacher among his country- men; but a prevailing and mortal epidemic tore him from us at the age of a year and a quarter. We lost him ; but he attained a bet- ter life. Chap. XII. Witchcraft. One Sunday afternoon, I visited a sick woman, whose indisposition, which was only a cold, was soon removed by a perspiring draught : but while she was in her perspira- tion, her brother, who was a conjurer, unhap- pily came to visit her. He saw her perspire, and asked, " How ? what is that ?" She said she was sick, but that the Priest had given her something" to make her perspire, after which she would be well. " No," said he, myste- riously, M that is not the case -, you are still sick : a wicked witch has brought it on you." The persons present were attentive, and looked at each other embarrassed. " I will soon disco- ver her," said he; and what was unusual among the baptiied Greenlanders, the husband allow- ed him to shew his art. He did it with the usual formalities, and the result was, that an elderly woman in the place, against whom he, perhaps, had a spite, was, as he pretended, the person who had bewitched her. " Under b b 186 the bench," cried he, "I see her spirit, which tries to seize you." "Fire! fire!" cried he to the husband and the others : " drive her away ! kill her." Immediately they seized their guns, and fired several times at the wick- ed spirit. At the same time, they howled and cried aloud. I wondered, indeed, at hearing musket shot at this time, but could form no conjecture of the cause. A Greenlander now put his head into the door of the room, and cried, " Priest ! Priest ! come up to the houses ! they are mad." I hastened after him to learn something more before I got there ; and he told me what I have just related, and also that the woman who was accused of being a witch, was al- most dead with terror. My way led me past her door ; I went in, and found her in a state like that of a person who, trembling, awaits her death. " Be of good cheer," said I ; " they shall do you no harm. God in heaven protects the innocent." I spoke these words with confidence, though 1 did not know how the people would receive me in their present tem- per, and what effect my address to them might produce. I entered the house, which was full of the smoke of gunpowder; and the guns 187 which had been discharged, still lay there. All were much confused when they saw me, particularly the master of the house. I was serious, but not angry. " Sit down, Priest," said he, at last, and laid the bear skin in order. I sat down, and shoved aside the fire-arms that lay near me. " What do they here ?" said I. " Whence this smell ? What is the cause of so many shot ?" many questions at once, in- deed, but all leading to the same point. The man was silent. " Are you still sick ?" said I to the wife : she, too, was silent. " You are no longer sick," said I, firmly : " you only pre- tend to be so. I know all that has passed here. You," said I to the husband, " have had con- juring tricks performed over your wife: the conjurer has accused Paul's wife of being a witch ; you have fired at her spirit, and de- signed to kill her : you are wicked men." " How do you know that ?" said he, abruptly. " I know it," I replied ; " and now I tell you, if ever you suffer any conjuring in your house again, you cannot be a be- liever, and not live among them. Another time I will convince you that you have acted wrong, for now you are not in a condition to regard my words 5 but, if you kill Paul's 188 -wife, or suffer her to be killed, you shall be severely punished : she is innocent $ I take her under my protection.' ' -" I will not kill her," said he, with a suppressed voice, but was in violent agitation. " Where is the con- jurer," asked I, " who dare to perform his tricks here, and to corrupt my believers ?" I looked around, and perceived him lying un- der a large skin. I arose, threw the skin off him, and seized him firmly by one shoulder. He sat down. " You are an impostor," said I, " and can do only evil ; you do not cure your sister ; I have cured her : to-morrow you shall come tome." He did not answer. At last I went away ; and, on my return, called on the poor woman, who was still suspended between fear and hope. " No one shall lay hand On you," said I : " trust in God, and be comforted !"- " Thank you, Priest !" answer- ed she , " my soul now begins to live again." The conjurer came to me the next day, as I had desired ; but, out of fear> he had prevailed on his baptized brother, who had not been present at the cbnjuration, the preceding even- ing, to come along 1 with him. The brother came in first, and said^ "My brother is with* out j but he is afraid."" He is afraid," said 189 I, a because he has done evil : he who does good is not afraid.' ' I called him in ; and he came very humbly. " I should have good reason to punish you," said I ; " but, as you do not know yourself what evil you might do among my believers by your conjurations, I will spare you; but on condition that you never come here again."** I will never come again," answered he ; and, as long as I was in the country, he kept his word. i{ One thing more," added 1 : " should any one venture to kill Paul's wife, you shall be considered as the perpetrator ; and I shall find you, wherever you may be." " She shall not die," he re- plied. " Well, then, return home ; and do not forget what you have promised me." 190 Chap. XIII. The Whale found. The Greenlanders are extremely rejoiced when they have taken a whale, and they have reason to be so, as it affords them great ad- vantages. The men put on their water-proof coats, and the women adorn themselves : the latter tow the animal to the shore, singing" ; while the former, like ravens, sit upon it, and rip off the skin. They always sent a Kajak to inform me of such a prize ; and, at the same time, invited me and my wife to see it. When we arrived, they received us with songs. " There comes our good Priest," said they, " and his good wife : they will see our whale, and rejoice with us. Come and see !" When we returned home, they sang again : sometimes we accom- panied them on shore, at least as near to the land as the animal could swim. The women rowed home, with joyful songs ; and the men proceeded seriously to their profitable work. They had once pierced a whale, pursued 191 him, and cut him in some places, yet he escaped ; though they had so wounded him that he afterwards died. He was found, in the winter, about a mile from the colony. I was, as usual, invited to see this prize , and, as I had just to make a journey to the south, on business, I accepted this invitation, and stayed with them several hours. Though the frost was very severe, and the ice thick, there was yet open water round the dead animal, and the Greenlanders were hard at work. Some cut off whalebone, under the water; others blubber. The dogfish regaled themselves, and bit out large pieces of fat with their sharp teeth ; only, when they came too near the Greenlanders, the latter pushed them away. They helped me to draw one of them upon the ice, and cut him open : the stomach was full of pieces of whale fat ; and the flesh moved long after it was dead. The Greenlanders value this animal but little, as its flesh is not to their taste, and has no blubber ; only the liver contains the very finest train oil : they throw it into a cask, and it dissolves entirely into oil ; but the Greenlanders do not think it worth their while to catch it for this reason. I jumped upon the dead whale, and walked 192 some steps up and down on a piece of spungy flesh : they told me that it was the tongue. I examined it more closely, and thought how suitable it was to the great jaws and the im- mense body. It is generally known that the swallow of this animal is no larger than a great tea cup, that it has no teeth 31 , and that it lives and fattens on small insects that are found in these waters. I took leave of my Greenland- ers, and continued my journey. On these occasions, their joy makes the Greenlanders very careless. With long knives, like sword blades, they dive under the water to cut off the whalebone : often one stands on the shoulder of the other to keep him under the water, as his water-proof cloak would otherwise cause him to rise. When he who is under the water can no longer hold his breath, he makes a motion with his body, and the man who stands upon his shoulders leaps off. He now thrusts his knife upwards, and rises with a loud roar, which is caused by the air be- ing so long compressed. It was upon such an occasion that a misfortune happened, which was great enough in itself, but which might (31) There i a smaller kind of whale with teeth. 193 have had still more melancholy consequences. A Greenlander, who had been under the water, thrust his knife upwards, perhaps with more carelessness than usual, and run it into the body of another, who was rather higher, cut- ting" off the kin. The deceased was the most respectable of my baptized Greenlanders, and his death would certainly have been revenged, if the circumstance had happened among the heathens. To testify his regret, the perpetra- tor took him on his lap, as they rowed home, and the next day gave to the foster-son of the deceased a new rifle gun, by way of atonement for the grief which he had caused him by his unhappy imprudence. Among others, there came some heathen friends, to condole with the widow. These dropt some hints that the murder ought to be revenged ; but the widow answered, " That will not bring my husband back again : the murder was not done on purpose, and I am a be- liever." The moment I was informed of this unhap- py event, I hastened home, in order to prevent any farther misfortune, if there should be rea- son to fear it. I went immediately to the af- flicted widow, who related to me, with tears, c c 194 the virtues of her husband, and his affection for her 32 . She promised me that she, being a Christian, would never allow any harm to be done to the perpetrator. He lived, however, in constant fear of death, became inactive, and was nowhere at ease , nay, he even beg- ged me to send him to our country, where alone he would be in safety. I was often obliged to assure him that he should not be afraid for his life, as the act was involuntary, and the widow had pardoned him ; but, as he was the same man, who had allowed his hea- then brother-in-law to perform a conjuration over his sick wife, as I have mentioned above, I represented to him, at the same time, that this uneasiness and anxiety, perhaps, came upon him as an atonement for the distress which he had caused the innocent woman, who was accused as a witch. " Now," I said, " he might feel himself what it was to fear every moment a violent death." " I did wrong," said he ; " and now I am afraid." " Yes," said I ; " she too was afraid, but you did not regard it. God preserved her, as she was in- (32) As a husband, the deceased was the more worthy of praise, because he continued to love his wife, though she was barren. 195 nocent ; he will also preserve you, as your action was not voluntary, and you, besides, so sincerely repent it." In this manner, I, by degrees, made him easy j but a certain melancholy hung" upon him ever after. His former activity returned, but he was more fre- quent and more serious in his attendance on divine service. In short, this misfortune made a better man of him ; for though not vicious, he was before the most indifferent among my baptized Greenlanders. Chap. XIV. Some cliaracteristic Features. Liberty and equality are the property of the Greenlanders. No one assumes any kind of authority over others. Every one is inde- pendent, and can do what he thinks fit. Re- spect is, however, shewn to the meritorious, that is, to the active and successful fisherman. His word has always a certain weight in their conferences, and they frequently pay him a kind of voluntary obedience, though without 19G any farther consequences either to him or themselves. Their good disposition, and their natural modesty, prevent this liberty from exceeding the bounds of propriety. With- out magistrates, without laws, they live in peace and harmony : you never hear a dispute about property, never a reproach made to him who has unawares done another an in- jury : the first accuses himself; the latter makes him easy, and says, " it is of no con- sequence." The women attend to the household con- cerns, do their needlework, and chat famili- arly together during the day, when the men are from home fishing ; and when the latter come home, they relate to each other, as good friends, their success and accidents in their fishery. They eat what the fortune of the day has procured, or what the house af- fords ; and are satisfied, even if their hunger is hardly allayed. The inhabitants of one place live in mutual friendship, and share their goods with each other. If, for example, a white fish 33 is taken, they prepare an entertainment. It is speedily cut (33) The flesh of the white fish looks like beef ; it yields- a barrel of blubber, or more, according to its size. 197 up, and put in the kettles. They invite their neighbours to dinner, and the house is im- mediately full of guests : they eat, converse, and are merry. If two, three, or more, of these animals are caught on the same day, company must be invited to all, and they must be all eaten up. I was present one even- ing at the fourth entertainment, and won- dered at the appetite with which they de- voured this repast. " But," said I, " how can you eat so much at once ? and you eat as if you were still hungry !" " We can eat a great deal, and we can fast, as it happens," was the answer. " Feel, Priest," said a man, pointing to his belly, " it is now like a stretch- ed drum 3 *-, but soon, perhaps, it may be as lank as an empty bladder." He meant that in a short time he might be unfortunate in the chase. At such entertainments, and whenever they are very successful in fishing, they never neglect to send their portion to the widows (34) The only national musical instrument of the Green* landers is the drum, which consists of a wooden hoop a finger broad, and has a thin skin drawn over only one side of it. It is about an ell in diameter, and has a handle. The Green- lander strikes it with a stick, on the lower edge. It formerly played a conspicuous part in the mummeries of the Angekoks. Fries. 198 and orphans, even before they themselves eat. " The poor," say they, "have no husband, no father, no one to rejoice them with their suc- cess in fishing." They are hospitable to strangers, according to the manner of the country. The visitor remains on the outside till he is invited to enter. When he enters, the master of the house shews him a seat, and understands, on this occasion, how to treat him with due respect. The wife asks for his clothes, to dry them, and then gives him refreshment ; but he does not eat immediately at the first invitation, that he may not appear hungry. During and after the repast, they chat till it is time to go to sleep. The inhabitants of the house lay themselves down, one after the other ; and the stranger (so decorum re- quires) last. The Europeans, however, do not observe this rule of politeness, and the natives excuse them from it. When on my journies to the south, I was obliged to take up my night's lodging among the heathens : I saw them all assembled on the beach at my arrival. Every master of a fa- mily invited me ; and he, whose invitation was accepted, considered it as an honour. Soon he 199 shewed me a seat, which was covered with a piece of clean bear's skin ; and the wife took my pelisse. In a short time, I was visited by almost all the men of the place, whom I en- tertained with accounts of my country, of na- vigation, of agriculture, of the growth and preparation of corn, &c. When I took out my little box with provisions, the host or hostess used to say, " It is a pity, Priest, that you do not eat our food ; you are in other respects like one of us.'