SOLUTIONS IN TEN LESSONS A TEXT BOOK FOR NURSEI ELSIE M. SMITH SECOND EDITION 1/5 Moshy Co, Py3)Jishers St. Leis GIFT OF Mary M, Pickering BIOLOGY LIBRARY SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS IN TEN LESSONS A MANUAL FOR USE IN TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR NURSES BY ELSIE M. SMITH, E.N. >/ Superintendent of Nurses, Fresno County Hospital, Fresno, Calif. Graduate of Milwaukee County Hospital, Wau- watosa, Wise., 1907. Formerly Superintendent of Centerville Hospital, Centerville, Iowa ; Super- intendent of Nurses, Park Ave. Hospital, Denver, Colo. ; Instructor, Provident Hospital, Chicago; Children's Hos- pital, San Francisco; Queen's Hospital, Honolulu, Ha- waii; Burnett Sani- tarium, Fresno, Calif. SECOND REVISED EDITION ST. LOUIS C. V. MOSBY COMPANY 1922 UBRAEY D BIOLOGY LIBRARY COPYRIGHT, 1919, 1922, BY C. V. MOSBY COMPANY (Printed in U. S. A.) Press of C. V. Mosby Company St. Louis DEDICATED TO MY PUPILS WHEREVER THEY MAY BE 816072 PREFACE This little volume is the result of many years of study, on the part of one who found it her duty to teach the sub- ject of solutions in training schools for nurses without a text book to guide her. The first outline was arranged with bits of suggestion from various sources; new rules have been formulated, and old rules revised and simplified, until every possible phase of solutions for ex- ternal or internal use has been antici- pated. The author is an advocate of the Met- ric System because of its accuracy and simplicity, and firmly expects to see it in general use before many years. The author hereby acknowledges as- sistance from Dr. Blaumgarten, Amanda Beck, and Julia Stimson, all of whom have helped to straighten out tangled 10 PREFACE ideas on the subject of making solutions. It is the sincere wish of the author that this little volume may reach all those who feel its need. E. M. S. PEEFACE TO SECOND EDITION That this little text book has taken well enough to make a second edition necessary in so short a time, proves that it was much needed, and the author appreciates the re- ception it has received. The subject matter is not altered in this edition, except in the order of presentation in chapters III, IV, and V; the object being to precede the various propositions by ex- planations pertaining thereto. The author wishes to dedicate this edition to her fellow instructors, and would gladly assist by further teaching hints if such be possible. E. M. S. CONTENTS PAGE LESSON I. HYPODERMIC MEDICATION .... 13 To Give a Part of a Tablet 13 When the Drug Is in Solution 16 LESSON II. THE Two SYSTEMS: APPROXIMATE EQUIVALENTS: SATURATION ...... 18 The Common System 18 Apothecaries' Tables 18 The Metric System 19 Approximate Equivalents 22 Saturation 23 LESSON III 25 To Point off in Multiplication of Decimals . 25 What are the "Pure Drugs V 25 To make Percentage Solutions from a "Pure Drug" 25 LESSON IV 29 To Point off in Division of Decimals ... 29 To Find the Eatio 29 Key to Dilutions 30 What is a Stock Solution? 30 To Make Percentage Solutions from a Stock Solution, When the Ratio is a Whole Num- ber 31 LESSON V 33 To Make Percentage Solutions from a Stock Solution When the Ratio Is Fractional . . 34 11 12 CONTENTS PAGE LESSON VI 38 To Calculate Percentage of a Solution When Made from a Pure Drug 38 When Made from Stock Solution 39 What Does Per Cent Mean? 39 What Does Proportion Mean? 40 LESSON VII 42 To Make Dilutions from a Stock Solution When Expressed in Proportion 42 LESSON VIII 45 Percentage Solution to Give Grains .... 45 LESSON IX 49 To Give a Fraction of a Drop 49 LESSON X. MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS ... 