* After a time, I dismissed my visitors, by saying I was sleepy. The host then gave me his own sleeping place, next to his wife 35 , who took all possible care of me, and, repeatedly, asked if I was comfortable. I, indeed, answered in the affirmative ; but, without being insensible to the honour shewn me, I found the bed hard, my sleep short, and my ribs sore, though I used them all alike. My provision-box was the pillow, my short pelisse the quilt , the boards of the bench, co- vered with seals' skins, the bed : but I accus- tomed myself to this ; as one gets accustomed to every thing, and, at last, slept very well on such a bed. The reader must not, however, (35) Ad honour, which, in my time, was not shewn to any servant of the company. 200 think that the man so entirely trusts his wife to others : no, he merely resigned to me his place as husband, as the most honourable, and laid himself down on the other side of her, where the children usually sleep. When I took leave, I always gave them a little present of bread and tobacco ; and they were so well satisfied with it, that they invited me to visit them on my return. They abhor theft, particularly among" each other ; they, therefore, do not shut up their things, but put them carelessly and openly, not only every where about the house, but even on the flat roof of the house ; and no stranger ventures to touch them, or take any part away. Formerly, they were not so scrupu- lous, when they could find an opportunity to pilfer any thing from a Dane ; but this is no longer the case, unless it be done by a heathen from some distant part, and even that is now rare. As they are well made, fleshy, and full of blood, the sexual passion developes itself early ; and the young men, therefore, look out for a wife as soon as they are able to maintain one, but not before. Youthful excesses are, how- ever, disapproved among them, and are very 201 seldom heard of. In the whole time of my residence in the country, only one girl had become pregnant by her lover before mar- riage ; but she had to pay dear enough for her imprudence. But, properly, this temperance is found only between the natives of both sexes : towards the Danes, on the contrary, the girls are even forward : they love to dress and shew themselves ; and even interpret a smile to their advantage. That they do not understand each other's language, is no great obstacle to them ; for, if a Dane has learnt the words (which are, generally, the first that he learns after his arrival) " I love you ;" and if he, at the same time, lays his hand on his heart, the girl feels herself flattered, and happy in his love 36 . Vanity, by which so many have fallen, has, doubtless, more share than inclina- tion in this preference given to the Danes ; for a girl who marries a sailor can lead a more easy life, live better, dress better, be more re- spected, keep maid servants, and eat at plea- sure, sometimes Danish, sometimes Greenland food. How seducing is all this, even when no (36) At first, most of the sailors do not find the girls of the country to their taste; but the daily sight, want of Danish girls, and leisure, soon make them appear tolerable. D d 202 personal preference is given ! Neither the heathens nor the Christians marry their rela- tions ; not even in a remote degree : they con- sider it as improper, and carefully avoid it ; nay, they think with so much delicacy on this subject, that, when a man educates a charge child among his own, it is considered as their brother or sister ; and I am not acquainted with a single instance, of children thus brought up together having married each other. On some occasions, the Greenlanders shew a want of courage, nay, even cowardice. If they are sensibly offended or ill treated, or when they want to kill a witch, they set little value upon their lives ; otherwise, an active Dane can make many of them run away. Sometimes they make up for this cowardice by cunning, and secretly take away the life of their enemy, whom they are afraid to attack openly. If the murder afterwards becomes known, it is looked upon by every body with indifference , only the nearest relations of the deceased revenge it in time, if an opportunity offers. They are capable of bearing fatigue and inconvenience without regarding them ; and they shew courage and presence of mind in danger. Without desponding, they en- 203 deavour to preserve their lives as long as pos- sible ; but are, at the same time, indifferent to death, when it cannot be avoided. The merchant at Christianshaab had once taken a journey, for some miles, in the com- pany of a Greenlander. While they were stopping- at the place they had gone to, a storm arose from the south-east 37 . They, therefore, hastily set out to return home ; but, when they had got about half way, the ice had broke, and drove, in large flakes, from the coast to which they were going. They drove backwards and forwards, but did not advance much. The flakes of ice broke more and more to pieces ; and there was every appear- ance that they would be obliged to abandon their sledges, and try to save their lives, as long as possible, by jumping from one piece (37) This wind brings such a degree of warmth with it, that the snow melts in the middle of winter : the lower rocks appear black, and the -va Hies green; but it is so violent and tempestuous, that people who are in the open air must throw themselves upon the ground, that they may not be carried away, or thrown down, when the gusts come. The thick strand ice breaks into larger and smaller pieces ; and soon the open sea appears, where, a short time before, there was firm footing on the ice for many miles. All this is the work of a day ; nay, sometimes of only a few hours. 204 to another. " Merchant,' * said the Green- lander, quite composed, " you cannot jump as I can ; and it does not appear that I can help you : perhaps I may save my life ; you hardly will. Hear! you have a pencil and paper in your book ; tear a piece out -, and write here, upon my back (he stooped down as he said this), that you were drowned ; otherwise your people might believe, when I come on shore, that I have killed you." The merchant, it may be supposed, had no mind to do this ; but begged the Greenlander, for God's sake, not to forsake him. " I will not forsake you," answered the Greenlander ; " but you may be drowned in taking a leap, when I can be saved by it. However, if you die, I can die also ; and then nobody can find fault." This conversation lasted but for a few minutes. At last, after much labour and danger, both saved their lives, and were re- joiced ; but the Merchant could not forget the coolness with which the Greenlander had persuaded him to write that he was drowned ; and the other joked with him about it: " That was droll," said he ; " the Merchant would not write ! You were afraid, Mer- chant!" 205 The Greenlanders are much too careless about the future ; and, therefore, do not pro- perly prepare for the possible case, that their fishery may be unsuccessful. In summer, they, indeed, provide themselves with some bags of dried herrings, and dried seal's flesh ; but, if their fishery is unsuccessful for some time, and they are obliged daily to take from this little store, it is soon consumed, and they are threat- ened with want. In severe winters, they are frequently obliged to suffer hunger, in a greater or less degree ; but still they do not, upon the whole, become more prudent. They always hope for future success ; and, in the literal sense of the expression, let every day bear its own burthen. 206 Chap. XV. The severe Winter. Every winter, in Greenland, is severe ; but they are not all equally so . The Danes have ob- served, that, if the winter in Denmark has been severe, that in Greenland was, in its kind, more mild, and vice versd. During my stay there, one winter was distinguished by its se- verity. The ice lay, for many months, fast in the gulph, for ten miles, and to the island Disco, which was seldom the case. The seals retired so far, that the Greenlanders, with all their rowing", and with the greatest activity, could not procure the necessary food for them- selves and families. Their winter provisions were soon consumed *, want, and, soon after, real famine, was at hand. The heathens, half a mile to the north of my place of abode, were, like the other Greenlanders, obliged to slaugh- ter their dogs, though they are as indispen- 207 sable to them as horses to us ; not to say that they never eat dog's flesh. When these were gone, they tore the old hard skins from the walls, put them in soak, and attempted to eat them. This they could, indeed, do, because the Greenlanders have excellent teeth ; but this food was indigestible, and only made them weak. Many died for want. I could not and durst not see this want, among my baptized Greenlanders and Catechumens, with- out helping them, as far as possible. I first distributed my stock of meat and bacon, which I bought every autumn for widows who had little children ; and, when this was gone, I had, two days in the week, some groats and peas boiled in my brewing copper, and dis- tributed. My wife filled the dishes of the hungry ; and, at the same time, divided some stockfish. They received these gifts thank- fully, and with joy. " You bad 38 Danes," said they once, u have provisions so far from your own home, and even for us, who suffer want in our own country." This distribution continued long, and, at last, brought me into (38) Here, a well meant expression. 208 debt 39 ; but I had also the pleasure, that my Greenlanders had strength to work when the fishery began ; while, on the contrary, the heathens were so weakened or sick, that they could not, for a long time, make use of the fishery. With what pleasure would I have relieved their wants also ! Several received help, for a moment ; but it was impossible to relieve them all. (39) In the beginning, the Ministers were obliged to distri- bute, in such cases, every thing necessary, for the account of the Missionary College ; but this liberality had long ceased. To receive provisions twice a-week is, certainly, not enough for support ; but we here see, that not only life, but also a certain degree of strength to work, was preserved. Perhaps the Danish provisions are more nourishing for these people than their own. 209 Chap. XVI. The Mode of Instruction. The opinion, that nations who live in a high northern latitude are more indolent, and more dull of conception, seems, to me, not applicable to the Greenlanders. That they are ignorant in things of which they have never heard, cannot be brought as a proof against them, if it can be shewn that they are not only ingenious, and inventive in things which relate to their daily life, and employ- ment, but also that they soon understand in- struction which is given them. They have a quick comprehension, a retentive memory, and readily imbibe those religious truths which may be understood, if they are clearly ex- plained to them. In proportion as they im- prove, their desire of learning increases ; and they frequently make sacrifices to receive in- struction for a whole day. Their religion does not hinder them from embracing Christ- ianity. They pay adoration to no being, e e 210 and have no god to exchange ; for they do not much regard their Torngarsuk, and do not think much good of him. It cannot, therefore, be wondered at, that they like to hear of an almighty, wise, and beneficent Being, who does so much good to mankind ; that they wish to learn more about him, and promise to obey him. It is very seldom that one who has begun to take instruction goes back ; but they often make visible improvement. The children, in particular, shew the greatest in- clination to go to school, and love of learning and diligence when they are there. They are unacquainted with constraint, as we shall see in the sequel. This by the way on their dis- position to religious instructions. The heathens like to hear of the Supreme Being, who is called God ; but it must seem to be by chance. If we satisfy their curiosity, by relating to them something concerning our country, we may generally direct their thoughts upwards ; for example, by saying to them, " All this we owe to a mighty and good Being, who has created and supports every thing," &c. Most of them are not wholly ignorant ; but, to make them desire more par- ticular instruction, they generally, but not 211 always, have need of some impulse from with- out. Some accept invitations from their bap- tired relations ; some come because they are embarrassed to find a lodging- ; others, again, out of grief on the death or murder of a friend ; and others, in fine, because they are accused of witchcraft, and pursued for that reason. For such reasons many came to me to be instructed ; and they related, frankly, the motives of their desire. Temporal advantages, most certainly, do not entice them to us. When baptized, they enjoy no advantages above the heathens on that account, but are even sometimes slighted, under the pretence that they are dishonest in their payments, and not to be trusted. The true reason of this is, because they are thought to be rather more prudent, and not so willing to fill the bottomless blubber tubs. But this by the bye. I will here give a short account of the nature and manner of the instruction, as well in respect to the grown-up heathens or Catechumens, whom their age and their occu- pations did not allow to learn to read, as to the baptized and their children. As soon as we had, in some measure, given the former an idea of God, of his properties, and his relation to the world, we proceeded to 212 instruct them out of the books : these were, in my time, Luther's Catechism, the first printed book in Greenland, by H. Egede, and Pon- toppidan's Explanation : every sentence was read and explained to them 40 . Now the teach- er read to them ; the Catechumens listened at- tentively, and repeated, softly, what they heard (because, as has been already said, they could not read themselves) ; and, after some repetitions, he asked sometimes one, sometimes another, if they had understood him ; whether they had retained any thing-, &c. &c. These readings were continued every day ; and some progress was daily made. Every thing which had been learned was gone through again, every week. In this manner, those who were docile and diligent were able, between Michaelmas and Whitsuntide, to learn by heart, and un- derstand, the abovementioned books, with the exception of some chapters, which were ex- plained to them afterwards. But it was not the understanding only that gained ; the heart, too, was (God be thanked !) often moved. Of this we were particularly convinced on the (40) I left this business, in the first years, to my old Cate- chist, who was not alone a well-informed man, but also spoke the language like a native. 213 day when the Catechumens were baptized. With proper seriousness, they gave an account of their knowledge in Christianity ; with pro- found feeling and holy purposes, most of them pronounced their vows, and received baptism, kneeling. The baptism of the Catechumens is a true festival. But those, who have not learned to read, must soon forget the instruction they have received, if it is not continued. For this rea- son, as long as the winter lasted, there were daily prayers in one of the largest Greenland houses, every morning and evening. Except on Sunday, when divine service was perform- ed, they were called every morning to pray- ers, before the men went to their fishing. As soon as they were assembled, a hymn was sung, and the Catechism gone through ; then a morning prayer was read, and, at the conclu- sion, some verses. The whole lasted about an hour. The old people were questioned from the Catechism as well as the young ; and like them appeared again in the evening, at the catechization and prayers. In this man- ner, they not only did not forget what they had learned, but made great improvement. On Saturdays and Sundays, instead of the catechiza- 214 tion, in the evening*, one or two chapters of the New Testament were read. Thus, they had an opportunity of hearing 1 the sacred books them- selves, and they recollected the passages which proved the truths which they had learned. When they had learned the whole explana- tion by heart, and expressed a wish to par- take of the Lord's Supper, they were especial- ly instructed in the intention of Jesus in found- ing the Sacrament ; and then, if their conduct was good, admitted with their old countrymen to the Lord's table, by which they felt them- selves still more bound to act with integrity. It is surprising that these people, who have grown up as heathens, are able, when baptized, to lay aside almost all their ancient superstiti- ous opinions ; and yet this is really the case. But if any should be deficient, the warn- ing of the Minister, in private, is generally sufficient to bring them back. They promise amendment, and it is seldom, extremely sel- dom, that they break their word. The Greenland children are desirous of learning, and the parents encourage them in it ; they were seen to carry the little chil- dren to school, through the deep snow, and fetch them away. From nine o'clock in the 215 morning", till two in the afternoon, I was em- ployed in giving instruction every day except Saturday. The little ones soon learnt their letters, and endeavoured to advance farther ; the bigger ones were divided into classes, ac- cording to their abilities and knowledge, and all learnt by heart, after they got home, the lesson which had been explained to them. By way of change, the latter wrote some hours every day, and, as the room was so confined, I was forced to let some read while others wrote, and the first again write while the latter read. At the ag"e of eleven, at the most of twelve, and, sometimes, of ten, they could read any printed Greenland book readily and fluently, and could say by heart the Catechism, a part of Pontoppidan's Explanation, &c. As the latter was not printed, I wrote a copy as legi- bly as I could, and divided it into slips, which I laid before the children to copy, when they could write a little, and read writing with ease. Thus, several could copy the book at the same time, and which I afterwards gave them, stitched together. They looked upon it with delight, as a testimony of their improve- ment, and preserved it as a sacred treasure. As they often wrote letters to each other, nay 216 even to me, they acquired more facility in writing" ; and, at the same time, were accus- tomed to think, and to express their thoughts. Thus all of them, girls as well as boys, learnt to write, while, at the same time, besides reading the books of instruction, they made themselves better acquainted with the New Testament, particularly the Evangelists, than they were in their younger years, when they read them merely to learn to read. In their thirteenth year, or when they were thirteen years old, they were discharged from the school, till they were afterwards to be in- structed for the purpose of being confirmed. In doing this, there was nothing to fear ; the daily examination at the hour of prayer was our security, that they would never forget what they had learned. All this was done without the least con- straint ; but, as far as the children were con- cerned, not without encouragement. In my school journal, I noted the extremely rare cases of neglect, the greater or less degree of diligence and good behaviour, and divided among them, once a fortnight, a lispound (twenty pounds) of hard bread, as a re- ward and encouragement. The diligent re- 217 ceived a loaf; those who had distinguished themselves by their improvement and good con- duct, two loaves ; the less diligent half a loaf; the careless and idle nothing at all. If the re- ward was encouraging for the former, the gentle punishment was deeply felt by the lat- ter ; and it was seldom that I had occasion to express my dissatisfaction a second time. Among these children of nature, old as well as young, I first learned that Man is more certainly led to what is good by mildness than by severity -, that rigour, harshness, and authoritative language, may produce obedi- ence ; but that love gains the heart more rea- dily to yield it. In the long period in which I have since been in office in my own country, and in the various congregations that have been intrusted to me, I have experienced the same, though (I confess) with more frequent excepti- ons ; but may not these more frequent excepti- ons be, perhaps, imputed to ourselves, and to our mode of proceeding ? I, for my part, am fully convinced, that, in general, Man, when well treated, wishes to follow the good road. F f 218 Chap. XVII. Some Cures. The baptized Greenlanders apply to the Minister as well for internal as external dis- eases, and we are the more bound to assist them, as we forbid them to apply to the sor- cerers. But, in my time, most of us came to Greenland very ignorant of every thing- relative to this subject. We found there only a few books, such as Richter's Knowledge of Man, a book on midwifery, and one or two books of prescriptions. This was all. But that we might not kill the poor people in- stead of helping them, we were obliged dili- gently to study Richter, and to pay strict attention to the symptoms of their disorders, and the remedies prescribed for them. God knows that this part of my office cost me much trouble and frequent uneasiness, which was increased at the beginning by the circum- stance that I did not understand the Greenland- ers, and they did not describe their sickness in such a manner that I could with confidence pre- 219 scribe for them. In such an embarrassment, and when my interpreter, my old Catechist, was not present, I more than once gave them 100 drops, and more, of strong- tea (nothing but drops would do), thinking that, if they did not do any good, they would at least not kill the patient. I cannot help smiling, even now, when I recollect, that a Greenlander one day came to me for some physic for his sick wife. He made all manner of signs, and poinded to his belly. I concluded that he wanted it for himself, counted, with a grave air 41 , 100 drops of tea, mixed them with water, and was going to give him the dose : " No," said he, " it is my wife ;" and went away with his drops. The next day he came to me, and said, " Thank you, Priest ! it did good : sodfc&ll&r; she had drunk it she was better, and now^^ie is quite well," Thanks to their good constitu- tions, and their confidence in the Minister ! I could mention several important cures that were effected at a later period, with insignifi- cant, perhaps in some degree wrong, remedies ; but I will mention only two, which were cer- tainly the most remarkable. (41) Not like a quack, to give myself importance, but not to excite suspicion by smiling while I counted the drops. 220 One of the sons of the Catechist, went one day with a companion to shoot birds on the sea shore. He sat in a stooping" position while his companion, who was standing* a little be- hind him, was g"oing- to fire over him, but, in- stead of that, lodg-ed the whole contents of the gun in the young- man's left side. He fell, and was conveyed, as it appeared, dying-, to his father's tent. I was ill, and my wife was, therefore, obliged to apply the first dressing*. The next day, I crawled to him, and found him in a lamentable situation. I took off the bandage, and examined the wound. There were as many holes as there had been shot in the gun. I tried first to get out the car- tridge paper, as gently as possible, indeed, but it could not be done without giving- the patient great pain. I extracted only a few shot in this first operation, washed the wound with wine vinegar, laid lint, and then a plais- ter for gun-shot wounds upon it. He could not retain his water, and this was as black as gunpowder, which shewed that the bladder was injured. I gave him Essentia dulcis se- veral times in a day, by the use of which the bladder was cured, and the urine recovered its natural colour. I cleaned the wound every 221 day, took out always more shot, and proceed- ed with the same mode of treatment. But now, all the holes ran together into one, which was about as large as a crown piece. One day, when I took off the bandage, I saw in the wound some berries, which he had eaten ; nay, afterwards, even the excrements came through it : the entrails, therefore, had also suffered injury. I again gave him Essentia dulcis, and all returned to its natural order. I leave it to the gentlemen of the faculty to decide whether this remedy, or merely kind nature, had healed the bladder and entrails. I was not in a hurry with the healing of the wound, but continued as I had begun. At last, I saw new flesh, the wound became smaller and smaller, and, in eight weeks, the cure was so far effected, that the patient could walk upon crutches. In four weeks more, he could walk with the help of a stick ; and, in half a year, he was as active as if he had never received any injury, rowed his Kajak, hunted the seal, and was married a few years after. A young woman lost her child, which was but a few weeks old ; she had an ulcer in one breast, which grew hard, swelled, and gave her much pain. She came to me : I ap- 222 plied yellow salve of marshmallow, by which she was cured in a few days. I begged her not to expose herself to the severe cold, which might bring on a relapse : but as soon as she was cured, she forgot the pain, and my warning, and went out without a cloak. The conse- quence was, that the breast became harder and more painful than before. As she had not followed my advice, she was now afraid or un- willing to apply to me again. Relief was necessary : she and her husband consulted to- gether, and thought, if there were a hole in the breast, the milk might be easily pressed out, plaister might be procured, and the wound might be healed. They proceeded according- ly. The knives of the Greenlanders are al- ways sharp, but the man whetted his, and cut a hole in the breast as long and broad as the palm of the hand, from above down to the nip- ple. This operation, indeed, gave the wife pain, but she bore it patiently, in the hope that she should now be able to press out the milk. But they were both soon convinced of the impossibility of effecting it. The milk was all changed into corrupt matter, and the woman could not bear the breast to be touched* " Let us go to the Priest," said her husband. 223 " But I am ashamed to go to him," replied the wife, and remained for that day in the same state. The next dav, when school was over, I went out into the open space before my house, to take the fresh air 42 . As I went out, I saw both the man and his wife in the kitchen ; but as it was not unusual to see Greenlanders there, I did not regard it, nodded to them, and went on. But as they still stood there when I returned, I said, " Your breast, I sup- pose, is now quite well." She was silent, but the husband answered, " No ! it is much worse than before." " Come in," said I, " that I may look at it." They went in. She held one hand under her cloak, to keep it from touching the sore breast ; her husband helped her to take off the cloak. I was accustomed to see bad wounds, large and offensive sores, to lay plaisters on the former, and to press the matter out of the latter ; but the appearance of this breast was new to me, and I doubted whether I could afford any assistance. The milk veins were cut through, and full of a (42) I might well stand in need of fresh air, after having given lessons for five hours, in a small room, just high enough to allow of mv standing upright under the beams, and crowd- ed with forty or fifty children, in greasy cloaks. 224 tough green and yellow pus. The flesh, and the edges of the wound, were blackish. What should I do ? I desired my wife to warm some spirit of camphor, with which I washed the wound, and continued to do so till all the cor- rupt milk was removed, nor did I forget to wash the black edges of the wound. For a long time, the woman sat insensible ; but, at last, the flesh assumed a fresher redder colour, and she felt pain. Though she groaned with pain, I continued to wash the wound for some time, till I thought it was quite clean : I then laid lint upon it ; and, after that, a plaister, as far as I remember, salve of melilot (Tri- folium Melilotus), and visited her every day to look at her breast. Contrary to expecta- tion, the wound soon began to be covered with a new skin, and in a month it was healed ; but the woman never afterwards had any milk in her breasts. A year after this, she bore a son, whom my wife suckled, be- cause the mother herself could not, and there was no other woman in the neighbourhood who had a child at the breast. The care which my wife bestowed on this child, was, in some measure, a reward for his father's attachment to me, for he was the same young- man, who, 225 as I have related before, came when I was struggling with the Greenlander who had at- tempted to stab me, and had the courage to ask whether he should help me. After my return from Greenland, I related these cures to my friend, the late Counsellor of State, Guldbrand : he smiled, and, in respect to the remedies applied, called them miracu- lous cures. Chap. XVIII. The Avenger of his Father, or the Triumph of Religion. The murder of a father must be revenged, however long a period may elapse before ven- geance can be exercised. A son, about thir- teen or fourteen years of age, was present when his father was murdered, which happened about twenty years before my arrival in Greenland. He grew up to manhood, was a very active fisherman, married, and was respected by his countrymen ; but he was yet too weak to take G S 226 revenge on the murderer of his father. The latter was surrounded by a numerous family ; had three wives ; and was, in many respects, so superior to his countrymen, that the Danes called him King. However, to obtain his end, the injured son, some years after my arrival, removed, with his family, far to the south, where most of his relations lived ; because he hoped to prevail upon them to accompany him back, and, by their means, to become formidable to his ad- versary, and, with their assistance, to execute his design. He came to them ; expressed his grief ; painted the murder of his father, of which he had been a witness, and the dreadful circumstances which attended it, in the most lively colours ; and persuaded them to ac- company him to the north. But they were obliged to provide themselves with the neces- sary provisions, which, as well as the variable weather in the autumn, delayed their voyage. When he, at last, landed among us, with his relations, among whom there were