51 SOLUTIONS LESSON I HYPODEKMIC MEDICATION (Fractional Dosage) Proposition 1. To Give a Part of a Tablet Rule. Put what you have over what you ivant to give. Seduce to lower terms if necessary. The fraction thus obtained, tells what part of your original tablet you are to give. Do not use less than eight (8) drops of water in which to dissolve the tablet. Dissolve in number of drops indi- cated by the denominator. Give number of drops indicated by the numerator. 13 14 SOLUTIONS Example 1. Given tablets Morphine gr. %, to give gr. %. 8 (what you have) 9 (what you want to give) Dissolve in 9 drops of water, and give 8 drops. You are thus giving % of the whole tablet. Example 2. Given Strychnine gr. Mo, to give gr. % . 30 (what you have) 40 (what you want to give) 8 %o equals %. Since it is not reasonable to dissolve a tablet in only 4 drops of water, we multiply each term of the frac- tion by the same number, which does not alter the value of the fraction. Thus: Dissolve in 12 drops and give 9. SOLUTIONS 15 Example 3. Given Atropine gr. %oo, to give gr. % 5 o- 200 (what you have) 150 (what you want to give) 20 %5o equals 2 %s equals 1-% which tells us that it will take more than one tablet. Hence, %oo equals Koo then 100 /i5o equals 10 /i5 Dissolve 2 tablets in 15 drops of water and give 10 drops. 4. Given Strychnine gr. %o, to give gr. y 75 . 5. Given Pilocarpine gr. %, to give gr. Vs. 6. Given Morphine gr. %, to give gr. %* 7. Given Nitroglycerine gr. % 5 , to give gr. %oo. 8. Given Atropine gr. K 5 o, to give gr. Koo. 9. Given Digitalin gr. Koo, to give gr. %o. 16 SOLUTIONS 10. Given Strychnine gr. %2, to give gr. Ho- 11. Given Heroin gr. % 4 , to give gr. Vic. Proposition 2. When the Drug is in a Solution Rule. Form a fraction as before, and reduce to convenient terms. Example 1. Given a solution of Strychnine in which 10 drops equals gr. Ho, to give gr. % . 3 %o equals % which tells us that we are to use % of 10 drops. Since 10 is not evenly divisible by 4, we take ten drops and add to ft 2 drops of water, thus giving us, 12 drops equal gr. Ho then % of 12 equal 3 and % of 12 equal 9 drops, therefore 9 drops contain gr. %o. Example 2. If gtt. x equal gr. Ho, how would you prepare to give gr. SOLUTIONS 17 Example 3. Given solution in which gtt. x equal gr. %, to give gr. %. % of 10 equal 4 drops. LESSON II THE TWO SYSTEMS: APPBOX- IMATE EQUIVALENTS: SATUEATION The Common System By the Common System we mean the system of weights and measures in com- mon use in the United States. For the purpose of solutions we use the tables used by druggists. APOTHECARIES' TABLE OF WEIGHTS 20 grains (gr.) make one scruple (). 3 scruples make one dram (3). 8 drams make one ounce (). 12 ounces make one pound (lb.). APOTHECARIES' TABLE OF MEASURE OR CAPACITY 60 drops (gtt.) make one fluidram (f3). 8 fluidrams make one fluidounce 18 SOLUTIONS 19 16 fluidounces make one pint (0). 32 fluidounces make one quart (Oij). 4 quarts make one gallon (C). From the tables it can readily be seen that in the common system the unit of weight is 1 grain; and the unit of measure is 1 drop. In calculating new solutions or making dilutions, the chemical and solution must always be expressed in "similar terms" similar in system as well as measure. Drams and ounces in weight can be used with drams and ounces in measure, but diffi- culties are apt to arise, and the author does not advise it. Unit of Weight 1 Grain. Unit of Measure 1 Drop. The Metric System The Metric System is a decimal sys- tem throughout, and very much simpler than the Common. It can readily be transposed if desired, after the required quantity has been computed. All lab- 20 SOLUTIONS oratories and scientific institutions in the United States are now using the Metric System because of its accuracy and simplicity. Unit of Length 1 meter (m.), 39.37 inches. Unit of Weight 1 gram (gm.), 15.4 grains. Unit of Measure 1 cubic centimeter, (c.c.), 15.4 drops. In the Common System the terms are written first and followed by quantity in Eoman numerals, e.g., gtt. xv. In the Metric System the terms are preceded by the quantity written in Arabic numerals, e.g., 5 gm. One Cubic Centimeter of distilled water at 4 degrees centigrade weighs one gram, hence we can say, that in substances having approximately the same density as water, one centimeter and one gram are the same. In solid or viscid substances, it is not true, because of their greater density. SOLUTIONS 21 TO BEAD 1000 gm., (Weight of 1000 c.c. of water) one kilogram. 