some ac- tive young men, our Greenlanders had long taken up their winter abodes, and there was no room vacant. I do not remember whether bis own house was so decayed that it could not 227 be repaired in a short time, or whether others had taken possession of it. I had never seen him before, for his home was on the other side of the Isefjord ; however, he came to me, and requested me to let him have a small house, which belonged to me, a quarter of a mile to the north of my baptized Greenlanders. Though I, as well as the whole neighbour- hood, had heard of the cause of his journey to the south, and now saw his numerous train, I granted his request, without saying" any thing to him upon the subject. In a few days the house was in an habitable condition, and large enough for them all. He soon after came, and thanked me for my kindness. He came often, and once excused himself by saying, " You are so amiable, that I cannot keep away from you." In some of our con* versations, I profited by his inclination to me ; but without alluding to what he had upon his heart. Two or three weeks had hardly elapsed, when, upon one of his visits, he said that he should like to learn something about the great Lord of Heaven, who, as I told him, had created all things. " Some of my relations also," said he, " wish to learn." I had no hesitation in granting his wish 5 and, therefore, 228 went the following day to his dwelling 1 , where I learned that, for the present, ten or twelve persons wished to take instruction. The others said they would wait till they heard whether it was not too difficult to learn. I had in the colony a young- man of mixed race, who had considerable information, and wrote well. I engaged him as national catechist ; paid him the first year myself; and introduced him into this family as their teacher. " He shall instruct you every day," said I ; " and I will come to you myself as often as I can, to assure myself of your progress and your attention." " We will be attentive," answered they; " but you must come often, and we will come to you." I visited them every week, and had reason to be pleased with their attention and progress. The timidity of the Catechist vanish- ed by degrees. He asked my advice in every difficulty, and gave me a faithful account of their domestic economy, &c. Once, when the hour of instruction was concluded, I asked two old people whether they had also a mind to learn. The woman answered, " He may, but I am blind and incapable." "For that very reason you can learn better than I," said the man : " you may be all ear, but I am 229 disturbed by the many people who come in and out." However, these two old people, and, at last, the whole family, came to be instructed. Kunnuk (this is the name of the Greenlander of whom we chiefly mean to speak) distinguished himself by his continual application, and extraordinary improvement. He often neglected his fishery to hear the in- structions ; but it was also his firm resolution to be baptized. Spring approached, and the month of May was come ; when the following conversation took place between my Greenlander and me. He. Will you baptize me ? You know that I am obedient. I know God ; and my wife, as well as I, wishes to become a believer. /. Yes, you know God ; you know that he is good, that he loves you, and desires to make you happy ; but he desires, also, that you shall obey him. He. I love him ; I will obey him. /. If you want to obey him, you must kill nobody. You know that you have often heard his commandment; " Thou shalt do no murder." He seems confounded, and is silent. 230 J. Hear me, good Kunnuk ! I know that you have come here with your relations to take revenge on the murderer of your father , but you must not take revenge on him, if you want to become a believer. He (moved). But he murdered my father ! I saw it, and could not help him ; I must now punish him for his crime. J. You grieve me. He. By what ? I. That you will murder. He. Only him who deserves to die. I. But the great Lord of Heaven says, Thou shalt not. He. I will not, only him. J. But you must not kill even him. Have you forgotten how often you have heard, this winter, his command Do not revenge thyself? He. Shall, then, the wicked murder with impunity ? I. No, that he shall not ; God will punish him. He. When? J. Perhaps in this world ; but certainly at the day of judgment, when he will reward every one according to his deeds. 231 He. That is such a long" delay ; my coun- trymen and relations will blame me, if I do not avenge my father. I. If you did not know the will of God, I must let you do what your heart suggested : I must say nothing to your returning evil for evil ; but now I must not be silent. He. That is difficult ! What shall I do then ? /. You shall not kill him ; you shall even pardon him. He. Pardon him ! Your doctrine is very difficult. I. It is not our doctrine ; it is Christ's doc- trine. He sighs, and is silent. /. Perhaps, too, your father was not inno- cent ; perhaps he had also killed somebody, and deserved to die. He. That I do not know ; but then this man also deserves to die. 1. Yes, kill him ; but continue to be an unbeliever ; but expect that, some day, one of his children will kill you or your family. He. Priest, you are no longer amiable! you speak hard words ! /. Kunnuk, I love you -, and therefore wish 232 that you may not sin against God, who has had you instructed in his will, and who will do justice even to your adversary. He. Stop, then ; I must talk about it with my relations. He went ; came home sorrowfully ; spoke little ; and ate nothing during the whole day. They observed his unusual ill temper, and asked him the cause, which he, at last, told them. I pass over the answer of his relations, and their consultation, on this subject, for many days together. The following evening I went to them, and found them all at home. Without entering into any thing relative to the conversation we had had, I chose pieces for the catechization, and from the Bible, as well as hymns, which disposed the heart to mild feelings, and invited it to placability. " Thank you, Priest I" said Kunnuk, as I departed : " it was good that you came." Some days after, he again came to me : his manner, his countenance, every thing indicated a violent struggle, as well with his heart, as with his friends. I first addressed him, saying, " You are not in spirits ; tell me, what have you on your heart ?" " I will, and I will not ; I hear, and I do not hear," answered he : "I 233 never felt so before." "What will you?" said I ; " and what will you not ?" " I will forgive him," answered he ; " and I will not forgive him : I have no ears, when they want that I shall revenge myself ; and yet I have ears." " When you will not forgive him," said I ; " when you listen with approbation to those who dissuade you from it ; then your unconverted heart speaks, which demands re- venge ; but when you will forgive, when you will not hear your advisers, then the better part in you speaks ; then God speaks to your heart. What will you now do ?" " I was so moved," answered he, " when you spoke yesterday evening ; then my heart wished to obey." " See," said I ; " ought you not to feel that it is the voice of your heavenly Father which spoke to your heart ?" I now repeated to him the latter part of the life of Jesus ; his forgiveness, his prayer for his murderers. " That was laudable," said he ; and a tear sparkled in his eye : " but he was better than we are." " Yes," answered I, " infinitely better ; but he will have us re- semble him in this ; and, if we have only a g-ood will, God will give us strength ; and we shall be satisfied with ourselves. But now you iih 234 shall hear, that a man like you and me could pray for those who sought to kill him, because he declared to them the will of God, and desired them to believe in Jesus." I read to him the death of Stephen, Acts, chap. vii. He dried his eyes, and said, " The wicked men ! He is happy -, he certainly is with God in heaven." " Yes," continued 1, " that he is; and you and every body, who acts as he did, shall also come there." " Good Priest!" interrupted he ; " my heart is so moved. I will but, give me still a little time : when I have brought the other heart to silence, and am quite changed, I will come again." " Go," said I, " and pray to the good God, that he may strengthen you in your resolution ; I also will pray for you." He went, and my hope was almost certainty. At last, he came with a joyful counten- ance, like him who carries peace in his heart. " Now I am happy," said he j "I hate no more-, I have forgiven." "Do you, really, feel yourself happy by it ?" said I. " Yes," an- swered he, " my heart is so easy." " You rejoice me sincerely," continued I ; "but may I depend upon you ? Your heart will again excite you to revenge, and your friends will 235 tempt you." "I do not know whether this will happen," was his answer ; " but I have conquered, and you may trust me." " It would be melancholy," said I, "if, after you had become a believer, you should commit this murder." " You are so suspicious, Priest!" he interrupted. " You would now commit a greater sin," continued I, " than if you had never known God, and never vowed obedience to him." M I was rejoiced," interrupted he, " but your words afflict me." " I will not afflict you," said I ; " I only want to try you, whether you are able to keep what you pro- mise. Do not trust your heart too much !" " My wicked heart shall be silent," an- swered he. I now asked him, what had wrought this change in him ; * ' The energetic words," answered he, " which Jesus has taught me, and whom I will follow. I never thought that I could be disposed, as 1 now am. Did you not perceive how moved I was, as you read to me about him on the cross ; how he prayed for his murderers, Father, forgive them, they know not what they do ? Then I vowed in my heart, I, unworthy as I am, that I would forgive, and now I have forgiven. Now, I hope you will consider me and my wife, who 236 has never hated, and who, like me, longs to become a Christian, worthy of baptism ?" " Yes, good Kunnuk !" answered I, " I will baptize you and your wife, in God's name ; but thank God, that he gave you an opportunity of knowing him, and his will, and forget not that you are bound in baptism to believe in him, to love him, and to obey his commandments; consequently, to leave off wickedness, and continually to become bet- ter." " I know it, Priest !" said he ; " God sees my heart, and he will give me strength to remain faithful to him." He left me, full of joy and of gratitude to God. I deferred the reception of him, and the others, into our Christian community, for a fortnight ; I thought it necessary to defer it, particularly on his account. The day arrived, the whole of the divine service had reference to the baptismal act. He gave an account of his belief in Christian- ity, with openness and truth ; he answered, with feeling, the questions from the Altar-book, and silent tears bedewed his cheeks, when he knelt down to receive baptism, in which, by desire, the name of Niels was given him. The divine service ended, as usual, with a hymn 237 and prayers. He now came, gave me his hand, and said, " Thank you, good Priest ! I am happy." Upon this, he turned to the congregation, of whom some kissed him (this was unusual). " Receive me now as a be- liever ! We will love each other." All an- swered this address with " Yes ;" and now they went home together, united as persons having one Lord, one faith, and one baptism. I thanked God, with heartfelt joy, for the tri- umph of truth over this heart, and so many others. After some days, he sent his enemy the following message : " I am now become a be- liever, and you have nothing more to fear." Upon repeated invitations, the former came one day with a few attendants. He was re- ceived in the most friendly manner, treated with the greatest kindness, and returned home in peace. Only, when he received him, my Greenlander said, " I have forgotten it." He was invited to return the visit ; went, con- trary to the advice of his friends, without at- tendants, and was received as a friend. They ate and spent the time in conversation, till they parted in the evening on the best terms ; but when Niels was not far from the shore, he per- 238 ceived water in his Kajak. He hastened to- wards land, got out, and found that a hole was cut in his Kajak. He soon stopped it up, pro- ceeded, and arrived safe home. Some time after, he told me this, with a smile, say- ing, " He is still afraid, and has, without doubt, had this done for that reason ; but I will not harm him." He remained constant- ly faithful to his vow. I even received a message from him, about ten years after my departure, saying, that he was faithful to God, and his vow. Chap. XIX. The Heathens kill Witches, Perhaps there may be in Greenland, as among us, wicked witches, or persons who, by unmeaning mummeries, would injure others if they could. Some affirm it. I do not know it ; but this I know, that innocent persons, on the accusation of the Angekoks, are not seldom suspected and treated as witches. These An- gekoks are generally the very refuse of the 239 people, either unskilful in the chase, or lazy. Yet, as reputed wise men, who are connected with Torgarsuk, they possess the confidence of their countrymen, and often make use of it to ruin their innocent fellow-countrymen. On occasion of sicknesses, or death, or of ill success in hunting-, those, who have met with the misfortune, ask them, who may be the cause of it, or who has brought this evil upon them. Woe then to the old widow without a pro- tector, or to the old man without grown-up sons, against whom they have a secret ill will, or whose property tempts them. They are ca- pable of long- concealing- their hatred, even un- der the appearance of friendship ; but they ex- ecute their vengeance in a cruel manner, when the measure of sin, according- to their ideas, is full. They generally proceed in the following manner : The person accused and condemned is called out of his house, or his tent, with a voice with announces to him that he is to die. He turns pale, but g-oes out notwith- standing, and his furious accusers now ask him the following- questions : Are not you an Illiseetsok ? Did you not kill such a one by your words or your malice ? If the person con- demned even answers. No ! his death is still in- 240 evitable ; but in his mortal anguish, he some- times answers, Yes : hereupon, they stab him with their knives, cut him to pieces, and every one eats a piece of his heart, that his ghost may not return, and frighten them. In this manner, the heathens, who lived a little farther to the north, examined and killed an old man, who had been with me only a few hours before. He was then cheerful, talkative, and desirous to know what we were going to do the following day (Christmas-day), as he had heard something from the baptized Green- landers that he did not understand, and had seen that they were dressed in their best clothes. " You will not understand me either," said I, " as you are not acquainted with the great Lord of heaven and earth ; but we rejoice to- morrow, because he let his Son come upon the earth, and teach us how we shall exert our- selves to become good and happy." " That is wonderful," said he ; " but give me some- thing which I can shew to the others when I return home, and I will tell them what I have seen and heard." I gave him some bread and tobacco ; and he left me without the small- est presentiment of what awaited him. But hardly an hour had elapsed after his return, 241 when he was called out, and murdered in the manner above described* 3 . The following" morning", just as I was going to begin divine service for the Green- landers, I was informed that a Greenlander from the north desired to speak to me. My congregation was already assembled ; I, there- fore, desired him to wait till divine service was over. " No, Priest," said he, " I must speak to you immediately." When he came in, he continued, " My father's brother, who was yesterday with you, was murdered a short time after he returned home. I could not protect him ; but I cannot continue to live among these people. If you will receive us (we are eight, mostly children), we will remove hither, and live among the believers, who do not kill innocent persons." I promised to fulfil his desire, but it was necessary to examine first if there were room for them ; and for this he had to wait. " I will readily wait," said he, " if we may but come." Some families, who had more or less room to spare, were willing" to (43) A son, as we have said above, owes vengeance to bis murdered father. This is a private or family matter ; but the murder of witches or sorcerers is an act of justice, due to the public good. 1 1 242 receive them. I sent him word of it. The next morning-, we had them all with us, and, the following year, they were all instructed and baptized. Soon after, I went to the north, and, though the heathens do not like to hear reproofs, I called them severely to account for their conduct. " You kill wicked people in your country, I suppose ?" said one. " Yes !" answered I, " but we first convince ourselves that they are wicked. The great governor in our country even gives to a certain man the commission to defend them, that no innocent person may die ; but you behave like furious madmen." " You kill the wicked, so do we. But that those whom we kill are wicked, we understand better than you, Priest I" This was all the answer they returned to my reproof. 243 Chap. XX. Religion and Superstition of the Greenlanders* The Greenlanders believe in a Superior Being", and the immortality of the soul. This Being, whom they call Torngarsuk, is, according to their description, rather evil than good. He cannot be eternal, as he is said to have a great grandmother, a terrible woman, who rules over the sea-animals, often summons them to her, and thus deprives the inhabitants of their sup- port. Neither is he considered as the creator of the world, for the world, they think, arose of itself, and the first Greenlanders grew out of the ground. Some make Torngarsuk a spirit ; other say he is like a beast ; others, that he re- sembles a man. Some affirm that he is im- mortal ; others, that a certain noise can kill him. His abode is very deep in the earth, (44) This chapter, like the others, is taken from ray notes on Greenland. Hans Egede, my mother's father, has said almost the same. This agreement must be a security for the truth of the statements it contains. 244 where living is agreeable, and provisions abun- dant. So different are their ideas of this being" : but they neither love nor fear him ; nor do they adore him 43 . When they are in health, their fishery successful, and they have nothing to trouble them in other respects, Torngarsuk is quite indifferent to them. Only when they are ill or unhappy, or the sea-animals leave the coast, they have recourse, not to Torn- garsuk, but to their Angekok, who is in con- nection with him. The Angekok then asks his advice, and brings the answer. They believe in the immortality of the soul, and that its state, after death, is better than the present, and happier for them all ; for, according to their ideas, they will be all happy then, without distinction. They, in- deed, believe that there are two places of abode after death, one in heaven, the other under the earth, but both happy : they, how- ever, consider the subterranean abode as the happiest, where only those come who have suffered much distress in this world, or have done great services to their fellow-creatures ; (45) But they obey him when they receive orders from him through their Angekoks. 245 the souls of all the others come into heaven. The soul is, indeed, of the nature of a spirit ; but it has something* material about it ; some- thing delicate and soft, which may be felt. It may become sick ; and, in this case, the Angekok can take away the sick part, and put something" healthy in its room : it may be lost, and then he can give a new one. The northern lights are the souls of the deceased, playing at ball, in heaven 46 . The Sun and Moon were Greenlanders, and brother and sister. The sister, the sun, was extremely beautiful ; and her brother, who had an illicit passion for her, pursued her every where. In order to escape from him, she fled to Heaven, where he still follows her. He is, besides, a great rogue ; and women cannot be too much on their guard against him. When (+6) The Greenland way of playing at ball is a serious com- bat. Towards the spring, the inhabitants of two large districts form two bodies ; each tries to catch the great ball, which is thrown out, and to hinder the adverse party from obtaining it, which seldom passes without wounds, that are often mortal : those who get possession of the ball drive off in their sledges, at full speed. If they secure the ball, they are victors, and have a right to insult the vanquished, who must bear all their sarcasms with patience. Formerly, they were obliged to give Up their most valuable property. Fries. 246 the full moon shines upon the water, the girls dare not drink of it, for fear of becoming pregnant 47 . Air, earth, water, and ^fire, have each their spirits, who exercise a certain sway, each in his own sphere. Care must be taken not to make them angry. A quarter of a mile to the north of my place of abode, there was a dangerous place for Kajak-rowers, who were sometimes upset by an invisible being. In these cases, fear did the most , and violent gusts of wind, from the east, the rest. Apparitions and ghosts are believed in here, as they are every where. For this reason, they bind the legs of the dead, while they are still pliable, up to the hams, and carry them, in winter, out of a window, or, in summer, out of the back part of the tent, that their ghosts may not return. For the same reason as we have before related, they tear out and devour the hearts of those whom they kill as sorcerers : the fear that the spirit of the person killed should haunt them, is the true cause of this cruelty. Greenlanders are often drowned in the chase of seals ; and then their spirits ap- (47) Water is the beverage of the Greenlanders : they lay themselves down, and quench their thirst where they find it. 247 pear after death. They are heard to come on shore, and knock the ice from their Kajaks ; nay, they are seen to carry them on shore, and lay them on the places for boats. The rocks, also, have their spirits, which are very dangerous, as they even come down into the houses by night, and steal provisions. If it is true, as they relate, that individual Greenlanders now and then, from despair, leave society for ever, and dwell among the rocks, it is no wonder if they visit the houses, especially in winter nights, to find there some- thing to prolong their wretched existence. Even some Greenlanders do not look on these as spirits, but as unfortunate persons, who, by being insulated from mankind, have become savage and formidable. When any one who is accused of sorcery dies a natural death, he cannot lie quietly in his grave. A woman, who was accused of being an Illiseetsok, was buried not far from my house. Some stones which covered the grave slipped off; the dogs found the corpse, and tore off one leg. "So it seems she was an Illiseetsok," said the Greenlanders. " Why ?" said I. " Because her bones cannot lie in peace," answered they. However, I 248 , caused the leg- that was torn off to be put in its place again, and the grave to be repaired. " He does not believe it," said they. I have never heard, nor do I remember to have ever read, any thing that could lead to the conjecture that they make offerings to Torngarsuk : they do not esteem him so much. However, I was informed of an offer- ing, which nobody in my part of the country neglected to make upon occasion. On the road to Erkame, the last inhabited spot on this side of the Isefjord, there is a large stone, on which every one who goes by lays his offering, a little meat, bacon, skin, berries, &c. I often asked to whom they gave these things : no- body knew this. " People/' said they, " al- ways used to do so." This offering must, originally, have had a meaning : perhaps it was to conciliate some spirit of the moun- tains, or the sea ; perhaps to secure the way backward and forward, and not to be led astray. 24 Chap. XXI. The domestic Life of the Greenlander*. The Greenlanders every year, about Whit- suntide, leave their then very unclean and offensive winter habitations, to live in tents, and soon after go farther to the south, partly to catch a larger species of hollibut and her- ring's, partly to carry on barter with the inha- bitants of the south t they return at Michael- mas, to repair and dwell again in their houses, which, during- their absence, have been pro- perly purified by the air. The men do no- thing but examine the wood-work, procure what is wanting, and put it in where neces- sary. The women, on the other hand, must provide whatever else is required ; as, for ex- ample, stones, if a wall built the year before is sunk, and earth, to fill up the intervals be- tween the stones. When this is in order, they cover the walls inside with white skins, pre- pared and sewed together -, lay the benches ; put in the windows, which consist of the en- trails of whitafish, sewed together ; furnish the K k 250 house with lamps, kettles, chests, tubs, &c. In this manner, the house looks, at the begin- ning", very neat ; but the walls become dirty by degrees, and the floor is made by degrees so slippery by the seals' blood continually spilt upon it, that the feet stick to it ; not to speak of the stench and the carrion flies caused by the half-picked bones, and the like, which are thrown and remain under the side benches. Two, three, or more families generally live together in one house. Each of them knows how far it? portion extends ; but there are no partition walls. The women occupy the right bench, and the men the side benches : some- times, however, men are seen on the side benches ; but with this difference, that they set their feet on the ground, whereas the wo- men sit entirely upon the bench. Here they all sit almost without clothing, the women in short drawers, about a quarter of an ell long ; the men in breeches that are rather longer, and in the usual form. The bench is their bed, but the married people have their sleeping-place under it 48 . When the boys have attained the (48) The bench is not much more than half an ell from the ground ; but, in building the house, the Greenlanden make the floor under the bench lower than the other part. r 251 age of twelve or thirteen, they may no longer lie upon the bench among- the women, but have a place to sleep on, under the windows, where they always remain till they are married. Notwithstanding their sleeping so mixed to- gether, and their scanty clothing, no illicit passion is entertained in their houses. The married and unmarried, of both sexes, have a certain reserve towards each other, and a re- pugnance to every thing that violates decency. Every individual lives according to his own pleasure, and independent ; but they all live in friendship and harmony with each other. In the morning, the men go out to the chase 5 in summer in their Kajak, in winter in the sledge. Before they go out, they drink a draught of water, fill their snuff-box, and put a quid of tobacco in their mouth. Provided These people want, besides, but little room ; tbey are little, without clothing, and require no bed, at the most a seal's skin under them. In my time, it was generally known that the married people slept under the bench. Both the Greenland- ers and the sailors who had Greenland wives spoke of it in this manner ; and I myself sometimes observed it, on my journies, when I was frequently obliged to sleep in the houses of the heathens. The husband, without speaking, made a sign with bis eyes to his wife, and retired to his place ; she took no notice, but remained some time after he was gone, and then followed him. 252 with this, they remain out the whole day with* out food, often in the severest weather, often in danger of their lives. He who has caught a seal, or in the season a whiteflsh, is re- ceived with joy by his wife. She drag's his prize on shore, and to the house, in which many help her, begins immediately to skin it, and cut it to pieces, and puts them, without wash- ing off the blood, into the kettle, which already hangs over the lamp. The man, who, mean- while, has put his boat, gun, &c. in their right places, now comes in, takes off his cloak, sits down, and waits patiently till the meat is ready. Meantime he relates the adventures of the day on the chase. If there are any dried herrings in the house, some are laid be- fore him on the ground, till the dinner is ready, and with that, and a draught oi water, he sa-r tisfies the first calls of hunger. On the other hand, if he has been unfortunate in the chase, and there are no dried provisions in the house, which is often the case towards the end of the winter, he gets nothing at all, but he lays himself quietly down to sleep, in hope of bet- ter success the following day. While the men are at the fishing places, and often suffer so much hardship, the women are 253 rery comfortable in their warm houses, if they have any thing to eat. They chat, cut out, and sew. They steep skins in the urine-tub, and, when the hair is loose, they scrape it off. I could scarcely endure the stench that accom- panied this work, when I was by chance pre* sent 5 they themselves do not mind it. By degrees, when they are thus tanned, they continue their preparation. If they are to be white, they bleach them in the sun ; if they are to be yellow or red, they dye them. The two last sorts are used for boots, and the first for cloaks. Skins which are to keep the haif on, to be used for winter dresses, do not re* quire so much trouble. The women scrape off all the fat, or whatever else may adhere to the fleshy side: after this, they dry them, and lastly make them pliable by rubbing, before they cut them out. But the fat which is scraped off must not be lost. They make a cake of it, which looks like an omelet, and must be almost putrid before it is eaten ; it must, therefore, taste as abominably as it smells. The women are nothing lets than cleanly in their domestic employments. The meat that is to be eateu is cut into pieces on the floor, 254 and, without cleaning it the least from the blood and other impurities, put into the ket- tle, which they wash as little as their dishes before they use it. The dogs, sometimes, lick the kettles and dishes, that is all. I have seen a mother let a child make water in a dish, pour it out, and then, without farther ceremony, take the meat out of the kettle, put it in the dish, and present it to the guests, who eat it with a good appetite. Haddocks, and other fish, are dressed and eaten with the entrails. On one of my journeys, I had had no warm food for several days : when I received one evening* two small haddocks, I asked my hostess to boil them for me for the following morning, which she very readily did ; but as she set them before me with the entrails in, I lost all inclina- tion to touch them, and excused myself as well as I could. They boil meat and fish an equal time, so that when the former is hardly more than half done, the latter fall to pieces. They do not know how to roast any thing. It is not true that they drink train oil. Only in case they have swallowed down a water-beetle with the water, and cannot get soon enough to the Priest for relief, they take some train oil, as an eme- 255 tic, which produces the effect desired, and rids them of the beetle. This is proof sufficient that they do not generally drink it. But they steep angelica stalks in train oil. A woman chews blubber, spits it out, and continues till there is enough. In this the angelica stalks are steeped for some time, then taken out, and eaten with great appetite, by way of desert. I must here observe that this, like all the oil which the Greenlanders use in their lamps, is unboiled, white, and partly clear. It smells pretty much like raw pork, and has nothing of the disgusting smell of boiled train oil, which they cannot bear even in their lamps. The mothers lick their children instead of washing them, and, when they comb their heads, eat without hesitation what they catch. " They bite," say they ; " they must be bit- ten in return." It is also usual for them to revenge themselves in the following manner on their tormentors : Grown-up persons wrap the beard of a quill round a thin stick, and, while they are conversing with others, pass it down their back in quest of prey, pull it up now and then, as fishermen do their lines, and eat on the spot what they have taken. 