1 gm., One gram. .1 gm., (One-tenth of a gram) one decigram. .01 gm., (One one-hundredth of a gram) one centigram. .001 gm., (One one-thousandth of a gram) one milligram. 1000 c.c., (Measure of 1000 gm. of water) one liter. 1 c.c., (One one-thousandth of a liter) one milliliter. .1 c.c., (One-tenth of a cubic cen- timeter) . In actual practice, we seldom use terms other than the cubic centimeter to designate measure. The minim belongs to the Metric Sys- tem, and is the approximate equivalent of one drop. 22 Approximate Equivalents in the two Systems : Common Metric 1 drop (gtt.i) equals 1 minim. 15 drops (gtt.xv) 1 fluidram (fSi) 1 fluidounce (f^i 1 pint (Oi) 1 quart (Oii) 1 grain (gr.i) 1 c.c. 4 c.e. 30 c.c. 500 c.c. 1000 c.c. .065 gm. ( Sixty-five milligrams ) 15 grains (gr.xv) equals 1 gm. 1 dram weight " 4 gm. 1 ounce weight " 30 gm. (NOTE: If one cubic centimeter of water weighs one gram, is there any rea- son why 30 c.c. of water should not weigh 30 grams? Or 500 c.c. weigh 500 grams?) Give oral practice in transposing from one System to the other. Oral Give metric equivalents 15 drops 15 grains 4 fluidrams 1 grain 1 fluidounce 1 dram wgt. 30 drops 1 pound SOLUTION'S 23 3 fluidounces ^ grain 15 drops 30 grains 16 ounces 60 grains 6 fluidrams 45 drops 8 fluidounces 6 ounces wgt. 45 grains Eeduce to "simpler terms:" 1. 3 pints to drams. 2. 4 quarts to cubic centimeters. 3. 2 ounces to drops. 4. 3 drams weight to grains. 5. 20 fluid ounces to cubic centime- ters. 6. 3 cubic centimeters to drops. 7. iy 2 pints to drams. 8. 2 quarts to ounces; to drams; to cu- bic centimeters. 9. 30 grams to grains; to drams (weight). 10. 8 fluidounces to cubic centimeters. Saturation A solution is said to be saturated, when no more of the substance in ques- 24 SOLUTIONS tion can be dissolved, and remain in so- lution when cold. SATURATED STRENGTHS Boric Solution .04 Carbolic Solution .07 Tr. Iodine .07 Spirits of Camphor .10 Camphor Water .008 Salt (Stock Sol.) .20 Formalin .40 Bichloride of Mercury 1-16 (.0625) Potassium Permanganate 1-16 (.0625) Potassium Iodide (K. I.) 100% Normal Salt Solution is .0085 per cent, and hence requires 8.5 grams of salt to each 1000 c.c. of solution. (Give oral practice in transposing from one system to the other; also in re- ducing large terms of the common sys- tem to simpler terms.) LESSON III To Point Off in Multiplication of Decimals Rule. Point off as many places in the product as there are decimal places in both terms of the problem. What Are the "Pure Drugs"? Anything in a powder or crystal (un- adulterated), hence 100%. Lysol, Car- bolic, Cresol or Creolin, and Alcohol are considered as 100%. Proposition 3. To Make Percentage So- lutions From a Pure Drug Rule Multiply the quantity required by the percentage desired, and the prod- uct will be the amount of "pure drug" to be taken. The "quantity required" should al- ways be expressed in simple terms. 25 26 SOLUTIONS One quart may be expressed as 1000 c.c. or it may be reduced to ounces, drams, or drops. Whatever terms the quantity is expressed in, so the answer will be, and it is more comprehensible to say 12 drams than to say 1.5 ounces. Example 1. Make 1 qt. of 5% Car- bolic solution. 1 qt. equals 32 oz. equals 256 drams. 