1 have often been obliged to witness this, even in my 256 own house. But, to the honour of our baptized Greenlanders, be it spoken, with many other bad habits, they lay aside this also ; at least, they take great care not to do any thing in our presence which might offend us. When the girls are fourteen years old, and above, they begin to set a value on themselves. From time to time, they wash their hair, and the Whole body, in urine. Thus they indeed become clean j but, as their cloaks are washed in the same, they smell to us very disagreea- bly j though to the Greenlanders this smell is pleasant. Young" married women, who are rich in their way, and bear children, particu- larly boys, also wash themselves, chiefly when they pay visits, or travel. Elderly women, on the contrary, are not so particular, and be- come gradually more and more indifferent to dress. A widow must express her affliction, not only by her bowed head and unornament- ed hair, but also by the neglect of hef person and dress. If, after some time has elapsed, she begins to look more clean and neat, this is a proof that she is not indisposed to marry again. But she cannot entertain any hopes of it, unless she be young", well behaved, and has borne children of both sexes, or, at least, sons. 257 An elderly widow in the colony, who was nei- ther well behaved, nor a mother, fell in love with a young" fellow, who was the best looking Greenlander in the place. She spoke to him in a friendly manner, without his regarding it. As he did not understand her, she so far disre- garded the reserve usual in her sex in Green- land, especially to their own countrymen, that she courted him. Of course, he gave her a po- sitive refusal ; but still she did not give up her hopes. She came very modestly to me, and told me in confidence that Joergen was a bad man, who was good for nothing. " I do not believe that," answered I. " How so ?" " I am ashamed to say it," continued she, " he wants to have me." " And you !" asked I. " I am afraid of him," replied she. " And for what reason ?" She answered, in a very low voice, " A few days ago he attempted to seduce me." " You !" said I : " that is hard to believe. However, I will send and speak to him." I sent for him. He was one of the young men of the colony whom I the most valued ; of a good understanding, well behaved, and ac- tive. He came, and I said, " What is this I hear of you, Joergen ? You want to seduce l1 258 Zippora." I !" replied he. " No, Priest, do not believe her. She is wicked, and would seduce me ; but I cannot bear her. What shall I do ?" " You must go away on a jour- ney for a time,' ' replied I ; " perhaps she will for- get you. I will also speak to her." Yes," said he, K I will take a journey. What an impu- dent woman !" He accordingly went away for some weeks, in which time his absence, and, above all, the ridicule of the other women, cured her. From that time she became again, what she could not be in the days of courtship, the afflicted widow, who entirely neglected her dress. The Greenland women conceal their preg- nancy as long as possible, and their delivery is generally easy : yet difficulties sometimes oc- cur which require the presence of the Minister. Their midwives understand about as much as our village midwives did, before they were regularly instructed. If the delivery was pro- tracted longer than usual, the husband hurried to me, saying, " Priest ! come with me 1 My wife should be delivered ; but there is no way." I went with him, made the midwife give me the necessary information, and gave the patient every half hour Essentia dulcis> which some- 259 times promoted the delivery : in extreme dis- tress, I gave thirty drops of oil of juniper in water, upon which strong and continued pains succeeded, and then the delivery, without any bad consequences for the mother or child. In this country, I dare not apply this remedy, in such cases ; but happily it is not wanted. In the severest pains, no loud complaints are heard j only now, and then a sigh : but every sigh goes to the man's heart. In silence, and with his head bowed down, he sits, and accuses himself as the author of his wife's sufferings. Chap. XXII. The Education of the Cheenlanders. As children, especially sons, are their great- est treasure, they treat them with much care. In their earliest infancy they are naked, and carried upon their mother's back in a large cloak, which they call Amaut. When they take notice, she caresses them, and accustoms their arms to the motion which the Green- 260 lander makes when he rows his Kajak. As they have no milk food, the children are suck- led long- ; three or four years perhaps -, but they sometimes bite their mother's breast se- verely : she, indeed, expresses some pain, and pinches the child in the lip, saying-, " You lit- tle rogue !". but caresses it at the same time. This pinching* with the nails, once caused a child to have a cancer in the lip. In vain, I attempted to check it. The cancer increased, and ate away all the flesh from the face. The child was, at length, unable to swallow down the milk, and died of hung-er. When the boys are a little grown up, the father gives them a whip, makes them a little sledg-e, and trains young- dogs to draw it. Thus they learn by times to drive, and properly to manag-e the whip, a manoeuvre which an European seldom learns perfectly. In a few years, the father begins, at his leisure hours, to make a Kajak, and an oar ; and if the prepa- rations are all made, and the age of the boy allows it, the father takes him along- with him in fine weather, keeps him at his side, teaches him to row, and, after he has had some practice in this, to throw the dart. When he is in some measure able to row the broad Kajak, 261 the father makes it narrower, and thus more liable to upset, but at the same time lighter, and more manageable. He is now practised to keep himself in equilibrium with his oar ; for the oar alone, and the right use of it, preserves the life of the Kajak rower : if the oar is broken or lost, he generally perishes. The father some- times purposely lets him upset in this lighter Kajak, to make him bold, and to teach him to employ the oar, which is the means of his safety. Thus the son learns, at his father's side, to follow his profession, and in time to gain subsistence for himself and his family. In the evening, on their return home, the father praises his son ; the latter hears the account, pleased indeed, but ashamed ; seldom speaks of his deeds without being called upon, and rather modestly undervalues them. The mother, however, smiles with pleasure on her son. As they never punish their children, and very seldom even reprove them, the conse- quence is, that they grow up in the habit of doing what they please, and sometimes refuse to obey their parents, who, however, are not angry with them on that account. Such an education does not seem to promise much good. We have therefore the more reason to be sur- 262 prised at the different behaviour which they shew to their parents when they grow up. Then they respect, and love, and obey them ; procure them subsistence when they are old, and are happy to contribute to their welfare. An aged father never suffers want, as long" as his son has any thing ; and when the son mar- ries, his mother, according to the prevailing custom, superintends the household concerns, as long as she can, and will, and the son's wife obeys and serves her. This change of beha- viour is not a consequence of religion, for the heathens shew the same. If they are asked how these capricious children become so good, they generally answer, " The people (the inhabitants of the country) are always so." Who is not reminded by this of the words of St. Paul ? Romans ii, v. 14 and 15. Of the education of the girls, there is not much to be said. They are accustomed to little domestic employments, according to their age ; but their life, when young, is more uniform, conformable to their destination ; they seem to feel their dependence, and wil- lingly to submit to it. At a certain age, how- ever, as has been observed, they begin to va- lue themselves, to wash and adorn their hair 263 and whole body. They are not indifferent to the other sex, but never licentious ; unless it may be if a Dane pays his court to them, and promises them marriage. Notwithstanding the difference in their countenances, and their whole person, there is a mildness in their manner which soon pleases the sailors in particular : if they can once accustom themselves to the smell, the rest follows of course. I knew a servant of the Company, who was in every respect a man of good family and education ; and who, after he had been some years in Greenland, felt an attachment to his servant maid, who however was not one of the beau- ties of the country. He liked the girl, but not the smell. But, as she came to him every day, he at last yielded to his passion. He found a remedy for the odour which was so disagreeable to him, and made use of it. He sprinkled her with scented water, first occasi- onally as she passed him, then more publicly, which produced the effect desired. He then asked her hand, and, as may be supposed, did not meet with a refusal. Their marriage was tolerably happy, and they had many children ; but the wife always smelt afterwards of lavender water. 264 Chap. XXIII. Miscellaneous Information. +++*+++* L Under my windows towards the south, I made a little garden, and had it surrounded with a palisade. The ground was rocky, and the earth not deep enough for the spade, nor rich enough for vegetation. In the neighbour- hood I found good earth, and, with the help of my wife, brought in a basket to our garden so much as we thought sufficient. We let it lie till the next year, when I dug it up and sowed it. It was not till July that the ground was so far thawed, that it could be dug up : on the 7th, we sowed it 49 ; on the 15th, the plants began to shoot up in most of the beds. So far to the north, and so near the Iseljord, a garden was an uncommon sight ; but the uncommonly rapid growth which daily pro- mised to crown our hopes, was also a singular (49) But not every year so late. Another year I could sow on the 30th of June ; one year, even the 7th : but then the plant did not come up before the 26th. 265 but very agreeable sight to us. Cabbage grew extremely well. After that time, we had al- ways a sufficient stock for the winter ; but it was necessary to sow it very thin, and to pull up the plants which stood too thick ; as the short summer did not admit of transplanting them. Turnips grew as large as a moderate tea-cup, lost their bitter taste, and became agreeably sweet : these, too, always throve well. Carrots in general grew not thicker than a tobacco-pipe, but preserved their usual taste. We had plenty of chervil and cresses : parsley, celery, and beans, would not grow. I sowed peas ; they shot up vigo- rously, and sometimes blossomed ; but they did not produce any thing. I planted pota- toes, but they grew no bigger than a pea. A little barley shot up quick, but the early frost destroyed it. Every autumn I gave my gar- den a layer of heath ashes, which was very serviceable to it. In this manner we had, in some years, both advantage and pleasure of our little plantation; but the overflowing of the stream, as I have related in a former chapter, destroyed the garden, and carried off all the soil. However, we did not lose our courage on this account, but began our work anew, m m 266 and accomplished it with greater trouble than the first time towards the end of summer, so that we were able to sow the garden the following year. But that was the only year that we en- joyed the fruits of it. We left Greenland, and almost a year elapsed before my successor arrived. How he found the garden, which had been so long without an owner, and what be- came of it afterwards, is unknown tome. II. Both land and sea are covered, during the greatest part of the summer, with a disagree- able fog, and in winter, before the ice is hard, with frozen vapours ; but notwithstanding this, the climate is healthy, and but few diseases are known there. The Greenlanders, indeed, some- times suffer by hemorrhage, which is painful, but not so contagious, nor so fatal, as among us. They have, sometimes, spitting of blood. The latter shortens the life ; with the first they may suffer many years : during my time, one died of diabetes. Their external diseases are particularly swellings, which are dispersed by plaister of melilot , very bad boils, which, if they are not sufficiently pressed out, and care- fully healed, spread from one place to another ; 267 and weak eyes, particularly in old age. How- ever, they do not grow old even when they die on the sick bed, and many are drowned. A man of fifty years of age generally looks as infirm as if he were near seventy. As the women of- ten grow older, and at the same age enjoy bet- ter health, if they do not entirely neglect themselves, it is probable that the many hard- ships which the men endure almost daily in their fishery, are the principal cause of their early old age and death. Contagious diseases, however, carry many away, grown-up persons as well as children. In a foregoing chapter, I have related the symptoms of them j but I know not by what name to call them. If I except the scurvy, the Europeans are sub- ject to no other diseases which can be ascribed to the country or the air ; and the remedies against it are, constant exercise and cochlearia. As the Greenlanders make no use of this plant, and are not tormented by this disease, one might be tempted to think, that kind Providence had caused it to grow for the Europeans, who are greatly in need of it. The scurvy is a singu- lar disorder. It can be a long time in the body without occasioning any inconvenience, except a kind of lethargy ; but if the patient does not 268 Use cochlearia, and take daily exercise, especi- ally in the beginning, he may fall into a slumber under it, and never more awake. Sometimes it causes a not unpleasant irrita- tion, an excitement, if I may call it so, in the very marrow of the bones, and then it is high time to apply the remedies, if the use of them has been neglected. The gums swell, and de- tach themselves from the teeth, which become loose, if they do not fall out. When the scurvy at length breaks out in brown and yellow spots on the legs and thighs, and makes them as hard as a board, the patient is generally saved ; but he must be extremely careful to use the cochlearia, and take exercise when he has it in his power. I was not much subject to this disorder , but, as my daily occupation allowed me only one or two hours to walk about on Saturdays, and as I generally suffered in the winter from another disorder, which hindered me from taking much exercise ; I was, sometimes, attacked by the scurvy, and can, therefore, describe it from experience. One fine day, we resolved to pay a visit to the Provost Sverdrup, and, accompanied by a Greenland boy, went over the isefjord, between the icebergs. While we were on the way, an iceberg, about half a 269 mile from us, fell, and, in a few minutes, the solid ice under us broke. " To land ! to land!" cried the boy, and ran: the Clergy- man ran with him : of course, 1 would not re- main behind. But as I was hastening- to get over a broad cleft, which the falling of the iceberg had caused, the scurvy held me fixed to the ice, so that I could not stir from the spot : I was, therefore, obliged to submit to my fate, and await the event. After an in- terval of ten or twelve minutes, I was again able to walk slowly ; reached the land, at last, over clefts and pieces of ice ; and gave my companions a gentle, but well merited re- proof. III. My salary was 150 dollars Danish cur- rency per annum ; and the allowance of pro- visions for myself and my wife, was, per week, ten pounds and a half of bread, three pounds of butter, two pounds of bacon, two pounds of stockfish, one eighth of a bushel of peeled barley, and the same quantity of pease. Be- sides, fifty dollars per annum were allowed me for coffee, sugar, brandy, wine, and groceries in general. It may be easily imagined, that, in 2/0 a country where money is unknown, and the daily necessaries of life must be procured by barter, it was necessary to be very economical ; but it was often impossible. I will say no- thing 1 of the assistance which the Greenlanders now and then required ; but the hospitality introduced among the Europeans, consumed a great deal. In winter, the servants of the Company have no employment. They, there- fore, continually drive from one place to an- other to pay visits, and at every place, if it is possible, are joined by new companions, and, at last, make a caravan ; the true object of whose journeys is, in fact, to kill time, to en- joy good cheer in the houses of others, and to give them good cheer in return, but which has otherwise great advantages. In the colonies where there is a clergyman, a merchant and an assistant, each take part in giving the enter- tainment, which was thus no great burden to any of them. I, on the other hand, was alone at Claushavn, bore alone the cost of the enter- tainment, but also had alone the honour of shewing my hospitality. Hence, and from our limited income, arose the long fasts, which I have mentioned before, and which others, it is true, also felt, but not in the same degree as we. 271 We were, however, never in Want of the first necessaries of life ; for if the portions al- lowed were not sufficient, as was often the case 50 , we could obtain the rest upon account. But these portions were often very moderate, sometimes not to be eaten. Among many causes, a principal one is, that the provision must be one year in the country before we dared to touch it. This precaution protected us against want, in the event of a ship's being lost ; but the consequence of it was, old and often bad provisions. One year, in parti- cular, the bread (or biscuit called skonrogiie) was so full of spiders and cobwebs, that we were obliged always to have a whisk by us when we were eating. The butter was fre- quently not fit to eat : in our country, it would have been regarded as common grease. The bacon and the meat were often rusty and yellow ; only hunger and custom could make them go down. Happily, we took the two last articles seldom, because they promote scurvy ; and though the butter was often very indifferent, yet, at other times, it was better, and we were contented. In winter, we had no want of fresh provisions. I could, in some (50) Some part was obliged to serve, instead of money, to purchase fish, game, &c. 272 measure, reckon upon a hare every week : we had snow-fowl (ryper) in abundance, and haddock almost every day. In summer, on the other hand, we were forced to be content with young- sea mews, if we wished to taste fresh meat ; but then, besides haddock, we had trout, and salmon trout -, the former from the fresh water lakes, the latter from the mouths of the streams and rivers. One summer, we went ourselves to a place, some miles from the co- lony, to catch salmon trout, and staid there ten or twelve days. The winter before, my wife had made two fishing-nets : I and a Greenlander spread the nets, and attended to the fishery, while my wife and two maids were employed in salting- and smoking. Some of the fish were indeed small, but we caught them of the weight of eight, nine, and even of ten pounds, and in such numbers, that we had enough for our friends in the neighbour- hood, who could not take part in the fishery themselves, and had even some to spare for our friends in our own country. IV. The arrival of the vessels from our native country gave us much pleasure : we then received news from our relations and friends, 273 the newspapers for a whole year, books, &c; our wants were supplied, and our fasting- sea- son ceased. This joy was, however, often lessened and embittered by brandy and drunk- enness. The sailors having" been long deprived of that liquor, were, therefore, not able to bear so much, and drank more. Nay, I even saw now and then a Greenlander drunk on these days, and, to be thoroughly intoxicated once or twice, is sufficient to destroy the health of a Greenlander for ever. Disorders some- times ensue. Thus, two drunken sailors would once have certainly killed one of the sons of the Catechist, had not the courage of my wife saved him in time. Being in the kitchen, she heard a noise in the room of the man-servant, and asked a Greenlander who was present, what it meant : he said, they were angry with the young man, and were, certainly, going- to kill him. Without informing" the assistant, from Christianshaab, and me (which would have caused a delay, though we were near), she said to the Greenlander, " Help me to force open the door !" He did so ; she rushed in, pushed the drunken men aside, raised the young" man, who was almost strangled, and untied his neckcloth, by which he was enabled n n 274 to breathe freely, and was saved. Now, but not before, she perceived she was wounded in the arm, and bleeding* (a third drunken man had endeavoured to hold the door fast inside, and prevent her entering-) : she then bound a handkerchief round her arm, and came after- wards to us, but did not mention what had happened. It was not till some days after, when the worst of these sailors had been guilty of insubordination, and was condemned to be sent home, that she related the circumstance. Such, and similar events, naturally lessened our joy ; but we did not see the departure of the ships with indifference. We remained solita- ry and forsaken. A whole year lay between us and our country ; we looked forward to the yet hidden events of a whole year. But these involuntary feelings were but the feelings of a moment. What every year made a more last- ing" impression, was the departure of the Sun, about the 26th of November. A few days before, I ascended the rocks at noon, to behold the Sun once more ; and when, on the 26th, he just shewed his faint but mild light, before he vanished for a long period, I sorrowfully bade him farewel. The days immediately succeeding were still 275 tolerable ; but, in December, it was twilight even at noon. At that hour, I could scarcely read a book, when standing* at the window. Of course, the candles were always kept burn- ing. The rivulet roared, the stormy sea beat against the rocks, on which my dwelling stood, and frequently dashed its spray against the windows : the dogs howled 51 . I was often indisposed. In short, every thing combined to make these weeks unpleasant : but I found that employment is a sure remedy against ennui, and, weak as I was, I had, both morn- ing and evening, employment enough. When I travelled at Christmas to Christianshaab, we were assisted by the light of the Moon, if the sky was clear, and by the cheerful nothern lights, which often seemed to float close by us. The reader may conclude from this, with what heartfelt joy we saw the Sun return. On the 12th of January, if the weather was fine, we could see its light on the high rocks, and, on the 1 3th or 1 4th, I saw himself, glorious, (51) The Greenland dogs do not bark loud, but only growl sometimes ; but tbey howl every day at certain hours. They then assemble in troops, and turn their snouts up in the air. At first, this howling is abominable and deafening; but, after- wards, one gets used to it, and even finds it amusing. It lasts about a quarter of an hour; after which the Company breaks up. 276 and as if new created, but only for a few moments. We now felt as if we had conquered all the troubles of the year, as if we had re- covered health and life. Our thoughts seemed more clear ; hope looked forward to spring", slimmer, and ships all happy prospects : we even seemed to breathe more freely. Here (in Denmark) we value too little the daily presence of the Sun, because we are never deprived of it. When we complain of the short days in December, let us think on the dark days in Greenland, and thank God for the December light. According to the ordinance of the Creator, an indemnity was due to us for the long absence of the Sun, and we obtained it. After the 24th of May, he did not again set at night, rose till the summer solstice, higher and higher, and then declined a little every night ; and, about the 20th of July, dipped again, at night, under the horizon. This dipping was, at first, imper- ceptible ; only the night frosts put us in mind of it. It would scarcely be believed, that water which was boiled on the 24th of July (which was a very warm day), at five o'clock in the afternoon, could be covered with a crust of ice at eleven o'clock the same evening; 277 and yet this was the case. I saw both the boiling- of the water, and the ice upon it. The Greenlanders and the Europeans gene- rally travel by night, while the Sun is up ; for then the sky is clear, the air generally calm, the coolness agreeable. The days, on the contrary, are foggy, the heat violent, and the blood-thirsty gnats a real torment. To- wards the solstice, it seems to me that the Sun, both in its height in the sky, and its warmth, is much the same as in this country at noon in December. It was a fine sight to behold him proceed from the west to the north, thence to the east, and again reascend from the east in majesty and splendour. The daily change of heat and cold, or at least coolness, after sunset in summer, deserved more atten- tion, in respect to clothing, than we thought fit to pay to it. However, few seemed to suffer by their indifference. V. A violent storm from the south-east occa- sioned a Greenlander to come to me. "It is terrible weather," said he. " Yes," answered I, u it is good that all the Kajaks are come 278 home." " This night," continued he, "I dreamt that the air and sea became so stormy ; it was a strange dream." " How so ?" asked I. " It appeared to me," answered he, " to blow violently from the south-east; the sea was greatly agitated ; the heavens moved ; and the earth quaked. Upon this, the heavens opened, and I saw our Redeemer. He was extremely glorious to behold : his eyes resem- bled the Sun, but I did not see any body. When he appeared in the air, I heard a loud noise ; the earth was broken into pieces, and sunk into the abyss. Upon this, it appear- ed to me as if every body was brought before him. The multitude was very great : and I heard him say to the believers, Fear not ; I am come to redeem you ! I now awoke, full of astonishment and terror at what I had seen and heard, awaked the others in the house, and related to them my dream. Now, as there is such a terrible storm to-day, they are all much afraid, particularly my wife. Tell me, Do you think that the world shall now be at an end ?" He waited for my answer, in order, as he said, to be able to satisfy his fa- mily, by my words, and received it. 279 VI. I was for a fortnight constituted Bishop, of which the following" was the occasion. A young Clergyman, who supported himself and his family by giving private lessons, in a town in Fiihnen, met with Hans Egede's ac- count of Greenland. He had scarcely read it when Egede's spirit, as it were, animated him ; he wished also to serve in Greenland, and follow Egede's steps. With this inten- tion, he wrote to the younger P. Egede, to be employed in the Mission ; but received for answer, that there was no room for a Semi- narist, and that it would be difficult for him, as a married man, to live at Copenhagen, while he was preparing himself, as far as pos- sible, for the office of a Missionary. Dissatis- fied with this answer, he travelled to the capi- tal, and presented himself to the Missionary College, which he entirely gained in his fa- vour. He said, that it was the same to him whether he went to Greenland as a Clergyman or a Catechist, if he only went there, and could be of service. He was sent to me, for the pur- pose of becoming a Catechist at Christianshaab, because they thought that I should do justice to 280 his merit ; and recommended him to my care and direction, adding- that, from a particular and remarkable impulse, he had desired to be employed in the Greenland Mission ; and that it would depend upon my testimony the fol- lowing year, whether the College would pro- pose him to his Majesty as a Missionary. As he was wholly unacquainted with the lan- guage, a year would, certainly, not be suffi- cient for him to learn something himself, and, at the same time, give proofs of his ability to instruct others : however, I cannot deny him docility, and attention to my advice. After the lapse of a year, I gave him a good testi- mony j the College expected it so. I wrote, indeed, nothing more than the truth, but every thing- that I could write with truth ; and the consequence was, that, the year following-, this College gave him the appointment from his Majesty of Missionary, and sent me the order to examine and ordain him ; to place him as a regular teacher at the colony at Christianshaab, in order, as it was said, to give me some relief in my many official journies to that place, which journies were, probably, the cause of my continued indisposition. However kind this appeared to be, the real cause was, that no 281 Missionary place was vacant, and it was deter- mined that the man should be employed, and act independently ; for, when he was removed some years after, to Egedesminde, I was obliged again to take upon me the colony at Christ- ianshaab. I had lately been ill, and, there- fore, refused to take upon me this labour, which now no longer concerned me ; but they did not cease to persuade me, and I was forced to give way. The preparation, as well as the act itself, were performed entirely according to the Ri- tual, and the other regulations. The inhabi- tants of the colony, the crews of the ships, and the Greenlanders, had never seen the con- secration of a Priest. It pleased them very much, but no part of it gave them such extra- ordinary satisfaction as the Latin mass, of which they did not understand a word. I had translated those prayers, which, in this case, seemed to be the best ; but both my colleague, whom I had requested to be present at the or- dination, and he who was to be ordained, were of opinion that I was not entitled to take this liberty. Some days after the ordination, I gave him his appointment, introduced him, as Provost, the next Sunday, and sunk back o o 282 to what I really was, and what I may still feel a certain satisfaction in remembering- to have been 52 . After a residence of a few years, our man left Greenland, was well received, obtain- ed, as a reward, a good living in a town in Jutland, became Provost, and died. VII. The Greenland children are as white when they are born as ours ; but they have a blue spot in the skin, upon or above the loins, about three quarters of an inch in diameter. When they grow up, this spot extends gradual- ly over the whole body, and is, perhaps, the cause of the rather darker colour of it. I had often an opportunity of seeing these spots, as the Greenland women, at the time of my arrival, brought their new-born children, ac- cording to the custom, naked, to be christened. (52) Soon after our return from Greenland, we were invited to a family party, in which there was one of my early friends. The company wished to know something about Greenland, and our adventures there ; and we related. In the middle of the conversation, my friend whispered in my ear (but loud enough to be heard), with much self-complacency : " But, did you do any good in Greenland Y' I cannot describe my feel- ings at this question, only I remember that I left it unan- swered. 