256 drams .05 12.80 drams of pure carbolic plus wa- ter enough to make 1 quart, makes 1 quart of 5% solution. Or, 1000 c.c. .05 50.00 c.c. of pure carbolic, plus water enough to make 1 quart, makes 1 quart of 5% solution. Example 2. Make 20 oz. of 2% Lysol solution. 20 oz. equals 160 drams .02 3.20 drams of ly- 27 sol, plus water enough to make 20 ounces, makes 20 ounces of 2% solution. Or, 20 oz. equals 600 c.c. 600 c.c. .02 12.00 c.c. of pure lysol, plus water enough to make 600 c.c., makes 600 c.c. of 2% solution. Example 3. Make 2% quarts of % of \% Silver Nitrate solution. 2 l /2 qt. equals 80 oz. equals 640 drams. 640 drams .005 3.200 drams, weight, equal 192 grains. Or, 2500 c.c. .005 12.500 grams by weight of Silver Ni- trate in 2 l /2 quarts of water, will make 2y 2 quarts of .005 solution. Why grams? Because one gram is the unit of weight in the metric system, 28 SOLUTIONS and when considering a solid substance it must be weighed. (Compare 192 grains and 12.5 grams). 4. Normal Salt Solution being .0085 (%), how much salt will it take to make 5 quarts? (Work in metric and reduce to grains.) 5. How much Milk Sugar will it take to make 12 ounces of 2% solution? 6. How many drams of Potassium Permanganate will it take to make 3 pints of a Saturated Solution? 7. How much Oxalic Acid will it take to make 2 quarts of a 2% solution? (Express in gm., gr., and drams.) 8. Tell how to make 500 c.c. of 2V 2 % Creolin. 9. Make 8 ounces of Saturated Boric. 10. Tell how to make 3 ounces of Tr. Iodine. (What is a tincture?) LESSON IV To Point Off in Division of Decimals Rule. 1st. There must be as many decimal places in the dividend as there are in the divisor. If necessary, supply the required number by adding cyphers. 2nd. Point off as many places in the quotient as those in the dividend exceed those in the divisor. To Find the Ratio Rule. Divide the larger number by the smaller. If the strength of the solutions in question is expressed in proportion, use only the second numbers, e.g., Find the ratio between 1-20 and 1-500. 20)500 25 equals the ratio, i.e., 1-2Q is 25 times as strong as 1-500. 30 SOLUTIONS If the strength of the solution in ques- tion is expressed in percentage, the process is the same, careful attention be- ing given to the rule for pointing off in division of decimals, e.g., Find the ratio between .05 and .005. .005). 05 10. equals the ratio, i.e., .05 is 10 times as strong as .005. Key to Dilutions Rule. Multiplying the quantity, di- vides the strength in the same ratio. E.g., Take 1 oz. of 4% Boric Solution, and add to it 1 oz. of water. You will then have 2 oz. of 2% solution. The quantity has been multiplied by two, and the strength has been divided by two. What is a Stock Solution? Any preparation in high percentage or saturate strength, kept on hand for convenience ; or any strength above that desired for use, such as 5% Carbolic, SOLUTIONS 31 1-500 Bichloride of Mercury, 40% Argy- rol, 25% Silver Nitrate, 1-1000 Adren- alin. Proposition 4. To Make Percentage Solutions From a Stock Solution, When the Ratio Is a Whole Number Rule. When the ratio is a whole num- ber, divide the quantity required by the ratio. The quotient is the number of measures of Stock Solution to be taken. NOTE : If a very small quantity is re- quired, reduce to drops before dividing. Example 1. From 25% Argyrol make 1 oz. of 5%. Common System 25 divided by 5 equals 5 (ratio). 1 oz. equals 8 drams. 8 drams equals 480 drops. 480 divided by 5 (ratio) equals 96 gtt. Take 96 drops of 25% and add to it sterile water enough to make 1 ounce. 32 SOLUTIONS Or Metric System 30 c.c. divided by 5 (ratio) equals 6 c.c. Take 6 c.c. of 25%, and add to it sterile water enough to make 30 c.c., or one ounce. (Compare 96 drops and 6 c.c.) Example 2. Given 20% Silver Ni- trate solution to make 4 drams of. 2%. Common System 20 divided by 2 equals 10 (ratio). 4 drams equal 240 gtt. 240 divided by 10 (ratio) equals 24 gtt. Take 24 gtt. of 20% solution and add to it water enough to make 4 drams. Metric System 4 drams equal 16 c.c. 16 c.c. divided by 10 (ratio) equal 1.6 c.c. Take 1.6 c.c. (which is 24 drops) of 20% solution and add to it water enough to make 16 c.c. SOLUTIONS 33 Example 3. Prepare 1 quart of .005 Formalin solution for preserving a speci- men. (Formalin is 40%.) 40 divided by % is 80 (ratio). 1 quart equals 1000 c.c. 1000 divided by 80 equals 12.5 c.c. Take 12.5 c.c. of Formalin and add to it water enough to make 1000 c.c., or one quart. 4. Given 5% Carbolic solution, make 2 qt. of .005. 5. From 10% Silver Nitrate solution make enough 1% for a baby's eyes. 6. Having 15% Argyrol, make 2 drams of 5%. 7. Given Lysol 5%, make 2 qt. of .025. 8. From Tr. Iodine, make 2 oz. of .035. LESSON V Proposition 5. To Make Percentage So- lutions From a Stock Solution When the Ratio is Fractional Rule. Divide the quantity required by the strength you have, then multiply the quotient by the strength desired. The result represents the number of measures of stock solution to be taken. Example 1. Given 10 % Glucose so- lution to make 2 oz. of 4%. 2 oz. equals 60 c.c. (the quantity re- quired). 60 c.c. divided by 10 (the strength de- sired). .10)60.00(600 then 600 x. 04 equals 24.00 c.c. Take 24 c.c. of 10% Glucose, plus wa- ter or salt solution, enough to make 60 c.c. NOTE. The Stock Solutions are only a fractional part as strong as the "pure 34 SOLUTIONS 35 drug," hence the necessity of multiply- ing by the strength desired. In this case it is %oo as strong, consequently take %oo times as much. Example 2. From Tr. Iodine make 5 ounces of 3%. 5 oz. equals 40 drams 40 divided by .07 .07)40.00(571. then 571 multiplied by 35 .03 equals 17.13 drams. 50 Take 17 drams of Tr. 49 Iodine, plus alcohol ~^[Q" enough to make 40 7 drams. T Or, 5 oz. equals 150 c.c. 150 divided by 7% equals .07)150.00(2143. then 2143 multiplied 14 by .03 equals 64.29 10 c.c. Take 64 c.c. of 7 Tr. Iodine, plus alco- gQ hoi enough to make 28 150 c.c. 36 SOLUTIONS Example 3. From 95% Alcohol, make 1 pint of 70%. 500 c.c. divided by 95% equals .95)500.00(526. 475 250 190 600 570 then 526 multiplied by 70% equals 526 .70 368.60 c.c. Take 368 c.c. of Alcohol and add water enough to make 500 c.c. 4. From 15% Argyrol, make 2 drams of 2%. 5. Given 30% Silver Nitrate solution, make 3 oz. of %. 6. From Formalin, make 100 c.c. of 25%. 7. Having Carbolic solution 5%, pre- pare 2 qt. of 2%. SOLUTIONS 37 8. From Cocain solution 10%, make 1 dram of 4%. 9. Given Argyrol 25%, make 1 oz. of 10%. 10. Having Silver Nitrate solution, 40%, make 8 oz. of LESSON VI Proposition 6 To Calculate Percentage of a Solution (a) When made from a "pure drug." (b) When made from a stock solu- tion. (a) When made from a "pure drug." Divide ike amount of chemical taken, by the amount of solution made. The quotient is the percentage. Example 1. 10% drams of pure Lysol in 2 qt. of water, make what percent- age? 2 qt. equal 64 oz. equal 512 drams. 512)10.50(.02 1024 Ten and one-half drams of Lysol in 2 quarts of solution makes approximately 2%. 38 SOLUTIONS 39 (6) When made from a stock solu- tion. Proceed as in (a), then multiply the quotient by the percentage of the stock solution. Example 2. If 10% drains of .05 Car- bolic solution be added to water enough to make 2 qts., what percentage would it be? Dividing as before, we would get 2%. Then .02 .05 .001 the strength of the new so- lution, because what we started with was only % o as strong as a "pure drug." What Does Per Cent Mean? Per cent always refers to 100. Just as .06 (6 per cent) interest on money means that some one pays 6 cents on each dollar, or one hundred cents, so does 6% solution mean that in each 100 drops of solution, there are 6 drops of a liquid chemical. 40 SOLUTIONS If the chemical happens to be a pow- der or crystal, which has to be weighed rather than measured, then it is 6 grains of chemical in each 100 drops of solu- tion. Since the drop is the unit of measure and the grain the unit of weight, they are complementary terms in the Com- mon System. In speaking of percentage in terms of the Metric System, we use the unit of measure, which is the c.c., and the unit of weight, which is the gram, and then say 6% means 6 c.c. of liquid chemical in each 100 c.c. of solution, or 6 grams of dry chemical (powder or crystal) in each 100 c.c. of solution. What Does Proportion Mean? Our percentages could all be written as proportion, and still mean the same thing: e.g., since 5% means, in terms of the Common System, 5 drops of a liquid chemical in 100 drops of solution, we SOLUTIONS 41 can write it 5-100. As any proportion, it may be reduced to simpler form with- out changing the value. Thus, 5)5-100 1-20 Applying our rule as given in Propo- sition 6, we can divide 1 by 20 and get again our 5%. In terms of the Metric System 5-100 means 5 grams of a dry substance, or 5 c.c. of a liquid substance in each 100 c.c. of solution. Oral Problems. 1. Give meaning of the following pro- portions first in terms of the Common System, then in terms of the Metric Sys- tem, using both liquid and dry chemical. 1-100: 1-1000: 1-16: 1-40: 1-4000: 1-200: 1-500: 1-2500: 1-10,000: 1-5. 2. Simplify the following proposi- tions : 20-500: 40-1200: 6-1800: 25-400. 3. Transfer the above proportions into percentage. LESSON VII Proposition 7. To Make Dilutions from a Stock Solution When Expressed in Proportion Rule. Divide the amount required by the ratio. The quotient will be the amount of stock solution to be taken. Example 1. Given 1-32 Bichloride solution to make 2 quarts of 1-8000. Find the ratio thus: 32)8000(250 64 160 160 Then, 250)2000 c.c.(8 c.c. 2000 Take 8 c.c. of 1-32 solution and add to it water enough to make 2000 c.c. 42 SOLUTIONS 43 Example 2. Given 1-8 Silver Nitrate solution to make 3 pints of 1-4000. Find the ratio thus : 8)4000(500 40 00 Then 500)1500 c.c.(3 c.c. 1500 Take 3 c.c. of 1-8 solution and add to it water enough to make 1500 c.c. 3. Given 1-16 Potassium Permanga- nate solution to make 500 c.c. of 1-8000. 4. From Bichloride solution 1-500 make 3 qt. of 1-6000. 5. From a 4% Silver Nitrate solu- tion prepare 1 qt. of 1-1000. 6. From Adrenalin 1-1000 make 1 c.c. of 1-3000. 7. From Formalin prepare 2 qt. of 1-1000. 8. From Silver Nitrate solution make 1% qt. of 1-300. 44 SOLUTIONS 9. From a 1-20 solution of Carbolic, make 2500 c.c. of .005 (% of 1%). 10. From Bichloride 1-500 make 8 oz. of 1-3000. LESSON VIII Proposition 8 Percentage Solutions to Give Grains NOTE: \% means 1 grain in 100 drops, 1-100. 5% means 5 grains in 100 drops, 5-100. 20% means 20 grains in 100 drops, 20-100. 50% means 50 grains in 100 drops, 50-100. Since both terms of a proportion can be either multiplied or divided by the same number, and the value of the frac- tion is not changed We can simplify the above propor- tions thus: 5-100 equals 1-20 20-100 equals 1-5 50-100 equals 1-2 45 46 SOLUTIONS Hence, in a 1-20 solution there is 1 grain of the chemical in each 20 drops: or 1 gram of the chemical in each 20 c.c. Rule. Write percentage as a propor- tion and simplify: Compute the number of drops neces- sary to give the dose ordered. Example 1. Given a solution of Cam- phor in oil 20%, to give 5 grains. Since 20-100 equals 1-5, each 5 drops contain 1 grain. Multiplying both terms of the proportion by same number we have, 1-5 5 5-25. In each 25 drops there will be 5 grains. Example 2. Given a 10% solution of Ammonium Chloride, to give 3 grains. Since 10-100 equals 1-10, there is 1 grain in each 10 drops, or 1 gram in each 10 c.c. SOLUTIONS 47 Multiplying both terms of the propor- tion by the same number, we have 1-10 3 3-30. In each 30 drops there are 3 gr. of Ammonium Chloride. 3. From a 40% solution of Sodium Bromide give 10 grains. 20)40-100 2)2-5 1-2.5 Hence in each 2% drops there is 1 grain of the chemical. Multiplying both terms of the propor- tion by the same number, 1- 2.5 10^ 10-25.0. In each 25 drops of solution there are 10 grains of Sodium Bromide. 4. From Tincture Camphor 10%, give 2 grains. 5. Given a 5% solution of Potassium 48 SOLUTIONS Permanganate, how would you prepare a dose of 4 grains? 6. Potassium Iodide being saturated at 100 per cent, how many drops would it take of such a solution to make 40 grains ? * 7. From a 2Q% solution of Silver Ni- trate, prepare a 3 oz. gargle containing 3 grains. 8. From a 10% solution of Sodium Bromide prepare to give 30 grains. LESSON IX Proposition 9 To Give a Fraction of a Drop Beview Key to Dilutions (See Lesson IV) Rule. To one drop of the solution, add X drops of water to equal the de- nominator of your desired fraction, then use one drop of the new solution. Example 1. To give % of a drop. To one drop of the solution, add 2 drops of water: by so doing you have multiplied your quantity by three; hence each drop of the new solution now contains % of the original chemical, and by giving 1 drop of the new solu- tion, you are giving % of the original drop. 49 50 SOLUTIONS Example 2. If gtt. 1 equals gr. 1 how would you give gr. % ? Take 1 drop of the solution, and add to it 3 drops of water. Then, 4 drops contain gr. 1. Give 1 drop of the new solution. Example 3. From a saturated solu- tion of KI prepare for an infant H gr. KI is saturated at 100% which means 100 grains in 100 drops, hence, 1 grain in each drop. Take 1 drop of the solution, add 3 drops of water, and give 1 drop of the new solution. 4. From Tincture Digitalis 40% give % of a drop. 5. From any 50% solution, prepare % grain dose. 6. Given a 100% solution, prepare a dose of % grain. LESSON X MISCELLANEOUS PEOBLEMS 1. Make 16 ounces of 3% soda solu- tion. (Give answer in grains.) 2. What percentage will you get by adding 1 ounce of 20% Silver Nitrate so- lution to enough water to make 1 quart ? 3. From two Bichloride tablets, each containing 7% grains, make some 1-1000 solution. How much water will be re- quired ? 4. From 20% Argyrol solution make two drams of 3%. 5. From a solution of Sodium Bro- mide 40% give 30 grains. 6. What percentage is 1-500? 7. From stock solution of Potas- sium Permanganate 1-16 make 2% qt. of 1-8000. 51 52 SOLUTIONS 8. From 20% Silver Nitrate solution make 2 qt. of 1-2000. 9. From one tablet containing one- half gram, prepare some 1-1000 solution. How much water is required! 10. From two Bichloride tablets each containing 7% grains, make some 1-4000. How much water is required? 11. From a Bichloride tablet con- taining 60 grains, make 1-2000 solution. How much water is required? 12. How much Oxalic Acid will it take to make 3 pints of a 1-50 solution? (Give answer in three ways grams, grains, drams.) 13. Make 4 quarts of % of 1% Cre- olin solution. 14. Given a Bichloride tablet con- taining 15 grains, how much water would be required to make 1-10000? 15. Given tablets of Digitalin gr. % , how would you give gr. SOLUTIONS 53 16. Given tablets gr. % 5 , to give gr. Mot 17. From tablets gr. %o give gr. %o- 18. From Carbolic solution 5% make 3 quarts of 2%. 19. How much Boric powder would be required to make 3 quarts of 3% so- lution f 20. From Tr. Iodine, make 2 ounces of 2%. 21. From a 50% solution of Potas- sium Bromide give 20 grains. 22. How many 7% grain tablets will it take to make 2% quarts of 1-1000 solu- tion? 23. How much Formalin will be re- quired to make 4 quarts of a % of 1% solution ? 24. Make 2 quarts of 1-4000 Bichlo- ride from a 1-32. 25. Tell how to make 2 ounces of 2% Silver Nitrate solution from 15%. 26. Given 25% Argyrol, tell how to make about an ounce of 2V 2 %. 54 SOLUTIONS 27. Given .05 solution to make 1 quart of .005. 28. If 10 drops equal gr. %o, how would you give gr. % 5 o? 29. Given a solution in which 10 drops equal gr. %, to give gr. %. 30. What percentage solution would you get by dissolving 30 grains of Ox- alic Acid crystals in 1 quart of water? 31. What percentage would you get by adding 20 drams of Lysol to water enough to make 2 quarts. 32. What percentage solution would you get by adding 52 drams of 5% Car- bolic to water enough to make 2 quarts? 33. From Formalin make 2 quarts of 1% solution. 34. From tablets of Digitalin gr. Ko give gr. %o. 35. From 80% Sodium Bromide so- lution, give 12 grains. 36. If 5 drams of Oxalic Acid crys- tals are used to make 4 quarts of solu- tion, what percentage will it be? SOLUTIONS 55 37. Make 60 c.c. of Olive Oil Carbolic. 38. Make 3 ounces of Alcohol 5% Menthol. 39. Make 1 quart of Glucose 4% and Sodium Bicarbonate 2%. 40. Make 1 ounce of glycerine Phenol. Per cent Proportion i/io of 1% (.001) equals 1-1000 % of 1% (.002) 1-500 % of 1% (.005) 1-200 1% (.01) 1-100 2% (.02) 1-50 2y 2 % (.025) " 1-40 3% (.03) 1-33 (3-100) 4% (.04) 1-25 5% (.05) 1-20 10% (.10) 1-10 20% (.20) 1-5 25% (.25) 1-4 50% (.50) 1-2 95% 1 -LOO 7 ^ "Pure Drug"" 1-1 56 SOLUTIONS One Level Teaspoonful. .. .Weighs Compound Licorice powder 30 gr. Milk Sugar 48 " Boric Acid (Crystals) 50 " Boric Acid (Powder) 44 " Borax 52 " Sodium Bicarbonate 55 " Magnesium Sulphate 79 " Sodium Chloride 90 " Cane Sugar 66 " Bismuth Subnitrate 50 " Powdered Alum (burnt) 44 " Sulphur 40 " ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS Lesson I, p. 13. 12 3 3 4. 5. 6. plus a few drops of 15 8 16 6 9 15 10 water. 7. -or-. 8. - 2 tablets. 9. - 15 8 16 or 2 tablets. 10. 2 tablets. 11. 18 15 ^ 3 tablets. Lesson II, p. 18. 1. 384. 2. 4000. 3. 960. 4. 180. 5. 600. 6. 45. 7. 192. 8. 64 ounces, 512 drams, 2000 cubic centimeters. 9. 450 grains or 1 1 A drams, or 480 grains, 8 drams. 10. 250. Lesson III, p. 25. 4. 637.5. 5. 7.2 gm. 6. 24 drams. 7. 40 gm., 600 grains, 10 drams. 8. Use 12.5 c.c. of creolin. 9. 10 gm. 10. 6.3 gm. in alcohol. Lesson IV, p. 29. 4. 200 c.c. 5. 1 drop plus 9 drops water. 6. 40 drops. 7. Equal parts. 8. Equal parts. Lesson V, p. 34. 4. 16 drops. 5. 192 drops or 12 c.c. 6. 62.5 c.c. 7. 800 c.c. 8. 24 drops. 9. 12 c.c. 10. 18.75 c.c., or 4.8 drams. 57 58 SOLUTIONS Lesson VI, p. 38. 3. .04, .03 M, .003 K, .0625. Lesson VII, p. 42. 3. 1 c.c. 4. 250 c.c. 5. 25 c.c. 6. 5 drops. 7. 5 c.c. 8. 50 c.c. 9. 250 c.c. 10. 40 c.c* Lesson VIII, p. 45. 4. 20 drops. 5. 80 drops. 6. 40 drops. 7. 15 drops. 8. 20 c.c. Lesson IX, p. 49. 4. 1 drop Tr. plus 7 drops water. 5. 1 drop solution plus 1 drop water. 6. 1 drop plus 4 drops water; give 1 drop. Lesson X, p. 51. 1. 225 grains. 2. .006. 3. 1 qt. or 1000 c.c. 4. 1.2 c.c., or 18 drops. 5. 75 drops. 6. .002. 7. 5 c.c. 8. 5 c.c. 9. 500 c.c. 10. 4000 c.c. 11. 8000 c.c. 12. 30 gm., 450 grains, 7J^ drams. 13. 20 c.c. 14. 10,000 c.c. 15. 1 tablet . 16. Dissolve two tablets 1 5 in 20 drops and give 15 drops. 17. 2 tablets 15 18. 1200 c.c. 19. 90 gm. 20. 17+ c.c. 21. 40 drops. 22. 5 tablets. 23. 50 c.c. 24. 16 c.c. 25. 8 c.c. 26. 1 dram 25% plus 9 drams water. 27. 100 c. c.of 5%. 28. 2 drops SOLUTIONS 59 equal gr. 29. 4 drops equal gr. 30. 150 5 .002. 31. .04. 32. .005+. 33. Take 50 10 c.c, of formalin. 34. . 35. Give 15 drops. 1 36. .005. 37. 0.3 c.c. or 4J^ drops of pure car- bolic in olive oil. 38. 4.5 gm. menthol in alcohol. 39. 40 gm. of glucose and 20 gm. of sodium bicar- bonate in 1 quart water. 40. 3 gm. phenol in 1 ounce glycerine. BIOLOGY UBfUAT