283 Though we daily saw naked children, yet this nakedness was very disagreeable to me in a religious ceremony. My wife, therefore, made a decent christening-dress, which was put on every child that was to be baptized. On such occasions, when she spread a hand- somely embroidered altar-cloth, of nankeen, over the table, procured and made by herself, lighted 53 the candles for the communion, and daily carried, with the servant, before and after school-time, the benches in and out, or, when I was absent or ill, dressed the wound- ed, and, after my direction 3 *, gave them me- dicine ; or, in the hardest winters, distributed bacon and meat to poor widows and children ; I called her, with a certain sacred pleasure, The Servant of the Church. The good Phebe (Romans, chap, xvi, verse 1 and 2) scarcely deserved this name more than she. VIII. The Green Islands, which lie about eight miles from Claushavn, and which I often visited on my journies of business to the south, have (53) Namely, of a Sunday. (54) I was the Doctor. She wa, with all her good will, only my assistant. 284 some resemblance with Denmark. The rocks are not high, but green, and covered with grass, like the vallies. The eye dwells with pleasure on this verdant carpet. The shore is covered with what is called silver sand, of which we always took home a good quantity. It does not shine as our silver sand does, but it contains particles of iron ; and I must be much mistaken if these rocks do not contain iron. Perhaps they would deserve to be more accurately examined, especially as Norway does not belong to us now. IX. The island of Disco has coals, the veins of which are said to extend far into the sea. They are not of the usual kind, but are lighter, more flaky -, and do not give, indeed, such a strong heat as the English, but burn clear, and have not the disagreeable smell that coals generally have. Shortly after my return, it is said to have been proposed to examine and open these mines, and, at least, to procure from them sufficient fuel for the supply of the colonies ; but I do not know whether the pro- posal was carried into execution, or whether the produce would pay for the expense. 285 X. Angelica grows on Disco island, and there only in the whole bay. The Greenlanders use, particularly, the stalks, and put them, as is mentioned above, in fresh blubber, which they chew and then spit over it ; and we use, espe- cially when we visit the sick, or on other occa- sions, the dried roots to chew. The former relate that a gTeat enchanter, in ancient times, came in his Kajak, and towed the island of Disco, from the south into the bay, merely for the sake of this plant, of which the people in this country were in want. They even shew a hole in a rock, in which he fastened his tow-rope. It is very singular that the Green- landers call this plant, as the Norwegians do, Qvane ; perhaps they have the name from the ancient Norwegians. XI. I sometimes botanized, and had several good and well preserved specimens of the plants in the neighbourhood ; but as I was not versed in the science, and my collection was not com- plete, I left it to my friend and neighbour, Provost Sverdrup, who had a beautiful Her- 286 barium ; and he found, among the plants which I had gathered, several varieties, though they had grown so near to his own. My old friend Professor Fabricius has communicated much interesting information in this branch, as well as in many others, relative to the Natural History of Greenland, in his Fauna Gronlan- dica, which is known and esteemed in foreign countries. XII. His Royal Highness the Hereditary Prince Frederic had graciously given orders, that the Captain of a whale-ship should touch at the colony of Claushavn, and take me and my family with him, and treat us in such a man- ner, as he could answer for at his return. But the Directors had, at the same time, fixed his departure from Greenland, which was necessary, on account of the plan that they had then in view. It was, that the captain, after his return home, should be back in Greenland before the beginning of the winter, in order to winter there, and be able to go out so much the sooner in the spring, on the fishery. Unluckily, the ice lay this year long in the gulph ; time passed away, and he 287 was obliged to sail home without being* able to reach us. I had been very weakly the preced- ing winter, and the return to my country, for which I really wished, was necessary for my health ; I was consequently very much dis- couraged for some moments, when I heard that my hopes were disappointed. I now, for the first time, saw my wife very sorrowful, and un- resolved, when she thought on the future ; but nothing was to be done here, but to resign ourselves up to the will of Providence. In the meantime, to keep up her spirits, I said, "We will make a journey to Holsteinburg: per- haps we shall meet there with a ship, and then we can go home ; if not, we shall revive our spirits among our friends, and collect strength for the approach of winter.' * I made my re- solution known to Provost Sverdrup, who approved it, and also promised, that he and my catechist would take care of my mission till my successor arrived. He also promised, that he and his wife would accompany us some miles on our intended journey. Those of my Green- landers who were still in the place, as soon as they heard of my resolution, declared that they would not lose me. But the day for our de- parture came : I still remember the moment 288 when I got into the boat, after having taken a most cordial leave of them. They all stood there with tears in their eyes, as if forsaken : even my old, honest assistant, the Catechist. I looked at them, not without some self-re- proach, but necessity commanded. 1 prayed for God's blessing" on all present and absent, and ordered the boat to put off from shore ; but I did not feel at ease. We arrived at Egedesminde: my worthy friend could not accompany us any farther ; but he absolutely would not permit me, as it was my intention, to travel without any com- panions 55 . His care procured us a family, who were going a part of our way to the hollibut fishery ; and the company of this family, next to God, was our deliverance. Our last fare- wel was affecting and cordial. Both of us felt that we should miss each other 56. My (55) He had already ouce travelled this way, and knew bet- ter than I, what might happen to me. (56) Provost Jbrgen Sverdrup, a man of an enlightened mind, possessed much solid knowledge, and a noble, warm, and faithful heart. He was in Greenland six years before me, and remained there some years after me. I owe very much to him, and his disinterested friendship. T learned, particularly from him, and by attending to his performance of his func- tions, what it was to be a minister in Greenland, In Norway 289 women's boat was indeed heavily laden with our most necessary things, in case an opportu- nity should offer to return home ; but the very mild weather gave us courage to pass over a creek about a mile broad, without keeping close in shore. This was in itself no great risk, if there had been nothing else in the way ; but in sailing into the creek, we had touched, though very gently, upon a shoal. The col- lision made a hole in the bottom of my boat, it let in water, and continually became hea- vier. The others, in the women's boat, which was ahead of us, called out to us, when we were in the middle of the creek, " You are sinking !" They turned round, laid their boat alongside of us, and s\id, " Come in, Priest, with your wife and son, or else you will be gone." " Shall we then be saved ?" asked I : " shall all these people, who on my account are in the same danger, perish ? I will not pur- chase our lives so dearly, but will quickly throw all my things overboard, and thus the boat will be lightened." " No ! no !" cried he did good, and spread happiness, as he had done in Green- land. Summoned home, he enjoys now the blessed reward of fidelity. P P 290 they. " Come ! we can take so much into our boat, that they may lade out the water : if we then immediately take it in tow, there will be no danger ; because, if the boat at last sinks near the shore, we can save the peo- ple." During this conversation, a part of my goods were already taken into their boat, and we immediately got into it. The steersman unladed the water, the women rowed, the others towed, and so we reached the land within a cable's length, when my boat sunk. The peo- ple escaped unhurt ; but the things which were still in the boat were so soaked by the water, that we were obliged to stop a whole day to dry every thing, even the books, upon the rocks. As soon as this was done, as well as circumstances would admit, and our boat re- paired, we again put off from shore, and at last arrived at Holsteinburg, where we were received with sincere joy ; and during the space of some weeks, we enjoyed here, in a circle of relations and friends, many pleasures that re- freshed us, both in body and mind. A small fishing vessel had been in the har- bour, and was expected to return before its final departure : it came, and the captain was 291 willing" to take us with him. On the 23d of August, we took the tenderest leave of our friends, and went on board. The wind was favourable, the anchor was weighed, we were soon in the open sea. For the most part, the wind was pretty good, but sometimes violent. If I except, that my wife was the whole time sea sick, and that I myself one day, when the sea ran high, was nearly washed overboard, by venturing" to a place where I had nothing to do, we met with no remarkable accident before we reached Hetland. For several days we had not seen the sun at noon, and therefore did not exactly know where we were. The cap- tain, the pilot, and two or three sailors who had passed examination as pilots, pricked a chart, and it appeared afterwards that they were tolerably correct. On the 20th of Sep- tember, the captain said to me, " According to our reckoning, we must see Hetland to-day.' ' Towards noon, we in fact g"ot sight of land ; but, in the fog", it looked like a little island in the clouds. The captain maintained that it was Hetland ; the others doubted it, and took it rather to be the Orkney Islands. The majority of voices was followed, and the course chang-ed 292 accordingly ; but the captain at the same time put a sailor in the mast, and another in the forepart of the ship, to be on the look out, and to give notice. At four o'clock in the after- noon, while the captain was sitting- in the cabin, with his chart before him, the two sailors cried out, " We are close to land !" The captain was on the deck as quick as lightning, and I followed him to learn our situation. Hetland lay before us ; but it was on the east side, which is a perpendicular wall of rock, and from this we were scarcely two cables length distant, and besides surrounded with numerous shoals. The captain immediately gave orders to tack, and the heavy laden ship obeyed the helm with astonishing quickness. We tacked between the shoals, and came, God be praised, again into the open sea. Ten minutes later, it would have been impossible to save us. The captain's reckoning was therefore the most correct ; the opinion of the majority is not always to be depended on. On the following morning, we took the course which he was going to take the day before, namely, to the west of Het- land, and came, with variable winds, through the North Sea by Skagen 57 , cast anchor off (57) A little town on the north point of Jutland. Fries. 293 Gilleleie 58 , and on the following 1 day off Horn- bek 58 , where we let ourselves be put on shore, as the wind continued unfavourable. On the evening of the same day (the 3d of October) we came from Elsinore to Copenhagen, where I was received by most of my superiors with evident coolness. (58) Fishing villages on the north coast of Zealand ; the lat- ter about a mile and a half from Elsinore. Fries. The, end. J. CompN.n, Printer, Middle Strtrt, cloth Fair, London. PUBLICATIONS OF BOOSEY AND SONS, BROAD STREET, ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON. Blaine's Veterinary Art (New Edition) . THE OUTLINES of the VETERINARY ART; or, the Prii> ciples of Medicine, as applied to the Structure, Functions, and (Economy of the Horse, and to a more scientific and successful Manner of treating his various Diseases : comprehending, also, a concise View of those of Neat Cattle and Sheep. The whole illus- trated by anatomical and other Plates. By DELABERE BLAINE. The Second Edition, entirely recomposed, with numerous Alterations, important Additions, and new Plates. In one thick vol. 8vo, price 11. Is. boards. Blaine's Canine Pathology. CANINE PATHOLOGY, or a Full Description of the DIS- EASES of DOGS ; with their Causes, Symptoms, and Mode of Cure; being the Whole of the Author's Curative Practice, during Twenty Years' extensive Experience. Interspersed with numerous Remarks on the general Treatment of these Animals ; and preceded by an Introductory Chapter on the Moral Qualities of the Dog. By DELABERE BLAINE. With Wood Cuts,8vo, price 7s. 6d. bds. 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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ft JM IAI h 2 1973 EC0 8,985 APR0 91 J WW 01 REC'DYRL m ) O A *- vj 2JJU3 Form L9-42*-8,'49(B5573)444 AA 000109 568 6 6 58 01062 6702 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed.