IN THE PRESS; AND TO BE PUBLISHED IN NOVEMBER. 
 In One Volume^ Octavo, luith njany Illustrations. Price £i is. 
 \ fty Copies, only, on Large and Thick Paper. Price t^ a/.] 
 
 LIVES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FOUNDERS, AUGMENTORS. 
 AND OTHER BENEFACTORS, 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM. 
 
 1570 — 1870. 
 
 BASED ON NEW RESEARCHES AT THE ROLLS HOUSE; IN 
 
 THE DEPARTMENT OF MSS. OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM; 
 
 IN THE PRirr COUNCIL OFFICE, AND IN OTHER 
 
 COLLECTIONS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. 
 
 By EDWARD EDWARDS. 
 
 LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW 
 
 BOOK THE FIRST.— EJRLT COLLECTORS:— 
 THE GATHERERS OF THE FOUNDATION 
 COLLECTIONS. 1570— 1752. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Introduction. 
 
 Chronological Epochs in the formation of the British Museum. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 The Founder of the Cottonian Library. 
 
 The Personal and Public Life of Sir Robert Cotton. — His Poli- 
 tical Writings and Political Persecutions. — Sources and 
 Growth of the Cottonian Library. — Review of some recent 
 Aspersions on the Character of the Founder. — The Successors 
 of Sir Robert Cotton. — History of the Cottonian Library, 
 until its Union with the Manuscript Library of Harley, and 
 with Museum and the Miscellaneous Collections of Sloane. 
 
 CHAPTER HL 
 The Collectors and Augmentors of the Old Royal and Public 
 Library at St. James'. 
 Life of Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I, and virtual 
 Founder of the ' Royal Library.' — Its Augmentors and its 
 Librarians. — Acquisition of the Library of the Theyers. 
 — Incorporation with the Collections of Cotton and 
 Sloane. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 The Collector of the Arundelian MSS. 
 Political ExHe under Elizabeth, and under James. — Life of 
 Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. — The Consolations of 
 Connoisseurship. — Vicissitudes of the Arundel Museum. — 
 The gifts of Henry Howard to the Royal Society. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 The Collector of the Harleian Manuscripts. 
 The Harley Family. — Parliamentary and Official Carter of 
 Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford. — The Party Conflicts 
 under Queen Anne.- — Robert Harley and Jonathan Swift. 
 — -The Relations between Politicians and Writers in the Age 
 of Anne. — Harley and the Court of St. Germains. — Did 
 Harley promote a Plot to restore the Pretender ? — History 
 of the Harleian Library. — The Life and Correspondence of 
 Humphrey Wanley. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 The Founders of the Sloane Museum. 
 Flemish Exiles in England. — The Adventures, Mercantile Enter- 
 prises, and Vicissitudes of the Courtens. — The Career of 
 William Courten as a Collector. — The Life and Travels of 
 Sir Hans Sloane. — His Intercourse with Courten. — His 
 Influence on Medical Science. — History of the Sloane 
 Museum and Library, and of their ultimate Acquisition by 
 the Public. 
 
BOOK THE SECOND.— THE ORGANIZERS, AND 
 
 EARLY AUGMENTORS. 
 
 1753— 1829. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Introductory. 
 
 The Eiirlv Trustees and Officers. — The Helpers in the P\)unda- 
 tion and Increase of the British Museum. — Main Epochs in 
 the Growth of the Natural History Collections. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 A Group of Classical Archaeologists and Explorers. 
 Sir William Hamilton and his Pursuits in Italy. — The Institute 
 of Egypt and its Acquisitions at Alexandria. — The Townley 
 Marbles, Medals, and Drawings ; and their Collector. — Lord 
 Elgin and his Researches at Athens. — The Collections and 
 the Writings of Richard Payne Knight. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Collectors of the Cracherode, Lansdowne, Bumey, and Egerton 
 Libraries and appendant Collections. 
 
 The Life and Collections of Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode. — 
 W^illiam Petty, first Marquess of Lansdowne, and his 
 Library of Manuscripts. — The Literary Life and Collections 
 of Dr. Charles Burney. — The Life, Character, and Testa- 
 mentary Foundations of Francis Henry Egerton, Ninth and 
 last Earl of Bridgewater. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The 'King's Library;' its Collector and its Donor. 
 
 Notices of the Literary Tastes and Acquirements of King 
 
 George the Third. — History of his Library and of its 
 
 transfer to the British Nation, by George the Fourth. 
 
 BOOK THE THIRD.— LATER AUGMENTORS 
 
 AND BENEFACTORS. 
 
 1829 — 1870. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 The Founder of the Banksian Museum and Library. 
 The Life, Travels, and Social Influence of Sir Joseph Banks. — 
 The Royal Society under his Presidency. — His Collections, 
 and their gradual Acquisition by the Trustees of the British 
 Museum. — Francis Hargrave and his Juridical MSS. — 
 Notices of some other contemporaneous accessions. 
 
CHAPTER 11. 
 The Founder of the Granville Library. 
 The Grenvilles and their Influence on the Political Aspect or 
 the Georgian Reigns.— The Public and Literary Life of the 
 Right Honourable Thomas Grenville.— History of the 
 Grenville Library. 
 
 CHAPTER in. 
 Another Group of ArchaBologists and Explorers. 
 The Libraries of the East.— The Monasteries of the Nitrian 
 Desert, and their Explorers.— William Cureton and his 
 Labours on the MSS. of Nitria, and in other Departments 
 of Oriental Literature.— i he Researches in the Levant of 
 Sir Charles Fellows, of Mr. Layard, and of Mr. Charjes 
 Newton.— Other conspicuous Augmentors of the Collec- 
 tion of Antiquities. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Benefactors of Recent Days. 
 
 Notices of some Contributors to the Natural History Col- 
 lections. — The Duke of Blacas and his Museum of 
 Greek and Roman Antiquities.— Hugh Cuming and his 
 1 ravels and Collections in South America.— John Rutter 
 Chorley, and his Collection of Spanish Plays and Spanish 
 poetry.— George Witt and his Collections illustrative of the 
 History of Obscure Superstitions.— The Ethnographical 
 Museum of Henry Christy, and its History.— Colonial 
 Archaeologists and British Consuls.— The History of the 
 WooDHOusE Collection, and of its transmittal to the British 
 Museum.— Lord Napier and the acquisition of the Abys- 
 sinian MSS. added in 1868. 
 
 POSTSCRIPT.— RECONSTRUCTORS AND 
 PROJECTORS. 
 
 {With lithographic Illustrations.) 
 
 The Projects for the Severance and Partial Dispersion of the 
 Collections which at present form ' The British Museum,' 
 -nd the Plans for their re-combination and re-arrangement. 
 
 an( 
 
X 
 
 '^ 
 
 /u4 
 
 
 
 > ..M 
 
 ^ 
 
 .K^ 
 
 O'f^ 
 
 \i- 
 
 .i 
 
TjT r> 
 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, 
 
WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR 
 
 MEMOIRS OF LIBEARIES: including a Handbook 
 OF LiERAHY EcoxoMT. 2 vols. 8vo. [Witl. 8 Steel plates. 
 chroirS'^ 16 l.thograplnc plates; 'and 4 illustrations in 
 clu-omo-lithography.] 48s. 
 
 I LIBRARIES, AND FOUNDERS OF LIBRARIES. 
 
 Syo. 
 
 I COMPARATIVE TABLES of Sche:.ies .vhich hate 
 
 { SYNOPTICAL TABLES OF THE RECORDS OF THE 
 l.ii.ALM. U iTH AX HisTOEiCAL Peeface. Fol. 9s 
 
 LIBER MONASTERII DE HYDA; con^prising a Chro- 
 male of the Affairs of England from the Settlement of the 
 Saxons to Cnu ; and a Chariidary ; a.d. 455-1023. Edited 
 by the Authority of the Lords Courmissioners of Her Matty's 
 loTed.""^'' Dii-ection of the Master of the Rolls." sJo! 
 
 THE LIFE OF SIR WALTER RALEGH; based on 
 
 CoXTEirPOEAET DOCFMEXTS PEESEETED IX THE EOLr^ 
 
 HorsE. THE Phity CorxciL Office, Hatfielb House the 
 ^^ "f ^^^^^l^, AXD othek MAxrscEiPT RepoTtorif^ 
 S^nectS r.Svo.^X?^^ -^"^ ^^^ ^— ' "-' 
 
 ^^A^J^^J^^'^L^i^^OURHOOD, ANCIENT 
 CAL Av?!?.^?' ^^"•'^ Notices, Historical, Biogbaphi- 
 
FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, 
 
 THEIR FORMATIOX, MAyAGE.)fEyT, AXD HISTOJiY; 
 
 BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY, ^' AMERICA. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 BRIEF XOTTCES OF BOOK-rOLLFCTOKS. 
 
 AND OF THE RESPECTIVE PLACES OF DEPOSIT OF THEIR 
 SURVIVING COLLECTIONS. 
 
 By EDWARD EDWARDS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 TRUBNER AND CO., PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 iHr,9. 
 
 (All rir/htx ffixerrrd.) 
 
^/2' 
 
 IIBRARY 
 SCHOOL 
 
 4aM^ 
 
 ■Sl 
 
 -^^ 
 
 ay^ 
 
 li)y^o\ 
 
 PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, 
 BAETHOLOMKW CLOSK, E.O. 
 
P R E F A C E. 
 
 The priuiarv purpose of this Volume is to serve as a 
 Handbook for Promoters and Managers of Free Town 
 Libraries; especially of such Libraries as may hereafter be 
 established under the * Libraries Acts.' Its secondary 
 pur[)ose is to compare British experience in that matter 
 with Foreign, and particularly with American, experience. 
 
 Eighteen years have now passed since the enactment of 
 the first Libraries Act of the United Kingdom. Under 
 that Act, and its followers, more than thirty Free Town 
 Libraries have already been successfully established. They 
 have been formed mider circumstances of much diversity. 
 Probably, the experience of each of them has something or 
 other which may be usefully applied to the working of like 
 institutions in other places. 
 
 h\ many Euro[)can countries Free Libraries, under 
 municipal control, are much older institutions than Town 
 Libraries, of any kind, are in Britain. Sometimes, the Con- 
 tinental Town Libraries of early foundation have fallen into 
 a state of comparative neglect and inefficiency, — arising 
 from inadequate means of maintenance, and from minor 
 causes. But there is still much, both in their history and 
 in their methods of working, which may be found liigldy 
 
 l(»::')Oi 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 instructive. This volume will be seen to contain conclusive 
 evidence, on the other hand, that knowledge of what has 
 been done, of late years, in the matter of increasing the 
 number and improving the management of Popular Libra- 
 ries, both in Britain and in America, has been already 
 turned to good account in several countries of Continental 
 Europe. 
 
 It may also deserve remark, that the circumstance which 
 more immediately attracted Continental attention to recent 
 British and American legislation about Popular Libraries 
 was the request made through the British Foreign Office, 
 in 1849, for information (to be laid before Parliament,) 
 concerning the history and management of Public Libraries 
 generally, in various foreign States. There is evidence 
 that the information so obtained — between the years 1849 
 and 1852 — was eventually productive of good to the givers, 
 as well as to the receivers. 
 
 Those Returns of 1849-52 contain, as respects several 
 countries of Europe, the latest- official and general accounts 
 of Foreign Libraries which have been anywhere published, 
 in any language. No book of reference, as yet published, 
 — in any language, — gives from year to year systematic 
 information on that subject. Inquirers have to seek it by 
 a multitude of indirect channels, and the search is attended 
 by much needless difficulty. 
 
 In relation to matters of trade, the Foreign Office, it is 
 well known, has conferred an inestimable benefit on the 
 Public at large by instituting, and publishing, the periodical 
 reports of our Secretaries of Legation. Perhaps, it may 
 not be thought an unreasonable presumption to hope that, 
 some day or other, a public boon which has widely diffused 
 knowledge about the growth, from year to year, of Foreign 
 Trade and trading establishments, may be so enlarged as 
 
PRKFACE. vii 
 
 also to communicate knowledge about the progress of 
 Foreign Libraries, Museums, and other establishments of 
 an educational sort. 
 
 ^Icanwhilc, writers who are necessarily devoid of ofllcial 
 facilities, — however willing they may be to incur unremit- 
 ting toil for the furtherance of their inquiries, — can, in some 
 cases, give only approximations to full and exact knowledge, 
 in lieu of such knowledge itself. Claiming credit for an 
 earnest endeavour to attain to precise accuracy, they must 
 also ask indul2;ence for occasional and inevitable short- 
 comings. 
 
 In what concerns the extension of the benefits of Free 
 Public Libraries, supported by rates, to rural districts as 
 well as to large towns, both the United States of America 
 and the British American Provinces are, it is believed, 
 much in advance of any European country whatever. 
 Under the influence of that belief, — but also in the earnest 
 hope that ere long its grounds may be taken away, — some 
 notices of the character and results of recent American and 
 Canadian legislation about Township and District Libraries 
 have been included in this volume, and they have been 
 drawn up wdth considerable fulness of detail. 
 
 For a preliminary remark or two upon the ' Brief Notices 
 of Collectors,' the Reader is referred to the closing para- 
 graphs of Book III. 
 
 Sycamokes, W1.MBLED0N Common, 
 28/A March, 1SG9. 
 
CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Page 15, Omit the note in margin. 
 
 „ 119, "i For ' First Livei-pool Consulting Library,' read ' Livei'pool 
 
 and 120, i Fi-ee Libraries.' 
 Page 151, line 8 from bottom, for ' ever ' read ' even.' 
 
 [For Corrections to tbe ' Notices of Collectors,' see page 363.] 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK THE FIRST. 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBBAllIES, AT HOME, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 FUHE LIBBAETES IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AND 
 THE LEGISLATION CONCERNING THEM. WITH AN IN- 
 TRODUCTORY GLANCE AT EARLIER TOWN AND PARISH 
 LIBRARIES. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Early efforts to extend the advantages of Libraries — Glance at the rela- 
 tive dates of the earlier Toini Libraries of France, Germany, and 
 Britain — The Library foiuuled by Whittington and Carpenter at 
 the Guildhall of London, and its destmction by the Lord Pro- 
 tector Somerset — Other dealings of English Reformers ivith old 
 Libraries — Thomas CromwelVs Injunction of Sept. 1537 — Thomas 
 Bray, and the Parish Libraries of the Eighteenth Century — His- 
 tonj of the Public Libraries' Acts of 1850-1866 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TOWN COUNCILS, PAROCHIAL VESTRIES. AND OTHER 
 LOCAL BOARDS; AND THEIR DUTIES IN TOWNS OR 
 PARISHES IN WHICH A FREE LIBRARY IS PROPOSED 
 TO BE ESTABLISHED UNDER ONE OR OTHER OF THE 
 LIBRARIES ACTS. 
 
 Functions and Composition of Tmcn Councils— Changes in the Legisla- 
 ture affecting Corporations — Preliminaries necessary to the adiq>- 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hon of one or other of the existing Libraries' Acts — Tlie Public 
 Meeting under the Act of 1866 — Expediency or inexpediency of 
 endeavouring to establish a Free Library before the call of the Pub- 
 lic Meeting — Appointment of the Library Committee — Indirect 
 results of recent Permissive Legislation — Choice and Qualification 
 of Libraries — Expenditure — Levy of the Maximum Rata . 22 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 TEE PLANNING, FORMING, ORGANIZING, AND WORKING, 
 OF A FREE TOWN LIBRARY. 
 
 Buildings for a Free Toivn Library — Structural Requirements — 
 Warmth and Ventilation — Shelving of Booh Rooms — Pivrchase 
 and Choice of Books — Internal Arrangements and Manipidations 
 — Classification and Catalogues — Regidation of Public Access — 
 Arrangements for Borrowing . . . .35 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 HISTORY OF FREE LIBRARIES ESTABLISHED IN GREAT 
 BRITAIN ON THE PRINCIPLE OF A LIBRARY RATE. 
 
 1850-1868. 
 
 The Free Libraries of Manchester and Salford and their Founders — 
 The Liverpool Libraries and Sir William Brown — Birkenhead — 
 Birmingham and its Libraries — The Free Town Libraries of 
 Oxford and Cambridge — Soidhampton and the Hartley Library — 
 Other Libraries, supported by Rate in the Soidh and West of Eng- 
 land — Causes of the Rejection of the Libraries' Act in certain 
 Towns — General Results of the Acts of 1850-1866 — Need of 
 further Parliamentary and Administrative Encouragement . 61 
 
 Tabular View of the Pkincipal Free Town Libraries of 
 Great Britain, established under the Libraries Acts, 
 1850-1866 .... To face page 12-2 
 
 Examples of the Details of Free Library ^ 
 Expenditure . . . .1 
 
 Examples op Book purchases for Free Libra- ! ^ . 
 
 RiES AND their Cost . . . > To face page im 
 
 Examples of Classification and of Cata- | 
 LOGUES . . .J 
 
CDXTKN'I'S. xi 
 
 BOOK TllK SECOND. 
 
 FJIFJ:: TOWN LIBllARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 TRE TOWN, COMMUNAL, AND POPULAR LIBRARIES OF 
 FRANCE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Toicn Library of Lyons — That ofTroyes — Synchronism of Hennc- 
 qiiin's gift to Troycs, and of the gifts of Henry Du Bouchet and of 
 Cardinal Mazzarini to Paris — Alternation of periods of neglect 
 witli those of increase and improved vinnagement — Summary 
 Vieic of the mtmher, extent, and income of the French Toicn and 
 Communal Libraries, based on the Official Statistics collected in 
 1855-57 — Classified examples of the statistical details — Need of 
 new efforts to extend the benefits of Public Libraries to all classes 
 of the population — Formation of Popular Libraries in the several 
 districts of Paris — And of Primary School Libraries throughotd 
 France . . . . . .193 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE TOWN LIBRARIES AND POPULAR LIBRARIES OF 
 GERMANY. 
 
 German Toicn Libraries of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries — In- 
 fluence of the Reformation on Educational efforts of all kinds — 
 Tlie Statistics of the Town Libraries, published by Petzholdt in 
 1S53, and in subsequent years — Examples and Tabidar Summary 
 — History of the Town Library of Hamburgh — and of that of 
 Breslau — and of Augsburgh — and of Nuremberg — 21ie Popular 
 Libraries of recent formation .... 22 1 
 
 Taules .... To face piages 226 and 2-27 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 NOTES ON THE TOWN LIBRARIES OF SOME OTHER 
 CONTINENTAL STATES. 
 
 § 1. Switzerland .... 2K> 
 § 2. Italy . 215 
 
 § 3. Belgium ... 205 
 
xii CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK THE THIRD. 
 
 FBEU TOWN L IBB ABIES, IN AMEBIC A. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTBOBUGTOBY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Foundation, in 1700, of the first Town Library of the American Colo- 
 nies, and its eventual conversion into a Proprietary Library — The 
 Loganian Library at Philadelphia — The Collegiate and School 
 Libraries of the United States — The use of many of the School 
 Collections as Township and Parish Libraries — The State 
 Libraries at the Seats of Government and their Free Accessibility 
 as Consulting Collections — Return, in recent years, to the action 
 of Municipalities for the maintenance of Free Toivn Libraries. . 269 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE FREE CITY LIBRARY OF BOSTON. 
 
 Municipal Proceedings in 1847-49— JIfr. Edward Everett's Gift of 
 1849 — The Report on the proposed Free City Library of July 1852 
 — Gift of Mr. Joshua Bates— Proposed Union of the Boston Athe- 
 nceum with the City Library, and its failure — Erection and Cost 
 of the new Building — The Second Gift of Mr. Bates — Gifts of the 
 Bowditch and Parlcer Collections — And that of the ' Prince Li- 
 brary' at the Old South Church — Statistics of the Formation and 
 Working of the City Library — Its Regidations and their results — 
 The Regulation as to the Provision of Boohs required by readers, 
 but not yet added to the Library — Deductions from the experience 
 of the Boston Library ..... 280 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 MINOR TOWN AND DISTRICT LIBRARIES OF MASSA- 
 CHUSETTS . . . . . .302 
 
CONTENTS xiii 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ASTOR FREE LIBRARY OF THE CITY OF 
 NEW YORK: WITH SOME NOTICE OF ITS FOUNDER. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Founder and his American career — The Will of 1839 — Prelimi- 
 nary stejjs towards the creation of the Aster Library in the 
 Founder's lifetime — Incorporation of the Astor Trustees — The 
 Library Building — The Book Purchases in various pa)is of Etirope 
 of Dr. Cogsieell—The Library Regulations and method of work- 
 ing— Tlie Statistics and Results . . .309 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 DISTRICT, TOWNSHIP, AND OTHER FREELY-ACCESSIBLE 
 LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 General View of Free Tou'n Libraries icithin the United States in 1859 
 — Origination of the system of Free District Libraries for ' School- 
 Districts' — District Libraries of the State of Neiv York — Causes 
 of the recent Decline of the District Libraries of that State — 
 Establishment and growth of those of Indiana — and of Ohio — 
 and of Wisconsin — Tlie Apprentices' Libraries of Boston and of 
 Philadelphia — Practical Deductions . . . 325 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FREE LIBRARIES OF BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 The Canada Education Reports o/1849 and 1850 — Plan of the Toivn- 
 ship and School- Section Free Libraries of Upper Canada — School 
 and Library Act of 1850 — Methods adopted for su^jphj of Books 
 to the Canadian Libraries — The County Meetings of 1853 — The 
 Authorized Catalogue of Free Library Books — Modifications of 
 plan introduced into tlie Township Library System of New Bruns- 
 wick — Statistics of tlie Canadian Free Libraries — Their general 
 Character and Educational R^stdts . . , 344 
 
xiv CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK THE FOURTH. 
 BRIEF NOTICES OF COLLECTORS, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 and of the respective places of deposit of their 
 
 surviving collections . . . . [3] 
 
 General Index ..... [225] 
 
BOOK THE FIRST. 
 
 FREE TOWN EIBR ABIES, AT HOME. 
 
Chapter I. Free Libraries in Great Britain and Ireland, 
 AND THE Legislation concerning them. With 
 
 AN introductory GLANCE AT EARLIER ToWN AND 
 
 Parish Libraries. 
 
 II. Town Councils, Parochial Vestries and other 
 Local Boards, and their duties in Towns or 
 Parishes in which a Free Library is proposed 
 
 TO BE established UNDER ONE OR OTHER OF THE 
 
 Libraries Acts. 
 
 III. The Planning, Forming, Organizing, and Working 
 
 OP A Free Town Library. 
 
 IV. History of Free Libraries established in Great 
 
 Britain on the principle of a Library Rate. 
 
 1850-1868. 
 
BOOK THE FIRST. 
 FREE TOWN LIBBARTES, AT HOME. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 FREE LIBRARIES IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, AND 
 THE LEGISLATION CONCERNING THEM. WITH AN IN- 
 TRODUCTORY GLANCE AT EARLIER TOWN AND PARISH 
 LIBRARIES. ' 
 
 F.itrly efforts to extend the adimntages of Libraries — Glance at the relative 
 dates of the earlier Town Libraries of France, Germany, and Britain — 
 The Library founded by Whittington and Carpenter at the Gnildhall 
 of London, and its destruction by the Lord Protector Somerset — Other 
 dealings of English Reformers luith old Libraries — Thomas CromwelVs 
 Injunction of Sept. 1537 — Thomas Bray, and the Parish Libraries 
 of the Eighteenth Century — History of the Public Libraries' Acts of 
 lSoO-1866. 
 
 From the days of English feudal barons and of English ^^^^ j 
 cloistered monks, we have instances, — here and there, — of a '^'"'p'''' ^ 
 strong love of books and of the pleasing toils of collector- 
 ship, combined with a generous desire to diffuse that love toryrk.tro^ 
 far and wide, and to extend a collector's pleasures, at least *""*" 
 in some measure, to persons whose path in life debarred 
 them from all share in his willing toils. It would not be 
 diflficult to cite certain conspicuous instances, even in the 
 so-called ' Dark Ages,' of a liberal zeal of this sort, which 
 looked beneath as well as around. A few such are to be 
 found among the barons; many such among the monks. 
 
 1 
 
?., ,.^ .F9E.E,T0WN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 , I,n. (lie, 'Shnpforimu the monk of noble blood, and the 
 .■''.n'ic»nk'*x)?f. ''pieasaint blood, toiled side by side; and it 
 was not always the man of lowly origin who was first to 
 think of contrivances by which something of the stores 
 of knowledge laid up in books might be made to spread 
 even into the cottage of the labourer. But in those 
 days such far-looking and onward-looking cares were, 
 necessarily, exceptional. They were so amongst those to 
 whom literature was already becoming a profession ; as 
 well as amongst those to whom it was, and could be, 
 nothing more than a relaxation. 
 
 If from castle and convent Ave turn aside to glance at 
 what was going on amidst the burghers of the growing 
 towns, — keeping still within the mediaeval times, — we meet 
 but very sparsely with examples of the establishment of 
 libraries, having any wider aim than a merely professional 
 one. Both in the fifteenth and in the fourteenth cen- 
 turies we have many instances in which parish-priests 
 founded libraries expressly for the use of their successors in 
 the cure of souls ; and sometimes with the help of the ancillary 
 eaklttown benefactions of nobles and also of burghers. Even the 
 
 LiBEABIES 1 • 1 rT> 1 Tin 
 
 or Gee- thirteenth century aiiords one or two such examples. But 
 
 instances of the foundation of libraries, for the use of the 
 
 townsmen generally, are very rare in any country until we 
 
 come down to the days of the Reformation. Henry 
 
 See under Neidhart's public collectiou at Ulm (about 1435), Conrad 
 
 these names , ,. n • tvt 
 
 severally, in KuHNHOFER s puolic collcctiou at JNurembcrg (1445), 
 Lewis Von Marburg's pubHc collection at Frankfort 
 (1484), are notable among those of the exceptions to this 
 rule which occur in Germany, but the earliest of them is, 
 of the fifteenth century. The Town Library of Aix is a 
 still more notable exception in France. It is of the same 
 century, indeed, but earlier by many years than any of the 
 
 Pt. iv of tl) 
 voluDie. 
 
 AND or 
 France, 
 
EAiJLV F<^r\i)i:ns ov liukariks in kxclaxd. 3 
 
 (uTiniin Town I.il)rnri('s ; liaviiip; bciMi cstMhlislied in lll"^, 
 and tliat not by the biMu-ficcncc of any individual towns- 
 man but by the corporate action of the Town Council itself. 
 Italy possessed noble libraries at an earlier date than either 
 Germany or France, but they are nsnally S/nfe Libraries — 
 whether regal or republican — rather than Town Libraries ; 
 or else they are (1) University Libraries, founded more 
 especially for the use of the Professors ; or (2) Cathedral 
 Libraries, used only by the members of the Chapter, and, per- 
 missively, by others of the Clergy. Among the rare excep- 
 tions — as far, at least, as regards the founder's intention, 
 though not, it seems, as regards the practical fact — the 
 choice collection of books formed by Guarnerio, pastor of 
 the little town of St. Daniel in the Friuli ought perhaps to 
 be reckoned. His MS. library, in its entirety, was so 
 noble an one that Bessarion (himself a prince amongst 
 the renaissance collectors) calls it " the finest in Italy, if 
 not in the world ;" and this in the days of Thomas of 
 Sarzana (Pope Nicholas V), of Frederick, Duke of Ur- 
 bino, and of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary. It GcARNERro 
 appears to have been the liberal founder's purpose to make ^''r'Ion"^' 
 this treasure a library for his townsmen at large, although in 
 practice (and by gross neglect) it remained for several gene- 
 rations only a buried treasure in the Church of St. Michael. 
 
 England, at this period — as at periods long subsequent eaklt 
 — had very little to boast of, in respect to Libraries of any of l.bra- 
 kind. There had been some good beginnings. Eminent JI'^olanI." 
 among the beginners were Richard D'Aungkrvtlle, 
 Bishop of Durham* (1333-1345) and Humphrey Plan- 
 TAGENET, Dukc of Glouccstcr (I414-1446),t but the seed 
 
 • See Memoirs of Libraries, Vol. I, pp. 377—384. 
 
 t Ibid, p. 588, and Macray, Annals of the Bodleian Library, Introd. 
 
 AND OP 
 
 Italy. 
 
4 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 had been sown in a field destined soon to be overrun by 
 conflicting armies, engaged in civil and almost interminable 
 wars. 
 
 Nearly contemporaneous with the benefactions of Hum- 
 phrey Plantagenet to the University of Oxford, was a 
 smaller but pregnant gift of books made by John Car- 
 thetown penter, a famous Town Clerk of London; and, in several 
 i.iBRART AT ^^r^yg r^ pnbUc bcuefactor to his fellow-citizens. And 
 a-1^1-60). liere we have the first distinct expression of the wish of an 
 Englishman that the books from which he had derived 
 mental culture and enjoyment in his lifetime should be 
 made to promote the education of the " common people" 
 after his death. But this w^as, for the most part, to be 
 done indirectly and, as it were, at second-hand. " I direct/' 
 says Carpenter, in his last Will, " that if any good or 
 rare books should be found among the residue of my 
 goods, which, by the discretion of Masters Wilham Lich- 
 Ms. (trans- FIELD and Reginald Pecock,* may seem necessary for the 
 haULib^ary^ Common Library at Guildhall, for the profit of the students 
 there, and [of] those discoursing to the Common People, 
 I will and bequeath that those books be [there] placed by 
 my Executors." 
 
 The reader perceives that two pre-existing facts are, or 
 seem to be, implied by these remarkable w^ords. It is 
 plain that there was already a ' Common' or ' Town Library.' 
 It is probable that, in connection with this Library, 
 addresses or lectures were wont to be delivered " to the 
 Common People." If -this last-named fact, or probable 
 fact, be really so, Sir Thomas Gresham's noble but unfor- 
 tunate institution of the next century was not so much a 
 novel experiment as it was the revival of an ancient foun- 
 
 * Afterwards Bislaop of Cliicliester, and author of tlie famous pre- 
 reformation work Tlie Repressor of the Clergy. 
 
TlIK AN(MKNT LIBUAKY AT GUILDHALL. LONDON. 5 
 
 (latioii. The virtual ruin of Grksh.vm's CoUei^c is one of 
 the many stains wliich rest upon tlic fame of the London 
 Corj)oi*ation. — as far as concerns not alone its relations 
 Avitli learning, but also the fidelity of its trusteeship to 
 departed benefactors. The reproach belongs, more espe- 
 cially, to the City Corporators of the last century. It is 
 possible that they were only treading — too accurately — in 
 the steps of their fifteenth century predecessors. 
 
 Be that as it may, the 'Common Library' at Guildhall, 
 to which John Carpenter was a benefactor, has a curious 
 history. Its history begins with a name which was once 
 on the tongues of ail Londoners, and it ends with a name 
 which was once a household word — either for love or for hate 
 — to nearly all Englishmen. Both names are well-remem- 
 bered still. Each of them is, in its degree, typical of a 
 social revolution. Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of 
 London, rose from a very lowly origin to an influence on 
 the State affairs of England, by dint of a far-extended 
 foreign trade. Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, fell 
 from a more than vice-regal throne to a scaffold, by dint of 
 that o'er-vaulting ambition which, in his case, marred a 
 great cause as well as an eminent man. Somerset, in 
 1550, destroyed the library which Whittington, in 1420, 
 had founded. There is great obscurity over the minor 
 circumstances both of the foundation and of the destruc- 
 tion ; but none at all over the main facts.* 
 
 Sir Richard Whittington had committed the oversight 
 — possibly the trusteeship — of his Public Library to Fran- p,"bu 
 ciscan Monks. There is an obvious i)robal)ility that this 
 arrangement contributed to its ruin. The Lord Protector "ifTMEPK... 
 
 o , . •, c p • T>;cTo» So- 
 
 Somerset s ideas of reformation were not unlike those mbbskt. 
 
 * Comp. the additions, by Stevens, to Dugdale's Monastican, vol. vi, 
 p. 1520 ; and Strypc's edition of Stowe's Survey, voL i, p. 43. and p. 130. 
 
 OF Tilt 
 Ll 
 
 I) BABY Al 
 
 Cil [I.DIIAI.I. 
 
6 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Avliicli have obtained among some very modern reformers 
 (now, it may perhaps be thought, miscalled ' Uberals') in 
 relation, more particularly, to Church affairs. He, and 
 they, set about removing the neglects and abuses, which, 
 in some measure or other, the efflux of time is quite sure to 
 bring with it in the best of institutions, by destroying the 
 institution altogether. Somerset effected both the dis- 
 establishment and the disendowment of the Guildhall 
 Library, in a speedy fashion, such as no modern ' liberal' 
 could surpass. He sent to the Guildhall four waggons, to 
 carry off its books; just as he had, only a little while 
 before, sent forty waggons to carry off the stones and tim- 
 ber of the time-honoured Church of St. Mary-le-Strand, in 
 order to promote the Reformation, — and to employ the 
 stones and timber in building Somerset House. 
 
 As far as relates to the immediate interests of learning, 
 it may be said, with entire accuracy, that Somerset's 
 dealings with the Guildhall Library are but a fair sample 
 of what was done in respect to Libraries throughout the 
 length and breadth of England, by his co-workers, and 
 also by his followers, during no short period of time. The 
 German Reformers did far otherwise. Li Germany, 
 many good Libraries — such as have been active civilising 
 agents for more than three centuries, and are so still — date 
 their origin expressly from the Reformation movement. 
 Concerning the substantial benefits and blessings which, 
 by many channels, have accrued to both countries from that 
 great uprising comparatively few Englishmen stand, in 
 these days, in any doubt. But that is no reason for blink- 
 ing the truth about its drawbacks. The most prominent 
 among the secular leaders of the English Reformation, as 
 well as a few among clerical leaders, were far more notable 
 
EARLY ATTEMPTS AT PARISH LIBRARIES. 7 
 
 for fjivod than for godliness. Many times, and in many 
 places, they pnlled down more of good than they destroyed 
 of evil. The trail they left, over a large breadth of the 
 land, was the trail of the spoiler. Literature owes very 
 little to the best among the Tudor sovereigns, or the Tudor 
 statesmen. It owes very much to institutions and to men 
 that, to the best of Tudor power and influence, were 
 trodden down by all of them. For both the neglect of 
 literature and the enmity to the Church of England — 
 glorious as being alike, for many centuries, the great 
 })atron and the nnain well-spring of our learning — which 
 marked the policy of Henry uiarked also that of Eliza- 
 beth. The suppression of the JNIonasteries offered a splendid 
 0])port unity for the establishment, at small cost, and with a 
 noble ground- work, of free Public Libraries in every English 
 county. Not one such was established, in any one county 
 or town, by any Tudor i)rince or statesman. Nor can the 
 omission be ascribed to the lack of admonition or entreaty. 
 The measure was urged again and again, as one pregnant 
 with good for the times to come. It was advocated by 
 Church dignitaries, and by laic antiquaries. It was urged 
 upon Henry, upon Edward, and upon Elizabeth; and 
 always ui'ged in vain.* 
 
 At one moment, indeed, a small germ seemed to have 
 been set, out of which, under due nursing. Parish Libra- 
 ries would have grown. When, at length, the deep-rooted 
 opposition of Henry VIII to the dissemination of the eablvat. 
 Bible in English seemed (for the moment) to have been ITk"u u- 
 torn up, by the vigorous and successive tugs of Cranmer ""'''"" 
 and of Thomas Cromwell, an enactment was made which 
 might ha\e had great social results. In September, 1537, 
 an injunction (not a Statute, as has been said, but having 
 
 * See Memoirs of Libraries, Vol. I, p. 75U. 
 
8 FEEE TOWN LIBEAETES, AT HOME. 
 
 force of law), was made for the providing of Bibles in every 
 parish church — to be freely accessible to all parishioners — 
 throughout England; and other injunctions followed for 
 the like provision of certain other books. A7id the charges 
 were to be home hy a Parish book-rate. But the fluctuations 
 of the Tudor policy destroyed the germ, whilst yet unde- 
 veloped. Nothing had come of it — when a few years had 
 passed over — but a few tattered Bibles, held together by 
 rusty chains. The people had flocked to read, and to hear 
 readings, in such numbers that the books (even of six- 
 teenth century paper) were rapidly outworn. 
 
 When, after the lapse of well-nigh two centuries, legis- 
 lative attention was again turned towards Libraries — for a 
 passing moment or two — the results were httle better. 
 This occurred in 1709. And the first influential mover in 
 the matter was Dr. Thomas Bray, a Shropshire man, and 
 the founder of the excellent ' Society for the Propagation of 
 the Gospel.^ 
 thos.bea^ Thomas Bray was a man who united with great versa- 
 tovEiTKNT tility of practical faculty, a steady power of work, and con- 
 LiBEAME^s'!'' siderable force of character. In early life, he had had ex- 
 perience of the cure of souls in several parts of England, 
 and sometimes amidst many difficulties. He had seen 
 much of his fellow-labourers in the vineyard. He had 
 often noticed that amongst the many trials of the poorer 
 clergy — of those of them, at least, who put their hearts into 
 their work — not the smallest was the difficulty of obtaining 
 books ; and he thought nmch about the means by which 
 that sore aggravation of poverty might be removed. When 
 his own zealous labours had won for him the offer of 
 valuable preferment, under circumstances which made the 
 patrons anxious that their off'er should not be refused, he 
 
THE PAROCHIAL LIBRAEIES ACT OF 1700. 
 
 made his accqitance conditional on liis hcini::, first of all, 
 assisted in liis cflbrts to establisli ' Parorliial Libraries' for 
 the especial use of his strnggling brethren. And ]ie 
 obtained the help he sought. 
 
 Unwisely, as I venture to think, Dr. Bray framed his 
 scheme with too exclusive a reference to the clergy. His 
 express object would have been, — in the long run, — far 
 more extensively attained, had he given, under due limits, 
 a direct interest in the Libraries about to be founded to all 
 the inhabitants of the several parishes in which thej^ w^ere 
 to be placed. Instead of this, wdiilst calling them 'Paro- 
 chial,' he made them merely ' Clerical.' 
 
 This worthy man lived long enough to found, or to en- 
 large, sixtv-one Church Libraries in En2;land and Wales, 
 besides several in the Colonies ; and to provide means for 
 the carrying on of his work, after his own death. His 
 * Associates ' are still a corporation in full activity, but their 
 efforts are turned to the maintenance of colonial schools, 
 rather than of Libraries. 
 
 In the year 1709, Dr. Bray's exertions, aided by those 
 of Sir Peter King (afterwards Lord High Chancellor), 
 procured the passing of an Act of Parlianient entitled 
 *An Act for the better Preservation of Parochial Libraries 
 in that part of Great Britain called England! 
 
 Bv this statute it is enacted that every Incumbent of a ^' '^ ^""^' 
 
 . . . "^ c. 14,1. 1709, 
 
 parish in which a 'Parochial Library' shall have been 
 theretofore formed, or of a parish in which any such Li- 
 brary shall thereafter be formed, shall give security, accord- 
 ing to a prescribed forn), for the due preservation of the 
 collection, and for its transmittal to his successor; and 
 that he shall make, or cause to be made, an accurate cata- 
 logue of its contents. The Act also gives powers for the 
 recovery of books belonging to any such Library, in cases 
 
 TiiK ' Pa- 
 rochial Li- 
 
 BRABIKS.^CT* 
 
10 
 
 FEEE TOWN LTBEARIES; AT HOME. 
 
 Neglected 
 
 STATE OF 
 MANY 
 
 Chukch 
 
 LiBKAKIES 
 
 founded bx 
 Db. Beay. 
 
 wherein they may have been removed or withheld. But 
 it provides no means of increase. It makes no provision, 
 whatever, for parochial use or accessibility. 
 
 A few more Libraries were placed in Church Vestries 
 and in Parsonages, generally by, or with the aid of, the 
 'Associates of Br. Bray,' in the period immediately follow- 
 ing his own death (Feb. 1730). Such Libraries came, of 
 course, within the purview of the Act of Anne. But, in 
 regard to most of them, its provisions for security and 
 cataloguing soon became, and, in many places, have ever 
 continued to be, a dead letter. Not a few of these Li- 
 braries, however, still exist. I have visited some of them. 
 Where there has chanced to be a succession of thoughtful 
 and conscientious incumbents, they have been well cared 
 for, even if little used. But everything, in these cases, 
 depends on the disposition and energy, or want of energy, 
 of the parish priest. Last year (1867) I noticed with 
 regret that in the instance of a rural parish in Hampshire* 
 its valuable Library (one of those founded by Bray) was 
 turned out of doors, — without inventory and without super- 
 
 * Wliitchurch, near Andover. In this instance, tte lay-improp viator, 
 not the Rector of the Parish, had had the main control of the rebuilding. 
 What is afterwards mentioned as occuri-ing in its progress was done ex- 
 pressly against directions contained in the specification of the architect, 
 and (of course) without any faculty from the Bishop of Winchester. In 
 like manner, gravestones had been wantonly broken ; and great heaps of 
 rubbish lay in piles over tombs, although a large space of vacant and 
 parochial ground lay very near at hand. T may here add, for the anti- 
 quary, that the workmen found, built up or buried within a wall of the 
 nave of the church a carved sepulchral monument of pre-Norman times. 
 It was four feet eleven inches in length — all over — eight and a half 
 inches in breadth, and ten in thickness. Within a niche (16 inches 
 by 14) was a monumental figure. The inscription read thus : " + Kig 
 corpus Eric . . . Burgave requiescit in pace sepuUum." The material was 
 free-stone. The monument bore conspicuous weather stains. It was 
 obvious that, in the more ancient church which had preceded that re- 
 cently pulled down, this monument had been exposed to sun and wind. 
 
NEGLECT OF OLD PARISH LUUJAIIIKS. 11 
 
 vision, — on occasion of the rcbuildinji of tlie cliurch. 'Ihc 
 schoohnaster had to take charge of the hooks and to re- 
 move tlieni to his home, at a distance; although the Rec- 
 tory House was close to the old Church, and iu no danger 
 of being,. like it, pulled down, rather to gratify novelty- 
 loving eyes than for any real parochial need. Of these 
 books a full and elaborate catalogue had been made so 
 recently as in IS 50. But the neglect of books excited no 
 surprise, when the eye of the visitor glanced at the church- 
 yard, and then was led to scrutinise a little farther. There, 
 was to be seen the most disgraceful neglect, and most open 
 contempt, of the sacredness of the dead. A vault had 
 even been broken into (in the darkness of night), by the 
 workmen, and the remains of the dead carried away from 
 the place which either by themselves, or by their survivors, 
 had been purchased for (as it was vainly hoped) their final 
 repose. The visitor ceased to ponder over the calculus 
 of probabilities whether Dr. Bray's Library would survive, 
 to return to the Church Vestry, or would fall the victim of 
 some accidental fire, at the other end of the village, — such 
 
 i as just before had destroyed some cottages not tar from its 
 
 i temporary abode. 
 
 To this same parish there had been an earlier benefaction 
 of books, which had formed part of the Library of the 
 fannly of Brooke* of Frcefolk. AVhat renuiined of these 
 
 * Of this Brooke family — the donors of the boc'ks, — an interesting 
 tomb, erected in lt)03, stood (imtil 1867) in the Chancel of the Church. 
 It bore an inscription too long for insertion, but of which some lines 
 I may be quoted. Their writer entertained King Charles I, when he passed 
 i by Whitchurch, immediately before the second battle of Newbury. 
 
 ! " PiETATis Opus. 
 
 I "This grave (oh greife!) hath swallow'd up, with wiik- iiiul open iiiunth, 
 
 : The body of good Richard Hrooke, of Whitchurch, Huiiipton, soutli;" 
 
 ; and so on, in veiy doggrel verse. It ends thus : 
 
12 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Brooke books — amongst which I noticed the remains of a 
 noble copy of the JForJces of Sir Thomas More, in the 
 excessively rare edition of 1557 — had also been catalogued, 
 with the Bray Library, in 1850. It was evident that, at 
 some period, the books of the Brookes had liel|ied either 
 to warm the churchwardens, or to air the surplices. 
 
 The notes which lie before me would make it easy to 
 illustrate the inefficiency of the Act of 1709 — still, it is to 
 be remembered, having the force of law in 1868 — for the 
 protection of such of the Parochial Libraries as came 
 within its scope. But the Whitchurch case may suffice. 
 It must be added, however, that many of these clerical 
 libraries were also public ones ; not, indeed, by virtue of 
 the legislation of 1709; but in pursuance either, first, of 
 the directions of earlier testators or benefactors ; or secondly 
 (and often), in consequence of the goodwill of incumbents. 
 However many, in the efflux of time, the cases of neglect, 
 those of a liberal regard to the public and to posterity are 
 likewise numerous. And it must also be borne in mind that, 
 of necessity, the Bray Libraries were commonly the adjuncts 
 of poor livings; often — as at Whitchurch — the adjuncts 
 of livings which had been made poor by measures which 
 helped to make lay-impropriators rich; — ^rich with the 
 spoils alike of the pastor and of the flock. To the Clergy 
 of the Church of the United Kingdom, learning, and all 
 the institutes of learning, owe an inestimable debt. At 
 no period of time have they, as a body, belonged to that 
 
 " This toome-stone with the plate thereon, first graven faire and large. 
 Did Robert Brooke, the youngest son, make of his proper charge ;" &e. 
 
 This tomb, in like manner, was so wantonly broken (in 1867) that it will 
 not be possible to restore it integrally. Robert Brooke was one of the 
 donors of books, and, I believe, was in other ways a benefactor to the 
 parish. But, for benefactors, lay-impropriators have often very little 
 respect. Whitchurch does not stand alone in such experiences. 
 
i;r,rKX'r lkcislation about encli si i muijaiuks. i:^ 
 
 l,iij>;e class of men wlio sliow their iiiiwortlHuess to iiiluM it 
 the good gifts of past ages, by tlieir lack of will to he- 
 (liieatli, in their turn, good gifts to the ages to come. 
 
 In the way of eontribnting, in its due measure, towards 
 tlie diffusion of books over the length and breadth of 
 I",ugland, legislation did nothing really effectual, until the 
 middle of the nineteenth century. Repeated efforts were 
 then made to arouse parliamentary as well as public atten- 
 tii)n to the truth that, proud as Britons rightly are of the 
 might which lies in the combinations of merely private and 
 voluntary effort, in respect to all the agencies of civilisation 
 and true progress; the State also has duties with regard 
 to all those agencies which arc no less binding upon it, as 
 a body corporate, than the duties of its individual members 
 arc binding upon each one of them severally. 
 
 To a distant observer, it might well have seemed that ^"t^o^^'^- 
 
 O TION Of llK- 
 
 A\ hen once a ^Member of Parliament had taken upon him- cent lkgi^ 
 
 1 • /> 11 1-1 -1 l-A^'ON rOI 
 
 X If to urge upon his fellow-legislators an inquiry (in the libkakiks. 
 time-honoured form of a Parliamentary Committee) into 
 tlic best means of encouraging and promoting both the 
 lormation of more Libraries, and the increased public use- 
 in hiess of the existing ones, the sole obstacle in his path 
 ^\ ould, at worst, be apathy. Such an observer would feel 
 no surprise at some slowness and slackness of co-operation. 
 He would even evince no perplexity on seeing the preva- 
 lence of a general opinion amongst the guardians of existing 
 Libraries that their management was already almost, if not 
 absolutely, perfect. But when he saw that a projjosal, so 
 modestly couched, was met, not with cold and unsym])a- 
 thising assent, but with active, ardent, and even bitter 
 opposition, he may well have felt some little shock, so to 
 speak, of momentary astonishment. Such a reception. 
 
1-t FREE TOWN LTBRAHIES, AT HOME. 
 
 howevei", it was wliicli awaited Mr. William Ewart's 
 motion, made early in the year 1849, for the appointment 
 of a " Select Committee on the existing Pubhc Libraries 
 in Great Britain and Ireland, and on the best means of 
 extending the estahlishnent of Libraries freely open to the 
 public, especially in large toions." Of the opposition which 
 this motion excited ; of the remarkalDle share in that oppo- 
 sition taken by Sir George Grey, then one of Her Majes- 
 ty's Secretaries of State ; of the removal of this and of 
 other obstructions to the proposed inquiry ; of the course 
 of the inquiry, and of its results, I have heretofore given 
 an account ; and to that account {Memoirs of Libraries, vol. 
 i, pp. 777-792) I may, perhaps, be permitted to refer the 
 reader. In the present volume a glance at the results is 
 all that seems needful. The new matter is far too abundant 
 to permit of more than very brief retrospective glances. 
 
 The inquiry of 1849-50 established, most conclusively, 
 these four facts : (1) That the provision, within the United 
 Kingdom, of Libraries publicly accessible was in extreme 
 disproportion to its wealth and to its resources ; (2) That 
 on tlie part of the public at large there Avas a wide-spread 
 and growing conviction that more Public Libraries were 
 needed, and would be largely used ; and that no such pro- 
 vision was likely to be made unless some new facilities and 
 new machinery were provided by the Legislature ; (3) That 
 an employment, for the custody, control, and general ad- 
 ministration of new Town Libraries, of the existing muni- 
 cipal or quasi-municipal bodies seemed to offer the best 
 machinery for the purpose which could then be proposed 
 to Parliament ; (4) That the regulations of many existing 
 Libraries stood in great need of revisal, in order to make 
 them more liberal, and the Libraries more widely useful ; and 
 also that amongst the Libraries whose regulations stood most 
 
LIBRARIES AND MIIXU'IPAL C'OIJPoHATIoXS. IT. 
 
 in need of siicli irvision, were some, a cothsidcra/ilr pari of 
 ir/ins(> funds ira-s' alreadij provided bj/ fho Piihlir ,^ — citlu'r, 
 as to some of them, in the shape of grants from tlio Con- 
 solidated Fund, or, as to others, hy tlic incidence of the 
 Copy-Tax. 
 
 During the eighteen years wliich liave elapsed since the 
 last Report of the Puhlic Libraries' Committee was placed 
 before Parliament (1S50), large residts have flowed from 
 its recommendations under the second and third heads 
 above enumerated ; but little or no result from its recom- 
 mendations under the fourth head. Some of the subse- 
 quent pages of this volume will show how truly — notwith- ni, Rdai\t, 
 standing the lapse of those eighteen years — the regulations JCw^.&c"', 
 
 e.g., under 
 
 ' Dublin ;' 
 
 AN- 
 
 DEEWS ;' 
 
 revisal." 'London.' 
 
 When action was taken in 1850 on the proposal to give 
 to Municipal Corporations new powers in order to the 
 establishment of new and Free Town Libraries the parlia- 
 mentary mover in the matter had again to sustain persistent 
 and energetic opposition, as well as to fight against the 
 inert but stubborn force of careless indifference. 
 
 No Parliaraent-man has ever taken up a new (piestion 
 of social, as distinguished from merely ])olitical, reform, 
 without soon perceiving that he has to fortify himself 
 against the active resistance of prejudice, as well as against 
 the passive resistance of apathy. The apathy is, in its 
 measure, worthy of deference, and even of respect. It is 
 i one of our great safeguards against ignorant innovation. 
 The prejudice deserves oidy to be cond)ated outright. \n 
 
 * RepoH of the Committee on Public Librnriea, July, 1849; Second 
 Repoii, llth June, 1850. 
 
 of many existing Libraries, receiving partial or consider- 
 able support from public sources, "stand in great need of 's^- 
 
' Daniel 
 Defoe. 
 
 16 FKEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 the words of an old reformer,* — and one who contrived to 
 beat down a fair share of prejudices, in his day and gene- 
 ration, — it has to be fought with, " after the fashion of the 
 Poles, neither giving nor taking quarter." 
 The Dis- Mr. WiLLiAM EwAiiT had been well inured to tlie hard 
 
 CUSSIONS OF -IP TVT • 1 • 1 r> 
 
 1849-50. contests ot the social retonuer, JN'o man withni the tour 
 walls of the House of Commons had been more frequently 
 counted " in the minority." But he has already lived to 
 see several important social proposals of reform — in which 
 his own 'Aye ' had once so few supporters that its sound 
 was almost lost amidst the vigorous shout of 'No' — outlive 
 their opponents. One or two other such propositions bid fair 
 to pass, by-and-bye, from the side of defeat to that of success. 
 When he proposed that British Municipalities should be 
 empowered to build Libraries, as well as build sewers ; 
 and to levy a local rate for bringing books into the sitting- 
 room of the handicraftsman or the tradesman, as well as 
 one for bringing water into his kitchen, he found that the 
 most promising path of successful effort was that of dealing 
 piecemeal with the question. Little by little, the object, 
 it was hoped, might be soon achieved. Were the proposal 
 dealt with in a more complete, prevenient, and statesraan- 
 hke fashion, its attainment, — however certain in the long 
 run, — might, for several sessions, be postponed. 
 
 The aspect of the House of Commons on the evening 
 of the second reading of the Bill by which it was proposed 
 to create, for the first time in England, Permanent Town 
 Libraries, having in view the educational f interests of the 
 ichoJe community, — not those of a mere section of the 
 
 t The word ' educational' is used advisedly. Education, in its truest 
 I sense, does not end at school or at college, but only begins there. And 
 
 if Libraries are not educators, — in that sense of the term, — they have no 
 ^ claim whatever to legislative attention, howsoever serviceable in other 
 
 respects. 
 
THE LIBRARIES' BILL IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 17 
 
 coinimmity, — was an instructive aspect. The attendance 
 was very scanty. But there were many benches full of 
 ])re-announced opponents. Had it been a question of 
 personal censure on the doings of some Secretary of Lega- 
 tion at the other end of Europe, or of some junior Lord 
 of the Admiralty at home, there would have been three 
 times as many members present; and much more than 
 three times the amount of active interest and sympathy in 
 till- matter under debate would have been expressed physio- 
 gnomically. The expression actually prevalent was, for the 
 most part, that of gentlemanly indifference to the discussion 
 of so dull and uninteresting a question. 
 
 The immediate proposal before the House was limited to 
 the procuring of sites and the erecting or adapting of 
 buildings_for Town Libraries, and the provision from time 
 to time of the expenses of maintenance, by means of 
 ;i Library rate ; and it was entirely a permissive measure. 
 Tlie provision of books was to be matter of future legisla- 
 tive arrangement, if of any. Meanwhile, a hope was ex- 
 ])ressed that although voluntary effort niight be untrust- 
 worthy as to the edifice, it might be regarded (from the 
 ' ]iappy-go-lucky' ])oint of view, we will imagine) with 
 more cheerful confidence, as to the needful and indispen- 
 sable contents of the edifice. 
 
 This very limited and dwarfened proposition was carried 
 only by a small majority of votes. The division showed 
 101 Xoes against 118 Ai/es. In subsequent stages, the 
 small measure of efficiency which the Bill contained (when 
 it was committed upstairs) was, by the persistent Qxertion 
 of its opponents, lessened in committee. AVhen it returned 
 to the House, it had yet another trial to pass. In the 
 whole, it went through a dozen discussions, and six formid 
 divisions, before the opposition ceased. When taken to 
 
TllK FIRST 
 
 = Public 
 
 1,IBEAK1ES 
 
 Act' (1850). 
 
 18 FKEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 the Lords it was carried without any opposition whatever. 
 [n the Upper House, all that was said about it was in the 
 way of furtherance, rather than of hindrance. And the 
 reader of 'Hansard/ — as well as the frequenter of the 
 Speaker's Gallery, or of the Lord Chancellor's, — knows that 
 as much as this may be said, with strictest accuracy, of many 
 measures pregnant with public good, besides that of Free 
 Libraries ; and of measures yet more important than it. 
 To the Upper House, Englishmen (in the broadest sense 
 of the word) owe a debt of gratitude which is not always 
 honestly confessed — even by ' liberals.' Its inferiority in 
 the talking part of legislative labour has, many more times 
 than a few, been abundantly compensated, both by a plain 
 superiority in the formative and enacting part of that 
 labour, and by a superiority (more praiseworthy still) in 
 the difficult art of restraining the outflow of that verbose 
 oratory w^hicb impedes public business, under the pretence 
 of promoting it. This small digression apropos of the 
 Libraries' Act, and of the protracted discussions which 
 impeded its passing, may perhaps be pardoned, were it 
 only in consideration of the fact that what used in the 
 House of Commons to be, at worst, but a very full stream 
 of talk has, of late, become a wide-spreading inundation. 
 
 When the first Libraries Act received the Royal Assent 
 — 14th August, 1850 — its main provisions stood thus : 
 
 I. Town councils were jjermiffed — if they thought it 
 meet so to do — to put to their constituent bur- 
 gesses the question : " Will you have a Library-rate 
 levied for providing a Town Library, under the 
 enactments of 18 & 14 of Victoria, c. 65?" and to 
 poll them on that question. But the permission 
 . was made dependent on the existence, within the 
 
THE FIRST PUBLIC LIBRARIES ACT' (1850). 19 
 
 municipal limits, of a populalion of not less than 
 10,000 souls. 
 ;]. In the event of the burgesses deciding that ques- 
 tion in the attirniative, the rate so to be levied was 
 limited to a halfpenny in the pound on the rateable 
 property. 
 
 3. The product of any rate so levied was to be 
 applied, 1st, to the erection or adaptation of build- 
 ings, together with contingent expenses, if any, for 
 the site ; 2ndly, to current charges of management 
 and maintenance. 
 
 4. Town councils were then empowered to borrow 
 money on the security of the rates of any city or 
 borough which shall have adopted the Act. 
 
 The Act of 1850, as the reader sees, made no provision is and u 
 for any places other than towns corporate. And it was 
 confined to England. 
 
 Victoria;, 
 
 The Ac is 
 OF ISdS-CS. 
 
 16 and 17 
 Victorise. 
 c. 101 ; 
 
 In 1853, similar legislation was provided for Ireland and 
 for Scotland, by the passing of the 16th & 17th of the Queen, 
 c. 101 ; but as this Act of 1853 was repealed — in order 
 to its amendment (in 1854, as far as concerned Scotland, and 
 in 1855 as far as concerned Ireland) — there is no need to 
 dwell upon it. 
 
 In the following session of 1855, the English Liliraries isandig 
 Act of 1850 was similarly repealed. The interval was c.95. ' 
 just sufficient to take our legislation respecting Libraries 
 out of the letter of the incisive criticism on modern law- 
 makers of the authors of Guesses at Truth, without taking 
 it at all out of tlie spirit of their too well-grounded censure : 
 — "One seldom expects that any law enacted during the 
 last Session of Parlianunit will escape without either re- 
 vision or repeal in the next." " It would be invidious," 
 
Truth, vol 
 p. 10. 
 
 20 FEEE TOWN LIBKAKIES, AT HOME. 
 
 they add, " to nsk liovv many members of our Legislatm*e 
 Gvesusat ai'c woiit to pi'oject their minds more onwardly."^ 
 
 The new Act received the Royal Assent on the 30th of 
 peovisions j^i ;^g55 j^ \^^^ ^^^^^-^ brouffht into the House of Com- 
 
 OF THE Act >' ' '-' 
 
 OF 1855; mons during the preceding session of 1854, but its progress 
 had then again been impeded. Already, in 1854, the 
 evidence of what had been actually done in many towns 
 under the Act of 1850, and the evidence, no less, of what tiie 
 shortcomings of that Act had hindered from being done, in 
 places where there was plenty of good will to the work, 
 were superabundant. But in 1855 there was more evi- 
 dence still on both points. There was active parliamentary 
 opposition nevertheless. But it was significantly shorn of 
 its old proportions. On the most material division taken 
 upon the new Bill the Ayes were nearly three to one. 
 What it was that brought about so great a change will be 
 seen in the course of the historical summary which forms 
 the subject of our fourth chapter. 
 
 The main provisions of the new law may be thus briefly 
 indicated : 
 
 1. As regards Municipal Corporations, it reduced the 
 popvdation limit to Jive thousand souls, instead of 
 ten. 
 
 2. It extended its purview (1) to Districts (having 
 a like population), if provided with a ' Board of 
 Improvement,' a 'Paving or Lighting Trust,' or 
 any other local Board of like powers ; (2) to 
 Parishes, or Combinations of Parishes (the parish, 
 or the united parishes, liaving a like population of 
 5000 souls), if governed by a Vestry, or by Vestries 
 inclined to unite in order to propose to their respec- 
 tive ratepayers the question, Aye or No, of a Rate 
 for a permanent Free Library. 
 
I'KOVISIOXS OF THE ACTS OF 185:") AND 18()6. 21 
 
 3. It simplilied the mode of operation by tlie enact- 
 ments wliich are explained in the next ehapter. 
 
 4. It raised the rate limit from One halfpenny to One 
 pcnnij in the ponnd. 
 
 5. It took away the restriction as to the applicability 
 of the product of the rate, making the fund avail- 
 able as well for the acquisition of books, for a 
 Library ; of newspapers, for a News Room ; of 
 Specimens of Art and Science, for a Museum ; as 
 well as for the ordinary appliances of furniture, 
 fuel, and light. 
 
 In 1SG6 the latest amendment of the former Acts was axdofthat 
 passed. By this Act (29 & 30 Vict., c. 114) it was fur- 
 ther provided that the expenses of executing the Act 
 in Boroughs should be paid out of the Borough Fund ; 
 and that any ten ratepayers might secure the due con- 
 vening of a meeting to take into consideration the question 
 whether or not the Act should be introduced. It reduced 
 the needful majority for adoption from two thirds to one 
 half, of the persons assembled. It removed the limit of 
 population ; making the former Act available, according to 
 its other and unrepealed provisions irrespectively of popu- 
 lation altogether ; and it simplified — in the way described 
 in the next chapter — the methods of procedure for the 
 union of parishes not incorporated, in order to the creation 
 of a Free Library. Finally it repealed that clause of the 
 Scottish Act which still, in 1866, authorised the demand of 
 a poll in addition to the convention of a Meeting. 
 
 29 ana 80 
 
 Vict., c. n4. 
 
22 
 
 Function 
 AND Compo- 
 sition or 
 Town Coun- 
 cils. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TOWN COUNCILS, PAROCHIAL VESTRIES, AND OTHER 
 LOCAL BOARDS; AND THEIR DUTIES IN TOWNS OR 
 PARISHES IN WHICH A FREE LIBRARY IS PROPOSED 
 TO BE ESTABLISHED UNDER THE LIBRARIES' ACT. 
 
 Functions and Composition of Town Councils — Changes in the Legislation 
 affecting Corporations — Preliminaries necessary to the adoption of one 
 o}* other of the existing Libraries' Acts — The Public Meeting under tlie 
 Act of 1866 — Expediency or Inexpediency of emleavouring to establish 
 a Free Library before Polling the Burgesses — Appointment of the 
 Library Committee — Indirect Residts of Recent Permissive Legislation 
 — Choice and Qualifications of a Librarian — Expenditure — Levy of 
 the Maximum Parliamentary Rate. 
 
 In relation to matters intellectual and educational, there 
 had existed, for a very long time, a social prepossession 
 against extending the functions of Local Councils and 
 Parish Vestries, and a social prejudgment that in the hands 
 of town corporators and of parish vestrymen any poAvers of 
 dealing with such matters would be pretty sure to be abused 
 on the one hand, or to be neglected on the other. 
 
 Whether well or ill-founded, at any particular epoch of 
 our municipal history, the fact that such a feeling has 
 existed, and does still to some extent exist, is unquestionable. 
 Nor is there any room to doubt that it had some share in 
 that persistent opposition to the particular measure of legis- 
 lation now under view, the course and consequence of 
 which has just been narrated. It is, at this moment, one 
 cause — amongst many — of difficulties which impede 
 
l.EGISLA'riON AFFK("riXr, OOKl'OUA rioNS. •^>3 
 
 tlioi'oiigli and imperial lr<j;isla(i(>ii al)()ut Scliools. And tlic 
 IMi'giiaiit bearings of the actual history of rate-supported 
 Libraries npon the prospective or possible creation of rate- 
 supported Schools, whilst they add not a little to the 
 intrinsic interest of the theme discussed in these pages, 
 will also be found to have a tendency to enhance the interest 
 of the qu;'stions ' Is the low but obviously the prevalent 
 (stimate of town Councillors and parish Vestrymen merely 
 a prejudice ? Is the present average composition of Councils 
 and Vestries fairly representative of their Constituents of 
 '// ra?fks ?' 
 
 Englishmen, as yet, possess no municipal history which 
 would afford a thorough and exhaustive answer to the first 
 (picstion. But the strong contrast between many of the 
 recorded doings of town Corporations before the Restoration 
 of Charles the Second, and after it, su})plies a partial 
 answer, which is veracious as far as it reaches. Among 
 other evil results of the mode of government which followed 
 hard upon the first and palmy years of the Restoration, in 
 was a marked degradation of the municipalities. Men of 
 a lower class than had theretofore been wont to fill the Conn- ^l^,Z. 
 cils were brought into them by governmental influence. 
 Irresponsibility followed close upon irregular nomination, 
 until at length — but after a long interval — there came to 
 be an irresistible cry for municipal reform. Had the 
 reform of 1833-35 been thorough, there would have been 
 no room for putting the second question, as to the truly 
 representative character of Councils and other local boards, 
 as they are at present constituted. 
 
 No competently informed reader can have taken occa- 
 sion to scrutinise the lists of town corporations or of 
 parish vestrymen — no matter in what part of England — 
 without seeing that they are very rarely, in any true sense 
 
 QISLAl !0.> 
 AFFKCTIM 
 
 COUPO 
 TION 
 
24 FREE TOWN LTBEARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 of the word, impartially representative of all classes of 
 the inhabitants. They are usually taken from o;ie or 
 two classes only. In a very large number of towns and 
 parishes men of independent social position, professional 
 men, and other men really •' educated/ are as little repre- 
 sented in the ordinary composition of the Town Councils 
 and Vestries,* as are the handicraftsmen. In respect of 
 not a few towns, it would be no exaggeration to say that 
 the shopkeeping class very nearly monopolises the repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 But whatever weight may fairly be assignable to this 
 objection, it will be easy to show that it has no real validity 
 wdiatever as an objection either to recent legislation about 
 rate-supported Libraries, or even to possible future legisla- 
 tion about rate-supported Schools. 
 
 Admitting that, in some towns, it would not be easy to 
 nominate a really befitting Library Committee exclusively 
 from the town council or vestry itself, the Libraries Act 
 has provided the remedy. It expressly empowers the 
 Council of a Town, or the Vestry of a Parish, to strengthen 
 its administration of the trusts which may have been re- 
 cently conferred upon it under the Act, by delegating 
 " their powers to a Committee the members whereof may, 
 or may not be, members of such Council, Vestry, or 
 
 * ExevLpli gratia: "When we consider sucli a body as the Yestry of 
 St. Marylebone, we are inclined to think that the middle classes [rather, 
 the shopkeeping classes ?] of London must be some degrees lower in in- 
 telligence than the working men of Liverpool. These last have never 
 had any doubts as to the benefits of a Free Library ; but when the pro- 
 position to establish one was made this year to the enlightened rulers of 
 St. Marylebone, it was received with hisses and yells, and shouts of deri- 
 sion ! The lamentable inefficiency and paltriness of spirit dis- 
 played by our parochial boards must be somehow remedied 
 
 London is certainly far behind Liverpool in these matters." — Morning 
 Herald, 20th October, 1860. 
 
iVnoPTioxop 
 
 THE EXIST- 
 ING Libra- 
 RiES Act. 
 
 PKELniixAr.iKs; or tiik rrnLir mep:ting. 2r> 
 
 r)()ai'(l." 'ibis j)rovisii)n cuts away tlie ground of the olijcc- 
 tioii, whatever its true auiouiit of validity, had no such 
 provision been made. 
 
 Towns so diversely circumstanced as Oxford and Salford 
 have ald\e profited by this clause ; and have fi)und advantage 
 from it. Liverpool, the present Cor[)oration of which stands 
 notoriously in less need of outward help in tlie administra- 
 tion of such a trust than that either of Salford or of 
 (Oxford, — to say nothing about Metropolitan Vestries — has 
 done the same thing. 
 
 The first step to be taken by such inhabitants of a town prki'mina 
 or parish as desire to see the Libraries' Act put in force sarytothf. 
 within its limits, is to create sympathy of opinion, by the 
 Avide circulation of a brief and lucid exj)osition of the 
 ol)iects of the Act, and of the practical methods of working 
 it. Such a statement should be sent to every man who 
 has a voice in the decision. Since 1866, any te?i rate- 
 j):iyers may obtain the convening of a public meeting. 
 And if the circulation of the address precede any formal 
 requisition to the Town Council or to the Parish Vestry, 
 or other local board, the promoters will probably find their 
 work to be all the easier in degree. Quite easy it will 
 never be — save by an exception so rare, that no man who 
 desires to work for his fellows, and for his successors, will 
 lay his account for meeting with it. Nor is entire absence 
 of difficulty of any kind in such a step a thing desirable. 
 
 The duty of convening a meeting of Burgesses within a 
 Borough, or of Ratepayers within a District or Parish lies, 
 in each case respectively, with the Mayor, the Local Com- 
 missioners, or the Overseers of the Poor. Ten days' notice 
 must be given. A public meeting of the burgesses, or 
 ratepayers of the district, has then the power of voting at iseonisM 
 
 The PiB. 
 Lie .Meet- 
 
 I.Mi, r.NUE* 
 
 1IIE Acts or 
 
20 FREE TOAVN LIBRAPJES, AT HOME. 
 
 once upon the proposition, ' That the Libraries' Act, 1855, 
 be 710W adoidted.' If the ' Ayes' number a simple majority 
 of the persons then assembled and present, the proposition 
 is carried, and the Act is, by that vote, introduced. 
 
 Should the majority of votes be against the question, 
 
 then the sjjace of one year at least must elapse before a 
 
 new meeting can be called to reconsider it. All expenses 
 
 contingent on the meeting — whether the Act be or be not 
 
 adopted — may be paid out of the borough rate, or by a 
 
 rate to be levied in like manner, and with like incidence 
 
 29 nnrt 30 ^nd proccdurc, as the borough rate ; and all subsequent 
 
 dluses "(10 ^xp^nses, when the Act shall have been adopted, may be 
 
 Aug., 1866.) defrayed in like manner; provided, always, that the whole 
 
 lb, clauses. j^^^-jQ^^^^t SO cxpcuded and so defrayed, within any one year, 
 
 shall not exceed one penny in the pound upon the rateable 
 
 value of the property liable to assessment.* 
 
 EXPEDIEN 
 CT OR 
 
 PEDIENCY or 
 THE ENDEA- 
 VOUE TO Es- 
 TABLI.SH 
 
 Free Li: 
 ky, before 
 polling the 
 Burgesses. 
 
 In certain cases, the question may possibly arise : ' Is it 
 iNEx- expedient to take any active steps towards the formation of 
 a Free Library, irrespectively, for the time, of the local 
 corporation or other local board, and with the view of 
 Free Libra- achicviug the actual establishment of such a Library, to 
 be afterwards transferred to the corporation, or board, as 
 the case may be, under the provisions of the Libraries' 
 Act?' 
 
 This was the course adopted at Manchester, and adopted 
 successfully. But it could prudently be taken only in 
 towns where there is both a prospect of a large voluntary 
 subscription, and also a tolerably safe assurance that the 
 proposition to introduce the Library Act will be vigorously 
 
 * There is a special j)rovision in this second clause, of 29 and 30 Vict., 
 c. 114, that nothing in the Act shall interfere with the operation, as 
 respects a Library Rate for the City of Oxford (see hereafter, Chap. lY, 
 § Oxford) of a Local Act passed in the preceding Session. 
 
TXTHi^DITTlOX OF THE LTHKAinKS' ACT ^>7 
 
 supported. Even in Manchester there was groiit difference 
 of opinion on tliis point of proeednre. Mr. HiiornKiiTON 
 (for example) strongly advised the initiation of the Free 
 Libraries by appealinp; at once to the hnrgesses. That 
 intelligent representative of the snburban borougli of 
 Salford lent his zcalons help in the early stages of the 
 effort at ^lanchester, but he always laid great stress on the 
 wisdom (having in view, more es[)ecially the terms and 
 limitations of the then ' Libraries' Act ' of LSoO) of apply- 
 ing the whole of the public subscription (amounting to 
 nearly £13,000), to the purchase of books; and to leave 
 the whole of the other expenses — site, building, fittings, 
 fnrniture, and arrangement — to be defrayed out of the 
 product of the rate when levied. And, obvionsly — could 
 that course have been followed, — the first Free Library 
 established under the Act of 1S50 might then have opened 
 its doors with a collection of books almost three times as 
 large, and much more than three times as valuable, as that 
 with which it actually began its operations in ISo.^. Li- 
 stead of putting at the disposal of the townspeople, — of 
 all classes and of all social positions, — a Library of .'21, ()()() 
 volumes, it might then have presented for their use a 
 Library of 58,000 volumes, to start with ;* and — had the 
 maximum rate of one penny in the pound on rateable value 
 been levied from the outset — with a fund, for purchases 
 alone, of £1500 a year. But there were difficulties in the 
 path ; whether removeable ones, or irrcmoveablc ones, it 
 boots not now to consider. 
 
 It may also be noticed, in connection with this part of 
 the subject, that the course of founding a Library first, 
 and thni taking a vote of the burgesses on the question 
 * Rate, or no Kate?' afterwards, failed in the large Parish 
 
 * See hereafter, Chap. IV, § Manchester. 
 
Appoint- 
 ment OF THE 
 Library 
 Committee. 
 
 28 FEEE TOWN LIBRAEIES. AT HO:\rE. 
 
 and Parliamentary Borongh of St. Marylebone hardly less 
 conspicuously than it had succeeded in the Borough of 
 Manchester. The proposal was negatived by a combination 
 composed of long-sighted pubHcans and of short-sighted 
 shopkeepers and other tradesmen. And the Library which 
 had been established in the hope of getting a Libraries Rate 
 by-and-bye, first dwindled, and then died. Its decease 
 was probably hastened by some considerable admixture of 
 quackery in the treatment of the decline. But, be that as 
 it may, the experiment which had prospered in Lancashire 
 (under favorable conditions) ; when tried in Middlesex, 
 came to grief. 
 
 On the whole, it will probably be a safe conclusion that 
 the circumstances will be rare in which the Promoters of 
 a Pree Town Library ought to adopt any course other 
 than that of at once proposing to the rate-payers the 
 question of introducing, or refusing to introduce, the 
 Libraries Act into their district. 
 
 The first step after the adoption of the Act within any 
 Borough, or other district, will be the appointment by the 
 Town Council, or Local Board, of a ' Library Committee.' 
 This will raise the question (already glanced at) of the 
 expediency of strengthening the composition of such a 
 Committee by appointing men of known acquirements, of 
 known tastes for literature, and of known friendliness to its 
 -svide diffusion, as well from without the Council or other 
 Board as from within it. 
 
 There can be little doubt that among the many ulterior 
 effects of that recent legislation which, in many directions, 
 has both enlarged and raised the functions of municipal 
 corporations and of local boards will eventually be found the 
 raising of the average qualification and average intelligence 
 
KKSULTS OF PERMISSIVK LEGISLATION. 'JO 
 
 I'l' corporators and bonrdsinen thciiiselvcs. Tin: iiicrcasi'd 
 MK'ial iin])Oi-tance of sonic of their lunv functions nuist 
 needs increase the gravity of the interest which the con- 
 -litucnts have in tlie well-choosing of tiieir nnnncipai 
 i\ presentatives. This would seem to hold good in nn 
 e-pecial degree in regard to the working of the permissive 
 1. -islation of recent years. Under some of the Health indirect 
 Acts, for example, powers are given to -such bodies, upon the pee. 
 the use or abuse — the zealous ])roniotion or the careless GisLrTioNop 
 neglect — of which, it is no exaggeration to say that the ''^^^ "*"'■ 
 well-being of the inhabitants of many districts absolutely 
 liangs. If the new powers be well-administered, the 
 risult — under Divine Providence — will be the comparative 
 healthiness of the district. If the new powers be neg- 
 leeted, or abused, the result will be increased mortality 
 and (what is even much worse) increased human misery. 
 The clioice of those who have to deal with such matters 
 becomes with every i)assing year an act of more serious 
 and also of more obvious responsibility. It will not long 
 answer to send men to sit at a ' Board of Health ' expressly 
 because, for example, they are known to be owners of 
 ' cellar-dwellings,' and so, by property, active spreaders of 
 disease; or to choose men as members of a 'Local Im- 
 provement Board,' for no other discoverable reason than 
 that they are speculative house-block builders, and so, l)y 
 vocatioji, hinderers of town improvement. 
 
 But the raising in character and intelligence of the 
 corporators will be a question of time. It is sure to come. 
 In the meanwhile, some of their new functions, under 
 Permissive Acts of Pailiament such as that relating to 
 Town Libraries, will be best administered with aid from 
 witiiout. Many men may be found in most towns whose 
 special fpialifications fit them pre-eminently to be members 
 
30 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 of a Library Committee, but whose aims and pursuits in 
 life make it unlikely that they will ever become Town- 
 Councillo]-s or Parish Vestrymen. Especially is this true ; 
 of the Clergy. In many towns the Clergy have helped, ' I 
 most zealously and most ably, in promoting Free Libraries. 
 And in this matter of Libraries there ought evidently to 
 be no distinction, merely on the score of Denomination, 
 where the fitness is otherwise evident. 
 
 Choice 
 AND Quali- 
 fications 
 
 01- A LlBRA- 
 EIAN. 
 
 Next to the choice of the Library Committee in order 
 of time, but even before it in intrinsic importance to the 
 good working of the institution to be founded, stands the 
 choice of the Librarian. The day will come when in 
 Britain we shall have courses of bibliography and of biblio- 
 thecal-economy for the training of librarians, as well as 
 courses of chemistry or of physiology for the training of 
 physicians. But, as yet, there is no such training, even 
 in London, or in Edinburgh, — though it is provided at 
 Naples. When that day comes, tlie election of Librarians 
 for a Free Library will be nmch simplified, and the require- 
 ment of a diploma from the candidate for a librarianship 
 will be as much in the common order of thino;s as the 
 requirement of a degree from the applicant for a curacy. 
 In the interval, the proof of adequate qualification will 
 sometimes be difficult. But the two main thino-s to be 
 looked for in a librarian, — then as now, — will be these : — 
 (1) A genuine love of books ; (2) An indomitable passion 
 for order. Neither quality will, of itself, suffice. There 
 must be an union of the two. A book-loving man, with 
 an organizing brain in him, will be pretty sure to learn all 
 the technicalities of his calhng speedily ; whilst a mere 
 scholar — even if he combined the working-power of a 
 
 Bentley. but lacked 
 
 Whewell with the learning of 
 
 I 
 
KXI'KNDITUUK. 31 
 
 tlie orgniiiziiig faculty, — would never niastcM- its dillicullii's, 
 or acquire a real love for his work. 
 
 Among the minor duties of the Library Conmiittee, that 
 of acquiring as lai^e an accjuaintance as possible with 
 tlie regulations and working of Free Libraries already 
 estai)lishe(l wdl not be the least essential. And that ac- 
 (|uaintance will be materially facilitated, by establishing a 
 systematic exchange of Reports and other documents 
 amongst all the Libraries of like nature. Each may learn 
 something from its fellow; and the experience of each 
 >houl(l (uniformly, and not by mere chance,) be turned to 
 tiic jirofit of all. It is hoped that these pages may, in 
 their measure, help to promote such a result. J3ut the 
 main reliance must be placed on the regular interchange of 
 documents from time to time. Such documents should 
 lie clear and full on the point of Expenditure as well as on 
 the points of the circulation and of the increase of the col- 
 lections to which they severally relate. In relation to ex- 
 penditure, many reports which in regard to other matters 
 are full, even to overflowing and superfluity, are much too 
 reticent. 
 
 On the important question of the extent to which the 
 rate- levying power shall be exerted a brief remark will Kxi■E.^DI- 
 
 SUinCe. 'Shall THE 
 
 The working of several of the Free Libraries has been 
 impeded, and their good results have been dvvarfened, by 
 a spirit of false ' economy ' on the part of Town Councils. 
 .Mere saving is not economy. It is very often want of tiosofit 
 thrift, as well as want of foresight. Half-measures are 
 always, in the long run, costly measures. Perhaps no 
 bodies of men in the United Kingdom stand in more need 
 than do ai'fraf/e {)rovincial municipalities of learning the 
 
 MAXIMLM or 
 
 HIE I'ahlia- 
 
 ME.NTARY 
 llATK HE 
 LEVIED OB 
 ONLXAIRAC- 
 
32 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 lesson which is taught in the pregnant words of one of the 
 greatest of British statesmen : — " Parsimony is not eco- 
 nomy. Expense, and great expense, may be an essential 
 
 part of true economy Economy consists in 
 
 selection. Parsimony requires no providence, no sagacity, 
 no power of combination, no comparison, no judgment. 
 . . . . Econolny demands a discriminating judgment; 
 a firm, and a sagacious mind."* 
 
 No function of Town Councils has brought out the 
 especial appositeness of Burke's weighty words in regard 
 to them, than this recent legislation about Libraries. 
 Should the reader have access to the finance accounts of 
 one or two of the largest provincial towns in England he 
 will be likely to find an instructive contrast in the juxta- 
 position (which he can effect for himself,) of two or three 
 several items of municipal disbursement. Let him glance, 
 for example, at the item " Parliamentary Expenses," and 
 then turn to the item in the same accounts wdiich is headed 
 " Eree Libraries and Museums." The comparison wall 
 probably prove both significant and suggestive. 
 
 In the smaller towns the maximum Library-i-ate under 
 the Acts of 1855 and 1866 produces so trivial a sum — 
 speaking comparatively — that less than the maximum can 
 hardly be proposed by the most ' saving ' of corporators. 
 His only course, under the Act of 1850, or that of 1855, 
 was to oppose the introduction of the statute into his 
 town altogether. Men of the saving sort took that course 
 occasionally as, for instance, in the town of Derby in 1856. 
 There, the Town Councillors would not permit the question 
 to go to the Ratepayers at all. Tliey stopped it half-way 
 on its road.f But under the Act of '6(5 the municipal 
 
 * Edmund Burke, A Letter to a Noble Lord (Works, vol. viii, p. 311. 
 t This was done in Derby notwithstanding the otier of the giji of aa 
 
LEVY (^F TllK I'AWLIAMKNTAKY UATK. .i.i 
 
 bodies Ikivc ho longer tliat impeding power. If, wlien 
 duly ealled upon hy requisition, they refuse to initiate the 
 proposal l)y taking the sense of a meeting of rate})ayers, 
 any fen persons assessed, or liable to assessment, may them- 
 selves convene such a meeting, and its decision has the 
 same force which it would have had if convened by the 
 Mayor or other functionary of the Town in his oflicial 
 caj)acity. 
 
 Of the larger towns, few have yet levied for Free Libra- 
 ries or Museums the whole sum that the Acts, under one 
 or other of which they may have been established, permit 
 I them to levy. 
 
 I In this point of view, as in many others, Liverpool 
 I offers a noble and exemplary exception. It is, at once, 
 j the town in which — in respect to Free Libraries — private 
 i liberality has set the most munificent of examples, and that 
 in which the Corporation has, most wisely and most pro- 
 ductively, exercised its own full powers. The Liverpool 
 Tiwn Councillors have both emulated and stimulated the 
 
 ting and valuable Museum, together, I think, with a small collection 
 
 •■'oks as the groundwork of the proposed Library andMuseiim under 
 
 i li. A t . It was said ou this occasion by the Editor of the ablest of the 
 
 I), rly-hire newspapers: — "We firmly believe that if the ratepayers were 
 
 1' ft to decide the matter they would ... at once decide on accepting the 
 
 .itlVr of the Museum and on establishing it, — as a nucleus only of what 
 
 \v. .uld, at some future time, be sufficiently increased to become an honour 
 
 to the town. The Ratepayers have a right to a voice in the matter, and 
 
 ' ".'■ themselves a right to decide whether they will accept the offer, 
 
 I .,'erm of a future 'Free Library and Museum,' or reject it from motives 
 
 1 policy or ' economy.' The Town Council have acted unwisely and 
 
 I wrongly in stepping in between the offer and the Burgesses ; and, by 
 
 ' deciding that no Meeting shall be called, and putting a veto on the 
 
 piestion, they have committed a grievous injustice on the R.atepayers, 
 
 \' liose interests they are elected to jjrotect and promote." Thi.s pro- 
 
 •iling of the Derby Corporators had its due share in causing tlie ini- 
 
 1 c-.voment of the first 'Libraries Act,' by the Statute of the 29th and 
 
 '."th of the Queen, c. 114. 
 
 3 
 
34 FREE TOWN LIBKARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 liberality of the Liverpool merchant princes. In both 
 respects it stands above its near neighbour Manchester, 
 and its remoter neighbour Birmingham ; although, in the 
 matter of Free Town Libraries both Manchester and Bir- 
 mingham have done vi^ell, and have set a good example to 
 most of the other corporate towns of the United King- 
 dom. 
 
 Had the maxinmm of the Library rate been applied in 
 Manchester ever since the first introduction of the Act of 
 1850, the existing Libraries would have been very nearly 
 doubled in extent. They would probably have been more 
 than doubled in efficiency of working. Nor would the 
 building in which the chief library of that rich and flourish- 
 ing city is placed, long have presented so striking and 
 so unfavorable a contrast to the library building which 
 forms one of the many architectural beauties of Liverpool. 
 
35 
 
 CHAPTER 111. 
 
 THE PLANNING, FORMING, ORGANIZING, AND WORKING, 
 OF A FREE TOWN LIBRARY. 
 
 Buildings for a Free Toion Library — Structural Beqxdrements — Warmth 
 and Ventilation — Shelving of Booh Rooms — Purchase and Choice of 
 Books — Internnl Arrangements and Manipulation — Classification and 
 Catalogues — Regulation of Public Access — Arrangements for Bor- 
 roicing. 
 
 § I. Buildings. 
 
 The striking contrast which has just been spoken of in bhIuinos 
 the outward appearance of the two chief Libraries of the *°'' * *'**^'' 
 neighbour towns of Liverpool and Manchester sums up, 
 so to speak, an important principle which underlies two 
 distinct questions : It brings under the eye of the passer- 
 by in the streets of those towns the best possible ilhistra- 
 tion of the wisdom of forecast in planning and building a 
 Free Library which is intended to grow. It also brings 
 vividly before his mind the wisdom — even when large funds 
 are in question — of beginning with books, and of post- 
 poning buildings. Nor is that contrast without a ])reg- 
 nant meaning in relation to a third question, — and one of 
 wider bearing than either of the others. For the building 
 in ^William-Broioii Slreat' shows conclusively, on the one 
 hand, that the Corporation of Liver[)ool has entered, from 
 the first, into the true spirit of the Libraries Acts of LS;j() 
 and of lb55 ; while the building in 'Camp Field' shows, 
 on the other hand, that the Corporation of Manchester — 
 even in 1 ^68— and in spite of a large stroke of w(jrk wliicli 
 
36 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 under the provisions of those Acts its members have 
 already performed for their constituents, and which, on 
 the whole, they have performed with much vigour, fidelity 
 and success, has not yet fully entered into the spirit of the 
 legislation initiated in 1850. For the Free Library at 
 Liverpool tells, at a glance, that it is intended for the use 
 and benefit of all classes of the Community ; whilst 
 the Free Library at Manchester is not less plain in its 
 intimation of the fact that — at least, in its inception — it 
 was planned with far too narrow and one-sided a regard to 
 one or two classes of the Community alone. 
 
 Rates for Free Libraries are justifiable on one ground, and 
 on one ground only. Their advantages, indeed, are multi- 
 farious and far-spreading. But they have no solid footing 
 of justice unless they benefit (directly as well as indirectly) 
 every individual and inhabitant ratepayer who is assessed 
 for their support. Of necessity, the largest proportion of 
 direct benefit will accrue to the poorer class of ratepayers. 
 For the man who has already access, and varied and ample 
 access, to books, is in no need of going to a ' Free Library' 
 to get books for his ordinary reading. The man with 
 tastes for reading, but whose means of access to books have 
 hitherto been little or none, will come eagerly to a Free 
 Library, as soon as its doors are open to him. If he be 
 a ratepayer, his use of the books will be sweetened by the 
 consciousness that he helps, in his measure, to pay their 
 cost. If he be not himself a ratepayer, he will commonly be 
 the connection — by relationship or by ' service' (using that 
 term in its broadest and its truest sense) — of those who are 
 ratepayers, and so he will be profiting, if not by a personal 
 right, yet by a relative right no whit less legitimate. 
 
 But a ' Free Town Library,' if worthy of the name, has 
 other and not less important purposes than that of supply- 
 
BUILDINGS FOR A FREE LIBRARY. 37 
 
 ing (whether lo applicants in its reading-room or to bor- 
 rowers from its circulating branch) current books for cur- 
 rent reading. That is not more plainly one of its purposes 
 than is the formation — to be actively begun from the first 
 day of its existence — of a thorough collection of all printed 
 information about the history, the anticpiitics, the trade, 
 
 *' the statistics, the special [)roducts, the special pursuits, and 
 the special social interests, of the Town and of the County 
 in which it stands. And here there comes into play the 
 direct subservience — on due occasion and need — by the 
 new rate-supported library of the immediate personal in- 
 terest, and of the contingent personal profit, of every indi- 
 vidual contributor, rich or poor, by whose share of the 
 rate the library is, in its due measure, supported. This, 
 too, is a requirement which but few pre-existing libraries 
 liave ever sup})lied, even to the rich, in any adequate 
 degree. Nor could the merch' ])crsonal resources even of 
 the wealthiest inhabitant of a town acquire the means of 
 information here referred to, within any reasonable limits 
 either of time or of painstaking. 
 
 Nor is it less true that Free Libraries ^yill, in course of 
 time, bring a direct return of another but cognate sort to 
 each class, and to all classes, of the Ratepayers by whose 
 contributions they are supported. 
 
 What may be termed the " Literature of public questions" 
 i> not the literature, nor has it ever yet been the literature, 
 which is most easily accessible, even to those who have 
 pressing and more than ordinary need of consulting it. 
 riie towns and the classes of men that have been foremost 
 
 )jj .in advocating large political changes have not, at all times, 
 
 :been equally prominent, — either as comnuniities or as in- 
 
 • lividuals, — in collecting and making widely accessible 
 
 J I he pre-existing soiu'ces of public information, cither about 
 
38 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 the old abuses they deprecate, or about the new measures 
 they desire. It has not been an invariable fact that the 
 man who has spent much of his time on the stump, in 
 denouncing the " misgovernment of Canada " or " the in- 
 famous neglect, by ministers and by parHament, of the true 
 interests of India," had previously been equally conspicuous 
 for his careful gathering and laborious study of the best 
 extant knowledge on Canadian affairs, or on Indian 
 affairs, as the case might be. In this relation, Free Town 
 Libraries may hereafter render vast service. They may, 
 if they be wisely administered, by-and-bye — and by the 
 quiet operation of years as they pass on — make it discredit- 
 able for a man to take a prominent share in agitating great 
 questions, without having previously taken a prominent 
 share in the study of them. And this, plainly enough, 
 will be a service, of the directest sort, to every ratepayer, 
 be his social position what it may. It will also, in course 
 of time, entail an inestimable public saving, that, namely, 
 of not a little fluent yet worthless speech. 
 
 The supplying of thorough means of information on 
 national interests and on great public questions has never 
 been made a conspicuous aim of Proprietary Libraries, 
 Such a provision has not, ordinarily, been kept in view by 
 their managers, any more than the systematic supply of it 
 has been made, or could be made, the aim of a circulatmg 
 library like ' Mudie's ' or ' Hookham's.' It is very sure to 
 become an important part of the aim of Free Town Libraries 
 in the years to come, if those Libraries be rightly conducted. 
 
 If this be a truthful statement in relation to the proper 
 purposes and objects of a Free Library, the statement has 
 an obvious bearing on the question of Library Buildings. 
 It bears essentially both on the time vJien, and on the 
 
HriLDINGS FOR A FHKK LIHKARY. 39 
 
 manner liou\ a Library building should bo constructed, 
 where its construction is to be effected by a inunici[)al cor- 
 poration or other local board, under the i)rovisions of the 
 recent Acts of Parliament. 
 
 To begin by a costly building — even if the building be 
 one thoroughly adapted to its object, and thoroughly effi- 
 cient for the immediate requirements of the institution — can 
 very rarely be a ])rofitable or prudent course. The fund 
 must be considerable which can fairly bear, at the same 
 moment, the strain of a large expenditure for books and of 
 a large expenditure for building. This will hold good as 
 well of cases wherein liberal voluntary effort comes to the 
 aid of the rate-money, as of cases in which the rate is the 
 sole dependence of the promoters of the Library. 
 
 On the other hand, alaroie and liberal collection of books, 
 if housed, for the time, in a mere rented warehouse — spa- 
 cious in extent howsoever devoid of architectural pretension 
 — becomes almost instantly available. It is already doing 
 its work, whilst the fund for building is being stored and 
 augmented. And the postponed building is likely to be 
 better planned, with the advantage of experience to start 
 with, on the points of requirement and methods of working. 
 At Liverpool, the Free Library did nnich and good work in 
 a common dwelling house in Dale Street, whilst time, 
 thought, and means, were ripening for the magnificent 
 building in William-Brown Street. At Manchester, more 
 than £7,000 (out of a preliminary fund of £13,000) was 
 expended in acquiring, adapting, and fitting up in the 
 years LS51 and 1852, a very poor and very inadequate 
 rdificc. In the former case, the Library building presents, 
 in the year 18G8, ample means of enlargement, within its 
 own area and within its own external walls, for the probable 
 
40 FREE TOWN LIBEAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 requirements of a century to come, and the building is 
 placed on an admirable site. In the latter case, the site is 
 entirely unsuitable to the true purposes of the institution, 
 and the building is worse than inadequate to the present 
 requirements of 1868. The one is a conspicuous ornament : 
 the other, anything rather than an ornament, to its town. 
 
 But the question of building, though it may well be 
 made, under ordinary circumstances, a secondary question 
 with the organizers of a Town Library about to be esta- 
 blished under the * Libraries Act,' will, in course of due 
 time, become a primary one. What, then, does practical 
 experience in the working, hitherto, of such libraries in 
 other places suggest on the points of construction, of 
 arrangement of plan, and of internal adaptation and fitting- 
 up for readers ? 
 
 A personal inspection of many good Library Buildings 
 — including some of the largest in size and of the most 
 recent in construction ; and comprising merely parochial 
 libraries no less than those of populous cities — leads to the 
 following deductions, as points of requirement which are 
 (for the most part) both suitable for, and (in a degree) 
 attainable by, the promoters of new Free Libraries, whether 
 situate in small towns or in large. The former may even- 
 tually be put in almost as good a condition as the latter, so 
 far as regards the vital points of good construction, for storing 
 books and for serving readers, if only a reserved fund be 
 set apart, and be allowed to accumulate, in preference to 
 speedy erection, with insufficient means. The premature 
 builders, under such circumstances, are pretty sure to dis- 
 cover, in time, that they have, in their eagerness, wedded 
 
 " Raw Haste, half-sister to Delay." 
 
 1 . The site must be dry, and it must admit (if possi- 
 
BUILDING EEQUIREMENTS. 11 
 
 ble of entire, but in any case,) of at least tlie partial 
 isolation of the sides of the new building from all 
 adjacent buildings. 
 
 2. The building nuist be absolutely fire-proof. The 
 materials of the structure shonld be restricted to 
 brick, stone, iron, and roofing tile or slate. Wher- 
 ever wooden floors have to be introduced, they 
 should be embedded in stucco upon brick arches, 
 or upon stone flagging, 
 
 3. It ought not — unless for very special reasons — to 
 exceed two stories in height, irrespectively of the 
 vaulted basement. 
 
 4. The windows should be more numerous, in propor- 
 tion to the size of the edifice, than those of ordinary 
 buildings and the arrangements for artificial light, so 
 far as respects the halls or rooms containing books, 
 should wholly exclude gas from the interior. If 
 gas be used at all, it should be applied externally. 
 The reading room shonld be lighted by side win- 
 dows, not by skylights or glazed domes. 
 
 5. The means of water-supply should include an ample 
 provision for conveying it to the roof, — in view of 
 the occurrence of fire to neighbouring buildings. 
 
 G. If the building be an extensive one, the reading- 
 room should be provided in a situation as central 
 as possible to the halls, galleries, or other rooms 
 containing the books of the main Library. 
 
 7- The book-room for the Lending Department of the 
 Library should be quite apart from all the other 
 book-rooms, and the delivery room adjacent to it 
 should be as remote from the ordinary reading 
 room as the extent of the building will admit. 
 
 S. Under like limitation, the book-rooms should be as 
 
 
 iDITIIINH 
 A Ll- 
 
42 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 large (and therefore as few) and lofty as possible. 
 They should be furnished with galleries (of per- 
 forated iron or other suitable fireproof material) 
 accessible by small spiral stairs at the angles of the 
 room or rooms. Every book should be within 
 reach, without the use of ladders of any kind. 
 
 9. Even in a small library, a separate room or rooms, 
 and suitable appliances, for the reception, regis- 
 tering, stamping, and cataloguing, of books, should 
 be provided. 
 
 10. Rooms provided for the Librarian, and those 
 provided for assistants or for servants, though con- 
 tiguous to, should be isolated from, the main library 
 building. Like it they should of course be fire- 
 proof. 
 
 11. In the arrangements for warmth* and ventilation 
 the health and comfort of the readers, and of the 
 officers, should be considered as well as (and not less, 
 in degree, than) the careful preservation from damp 
 and other noxious influences of the books and other 
 contents. If hot-water pipes are used for warming, 
 they should be kept far apart /ro;//. the books. 
 
 This last suggestion may seem a gratuitous one ; the 
 venti- thing enforced being, it may be thought, so plainly self- 
 evident. And the same objection may, ])erhaps, be made 
 to the hint which I have ventured to offer as to a provident 
 Booms. regard to the health of ''Readers,'' in the coustruction of a 
 Reading Room. But a thing may be very manifest and 
 be, none the less, a thing often and flagrantly overlooked. 
 In the noble, and very costly, Reading Room of the 
 
 * Tliere is a very strong and well-founded body of evidence in favour 
 of properly constructed open fire-places as superior, in point of safety, 
 to the best hot-water apparatus. 
 
 LATION OF 
 LlBKAKIES 
 
THE STTELVTNG OF BOOK-ROOMS. 43 
 
 Britisli Miiscuni neither modvrntc ventilation, nor adrr/nafr 
 warnitli, has been secnred, even by a remote approximation. 
 At certain periods of the year, a reader sits there as if sitting 
 in a 'Tcmpleof thcAVinds.' At other periods, he might abnost 
 as well have his temporary abode in a ' Palace of Frost.' The 
 only Readers who, at such times, could work with comfort 
 would be the survivors of an Arctic Expedition. More than 
 one valuable life is believed to have been already shortened 
 by the grossly defective construction, in respect to the two 
 essentials of air and heat, of what in other points of view 
 is fairly to be regarded as a trinmph of architectural skill. 
 In like manner, I have recently seen the very obvious 
 propriety of keeping books and hot -water pipes a little 
 apart from each other so entirely disregarded in the fitting- 
 up of a large and expensive library, as to destroy books, 
 and to necessitate re-construction of the warming apparatus. 
 The pipes were, in that instance, ingeniously put exactly 
 under the fronts of the books. And (in the same building), 
 fixed shelves were provided in the presses, without the least 
 attention to the relative proportions, in our modern libraries, 
 of the folio books to the octavos, or of the once fashionable 
 quarto to its huuibk-rbut more useful brother, the duodecimo. 
 
 SHKIA- 
 OFHooK.- 
 OOMS. 
 
 On this matter of the shelving of libraries it is important thksh 
 to remember two points of ordinary requirement : (1) That u, 
 book-presses should be of exactly uniform size ; (.■2) That a 
 portion, at least, of the book-shelves should be moveable ; 
 not fixed. In how great a degree attention to these minor 
 incidents of the fitting-up of a library-building tends to 
 facilitate the good internal arrangements of the librarv itself 
 will appear presently. 
 
 There is probably no existing example of a Town Libran 
 building, better constructed or better fitted up, for its [)ur- 
 
44 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 poses, than that which was erected at the cost of the Corpora- 
 tion of Boston, in Massachusetts, in the year 1857. It is ahiiost 
 superfluous to add that twelveyears have not elapsed, without 
 the discovery of minor errors and omissions that have had to 
 be rectified or supphed at further cost ; since that is but ordi- 
 nary experience. SirWilham Brown's fine building at Liver- 
 pool is, in some points of internal arrangement, even better 
 than that at Boston. But, taken as a whole, the Boston 
 building may fairly be looked upon as a model in its kind. 
 I am by no means sure that this remark applies to a 
 pecuharity in the construction of the book-presses (or 
 ' ranges,' as they are called at Boston,) which was devised 
 by Dr. Shurtleff, a zealous member of the Committee. 
 But the plan is distinctive, and merits a few words of de- 
 scription. The contriver himself shall supply them : — 
 " The Library Hall is so contrived that it will have ten 
 alcoves on each of its sides, and ten in each of its galleries ; — 
 sixty in all. Each alcove will contain ten ranges of shelves, 
 and each range ten shelves. . . . The shelves are so num- 
 bered that the figures in the place of hundreds denote the 
 
 * alcoves ;' the figures in the place of tens, the ' ranges ;' 
 and the figures in the place of units the ' shelves.' ... If 
 a book is on the 2236th shelf, any one will know that it 
 can be found on the sixth shelf of the third range of the 
 ticent^-second ^lXcovq!'^ At Boston all the shelves are fixed. 
 
 In furnishing a public Reading Room, — the tables for 
 readers should, invar iahly, have hinged flaps for writing — • 
 to be raised or lowered at will. There should be standing 
 desks for readers to work at, without the use of a chair, as 
 well as tables for them to sit at. In the fitting-up 
 of the latter the appliances for writing should not 
 be so placed, relatively to the writer, as to invite the 
 
 * Proceedings at the Dedication of the Public Library of Boston, p. 169. 
 
rUKCllASE AND L'llOU'K OF P.OOKS. -15 
 
 ink to fall (even in careful hands) upon the printed hook, 
 or the MS. from whieh he is transcribing. The tables (in 
 a room frequented bv real workers) sliould be so con- 
 structed as that sliding leaves could be drawn out from 
 under them (whenever the needful books in hand exceed, 
 as they often must exceed, the space fairly allotted to the 
 user of them, and should be furnished with some moveable 
 appliance (such as that which u})holsterers call a 'Canter- 
 bury/ but of lunnblcr material,) for the reception of books not 
 immediately in hand. And, whatever the extent of the book- 
 })resses assigned, /« the Heading Room, iox the reception of that 
 series of 'Books of Reference' which is provided for the free use 
 of Readers (without the formality of application by tickets), 
 space should be kept in reserve for the future increase of 
 the collection, without diminishing the present tenants of the 
 shelves. A collection of reference books which has no 
 room or ap[)liance for due increase, — save l)y taking away, 
 with the right hand, whilst making additions with the left, 
 — is but a deceptive sort of auxiliary to the service of a 
 Public Reading Room. 
 
 § II. Purchase and Choice of Books. 
 
 The observation which has been made as to the com- 
 prehensiveness of aim — in respect to the varied classes of 
 readers and students who must, ultimately, be provided for 
 — which ought to characterise a widely administered Free 
 Town Library, has its obvious bearing on the selection of 
 books as well as on the erection of buildings. Its approxi- 
 mate ajjplication, in either case, will of course depend upon 
 tlie available funds. Be the funds, however, what they 
 
Organiza. 
 tionofFeee 
 
 AND PUK- 
 
 CHASE 
 
 Books. 
 
 46 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 may, it can never be otlier than an unwise procedure either (1) 
 to count upon any adequate provision of books from dona- 
 TowN Li- tions, or (2) to expend the money apphcable to purchases 
 in the acquisition of any large proportion of the mere " Hght 
 Selection Hteraturc" of tlic day. Experience shovi^s that donation 
 will supply, under ordinary circumstances (and leaving 
 wholly out of view gifts of money, to be laid out in books), 
 very fe.w of those sterling and standard books which should 
 be the mainstay of a Town Library, both in its consulting 
 and in its lending departments. It also shows that, in 
 large towns especially, not a little of the more ephemeral and 
 floating literature of the day and hour will be supplied, in 
 course of time, by donation — often in no niggardly mea- 
 sure. By purchase, if not by gift, the books of easy 
 perusal and of amusement must needs be furnished; and" 
 (in case the funds of a town are ample) ought not to be 
 stinted, especially as regards the lending branches. For it 
 must always be a special aim of the lending collections of 
 Free Libraries to make those read who hitherto have not 
 been readers. And those who begin with the less nutritive 
 sort of mental food will, not infrequently, acquire by-and- 
 bye an appetite for the more substantial and wholesome kinds. 
 On the other hand, it has to be borne in mind by the formers 
 and organisers of a Free Town Library that this slighter 
 if more attractive kind of literature is precisely that which 
 is apt to accumulate in the houses of well-to-do townsfolk, 
 and is likely, every now and then, to be willingly enough 
 cleared out, for the benefit of a Free Lending Library. A 
 study of the ' Lists of Donations' in the Free Library 
 Reports of recent years is very suggestive on this head. 
 
 As donation of books can never be expected (under 
 common circumstances) to accomplish much towards the 
 formation of a good Consulting Library, purchase must be 
 
SELECTION AND PURCHASE OF 1500KS. 17 
 
 the main n-source. As a general nilc, })urehases will he 
 more advantageously made from booksellers than at auc- 
 tion-sales. If the means to form a large library are forth- 
 coming, the ])reparation and })rinting beforehand of classed 
 lists of the books desired, and the wide circulation of such 
 lists amongst booksellers, will soon more than save its cost. 
 Such a step simplities the labours of selection ; cheapens 
 the cost of purchases ; and affords, if need be, a temporary 
 catalogue of the Library, ready to hand at its outset. 
 
 Every Free Town Library having a tolerably fair fund 
 for purchases might, with great advantage, take one or 
 more leading classes of books as that in which it aims at 
 being very thoroughly furnished ; even if most of the 
 other classes be but scantily filled up, in comparison. And 
 such a selection of one or two leading divisions of literature 
 as the chief objects of care should be additional to that 
 other selection already spoken of, which contemplates the 
 acquisition of all the extant and attainable information 
 about the history and affairs (of all kinds) of the particular 
 town, district, and county in w^hich the Library stands. 
 
 A Consulting Library having — in addition to a merely 
 common scries of the ordinary books — a real collection of 
 standard books if upon but one main topic — say on 
 British History ; or on Political Economy ; or on Zooloyy 
 and the kindred branches of Natural Science, has at once 
 a definite character. It tends, by its very catalogue and 
 by the aspect of its shelves, to turn some of the mere 
 readers into students and workers. And howsoever certain 
 it may be that the inconsecutive readers for pastime will 
 always greatly outnumber the persistent readers with a 
 (Ictinite purpose, or with an educational object in view, it 
 ought none the less to be the aim of a Free Library to turn 
 })astinje into profit ; idle reading into study ; by offering 
 
48 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 all the inducements to enter, and all the appliances to 
 smoothen, the better path, which can possibly be gathered. 
 
 But glances at real experience in the purchase and cost 
 of books for Town Libraries will be more useful than many 
 words about it ; just as the study of the plans of a real 
 library building which has been subjected already to the 
 tests of public requirement is more instructive than the 
 formal discussion of structural necessities. On this head, 
 therefore, I refer the reader to the " Tabular view of pur- 
 chases and expenditure" which I have abstracted from the 
 Reports of existing Free Libraries, and which is printed 
 on the folding leaf, placed at the end of the next Chapter. 
 
 § III. Internal Arrangements and Manipulations 
 OF A Town Library. 
 
 jjj It has been said that (next after a genuine and thorough 
 
 Internal Jovc of books) a facultv of ordcr and organisation is the 
 
 Arrange- ... . . . 
 
 MENTs. prime requisite in a Librarian. It is a far more important 
 one than merely technical learning. If a librarian is heard 
 to say — as may really have chanced — that he saw no need 
 either to class books upon the shelves, or to class them in 
 the catalogue ; and that it was quite sufficient to put the 
 big books at the bottom of a press, and the small ones at 
 top, the bystander had the fair measure, at once, of the 
 speaker's fitness for librarianship. Classification — of some 
 sort — is, in the working economy of a library, just what 
 the main girders are in the construction of the building 
 which is to contain it. 
 
 classik-- ^^^^ ^^^'^ ^^ classification to be adopted opens some wide 
 and thorny questions — were it at all necessary to have a 
 
 CATION 
 
AKUANGEMENT OF BOOK PRESSES. VJ 
 
 UDSO- 
 
 • Sarlor 
 resarltu, p. 
 
 perfect sort. Happily, that is not necessary. The al 
 lutely accurate divarication of human knowledge, under so 
 many exhaustive headings and sub-headings, howsoever 
 laiulable an ambition for the philosopher, is no part of the 
 business of a librarian. A groat tliiiikor has truly said : 
 *' Not only all common speech, but Science, Poetry itself, is 
 no other — if thou consider it well — than a rifflit Naming. 
 I'ould I unfold thafy I were a second and greater Trisme- 
 gistus.''* The librarian has, fortunately, no need to 
 iiiickle to a task so terrible. Amidst the hundred and one 
 stems of classification, he may very well content himself 
 with weighing the relative advantages of some half-a-dozen, 
 or even of fewer than that number : and leave all the 
 others in })eaceable repose. Here, too, I resort — for the 
 sake of a brevity which is very needful in this volume — 
 to the brief tabular comparison which will be found on 
 the same folding-leaf that has just been referred to,f in tcuap iv 
 connection with book-buying. 
 
 Whatever the number of ' classes' into which the books 
 
 are divided on the shelves, the books of no one class should 
 
 be mixed in the same press with the books of another 
 
 class, merely to avoid the temporary unsightliness of empty 
 
 shelves. Ik'tween the number of the last press containing 
 
 books of Class I — say, by way of example, ' Theologv' — 
 
 and the nundjer of the first press containing books of 
 
 Class H — say, by way of example, ' History' — there should 
 
 be a series of numbers omitted (in order to admit of the 
 
 subsequent intercalation of presses, without breaking the 
 
 •nsecutive order of the classes) ; and the successive shelves 
 
 Moveable always) of each individual press should bear a 
 
 mbol ill coiinnon. In other words, the first shelf of ])ress 
 
 ~t)' should be (for example) ' A,' and the first shelf of 
 
 press '21' should also be ' A.' 
 
 4. 
 
 ill tlic eiU. 
 
 HixiK 
 
 I'UtsSKS. 
 
50 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOxME. 
 
 By this arrangement — the book-presses being made of 
 uniform width throughout the library — the due order of 
 sequence of the books need never be disturbed or broken 
 by any probable amount of subsequent accessions. If, 
 at starting, there be six presses full of theological books 
 and eighteen presses full of historical books, the first group 
 of presses may be marked I to VI ; the second group may 
 be marked XXI to XXXVIII. The additional books that 
 may be acquired (after Press VI is full) in the class 
 ' Theology' may be placed from time to time as they accrue 
 in an unoccupied press (to be numbered VII,) at the further 
 end of the Library. When that press is full, its contents can 
 be moved to their proper place in the main library, after 
 Press VI, and the other presses moved on — press by press — 
 accordingly. As all the books of a library must needs be 
 taken down, periodically, for cleansing, such a transfer in- 
 volves no additional labour. The books are taken down 
 for cleansing purposes, and are simply restored to the press 
 next after that from whence they came, and so on through- 
 out the library. All need for effacing and replacing the 
 mark or symbol which, in each book, indicates its local 
 position is thus avoided. A book in the Class ' History' 
 once marked 'XXL A. 10,' will always continue to be 
 the tenth book on shelf A of Press XXI, although ' Press 
 XXr itself no longer stands exactly as it stood at first. 
 
 li!ts^"and ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^® traced from its delivery, by the bookseller, 
 OTHEE ap- to its first issue to a reader, it will be seen to have needed 
 
 PLIANCES. 
 
 to pass through — in any carefully regulated library — several 
 successive operations. They may be enumerated thus : 
 (1) Collation, and examination with the bill of parcels ;* 
 
 * If the book be a gift, then the first step will be its entry in the 
 • Donation -List;' and the other arrangements will follow as in the text. 
 
CATALOGUES. 51 
 
 (2) Stamping with tlie library-stamp ; (3) Cataloguing on 
 a slip, to be put temporarily in the book itself ; (4) Lociil 
 placing in the Library (according to its subject), and recep- 
 tion of the api)ropriate * press-mark,' — which has also to 
 be entered on the Catalogue-slip ; (5) Entry on the ' Shelf 
 List' — the bricft'sf form of entry that suffices to identify 
 the book being here adopted* ; (6) l^lntry, from the cata- 
 logue slip, into the ' Reading Room Catalogue,' whence 
 by simi)ly copying on a Reader's 'ticket-slip' f he pressmark 
 alone, the Reader may obtain its issue for his use. 
 
 The question of the best form of Catalogue for a Free 
 Town Library is one on which it is very probal)le that the 
 opinions, even of competently informed persons, will con- 
 tinue greatly to differ. A common practice would doubt- 
 less carry with it several contingent advantages, — were it 
 possible to arrive at a general agreement on the {)oint, not 
 so much of the absolutely "best" form, as of a good, 
 nj)propriate, and easily attainable, form of Catalogue. 
 
 * The following is a brief example of a sufficient ' Slielf List' for the 
 iilentification and periodical ' calling over' — at fixed times of closure — of 
 the contents of every slielf in the Library :— 
 
 Date of 
 
 
 PRESS XXV. 
 
 
 
 
 Acquisition. 
 
 
 History ok E n g i. 
 
 VN D. 
 
 
 ReroarkB. 
 
 :B. hougkl. 
 
 
 Shelf C— Octavo. 
 
 
 
 
 1862 
 
 No. on 
 Shelf. 
 
 Short Title of Book or 
 Name of Aullior. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 Place. 
 
 «.. 
 
 
 .-.p. 10. B. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Stanhope. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Lond. 
 
 1862 
 
 
 II 
 
 3 
 
 '.' , 3 
 
 
 » 
 
 
 M 
 
 4 
 
 „ 
 
 4 
 
 ,, 
 
 „ 
 
 
 s IV. c*. 
 
 TALOQUM. 
 
Cata- 
 logues, 
 
 52 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 The difficulties which attend the choice between the 
 almost infinite varieties of systems of classification which 
 have been proposed are many, but they have been commonly 
 exaggerated. It is too little remembered that any really 
 Classed ob , (.jr^ssified ' cataloofuc — howevcr defective and assailable its 
 
 Alphabeti- O 
 
 c^^? \ theoretical ' system ' — cannot, in the nature of things, fail 
 to assist and facilitate the researches of a really working 
 reader and student, in a much greater degree and measure, 
 than can the best conceivable catalogue arranged according 
 \. to Authors' names. To know the names of all the consult- 
 able authors who have treated of a subject is to possess 
 already much of the knowledge which the working student 
 comes to the Library expressly in order to gather. He 
 wants a Catalogue to tell him w^hat authors to read. And 
 he w^ants not a few books, the authors of which are now 
 known to no mortal. Above all things else, he does not 
 want to consult — if the Library be a large one — a hundred, 
 or a hundred and fifty, volumes of catalogue ; or to turn 
 over and over — if it be but a small one — the eight hundred 
 or a thousand pages which may intervene between the 
 authors under 'A' and the authors under 'Z.' For an 
 Index, on the other hand, the alphabetical arrangement of 
 Authors' names is admirable. For a secondary and an- 
 cillary full catalogue — if accompanying another catalogue, 
 of what nature or ' system ' soever, provided it be really a 
 Catalogue of the subjects treated of in books — it is an 
 (V excellent help. But it is not, and cannot be, a good 
 principle of construction for the sole and independent 
 Catalogue of any Library which aims at an object in any 
 degree higher than that of reading for mere pastime, or 
 ( for the acquisition of the humblest rudiments of learning. 
 This would be a strictly true assertion even were the 
 catalogue of authohs kept — as it uniformly ought to be — 
 
CATALOGUES. 53 
 
 under a separafo alplKiljctical order, wholly apart from tliu 
 alphabetically (but severally) arranged hkadinos of anony- 
 mous books and of polyonynious l)ooks. It can never 
 help a searcher for the known book of a known author to 
 have, in one alphabet of titles, a multitiule of the ' headings ' 
 necessarily chosen for the entry of anoni/mous works jumbled 
 up witli the names of authors. For olhcr searchers than 
 those wlio are seeking for known books, the alphabet of 
 authors is plainly an obstacle, not a help. The clumsiest 
 and worst of all the existing systems of cataloguing books 
 according to the nature and subject-matter of the book — 
 were the compiler of a Catalogue so unfortunate as to 
 select it from the rest — would, at the least, bring under 
 the searcher's eye, at the sole cost and labour of consulting 
 one volume instead of consulting a hundred volumes or a 
 thousand pages — beween A and Z — the titles of perhaps a 
 hundred books, either treating of one and the same sub- 
 ject, or else relating to, and bearing upon, that subject, 
 more or less closely. This advantage alone would far 
 more than compensate the real toiler at a tough sub- 
 ject of inquiry for half a score of contingent but minor 
 disadvantages, — did they really exist. And it is very far, 
 indeed, from standing alone. 
 
 The very disadvantages and uncertainties (be they what 
 they may in degree) alleged to attend upon Classified 
 Catalogues involve, at every step, some addition or other to 
 /jrevioifs knoidedfje, on the pai-t of the searchci'. If he be 
 led, by the occasionally doubtful i)artitions and severances 
 of a subject, to turn, now and then, from one class, group, 
 or section of such a Catalogue to another class, group, or 
 section, he acquires, by the very process, some piece of 
 knowledge which he had not before. Whilst all that a 
 man acquires by having to lift perhaps a hundred volumes 
 
54 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 of Catalogues— ' a; ' J3,' 'C,' 'D,' &c.,— and to turn 
 them over from page to page, is a wearied body and a 
 jaded mind. Many a reader in a well-known Reading 
 Room — otherwise, and in many points, a model of good 
 arrangements — has shared in weariness of this sort, and 
 has spent whole days in book-hunting which ought to have 
 been spent in book-reading. 
 
 Classed 
 
 Catalogues 
 
 BKTICAL 
 ONES. 
 
 If, however, it should be thought that, on the whole, 
 Alpha- the avevage reader of a Free Town Library will find greater 
 difficulties in the use of a Classed Catalogue, however 
 carefully prepared, than he ought to be placed under, it 
 will be quite practicable to supply him with an alphabetical 
 catalogue of the easiest sort conceivable, in its use by the 
 most inexperienced searcher, yet capable, at the same time, 
 of going far towards meeting the requirements of that 
 
 * student of a definite subject ' or pursuer of a definite 
 educational purpose, whose case the remarks which precede 
 had, more especially, in view. 
 
 This double object will be attained by making the 
 Catalogue a truly 'alphabetical' one. By making it, I 
 mean, a Catalogue in which all the books without excep- 
 tion — whether those of an avowed or otherwise known 
 author, or those which are strictly anonymous — are entered, 
 in a complete series, under their respective subjects ; and 
 to which an Index of Authors is subjoined. 
 
 Of the arrangement of such a Catalogue the reader 
 will find an example on the folding-leaf which follows 
 Chapter IV. 
 
 The 'press-marks' should be entered as well in the 
 
 * Index of Authors' as in the 'Catalogue of Subjects.' 
 By this simple arrangement, the searcher has never to turn, 
 needlessly, to several diff'erent parts of the Catalogue in 
 
CLASSIFIL:!) and ALTIIAUKTICAL catalogues. 55 
 
 order to obtain an answer to one ami the same point of 
 inquiry, lie who is seeking the one known book linds 
 that book at once. He who is seeking to know wliat 
 treatises the Library can snpply him with on Alyebra, or 
 what books of history or of travel there may be upon its 
 shelves, which treat of Algiers, turns, wnth like ease, to 
 the heading ' Algebra,' or to the heading ' Ai-r.iiiiis,' as 
 tlie case may be. 
 
 Finally, under this section of our subject it may be re- 
 marked — and the remark, it is hoped, will now read almost 
 as a truism — that the Catalogue should become a printed 
 Catalogue, and not merely a manuscript one, at the earliest 
 possible period. The mere necessity of preparing it for 
 press will be sure to make the Catalogue a better one 
 than it would otherwise have been. In print, the Catalogue 
 will both economise the time of readers, and simplify 
 the labours of the Library staff, in the internal economy 
 and manipulation. In print, it will also conduce to the 
 supply of manifest deficiencies in the stock of books ; and 
 it will be made serviceable in the homes of the frequenters 
 of the Library as well as in the Reading Room. None of 
 these advantages pertain, in any degree, to a Catalogue 
 which is suffered to remain in MS. And no rate-money 
 will be spent more profitably and fruitfully than that which 
 is spent in preparing and printing a good Catalogue, ac- 
 cording to Subjects, and also a full and careful Index of the 
 names of Authors. A rich Library will keep its Catalogue 
 in stereotype, after a plan which provides for additions and 
 intercalations, and issue new editions from time to time. 
 A poor Library will have to content itself with the publi- 
 cation of occasional sup[)lements. 
 
LATION 
 
 Public Ac 
 
 clause 25 
 
 56 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 § V. Regulation of Public Access. 
 
 (a) Cojisulting Department. 
 
 § V regu- It i^ ^^ proud distinction of ' Free Libraries ' established 
 ^^^ under Act of 1850-66 that their use by all — of whatever 
 social position — who profit by them, is matter of right, 
 and not matter of favour. Nor is it a less important dis- 
 tinction that, once established, their permanency is, by 
 that single fact of establishment under the Act, effectually 
 secured. 
 18 & 19 " The admission to all Libraries and Museums esta- 
 vict. 0. 70, i^i^gi-^g^-j under this Act shall be open to the public //-^f? of all 
 charge'' By this clause, entire freedom of access becomes 
 imperative. " The Lands and Buildings so to be appro- 
 priated, purchased or rented, as aforesaid, and all other 
 real and personal property whatever presented to, or pur- 
 chased for, any Library or Museum .... shall be vested 
 — in the case of a Borough — in the Mayor, Aldermen, and 
 Burgesses ; in the case of a District — in the Board ; and 
 in the case of a Parish or Parishes, — in the Commissioners.'* 
 By this clause, as much of perpetuity for the Library or 
 Museum is secured as is secured (by our ordinary legisla- 
 tion, written and unwritten) for perpetual succession in the 
 Corporation of the Town, — or in the Local Board — of the 
 District or Parish in which such institutions shall have 
 been established. 
 
 The prohibition — under any circumstances — of the exac- 
 tion of admission fees in order to an enjoyment of the 
 advantages of any Library or Museum established under 
 one or other of the ' Liljraries Acts ' is a provision which 
 was adopted advisedly, and after mature consideration of 
 its probable results. 
 
REGULATION OF PUBLIC ACCESS. :^7 
 
 Prior to tlie passing of the Act of 1855 the ik)1)1c Lord 
 \\\\o took cliarge of tlio Bill in the House of Lords — Lord 
 Staxlky of Alderley — was strongly inclined to ])roposc, 
 when the Bill was brought up from the Lower House, the 
 insertion of a new clause by which the Council or the 
 Local Board should be permitted to establish, on one day 
 (luly of the week, a small charge. Lord Stanley was of 
 opinion that a merely permissive power of that sort, to be 
 used at the discretion of the Managers, and to be limited 
 in its application to one day only, in every six days of 
 public access, would work usefully. 
 
 Li a correspondence which took place at that time, and 
 which I have before me. Lord Stanley writes thus : — 
 " The practical operation of this admission, on certain days, 
 at a small fee has been found to be very advantageous at 
 .Marlborough House" [the then temporary abode of what is 
 now the ' South Kensington Museum']. Those persons 
 \\ ho wish to avail themselves of the Museum, for purposes 
 1 »f sti'dj/, do so on those days when they are not interfered 
 with by the numerous attendance of the free days."* And 
 the experience, on this point, of the larger and more im- 
 portant collections of Art and Science at the British Mu- 
 Mum is, it may be added, precisely similar. 
 
 As respects Libraries, at all events, the case is materially 
 different. An additional and smaller Reading Room in 
 the Free Libraries of large towns would better meet the 
 l)cculiar wants of real workers. Such an arrangement 
 would 'class' the readers in a way which is entirely nnob- 
 jtctionable. For the classing would simply be one of pur- 
 suit and requirement. Such Reading Room appliances as 
 :ire some of those which have been mentioned in a preced- 
 ing section of this chapter,t are needless for the ordinary 
 
 • Lord Stanley of Al.lerlcy to Mr. Ewart, M.P., 2.5 July. 1855. 
 
 t See " Fittings and Furniture of Reading Rooms,'' § iv above. 
 
58 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 frequenters of a Free Library ; but they are of the highest 
 value to such of its exceptioual frequenters as are ah-eady, 
 or are in training to become by-and-bye, students ; as dis- 
 tinguished from readers for amusement, or for the acquiring 
 of the mere rudiments of self-education. 
 
 Lord Stanlp:y (of Alderley), when he found that the 
 contemplated cause, suggested for the Act of 1855, was 
 found to be objectionable by the original promoters of legis- 
 lation for Free Libraries, willingly abandoned his first 
 opinion. He devoted to the carrying of the Commons' Bill, 
 in its original form, his eminent abilities and deserved 
 influence. But in some of the provincial towns which at ; 
 various times have adopted the Act — whether that of 1850 , 
 or that of 1855 — a strong hankering for the introduction j 
 of a small payment system under one form or other, has occa- \ 
 sionally shown itself. Now and then effect has been given \ 
 to this desire, notwithstanding the express language (to say 
 nothing of the animating and manifest spirit) of either Act, ; 
 and of both. j 
 
 (b) Lending Department. 
 
 In ' one or two of the smaller towns, for example, a pay- 
 ment for borrowers' ' tickets ' has been established. This,, 
 at best, is an evasion of the intention of the Legislature, evenl 
 if it be granted that it may, technically, be regarded as 
 just escaping the precise censure due to the open violation 
 of an Act of Parliament. 
 
 In one or two others, — and in one or two of those whicli 
 
 Union of wcrc auioug thc carUest to levy a Library Rate, — a combi- 
 
 rio^'wiTH nation has been effected of a ' Subscription Library' with a 
 
 Kate. ' ^vqq Library.' At Bolton such a combination has sub 
 
 sisted for many years. It is less plainly and obviously ai 
 
 evasion of the spirit of the Libraries Act than is the practid 
 
UNION OF SUBSCRIPTION WITH IJATK. 5!) 
 
 of claiming a shilling on the issue of a lickct lor t'.ic u.se of the 
 Circulating Department of a Free Town Library, but it 
 partakes, undeniably, of the essential nature of such an 
 evasion. It is a union of things which conflict as well as 
 differ. 
 
 This union of the subscription principle with the rating 
 piincijjle as far as regards the Town Library of Bolton was 
 so framed at the outset as to increase its objectionable 
 character. The worst conceivable classification of men 
 (under any circumstances whatever) in relation to mental 
 culture, or to any appliance or appendage of that, is cer- 
 tainly the breeches'-pocket classification. Yet the framers 
 of the subscription arrangement at Bolton were not content 
 with divaricating the readers at the ' Free Library ' — as far 
 as concerns the Circulating branch of it, — into a ' First 
 Class,' consisting of subscription paying borrowers, and a 
 ' Second Class,' consisting of non-subscribers ; they must 
 needs have three classes, graduated entirely by the 
 breeches'-pocket scale : namely, L Borrowers of books, 
 who could afford to pay a guinea a year ; IL Borrowers of 
 books who could afford to pay only ten shillings a year ; 
 in. Borrowers of books who could afford to pay — directly 
 or indirectly — only their share of the Library Rate. The 
 borrowing privileges of each class were made more or less 
 ample, in pro})ortion, exactly on the principle which gives 
 to a First class railway traveller very soft cushions ; to the 
 Second class traveller very hard cushions ; and to the Third 
 I class traveller no cushions at all. 
 
 It may be desirable, on this head, to quote textually the 
 
 regulation as it was originally drawn (immediately after the 
 
 I opening of the Bolton Library under the Act of 1850) : 
 
 I There was to be a First Class "subscribing one Guinea a 
 
 ' year, to be expended in the purchase of books and j)eriodi- 
 
60 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME, 
 
 cal literature, which shall circulate amoug the subscriber, 
 only, for twelve months next after purchase, and shall thei 
 be transferred to and become the property of the Towi 
 Council, and be added to the Public Library, provided thai 
 each such subscriber shall be allowed the privilege o 
 taking out, for perusal at home, one volume from the book, 
 of that portion of the Library known as the Referenc 
 Library which the Library Committee of the Town Counci, 
 for the time being shall authorise to be put in circulation"] 
 and then there was to be a Second Class " subscribinjii 
 ten shillings a year, to be expended in the purchase of nevi 
 publications in the Arts and Sciences to be selected by th 
 Town Council Committee, and the right of reading then 
 to be confined to the subscribers for a period of six month 
 from the time of their purchase, after which they sha 
 become the property of the jMayor and Corporation, an 
 form that of the Public Library ; in consideration of whic 
 the expense of circulating these books amongst the sul 
 scribers shall be defrayed out of the rate, and each sul 
 scriber shall have the privilege at all times of taking or 
 volume from the Reference Library for perusal at home." 
 How this plan has worked, in practice, will be sho\\ 
 under the section headed ' Bolton of the chapter in whic 
 the History (up to nearly the close of the year 1SG8) 
 Pree Libraries supported by rates is briefly told. 
 vorcHF.Ks 'Pile exaction of written ' vouchers ' from known rat 
 payers guaranteeing the due return, — or, upon loss ' 
 failure, the due replacement, — of the books lent, for r 
 moval from the Library to the houses of borrowers, is f 
 essential condition of good working ; infringes in no wi 
 the sound principle of entire freedom of access \ and lin 
 in practice, been attended (during more than sixteen yea 
 of actual experience), with excellent results. 
 
 FOR BOl 
 HOWI.NG 
 
 Books. 
 
MANCHESTEK FREE LlBKAllY. 01 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 '\ HISTORY OF FREE LIBRARIES ESTABLISHED IN GREAT 
 ii BRITAIN ON THE PRINCIPLE OF A LIBRARY RATE. 
 
 CIIKSTKB 
 FllKK Ll- 
 
 T 1850—1868. 
 
 r| 
 The Free Libraries of Manchester and Salford and their Fo^mders — The 
 
 ■ ' Liverpool Libraries and Sir William Broion — Birl-enhcad — Birming- 
 
 ham and its Libraries — Tlie Bolton Library — The Free Town Libraries 
 of Ojrford ami Cambridge— Sonthanqiton and the Hartley Library — 
 Other Libraries, siq^ixnied by Rate in the South and West of England 
 — Causes of the Rejection of the Libraries' Act in certain Totons — Gene- 
 
 •A ral Restdts of the Acts of 1850-1866 — Need of further Parliamentary 
 
 } and Administrative Encouragement. 
 
 § 1. jSIanchester and Salford. 
 
 I The first 'Free Library ' estal)lislicd under the Act of th 
 1850 was that of tlic then Boroiif^h, now the City, of I\Ian- 
 chester. Had tliere been no Libraries Act there wonld ^^■''^^ *"" 
 have been, even for weakhy Manchester, no Free Library founder. 
 really worthy of the name or of the town. None the less, 
 however, is the merit, both of plan and of actual formation, 
 due to an individual townsman. 
 
 In the new and splendid building, the sight of which 
 will by-and-bye almost re})ay, to a lover of architecture, the 
 
 . trouble of a journey into Lancashire, by presenting to his 
 view the best model of a Town Hall to be found throughout 
 the cmi)ire, the visitor will see a scries of portraits which 
 
 .figure, in epitome, the municipal history of Manchester. 
 
 ! That history is brief, but notable. 
 
 Manchcstir was in name a village, until the present 
 
62 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 century was considerably advanced. It had no municipal 
 corporation for many years after the official recognition 
 that it had really become a town. Until the end of 1838 
 it was still under the government of police commissioners. 
 
 In each of the first half-dozen of those full-length por- 
 traits of Mayors which decorate the Council Chamber, it 
 will be noticed that the artist has introduced into his 
 picture — in one fashion or other — an inscription, recording 
 some public deed or public benefaction of the person who 
 is represented. The first Mayor of Manchester, Sir Thomas 
 Potter, was the main promoter of the Charter of Incor- 
 poration. He was the means of more than doubling the 
 efficiency of the ancient Grammar School founded by Bishop 
 Oldham. He was, also, himself a liberal founder of schools 
 and of reformatories. The sixth mayor, Sir John Potter,! 
 gave to Manchester its Free Library. j 
 
 The Potters came originally from Yorkshire. They had! 
 won celebrity, in the West Riding, as growers of turnips; 
 before they became famous on the Manchester Exchange asi 
 dealers in calicoes and fustians. It was with the savings' 
 which, during two generations, had been put by on tk; 
 Yorkshire farm, and in a small draper's shop in the adjacenlj 
 town of Tadcaster, that one of the chief mercantile houses! 
 of South Lancashire was established. The Potters hact 
 the good fortune to transplant themselves just at the rightj 
 moment. In the closing years of the last century the in 
 ventions of Arkwright and of his predecessors and helpers 
 had already given a marvellous impulse to the trade o 
 Lancashire, but had not, as yet, overladen the traders witl 
 competitors from all parts of the world. 
 
 Richard and Thomas Potter began their business witl 
 the beginning of the new century. They took to the ne\A 
 tield of enterprise almost as early as Nathan Roth son ili 
 
MANCHESTER FRKK LinilARV. 03 
 
 i had betaken liimself to it, and by liis early snecesscs at 
 ' Manchester had laid, within five or six years, a solid fonn- 
 dation for the greatest commercial house in the ^vorl(l. 
 
 Sir John Pottkr inherited from his father a prestine thk 
 which would have gone far to cover, in Manchester, many 
 shortcomings of his own, had there been need. The first 
 ' I mayor of that town had won for himself reverence and love, 
 ", j in at least as great a degree as he had won for his house of 
 ' business commercial renown. For he added to the highest 
 qualities which ensure prosperity in trade those nobler 
 qualities which make the large gains of the man the foun- 
 dation of large gifts to the conununity. With Sir Thomas 
 Potter public duty Avas never postponed to individual 
 profit. Conspicuous as was his personal success in life, it 
 might have been very much greater had personal success 
 been his ruling aim. 
 
 The Founder of the Free Library of ^lanchester did not 
 possess, without some exception, all the good and eminent 
 qualities which had marked the career, both public and 
 private, of his father. He inherited not a few of them ; 
 " !but had been trained under a less favourable because less 
 " 'severe youthful discipline. Probably, his valuable life would 
 ' ;not so soon have been lost to the town for which, within a 
 * 'brief terra, he did so much, had he, in early years, been 
 ? I forced to face the hard work and the frugal self-denial 
 "' which his father had had to face, and to battle with those 
 ' I numerous obstacles which the ladder of life is sure to pre- 
 sent to the men who ascend it as pioneers. But, as a 
 " (townsman, Sir John Potter possessed, in fair measure, the 
 i merits and good qualities of his father. And as a provincial 
 politician he surpassed them. In the days of Sir Thomas, 
 party strife ran very high, and it was hard for the most liberal- 
 minded of men to raise himself quite above the narrowness 
 
64 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 and exclusiveness of the partisan. It was the better fortune 
 of Sir John Potter to be a genuine Kberal, and, at the same 
 time, a steadfast opponent of the claims and dictations of a 
 local coterie who sought to monopolise the credit of the 
 name ' Reformer,' whilst trading upon ' Reform ' for the 
 gratification of merely personal ambitions and of party- 
 hatreds. 
 
 In the discharge of his functions as Mayor — an office to 
 whichhe was thrice elected — Sir John Potter was exemplary. 
 He held the scales between contending parties with an 
 equable and firm hand ; but he never felt himself really at 
 home in the House of Commons. He was, with some other 
 disadvantages, under the special and serious disadvantage of 
 failino; health when returned to Parliament. He felt, and 
 (to his friends) he said, that his seat in the House would 
 hasten his path to the grave; but the simple fact of his 
 return as Member for Manchester, in the critical year 1855, 
 helped to convince Englishmen, all over the country, that 
 the ' ^Manchester School ' was, at that time, very far from 
 teaching the lessons which most commended themselves to: 
 the more temperate and dispassionate part of that provincial 
 community — under whatever political banner they might 
 usually range themselves — the name of which had been sc; 
 currently misapplied. It was (under the existing circum-' 
 stances) a service to the town scarcely less honourable t( 
 the man who rendered it than had been his gift to it, fou] 
 years earlier, of the Free Library. And it was in strici' 
 accordance with truth, not from any impulse of flattery, tha 
 when a Puneral Sermon, within less than two years afte 
 his election to the House of Commons, had to be preachec 
 for the Pounder of the Pree Library, the preacher took fo, 
 his theme ' The Fublic Baty of the Citizen' \ 
 
FOUNDATION OF THE MANCIIKSTKH FRKK Ur.UAUV.Cr) 
 
 Sir John Potteu began his chief public labour (during 
 the second year of his Mayoralty) by taking from his 
 pocket, one day, on the jManchcster Exchange, a Library 
 l)eggiiig-book. lie repeated the experiment soon afterwards 
 111 a place where he was wont to feel himself more tho- 
 roughly at his ease than even on that Exchange where 
 liis name had been so long held in honour. At the head 
 of a board well laden wiih the choicest of the good things 
 of this life, and snrrounded by faces beaming with tes- 
 limony of the genial enjoyment of them, Sir John Pottkr 
 was always seen at his best. The enjoyment of the host 
 t>eemed to increase with the number and the joyousness of 
 the guests. Under such happy circumstances, the sub- 
 scription list, opened on the Exchange, went round the 
 table with the wine, and was rapidly and liberally filled 
 up. The first jmblic meeting was called together, in the 
 l)lace intended to be made into a library, on the Sth of 
 January, 1851 ; but, before any appeal w\as made to the 
 Public, the Founder had sent to the bankers a sum of four 
 thousand three hundred pounds, gathered by his personal 
 and sole exertions. Of this sum, £2000 came from the 
 pockets of the first twenty-six subscribers to the fund. 
 
 As I have noticed elsewhere, there was, at this stage of 
 the affair, some difference of ophiion about the best methods 
 of proceeding, and more especially about the building in 
 which the Free Library should be placed. On that cold 
 winter morning of '51, the building itself wore a very un- 
 attractive and gloomy look. And it was a building of ill- 
 fame; for it had been for some years the head-quarters in 
 Manchester of Owcnistic Socialism. Jking held during 
 the Christmas holidays, the meeting was thinly attended; 
 l)tit these who were there — amongst them, the l^ishoj) of 
 Manchester, the Dean of ALanchestcr, many of the parochial 
 
 TiiF. Koi K- 
 
 DATUIN lir 
 
66 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Clergy and of the Dissenting ministers of the town ; with 
 the Mayor of Salford and the Presidents of both Chambers 
 of Commerce, and sevei'al eminent merchants — were much 
 in earnest. The question about the building was at length 
 regarded as a thing which had been settled ; and the only 
 question practically to be dealt with was felt to be that of 
 increasing the fund, so as to improve and adapt the building 
 in the best possible way, and to furnish it with as many 
 and as good books as possible. Eventually, the original 
 £4300 grew to nearly £13,000.* A Committee was ap- 
 pointed to help in the work. 
 
 Whilst the adaptation of the building was in active pro- 
 gress, the purchase of books was entrusted by the Committee 
 to the joint care of a member of their body (the worthy 
 and learned President of the Cheetham Society, Mr. James 
 Crossley), and of their intended Principal Librarian. 18,028 
 volumes were purchased. The expenditure for books was 
 £4156. The larger portion of the purchases were effected 
 within about three months ; in the classes of English History 
 and of Standard English Literature, they were made ex- 
 tensively prominent and systematic ; and, in the course of 
 making them, more than 100,000 volumes passed under 
 careful examination. 
 
 In addition to the purchased books, 3292 volumes were 
 presented by various donors. Of these more than three fourths 
 Avere found to be better suited for a popular lending library 
 than for a well- and carefully-fnrnished Consulting Library. 
 
 In relation to the obtainment, by gift, of books of one 
 particular and important class, — those printed at public 
 charge, and nnder the direction of one or other of the 
 multifarious public departments of the kingdom — tlie 
 Principal Librarian of the Manchester Library, in accord- 
 
 * Of this Slim the Overseevs of Manchester contributed £:2000. 
 
DOXATIOX OF BOOKS POINTED AT PFBLir COST. 07 
 
 aiK-c ^vitll Iiis iiistrnctioiis, took unusiial jKiiiis, with very 
 inisatisfactoiT results. It appcarod to the (.'omiiiittcc which 
 liad the task of assisting the Founder in carrying out the 
 plans, to be a most reasonable thing that when a local 
 (•(Mninunity was making large and costly efforts, from its 
 own resources, to establish the first truly and thoroughly 
 ' Free Library ' in Britain, some furtherance froui the 
 national Government might fairly be looked for, if once it 
 could be shown that the Administration of the day luid 
 legitimate and appropriate means actually in their hands of 
 giving that furtherance, and of giving it unobjectionably. 
 
 About books ])rinted at public cost three facts were 
 already known : They were very numerous. They con- 
 lained infornuition, much of which was not in any other 
 toi'in accessible ; and the spreading abroad of which was a 
 natural and a momentous interest. Of very many of them 
 there existed a large and available stock, — so large, in 
 xtme cases, that it was at once an embarrassment to the 
 warehouse-keepers who had the charge of it, and a subject 
 of current as well as of past expenditure to the Public. 
 
 The movers in the matter ventured to think that a 
 , Public Library, placed in one of the great centres of 
 [population and of commerce, and about to be maintained 
 I by a voluntary and permanent rate, had a fair case for con- 
 isideration with the custodians of Public Books. But many 
 of these custodians thought otherwise.* 
 : After a long and most onerous correspondence, diversified 
 'occasionally by personal effort, there ensued a very meager 
 h suit. The desired books, in the aggregate, were counted 
 
 * Th. re wore several honourable exceptions, as, for instance, at tlio 
 
 r..l(,ni;il Ofiico; at the otBce of the Education Committee of the Privy 
 
 ' uncil, and at that of the Registrar-General. Some of the obstacles 
 
 ' ither quarters ai'ose from the indu.stry and the peculiar crotchets of 
 
 late Comptroller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ^ 
 
 DoXATinN 
 
 or lloiika 
 
 riUNTKIl AT 
 
 rriiLlrrosT. 
 
68 FPvEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 up by thousands. The obtained books — obtained with 
 great pains, and with not a little incidental expenditure — 
 could be counted wdth small diiliculty. They numbered, 
 in all, a hundred and forty-five. 
 
 In another department, painstaking was rewarded with 
 pI™the better success. Those who had to deal with the first 
 manches- foi-mation of the Free Library of Manchester had two 
 
 TEE CniEP '' 
 
 libeaet;. tilings, more especially, at heart. They desired to lay the 
 groundwork of the best attainable collection of books on 
 Commerce, and on the literature of Politics and of Political 
 and Social Economy, in all their branches. They also 
 desired to set as good an example as possible to the future 
 Free Libraries of other towns, in the way of gathering the 
 best attainable series of books on the Local History and 
 the Local affairs. 
 
 To attain the first object, little reliance could be placed 
 on any source of acquisition other than that of purchase 
 in the ordinary markets of the book- trade. Tow^nrds the 
 attainment of the second, there w^as ground to hope that 
 voluntary gifts would largely help. 
 
 Before the Free Library opened its doors to the Public 
 it contained in the single class, " Legislation, Pohtics, and 
 Commerce," about 7,100 distinct works — tracts and pam- 
 phlets included — comprised (when wholly bound) in about 
 3,000 volumes. It also contained more than five hundred 
 works on the history, antiquities, the local concerns, and 
 the particular industrial pursuits of Manchester and of 
 Lancashire. 
 
 The political collection included sets of the Journals and 
 Debates of Parliament ; a nearly complete series of the 
 London Gazette (extending over almost two hundred years*) ; 
 
 * Made, though with great difficiilty, perfectly complete, by four 
 successive purchases between 1852 and 185T. 
 
THE MAGENS* CX)LLECTION AT MANCIIKsrilK. (V.) 
 
 more tlian three liuiuli-ed works on the general liistory of 
 Trade anil Commerce, dating from the sixteeiitli century 
 downwards; about a hunch'ed and sixty works on that 
 special branch of commercial liteiature — (he trade between 
 jjigland and India ; more than two hundred and twenty 
 works on the History and Constitution of the British 
 Parliament ; and above six hundred and fifty several 
 works — ranging, in date, from IGIO to 1S5U — on mone- 
 tary and banking atlairs, on taxation, and on the public 
 funds. 
 
 The attainment, in so short a period, of so remarkable 
 and so peculiar a collection — attained too by a very moderate 
 outlay — would have been scarcely possible bnt for the 
 circumstance that a Danish merchant, who had settled 
 himself in London about a century and a half before the 
 Free Libraries were ])lanned, had chosen to diversify his 
 accumulation of a large commercial fortune by the accu- 
 mulation, at equal steps, of a large commercial library. 
 
 Nicholas ^Iagens came to England with but a very few 
 shillings in his pocket. From the humblest beginnitigs, 
 he rose to great prosperity. And he had the enlightened 
 desire to understand, thoroughly, the commerce on which 
 his fortune was based. Soon after laying the foundation 
 of the well-known London banking-house of ' Dorrien, 
 >Lagens and Company' (well known, under one variation 
 r other, from the time of Qn;}cn Anne to that of Queen 
 \'ictoria), he laid that of the curious collection of Trade 
 Literature, now to be seen at ]\Lanchester. It had remained, 
 by way of heir-loom, in the Doriuen-Magens family until 
 ISol. 
 
 The literature of ' History ' presents less dilKculty, in its 
 collection, than docs the literature of Connuercc, proviiled 
 
 TiiR Ma- 
 
 3K.\S' COL- 
 
 L>:crioN. 
 
70 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Historical alwajs that tlicre be oiie essential condition precedent, tliat 
 manchest- of an ample fund for purchases. With a comparatively 
 iBBAKY. jj^j.j,Q^ fund, the acquisition of historical books for the 
 new Manchester Library could be only slender, save in 
 one particular section. The volumes in the class ' History, 
 — at the time of opening — amounted to only 6,707 ; but, 
 of these, more than 4,300 volumes related to the History 
 and Biography of Britain and of the United States of 
 America, including (in the number) works of travel in 
 either country. The volumes of British and American 
 biography, taken apart, amounted to 1,313. But those of 
 British topography — a department more than tenfold 
 costlier — were, and still are (in 1868), in comparison, very 
 few ; excepting always those relating to Lancashire and to 
 districts nearly adjacent. 
 
 Its The Library, of which the foundation had thus been laid, 
 
 Opkning. J ' ' 
 
 by vigorous and voluntary efforts, was opened for public 
 use on Thursday, the 2nd of September, 1852. Just a 
 fortnight before this ceremony, a poll of the Burgesses was 
 taken on the question : — 'Shall a Library Bate be levied?' 
 for its future increase and maintenance. 
 
 In 1852 the registered burgesses of Manchester were 
 12,542. Of this number, 4,002 cast their votes. Of the 
 4,002 voters 3,962 were in favour of the rate; forty voters 
 only were against it. The ' ayes ' were nearly as one hun- 
 dred to one *no.' The supporters were (allowing for 
 deaths and departures since the framing of the Register) 
 somewhat more than one third of the whole number of 
 •ratepayers. The opponents were ~i\\ of the whole. 
 
 But even this statement of the matter does not fully 
 represent the real predominance of feeling in the Towji. 
 
 Adopting that test of feeling which — in the well-known 
 
WoBK. 
 
 VAKIETY OF THE HELPERS IN THE WORK. 71 
 
 story — is called ' the Quaker's test (' Friend, How much 
 dost thou feel for this good cause ?'), it deserves to be re- 
 membered that whilst six and twenty helpers had * felt for 
 it ' in hundred-pound notes, and three hundred and eighty 
 other heli)ers in notes from five pounds to fifty ; more than 
 fu'Ciifj/ tlioKstuid hard-working clerks and artisans (of all 
 kinds) felt for it, not a whit less earnestly, in half-sovereigns, 
 shillinirs, nnd iicnce. If we iieckon contributions of this ^arikty of 
 
 A J THK HkI.1'- 
 
 sort after the scale which is laid down in Our Lords eusinthe 
 Parable, the one thousand pounds (or very nearly that) 
 which was given out of " wages " will seem even more 
 notable than the twelve thousands which were given out of 
 rents, revenues, and profits of trade. 
 
 It is pleasant to note, whilst recording this far-extending 
 combination for a public object, and for one which — in 
 M'veral points of view — was 7icw in Britain, that the casting 
 of gifts into the 'common' treasury of all classes spread 
 far beyond the limits of Manchester itself, or those of its 
 district. At home, the second person in the Realm shared 
 in it by a most liberal and princely contribution. Abroad, 
 interest in the Free Library movement was testified by a 
 generous gift which came from the United States of 
 America. 
 
 The Prince Consort's gift consisted of eighteen volumes 
 of splendid books. They were chosen with the enlightened 
 judgment and fine taste which always characterised the 
 man whose loss was so soon to become the cause of grief 
 to a nation.* 
 
 • Prince Albert, in the letter which he desired Col. Phipps to write, 
 ' <n his behalf, iipon occasion of this gift, took the opportunity to express 
 his earnest approval of the ' Libraries' Act,' and especially of the princi- 
 ple of supporting To\vn Libraries by local rates. " That important Act," 
 he says, '"has recognised, for the first time, the supply of food for the 
 
72 FREE TOWN LIBRAIUES, AT HOME. 
 
 ope.ning 01- The meeting for inauguration was honoured by the 
 CHESTER u- presence of the Earls of Shaftesbury, and of Wilton, as 
 i852r ^^''^' ^^'e^l as by that of most of those early promoters whom I 
 have mentioned as taking part in the preliminary meeting 
 of January, 1851. But its crowning honour was the 
 presence of three masters in literature — Charles Dickens, 
 AVilham Thackeray, and Lord Lytton. Each of these 
 eminent writers expressed himself very characteristically. 
 Thackeray — who could utter such brilliant and incisive 
 sayings across the social dinner-table — was never at his 
 ease in speechifying at a public meeting. And on this 
 occasion the sight of twenty thousand volumes of books 
 seemed to appal him much more than the sight of the few 
 hundreds of auditors. The surrounding books appeared to 
 excite such a crowd of thoughts in his mind that their very 
 number and hurry impeded their outlet. Enough was heard 
 to make one feel that what he had to say Avas excellent, yet 
 lie could not say it. He sat down in great emotion, and 
 with an unfinished sentence on his lips. His nearest rival 
 in the realm of fiction was, on the other hand, perfectly at 
 his ease. He caused a roar of laughter by a pathetic 
 account of the toils he had encountered in striving, during 
 several years, to understand the meaning of the current 
 phrase, ' the Manchester School' He had run up and 
 down, imploring explanation. Some people assured him 
 it was ' all cant ;' others w^ere equally confident that it was 
 
 mind,' as ranking among those absolutely necessary i^rovisions, whicli 
 are to be " amply and beneficially supplied to tlie Community by Rates 
 in tlie different localities and voluntarily imposed." The Prince added 
 liis hope that the example, " thus nobly set by Manchester, -will be ex- 
 tensively followed throughout the country." The hope is in a very fair 
 way to be realized, although the lamented Piince who expressed it was 
 to be called away from us too soon to allow of his witnessing any con- 
 siderable fridtion. 
 
IJMID T.VTTON'S SPKKCH AT MANCHESTKH. 73 
 
 'ill! cotton.' 13ut in that room his doubts were sncUlcnly 
 dispelled. The * ^lanchester School ' lie now saw was a 
 Library of Books, as open to the poorest as to the richest. 
 May the time soon come, said Mr. Dickens, when all our 
 towns and cities shall possess as good a seminary. 
 
 Hut no speech, uttered at that meeting, contained words 
 
 Iter worth renienihcring and pondering, than those of Lord 
 
 I.YTToN. He told his audience what had been said to him, ^°''" ^"' 
 
 TON i 
 
 few (lavs before, bv the American Ambassador, when S''*^'-- 
 
 CIl AT 
 
 Man- 
 
 (jucstioned about the amount and incidence of taxation in cukstku. 
 the States: "Our largest rate of all" (said Mr. Everett 
 to Sir Bulwer Lytton) " is our Education Rate. We 
 I never grumble at its amount, because it is in education 
 jthat we find the principle of our national safety." But, 
 added Lord Lytton, with the keenness of thought and the 
 true eloquence which characterise his best speeches, as well 
 ns his best books : " A Library is not only a school, it is 
 ; 11 arsenal, and an armoury. Books are weapons; either 
 for war or for self-defence. And the principles of chivalry 
 are as applicable to the student now, as they ever were to 
 I he knight of old. To defend the weak; to resist the 
 oppressor; to add to courage huuiUty ; to give to man the 
 service, and to God the glory; is the student's duty now; 
 as it was once the duty of the knight." No truer, few 
 more pregnant, words were ever spoken at any public 
 meeting within the four seas. And they had their special 
 aptness for the ears to which they were uttered. 
 
 Some men, full of energy and of that practical ability 
 which is nowhere more largely to be met with than in 
 ^Innchester, are wont sometimes to say — with a s})ice of 
 asting which is very natural, and by no means unpardon- 
 .iibie: "The Lancashire of to-day is the Eni^dand of the 
 future." 
 
74 FREE TOWN LIBKAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Most undoubtedly, the supremacy of the Lancashire of 
 to-day [namely, of November, 186S,] would be a much 
 happier thing for England than the supremacy — were such 
 a thing ever possible — of the Lancashire of 1S48, which 
 the present writer well remembers, and which mine among 
 the utterers of the saying would fain bring back, — if they 
 could. 
 
 But no real student of history will believe that the too 
 boastful prediction will ever be entirely realised. It 
 contains nevertheless a very important element of truth, 
 and towards its appreciation, at its real, and no more than 
 its real value, there is good help in the words used by Lord 
 Litton at the Manchester Free Library meeting. 
 
 The ' Lancashire of to-day ' presents a most striking 
 picture of the results, under Providence, of a wonderfully 
 energetic pursuit of commercial success, combined with 
 great openness of purse, and great freedom of mental 
 sympathy, towards commercial, municipal, and educational 
 institutions of all kinds. Such a combination is a truly 
 noble constituent in the greatness of a nation ; but it isj 
 only a constituent. It has taken much more to build Uf 
 Britain than the most marvellously successful industry 
 backed by all that power of the purse which flows thence 
 The England of the Crusaders, and the England of th(. 
 Tudors, have had a good deal more to do wath shaping th«j 
 Britain yet to come, than the influence which lies, actually 
 and potentially, in the special enterprise of Lancashire, evei 
 were it possible to expand the cotton factories and thi 
 bonding-warehouses from Liverpool and ]\lanchester dowi, 
 to the Scottish border. The more of Avell-furnished Fre'l 
 Libraries we open, the wider shall we spread the conviction 
 in the minds of those who really profit by their contents 
 that it is not in unity, but in great diversity of aim, pursuit 
 
ISSUES OF BOOKS DUPJNO FIKST VlYK YEAKS. 7r> 
 
 cMiterjJiisc, and })o\vcr, that the true bases of our national 
 irroatncss will continue to be laid, as in the bygone times. 
 
 Four days after the opening meeting, the rooms of the 
 
 s jFree Library were thronged with readers. The long 
 
 '- |months which had been spent in adapting the building to 
 
 its new purposes, and in the collection and arrangements 
 
 mC the books, had served rather to increase than to lessen 
 
 the interest of all classes in the new institution. 
 
 Within the first year of its w^orking it had issued to 
 i" ireaders in the Consultino; De])artment, 61,080 volumes: and, issues ..r 
 
 <=> i^ ' ' Books duiiug 
 
 I Ifrom the Lending Department, 77,232 volumes; making a firstycm-. 
 itotal issue, within twelvemonths, of 138,31 2 volumes. 
 The Consulting Library, at the time of its being 
 pened to the Public, contained 10,013 volumes. They 
 vere increased, by the end of the year, to 18,104. The 
 irculating or Lending Branch contahied, at the time 
 f opening, 5,305 volumes. They were increased, by 
 he end of the year, to 7195. But, out of the first- 
 [iiamed number, about 2300 volumes — being as yet 
 junbouud — were not available for present use. The aggre- 
 gate number of available books was therefore, in round 
 numbers, 23,000 volumes. It follows that, upon an 
 javerage, each volmne of the Library was either consulted, 
 or borrowed, by readers six times within the first year of 
 the working of the new Library. 
 
 Five years after the public opening, the issues of a i^3u^.3gf 
 single year had increased in the Consultinpr Department to ""^i^s don"!,' 
 
 ° D 1 first lUe 
 
 101,901 volumes, and, in the Lending Department, to y^-^"- 
 i96,117 ; making an aggregate total issue of 198,108 
 Volumes. Meanwhile, the contents of the Consulting Library 
 had been increased by the close of the year 1857 to 21,818 
 volumes, and the contents of the Lending Department to 
 
76 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 8873 volumes. The mean amount of available book; 
 during the year 1856-7 may be taken at 28,000 volumes 
 It follows that during the fifth year of the v^'orking of tlu 
 Library every volume, on an average, was issued or con 
 suited seven times over. 
 
 The reader will have borne in mind that the Consultinf 
 Library was open to everybody, without introduction o 
 recommendation of any kind ; and the Lending Library 
 also open to everybody, on the one condition that the apph 
 cant, upon his first appearance, should produce a 'voucher 
 signed by any two burgesses — either of Manchester or c, 
 Salford — who were willing to become his sureties oj 
 ' guarantors,' for the due return, or due replacement, ci 
 books lent. The system was absolutely new in England 
 No Lending Library had ever before made its book 
 equally accessible. No rate-purchased books^ had eve 
 before been placed in a Library, either for borrowing, or fc 
 consultation within the walls. This fact of entire novelt 
 seemed to make it desirable that the Library Statistic' 
 also, should have greater fullness of record, and be kept wit 
 more minuteness of detail than had theretofore been eith* 
 customary or needful. On this ground, the Princip 
 Librarian at Manchester classified both the issues and tl 
 readers ; although that system entailed (on his staff, as we' 
 as on himself,) a laro-e amount of additional labour. \\\ tl 
 sequel, the record — dry as it must needs be — prove 
 to have its interest; its details were copied into son 
 scores of newspapers and literary journals ; and the pra 
 tice came to be nearly universal amongst the Fn 
 Libraries. 
 
 1 The Maucliester Corporation liad olitained from Parliament — bj 
 clause inserted in a Local Act — exceptional powers to buy books out 
 the Rate-money, prior to the Amendment of the first ' Libraries Act.' 
 
c 
 
 The 
 l oiisult 
 
 follows 
 
 LASSIFICATIOX OF THE BOOKS ISSUFD. 77 
 
 classiticil issues at jMancliester — as regards tlu; 
 iug Library — during the first live years were as 
 
 Books in the Cl.iss. 
 
 Afgii'Siitc No. of 
 \ olnmcs issued 
 in five years. 
 
 Theology 
 
 Philosophy .... 
 
 I History 
 
 Politics and Commerce 
 Sciences and Arts 
 
 LiTEEATXTRE and POLYGRAPHY 
 
 8,297 
 
 6,791 
 
 100.903 
 
 40.595 
 
 46,266 
 
 161,768 
 
 Total . 
 
 364,680 
 
 Clnssificitinn 
 
 of the B(inka 
 
 issued. 
 
 I Many persons, very friendly to the extension of Popular 
 iLibraries, were yet of opinion — at the outset of the Free 
 Library movement — that in order to induce people who had 
 jl)een wont to read very little to read more, and to read 
 habitually, you must ])rovide, in a very large measure, the 
 merely ephemeral literature of tiie day. Sucli persons were 
 naturally surprised on the publication of this Table of 
 Issues. 
 
 The last-named class in the table — ' Literaturk and 
 I'uLYGRAniY' — is necessarily a very wide and compre- 
 hensive class. It includes the collective w^orks of a Siiake- 
 SPEARU, a Milton, a Bacon, and a Ralegh, as well as the 
 amusing but very ephemeral productions of Ainsworth 
 or of G. P. R. James. In filling the shelves allotted to 
 this class of books a liberal but by no means a predominant 
 proportion of the Literature of Fiction was provided. 
 Originally (and speaking only of the Consulting Depart- 
 ment), there were in the Library little more than 500 
 vohunes of 'Novels, Tales, and Romances,' — includ'uifj in 
 that mmilior those popular period ical.s of whose contents 
 
78 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Prose Fiction, iu some form or otlier, is the staple. This, 
 therefore, was but a thirty^sixth part of the whole Library. 
 And the books of ' Poetry' were three times more nume- 
 rous than the Prose Tales ; whilst the ' History' books 
 were tliirteen times more numerous. There was, however, 
 \ a large attendance of youthful readers, and the 500 volumes 
 of tales came to be in much request. At first, nearly one 
 third of the issues in ' Literature and Polygraphy' 
 were works of fiction. But they have never, I believe, 
 exceeded one third; and have often fallen below it. Por 
 every volume, therefore, of ' Novels, Tales, and Romances,' 
 issued to readers within the walls, two volumes of books of 
 i' an historical sort have been issued. 
 
 But no similar statement can be made with reference to 
 
 the Lending Department of the Manchester Free Library. 
 
 It was foreseen that in this section a good provision of 
 
 1 1 e.^\^t Pi'ose Fiction must needs be made. Of the original 7195 
 
 number of O 
 
 volumes at volumcs provldcd for borrowers, nearly a fifth were 'Novels, 
 
 the close of ^ . 
 
 the first year. Talcs, aud Roiuances.' The proportion borne by works of 
 that sort to the whole of the works comprised within the 
 class ' Literature and Polygraphy' was somewhat more 
 than one third. 
 
 Contrasts be- ^hc issucs, ou thc otlicr hand, to Borrowers, stood 
 Classified somewhat in this proportion : Three fourths of the whole 
 
 Issues in the issucs wd'c of books in the Class 'Literature and- Poly- 
 
 Coiisulting 
 
 and Lending GRAPHY.* Aud of tlic issucs witluu that class, about four- 
 
 riepartments. -rr- • -k 
 
 filths were books of Prose Fiction. The proportion borne 
 by the * Novels, Tales, and Romances,' circulated during 
 the fourth year of the working of the Library to the books of 
 'History,' of ' Theology,' and of * Literature' (other than 
 Fiction), so circulated, was nearly as five to three. In other 
 words, the circulation of works of Prose Fiction was nearly 
 
CONTRASTS BETWEEN Til E CLASSIFIED ISSUES. 70 
 
 five eighths of tlic whole circulation of that year in all 
 classes. 
 
 The I'Ooks of Fiction so provided and so nscd are (it is 
 ilinost needless to say,) among the best of their class. 
 riicy comprise the standard masterpieces of onr British 
 Novelists, both dead and living. They also comprise many 
 pooks of which the utmost that can be said is that they are 
 jk'ery amusing. When it is stated that they range from 
 he works of Scott, Defoe, Lytton, and Dickens, down 
 o those of Alexander Dumas, the Provisional Connnittee, 
 —and those who assisted the Committee in the task of 
 ^election — will hardly be thought wanting in Catholicity 
 l)f taste. Xor was there any omission to provide many 
 ihen recent books, whose authors were but in course of 
 ^'inning their fame by new productions, some of which are 
 j)retty sure hereafter to take rank as classics in their kind. 
 pLS we all know, Prose Fiction has become, in lai'ger mea- 
 ure than ever it \vas before, the occasional vehicle of some 
 f the best thoughts of our best thinkers. Nor — despite 
 laring and scandalous exceptions, here and there — was it, 
 t any time heretofore, if taken on the whole, characterised 
 
 y so nmch general purity of tone, or by so much lioncsty 
 f purpose and aim. Very obviously, it is no less needful 
 3 the reader who would gain for himself a true knowledge 
 f the social aspects, sympathies, and aspirations of the day 
 D read some of the tales of the day, than it is for the 
 jtudent of mediccval times to read the romances of chi- 
 nlry, or for the student of French history and manners 
 jnder the reign of Lewis XIV, to read the Cle'/ic, or the 
 irand Cyrus. But it remains true, none the less, that 
 jovel-reading, in the main, is reading for recreation or for 
 
 i-tinie; not for intellectual growth. 
 
80 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 If the question be asked, Why have the Lending Depart- 
 ments of the Free Libraries visibly done so much less for 
 mental culture and improvement than their Consulting 
 Departments have manifestly done, the answer is not far to 
 seek. The present writer, during many years, carefully 
 observed and noted both what was the course of reading, 
 and what tlie character and aptitudes of readers, in several 
 of the Free Libraries of Lancashire ; and, by correspond- 
 ence as well as by occasional visits, learnt also what had 
 been the experience of similar institutions in many othei 
 parts of England. It soon became his conviction that tb( 
 [ due working of Free Lending Libraries was, and is, mud 
 impeded by the plain insufficiency of that amount of codi 
 Character of niaud ovcr tlic tools and implements of self-educatioi 
 
 the Readers _ , ^ 
 
 in the Lend- whicli Is taught lu our popular schools. At Manchester anc: 
 
 ing Libraries. nil i i • 
 
 at Liverpool — as well as elsewhere — a notable proportioi 
 of the borrowers of books have always been youths wh'i 
 were still attending schools of one kind or other, or wli 
 had very recently left them. It was obvious, in man 
 cases, that such persons as these possessed only a bar] 
 ability to read, and that imperfectly. They had acquire I 
 none of that training of the faculties, without which tli' 
 power of reading cannot be turned to profit. It wfi 
 observed that many of those youths found an attraction il 
 the titles — as they stood in the Catalogue — of books of a{ 
 instructive sort, and they applied for them. Sometimil 
 the books so asked for were such as combine clearness ar' 
 charm of style with intrinsic value. But, in not a fe 
 cases, the books came back, long before they could ha" 
 been read. And those who returned them made no fn 
 ther inquiry for books of a like kind. They turned to t 
 novels and tales. The inference seemed inevitable. T 
 amount of ' schooling ' — wherever obtained — had failed ■ 
 
ESTABLISHMENT OF BllAXCII Lir.IJAIllES. 81 
 
 impart tlic habit of nicntnl application. It liad tailed to 
 inspire any love for pursuing knowledge under ditlieulties. 
 lit bad not even created that moderately discriminating 
 iinental appetite to wiiicli perpetual novel-reading would 
 Ijecome nauseous, just as surely as a table spread every 
 day with confectionery, and with nothing more solid, 
 ivould pall upon the healthy appetite for daily bread. 
 
 After all due allowance on this score, however, the first 
 .1 nding Library established in England under ' Ewart's 
 \(t,' — like the first Consulting Library, — did good work 
 lud produced very satisfactory results. Presently two 
 [dditional Lending Libraries were provided in remote 
 l»arts of the town. They were placed under the manage- 
 nent of the same Library Committee, and of the same 
 'iineij)al Librarian, as the original Libraries established in 
 amp Lield. The first of the new Libraries was [)laced in 
 lulmc, and the second in Ancoats ; — both of them very 
 upulous suburbs of Manchester. 
 
 As a preliminary to the establishment of these Branch 
 
 .ihraries, the Committee directed its Principal Librarian 
 
 p prepare a Report, (1) Of the grounds on which their 
 
 stablishment was proposed; and (2) Of the probable 
 
 xpenses which they would entail. It rnay not be without 
 
 • future use in other towns, if the Report so prepared 
 
 here inserted. It was approved of by the Library 
 
 committee of the Manchester Corporation, in April 1857, 
 
 nd was submitted to and adopted by the City Council in 
 
 following month: — 
 
82 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Librarian's 
 Report on the 
 erection of 
 Branch Li- 
 braries. 
 
 " Establishment of Branch Lending Libraries. 
 
 " The Eree Library Committee request the favour- 
 able attention of the Council to the following report 
 and recommendations :— 
 
 " Youv Committee have, for some time past, been conscious of the 
 inadequacy of the present Library to meet the requirements of the 
 Public, partly from the insufficient supply of books, and, in a great 
 measure, fi-om the cii'cumstance that the locality of the Library 
 places it at a very inconvenient distance from large numbers of 
 those for whom especially its advantages were benevolently designed. 
 
 " The Council will be aware, that at the period of the transference 
 of the Free Library to the care and custody of the Corporation, the 
 Public Libraries and Museums Act, 13 and 14 Yic, cap. 65, required 
 ' that the whole amount of rate levied for the pvirposes of this Act ' 
 do not in any one year amount to more than one halfpenny in the • 
 pound on the annual value of the property in the borough rateable ■ 
 to the borough rate.' As neai'ly the whole of the amount so pro- 
 duced is required for the efficient working of the present Libraiy, 
 it becomes necessary that your Committee should obtain the sanc- 
 tion of the Council to avail themselves of the larger powers con-j 
 f eiTed by a subsequent and amended Act, the 18th and 19th Vic, i 
 cap. 70, which empowers the levying of a rate 'not exceeding the J 
 sum of one penny in the pound,' and which, on the present assess- ! 
 ment of the borough, will produce an annual sum of about £4,000. 
 
 " Before loroceeding to specify the manner in which the Com- 
 mittee propose to carry out the increased powers (should the Counci 
 see fit to accord them), they beg to state, that they do not intenc! 
 to alter any of the conditions under which the present Library ii; 
 placed. It will be obsei-ved, that it is Lending Libraries whicli 
 they recommend to be formed, as they are convinced that it woul( 
 be inexpedient to establish others for purposes of reference ; no 
 only from theii* greater relative cost, bu.t from a belief that on 
 well- stocked Reference Library will be more serviceable than sever; 
 which were necessarily less complete, and inferior. Neither ca 
 any large proportion of the books comprising the existing Lendin 
 Library be removed; though undoubtedly the pressure upon i1 
 circulation wiU be rendered less severe when the new branchi 
 come into operation. As the Central Lending Library, too, it 
 desirable that the number of its volumes shall be larger than ma 
 be reqiiired for the branch establishments. 
 
REPORT ON ERECTION OF BRANCH LIBRARIES. 83 
 
 " Your Committee, therefore, submit the following recommeiuhi- 
 tions and estimates : — 
 
 " 1. — That three Branch Lending Libraries be established. 
 "2. — That to each Library a News and Reading Room be 
 
 attached. 
 " 3. — That the Libraries be placed in the following localities, 
 
 viz., — 
 
 " (a) One in Ancoats, as near as practicable to New Cross, 
 — thus supplying the dense masses of population in 
 Ancoats, St. George's and Oldham Roads, and the 
 districts between and on eacli side of these great 
 thoroughfares, Collyhurst, Red Bank, and other 
 parts of Cheetham. 
 
 " (b) One in Hulme, situated neai- the site of the old work- 
 house, — to supply those parts of the township lying 
 beyond Stretford New Road, Greenlieys, Moss Side, 
 and Chorlton. 
 
 " (c) One in Ai-dwick, near Ardwick Green, — to supply 
 that township, the districts of London Road, Garratt, 
 the extreme end of Ancoats, Ashton Old Road, and 
 Beswick. 
 
 " [Appendix A.] 
 
 Estimate of Expenses in Establishing Three Branch 
 "Lending Libraries. 
 
 " For each Branch. 
 
 £ 8. d. 
 
 " Books— say 2.500 volumes, at 2s. 6d. per vol 320 
 
 Fittings and Furnitui-e, &c. — say 130 
 
 £450 
 
 For the three Branches, say £1,350 Os. Od.* 
 
 * Proceedings of the City Council of Manchester, for the year 1857-58. 
 
84 
 
 FEEE TOWN LIBKARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Estimate of 
 the cost of 
 Branch Li- 
 braries. 
 
 " [Appendix B.] 
 
 "Estimate of Annual "Working Expenses. 
 
 "For each Branch. 
 
 — — — _ 
 
 Rent of premises 50 
 
 Finidture, and repairs 15 
 
 Ligliting, "Warming, and Cleaning 50 
 
 Salaries — BrancliUnder-Librarian, £80 ; Assistant, £26 ; 
 
 Errand-boy, £8 114 
 
 Replacement of Books — say 400 vols, at 2s. 6d 50 
 
 Binding — say 500 vols, at Is. 3d., £31 ; Printing and 
 
 Stationery, £20 51 
 
 Incidental Expenses, £10; Repairs and Press- marking 
 
 ofBooks,£15 25 
 
 Newspapers and Periodicals 30 
 
 Sundi-ies 15 
 
 £400 
 
 Total expense annually of three Branches £1,300 Os. Od. 
 
 The Manchester Coimcil approved of the erection, at 
 once, of t//ree Branch Lendmg Libraries ; but, on farther 
 consideration, it was found desirable to proceed, at first, 
 Avith two only of the three ; leaving the other to be estab- 
 lished a year or two later. Houses in Hulme and Ancoats 
 were obtained, and were so altered as to adapt them to the 
 new purpose. But the Committee was speedily convinced 
 that, in all such cases, specially erected buildings would 
 prove, not only more efficient for the object in view, but 
 also in the long run much cheaper. The Hulme Branch 
 was opened in November, 1857 ; and the Ancoats Branch 
 in December. 
 
 On the 7th of July, 1858, the City Council passed this 
 additional Resolution on the subject of the Branch 
 Libraries ; — 
 
 " That the Free Library Committee be, and they are 
 
Manchester 
 Branch 
 
 MANCHESTER BRANCH LIBRARIES. H:, 
 
 hereby, authorised and empowered to expend the snni of 
 £1,000, in the ereetion of buildings for a [branch Lending 
 Library in Livesey Street, Rochdale Road ; and [also] to 
 pnrcliase, on chief-rent or otherwise, the land necessary for 
 such purpose."* The plan of the new Libraries was both 
 a careful and a provident plan ; and the Resolution of the i.ihrur..,. 
 City Council was, in all respects, liberally carried out. 
 Previously there had been not a little dissatisfaction amongst 
 the ratepayers in some of the suhin-hs of ^Manchester at the 
 remoteness, relatively to them, of the one Lending Library 
 first established under the rate. They had repeatedly 
 ])ressed their representatives in the Council on this point. 
 And, in consequence, there came to be a ready disposition 
 amongst the Councillors to promote the establishment of 
 new branches, and to provide, on a generous scale, for their 
 expenses. In regard to the central and Consulting Library 
 the feeling (speaking generally) was not, at that period, 
 ipiite so liberal. And for this fact there were more reasons 
 than one. 
 
 It has been shown that only forty ratepayers could be 
 got to the poll to record their votes against the levy of the 
 proposed Library Rate, in August 185.:?. But there was a 
 certain amount of strenuous opposition to the proposal, 
 nevertheless ; and the leaders of it were, at that time, Town 
 Councillors. Sir John Pottkr expressed — more than once — 
 to the present writer, his resentment of the manner in 
 which some leading men in the Manchester Council had 
 tried repeatedly to put obstacles in his way, 
 
 In ls52, ten thousand copies of a plain and popular 
 address about the objects and the scope of the Libraries 
 Act, and about the incidence of the Rate, had been circu- 
 lated. They were sent, by post, to every inhabitnut ratc- 
 
 * PrnceediiKjx nf fhr Cify C'mniril of Maiu-heMcr, iuv the year 1S.'>7-5S. 
 
Classification 
 of Borrowers 
 from tlie I'ree 
 Lending Li- 
 braries at 
 Manchester. 
 
 86 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 payer. The address was reprinted in every local newspaper. 
 Its arguments were reinforced by numerous editorial articles. 
 Tory papers vied with Radical papers in endorsing the 
 proposition. The dissentient Councillors soon perceived 
 that they had no chance of victory at the poll. But the 
 old leaven was still, for several years to come, in ferment 
 here and there. In 1858, it found a vent in the following 
 Resolution of the Council (won, I think, upon a division 
 by a somewhat slender majority) : — 
 
 " Resolved, — That it be an Instruction to the Free 
 Libraries Committee to prepare, and submit to the 
 Council, an analysis of the number of Readers in the 
 several Libraries, with their occupations and pecuniary 
 RESOURCES (so far as may be found practicable)."* 
 
 On the receipt, by the Committee, of this Instruction, 
 their Principal Librarian was directed to prepare a Report 
 about it. When subsequently presenting it to the Council 
 the Committee prefixed to the Report these words : " Your 
 Committee have received the following Report from the 
 Principal Librarian, upon the subject of the Resolution 
 adopted by the Council on the 9th day of June last, which 
 they now submit, for the information of the Council." — 
 
 " Mr. Edwards reports that he has given his best 
 attention to the preparation of such a Return on the 
 working of the Pree Lending Libraries in Camp Field 
 Ancoats, and Hulme, as will furnish the nearest ap 
 proximation that can be afforded towards the particulars 
 required by the resolution of the Council of the 9tl 
 ultimo. 
 
 " In submitting this return it may be right to pre 
 
 * Proceedings qftlie City Council of Manchester, 9 June, 1858. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWERS, ETC 87 
 
 niisc tliat no rule was ever established, cither hy the 
 rro\ isioiial Coinniittec or by the Committee of the City 
 Council, reciuiriiig from Applicants any statement of 
 their respective occupation, profession, or social position. 
 ^^'hatever statements on this liead arc now available 
 have been made, optionally, by the l^orrowers upon the 
 suggestion supplied by the form of ' Signature J^ook ' 
 which Mr. Edwards adopted (on his own responsibility) 
 in September, 1S52, in carrying out the instructions 
 of the Provisional Committee, and with a view to the 
 preparation of such additions to the strictly official 
 portion of the annual Reports as might probably possess 
 a degree of interest for some of their readers. This 
 fact will explain the item in the return headed, 
 ' Persons entirely undescribed.' 
 
 " On an inspection of the several ' Signature Books,' 
 it appeared that the Borrowers at Camp Field had 
 largely filled up the column headed, ' Occupation, 
 Profession,' <S:c. ; that those at Ancoats had done so 
 to a smaller, yet to a considerable extent ; and that at 
 Hulme the column had been by oversight omitted. 
 This last-named defect has been remedied, partially, by 
 courteous inquiry on the subject, from all the borrowers 
 who have taken out books during the last fortnight. 
 The result would have been in a larger measure satis- 
 factory but for the circumstance that the present week 
 is that of the quarterly closing of the Ilulme Branch, 
 which always occasions great diminution in the previous 
 issues. 
 
 " The total number of distinct Borrowers taking out 
 books at one period (based on an examination of the 
 ' llegister Books ' at Camp Field during one monlh of 
 the winter quarter, and at the two branches during 
 
88 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOxME. 
 
 C;imp Field 
 Library. 
 
 three months respectively), as nearly as the same can 
 be calculated, appears to be as follows : — 
 
 
 Borrowers. 
 
 At Camp Field 
 
 . 3170 
 
 At Ancoats Branch 
 
 . 1732 
 
 At Hulnie Branch 
 
 . 1911 
 
 Total . 
 
 . 6813 
 
 
 • 
 
 "The classification of the Borrowers in point of 
 ' occupation or profession,' &c., as nearly as the same 
 can be stated, is, as far as respects Camp Field 
 Library, and with reference to those only who have 
 been newly admitted to borrow during the last six ; 
 months, as follows : — 
 
 
 Borrowers. | 
 
 1. 
 
 Artisans and Mechanics 
 
 250 
 
 2. 
 
 Artists,Designers, Draughtsmen, &c. 
 
 10 
 
 3. 
 
 Clergymen, Surgeons, and other 
 
 
 
 professional men . 
 
 11 
 
 4. 
 
 Clerks, Salesmen, and Commercial 
 
 
 
 Tiavellers .... 
 
 121 
 
 5. 
 
 Errand and Office Boys 
 
 74 
 
 6. 
 
 Labourers, Porters, &c. 
 
 29 ^ 
 
 7. 
 
 Merchants, Agents, &c. 
 
 8 ! 
 
 8. 
 
 Milliners ..... 
 
 10 
 
 9. 
 
 Persons expressly described as of no 
 
 
 
 calling or profession 
 
 9 
 
 10. 
 
 Police and Railway Officers, rate 
 
 
 
 collectors, &c. 
 
 11 
 
 11. 
 
 School pupils .... 
 
 97 
 
 12. 
 
 Schoolmasters and Teachers . 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 Shopkeepers and Assistants in shops 
 
 45 
 
ANCOATS LENDING LIRRAT^Y. 
 
 SO 
 
 Borrowers. 
 
 14. Spinners, Weavers, Dyers, and 
 
 other workers in Factories, &:c. 68 
 IT). Warehousemen, Packers, &c. . 104 
 
 SG2 
 AiUl persons entirely undescrihcd 
 (the majority of whom ])rol)al)ly 
 are women and children) . 82 
 
 Total nund)er of persons newly 
 admitted diirlnf/ ^ix months . 944 
 
 " As will be seen by a comparison of these figures 
 with those which jjrecede them, the proportion borne 
 by the number of Borrowers newly admitted during 
 the last six months, to the whole number of Borrowers 
 estimated to be using the Library at one and the same 
 period (but in the winter r|uarter of tlie year), is 
 somewhat less than one third. 
 
 " A similar classification for Ancoats Branch, but 
 endj racing the whole number of persons admitted to 
 that Branch from its opening to the end of May, will 
 read thus : — 
 
 Ancoats 
 Library. 
 
 Artisans and Mechanics 
 
 Artists, Designers, and Draughtsmen 
 
 Clergymen, Surgeons, and other 
 
 professional men 
 Clerks, Salesmen, and Commercial 
 
 Travellers . . . . 
 
 Errand and otfice boys . 
 Labourers, Porters, &c. 
 Merchants, Agents, ikv. 
 
 Borrowers. 
 
 . 536 • 
 5 
 
 123 
 
 54 
 
 79 
 
 9 
 
90 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 ITiilnie 
 Library. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 Borrowers 
 
 Police and Railway Officers, Rate 
 
 Collectors, &c. . . . 26 
 
 School pupils . . . ,18 
 Schoolmasters and Teachers . .16 
 
 Shopkeepers and Assistants . .180 
 
 Spinners, Weavers, JJyers, and other 
 
 Factory- workers . . .238 
 
 Warehousemen, Packers, &c. . 180 
 
 Add persons entirely undescribed, 
 of whom probably a majority are 
 women and children . .621 
 
 Total 
 
 J039 
 
 " As respects the Hulme Branch, the classification | 
 must be more general in its items, and must be 
 limited to little more than one third of the persons ; 
 actually borrowing (from the circumstance already 
 indicated). 
 
 " The Borrowers who have replied to the questions 
 put to them are those of at most about eight ordinary 
 days of issue, and are in number 716, thus classed: — 
 
 Borrowers. 
 
 Artisans and mechanics . . .164 
 
 In commercial pursuits and employments 252 
 Professional men . . .24 
 
 Schoolmasters, school pupils, and teachers 116 
 
 556 
 Add persons without any distinctive 
 
 description . . . . .160 
 
 Total . . .716 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF READERS, ETC. 1)1 
 
 "Finally, Mr. Edwards begs leave to report, as ciM.inration 
 respects the Reference Library, that it is used by in'tiiciu'fc" 
 persons of every grade of society in Manchester, ""^t „,','""''' 
 Clergymen, Professional men, ])ersons engaged in all ''•"'"■ 
 departments of mercantile pursuits, Clerks, ^Mechanics, 
 persons out of work, boys in all positions of life, resort 
 to it habitually. But there are no means whatever 
 of stating their relative proportions in tabular form ; 
 nor docs it consist with careful observation of the 
 working of the ticket-system by which books are ob- 
 tained in that department, to believe that the exaction 
 from Readers of any additional statement as to occu- 
 pation or position would work satisfactorily. All his 
 experience in the office of Principal Librarian since 
 the opening of the Library, leads iMr. Edwards to the 
 conviction that any additional formality of this kind 
 could not fail to create delay in the service, and to 
 impede that free use of the Library by all classes 
 OF THE COMMUNITY which iu ^NLanchcstcr has so signally 
 justified both the policy of the Legislature in passing 
 the ' Libraries Act,' and the wise discretion of the 
 citizens in adopting that Act by the affirmative votes 
 of :i,9()4 Ratepayers. 
 
 "Edward Edwards, P.L. 
 '' Manchcsicr, JuJ>/ \st, 1858." 
 
 i In truth, it needed so little argument, from the writer of 
 mis Report, to point out to the Council how entirely their 
 f Instruction ' was in conflict with the whole intent and 
 Spirit of the Libraries Act, that their own Connnittee — 
 isomc of whom were naturally anxious to s})are the frainer 
 jof tlie Instruction from a ])ublic rebuke — added to the 
 Tiibrnrian's report these suggestive words : — 
 
92 FREE TOWN LTBEAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 " With respect to tlie latter portion of tlie resolution 
 of the Council, asking for a return of the pecuniary 
 RESOUECES of Readers, your Committee respectfully 
 suggest, — what must be obvious on the slightest reflec- 
 tion, — that they have no authority or power to make 
 any such inquisitorial demands from the frequentors 
 of the Libraries." 
 
 But the sternest rebuke to Mr. Alderman Rumney's nio-i 
 tion lay in the words of formal Resolutions which had been 
 passed, unanimously, by that Public Meeting (composed, in 
 
 Contrast be- 
 tween Keso- 
 lutions of the 
 Public Meet- 
 ing and of 
 
 Council, large measure, of the Contributors of the £13,000 of founda- ! 
 tion money, raised in 1851-2), whose Chairman, in Septem- 
 ber, 1852, had handed over to the Mayor of Manchester the | 
 building and all its contents, in trust for the Public. "In' 
 the Free Reference Library," says the Resolution, "tbisj 
 Meeting hails with great pleasure, a provision for the wantsij 
 of THE Scholar and the Student, of every class; and! 
 a provision in most branches of Literature, Science, audi 
 Art. It records its firm expectation that, by a continuance j 
 of liberal aid, this department of the Institution will longj 
 be a centre of intellectual information and improvement.! 
 In transferring to the Corporation of Manchester theiij 
 free-will oflering, embodied in the Free Library, the Con-! 
 tributors express their fullest confidence that the trust 
 reposed in the Municipal Body will be fulfilled so as t( 
 realize the most sanguine expectations of the Founders.' 
 The first of these Resolutions had been moved by the thei 
 Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge 
 Sir James Stephen, now lost to us. It had been secOndet 
 by a man who had diversified long and laborious publi( 
 service in the House of Commons, by adding most gracefn 
 verse to the stores of English Poetry. Lord IIougiito' 
 
loL'NDATlON PLANS OF MANCHESTER LIlJKAiiY. «J3 
 
 tlicii iMi". R. Moiicktoii MiLNEs) knew somctliiiig of the 
 
 .listory of the tirst Libraries Act, and of the objects and 
 
 lims of those who had worked — in season and out of season ^^<^ """t?''- 
 
 —to prepare for and to receive its enactment. lie knew at Ma... 
 
 .hat it was not tlie artisan, o/i/j/, who stood in need of 
 
 !:reater and more free access to the instruction which lies in 
 
 )ooks, or in need of a larger measure of that refining and 
 
 ;levating influence which flows from mental culture. No 
 
 nan was more convinced than was Lord Houghton that 
 
 liie breeches-pocket test of social position is one of the 
 
 polishest tests of all. " These books," said Lord Houghton, 
 
 i— when he seconded the Resolution I have already quoted, 
 
 |nd pointed to the walls around him, — " are to be enjoyed 
 
 \y all the Inhabitants of this place in full community. . . : 
 
 |liey will be shared equally by the wealthiest and most in- 
 
 blhgent among you, and by the poorest and the simplest.'' 
 
 lie also knew to what purposes the Hall in Camp Field had 
 
 i)rmerly been appHed. " It is what lies in these books," 
 
 6 added, "that makes all the difference between the 
 
 ■ildest socialism that ever passed into the mind of any man 
 
 )i this Hall and the deductions and careful processes of the 
 
 kind of the future student who w^ill sit at these tables, and 
 
 fho will learn huni'dUi/ by seeing what others have done 
 
 Ind taught before him ; who will gain, from sympathy with 
 
 last ages, intelligence and sense for himself." 
 
 I very well remember the cheers with which the crowded 
 judience of 1S52 received these words, just as they had 
 reviously received very similar and even more expressive 
 ords from the lips of Lord Lytton. And the best apology 
 lat can be oflfered for the framer of the Instruction of the 
 th of June, 1>?5S, is that, in all probability, he was nor 
 knoiJg tlieir hearers. 1 cannot remember that he graced 
 in: solemnity — for a solemnity it was, and a memoral)le 
 
94 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 one to all who witnessed it — by his presence. After 1858, 
 he gained, to use Lord Houghtoisi's words, more "intelli- 
 gence and sense for himself," and in recent years he has 
 rendered useful service in the management, both of the 
 Central Library and of its many branches. But, here and 
 there, in some other quarters, the old fallacy of regarding 
 Rate-supporting Libraries as institutions founded for the 
 poorer classes alone has reasserted itself, in Manchester, : 
 many years after 1858. No fallacy can possibly be more 
 obstructive to the efficient and thorough working of the : 
 Acts of 1852-66; none more opposed to the views and, 
 purposes of those w^ho promoted their enactment. I 
 
 The blunders of 1858, and what accompanied and en-| 
 sued upon them, led, in the end, to much wider views, and! 
 to a much wiser management of the Free Libraries in this; 
 great town. There has been no repetition of them. And,i 
 of late years, the Manchester Council has worked the insti-i 
 tutions entrusted to its charge in a liberal, effective, and' 
 generous spirit. With, perhaps, one exception (and that ir 
 the same county), none of the Free Libraries in all Englanc; 
 have been better administered, or made to do their worl' 
 more effectually, or (in the true sense) more economically. 
 
 The fourth of the Branch Lending Libraries was publicl^^ 
 opened in June, 1866, and \X\q fifth was publicly opened 
 in October, 1866. In the course of the same year a nev* 
 building was erected for the Hulme Branch Library, esta 
 blished in 1857. Having been erected — unlike the Centrr 
 Library — expressly for its purpose — each of these building 
 is admirably suited for the facilitation of the work whic 
 has to be done within its walls. Their aggregate cost wti 
 about £12,000. Their total contents, at the time of publi 
 
CUESTKR. 
 
 FREE LIBRARIES AND THEIR CATALOGUES. 95 
 
 oi)ening of each, amounted to more than 14,000 volumes. 
 Their aggregate issues to Borrowers, during the first two 
 years of the working of each of them, amounted to 480,243 
 volumes. The aggregate issues of all the Lending Libraries, 
 from the beginning, now amount to 3,708,890 volumes. 
 
 Meanwhile, many and great improvements have been in- recknt im- 
 ,trodueed, by degrees, into the management of the Central "^"t'^mIn" 
 [Consulting Library in Camp Field. A Juvenile and 
 lEducational Department was soon added to it, containing 
 books especially adapted to the use of youthful readers, and 
 lalso books on educational subjects, likely to })romote the 
 istudies of instructors. A provision of embossed books — 
 land, more particularly, of embossed Bibles and portions of 
 the Bible — was then added for the special use of the blind. 
 |Eventually — after a long delay, and after the abandonment 
 bf two catalogues, of each of which a portion had been 
 printed — an elaborate and complete Catalogue of the Con- 
 sulting books was published. Its compiler was the present 
 jPrincipal Librarian, Dr. Crestadoro. The preparation 
 <)f his Catalogue (including that of a considerable portion 
 bf previously-existing material, which the new Editor 
 [worked up into it), occupied more than eight years. It 
 cost, in the aggregate — including the expense of the 
 material above mentioned, compiled before L859, and also 
 that of the classed Catalogue partly prepared and printed, 
 under the direction of Mr. R. W. Smiles, in 1859 and 
 |18C0, but abandoned in 1861— between £2000 and 
 |£3000. It was published in 18G4, and contained a de- 
 jscription of no less than 20,534 distinct works, comprised 
 jin somewhat more than 30,000 voliunes. 
 I Some of these various improvements \verc made under 
 ithe Chairmanship of ^Ir. Councillor King, who for a long 
 jsei-ies of years had taken a very keen and earnest interest 
 
96 FllEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 in the enlargement and well-being of the Library. Others 
 of them have been effected under the energetic rule of the 
 present Chairman, Mr. Councillor Baker. To Mr. Baker 
 the Branch Libraries are especially indebted ; not alone for 
 his personal exertions in their good management and work- 
 ing, but for the zeal with which the interests of all of 
 them — as well as those of the Central Library — have been 
 by him represented and urged in tlie City Council. On the 
 zeal and intelligence of the Chairmen of Committees the 
 prosperity of Free Town Libraries will always, in a large 
 degree, depend. And it is due also to the present able 
 Librarian, to cpiote Mr. Baker's words about the ability 
 and energy with which his own personal exertions have 
 been seconded. "I ought not," said the Chairman, publicly 
 in 1866, "to allow this opportunity to pass without bearing 
 my humble testimony to the zeal, the ability, and the un- 
 pretending demeanour, of that gentleman. If our Libraries 
 have been successful, Mr. Crestadoro deserves to share 
 the credit of the success equally with the Free Libraries' 
 Committee." 
 
 The like zeal and aptitude for labour have been abun- 
 dantly shown by the present Manchester Librarian in his 
 Catalogue ; but it is impossible for his warmest friends to i 
 praise \i% plan. Without endorsing all the sharp objections,,' 
 and criticisms with which its publication was received in I 
 the columns of one or two of those journals by whose] 
 editors or writers it was reviewed, no competent critic can 
 fail to see that while the honest and unsparing labour be- 
 stowed upon it is worthy of the highest praise, its unsys- i 
 tematic, confused, and awkward construction largely impedes 
 its usefulness to readers. It is not a classed cataloojue in 
 any sense. It is not a really alphabetical catalogue. Itij 
 combines all those disadvantages, some or other of which 1 
 
THE MANCHESTER CATALOGUE OF 18(U. [)7 
 
 >ecm necessarily attendant (in their degree) upon cither 
 [)lan, when strictly compared with the best points of the 
 opposite plan ; but it fails to realize that full measure of 
 idvantage, whether of Classitication or of Alphabetical order, 
 which accrues whenever the one or the other has been ab- 
 solutely and unwaveringly adhered to, in the working out.* 
 In a word, it illustrates the truth of the homely proverbs 
 [ibout incongruous mixtures, and about fallinuj l)et\veen two 
 stools. 
 
 The one good characteristic of the Catalogue of IS 64 — a 
 
 work of nearly one thousand pages in the imperial 8vo. 
 
 'ize — is that it shows, conclusively, the ability of the 
 
 ■iipiler to make a really serviceable and satisfactory Cata- 
 
 iie, — given but abetter scheme or system of construction 
 
 him to work upon. And nothing can be more unas- 
 
 iiilable than C.\rlyle's saying about Library Catalogues, 
 
 A big cullection of books, without a good Catalogue, is a 
 
 Polyphcuuis with /lo eye in his head." 
 
 Two points of Library detail — those of Expenditure and 
 if the extent and character of the recent Issues of Books — 
 
 L* But it is only fair to add of Dr. Crestadoro's compilation that, 
 hatever may be truthfully said against its clumsy and unsystematic 
 plan, its careful and laborious execution renders it superior (in compara- 
 tive utility to students) to some Catalogues that are described as ' clas- 
 sified.' I have seen a Catalogue of that name, printed less than a 
 undred miles from Manchester itself, and published as recently as in 
 e year 1856, in which, if the reader wished to see the entries, for 
 lample, of all the books about birds, contained in the Catalogue, it 
 necessary for him to turn, successively, to the following ' classes :' — 
 1) 'Polite Literature,' (2) ' Sciences and Arts, {3) ' Transactions of Socie- 
 (4) ' Periodical Publications.' and (5) 'Pamphlets' When he bad 
 Accomplished that task, he would be likely, still, to feel somewhat 
 Uoubtful — from the glances he would occasionally have cast, as he went 
 bn with the process, at other ' classes ' in the Catalogue— whether or not 
 pe had bagged all liis game. 
 
 7 
 
98 
 
 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 yet remain to be noticed, before the reader's attention is 
 turned to the nearly contemporary Free Library of the 
 neighbouring suburb of Salford. Both, I think, will be 
 found to be instructive points of consideration, and of 
 comparison, in regard to the working of other Town 
 Libraries. 
 
 
 I. Expenditure at Manchester feom 1851 to 1858, inclusive.— 
 
 Expenditure 
 of the Free 
 
 
 Fkom the Fou>-da- 
 
 tiox fu.nd :— 
 
 1851-63. 
 
 {Pnor to the Opening.) 
 
 Feom the Rate. 
 
 1S52-58. 
 (Six years.) 
 
 Total. 
 (Up to 1858.) 
 
 Libraries at 
 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 £ s. d. 
 
 
 1. Books and Binding 
 
 2. Salaries and Wages 
 
 (Central Library 
 
 4,296 : : 
 
 4,326: 7:6 
 
 8,622: 7:6 
 
 
 and Branches) . 
 
 665 : : 
 
 3,266 : 13 : 
 
 3,931 : 13 : 
 
 
 3. Repairs, Fittings, 
 
 
 
 
 
 and Furniture . 
 
 4.866 : : 
 
 966 : 11 : 8 
 
 5,832 : 11 : 8 
 
 
 4. Pi-inting and Sta- 
 
 
 
 
 
 tionery 
 
 357 : : 
 
 619 : 7:2 
 
 976: 7:2 
 
 
 5. Coals, Gas, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Water . 
 
 ISee Fetty Expenses.] 
 
 500: 0:7 
 
 500: 0:7 i 
 
 
 6. Catalogues; Insur- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ance Charges, and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Petty Expenses . 
 
 433 : : 
 
 676 : 11 : 8 
 
 1,109 : 11 : 8 
 
 
 7. Purchase of Site 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 and Buildings for 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 Central Library . 
 
 2,147 : : 
 
 
 2.147: 0:0 
 
 
 Totals . 
 
 12,764 : : 
 
 10,355 : 11 : 7 
 
 23,119:11:7; 
 
 
 Average Annual Expenditure from '. 
 
 L852 to 1858 
 
 1,725 : 18 : 7] 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 II. Pkesent Annual Expendituj 
 
 s,e at Manchb 
 
 stek, 1868:- 
 
 
 On the Library, and its Branches 
 
 
 . £4.897 
 
 
 On the Museum (in Queen's Park) 
 
 . 
 
 400 
 
 
 Aggregate Annual Expen( 
 
 liture,1868 . 
 
 . £5,297 
 
 The Header will hardly need to have his attention call* 
 to the striking change in the scale of expenditure, from t' 
 
TABULATED VIEW OF ISSUES OP LAST FIVE YEARS. 1)1) 
 
 Municipal funds, between the years 1S5S and 18()8. But 
 there may very well be need to afford a word of explanation 
 as to its main and most operative cause. It lay — in a large 
 measure — in the change of the Chairmanship of the City 
 Council Committee. The energetic development of the 
 Free Libraries of Manchester, and the lifting of their re- 
 sources up to some approximate level with the work they have 
 to do, dates from tlie election by the Committee, to its 
 chair, of Mr. Councillor King ; and the improvement began 
 by him, has been steadily continued, and, in some points, 
 carried still further by his successor. 
 
 ni. Issues of Books feom the Central Consulting Library 
 AT Manchester, and from the four Lending Libraries 
 DURING the Five Years, 1863-4 to 1867-8 inclusive :— 
 
 consultiko 
 
 Librart 
 (Camp Field) 
 
 Year. Volumes. 
 
 1863-1864 . 84,939 
 1864-1865 . 83,846 
 1865-1866 . 80,832 
 1866-1867 . 107,805 
 1867-1868 . 122,384 
 
 LE.NDISO Libraries at Manchester. 
 
 Aoorigate 
 
 Anmai, 
 
 Issue*: 1863-8. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 399,574 
 394,895 
 366,948 
 482,573 
 535,732 
 
 Camp 
 Field. 
 
 1 Volumes. 
 
 ; 92,762 
 1 91,432 
 
 80,209 
 ' 88,675 
 
 95,308 
 
 HULMB. 
 
 Volumet. 
 
 88,988 
 
 95,687 
 
 91,075 
 
 155,555 
 
 167,349 
 
 Ancoats. 
 
 Voluaes. 
 56,091 
 
 54,335 
 45,508 
 41,936 
 56,246 
 
 Rochdale 
 Road. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 68,794 
 
 69,595 
 69,324 
 88,602 
 94,445 
 
 LlLl]«^.82« 
 
 448.386 
 
 598,654 
 
 254,116 
 
 390,760 
 
 2,179,722 
 
 Tabular 
 view of Hie 
 Issues of 
 
 the last 
 five years. 
 
100 
 
 FEEE TOWN LIBEAETES, AT HOME. 
 
 
 lY. Comparative Classification 
 
 OF THE Issues from the 
 
 
 Manchester Consulting Libraries in the Five Tears 
 
 
 ENDING IN September, 1857 
 
 ; AND IN THE FlVE TeARS 
 
 
 ENDING IN September, 1868 
 
 :— 
 
 
 Five Yeaes : 1853-57. 
 
 Five Years : 1863-68. 
 
 
 Class. Volumes. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Classification 
 
 I. Theology . . 8,297 
 
 . 14,303 
 
 of the 
 Issues of 
 Books. 
 
 II. Pliilosophy . . 6,791 
 
 4,506 
 
 III. History . . . 100,963 
 
 . 84,816 
 
 
 IV. Pontics and Com- 
 
 [Exclusive of the 
 
 
 merce . . 40,595 
 
 Specifications of 
 Patents] . . 40,573 
 
 
 V. Sciences and Arts . 46,266 
 
 . 66.401 
 
 
 YI. Literature and Poly- 
 
 . 269,226 
 
 
 graphy . . 161,768 
 
 
 
 Totals . . 364,680 
 
 . 479,825 
 
 No working year, of the sixteen years which have now 
 elapsed since the opening of the Free Libraries of Manches- 
 ter, has been so markedly successful as has been the year 
 which has closed since these pages were in preparation for 
 the press. The current statistics show not only an increase 
 in the aggregate circulation, but also a striking improve- 
 ment in the character of the books which, in the reference 
 department, are in chief demand. 
 
 The aggregate issues have increased from 107;S05 
 volumes, in 1866-7, to 122,384 volumes, in 1867-8. 
 
 The issues in the classes Theology and Philosophy 
 have increased from 3828 volumes in 1866-7 to 5150 
 volumes in 1867-8. Those in the classes History, Com- 
 merce, and Politics (exclusive, as before, of the Speci- 
 fications of Patents), have increased from 29,707 volumes, in 
 the former year, to 32,550 volumes, in the latter. Those 
 in the class Sciences and Arts have increased from 14,043 
 in the last year (1866-7), to 18,656 in the present year 
 (1867-8). Finally, the issue of Specification of Patents 
 
PUBLICATIONS OF THE PATENTS OFFICE. 101 
 
 lias increased from ^0,55 I- (l^()(i-7) to 140,00i! ^ISfiy-s)'.: 
 Such issues from one Library, within one yeav, ina3''wcll l)c; 
 regarded as worthy of record. 
 
 It may also deserve special remark that these issues from 
 the Free Library of jNlaiichester illustrate, in a somewhat 
 salient manner, the good results which may be expected 
 to arise from a change, eventually, in the existing 
 ]iu)de of nursing up — in the printers' warehouses — our 
 Ciovernmental and Administrative publications, instead of 
 freely circulating a part of the respective impressions of 
 them, amongst such of our Public Libraries as are really 
 Public and Free Libraries. To the readers of these pages 
 there is little need of formal argument that such Libraries as 
 those of Manchester are both civilizing institutions, and 
 institutions as necessary to the national as they are to the 
 local well-being. To circulate information about imperial 
 matters throughout the length and breadth of the realm is 
 at once an educational benefit, and an administrative agency. 
 .Men who habitually study topics of political importance 
 liom the fountain-head of political information are little 
 likely to be Reform-Leaguers, or, in equivalent words, park- 
 pale breakers. A little less of economy (falsely so-called) at 
 Her Majesty's Printing Office might — now and then, per- 
 haps, — conduce, in its measure, to a very true and real 
 economy at Her Majesty's Office of Works. 
 
 It may be added, with strictest accuracy, that no books 
 
 published within the Empire are so badly circulated as are 
 
 ., many of those for which the Public pay large printing bills. 
 
 I Both their number and their topical range are now very 
 
 : great. Apart altogether from the varied contents of those 
 
 i of them which are distinctly ' parliamentary,' — and known 
 
 so familiarly to all of us as * the blue books,' — their range 
 
 of subjects is quite encyclopaedical. They include impor- 
 
102 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 taut treatises 611' matters medical, astronomical, and mathe- 
 lE^tipal; ,\'They comprise alike the richest and the most 
 truthful of the materials of our History; and, occa- 
 sionally, masterpieces of detailed historical writing — such, 
 for example, as those introductions which Dr. Stubbs (of 
 Oxford) has prefixed to many volumes of the Chronicles and 
 Memorials of Great Britain. They also comprise modern 
 narratives of voyage and travel into remote countries, 
 — of a sort which have an enchaining interest even for 
 common readers^ — as well as the best original records of 
 the inception and early growth of our maritime enterprise 
 and commerce. They show the rise and progress of our 
 national achievements in engineering skill; in manufacturing 
 industry ; and in that wide range of experiment and of the 
 heroic pursuit of knowledge ' under difficulties,' by indomi- 
 table persistence in which our inventors have gradually 
 succeeded in enhsting the sublimest discoveries of philo- 
 sophical science into the service of our staple trades, and 
 of the innumerable arts and appliances of our daily life. 
 Yet very many of these varied publications are — at this 
 moment — less widely known to the mass of readers than 
 are some of the obscure productions of some petty press, 
 working in Cornwall or in Cumberland. 
 
 The Commissioners of Patents have the credit of break- 
 ing through, for once, the barriers both of official routine 
 and of the interests (or fancied interests) of the publishing 
 trade. Both of these pedantries — working together, in 
 brotherly harmony — succeeded, several years ago, in ham- 
 pering Lord Romilly's plans for a much wider diffusion of 
 the Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain than has 
 yet been attained. They succeeded in doing the same 
 thing in regard to many of the admirable books printed by 
 
-^s ^ 
 
 V 
 
 n3 N 
 
 
 
 ■ ^ i: 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 y 
 
 V 
 
 " r 
 
 I ^ 
 
 K 
 
 ■b 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 ! 
 
 If 
 
 r 
 
 V 
 
 ^ 
 
 f 
 
 \-> 
 
 ■ ^ 
 
 
 4l^ 
 
 J 
 
 ^'^^ 
 
 lb 
 
 i<k 
 
x3 ■<( ' 
 
 '■Ik: 
 
 41 tlr 
 
 A ^. 
 
 ^l^^l 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ Up 
 
 4 ■; 
 
 i^ 
 
 
TABULATED ISSUES OP LAST FIVE YEARS. 103 
 
 the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland.* 
 But they have, as yet, failed to hinder a very wide ditl'usion 
 of the invaluable publications of the Great Seal Patent 
 Office. The Specif ca(io?is, Absfracfs of Specif cations, and 
 tlic other books of the Patent Commissioners, arc now 
 given — free of all charge — to more than fifty libraries 
 throughout the Empire and Colonies. What has been the 
 result ? 
 
 This question will best be answered in the unassuming 
 and compendious form of another table of figures. That 
 which follows shows to what extent the publications of the 
 Patents Office have been read and studied at ^lanchester. It 
 would be very easy, from the materials which now lie before 
 me, to show results, not a whit less striking, from twenty 
 other towns. 
 
 Tabxtlae View of the Issues, to Readers in the Manchester 
 Free Consulting Library, of the Publications of Her 
 Majesty's Commissioners op Patents, 1856 to 1868 in- 
 clusive : — 
 
 No. of Publications issued 
 
 "*■■• to Rtadcrs. 
 
 1856-57 20,877 
 
 1857-58 27,856 
 
 1858-59 36,972 
 
 1859-60 29,241 
 
 1860-61 . . . . . . . 31,103 
 
 1861-62 36,660 
 
 1862-63 22,893 
 
 1863-64 32,227 
 
 1864-65 28,180 
 
 1865-66 52,244 
 
 1866-67 86,544 
 
 1867-68 140,062 
 
 Total number issued in twelve years 544,859 
 
 • To give one example only : — By the joint influence of the late 
 Comptroller of the Stationery Office, Mr. J. R. McCulloch, and of 
 
104 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 If the reader of tliis Table will but take the trouble to 
 call to miud what he may previously have read about the 
 fortunes, and the misfortunes, of some of our most produc- 
 tive and now famous inventors — and of the most famous 
 not a few have been, notoriously, the least fortunate — he 
 will not be likely to think that I have exaggerated the im- 
 portance of this free access to the documentary history of 
 scientific and mechanical invention. If he also bethink 
 himself how often poor men have become poorer in laborious 
 and long-continued efforts to re-discover previous discoveries 
 (abandoned, because found unprofitable ; or else superseded 
 by modifications which, in some cases, had been made for 
 the express purpose of defeating the fair claims of the first 
 inventor), he will easily perceive that, within the walls of 
 our Free libraries, the liberal course taken by the Patent 
 Commissioners will have, for one of its results, the rescuing 
 of many a valuable life from disappointment and misery. 
 If he further bethink himself on what slight hints grand 
 and fruitful inventions have sometimes depended, he will 
 feel equally assured that within the same walls the seed of 
 great national benefits, for all time to come, will occasionally 
 germinate. 
 
 The Free Library of Salford Borough was established, 
 
 against making tlie experiment." ... If tMs be a wise conclusion 
 as to tlie blue-books, it is, of course, equally wise as respects every other 
 great series of works printed at public cost. In my own evidence before 
 the Committee from whose Report the quotation is made, I took occasion 
 (3 March, 1853), " strongly to urge upon the attention of the Committee 
 the importance of extending their inquiries to the publications of all the 
 Departments of State and of aU Public Boards. There is a very large 
 number of important works printed at the public charge, which at 
 present are distributed in the most capricious manner." And the 
 remark was illustrated by many instances. {Minutes of Evidence, &c., 
 p. 89.) 
 
FREE BOROUGH LIBRARY OF SALFORD. 105 
 
 )riuMnally, as the more juljnnct of a valuable and well- Tj.cFrco 
 nanaiivd Piil)lic Mnscuni of Natural History. The iMnscuin i,n™y'of'sni. 
 ,vas founded early in 1S50, — under the provision of JClacr.''' 
 "wart's Museums Act of 1S45. Its founder was Jose])h 
 )i;oTHERT0N, loug jAI.P. for Salford. ^Ir. Brotuerton's 
 Host zealous helper in the work — and next after the Founder 
 lir best friend the Salford Museum has had, — was ]\Ir, 
 'dward Ryley Langwortuy. For several years after its 
 -tablishment the small Library was limited to the use of 
 rnders within its walls. In 1S51, the collection was much 
 iiiproved, as a Consulting Library, by systematic purchases, 
 iiade mainly at Mr. Langwortuy's cost. In 1854^ a 
 Auding Department was opened. 
 
 The Founder of the Salfcrd Free Library was the first 
 cprcsentative who ever sat in Parliament for that borough, 
 ml he retained his seat until his death. He was made of 
 hi' stuff Avhich wins respect from political opponents as 
 ;v\\ as from political friends. That respect was due to 
 
 brilliancy of talent, or range of acquirements, but to 
 luer force of character and of consistency. It was to the 
 i!)(M-ious exertions of Mr. Brotherton (began as early as in 
 Ik' January of 1831) that Salford mainly owed its insertion 
 
 1 the schedule of boroughs to be enfranchised, under the Act 
 t' l">32. He had been an energetic supporter of the Anti- 
 nni-Law League, when its proper work was being done. 
 Ic was none the less a conscientious opponent of that fiig- 
 iid of the League which sought, long after the completed 
 chicveinent of Peel and of Cobdcn, to dominate over 
 lanchester and its suburbs, in the interest of extreme and 
 xaggerated liberalism ; and which tried to turn a finished 
 lublic work into permanent party-capital. Mr. Brotherton 
 iad in him a spirit of wise conservatism, as well as a spirit 
 f wise reform ; and, in hirs Inter years, he had, ujjoii tliat 
 
106 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 score, some experiences, not altogether dissimilar from 
 those of his life-long friend, and his fellow Library-founder, 
 John Potter. 
 
 In 1849, Mr. Brotherton sat beside Mr. William 
 EwART in the * Select Committee on Public Libraries.' He 
 attended the sittings of that Committee with great sedu- 
 lousness. Not himself a man of books, but always an 
 earnest promoter of public education and of social reform, 
 he listened, attentively, to evidence which urged upon that 
 Committee the ripeness of England for Public Libraries ol 
 a new class. His judgment was soon convinced. His 
 sympathies were presently excited. As he listened, he 
 thought within himself, " Whilst I am helping my friend 
 EwART, during the Session, with his Libraries' Bill in the 
 House, I might also be working, during the recess, at 
 actually providing a Public Library for Salford. It is truei 
 we cannot yet assess the Burgesses for a Library, but we 
 can — under the Museums' Act of 1845 — assess them at 
 once for a Museum ; and we will smuggle in a small 
 Library, by way of a beginning." He was a man whosel 
 habit it was to go straight to his work, directly it camf 
 within reach. He went down to Salford ; talked the mattei 
 over with ^Ir. Langwortht, then its Mayor; and founci 
 other helpers in the plan. In 1849, — whilst the Librar). 
 Act was yet pending, — the Museum and Library of Salfon 
 was in active preparation. In April, 1850, it was opened. 
 
 As I have said, the Library was small ; but the numbe 
 of readers was large. All the friends of Education, both ii 
 Salford and in Manchester, were speedily convinced that i 
 would be thoroughly successful. The first and presen 
 Librarian and Curator, j\Ir. John Plant, was, personall} 
 more devoted to natural history than to literature, but froi 
 the first he showed himself to be a man of real ability, i 
 
i THE FOUNDER OF THE SALFORD LIBRARY. 107 
 
 if,h tlcpartmcnts. Much of the success is due to the 
 vrtions of the Honorary Secretary, Mr. Wilham Foystkr, 
 t Manchester. In the first year of the working, there 
 re '2-:,000 issues from a Library of less than 7,000 ^^'"". [;""; 
 
 ' J till' Salfiiril 
 
 (jmes. To the Museum 1(50,000 visits were paid within Li'T^ry. 
 Ii year. The institution had visibly become, whilst yet in 
 ttinfancy, a public Educator. 
 
 during the seventeen years which have since elapsed, 
 li 7,000 consulting volumes have been more than trebled, 
 lending department, now containing about eleven thou- 
 a^d volumes, has been added ; so that the total number of 
 K^ks now exceeds thirty-two thousand. The 22,000 issues 
 iflS50-51 have, in 1S07-S, increased to more than 
 I ',000 issues. During late years there has been — says 
 h report of 1807 — " a decreasing demand for Novels and saif..ra Re- 
 o^er] works of Fiction ; and the Reading Room is attended p. 7. 
 i}p regular and diligent class of daily Readers." The 
 !4es of the works of the Commissioners of Patents (in- 
 hled within the aggregate issues above mentioned) 
 iiVunted, during the year 1S66-7, to 80,492. 
 
 jn a word, whilst — in seventeen years — the provision of 
 K'ks has increased not quite five-fold, the issues of books 
 i{;e increased more than e/even-/oid, and the character of 
 h; books in current demand has also steadily improved. 
 
 'he Founder of the Salford Library did not live long 
 nnigh to see the full fruition of his work. The writer of 
 .h^c pages had much conversation with him, from time to tiio Four.dtr 
 ire, about its progress ; in talking of which he took great fordLit.r-.ry. 
 J(,ght, — but a delight entirely free from personal vanity. 
 ?ii{)licity of character, and single-mindedness,were, indeed, 
 M Brotherton's special characteristics. He had certain 
 p(>onal peculiarities, such as are commonly called crotchets, 
 n was a water-drinker, a vegetarian, and a local lay-preacher 
 
108 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 as well as a successful merchant ; a most laborious membi 
 of the House of Commons ; and an excellent but alwa.i 
 honest tactician in the management of the ' Private Bil^ 
 business of that House, — of the burden of which, for mai 
 years, he had a large share. But he was everywhere t ^ 
 same man. Whether you talked with him in the Libra'' 
 of the House ; in the Mayor's Parlour at Salford ; amid 
 the primitive surroundings of his little house at Broughto: 
 or at the gorgeously-decorated table of some wealt". 
 Manchester merchant, that union of quick intelligence wij 
 imperturbable placidity ; of strong political views with e 
 tire fairness, moderation, and charity, towards their op|: 
 nents ; was the uniform impression which his conversati; 
 left. And so it was, too, with his treatment of subjec 
 of graver import in the pulpit of the quiet meethig- place | 
 Salford, where for many years he ministered. Howevj' 
 small one's sympathy with his special tenets and his notio'- 
 of Church-Disciphne, an impartial listener could hare 
 hear him without deepened respect. During the recess ' 
 Parliament, he would expound a knotty chapter of the C . 
 Testament in the same quietly impressive and placic 
 earnest manner with which he was wont to bring a II 
 into Parliament. The observer might find neither the ( ■ 
 position, nor the Bill, to be at all to his own liking. 1' 
 he would go away with the conviction that, alike in 1^ 
 House and in the Chapel, Mr. Brotherton was seekij 
 truth, and following duty, according to his convictions, wi'- 
 out aiming at any indirect or by-ends of his own. 
 
 The public sense of his services to the Salford Boron i 
 Library, and to many other local institutions, as well asf 
 his more conspicuous labours in Parliament, was marked t 
 his death by a public funeral — of unwonted solemnity— i 
 which men of all parties, and of very varied social n^ 
 
LIVERPOOL FREE LIBRARY, ETC. 10'.) 
 
 H)k part. Among the foremost mourners who took their 
 irtinp; look as the coffin was lowered, were two otiier 
 Hinders of Free Libraries for the People, — Sir John 
 OTTKR and Sir William Hrowx. AVithin about live years, 
 bth of them had been carried — amidst siuiilar demonstra- 
 t)ns of more than usual public respect — to the like quiet 
 jsting-place. 
 I 
 
 2. The Free Public Libraries of Liverpool, and 
 THEIR Chief Founder, Sir AVilliam Brow^n. 
 
 The Tlirce 
 I-'oundcrs. 
 
 Each of those three men — called hence at very different 
 lies — had done varied work in the world. The work of 
 tp last named of them, in particular, may even be said to 
 In-e been world-wide. For it tended, both in conscious 
 nb and in result, to strengthen true union between Britain 
 a|[l America, and to broaden the interests — material and 
 n()ral — of both in the maintenance of Peace, when based 
 o| justice. But no part of the labour of any one of the 
 t^'-ee is more sure of peruianence than is their several share 
 iilthis special work of Library-founding. The three men 
 w|iO mainly built up the great Free Libraries of Lancashire 
 a!" already in their graves. But the institutions they raised, 
 ad also those raised by other men, in honourable rivalry 
 \i\\ them, are constantly striking new roots. They gi'ow ^^ 
 
 ad spread with every passing year. To Sir AVilliam 
 IjowN's work, at Liverpool, the reader's attention is now 
 t<jbe directed. 
 
 William Brown was born at Bally mena, in Antrim^hirc, L.vlrpooi 
 
 ii*17s4. His father was a merchant who had thriven ri,.7'uvi'ti'^' 
 
 N\th the then thriving linen trade of Ulster, but who was <iir. 
 qlck to sec, towards the close of the centurv, the sicrns of 
 
 r\! 
 
Che Mercan- 
 
 110 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES AT HOME. 
 
 the coming supremacy of cotton over flax, Alexan i 
 Brown betook himself to Baltimore^ where he fomided ( 
 mercantile house now known, the world over, as ' Bro\i 
 Shipley, and Co.' His son William was left, for a short tii ; 
 tue career ^j; gchool iu Yorkshlrc. But he, too, crossed the seast 
 
 of Sir Wm. i • i • i in i 
 
 Brown. 1800, aud withm half a dozen years, became a partnei- 
 and by and by the most energetic partner — in the Amerii 
 firm. In 1809 he returned to Europe, on a twofold erral 
 He married an unforgotten sweetheart at Ballymena. '.{ 
 established a new mercantile house at Liverpool, ^li 
 affections were now at rest, and all his energies found au]'( 
 scope in two broad channels. To spread the mercan ( 
 transactions, and the honourable name, of 'Alexander Brc r 
 and Sons,' not alone throughout Britain and America, i 
 throughout India and China — in spite alike of the obsta !i 
 of Leadenhall Street, and of the obstacles of Pekin — li 
 one of his aims, and it was thoroughly effected. '( 
 contribute to the local improvement and elevation of Li|r 
 pool, — his usual place of abode, — was the other. For jii 
 last-named purpose, every path of philanthropic effort )i 
 followed in turn. Sanitary reforms ; schools ; early clo.'ij 
 of shops ; concerts, pure as well as cheap ; new docks, : vi 
 Hospitals, and new Churches, found in William Bro\\;i 
 conscientious, open-handed, and unostentatious suppoi'r 
 He had early learnt the secret of making a promise do n 
 work of a bond. His energy was equalled only by an p 
 lightness which scorned to profit by any, the most plausi e 
 of those cunning shifts of commerce which are so pron t( 
 dress themselves in fine words. And he had the lif 3j 
 fortune to head the trade of Liverpool before the days \a31 
 * limited liability ' came (with such marvellous quickn's] 
 • to mean, very often, ' Hmited honesty.' j 
 
 Mr. Brown's first conspicuous appearance in publiolfi 
 
MUNICIPAL LABOURS OF Sill WILLIAM BllOWxN. Ill 
 
 occurred in the stirring days of the first Parliamentary j,,,^,^,,^, 
 k'foriu Bill, but it was occasioned by local not imperial ^"''""" °f 
 lolitics. lie fonglit hard lor a responsible government of Bro«u. 
 he Liverpool Docks. AVliat had once been a great public 
 uiprovement had come to be, in large measure, a private 
 nd ill-managed monopoly. The leader iu the reform of 
 lock afftiirs received the thanks of his fellow-townsmen, 
 nit when the reform was won, those who had reluctantly 
 uccumbed in the strife found strength enough to thrust 
 he main reformer out of the Dock Committee. The 
 heck was — after his manner — turned to the profit of the 
 ,*ubhc. The Bank of Liverpool and the Packet Service of 
 ^le Atlantic shared, between them, that amount of time 
 Ind energy which had before been absorbed in Dock 
 jiatters. Liverpool banking — in Brown's time — and 
 iverpool packets, became models in their kind. They 
 ■ere, indeed, whilst under his hands, little distinguished 
 pr eloquent prospectuses, but they made some amends for 
 Lie lack of literature by an abundance of integrity. 
 I Meanwhile, the firm of * Brown, Shipley, and Company ' 
 jrew, on a gigantic scale. It is said by local and compe- 
 bnt testimony that the transactions which passed through 
 jie hands of the leading partner of that house amounted, 
 ji the one year, 1S3G, to nearly ten millions sterling. A 
 paction, however, and a very natural one — came over 
 American commerce in the course of the very next year, 
 jlany American merchants had traded with Brown and Com- 
 fliiy, greatly to their own profit, but with very little emulation 
 f the spirit in which the Liverpool house had always car- 
 ;cd on its business. Enormous American speculations 
 pd been propped by fallacious American credits. In 1 837, 
 jiere came back, to this one English firm, protested bills 
 mounting to about three ([uarters of a million. The Bank 
 
I- 
 
 112 FEEE TOWN LIBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 of England offered to William Brown a loan of two millions i 
 He borrowed one million ; repaid it, with interest, witliii 
 six months ; and received, from the Governor and Directors , 
 a letter in which they said that the books of the Bank o;i 
 England recorded no transaction more satisfactory to itsj 
 managers than had been the transaction of 1837. J 
 
 William Brown became an early promoter of the Anti 
 Corn-Law League. He was not a free-trader after th(, 
 pattern of certain well-known Lancashire leaguers anc' 
 paper-makers, who say : " In the name of our commor 
 Humanity, let us have entire free-trade with all the work 
 — except in paper." For he had given able and weightv 
 evidence in favour of the opening of the China trade, whei 
 'Brown, Shipley, and Company' possessed a very large stak 
 in the private monopoly of that trade. Such was his coursi 
 throughout. Like Joseph Brotherton and John Pottej; 
 he was at once a true Reformer, and the avowed enemy o 
 Lancashire radicalism, as we all knew it, twenty years ago{ 
 " Let us stick to our text," he said, in the autumn of 1843i 
 " Men of all political parties have a real interest in the rej 
 peal of the Corn Laws. Let us impugn no man's motives i 
 but give toother men that same 'right of private judgment 
 ^ See the ^rjiich wc claiui to usc oursclvcs."* His contest for a seat b 
 
 Liverpool j 
 
 the House of Commons, as member for South Lancashin* 
 failed in 1844. In 1846, it succeeded. He was too late t 
 share in fighting the free- trade battle in Parliament. But h- 
 has helped to pave the way for an important reform — yet to bi 
 fulfilled — in our Coinage. And, in 1856, he rendered (nc 
 alone to Britain, but to the world,) a service such as Histor 
 tells us that only a very few individual men have, in any c 
 in all ages, been in a position to render. When, in ord( 
 to win the applause of ' Buncombe,' and to increase the ii 
 fluence in the States of angry ignorance over educate 
 
 Mercury of 
 Oct 13, 1860, 
 
 Parliament- 
 ary Career 
 of Sir Wm. 
 Brown. 
 
FOUNDATION OF SIR W. BROWN'S NEW LllJUAlJV 113 
 
 opinion, President Pierce had dismissed Mv. Ckampton — 
 on the flimsiest of coneeivable pretexts — and Lord Palmer- 
 iSTON had reluetaiitly attained a conviction (in which he 
 was backed by men of all political creeds at home) that 
 iduty to England placed his Cabinet under the necessity of 
 dismissing ^Ir. Dallas, and of directing an instant aug- 
 inientation in the activity and production of our arsenals and 
 [shipbuilding yards, Mr. Brown intervened. He urged on 
 iLord Palmerston, and he also urged on certain American 
 istatesmen (men who stood aloof from Pierce, and foresaw 
 his collapse,) the wisdom of suspending the claims of strict 
 justice, on the one hand, and of excited national feeling on 
 jthe other, until a brief season of reflection had been afforded 
 ito both countries. Of this act of personal intervention 
 jbetween two governments it was said, by an American then 
 lin England — and by a famous one, the author of 2V/e House 
 \o/ Seven Gables and of The Scarlet Letter, — " Mr. Prown 
 grasps England with his right hand, and America with his 
 left." 
 
 With this single exception, the crowning act of Sir 
 William Brown's whole life was the erection of the Free 
 Library of Liverpool. A small foundation had been laid as 
 iearly as in 1^50. Brown had been a helper in that, as in 
 lahnost every good work undertaken in the town and county 
 Iduring his day. In 1853, he had oftercd £(5,000 towards 
 jmaking the new institution worthy of Liverpool. Li 185(1, 
 ihe doubled the offer, on condition of some auxiliary effort 
 iby the Corporation. Certain difficulties still impeded the 
 |work. The benefactor was now seventy-two years old. lie 
 jwished to watch the application of his bounty, and hoj)ed to 
 lenjoy some foretaste of the fruit. He took, in ls57, the 
 iwholc burden of a noble Library and Museum upon his 
 
 8 
 
 Fuumlation 
 
 of Sir Will. 
 
 llrowii's New 
 
 Lilji'arv. 
 
114 FREE LIBRARY MOVEMENT AT LIVERPOOL. 
 
 own shoulders. He ^vaived all conditions and all help. 
 He went to the work with the same energy which he had 
 bestowed, in 1809, on the foundation of his firm; in the 
 Spring of 1838, on the return to the Bank of England oi 
 the borrowed million, with its interest ; or, in 1856, on the 
 staving-off of a war between Britain and her offspring. 
 And, by the blessing of God, he lived long enough to see; 
 his Library thriving vigorously, as well as his descendants' 
 of the third generation. He also lived to see the distant 
 country which had always shared with Britain in his love,; 
 much more ready to vie witli Britain in the erection of Free; 
 Libraries, than America has ever yet showed herself to rival 
 her progenitrix in extending the benefits of Free Trade to 
 the world at large ; or, in better words, in doing, to other 
 Nations, as she would fain wish them to do to her. 
 
 It has been seen that when, in the Recess of 1849, Mr. 
 Origin of the Brotherton wcut dowu to Salford, after his share in the 
 ^MovtmIn7 slttiugs of thc ' Sclcct Committce on Public Libraries/j 
 at Liverpool. ^^^^ wcut lustautly to work by way of practically aj)p]yii]g' 
 what he had heard in the Committee Boom, the consequent 
 proceedings in that borough very speedily attracted atten- 
 tion in other parts of Lancashire. Mr, James A. Picton, 
 was at work in Liverpool, almost as soon as Sir Johntj 
 Potter was busied with his Free Library Subscription- j 
 Book at Manchester, — if, indeed, he had not began to work, 
 even a few days sooner.* 
 
 Mr. Picton's first step was to obtain a Committee of the 
 Town Council to inquire into, and report upon, the pro- 
 priety of establishing a Free Public Library in the town 
 
 * The writer of those pages had the satisfaction both of correspond- 
 ence with Mr. Picton on the subject of a Free Town Library in' 
 Liverpool, and of personal conference with him about it, as early asi 
 April, 1850. 
 
REPORT OF THE LIVERPOOL COMMITTEE 
 
 of Liverpool. The Committee reported in May, IsoO. 
 I It suggested (1) tliat the Library shoidd be formed by 
 i public subscription ; (0) that both the proposed Library 
 and a Museum should be maintained, nnder the powers of 
 a Local Act, by the Town Couucil, and be augmented from 
 I time to time, as need and opportimity arose, out of the 
 Icorporate funds. 
 
 i Under the '^luseums' Act' of IS 15 a halfpenny Museum 
 rate had been already levied in Liverpool, as at Salford, and 
 (elsewhere. At the time of Mr. Picto.n's motion in the 
 iTown Council that rate produced, in Liverpool, .^.^jOOO a 
 Year. £1,300 out of this annual sum was allowed to accu- 
 nuilate. No Museum, as yet, had been established. But 
 the remaining £700 was annually applied to the maintenance 
 )f a Public Botanic Garden. 
 
 At Liverpool, therefore, as at Salford, the earliest move- 
 ment was for a Natural History Museum, simply. In AL^iy, 
 IboO, a small library had also been provided at Salford, and 
 kas already at work. Li Liverpool, both Museum and 
 jliibrary were then prospective; only a Botanic Garden was 
 !n actual operation. Both the actual powers (under Local 
 ^tatutes), and the current revenues, of the Corj)oration of 
 i.iverpool were already upon an unusual scale. It was, at 
 fliis time, thought a doubtful question, by the promoters of 
 he Library movement in that town, whether or not it 
 lould be for the moment advisable to levy a ' Library 
 jiate/ additional to the existing 'Museum Rate.' To 
 Iny poll of the Ratepayers as the condition precedent of 
 uch an assessment they were decidedly and strongly 
 ipposed. It was even thought that, in Liverpool, such a 
 loll would present an * insuperable obstacle ' to the esta- 
 jlishment of a Free and rate-supported Library.* 
 
 A Committee M-as then formed, of which Mr. 'i'lionins 
 
 Report of the 
 Liverpool 
 Coiiiniiltrc, 
 
 Mav, 1850. 
 
 • See, for tlie 
 aulliorily 
 
 of thin 
 ■tatcniriit, 
 the r(H)t-iiuts 
 on the Intt 
 
116 EOSCOE AND THE FREE LIBRARY OF LIVERFOOL. 
 
 * The 
 ' Lherpool 
 Library and 
 Museum Act ' 
 of 1852. 
 
 William 
 Eoscoe iind 
 tlie Free 
 I,il)rai-y of 
 Liverpool. 
 
 B. HoRSFALL became Chairman. Subscriptions were:| 
 raised, but they amounted only to £1,389. In addition, j 
 however, to the money, about 4,000 volumes of books werei 
 given. The Town Council purchased (from its accumulated! 
 'Museum Rate' and other funds, but under the powers 
 of a Special Act of Parliament*), a building in Duke Street, - 
 which had been previously known as the 'Union News! 
 Room.' The working arrangements and organization ofj 
 the Manchester Pree Library — then in active progress of 
 formation — were carefully studied during many weeks. Oni 
 the 18th of October, 185.2 — within six weeks after the public 
 inauguration of the- Manchester institution — the Liverpool 
 Library was publicly opened. It was instantly and con-, 
 spicuously successful. The sight of the rooms crowded,! 
 even to inconvenient pressure, by eager and diligent readers,! 
 was a thing to remember. ! 
 
 Nor was the opening, a few months later, of the noblei 
 Museum, which the late munificent Earl of Derby had' 
 bequeathed, to Liverpool, a ceremony likely to pass from 
 the memory of those who (in common with the writer) werej 
 privileged to witness it. There were many special circum-l 
 stances which heightened the interest of the occasion. The 
 day chosen (8th March, 1853) was the centenary of thf; 
 birth of William Roscoe, the historian of Lorenzo tk\ 
 Magnificent^ and a benefactor, in many ways, to his nativ^ 
 town. ' 
 
 As the old adage tells us, there is no royal — no aristo ' 
 cratic — road to learning. [n some memorable instances j 
 the very obstacles which come across the path, when ii 
 chances to be more than usually rugged, have notably con-! 
 tributed both to the completeness, and to the duration, o; 
 the eventual triumph to which it led. But cases of thaj 
 sort will always be exceptional. In ordinary ones, neediest 
 
ol'KMXG OF THE NEW LIVERPOOL LIiniAKY. 117 
 
 limpcdiiuciits, like excess of friction in niacliinery, involve 
 i waste of power. Had the son of the Liverpool tavern- 
 I keeper been privileged by early access to such a Library as 
 ,the nnniilicence of Sir William Brown, and the persistent 
 and almost daily exertions of ^Ir. Picton and his colleagues 
 iof the Liverpool Council, have now secured for that town, 
 jfor all time to come, the man of whom Liverpool is so 
 justly proud would probably have removed certain blemishes 
 from his excellent books, and would also (it may well be 
 isnpposed) have added to their number some others of even 
 Ihigher scope. 
 
 The necessity of obtaining a new and central site neces- 
 Isitated also a new Local Act. It was obtained in the Ses- 
 sion of 1^55, and is known as the ' Liveruool Improvement 
 
 Act: 
 
 The site chosen for the Library was on ' Shaw's Brow,' 
 It faces the northern end of St. George's Hall, and it 
 (affords large space for future extension. The first stone of 
 the building was laid on the b5th of April, 1857. The 
 Lord Bishop of Cukstkr, Lord Stanley, Sir John Pak- 
 INGTON, the Rev. Thomas Binney, and Mr. William Ewart, 
 t\,Nxre amongst those who took part in the proceedings. On 
 jthis occasion Mr. Brown spoke as follows: " When I pro- 
 jposed building the Library and Museum, I considered that 
 II was only jierforming an act of public duty which Divine 
 Providence had placed within my power, and which deserved 
 very little thanks." And, afterwards, — touching on a point 
 which has occupied the thoughts of many minds in reference 
 (to the Free Library movement — and in Prance even more 
 inotabiy than in EuLdand, — " I would not exclude from Free 
 jLibraries any works but such as Ministers of Religion con- 
 sider decidedly immoral. To both sides of a question 
 
Library, 
 
 118 LORD BROUGHAM S SPEECH AT LIVERPOOL. 
 
 readers ought to have access. Place before them the bane, 
 
 and the antidote." 
 
 Opening of '\^\yq erection occupied more than three years. The 
 
 Liverpool Library was inaugurated with great and befitting ceremony 
 
 ^'^'^^" on the 18th of October, 1860— nine years after the opening 
 
 of the small original Library in Duke Street. The cost to 
 
 Mr. Brown is understood to have exceeded £40,000. The 
 
 building — it is perhaps superfluous to say — is admirably 
 
 fitted for all its purposes. It repays in fact a journey into 
 
 Lancashire to look at it. 
 
 Amongst the guests who honoured the opening ceremony 
 
 Lo,j in 1800 by their presence were the Bishop of Chester, 
 
 Brougham's ^ord Brougham, Mr. EwART, Mr. Alorernon Egerton, and 
 
 Speech at the . 
 
 Liverpool gir Johu BowRiNG, of Chinese fame. Nearly 400,000 
 people, it was estimated by observers, saw some portion or 
 other of the proceedings by which the day, and the night, 
 were marked. Their course — notwithstanding the enormous 
 crowd in the streets — was marred by no accident. Liver- 
 pool had seen no such day before it. Lord Brougham, 
 speaking of one of the most remarkable sights which his 
 varied and crowded life had presented to him, said : " What 
 I then witnessed did not at all exceed the grand spectacle 
 I have now the happiness and wonder of seeing here. . . . 
 This is an example in the history of human munificence ; 
 not only in the amount, but in the perfect judgment, the 
 thorough Avisdom, which has directed Mr. Brown's gene- 
 rosity. . . . This building is raised for a Library, to contain 
 the stores of ancient and modern knowledge ; and for a 
 Museum, wherein the works of the Creator shall be shown 
 forth in the accumulated monuments of Ilis bounty, skill, 
 and wisdom." 
 
 The original Consulting Library, of 1852, had contained 
 
j EXTENT AND ISSUES OF LIVEErOOL LIBRARIES. Ill) 
 
 iboiit 1:?,000 volumes. The issues from it in the first year 
 )f working were LO^jCJ.CS volumes. In the fifth year the 
 Collection hail grown to 2 1,000 volumes, and the issues 
 mil incrcnseil to Kid.-'Ul) volumes. 
 
 Tiie two Lending Branch Libraries were established in 
 IS53, with but about 2000 volumes in both, collectively. 
 Their issues in the first year were 35,978 volumes. In the 
 fourth year of their operation, the two Lending Libraries 
 lad increased to an aggregate of 17,000 volumes; and 
 heir issues had increased to 308,200 volumes. The reader 
 |\'iil observe the notable ratio of increase from the borrow- 
 ing branches, as compared with that from the Consulting 
 Library. 
 
 I The tables which follow will show, as respects the 
 library in Duke Street and its branches, the detailed 
 lassification both of books and of issues : — 
 
 Oriniiml 
 Kxtnit mill 
 Issues uf the 
 l<ivcr|iool 
 Librury, 
 
 niid of llio 
 liraiiclics. 
 
 Table I. — First Liverpool Consulting Library : Classifi- 
 cation OF THE Books : — 
 
 I. Theology and Philosopliy 
 II. History .... 
 
 III. PoUtics .... 
 
 IV. Sciences and Arts . 
 
 V. Literature and Polygi'apby 
 
 Totals 
 
 Refehence 
 
 Lending 
 
 
 LiBEAKY. 
 
 LlBttAEIES. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 1,538 
 
 750 
 
 2,288 
 
 6.902 
 
 4,435 
 
 11,337 
 
 2,439 
 
 207 
 
 2,646 
 
 3.411 
 
 1,064 
 
 4,475 
 
 9,698 
 
 10,546 
 
 20,244 
 
 23,988 
 
 17,002 
 
 40,990 
 
120 CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS AT LIVERPOOL. 
 
 Table II. 
 
 -First Liverpool Consulting Library : Classifi- 
 cation OF the Issues : — 
 
 I. Theology and Philosopliy 
 II. History .... 
 
 III. Pontics .... 
 
 TV. Sciences and Ai'ts . 
 V. Literature and Polygraphy 
 
 Reference 
 
 LlBBAEy. 
 
 {Oiie year.) 
 Volumesissued 
 
 6.581 
 
 22,240 
 
 1,923 
 
 15,889 
 
 119,713 
 
 Lending 
 
 LiBKAKY. 
 
 (One year.) 
 Volumesissued 
 
 8,723 
 
 48.561 
 
 1.416 
 
 13,244 
 
 236,256 
 
 Aggregate | 
 Issue oy 1 
 
 VOLUMKS. 1 
 
 (One year.), \ 
 
 15,304 't 
 
 70,801 'I 
 
 3,339 i 
 
 29,133 
 
 355,969 
 
 Totals 
 
 166.346 
 
 ^,200 
 
 474,546 
 
 The next table shows the existinpr streiis-th, and also tb 
 classification, of the Tree Consulting Library, in Decembe:| 
 
 1868. " ■ 
 
 Classification 
 of tlie Books 
 
 ill Liverpool | 
 Free Library, 1 
 
 Dec, ls68. 
 
 Table III. — Present Liverpool Consulting Library 
 Classification of the Books : — 
 
 Classes. Volumes. 
 
 I. Theology and Philosopliy .... 3,832 
 
 II. History . 12,167 
 
 III. Politics and Commerce 4,548 
 
 TV. Sciences and Arts 8,767 
 
 V. Literature and Polygraphy .... 18,327 
 
 Total (December, 1868) . . . 47,641 
 
 The rate of increase is now about 2000 volumes annuall' 
 The issues of the one year ending 31st August, 186' 
 amount to 565,344 volumes, beino;, on the averagje, 19S 
 volumes daily, the year round. 
 
 The Classification of these issues during the year whic 
 has just closed is as follows : — 
 
ISSUES OF LlVKi;i\X)L LKNDIXC! LIBlJAinKS. 1:21 
 
 Tablk rv. — Presekt Liverpool Consulting Library : Extent 
 AND Classification of Annual Issue, 1868 : — 
 
 Classes. 
 
 I. Theology and Pliilosophy 
 II. History .... 
 
 III. Politics iind Commerce . 
 
 IV. Sciences and Arts . 
 
 V. Literatmv and Polygraphy 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 16,800 
 
 80,031 
 
 8,412 
 
 58,006 
 
 402,035 
 
 Total 565,344 
 
 Clnssiflratiiin 
 of the Issues 
 to llcnders 
 ot liiveriiool 
 Lihrarj' in 
 
 The nfrgrcgatc number of volumes in the two Lending 
 
 kanclies which — as we have seen — was about 2000 in 
 S53, has increased to 39,292 volumes, in 18G8 
 isues of books from them have increased from 35,978 in 
 he first year (1S53-4) to 423,547 in i\\Q fourteenth year 
 1867-8). Their details are as follows : — 
 
 E.xtentofthe 
 Liverpool 
 Lending Li- 
 Phe '"''"■''^s, Dec, 
 1868, and 
 annual issues 
 therefrom. 
 
 Books Issued from the Liverpool Lending 
 
 Libraries, in the Year ending Aug. 31st, 1868. 
 
 Month. 
 
 NoBTH Branch. 
 
 South Branch. 
 
 1867. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 September 
 
 16,320 
 
 17.310 
 
 October . 
 
 17,293 
 
 18,861 
 
 November 
 
 18,070 
 
 19.268 
 
 December 
 
 17,433 
 
 19,037 
 
 1868. 
 
 
 
 January 
 
 17,775 
 
 19,468 
 
 Febniai-y 
 
 17,927 
 
 19,318 
 
 March . 
 
 19,564 
 
 20.796 
 
 April 
 
 17,940 
 
 19,529 
 
 May . . . 
 
 17,457 
 
 18,589 
 
 June 
 
 17,116 
 
 17,536 
 
 July . 
 
 6,423 
 
 17,286 
 
 August . 
 
 16,069 
 
 17,162 
 
 Total . . 
 
 199,387 
 
 224,160 
 
 North Lending Branch 
 
 199,387 
 
 South Lending Branch 
 
 224,160 
 
 Total . 
 
 423,547 
 
122 CONTRASTS IN THE CHARACTER OF 
 
 If the Reader should be inclined to compare the classifi.i| 
 
 cation of issues at Liverpool with that which has beed 
 
 previously placed before him in regard to the fellow-institu! 
 
 Contrasts in tion at Mancliestcr, he will find a very remarkable contrast 
 
 of Botks With larger aggregate issues the Liverpool Library is verj 
 
 M-indl^tL i^iuch less consulted for studious and definite reading. Ir; 
 
 andLiverpooi 2868 thc aunual issues of the Manchester Consulting! 
 
 respectively. ^i 
 
 Library are much less than the one half of those of the' 
 Liverpool Consulting Library, nevertheless, for every on(: 
 book on Science, or Art, or on the Literature of Commerce! 
 issued by the Liverpool Library, the IManchester Librarjj 
 issues nearly three such books. Out of an aggregate issue' 
 at Liverpool, of 565,344 volumes, the issues of boob; 
 scientific, artistic, or commercial, are, together, 66,418' 
 Out of an aggregate issue, at Manchester, of but 262,44f| 
 volumes, the issues of books scientific, artistic, or commercial 
 are, together, 158,718. I 
 
 On the other hand, the issues of 'Novels, Tales, andi 
 Romances,' (to readers, be it borne in mind, in the Con-j 
 suiting Library alone,) amount, at Liverpool, to 189,841i 
 volumes ; over and above an enormous issue of ' periodicai 
 publications,' of which Prose I'iction is the staple ; whereas j 
 at Manchester, the collective issues of books in that end 
 class of Prose Piction, — whether printed in separate workf^ 
 or in popular magazines, — are less than 30,000 volumes 
 In other words, for every reader in the Manchester Consult-; 
 ing Library who is exclusively or mainly a novel-reader, the 
 Liverpool Library has at least ten such readers. What can' 
 be the reason of so curious a contrast ? ' 
 
 Something, doubtless, is due to the very different charac- 
 teristics of the constituents of Population in the two towns.; 
 That, however, though it may well be an operative, is but ai 
 minor, cause. The main cause is not far to seek. Foilj 
 
THE BOOKS READ IN FREE LIBRARIES. 123 
 
 ^ery novel provided on the shelves of the Consulting 
 jibrary at Manchester, Liverpool provides at least ten. 
 'iiis over-large provision of literature merely ephemeral 
 tiking it as a whole, and always recognising the brilliant 
 (.ceptions to the rule) is a heavy temptation to merely 
 (jliemeral reading. As I have ventured to say already, 
 Iction is a noble branch of our literature — as it is of the 
 U'ratwe of most, though not of all, other great nations — 
 »d it forms an admirable part of any Free Town Library ; 
 avays provided that it keeps its place, in due subordination 
 ti parts more admirable still. Surely, this section is a little 
 o|3rdone at Liverpool ? 
 
 iWhen the Liverpool Free Libraries and INIuseum were 
 fijit established (Is.^S) a penny rate produced little more 
 t^n £3,.")00 a year. It now (December, 1868) produces 
 nre than £7,')00 a year. At ^lanchester, at the former 
 d,e, the like assessment produced about £1,000 a year; it 
 nkv produces about £G,500. 
 
 ;rhe relative Library and ]\Iuseum expenditure of the 
 tv) towns may be collated thus : — 
 
124 
 
 BIRKENHEAD FREE LIBRARY. 
 
 Comparative Annual Expenditure on Libraries, Museums, 
 AND Public Gardens, at Liverpool, and at Manchester, 
 December, 1868. 
 
 Liverpool. 
 
 I. Libraries : — 
 
 Consulting Department : 
 Salaries and Wages 
 Books and Binding 
 Miscellaneous Expenses 
 
 Lending Branches : 
 Salaries and "Wages 
 Books and Binding 
 Miscellaneous expenses 
 Interest on Loan 
 
 Total of Branches . 
 II. Museum .... 
 
 610 
 370 
 
 1,238 
 3,214 
 
 8:0 
 0:0 
 
 III. PublicParks,Gardens,&c., about 3,000 : : 
 
 Manchester. 
 £ s. I 
 
 810 : 16 : 10 
 
 720: 7: 3 
 377 : 9 : 8 
 
 613 : 19 : 10 
 1,184 : 12 : 9 
 
 751 
 372 
 
 7: 4 
 
 359: 1: 
 
 1,805: 1: 1 
 
 Totals 
 
 £8,432 : 8 : £6,995 : 4 : 
 
 § 3. Birken- 
 head Free 
 Library. 
 
 § 3. Birkenhead Free Library. 
 
 Tlie Birkenhead Free Library was founded in the yea! 
 1857. Li their second Report (piibUshed towards tli 
 close of the year 1858), the Committee had to mentio 
 that the small amount of funds placed at their disposal ha 
 compelled them, very reluctantly, to relinquish the idea (; 
 then establishing a Reference Library. During the paij 
 year, however, the books which had been collected towan 
 the formation of that department had been somewhat ii 
 creased, '' 254 works having been added." 
 
 The Free Lending Library of Birkenhead at that tin 
 comprised 3,515 volumes, arranged under the followii 
 classification : — 
 
Issues, etc., of birkenhead lending Lir.KAnv. 12.-) 
 
 Lending Library op Birkenhead. 
 
 Thwlogy and Motaphj'sics 
 
 Natunil Philosophy, Mathoinutios, ifiie. 
 
 
 
 
 188 
 64 
 
 Natural History 
 Arts and Soiouoes . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 57 
 
 History and Biography . 
 Topography and Antiquities 
 Geography, Voyages, A:c. 
 Miscellaneous Literature 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 674 
 
 28 
 
 346 
 
 553 
 
 Jurisprudence, Law, &.c. . 
 Commerce 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 13 
 
 Education 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 Poetiy, Drama 
 Novels, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 158 
 1,316 
 
 Total . 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,515 
 
 Lending 
 Lilirary in 
 
 1858. 
 
 The following Table shows the Monthly Issues and 
 <;i-itication of Issues of l)ooks in the Lending Library of 
 rkcnhcad during the second year of its operations : — 
 
 1867. 
 
 Vulunics. 
 
 June . 
 
 . 3,647 
 
 July . 
 
 . 3.510 
 
 August 
 
 . 3,373 
 
 September . 
 
 . 3,480 
 
 October 
 
 . 3,890 
 
 November . 
 
 . 3,857 
 
 December . 
 
 ... 
 
 1868. 
 
 
 January 
 
 . 3,721 
 
 Februaiy . 
 
 . 3,617 
 
 March . 
 
 4,685 
 
 April . 
 
 . 3,900 
 
 May . . . 
 
 . 3,620 
 
 Total . 
 
 . 41,300 
 
 Issues 
 
 and tlieir 
 
 Classification 
 
 Birkenhead 
 
 Library. 
 (Second year 
 of working.) 
 
126 LIBRARY EXPENDITURE AT BIRKENHEAD. 
 
 i 
 
 This table shows a total of 41,300 works lent duriDJ 
 tliat year, or, on the average, of 3,754 works, monthly ; ar 
 an increase over the average of the first year of 1,063 worli 
 monthly. 835 Tickets empowering borrowers to tal 
 Books out of the Lending Library w^ere granted during tlj 
 same year. | 
 
 The number of works read in the Reference Library hv 
 been 2,775, or an average of 252 monthly (also showingi! 
 considerable increase as compared with the first year). j 
 
 The expenses were as follows. I quote them in detai' 
 as showing the small sum which sufiiced for the comraencci 
 ment of a Library which has gradually increased to j 
 position of considerable utility. 
 
 
 Expenses, &c. 
 
 
 
 
 £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 
 Salaries and Wages . 
 
 
 . 83: 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 Repaiiing and binding books 
 
 
 
 35: 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 Removing books, &c. . 
 
 
 
 3:11 
 
 6 
 
 
 Advertising and Catalogues 
 
 
 
 42:15 
 
 3 
 
 
 Rent and Taxes .... 
 
 
 
 99:17 
 
 3 
 
 
 Gas, Water 
 
 
 
 33: 4 
 
 11 
 
 
 Insurance 
 
 
 
 1 : 7 
 
 1 
 
 
 Newspapers 
 
 
 
 29:14 
 
 9 
 
 
 Interest on Loan .... 
 
 
 
 47:10 
 
 8 
 
 
 Instalment on Loan Account 
 
 
 
 50: 
 
 
 
 
 Current Expenses 
 
 
 
 24: 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 Bookcases, Shelves, &c. 
 
 
 
 53: 9 
 
 3 
 
 ; 
 
 Furnishing and Petty Expenses, &c. 
 
 
 
 57: 3 
 
 1 
 
 
 Books 
 
 L53: 
 
 7:8 
 
 
 
 Periodicals and Magazines . 
 
 14: 
 
 6:7 
 
 
 
 Total . 
 
 . 
 
 
 167 : 14 
 
 3 
 
 
 £729: 2 
 
 4 
 
THE FKEE LIBKARIES OF SHEFFIELD. 127 
 
 I Tho vcM'v small collection — of which these are the statis- 
 lics as they stood in ISjS — has grown, in LsOS, to upwards 
 >f 13,000 volumes. Rehitively to the population it is a 
 iirger provision of books, for free popular use, than that 
 i.hich obtains in its great neighbour town, Liver})ool. lor 
 ijiverpool contains in its Free Libraries only about eiyhteen 
 'ohmies to each hundred of the popuhition ; liirkenhead 
 bout twenty-four, — which is very nearly identical with the 
 revision (so calculated) in Manchester. 
 I The annual issues from the small Lending Library of 
 jirkenhead have increased from an aggregate of 41,300 
 plumes in ISoS to an aggregate of ()1,1.:21 volumes in 
 pG7-S. \\\ the latter year there were also 10,2S5 issues 
 pm a Reference collection (containing but 1500 volumes) 
 ^lich was added about the year ISOO. On the whole, 
 (|ch volume in the Library has been issued six times over 
 ^taking an average — during the last year. "Evidence 
 Is been given," say the Committee in one of their Reports, 
 ' hat the Public appreciate the numerous advantages that 
 le Library and Reading Room [which is also well supplied 
 Afth Newspapers] are capable of affording.'' 
 
 When the proposal to levy a Borough-rate on tiie in- 
 li^jitants of Sheffield, for tl,e support of a Free Town 
 Ijjrary, was first taken to a Poll, the ' Noes ' carried the 
 qjstion, by a majority of 190. This was in 1S51. When 
 tlf motion was renewed, in 1853, the 'Noes' were 232, 
 ajl the 'Ayes' s3s. The Library was established, at 
 fi[t, on a very small scale, — scarcely exceeding that at 
 IHcnhcad, — l)ut it soon grew to a respectjible, although 
 
128 
 
 FREE LIBRARIES OF SHEFFIELD. 
 
 not, for many yearS; to any conspicuous degree of publi 
 utility. 
 
 The following Tables Avill show the book-issues of tl 
 early years of working, and will serve as a basis of con 
 parison with those of the last and present years. At tl 
 date of the first of them the Lending volumes numben 
 6853 ; the Cousultino: volumes, 1.235. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 Sheffield Consulting Library: Returns of Issues, J 
 
 1856-58 INCLUSIVE:— 1 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 tJ 
 
 
 History, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Arts, &c. 
 
 Theology, 
 &c. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 Poetry. 
 
 Fictios. 
 
 Miscel- 
 lanies. 
 
 Issu 
 
 1857-58 
 
 1,456 
 
 3,836 
 
 857 
 
 36 
 
 614 
 
 774 
 
 5,083 
 
 12. .fc 
 
 1856-57 
 
 1,467 
 
 3,084 
 
 863 
 
 61 
 
 515 
 
 792 
 
 2,606 
 
 9,P 
 
 The total issues from the Reference Department, it v\ 
 be seen, had (in 1S57-S) increased nearly 34 per 06;. 
 above those of the preceding year. In ' History' (includi^^ 
 Biography and Travels) there had been a slight decrea;]; 
 in ' Arts and Sciences ' an increase of :24^ per cent. ; h 
 'Theology and Philosophy' a slight decrease ; in 'Politii' 
 a decrease of 4.2 per cent. ; in ' Poetry ' an increase of 9 
 percent.; in ' Piction ' a decrease of near 2^ per cerj; 
 and in 'Miscellanies' an increase of 95 per cent. t 
 
 The issues from the Lending Department during »e 
 same year, as compared with the issues of the previous y^f, 
 were as follows ; — 
 
 1857-58 
 1856-57 
 
 Class. 
 
 History, 
 
 &c. 
 
 35,548 
 30,202 
 
 Class. 
 Arts, &c. 
 
 11,187 
 10,307 
 
 Class. 
 
 Theology, 
 
 &c. 
 
 3,767 
 3,681 
 
 Class. 
 Politics. 
 
 1,262 
 1,174 
 
 Class. 
 Poetry. 
 
 5,582 
 5,861 
 
 Class. 
 Fiction. 
 39,905 
 33,314 
 
 Class. 
 Miscr.L- 
 lanit-s. 
 
 25,418 
 
 20,743 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 IC 
 
 ES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mature and cost of ruKCiiASEs at sueffikld. i:j"j 
 
 ! These retimis show an iiicrcasc ot" 1(5 J per cent, in the 
 otnl issnes from the Lending Department ; and, of these, 
 . 7 J per cent, were in ' History, Biography, and Travels ; ' 
 ,i^ per cent, in 'Arts and Sciences;' '2^1 per cent, in 
 Theology and Philosophy;' 7 per cent, in 'Politics;* 
 ^9 percent, in 'Fiction;' and .•2.H per cent, in ' Miscel- 
 anics.' 
 
 The additions made to the Library during that year con- 
 i>ted of Sol) volumes to the Lending Department, and 54 
 lolunies to the Reference Department, making a total of 
 ^04 volmnes; 8:24 of which were purchased by the Com- 
 iiittee, and ^0 presented by various donors. These are 
 ilassed as below -. — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 
 
 HlSTOKT, 
 
 8u:. 
 
 iLKn,tu:. 
 
 Theolooi, 
 Stc. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 POBTBt. 
 
 FiCTlOS 
 
 MlSCEL- 
 LANUSS. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Y do- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lation 
 ypnr- 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 piase. 
 
 245 
 
 98 
 
 43 
 
 13 
 
 28 
 
 185 
 
 212 
 
 824 
 
 The cost of the S.:24 volumes purchased by the Committee 
 as £229 1 Ss. ld.,or nearly 5s. 7d. per volume. This average 
 as considerably higher than the average of those purchased 
 p to the time of first opening the Library. The difference, 
 jay the Committee, in their Report, "will be explained ])y 
 bsening the large proportion of new works added during 
 16 year in the classes, ' History, Biography, Voyages, and 
 'ravels,' and 'Arts and Sciences,' and by bearing in mind 
 lat in establishing the Library nearly 1 1 00 volumes of 
 jardine's Nalurali'ifB Library, the EdinhiirfjU Cabinet Li- 
 ^(irif, Murray's Family Library, the Library of Entertaining 
 ynotcledge, &c., were purchased, at a general average of 
 bout Is. lOd. })er volume." 
 
 Nature and 
 Cost of the 
 Purchases at 
 Sheffield. 
 
130 
 
 ISSUES OF BOOKS 
 
 The total number of volumes which were in the Library 
 in 1859, was 8088. Of these 6853 were in the Leudiiij 
 Department, and 1235 in the Reference Department. Th 
 whole were classed as follows : — 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 HlSTOKY, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Arts, &c. 
 
 Theology, 
 
 Politics. 
 
 POETEY. 
 
 TlCTION. 
 
 Miscella- 
 nies. 
 
 2,467 
 
 1,416 
 
 407 
 
 475 
 
 362 
 
 1,328 
 
 1,633 
 
 TOTAI 
 IsSUii! 
 
 The average number of the Male readers had been, in tlii 
 year 1859, about 130 daily ; that of Female readers about 4?' 
 The readers using the Lending Department then numbere,' 
 11,700 ; a number larger by 45 per cent, than the numb( 
 of books in both Departments. The loss of books durin 
 the then past twelve months, in both Departments co' 
 lectively, had been 21 volumes, the value of which w; 
 computed at £1 17s. 
 
 The abstract of the accounts audited under the Publj 
 Libraries' Act, showed a balance on the 1st of Septerl 
 ber, 1858, of £490 15s. 5d. to the credit of the Librai 
 This balance had been, at the date of the Report of 185 
 reduced to £120 6s. 5d. 
 
 The total 
 
 issues 
 
 of books to 
 
 Readers during the 
 
 yf 
 
 1859 were as follows : — From the Reference Departmei, 
 
 11,838 volumes ; from the Lending Department, 113,7 
 
 volumes ; making a total of 125,555 volumes. 
 
 L 
 
 Issues from the Sheffield Reference Department: 
 
 185! 
 
 u 
 
 
 Class, 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Top. 
 
 
 HiSTOKY, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Aets, &c. 
 
 Theology. 
 &,c. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 POETEY. 
 
 Fiction. 
 
 MlSCEL- 
 LANIKS. 
 
 1«'3. 
 
 1858-59 
 
 1,182 
 
 3,489 
 
 895 
 
 62 
 
 625 
 
 767 
 
 4,818 
 
 im 
 
 1857-58 
 
 1,456 
 
 3,836 
 
 857 
 
 36 
 
 614 
 
 774 
 
 5,083 
 
 h?b 
 
AT SHEFFIELD FREE LIBRAKIES. 
 
 131 
 
 These figures sliow tliat during tlie third year of the 
 lorking of tlie Library tliere was a decrease, as compared 
 .ith 1^57-8, of {\h per cent, in tlie total issues from 
 he Consulting Department. The decrease in ' History, 
 Jiography, and Travels " was nearly 19 per cent. ; that in 
 Arts and Sciences,' 9 per cent. ; that in ' Fiction,' nearly 
 
 per cent. ; and that in ' ]\Iiscellanies ' nearly 5j per cent, 
 .'here was an increase in 'Theology and Philosophy' of 
 ,bove 4 per cent. ; in ' Politics ' of above 70 per cent. ; and 
 [i ' Poetry ' of above 1 f per cent. It appeared that of 
 |ie issues from the Reference Department, about 10 per cent. 
 ere books in tlie chiss * History, Biography, and Travels;' 
 l)^ per cent, in ' Arts and Sciences ; ' nearly 7f per cent. 
 Theology and Philosophy ; ' above ^ per cent, in 
 Politics;' above 5j per cent, in 'Poetry ; ' nearly 6^ per 
 nt. in ' Prose Fiction ; ' and nearly 40f per cent, in 
 jiterary Miscellanies.' 
 
 Issues fbom the Sheffield Free Lending Library, 
 Year 1858-59. 
 
 -69 
 
 HiSTORT, 
 
 hue. 
 
 Class. 
 Abts, &c. 
 10,045 
 
 117-58' 35,548; 11,187 
 
 Class. 
 
 Thicology. 
 
 &c. 
 
 3,586 
 3.767 
 
 Class. 
 Politics. 
 
 1,012 
 1,262 
 
 Class. 
 
 POETHT. 
 
 4,732 
 
 Class. 
 Fiction. 
 40,766 
 
 Class. 
 Miscel- 
 lanies. 
 
 23,710 
 
 Total. 
 Issues. 
 
 113,717 
 
 5,582 39,705 25.418 122,469 
 
 The additions to the Library during the year 1858-9 
 il;iounted to 1031 volumes; of which number 731 were 
 jquired by purchase, at a cost of £151 Is. 3d., or an 
 f^erage of 4s. l^d. per volume; 180 volumes (periodicals) 
 fla cost of £49 14s. 7d., or an average of 5s. 6jd. per 
 ^lume ; 53 volumes by presentation from ])rivate donors ; 
 J'd 67 volumes by donation from the Patents Ollice. Of 
 tp whole, tliirty volumes were placed in the Reference 
 
132 FREE LIBRAEY OPERATIONS AT SHEFFIELD. 
 
 or Consulting Library, and 1001 in the Lending Librar; 
 The classification is as follows : — 
 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 To- 
 
 
 HlSTOK^, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Aets, 
 
 Theologt, 
 
 Politics. 
 
 POETKT. 
 
 Fiction. 
 
 Miscel- 
 
 LANLES. 
 
 Iss. 
 
 By purcliase, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 including Pe- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 riodicals 
 
 204 
 
 88 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 63 
 
 229 
 
 287 
 
 9 
 
 By donation, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 including Pa- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tents Office 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Publications 
 
 18 
 
 70 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 The total number of volumes in both Libraries, at tc 
 close of the year now referred to, was 9,119; classed! 
 follows : — 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Class. 
 
 Toil 
 
 History, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Arts, &c. 
 
 Theology, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Politics. 
 
 Poetry. 
 
 Miction. 
 
 MlSCELLA- 
 NIIS. 
 
 Iss.| 
 
 2,689 
 
 1,574 
 
 433 
 
 504 
 
 430 
 
 1,562 
 
 1,927 
 
 9,]^ 
 
 1 
 
 Of these, 1,265 volumes were in the Reference Libra[, 
 and 7,854 in the Lending Library. | 
 
 There had been, in the year 1858-9, an aggregate)! 
 13,702 tickets given to persons desirous to use the Lendg 
 Library, since its opening. Of these, 2,002 had been issd 
 during that year. The average daily nmiiber of Reacrs 
 during the year had been shghtly in excess of the last yej's 
 daily average. j 
 
 The loss of books had been 37 volumes, valued^al 
 £2 9s. In respect of some of these, part of the loss as 
 recovered. j 
 
 The sale of Library Catalogues up to this date l^ 
 produced more than £40. 
 
 On the whole subject of the working of the Shef'sl^ 
 
UECENT ISSUES FKOISI SHEFFIELD LIBRAPJES. 133 
 
 .libraries, the Ci)miuittcc thus rcj)ortLH], in (he year 
 !s59:— 
 
 1 "Your Comniittoo cannot hut express their earnest hope 
 hat a consideration of the great advantages whieli the Free 
 libraries have ah-eady conferred upon the inhabitants of this 
 iJorough, and the desire that they should quickly become 
 istitutions in every way worthy of this rapidly increas- 
 ig connuunity, will induce the Town Council to levy 
 L'gularly, in future, for the service of the Libraries, the 
 mximum rate of one penny in the pound." 
 
 Grncriil 
 uiirkiiiK of 
 the Sliffll.ld 
 Library up 
 to 1859. 
 
 I The recent issues from the Sheffield Libraries — both Con- 
 |.ilting and Lending — show a considerable increase. But 
 1 this town the former has never been developed in any 
 <*gree which at all corresponds with the growth of similar 
 
 fstitutions, for example, in Lancashire. On this point 
 ere appears, on the pages of a recent Report, an allusion 
 |hicii is doubtless significant : " Should the Town Council," 
 y\ the Committee, in their Eleventh Annual Report, "find 
 lie progress of the Reference Library too slow, there is 
 lill a reserved rating-power of one farthing in the pound." 
 [1 other words, the Council, as yet, have levied only three- 
 iurths of the sum w^hich the law empowers them to levy for 
 lie support of their Free Libraries. Yet recent events 
 iive shown, very nnmistakeably, the special need in Shef- 
 
 Id of the utmost exertion in every path of educational 
 
 ideavour which can be put forth. 
 
 OF Books from the Sheffield Libeaeies, 1865-67. 
 
 FVom the Consulting Lilji-ary 
 EVom the Lending Library . 
 
 I 1HC5-C0. I 18C0-67. 
 
 I Volumes. Volumes. 
 
 I 12,155 13,184 
 
 134,307 I 149.389 
 
 Aggregate Issues, 1865-67 
 
 146.462 1 162,573 
 
 Total. 
 Volumes. 
 
 25,339 
 283,696 
 
 309,036 
 
 Rccont Is- 
 sues from 
 the Sla-fneld 
 Libraries, 
 1805-67. 
 
134 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSULTING ISSUES. 
 
 The classification of these issues shows a result, in regarc 
 to the character of the chief demand in the Consultiii' 
 Library, which is eminently creditable. ; 
 
 Classification 
 of the Issues 
 1866-67. 
 Consulting 
 Library. 
 
 Classification of Issues for the Sheffield 
 Consulting Library, 1865-67. 
 
 Free 
 
 I. Theology and Pliilosopty 
 II. History .... 
 III. Politics and Commerce . 
 lY. Sciences and Arts 
 
 V. Literature and Poly- [ pj^^^^j 
 
 graphy 
 
 Fiction 
 (.Miscellanies . 
 
 Aggregate Issues (from Consulting ") 
 Library) in two years . . ) 
 
 1865-66. 
 
 1866-67. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 822 
 
 963 
 
 1,881 
 
 2,103 
 
 319 
 
 477 
 
 3,287 
 
 3,283 
 
 522 
 
 733 
 
 861 
 
 817 
 
 4,463 
 
 4,808 
 
 12,155 
 
 13,184 
 
 Total of 
 TwoYeaes 
 
 1,785 ' 
 
 3,984 
 
 796 
 
 6,570 ; 
 
 1 12,204 1 
 
 25,339 
 
 As in all like cases, the circulation of books amongsj 
 borrowers for fireside reading, shows a large predominancj 
 of the lighter literature of the day. But even in Sheffielj 
 it is, in degree, less predominant, by far, than at Liverpooi 
 And for a similar reason, no doubt, to that which has beej 
 shown to be the main operative cause for the striking cori 
 trast which obtains between the classification of the book 
 which are in chief demand, — by borrowers, as well as b' 
 readers in the Reference Library, — at Manchester, and [ 
 Liverpool, respectively. 
 
CLASSIFICATION OF THE AGGREGATE ISSUES. 135 
 
 Classification of Issues from the Sheffield Free Lending 
 Library, 1865-67. 
 
 I. Tlieology aud Pliilosopliy 
 n. History .... 
 
 III. Politics and Commerce . 
 
 IV. Sciences and Arts 
 
 V. Literature and Poly - \ Pj-oggj 
 
 graphy : 
 
 Fiction 
 (. Miscellanies . 
 
 1805-66. 
 Volumes. 
 
 3.480 
 2eM7 i 
 
 10.5S12 
 
 5.107 
 
 61,315 
 
 26,669 
 
 1866-67. 
 Volumes. 
 
 4,064 
 27,766 
 
 8i»5 
 11,484 
 
 Total op 
 Two Yevrs. 
 
 7,544 
 
 54.133 
 
 1,672 
 
 22.076 
 
 4,729 -) 
 71.799 I [ 
 28,652 , 3 
 
 198,271 
 
 Aggregate Issues (from Lending 1 ^^^ 3^^ I ^j^^g ggg 
 Library) in two years . . ) ' ' 
 
 283,696 
 
 Classifiriition 
 of the Issues 
 1865-67. 
 Lending 
 Lilirary. 
 
 Finally, the aggregate issues from dof/i of the Sheffield 
 ree Libraries, since their first opening to the Public, in 
 856, amount to 1,490,869 volumes, and may be classified 
 
 hllS : — 
 
 Classification of Aggregate Issxtes from Sheffield 
 Libraries, 1856-1867. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 I. Theology and Pliilosopby 46,100 
 
 n. History 337,695 
 
 m. Politics and Commerce 11,240 
 
 rV. Science and Arts 154,495 
 
 /-Poetry . . 57,808-) 
 V. Literature and Polygi-aphy j Prose Fiction 558,449 [ 947,339 
 C MisceUanies . 331,082 J 
 
 Total Aggregate Issues, 1856-67 . . . 1,496,869 
 
 Classification 
 of tlie Aggre- 
 gate Issues 
 from Shcflicld 
 Libraries. 
 
 The issues of Theological books fn^m the Consulting 
 iibrary were, in the earliest years of working, a])out OJ 
 €r cent, of the aggregate issues. They are now (ISGS) 
 bout 7^ per cent. Those of Scientific and Artistic books 
 rere, at first, 31 per cent., and are now only 25 per cent. 
 
136 STATE OF REFERENCE 
 
 of the whole issue. Those of Political books, which at firs 
 were scarcely half per cent, of the total, are now 3ii 
 per cent. In other words, they have multiplied sevenfold' 
 Those in Prose Piction were 6^ per cent., and are now 6 pe 
 cent., of the entire issue. The issues of Historical book 
 were, in the first year of working, but 13J per cent, of th 
 aggregate issues ; they are now 10 per cent, of the same. 
 In the Lending department, on the other hand, the issue 
 of Historical books are but 18 J per cent, of the aggregat; 
 issues, whereas, at the opening they were 24^ per cent. ! 
 whilst the relative issues of works of Prose Fiction have inj 
 I creased from 38 per cent, of the whole to 48 per cent. j 
 
 This comparison enhances the importance of a point t' 
 
 which the Library Committee at Sheffield requested th' 
 
 attention of their Town Council in 1 867. There are, it shouk 
 
 be premised, two Reading Rooms in the Chief Library, on 
 
 of which is appropriated to the fairer portion of the towij 
 
 population. i 
 
 " The Reading Room for women," say the Committee! 
 
 — " capable of accommodating some thirty-five persons,-' 
 
 is about adequate to the demands made upon it. Tli 
 
 Reading Room . . . used by men is far too small for tb; 
 
 accommodation of those seeking its advantages. It will nc; 
 
 accommodate more than one hundred and twenty personfj 
 
 and during the evenings, iliroiighout the year, it is croiccled t 
 
 state of the iucojiveuience. The Reference Library, though not extei 
 
 L^i.raryat slvc, coutaius uiauy rare and costly works not accessibli 
 
 siieffieid. elsewhere in the Borough. It appears lamentable to you 
 
 Committee, that those who desire to consult, study, or copj 
 
 from them, should not be enabled to do so in ease ani 
 
 comfort. If the establishment of 'Branch Lendinj 
 
 Libraries,' with Reading Rooms, should withdraw froi! 
 
LIBPwMiY AT SHEFFIELD. IST 
 
 ihe Reading Room of tlic Central Lil)rarv those wlio frr- 
 luent it only for the purpose of reading the eurrent 
 •eriodicals, some slight temporary rehef may be experienced. 
 lUit, as the Reference l^ibrary grows in value, so it should 
 i;row in use. Your Committee consider it neither likely nor 
 [esirable that here, where Inventors, Designers, Artists, 
 ind Students, or ai>l classes, meet to profit by works out 
 if the reach of ordinary private fortunes, a space barely 
 lufficient to accommodate one hundred and twenty persons 
 ;liould meet the requirements of the large and rapidly in- 
 jreasing population of the Borough." 
 
 This careful and suggestive Report of 1807 was drawn 
 p by 'Sir. Alderman Fisher, Chairman of the Library 
 loramittee, and a Corporator to whose energetic exertion 
 lie institution has been deeply indebted. He has always 
 \ken a strong interest in its prosperity and growth, and — 
 ^ the quotations above will serve to show — he takes a view 
 f the true scope and purpose of the ' Liliraries Act* 
 hicb is in strictest harmony with the aims and intentions of 
 s framers and promoters. 
 
 At Sheffield, as at ^Manchester, the present Principal 
 librarian has ably seconded the exertions of an energetic 
 'hairman. 'My. Walter Parson son has managed the 
 heffield Free Libraries from their formation, and has won 
 be respect both of their frequenters and of the To\vn 
 Council which has the government of them ; and he has 
 •repared a serviceable Catalogue of both Libraries. 
 
 The Library Building at Sheffield was purchased Avith Ti.cattcn.pt 
 i loan, effected on security of the rate. The Library, and iLXc" 
 11 that belongs to it, have had at Sheffield— as, in early li^'Z^at 
 ears, at Manchester — to struggle with tiiinly-vcilcd dis- 
 ikes, and with grudging ' economies,' falsely so called. 
 
 Sl.cnirUI into 
 a Town Hull. 
 
138 THE SHEFFIELD OBSTRUCTIVES. 
 
 The malcontents, unable to make head openly against tl 
 principle of the Act (to \vhich, in the Town Council, tlu 
 had given effect half-heartedly and reluctantly), have nc 
 indeed, ventured, as yet, to call for a return of the ' peci 
 niary resources' of the readers and borrowers of book 
 But they have done something more ingenious still. The] 
 have tried to wrest a part of the product of the Librar 
 Rate from its true purpose, by appropriating it to the n 
 duction, indirectly, of the ordinary expenditure and ordinal 
 liabilities of the Corporation. The following passage froi 
 Mr. Alderman Fisher's excellent Report of 1867 will 6} 
 plain this clever invention very sufficiently : — i 
 
 "• Your Committee report that the balance in the hanc 
 of the Treasurer of the Borough, applicable to the purpose 
 of the Free Library, which, on the 1st September, 186( 
 amounted to £2,431 19s. 4d., has been reduced to th 
 sura of £741 16s. Id., chiefly by the repayment to tl 
 Superannuation Fund of £2,000 in reduction of the loa 
 effected to purchase the Free Library Building. Yoi 
 Committee would remind the Town Council that hitherl 
 that building has been treated, financially, as belonging \ 
 the Free Library. The rents of the Lecture Hall have bee 
 paid to the Library Account, whilst the rates and taxes o 
 the building, the Literest of the borrowed money, and pa: 
 of the principal sum, have been paid out of the Library Funcj 
 Your Committee cannot conclude this Report without e:! 
 pressing deep regret at a resolution of the Council to dive:! 
 from the purposes of the Free Library so large a portion <j 
 the building which contains it, as is intended to be devoted tj 
 the use of the Town Council ; inasmuch as the building wtl 
 purchased, under the sanction of the Home Secretary, witj 
 special reference to the wants of the Free Library. It hs 
 been partly paid for out of the rate imposed upon tl 
 
jFORMATlOX OK FREE LIBRARY AT BIRMINlJH A.M. \:V.) 
 
 Citizens for Free Library purposes, and, in tlio jiulijjment of 
 Vour Committee, the whole is necessary for the fair devclop- 
 'nent of one of tlie most useful Institutions in the town."* 
 
 I § 5. The Free Public Libraries of I^irmingii.v.-m. 
 
 The history of the operation of the ' Libraries Act ' at 
 'Birmingham resembles the like history at Sheftichl, in this 
 l-ne particular : the vote of the Burgesses which resulted in 
 he adoption of the Act, in 1S60, had been preceded by a 
 •oil of Iku-gesses, in which the same proposition had pre- 
 •iously been negatived. Li 1852 there was a decision 
 gainst the motion to introduce the Act into the Borough. 
 |n ISOO more than two-thirds of those who attended the 
 [ublic meeting, convened by the ^Layor, applauded the pro- 
 
 isal with hearty good will. Li the interval the question 
 d been well ventilated. 
 There is a further resemblance, in tlie cases of these two 
 R'ns, so far a.s respects the striking success of the Libraries 
 ptablished under the Act. But there is no rcsemb]ance> 
 [hatever, in regard to that grudging spirit of niggardliness 
 [hich has ventured to show itself in the doings of the Shef- 
 leld Council. At Birmingham, the Town Council has done 
 |self honour by adding a generous zeal to a wise i)rudence, 
 \ working out of the purposes of the * Libraries Act.' 
 j The first Free Library at Birmingham was opened to the Formation of 
 [ublic in April, 186L It began on a very modest scale; Library at ^^ 
 bntaining, at that date, but 3,915 volumes. Four years "'"""'^'''''""■ 
 Iter the collection had nearly tripled. After other four 
 •are, it had increased more than twelvefold. The 3,915 
 
 • Borough ofSlieffield: Eleventh Annual Report of the Committee of the 
 'M Public Library (28 October, 1867.) p. 11. 
 
140 FORMATION OF FREE LIBRARIES AT BIRMINGHAM. 
 
 volumes have now become more than 50,000 volumes. In 
 addition to a Central Lending Library, and a Consulting 
 or Reference Department, built and furnished at a cost of ; 
 more than £20,000, foiu' several Branch Lending Libraries 
 have been established, in localities so situated as to carry 
 the advantages of the Act to every district, and to every 
 class of the population. These Lending Libraries now 
 contain more than 29,000 volumes, in the aggregate. The 
 total contents of all the Birmingham Free Libraries exceeds 
 50,000 volumes, although, as yet, less than eight yearsi 
 have passed since the opening of the first of them. 
 
 Possibly, the rapid formation and increase of the branch 
 libraries may have checked the thoroughly efficient de- 
 velopment of the Central Considting Library ; but they have 
 been formed in compliance with urgent demands from thej 
 townsfolk. Birmingham is a town of rapid growth. Itsj 
 population is eager to profit by the rate-supported Libraries.! 
 And there exists, naturally enough, a certain jealousy in thej 
 inhabitants of the less central wards of the town, until, by! 
 due pressure on their representatives in the Council, theyi 
 too get books brought within easy distances of their own' 
 doors. 
 
 The tables which follow show both the present compo- 
 sition of the several Free Libraries which have thus been 
 established Avithin the Borough of Birmingham, and tk^ 
 classified Issues of Books from each of them, during the 
 year 1866-7, — the sixth year since the opening to th( 
 Public of the first Free Library in this district : — 
 
FREE LlBllAllY ISSUES AT BIK.MLNdllAM. 
 
 1 11 
 
 I. Number op Volumes in the Birmingham Free Libraries. 
 
 
 Theologtt 
 AND Phi- 
 
 HiSTOKY, 
 BlOORA- 
 PHY, VOY- 
 
 Law, 
 Politics, 
 
 AND 
 
 Ahts 
 
 AND 
 
 Litkra- 
 
 tURK AND 
 POLY- 
 ORAPHY. 
 
 Jl'VKN- 
 ILK 
 
 AOQUK- 
 
 
 losophy. 
 
 AGKS, AND 
 
 Travels. 
 
 COM- 
 MEHCE. 
 
 SCIKNCKS. 
 
 Books. 
 
 
 teferenco Library 
 
 l,8Si 
 
 5,623 
 
 3,172 
 
 3,982 
 
 6,187 
 
 
 21,148 
 
 lentral Lending 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Library . 
 
 333 
 
 2,315 
 
 94 
 
 756 
 
 7,866 
 
 298 
 
 11,602 
 
 'oiistitntiou Hill 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hnuicli Lending 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( Libniry . 
 
 112 
 
 1,900 
 
 117 
 
 724 
 
 3,920 
 
 
 6,773 
 
 )eritend Braneli 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j Lending Li- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 brary 
 
 137 
 
 1,455 
 
 39 
 
 272 
 
 2,495 
 
 43 
 
 4,441 
 
 losU Green 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ( Branch Lending 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■Library . 
 
 218 
 
 975 
 
 36 
 
 385 
 
 2,203 
 
 115 
 
 3,962 
 
 Ldderley Park 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Branch Lending 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I Library . 
 
 148 
 
 465 
 
 22 
 
 128 
 
 1,551 
 
 
 2,314 
 
 Totak . 
 
 2,862 
 
 12,733 
 
 3,780 
 
 6,247 
 
 24,222 
 
 456 
 
 50,300 
 
 
 NuniluT ;mmI 
 Cliissilicaliim 
 of the Books 
 in each of the 
 Biriiiiiighuni 
 Free Lihra- 
 nes, January, 
 1869. 
 
 11. Classification of the Issues of Books from the 
 Birmingham Free Libraries, 1868. 
 
 leference Library 
 j>ntTal Lending 
 I liibrary . 
 |:onrtitution Hill 
 1 Branch Lending 
 I Library . 
 [.kritend Branch 
 
 Lending Li- 
 ' brary 
 
 ^dderley Park 
 > Branch Lending 
 
 Librmry . 
 
 Tbkologt 
 AWD Phi- 
 losophy. 
 
 History. 
 
 Law, 
 Politics, 
 
 AND 
 
 Com- 
 merce. 
 
 Arts 
 
 AND 
 
 SciENces. 
 
 4,472 
 
 9,425 
 
 7,737 
 
 7,976 
 
 2.581 
 
 15,738 
 
 477 
 
 5,680 
 
 352 
 
 4,802 
 
 170 
 
 1,100 
 
 1,082 
 
 7,874 
 
 198 
 
 1,666 
 
 87 
 
 752 
 
 54 
 
 107 
 
 8,574 
 
 38,591 
 
 8,636 
 
 16,529 
 
 LlTKRA- 
 
 TURK AND 
 
 POLY- 
 
 ORAPHY. 
 
 Books. 
 
 15,023 
 124,911 7,146 
 
 34,440 
 
 1,715 
 
 6,104 
 
 226,576 
 
 8,861 
 
 44,633 
 156,533 
 
 40,864 
 
 57,633 
 
 7,104 
 
 306,767 
 
 Classification 
 of the Issues 
 from the 
 Birmingham 
 free Libra- 
 ries. 
 
 These issues fully justify both the anticipations of tlic 
 founders of the Jiirminghaiii Liijrarics, and the great 
 
142 CHAKACTER OF THE BIRMINGHAM LIBRARIES A NJ 
 
 liberality which the Town Council has evinced in thei^ 
 administration and enlargement. 
 
 In regard to the Consulting Department, more especially! 
 Birmingham presents points both of resemblance and o 
 contrast, with the kindred institutions at Liverpool. Ii 
 both towns very valuable and very costly books are liberall; 
 provided for Readers within the building. In the rangi! 
 and scope of their best contents these Consulting Librarie 
 have much in common. In both of them standard books 
 and especially standard foreign books, would be found 
 which would be sought for, vainly, at Manchester. But iv 
 one point the management at Birmingham contrasts strongh 
 with that which obtains at Liverpool : — there is a ven; 
 slender provision of ordinary novels and tales. | 
 
 On this interesting point of detail the following passage 
 occurs in the Birmingham Report — ably drawn up by Mr 
 J. D. MuLLiNS, the Principal Librarian — for the year 1867 
 It is terse, and needs no comment. " Withdrawals from th' 
 Reference Library ; chiefly [in books of Prose] Pictioi. 
 w/iic/i it was found desirable to send to the Lending Librarieh 
 *Mniiins, 491 volumes."* 
 
 Sixth Annual T\yri i •• • ^ • ^ r^ 
 
 Ecport,^.^. At Manchester, the provision (withm the Consultmi 
 
 y Library) of the lighter literature of the day, has ahvay\ 
 
 maintained that character of contrast with the Liverpoc 
 
 ] practice, in the like particular, of which I have spoken on 
 
 preceding page, and 1 hope the matter will so continue 
 
 But, as regards the Lending Libraries — both Central ani. 
 
 Branches — a liberal provision of good Prose Fiction con 
 
 tinues to be made, just as it was made by the Poundersj 
 
 prior to the transfer of the Free Libraries to the custody c| 
 
 the Corporation. ! 
 
 In the summer of 1867 the point came under the immei 
 
 diate notice of the Manchester Council ; and there was i 
 
ISSUES, COMPARED WITH THOSE AT MANCHESTER. 1 13 
 
 '5 ismall debate on the topic of popular light literature. 
 That discussion led, in the July of the same year, to 
 a report (from the pen of the Cliairnian of the Library 
 
 ^ iCouiinittee, Mr. Rakkk) which the readers of these 
 Ipages will, I think, find to be worthy of perusal. It 
 
 Js Iruns thus -. — 
 
 I I "The character of the li^ht literature in the Free Libraries sp^*''*' R«- 
 
 '-^ , port on the 
 
 » Ihaving been spoken of unfavourably at a recent meeting of Reading at 
 
 ' ^-1 •! 1 1 p *^/^ • -11 Manchester. 
 
 ". ;the Councd, by a member oi your Lonunittee, it has been 
 
 i (deemed desirable to present a report to the Council on the 
 
 1 bubject, and which report your Committee ventures to think 
 
 :.- kvill be quite satisfactory. As expenders of money con- 
 
 '- Iributed by Ratepayers of ditierent grades and opinions, and 
 
 • of various acquirements in education, the responsibility of 
 ? selection is great, and we infer that your Committee are 
 . required to aim at the most general provision of lite- 
 ' Irature consistent with pure taste and a moral tone ; — 
 
 'ho province of a public representative body seeming 
 be that of providing liberally for all proper demands, 
 Willie refraining from all restrictions not absolutely 
 ^.mperative. 
 
 " We believe that this is the spirit in which your Coin- 
 
 jiiittee have selected books for the Lending Library and its 
 
 ; iBranches, and as the demand for what is called 'Light 
 
 fjiterature' is in excess of that for any other class of books, 
 
 ; it has been necessary from time to time to make large pur- 
 
 I chases of books of that character ; as well as of new popular 
 
 books on Biography, Travels, and general literature, in 
 
 brder to maintain the interest of an increasing and improving 
 
 ly of readers. 
 
 ■' In these purchases your Committee have kept in view 
 the duty of judicious selection, avoiding what could fairly 
 
 • 36 termed 'trash,' and a too nice preference for such books 
 
141 READINa AT BIllMINGHAM AND MANCHESTEE. 
 
 only as would suit a liigbly cultured class of readers. The 
 proof of this may easily be established, by members of the 
 Council generally, if they inspect the Libraries and their 
 operations. Such an inspection would no doubt afford 
 much gratification to your Committee, and in conjunction 
 with a careful examination of the respective Catalogues, 
 would show that the Libraries are most creditable to the 
 Corporation. 
 
 "An abstract of the operations of the Rochdale Road 
 Branch for the month of May last has been laid before your 
 Committee, and, taking it as an epitome of the more exten- 
 sive issues of books from Camp Rield and other Branches, 
 w^e fail to discover any reason for disparaging comment. 
 In that month, at Rochdale Road, 5,246 volumes were 
 issued. Of these, 4,249 volumes consisted of poetry, 
 magazines, and novels. We do not find in the hst of issues 
 one work that could be termed objectionable ; while we have 
 the gratification to perceive that the best writers are chiefly 
 in request, for in poetry Shakespeare is most popular ; of the 
 magazines, ' Once a IVeek^ 'Chambers's Journal^ and 'The 
 Leisure Hour,' are most issued ; and of novelists, Sir 
 Walter Scott and Dickens are in greatest demand. Your 
 Committee desire to carry on the management of the Free 
 Library on the broadest and most comprehensive principles, 
 for the benefit of the partially instructed and industrial 
 classes, equally with those more fully educated ; that advan- 
 tage may accrue to the whole community'' 
 Si^- in -^^ ^^ statements made in this interesting paper be com- 
 theFiee parcd With those which occur in Mr. Mullins' report on 
 
 Libraries. •"• _ _ _ _ _ ^ 
 
 the working of the Birmingham Libraries, the argument 
 of the Manchester Committee will, in some degree, be con- 
 firmed. But there will also result from the comparison 
 this important fact : In proportion as all the Free Libraries 
 
roPULAII rxKADIXG IN THE FKEE LlimArvIES. 115 
 
 — lA'iuling as well as Consulting Libraries — are made to 
 iilHl their true work, by being made serviceable in their 
 ,ue measure to every class of the population, without ex- 
 ?ption, the character of the reading will be raised. At 
 lirmingham this result has already been attained in a some- 
 • hat larger degree, I believe, than elsewhere. And it 
 iflects honour both on the Committee (a mixed Com- 
 littee, including Clergy and men of letters, as well as 
 :embers of the Town Council) and on their Managing 
 librarian. 
 
 1 In the use and frequentation of the Consulting Library 
 } Birmingham the mixture of classes is especially con- 
 Eiieuous. Of some 30,500 readers of books, during 1SG7, 
 J 103 belong to the professional classes of society (viz., 
 fergy, Dissenting Ministers, Physicians, Surgeons, Solici- 
 Ifs, Artists, and Literary Men), whilst 3,638 are persons 
 \>t dependent on any trade or occupation ; so that a large 
 noportion of that additional number may be taken to 
 ink in point of education with the professional classes. 
 [pw does this fact tell on the library statistics of the 
 fiir? 
 
 |Mr. MuLLiNs' Report, for 1867, thus answers the ques- 
 ;jn : " Among the works most in request" [by Borrowers 
 \\SL the Lending Libraries as well as by Readers in the 
 -nsulting Library] " are the following : — 
 
 "Alford's Greek Testament ; Colenso's Pentateuch ; Ecce works in 
 l>mo ; the Commentaries of Clarke, Henry, and Scott; rui.eBiT 
 i: Bampton Lectures ; Clark's i^orez>« Theological Library ; ySZ. 
 nith's Dictionary of the Bible; Cobbett's Protestant i.co^^m.r. 
 ^formation ; Noel's Church and State. '"" ''"''"• 
 
 'Johnston's and M'Culloch's Gazetteers; Johnston's 
 ^I'/ff/ and Physical Atlases; Phillips' Classical Atlas; 
 
 10 
 
1 i6 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Arrowsmith's London Atlas ; Despatch Atlas ; Cook's; 
 Voyages. \ 
 
 "Alison's Europe; Beauties of E?igland and Wales; Lysons'l 
 Magna Britannia ; Publications of the Camden and Chet- 
 ham Societies ; Fronde's, Hume's, Knight's, and Macaulay'il 
 Histories of England; Lamartine's French Revolution] 
 Wright's France; Russell's Crimean War; AVilkinson 
 Egypt; Baker's Nile Basin; Livingstone's South Africi 
 and Zambesi; Howitt's Australia; Hursthouse's Nei 
 Zealand ; Dixon's Neio America. 
 
 "Dickens'Z//e' of Grimcddi ; Carlyle's Speeches and Letter 
 of Cromwell ; D'Aubigne's Vindication of Cromwell ; Bos! 
 well's Johnson ; Smiles' Lives of Boidton and Watt ; Livt\ 
 of Stephenson and other Engineers ; Rose's and the Imperii 
 Dictionaries of Biography. \ 
 
 "Nichol's Astronomy ; Loudon'sWorks on Botany ; Lyell 
 and Murchison's Works on Geology ; Blaine's Mural Sports 
 Wood's Natural History. 
 
 " Rnskin's Elements of Draioing ; Jones' Grammar of 0\ 
 nament ; Britton's Architectural and Cathedral A ntiquitie.'. 
 Pugin's Ornament; JefFery's Costume; Pairbairn's Crest 
 'QwvkQ^ Heraldry ; GmWim'^ Heraldry ; ScoiV s Engineei 
 Assistant; Newland's Carventry ; Birmingham and Midm 
 Hardivare District. 
 
 ''Blackstone's Laws of England ; Cooke's History of Pan: 
 Creasy 's English Constitution; The Statutes; The Cem^ 
 Tables. 
 
 "Encyclopcedia Britannica ; Encyclopedia Metropolitan ; 
 
 Johnson's, Webster's, and Worcester's Dictionaries. Ip 
 
 1 So in Voems of Byron, Cook,^ Hood, Longfellow, Moore, Tennysf]; 
 
 ong. Repor . ^jj jgj^gQj^'g^ Johnson and Chalmers', and Nichol's Collectics 
 
 of British Poets. Shakespeare's Plays, and Works in illj- 
 
 • tration of them. The Works comprised in Constal)}8 
 
BOOKS IX POPULAR DEMAND. 117 
 
 Miscellany, Faiiii/i/ Library, Lardiicr's Cyvlopadia, and 
 •specially in ^^'oalc's Ttudimcntarj/ and Educational Series. 
 riie Miscellaneous U'orh of Cai'lyle, De Foe, Ue Quincey, 
 ,)israeli, Macaulay, Mill, Whateley ; English Translations 
 'f the Latin and Greek Classics ; and the bonnd volumes 
 .f the Reviews and Periodicals. 
 
 . "Tabor's Teacldng ; Life in Heaven ; Meet for Heaven ; 
 uandel's Woman s Sphere; Gesner's Death of Abel; 
 tecreations of a Country Parson ; Ilillaus' Our Friends in 
 leaven ; Eellew's C7/rist in Life, Life in Christ ; Burton's 
 forld after the Flood ; Davies' Estimate of the Human 
 /ind ; Bailey's Essays on Truth ; Vidal's Jesus, God and 
 Jan ; Guthrie's Way to Life ; Guthrie's Speakiny to the 
 leart. 
 
 I " Ciiambers's History of the Bebellion, 1745-G ; Beste's 
 I'yte Wabash ; Davis's The Chinese ; The Knights of the 
 'frozen Sea; Du Chaillu's Equatorial Africa; Dickens' 
 {merican Xotes ; Major Shakspeare's Wild Sports ; Dickens' 
 \ife of Grinialdi ; Levinge's Echoes from the Backwoods ; 
 Ihompson's History of England; Hardman's Central 
 [inerica ; Boyle's Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo ; 
 jir J. E. Alexander's J^ife of the Duke of Wellington; 
 [acGregor's One Thousand Miles in the Bob Boy Canoe ; 
 jivingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi ; Great Battles of 
 \e British Army ; Livingstone's Travels; Carlyle's i^/•<?«c^ 
 \evolution ; Napier's Peninsular War ; Dickens' Pictures 
 jpm Jtaly. 
 
 \ " Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor; Mill's 
 jolilical Economy; Iloldsworth's Law of Wills; Smith's 
 (eaJth of Nations ; Mill's Liberty ; Carlyle's Chartism, 
 yist and Present ; Carlyle's Sartor Besartus, and Heroes 
 Qd Hero-Worship ; Some Habits of the Working Classes; 
 
148 
 
 FEEE TOWN LIBEAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 News Rooms 
 of Birming- 
 ham and 
 Maiicliester. 
 
 Blight's SjK'ec/)es o?i Beform ; Aniuj Misrule ; Gladstone's 
 SjjeecJies on Reform. 
 
 "Pitman's Phonograpliy ; Griffin's Chemical Recreat'iom ; 
 Brown's Booh of Butterflies ; Wilson's Electricity ; Tait's 
 Electricity ; Brewster's Natural Magic; Jardine's Orni- 
 thology ; Hullah's Budiments of Music ; Tnrle and Taylor's 
 Singing at Sight ; Lardner's Common Thdngs Explained , 
 Beeton's Household Management ; Lardner's Electric Tele-\ 
 gi'ajjh ; Geological Excursions in the Isle of Wight. j 
 
 " Percy's Beliques of Ancient Boetry ; Spenser's Faeri(\ 
 Queen; Cervantes' Bon Quixote ; Selections from Tennyson \ 
 Wood's The Channings ; Braddon's Eleanor s Victory \ 
 Wood's Lord Oakburn's Daughters ; Lytton's What willh{\ 
 do with it? ; Longfellow's Boetical Works; Thackeray's; 
 
 Ni 
 
 Dickens' Grea\ 
 
 Our Mutual Friend; Rontledge'f! 
 
 Vanity Fair; Thackeray's 
 
 Expectations ; Dickens' 
 
 Hodge Bodge ; Hughes' Tom Browns School Bays ; Trol j 
 
 lope's Can you Forgive Her ? ; Leisure Hour ; Once a WeeTc\ 
 
 Good Words; Chambers Journal ; All the Year Bound \ 
 
 Sunday at Home. ' 
 
 " Brock's Margaret's Secret ; k^'AXix s Indian Boy ; Hall" 
 Union Jack; Andersen's Silver Shilling ; Lemon's Toi. 
 Moody s Tales ; Happy Stories for Happy Hearts 
 Mcintosh's Evenings at Donaldson Manor; Dickens' . 
 Child's History of England ; Boutledge's Handbook q 
 Cricket; The Bible Hour; Howitt's The Two Appren\ 
 tices." 
 
 In another particular, the experience of the Birminghai 
 Free Libraries agrees, on the one hand, with that of tli 
 Libraries of i\I a u Chester, and contrasts, on the other banc 
 with the methods which have been followed in workiii 
 those of Liverpool. The Birmingham News Rooms hav 
 been eminently useful and successful. 
 
NEWS ROOMS OF BIRMINGHAM AND MANCllb^STEll. 1 19 
 
 The geiicml experience, in tact, of (ill the institutions 
 which liave been established, under one or other of the 
 Lil)raries' Acts, confirnis tlic wisdom of Parliament in per- 
 mitting — advisedly, and after discussion — the maintenance 
 ^^f News Rooms in combination with Free Libraries. In- 
 trinsically, both of them are public educators. Incidentally, 
 the existence and the good furnishing of Public News Rooms 
 '?heck frivolous resort to, and occasional needless crowding 
 )f, the principal Reading Room, by facilitating a practical 
 uid unobjectionable classification of readers. For along with 
 ■ be supply of newspapers there is naturally a supply also of 
 Miiiising periodicals, which are read, in the News Room, by 
 hose who do not as yet care for higher reading. There 
 ^'ill also be, under wise management, a provision of the best 
 jcriodicals, both literary and scientific — and as well foreign 
 IS British — so that the usual reader of merely entertaining 
 ^lagazines may occasionally be tempted t^ examine (at the 
 hnie table) something better and deeper ; may, now and 
 [len, find inclination to invigorate his mind as well as to 
 'muse it. At Birmingham, a reader will find on the tables 
 lie Bevue dcs deux Mondes, as well as Punch. He may 
 |irn, at pleasure, from the pages of The Leisure Hour to 
 iiose of the Philosophical Transactions. By-and-bye, 
 iverpool will have to follow the example of Birmingham ; 
 ihere at times (during 1868), some four thousands of 
 faders have profited by wholesome reading, in a single day; 
 Itogether apart from, and exclusive of, the daily thousands 
 » readers and borrowers from the various Libraries sup- 
 prted out of the penny rate. 
 
 I Another question, and one of some magnitude, claims 
 i^cntion, in regard to Birminghnm. It is not yet ripe for 
 (jcision ; but it is i^raduallv — there as elsewhere — couiinir ^'^'^'i- 
 
 The Uimiing- 
 liatii Suli- 
 nptluii 
 
150 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 into view. Would it be expedient to unite the Centr 
 Free Library Avith the older Subscription Library of tl 
 Town ? 
 
 ' The Birmingham Library ' — to use its familiar ar 
 once distinctive title — was founded in 1779. It did go( 
 work in its day, although it has more than once narrow 
 escaped extinction — by famine. The want being a lack ; 
 readers, not of books. 
 
 Ninety years ago, Birmingham depended for its ma: 
 supply of reading upon two or three small circulatii 
 libraries, the oldest of which had been founded (in 1750) ]f 
 a man of some local fame in his time — William HuttoJ 
 author of a History of the Boman Wall, long supersed 
 by better books. 
 
 Two years after the foundation of the * Birmingha 
 Library ' a curious advertisement about it was inserted I 
 the local newspapers. " Birmingham Library. — A gene;! 
 meeting of the Subscribers to this institution is appointed;) 
 be held on Wednesday, the 13th of June, at the Castle Irj, 
 in High Street, at three o'clock in the afternoon, when ev(|f 
 subscriber is desired to attend, to consider of some laws ret- 
 tive to the government of the society. This Library is fornil 
 upon the plan of one that was first established at Liverpcj, 
 and which has been adopted at Manchester, Leeds, a'l 
 many other considerable toM'ns in this kingdom. The bo(jS 
 are never to be sold or distributed ; and, from the natur(,»f 
 the institution, the Library must increase till it contains ill 
 the most valuable publications in the English languajj; 
 and, from the easy terms of admission (viz., one guinea '>r 
 entrance, and six shillings annually), it will be a treasunpf 
 knowledge both to the present and succeeding ages. Is 
 all books are bought by a Committee, of persons annu.'i.y 
 chosen by a majority of the Subscribers, and every vot is 
 
A Century of 
 Birmingham 
 Life. 
 
 THE lilKMINGHAM LIBHAKY UF 1779. 151 
 
 by ballot, this institution can never answer the pnr[)ose of 
 
 any party, civil or religious, but, on the contrary, may be 
 
 expected to promote a spirit of liberality and friendship 
 
 ^ among all classes of men without distinction. The Library 
 
 in this town is at present in its very infancy, but it already 
 
 contains a valuable collection of books, catalogues of which 
 
 may always be seen at Messrs. Pearson and Rollason's ; 
 
 and when the Library Room (which is already engaged in 
 
 the most central part of the town) shall be opened for the 
 
 I reception of it, and the constant accommodation of all the 
 
 , subscribers, the advantages arising from the institution will 
 
 .be greatly increased."^ iiangfora. 
 
 I About this time. Dr. Joseph Priestley came to reside in 
 I Birmingham. The infant library soon attracted a large 
 i share of his attention. In 17S2 it still contained only about 
 I 500 volumes — a curiously contrasting figure when placed 
 I beside the figures which denote the present annual growth 
 of our Free Libraries. Even seven years after its establish- 
 iment (17S6), the number of volumes had but increased to 
 ; ICOO. Then came a * battle of the books/ which was waged 
 I with the fierceness which too usually characterises con- 
 j tests of opinion, and especially of opinions respecting 
 I Religion. 
 
 It was |)roposed, in 17S7, to exclude from the shelves 
 "publications on Polemical Divinity." Priestley (ever 
 more eminent as a controversialist on the unorthodox side 
 of theological strife than as a man of science, considerable 
 as were also his acquirements in that path) naturally took 
 the opposite view. Polemics were to him as the air in which 
 he breathed most freely. But the majority of the Sub- 
 scribei-s adopted the view that to exclude controversial books 
 would tend to benefit their Listilution. In 1793 the col- 
 
152 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 lection had grown to nearly 5,000 volumes. A separati 
 medical library was added to it by subscription ; and a ne\i 
 Library building was soon afterwards erected on the Tod 
 tine principle, — then in great vogue. The fabric cosj 
 £905, and the expense was defrayed by five-pound Tontin 
 shares. Eventually about 65,000 volumes were collectedj 
 But, at the date of the foundation of the Free Library, iti 
 predecessor was in a declining condition. It even seemet 
 to be in near prospect of extinction, from lack of buyer 
 for shares. A vigorous reform, however, was introducec 
 into the management. Within seven years (1867) 660 nev 
 subscribers had joined, in addition to 450 proprietors oj 
 shares. But it is still a probable opinion that the town aj 
 large would benefit, and the body of proprietors and sub' 
 scribers be in nowise injured, by a broad and liberal scheun 
 for the amalgamation of the old Library with the Free Con, 
 suiting Library supported under the Act. For, within littlt] 
 more than forty years hence, the present building will hav( 
 reverted to the representatives of the original owners of th( 
 site. And the money which it would cost to erect a new 
 building would be a noble augmentation-fund for a Connuor 
 Library, worthy of this great and growing town. Nor ii 
 it likely that much doubt would exist, after full enquiry 
 that a plan of union is feasible which would secure for the 
 combined libraries a much wider sphere of usefulness thai 
 the aggregate of that attainable by both of them, in thei 
 severed condition. 
 
 The Book The good working of the Birmingham Free Libraries ha.'j 
 
 Birmiughara. bccn mucli facilitated by three special circumstances whiclj 
 
 have marked their formation and growth : (1) The Centra 
 
 Consulting Library has been selected by systematic pur 
 
 chases. It has not been left to the chances of casual dona- 
 
 ■Wisdom of 
 an Amalga- 
 mation of 
 botli Libra- 
 ries. 
 
THE BOOK PURCHASES AT BIRMINGHAM. 133 
 
 ins ; suppU'iiioiitcd, now and then, Ity casual jjurcliascs. 
 X) often, the books that arc given to libraries (otherwise 
 an by bequest) are the mere weedings of private collections. 
 >metimes, they are even such weedings as might bring to 
 e mind of a close observer an inscription which, in these 
 lys, often meets the eye in the purlieus of our watering- 
 aces : ' Ixubbish inay he shot here.' In order to a better 
 suit at Birmingham, the Town Council has devoted a 
 •ge proportion of the rate-money to book-buying. The 
 oduct now exceeds four thousand pounds a year. No 
 jnsiderable portion of this income has been at any time 
 d voted to building; otherwise than by the payment of in- 
 lirest-moncy, and the creation of a Sinking Fund. Seven 
 ijoiisand pounds of rate-money have been already spent on 
 Ijoks for the Central Consulting Library. At this early 
 ^ge of the business, therefore, it is already really a 
 ■'Ibrary ; ' and not merely a heap of books. The Birming- 
 l!in men, moreover, have done themselves enduring honour 
 I reco2:nisino^ the fact that in AVarwickshire there is a 
 i?mory, — local as well as national, — the significance of 
 Mich dwarfs, in the comparison, the wondrous doings of 
 hw and steel. Under that recognition, they have made 
 tie literature of Shakespeare the most conspicuous item 
 i their fine library. They have devoted to it a special 
 nm. Nothing is to enter that room but editions of 
 hakespeare, and works illustrative of them, or of their The shake 
 
 Bpearc Li- 
 
 rthor. Eleven hundred Shakespeare volumes are the br«j-y 
 1 uulation-stone of what will do, hereafter, for the memory 
 ( the Poet of England, what many years ago was done, by 
 blians, in honour of Petrarch and of Dantk. It is 
 Miiething more than * a feather in the cap' of the Libraries 
 viich have grown out of the Act of 1850, that the mana- 
 grs of one of their number have taken the initiative in a 
 
Buildiiii:s at 
 Ttir min p-linm 
 
 154 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 step so honourable, and so sure to become an example an 
 a seedplot in the future. 
 
 Scarcely less deserving of praise is (2) the method whic 
 has been pnrsned at Birmingham in regard to the librai 
 buildings. For building purposes, a loan of £20,000 wj 
 
 The Library effected, ou security of the rate. Of this sum, £13,000- 
 in addition to the purchase-money of site — was expende 
 in the erection of a Central Library, expressly designed (I 
 Messrs. Martin and Chamberlain) for its specific purpos. 
 The principal library-room is semicircular on plan ; measur! 
 sixty feet by fifty ; is lighted from the roof; and is dividej 
 by columns, into press-fitted ' bays,' the upper tiers I 
 which are made as accessible as are those below, by meaij 
 of a light and ornamental gallery. All the fittings of tl| 
 principal room are of oak, — one of the immemorial glori^ 
 of Warwickshire. The building is in Ratcliff Place, sitm'; 
 not far from the centre of the town. Its lower floor pij- 
 vides accommodation for the Consulting Library, and tb 
 upper floor for one of the five Lending Libraries. Wii 
 the remainder of the loan money two other Lendi^ 
 Libraries have been built ; — one at Deritend, and the otlr 
 at Constitution Hill. The fourth owes its existence to t? 
 munificence of Mr. Adderley, and is placed in the Vif. 
 which formed a part of his gift to the people of I'- 
 mingham. A fifth Lending Library has recently be a 
 opened at Gosta Green. 
 
 A third favourable circumstance for the efficiency of e 
 
 The compo- Birmingham Libraries has been the mixed character of \e 
 Committee of Management. They have greatly benefid 
 by the co-operation of the Birmingham Clergy with e 
 Birmingham Town Councillors. They have also benefit'l, 
 in an especial manner, by the personal exertions, as weljis 
 by the liberal gifts, of Mr. Samuel Timmims, F.R.S.L., 'le 
 
 sition of th: 
 
 Managing 
 
 Committee. 
 
COM POSITION OF THE BIRMINGHAM COMMITTEE. 1 55 
 
 pf tlu' unotiicial inciiihcrs of the govorninij; commit tee. 
 And tlie labours of that Committee have been ably seconded 
 ty their Librarian, ^Ir. Mullins. The following extract 
 'from the yet un|)ublished Re[)()rt of 18(59 will show that 
 'the large increase of the issues of the past year (tabulated 
 above) has been followed by an increase still larger in those 
 iof the current vear : — 
 
 ! 
 
 Sikalting Li- 
 
 K.ry . . . 
 
 Z^.nl Leud- 
 g Library . 
 
 [?^iitucioa 
 'ill Branch 
 ;endiug Li- 
 j-.ry. . . 
 
 Dliteud ditto 
 
 Sla Green do. 
 
 ilerley Park, 
 ^tto . . . 
 
 Arregate "I 
 aU of 1868/ 
 
 Theology 
 EccLtsi- 
 
 .^STICAL 
 lllSTOBV, 
 , A.\D 
 
 MOB.'^L 
 PUILOSO- 
 
 6,063 
 3,009 
 
 319 
 
 809 
 
 1,503 
 
 11,803 
 
 HiSTOET, 
 BlOGEAPHY 
 
 Voyages, 
 Tkavels. 
 
 Volumes. 
 11.772 
 18,135 
 
 5,057 
 7,136 
 5,024 
 
 629 
 
 Law.Poli-^ 
 
 TICS, AND s"" *"" 
 
 Miscel- 
 laneous. 
 
 Juvenile 
 Books. 
 
 Volumes. Volumes. Volumes. Volumes. 
 
 I I I 
 
 1,463 12,474 20,830 
 
 625 
 
 165 
 158 
 166 
 
 13 
 
 6,781 139,675 
 
 1,519 26,954 
 
 1,333 j 36,831 
 
 1,523 j 27,078 
 
 98 I 5,683 
 
 23,728 257.051 
 
 7,77i 
 
 1,712 
 2,991 
 
 Speci- 
 fics OK 
 Patents. 
 
 Total 
 Issues. 
 
 Volumes. ' Volumes. 
 
 3,855 56,457 
 
 ... ,176,004 
 
 34,014 
 47,979 
 38,285 
 
 6.523 
 
 3.855 359.262 
 
 On the point of loss or injury (other than that of fair wear 
 iaudtearj of books lent, the later Birmingham Reports give. 
 iiess information than do the earlier ones. Rut it may be said, 
 |on the evidence of the returns of the first four years, that a 
 jcirculation of 250,000 volumes was accompanied by no 
 ■greater uncom|)eiisated loss than that which ten or twelve s..mii Extent 
 
 *-' 1 of Lncnm- 
 
 shillings would cover. The average number of Lending vol- p'--'>»tca 
 
 " . Losses. 
 
 uiiics fairly worn out and needing replacement, in each year, 
 
Maintenauce. 
 
 156 FEEE TOWN LIBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 now ranges from about 1,500 to 2,000. No payment, save an 
 optional one, is exacted for borrowers' tickets, unless it be- 
 comes necessary to replace them. A plain printed ticket is; 
 gratuitous. If the applicant prefer to iiave it protected by 
 cloth, he pays one penny. If he should lose his ticket, and 
 apply for a new one, he pays twopence. On this scale oj 
 optional charge the tickets brought in £31 7s. Od., during, 
 four years. Fines, paid for keeping books beyond the pre-! 
 scribed time, amounted to £82. And the sales of Lending! 
 Catalogues amounted to £85 12s. Od. i 
 
 Costs of The costs of maintenance, for the Consulting Library 
 
 and its appendages, amount yearly to about £1,750. 
 Those oi Jive Lending Libraries amount, in the aggregateJ 
 to about £1,250 yearly. The yearly interest of the loan J 
 and the amount assigned, by way of Sinking Fund, to its! 
 repayment, amount, together, to £1,000 a year. The! 
 aggregate expenditure for land and buildings has amountedi 
 to £29,000. The rate levied under the Act is one pennjj 
 in the pound. I 
 
 (6.) Free Libraries of Bolton {L.^ncjsihre). 
 
 The 'Public Libraries' Act' was adopted by the Bo 
 rough of Bolton in the year 1853. At the Public Meeting 
 of the Burgesses, the Votes were 062 ' ayes,' and 5( 
 'noes.' The Town Council appointed a mixed Com^ 
 Act into mittee which comprises five or six non-official members 
 chosen from year to year. A Public Committee was als( 
 appointed, to raise a subscription for the purchase o 
 books ; and by its exertions a sum of £3,195 was obtaine( 
 and expended. Mr. Thomas Holden (still a Member o 
 
 Introduction 
 of the Libra- 
 ries' 
 Bolton, 
 
BOr/rON FKEE LIBRARIES. 157 
 
 le l.il)rarv CominiUco) niul the late Mr. Gilbert Fuknch 
 ,ere conspicuous for their exertions, l)()th in raising tlic 
 ;ind and in forming the Library. From Bolton — as from 
 jiverpool and elsewhere — a deputation was sent to Man- 
 ^lester to study the working arrangements of the Free 
 jbrary of that town. The public opening of the Bolton 
 .ibrary took place on the 12th of October, 1S53. It was 
 .1 interesting ceremony, and was honoured by the pre- 
 iice of the Bishop of Manchester — ever forward to pro- 
 ote good institutions within his diocese, and especially 
 ych as have a conspicuous tendency to promote education 
 ;id public civilisation. 
 
 I At the time of opening, the Bolton Free Library w^as 
 imposed of about 12,000 volumes. It had also a News 
 jOom, fairly supplied with newspapers and other ])eriodi- 
 «ls. The aggregate issues, from Consulting Department 
 ^d Lending Department together, amomited, in the first 
 jar, to SS,472 volumes. In the fourth year they Eariy Results 
 ^lounted to 94,284 volumes. The details will appear Librariw. 
 l-reafter. Neither in the Consulting Library nor in the 
 J-'uding Library have the promises of the early years been 
 \ fully realized at Bolton, as in most other of the towns 
 Tiich have adopted the Libraries' Act. The cause, I 
 link, will soon become apparent. 
 
 j 
 
 j During the fifth year of the working of the Act, the 
 ]pference department of the Free Library at Bolton was 
 ^en to the Public upon ;3 1 days, and the issues were 
 
 ,«n 1 ,. P ,-r BoUon Tree 
 
 'i,/41 volumes; tiie issues from the Lendmg department Lxhrary. 
 •jiring tlie same year, were 50,539 volumes; showing an ''"^'ibSr'' 
 <'gregate increase in both departments, on the previous 
 jar's issues, of 5,90G volumes. 
 
158 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Classified Is- 
 sues from 
 Bolton Con- 
 sulting 
 Library. 
 
 Bolton Free Consulting Library : Classified Issues op 
 the fifth year, 1858-9. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Theology 813 
 
 Philosopliy, Mental and Moral 194 
 
 History 2,042 
 
 Biography 1,333 
 
 Topography 1,020 
 
 Yoyages and Travels ....... 1,717 
 
 Law, Politics, and Commerce 288 
 
 Sciences and Arts 2,883 
 
 Poetry and the Drama ....... 1,171 
 
 Novels and Romances ....... 16,787 
 
 General Literature 15,493 
 
 Total Issue 43,741 
 
 This classification shows a considerable increase 
 Readers in the sections of ' Biography,' ' Topograpbj 
 ' Voyages and Travels,' and ' Sciences and Arts,' as cor{ 
 pared with former years ; but the reading of Novels sti 
 it will be seen, amounted to almost one-half of the enti 
 reading. 
 
 Dm-ing the fifth year, the additions to the Consulti:; 
 
 department were 759 volumes; namely, 130 volumes ] 
 
 ceived from the Commissioners of Patents ; by purcha:^ 
 
 241 ; by presentation, 269; and by transfer from t'J 
 
 Subscription Branch, 249, making the total number f 
 
 volumes contained in the Consulting Library at the cl( 3 
 
 of that year, 12,220. | 
 
 In view of the ortj-anization and future workins; of otlir 
 . . j 
 
 like institutions, there is both interest and utility in ex - 
 
 biting, orcasionnlly, the monthly details of the issues of i!e 
 
 Popular Pree Libraries. At Bolton, in the fifth year^f 
 
 working, they stood as follows : — 
 
BOLTON FREE Lir.RAlUES. 
 
 159 
 
 Bolton Feee Libraries :— Return of 
 
 THE Monthly 
 
 Issues, Fifth Tear. 
 
 
 Month. 
 
 Issues krom Consvlt- 
 
 ISSUKS FROM Lr.SDI.VO 
 
 INO Dkpahtmknt. 
 
 l)EP.\nTMENT. 
 
 ISoS. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 October r2th to 31st 
 
 2,866 
 
 2,812 
 
 November 
 
 5,160 
 
 4.721 
 
 December 
 
 5,050 
 
 5.616 
 
 1S59. 
 
 
 
 January 
 
 4,429 
 
 5.560 
 
 February 
 
 3,991 
 
 5.735 
 
 March . 
 
 3,621 
 
 4,960 
 
 1 April . 
 
 3,210 
 
 4.368 
 
 May . . . 
 
 2,642 
 
 3.252 
 
 Juue 
 
 2,564 
 
 3.847 
 
 July . 
 
 2,706 
 
 4.173 
 
 August . 
 
 2,678 
 
 4.530 
 
 September 
 
 3,311 
 
 4,617 
 
 October 1st to 11th 
 
 1,513 
 
 2,318 
 
 Total and Issues . 
 
 43,741 
 
 56,539 
 
 i The Free Lending Library was open to the Public ]^^^^"^ 
 iduring the fifth year, on 308 days, within which period 
 (56,539 vokunes were issued ; showing an increase, on the 
 previous year's issues, of 10,10.2 volumes. They were 
 iclassified as follows : — 
 
 Bolton Free Lending Library: Classified Issues of 
 the Fifth Year, 1858-9. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Theology , . 885 
 
 Philosophy, Mental and Moral 429 
 
 History 3,258 
 
 Biograpliy 3,506 
 
 Topography 833 
 
 Voyages and Travels 2,349 
 
 Law, Politics, Commerce 502 
 
 Sciences and Arts 3,542 
 
 Pwtry and Drama 1,981 
 
 Novels, Romances 31.861 -^ 
 
 General Literature 7,393 
 
 Total Issue 56,539 
 
 Clnssified !«• 
 sues from 
 Bolton Lend- 
 ing Library. 
 
160 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 The number of tickets issued to Borrowers was 1056; 
 2.2 having been withdrawn, left a total of 5,873 authorized 
 Borrowers from this department. 
 
 The additions to this department during the year were 
 
 161 volumes; of wliich 43 accrued by purchase; 9 by 
 presentation ; and by transfer from the Subscription 
 Erancli 109 volumes. 
 
 Growth of 
 the Bolton 
 Libraries. 
 
 Table ex- 
 hibiting 
 formation 
 and annual 
 growth of 
 the Bolton 
 Libraries, 
 1853-58. 
 
 At the opening of the Institution on the 12th of Oc- 
 tober, 1853, the Consulting Library possessed 9,239 
 volumes, and the Lending Library 3,000 volumes, making 
 a total of 12,239 volumes. At the close of the fifth year 
 there were 12,220 volumes in the Consulting Library, and 
 5,178 volumes in the Lending Library; making an aggre- 
 gate of 17,398 volumes. The following table shows the 
 yearly increase, and the sources whence derived ; — 
 
 Bolton Free Consulting Library : How formed : — 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 9,239 
 
 By purchase 789 
 
 By presentation 1,459 
 
 From ' Subscription Branch' 697 
 
 Total number of volumes in Consulting Library . 12,220 
 Bolton Free Lending Library : How formed :— 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 3,000 
 
 By purchase 1,640 
 
 By presentation 265 
 
 Fi'om ' Subscription Branch' 265 
 
 Total number of volumes in Lending Library . 5,178 
 
 Aggregate Total 17,398 
 
 Totals in each year . 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 
 
 Volumes. Volumes. Volumes. Volumes. Volumes. Volumes. 
 
 12,239 13,102 14,523 15,234 16,478 17,398 
 
AGGREGATE YEAKLY ISSUES AT BOLTON. 101 
 
 Tlio rate of increase had tlieu been eciual to an average 
 if 1,032 volumes /jfV annum. Of the presentations to the 
 "ousuhing Department, the kirgest proportion consistei! of 
 rants from the Commissioners of Patents and from tlie 
 'ommissioners of Public Records ; together with a small 
 umber of Parliamentary Returns and Pa})ers presented by 
 idividual Members. An analysis of the Librarian's Reports 
 )r the first live years, ending in 185S, gives the following 
 bsults as to the number of volumes read and consulted in 
 lie two departments severally. 
 
 Bolton Free Libraeies. 
 
 1852-3 
 1853-4 
 1854-5 
 1855-6 
 1856-7 
 
 Issues from 
 Reference Library. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 27.288 
 27,756 
 34,359 
 47,847 
 43,741 
 
 Issues from 
 
 Lknding Libraet. 
 
 Volimies. 
 
 61.184 
 51,365 
 44,311 
 46,437 
 56,539 
 
 Aggregate Issues 
 
 180,991 
 
 259,836 
 
 Yearly Issues 
 at Boltuu. 
 
 I In round numbers, the aggregate issues to Readers and 
 
 ■orrowers in this small town had reached to nearly half a 
 
 illion of volumes, within the first five years. There had 
 
 n very little loss, otherwise than by the inevitable wear 
 
 d tear of books so largely used. There had been, in- 
 
 bed, in the Lending Dejjartment much detention of books, 
 
 tjyond the prescribed limits of time, ])ut here — as in 
 
 •most all the otlier towns possessing rate-supported Libra- 
 
 B8 under the Act — the fines for such detention had been 
 
 adily ])aid ; and, in the aggregate, they made a con.sidcr- 
 
 )lc yearly addition to the fund available for the ])urchase 
 
 books. 
 
 11 
 
Library at 
 Bolton, 
 
 162 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 It has been shown that of the 17>000 voliimes whic 
 had been provided at Bolton, within the first five years 
 the operation of the Libraries Act, less than 1,000 volum 
 had accrued from that special (and, as it seemed, in pri; 
 ciple, somewhat questionable) arrangement by which 
 separate ' Subscription Branch Library ' had been pr 
 vided, within the ' Tree Library,' for the sole use, und, 
 prescribed limits of time, of its supporters. That this i] 
 rangement has tended, in its measure, to cramp the d; 
 development of the Act is fairly presumable. Por, — as ^vl 
 presently be shown in detail, — in the face of encouragli 
 results (when taken on the whole, but severed from U 
 operation of the ' Subscription ' system), as regards tt 
 satisfactory working and the proved utility of the Yvi 
 Libraries, the Bolton Town Council has hitherto exerll 
 but half its powers. The penny rate which the Courj] 
 is empowered to levy, under the provisions of the Actj'i 
 1855, would yield very httle more than £800 a yeann 
 sum, in itself, certainly not excessive for the support il 
 two Libraries, and of a Museum. Yet the rate actuiiy 
 levied has always been but one halfpenny in the pound ii 
 the borough assessment. 
 
 Within the sixth year, the Reference or Consult g 
 Keterence Department of the Library had also been open to the pujic 
 during 310 days; and the issues to readers were 40,1(5 
 volumes, exhibiting a decrease (on the previous yearol 
 2,920 volumes ; but on reference to the following recapu- 
 lation of the number of volumes issued from the open in oi 
 the Library, it will be seen to have exceeded the avei^ge 
 issues of the first six years. 
 
KEFEKENCE LlBK^tY AT BOLTON. 
 
 1G3 
 
 -Annual Issues; 
 
 Bolton Febb Consulting Library 
 1853 TO 1859. 
 
 TetTB. Volumes. 
 
 1853-4 27,288 
 
 1854-5 27,756 
 
 185.5-6 34,359 
 
 1856-7 47,847 
 
 1857-8 43,741 
 
 1858-9 40,815 
 
 Aggregate Issues of the Six Years . . . 221,806 
 
 Avei-age Issues of the Six Years . . . 36,967 
 
 The issues of IS ."39 had been classified as follows : — 
 
 Bolton Free Consulting Library : — Classified Issues of 
 THE Sixth Year, 1859. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Theology 921 
 
 Philosophy (Mental and Moral) 246 
 
 History 2,266 
 
 Biography 1,145 
 
 Topogi-aphy 900 
 
 Voyages and Travels 1,598 
 
 Law, Politics, and Commerce 258 
 
 Sciences and Ai-ts 2,794 
 
 Poetry and Drama 1,218 
 
 Novels and Romances 16,468 '^ 
 
 General Literature 13,001 
 
 Total Issue 40,815 
 
 I The additions to the Consulting Library during that year 
 'jsre 460 volumes ; namely, by purchase, 88 ; by presenta- 
 fcn, 223 (which includes the ' Specifications of Patents ') ; 
 id by transfer from the 'Subscription Brancli,' 1 I'J 
 
164 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 BoltoJi 
 Lending 
 Library. 
 
 volumes ; making the total number of volumes then in tli 
 department of the Bolton Library 12,6 80. 
 
 The Free Lending Department of the Bolton Librai 
 was open during its sixth year, 1859, upon 305 days, ai 
 the issues were 49,830 volumes, exhibiting likewise a d 
 crease, as compared with the preceding year's issues, 
 6,709 volumes ; but, again, on comparing the return wi 
 the average yearly issues, from the commencement, it w 
 be seen that the mean average of the six years was near 
 maintained. 
 
 Bolton Free Lending Library: — Annual Issues; 
 1853 TO 1859. 
 
 Years. Volumes. 
 
 1853-4 61,184 
 
 1854-5 51,365 
 
 1855-6 44,311 
 
 1856-7 46,437 
 
 1857-8 66,539 
 
 1858-9 49,830 
 
 Aggregate Issue ...... 309,666 
 
 Average Annual Issues of tlie first Six Tears . 51,611 
 
 The year's issues were classified as follows 
 
BOLTON FREE LENDIXa LIBRARY. 
 
 105 
 
 Bolton Fbee Lending Library: — Classified Issues of 
 THE Sixth Year, 1859. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Tbeology 795 
 
 Philosophy ......... 358 
 
 History 2,713 
 
 Biography 2,759 
 
 Topography 600 
 
 Voyages and Travels 1,898 
 
 Law, Politics, and Commerce 469 
 
 Sciences and Arts 2,907 
 
 Poi'try and Drama 1,479 
 
 Novels and Romances 29,604 - 
 
 General Literature 6,248 
 
 Total Issue 49,830 
 
 The number of tickets issued during the year was 776 ; 
 laking tlic total number of persons then entitled to borrow 
 looks, G,Cy2C). 
 
 1 The additions to the Lending Library during the year 
 t'erellO; namely, by purchase, 29; by presentation, 1; 
 Jy transfer from the ' Subscription Branch,' 86 ; making 
 )ie total number of volumes contained in the Lending 
 department, at the close of the sixth year of its operations, 
 ',294 ; and the aggregate number of volumes in both de- 
 l-artments, 17,97-i; whilst the a":2;reo;ate issues durinor the 
 
 ' ' ' Co a o 
 
 [ear amounted to 105,538 volumes. Of these issues, 
 ,4,893 volumes were given out to Su])scribers paying 
 I. yearly contribution to the 'Subscription Branch Li- 
 •rary.' 
 
166 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBEARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Decrease of 
 the Issues 
 from the 
 Bolton Free 
 Libraries. 
 
 Nine years more have now passed. The aggregate con 
 tents of the Bohon Pree Libraries have increased by th 
 addition of somewhat more than 6,000 vohnnes. But ther 
 has been no increase whatever in the annual issues, either c 
 the Free Consulting Library or of the Free Lending Librari 
 The Consulting issues, indeed, have diminished, in 1868, f 
 compared with 1858, by nearly 5,000 volumes. And tl; 
 Lending issues have diminished, on a like comparison, hj 
 nearly 16,000 volumes. On the other hand, the issues ij 
 Subscribers, which, in 1858, were about 14,000, have hi 
 creased in 1868 to nearly 33,000. If these results l! 
 compared with the experience of the other and neighboui 
 ingFree Libraries of Lancashire, farther remark will beconi 
 superfluous. But it may be useful to exhibit the annui 
 details in a complete and tabulated form : — 
 
BOLTON FREE LIBKAinKS. 
 
 167 
 
 Bolton Fkee Libraries and Branch Subscription Library : 
 
 —Comparative Table of the Annual Issues, 1853 to 1868 
 
 INCLUSIVE. 
 
 
 
 
 Ykar. 
 
 Volumes Issued. 
 
 Reference. 
 
 Lending. 
 
 Subscrip- 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 
 tion. 
 
 
 Ill the year 1853-4 . 
 
 27,288 
 
 61,184 
 
 6,998 
 
 94,470 
 
 1854-5 . 
 
 27.756 
 
 51,365 
 
 8,208 
 
 87,329 
 
 
 1855-6 . 
 
 34.359 
 
 44,311 
 
 10,302 
 
 88,972 
 
 
 1856-7 . 
 
 47,847 
 
 46,437 
 
 10,718 
 
 105,002 
 
 
 1857-8 . 
 
 43,741 
 
 56,539 
 
 13,989 
 
 114,269 
 
 
 1858-9 . 
 
 40,815 
 
 49,830 
 
 14,893 
 
 105,538 
 
 
 1859-60 . 
 
 33,575 
 
 42,215 
 
 18.665 
 
 94,455 
 
 
 1860-61 . 
 
 42,571 
 
 46,680 
 
 20,569 
 
 109,820 
 
 
 1861-62 . 
 
 48,038 
 
 52,119 
 
 23,870 
 
 124,027 
 
 
 1862-68 . 
 
 46,761 
 
 55,863 
 
 27,254 
 
 129,878 
 
 
 1863-64 . 
 
 39,090 
 
 51,587 
 
 29,759 
 
 120.436 
 
 
 1864-65 . 
 
 34,755 
 
 37,977 
 
 28,797 
 
 101,529 
 
 
 1865-66 . 
 
 25,885 
 
 31,699 
 
 23.327 
 
 80,911 
 
 
 1866-67 . 
 
 31,445 
 
 32,016 
 
 32.933 
 
 96.394 
 
 
 1867-68 . 
 
 39,012 
 
 40,625 
 
 32,970 
 
 112,607 
 
 
 
 562,938 
 
 700,447 
 
 302,252 
 
 1,565,637 
 
 I The classified issues of the Bolton Free Libraries, during 
 ;he year which has just closed (ISGS), are shown by the 
 bllowing tables: — 
 
168 
 
 FREE TOWN LTBRAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 BoiiTON Free Consulting Library: — Classified Issues op 
 
 THE Fifteenth Tear, 
 
 1868. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 MiSCEL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hist GEY 
 
 
 
 
 yj- S 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 Lit. 
 
 
 Consulting ok 
 Reff.bence 
 
 LiBRAKY. 
 
 i 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 
 H i.- 
 
 S.I 
 
 ^ Q 
 
 n 
 
 a J, 
 
 a ■ 
 
 
 
 9: 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 3g 
 
 
 
 1867-8. 
 
 5-1 
 
 ^ 
 
 W 
 
 (i 
 
 (5 
 
 H 
 
 ^ 
 
 39 
 
 185 
 
 100 
 
 904 
 
 E 
 
 Ocfc. 12 to 13 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 64 
 
 30 
 
 67 
 
 28 
 
 108 
 
 1 
 6881 654 
 
 2,i 
 
 Nov. 1867 
 
 96 
 
 32 
 
 91 
 
 32 
 
 70 
 
 39 
 
 110 
 
 71 
 
 259 
 
 214 
 
 1,254 
 
 783! 950 
 
 4,( 
 
 Dec. 
 
 71 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 21 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 125 
 
 47 
 
 250 
 
 164 
 
 1,105 
 
 702 
 
 787 
 
 3, 
 
 Jan. 1868 
 
 78 
 
 48 
 
 84 
 
 33 
 
 99 
 
 46 
 
 152 
 
 46 
 
 285 
 
 176 
 
 1,476 
 
 799 
 
 949 
 
 4,: 
 
 Feb. 
 
 63 
 
 12 
 
 42 
 
 34 
 
 75 
 
 44 
 
 137 
 
 42 
 
 250 
 
 133 
 
 1,068 
 
 765 
 
 763 
 
 3,' 
 
 March 
 
 
 61 
 
 33 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 71 
 
 28 
 
 123 
 
 37 
 
 201 
 
 143 
 
 737 
 
 704| 659 
 
 2; 
 
 April 
 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 39 
 
 13 
 
 82 
 
 32 
 
 109 
 
 39 
 
 184 
 
 107 
 
 732 
 
 668! 488 
 
 2,i 
 
 May 
 
 
 48 
 
 25 
 
 49 
 
 20 
 
 76 
 
 37 
 
 80 
 
 67 
 
 164 
 
 84 
 
 660 
 
 707 
 
 314 
 
 2,; 
 
 June 
 
 
 53 
 
 20 
 
 56 
 
 10 
 
 66 
 
 39 
 
 75 
 
 57 
 
 172 
 
 69 
 
 740 
 
 716 
 
 247 
 
 2,: 
 
 July 
 
 , 
 
 76 
 
 23 
 
 54 
 
 ''2 
 
 58 
 
 20 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 141 
 
 72 
 
 740 
 
 775 
 
 317 
 
 2, 
 
 August 
 
 
 71 
 
 28 
 
 86 
 
 30 
 
 86 
 
 39 
 
 104 
 
 80 
 
 201 
 
 90 
 
 937 
 
 722 
 
 674 
 
 3, 
 
 Sept. 
 
 
 58 
 
 44 
 
 99 
 
 18 
 
 143 
 
 39 
 
 152 
 
 86 
 
 273 
 
 165 
 
 1,061 
 
 719 
 
 953 
 
 3,' 
 
 Oct. Itoll 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 41 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 ' 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 86 
 
 85 
 
 407 
 
 266 
 
 378 
 
 1, 
 
 Totals . . 
 
 775 
 
 395 
 
 801 
 
 315 
 
 969 
 
 435 
 
 1,395 
 
 706 
 
 2,651 
 
 1,602 
 
 11,821 
 
 9,014 
 
 8,133 
 
 39,1. 
 
 ! 
 
 Artizans . . 
 
 835 
 
 141 
 
 420 202 490 
 
 201 
 
 701 
 
 265 
 
 1,255 
 
 888 
 
 6,44« 
 
 610 
 
 3,541 
 
 15,^ 
 
 Whousemen 
 
 81 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 13 33 
 
 24 
 
 51 
 
 14 
 
 107 
 
 44 
 
 287 
 
 27 
 
 313 
 
 1,!J 
 
 Cotton Oper. 
 
 95 
 
 88 
 
 172 
 
 33 206 
 
 72 
 
 285 
 
 49 
 
 393 
 
 265 
 
 2,322 
 
 2261,915 
 
 6,1 
 
 Bleachers 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 ll 12 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 144 
 
 13| 89 
 
 1 
 
 Shop Assists. 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 15 60 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 65 
 
 40 
 
 399 
 
 36i 357 
 
 1 
 
 Clerks, &c. . 
 
 117 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 18115 
 
 61 
 
 196 
 
 201 
 
 489 
 
 243 
 
 1,400 
 
 209:1,238 
 
 4 1 
 
 Pupils, &c. . 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 14 22 
 
 26 
 
 73 
 
 35 
 
 110 
 
 58 
 
 703 
 
 103 
 
 680 
 
 I'O 
 
 Shopkeepers 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 51 
 
 125 
 
 20 
 
 96 
 
 18 
 
 
 •■i 
 
 Clergy, &c. . 
 
 62 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 75 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 
 A 
 
 Unascertained 
 Totals , . 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7,750 
 
 ... 
 
 r 
 
 775 
 
 395 
 
 801315 
 
 969 
 
 435 
 
 1,395 
 
 706 
 
 2,651 
 
 1,602 
 
 11,821 
 
 9,014 
 
 8,133 
 
 391.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
BOLTON FREE LExXDIXG LIUKAKV 
 
 109 
 
 Bolton Free Lending Library :— Classified Issues of 
 THE Fifteenth Tear, 1868. 
 
 
 
 
 History 
 
 
 
 
 i= 
 
 
 
 
 I.KNDINO 
 LlBKAIT. 
 
 1867-8. 
 
 
 S 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 2 
 
 < 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 < y 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 » 
 
 2 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 it 
 
 > 
 
 
 < w 
 
 
 .;. 12to31 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 87 
 
 14 
 
 89 
 
 15 
 
 89 
 
 33 
 
 1,552 
 
 132 
 
 2,111 
 
 Nov. 1867 
 
 51 
 
 34 
 
 51 
 
 41 
 
 128 17 
 
 128; 15 
 
 143' 62 
 
 2,611 
 
 235 3,519 
 
 Dec. 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 40 
 
 172 17 
 
 1841 19 
 
 157 49 
 
 2,1-92 
 
 202 3,-118 
 
 J«n. 1868 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 64 
 
 28 
 
 162 18 
 
 151 12 
 
 113 83 
 
 2,780 
 
 196 3.702 
 
 Feb. 
 
 40 
 
 33 
 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 163 22 
 
 . 193 12 
 
 153 64 
 
 2,892 
 
 233 3,887 
 
 March „ 
 
 23 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 3S 
 
 136 31 
 
 189 17 
 
 176 62 
 
 2,978 
 
 224 3,950 
 
 April 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 25 
 
 123 16 
 
 150l 24 
 
 133 60 
 
 2,164 
 
 172 3.259 
 
 May 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 48 
 
 29 
 
 109 lo! 139 18 
 
 121 43 
 
 2,346 
 
 191 
 
 3,120 
 
 June „ 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 31 
 
 95 181 99 15 
 
 104 37; 
 
 2,088 
 
 176 
 
 2,733 
 
 July 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 
 19 
 
 98 10 93 10 
 
 128 50 
 
 2,105 
 
 178 
 
 2,775 
 
 Aug. 
 
 31 26 
 
 38 
 
 22 
 
 113 22 74 13 
 
 110 51 
 
 2,479 
 
 203 
 
 3,182 
 
 Sep. 
 
 30 43 
 
 6A 
 
 32 
 
 137 25 158 24 
 
 156 53 
 
 2,5871 258 
 
 3,567 
 
 OcUltoll,. 
 Totals . . 
 
 11 11 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 45| 17 65^ 17 
 
 52 3l| 
 
 1 
 
 966 
 
 116 
 
 1,372 
 
 351 387 567 
 
 3se 
 
 1,568 242Jl,712'211 
 
 1,667 678,30,340 
 
 2,516 
 
 40,625 
 
 Finally, as respects Bolton, it may be observed that the 
 resent annual income from the Library rate (of one half- 
 cnny in the pound on the ordinary assessment) is £430. The 
 uilding allotted to the Library is rented by the year at 
 .35. The following is a statement of the annual receipts 
 nd disbursements for the year 1 S68 : — 
 
170 
 
 FEEE TOWN LIBEAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Bolton Free Public Library and Museu] 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Balances at August 31, 1867, viz. : — 
 Donation Account — Balance in tte Bank . £411 
 Less Ordinary Account— Balance due to the 
 
 7 
 
 Bank 
 
 46 12 6i 
 364 8 
 
 Ordinary Accoitnt. 
 Fines 
 
 Damage to Books . 
 Sales of Periodicals . 
 Sales of Catalogues 
 Sundries 
 
 31 13 10 
 
 19 11 
 
 1 16 8 
 12 6 
 
 2 4 4 
 
 Borougli Fund — Rate at id. in tlie 
 Pound for 1867-8 .... 
 
 49 
 
 430 12 
 
 £479 13 5 
 
 Balance brouglit down 
 
 30 8 
 
 Donation Account. 
 Literest. 
 Amount allowed by Bankers 
 
 10 5 6 
 
 £404 14 2 
 
BOLTON FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY ACCOUNT 
 
 171 
 
 CCOUNT. FROM IST JuLY. 1S67, TO 30tH JuNE, 1868. 
 
 Payments. 
 
 )M)inart Accofnt. 
 
 Salaries — Librarian . 
 
 Assistants 
 
 £100 
 96 15 8 
 
 Rent of Library Rooms . 
 Coal, Gas, and Insurance 
 Alterations and Repairs 
 Siindi-y Disbursements . 
 Piinting, Stationery, and Adve 
 
 tising 
 
 Bank Charges .... 
 
 Binding Books 
 
 Papers and Periodicals . 
 
 Balance carried down 
 
 - 196 15 8 
 
 35 
 
 27 6 6 
 
 7 12 10 
 
 31 17 4 
 
 21 U 10 
 
 13 10 
 
 39 11 
 
 89 9 
 
 449 12 9 
 
 30 8 
 
 £479 13 5 
 
 £ 8. 
 
 Ookation Account. 
 ( I Balances at August 31, 1868, viz. : — 
 
 ' ntion Account. 
 
 Balance in the Bank . . 421 G 1 
 
 f Ordinary Account. 
 
 Sundry sums owing . 
 Less Balance in Bank 
 
 42 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 6 
 
 8i 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 lOi 
 - 101 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 2i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £404 14 
 
 2i 
 
172 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 § 7. Free Libraries of Oxford and Cambridge. 
 
 Of the two University towns, Cambridge was first to 
 adopt the Libraries Act of 1850. The Act was there in- 
 troduced upon a Poll of Burgesses, taken in the year 
 1853. The ' Ayes Mvere 873; the 'Noes' 72. At Ox- 
 ford, in the following year^ there were 72 ' Noes ' against 
 596 'Ayes.' In both towns, a mixed Committee is now 
 chosen for the management of the Free Libraries, but at 
 Oxford, for the first few years, the management was com- 
 mitted, exclnsively, to members of the Town Council or 
 'Local Board.' And I believe that this circumstance has had 
 — at least, indirectly — an unfavourable influence on the 
 growth and good-workiug of the Oxford institution. The^ 
 gronnds of this opinion will appear hereafter. 
 
 The Free Library of Cambridge was opened for public; 
 use in the ' Guild-hall ' of the Corporation, in the yea • 
 1855. The product of a penny rate is but about £840 ! 
 year ; less than one halfpenny in the pound, however, hasj 
 as yet, been levied. Out of the rate money of the first tw^ 
 years, the sum of £351 was applied to the purchase o 
 books. There was no public subscription ; but there war 
 Opening of scvcral liberal gifts of books. The Consulting Collectio: 
 Library'at IS cxtremely small ; consisting, in 1868, of but 544 volumesi 
 cambridse. ^\^qyq [^ ^Iso a Small Museum, supported, mainly, by giftj 
 The Lending Collection opened with somewhat less thaj 
 2,000 volumes. It now contains about 18,000 volumeii 
 The total issues of thirteen years amount to 390,91 
 volumes. " The public benefit," say the Committee, ij 
 1868, "/ias heen more than equal to the means at the di\ 
 
THE NEWS-ROOM AT CAMBRIDGE. 173 
 
 ioml of the Connnittee. The arti/.an classes liavc been most 
 )enefitecl. But the Libraries are very inueh used by all 
 lasses." 
 
 At Cambridge, the News-Room attached to the Free 
 ,ibrary has also been attended with great success. It is 
 upplied with fifteen daily, and with lifteen weekly, news- ti.c News- 
 papers ; together with thirty-seven weekly, monthly, and ^"^ridge. 
 |imrterly magazines. In the Committee's last Report 
 •ccui-s this passage : — " Notwithstanding the large supply," 
 11 the Reading Room, " of current (periodical) literature, 
 t has been found hardly commensurate with the wants of 
 ihe great number of inhabitants who have visited the room 
 hroughout the vear."' „' '^""'*"''f 
 
 O . Report, Sept., 
 
 In the late Mr. James Reynolds the Cambridge Free i868,p.4. 
 library had a most liberal benefactor; as the reader will 
 ierceive on turning to the notice which ai)pears under his 
 lanie in Book IV. 
 
 , During the last year the number of registered Borrowers 
 |ras Id 5; and the total issue of volumes was 39,880. 
 Only a single volume had been lost, and that was replaced 
 )y the loser. Notwithstanding these encouraging results, iua.i.qu,..y 
 jhe Borough Council has cut down the annual grant to rLe'a'^'"''' 
 b300, being only a fraction more than one-third ^i a penny ^""■'•"'^e''- 
 p the pound. The remaining fifty or sixty pounds, re- 
 liiired for the maintenance of the Library on the lowest 
 ind most narrow scale of expenditure, is eked out by 
 Ihe sale of Catalogues, of newspapers, and of Borrowers' 
 tickets. 
 
 Nor is the management of the Free Library of Oxford The tree 
 |nore liberal — so far as regards the Local Board — than is oxf"rd!"^ 
 ihe management of the Cambridge Lil)rary; except inso- 
 Huch that at Oxford one-half of the legal rate is levietl 
 
174 FREE TOWN LIBEARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 instead of one-third. In number of volumes the Oxford 
 institution is far inferior to its fellow at Cambridge. But 
 the 8,000 Oxford volumes are divided, in nearly equal pro- 
 portions, between the Collection for Consultation in the Read- 
 ing Room and that for lending to Borrowers. The Oxford 
 Reading Room, therefore, is more useful than that at Cam- 
 bridge. Not only is the extent, but also tlie character, of 
 the reading higher. The writer has several times had the 
 satisfaction of seeing the room nearly filled with attentive 
 readers; some of whom, it seemed evident, were reading 
 with a purpose. But with all due allowance for the great 
 difference of population as well as of means, it cannot be 
 said that the results of the Free Libraries in the university i 
 towns are, as yet, in fair proportion to those which have ! 
 been attained in the manufacturing and seaport towns, j 
 They are, nevertheless, on the growing hand. 
 
 Thus, at Oxford, the issues to readers in the Consulting 
 
 section of the Library have increased, during the year 1867- 
 
 68, by nearly three thousand volumes over those of the year 
 
 186G-G7 ; the numbers being respectively 7,580 and 4,707. 
 
 Issues from Jn thc Leudino' Department the issues of 1867-68 were 
 
 the Oxford 1 1 P 1 T 11- 
 
 Free Library. 11,210 volumcs ; thoso of twclvc prcccdmg months having 
 been about 8,000. But so niggardly is the annual grant 
 of the Local Board, that it yields absolutely nothing towards 
 the expenses of the Lending Library. These expenses 
 are restricted to the scanty annual product of the sale 
 , „ , J of Catalogues, and of Borrowers' tickets.^ The extent of 
 
 1 Oxford O ' 
 
 v.eport. May, ^hc usc uiadc of tho Lendinnj Library at Oxford is scarcely 
 
 TOCO « •? O ./ 1 
 
 one-third of that which, as the reader has seen, obtains at 
 Cambridge. I hope, and believe, that the enlargement of 
 the Governing Committee will lead also to the enlargement 
 of the means and results of the institution. 
 
 One improvement, at least, has followed, already, upon 
 
 ,p.3. 
 
f 
 
 ISSUES FlJO^r THE OXFOKI) FREE J.I BRA in ES. 17 
 
 lie improved eoiistitiitioii of tlio Coniiuittee. l-'or several 
 •ears the Oxford Free Lil)rary had the UMenvial)le distine- 
 ion of being the one institution of its kind whieh was kept 
 ipen upon Sunthiys. Obviously, where books are Iciil — 
 IS well as provided for use within the walls — there is scarcely 
 he shadow of a pretext, even, for sucli a practice. One is 
 .enipted to think that the extremely small })ettiness of mind 
 hicli, in some other matters, is known occasionally to have 
 y\ the corporators of a university town into an ostentatious 
 isregard of the tone and spirit of university institutions — 
 ^i if the contrast were, in some way, an honour — nuist, in 
 lis instance also, have l)een the moving cause of a regula- 
 on, which otherwise woukl seem to be causeless. Happily, 
 lie practice has ceased. The Library-servants, like labourers 
 ji other fields, are permitted to have a Sabbath rest. 
 ' But, — with all drawbacks, — the Oxford Free Library 
 as done very good work. Naturally, under the special 
 jrcumstances of a City in which old Libraries of vast ex- 
 knt and resources are open, with a freedom of access now 
 pt less mnniticent than was the liberality of the past genc- 
 iitions which founded them, the more educated portion of 
 n inhabitants have little occasion to rcsoi't to the infant 
 ne. Their wants are elsewhere met. To the less educated 
 asses its actual and increasing utility is in striking contrast 
 ) its slender means. To this fact the following testimony 
 as been borne, by the late Chairman of the Managing 
 ommittee, Mr. Alderman Sadleu: — "During the forty 
 ears of my public life, I have ])leasnre in declaring that 
 jie establishment of the Free Public Library has, in my 
 jidgmcnt, proved of more real bciiciit, and lins rendered 
 jiore solid advantage, to the middle and working classes of 
 Ills City, than any other measure which has been ailopted." 
 
parts of 
 
 176 FEEE TOWN LIBEAEIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Among the other towns of England and Wales in wliicl 
 ries mother onc 01' othcr of tliG 'Libraries Acts' has been brougb 
 into actual operation, — during a period sufficiently long t 
 afford any notable experience, — Norwich, Leamington 
 Lichfield, Cardiff, Warrington, and Blackburn, are the prin 
 cipal. But, as to most of them, all that need here be saii. 
 of the details of their working will appear, sufficiently, i 
 the general Tabular View of Free Libraries given at the emj 
 of this Chapter. | 
 
 At Hereford, at Kidderminster, at Warrington, and ej 
 Winchester, Free Libraries have been for many years su(! 
 cessfully established. They are all, however, upon toi 
 small a scale to serve, usefully, as examples. At Bradfoni 
 Walsall, Wolverhampton, and Burslem, the foundations (j 
 future Free Libraries have been recently laid, under tij 
 Acts of 1855 and 1866 ; but the institutions so established 
 have not yet come, or have scarcely come, into workirj 
 order. 
 
 At Norwich, too great expenditure — for a beginning- 
 was incurred upon the building, and this has much impedt 
 the growth of the Library. As early as in the year 185 1 
 six hundred persons memorialized the Town Council in favoj 
 of the introduction of the Act of that year. But no ei 
 cient measures were taken for more than three yeai 
 Nor was it until the September of 1854 that the first stof 
 of a Library building was laid. 
 
 According to the Report of the Preliminary Coninjitt(, 
 the cost of the building was to be £7,428. The actii 
 cost, I believe, has been more than twice that sura. TJ« 
 expenditure, of course, has not arisen out of any pi' 
 which had, as its main or its real object, the simple a, 'I 
 effectual provision of a Free Library. A too ambiticis 
 
 The Free 
 Library of 
 
 Norwich. 
 
TIIK F1JK1-: LIHRAKV OF NORWICH. 177 
 
 ?hemc for combining with the intended J^ihrary a Mn- 
 LMini and Schools of Art, has led to large outlay, actual 
 obt, and small results. The Act has been in operation 
 iiring fifteen years. The number of volumes of books 
 ecly accessible to a population of 75,000 persons, after 
 lat efflux of time, is exactly 3,04.0. The issues, for the 
 !st year of which the returns are now before me, amount 
 ■i 13,480 volumes, in the aggregate. A sum of about 
 !iOO is stated to be available, yearly, to meet the expendi- 
 ire. But — says a Special Report of ISoO — " in order to 
 pay Sir Sanniel Bignold, the amount advanced by him 
 uring the progress of the works, a loan of £6,000, at five 
 /;• cent., was obtained, in 1S57, from the Norwich Union 
 mKcc; to be repaid by instalments of £:200 a year, wdiich, 
 tgether with the interest of the loan, will nearly absorb 
 Ir several years the rate of one penny in the pound per 
 cnum, authorized to be levied under the Libraries Act." 
 sirely, this was indeed beginning at the wrong end. 
 
 The experience, up to the present time, of those persons 
 \|io have attempted to bring the Libraries Act into opera- 
 Hn, upon any adequate or creditable scale, within the 
 -V'tropolis, is very far from satisfactory. With one excep- 
 tn — to be noticed hereafter — it has been but a series of 
 fiiures ; due, in great measure, to ill-management and to 
 Ifc admixture in the various attempts of incongruous by- 
 eils. But London already possesses one Free Library, 
 0: history of which affords a curious and instructive con- 
 Ost to that other brief history which has just been given 
 otlhe Free Library of Norwich. 
 
 Immediately after the passing of the ' Patent Law 
 'Viendmcnt Act ' of 1^52, the promoters of that measure 
 
The Free 
 Lilji-aiy at 
 
 Loiuluii. 
 
 178 THE FREE LIBEARY AT THE GREAT SEAL 
 
 urged upon the Commissioners of Patents the pubh 
 advantages whicli would result from the establishment i 
 the new Office of a Free Scientific and Technical Librarj 
 the Great euibracino; not onlv the Public Records of Patented In 
 
 SealPafent . ^ . / p i • i i i i i • i i 
 
 oflicein ventions, the prmtmg of which had been authorized by th 
 Act, but works of reference in all languages, and mor 
 especially such as were likely to be of conspicuous utilit 
 to scientific, artistic, and mechanical inventors of variou 
 classes, and to other persons having a direct interest i 
 the working of the Patent Laws. The promoters wer 
 strongly supported in their appeal by the late Prince Cou 
 sort. 
 
 At the time of the passing of the Patents Amendmer 
 Act, however, it appeared by no means certain tliat tl 
 great reduction in the fees claimable on passing PateiVj 
 which it enacted, would be followed by such an increase ij 
 the number of applicants, as to yield an income sufficiei' 
 to meet even ordinary official expenses. The Pirst R, 
 port to Parliament of the Commissioners, dated July 185j 
 displaced all apprehension on this head, and showed thj 
 the income derived from fees had already exceeded tj 
 most liberal calculation which had previously been formel 
 
 The same Report announced the formation in tlie Cof 
 missioners' Office of a "Library of Research, to consists 
 the Scientific and ]\lechanical [i. e., Technical] works jf 
 all Nations," and that the Library would be opened to p 
 Public in a few weeks. 
 
 Although the printing of the Patent Records had b- 
 commenced within a few months after the passing of 
 Act of 1852, and had proceeded at an unexampled r 
 nearly two years elapsed before accommodation could |ie 
 found in the Patent Office for their consultation by .'le 
 Public; the old fees for searches beins: still charojed in Lh 
 
PATENT OFFICE IN LONDON. iTi) 
 
 livisions of tlie Office. The promised accommodation was 
 t length obtained ; and in a Report of the Commissioners 
 f Patents to the Treasury, in 18.")8, on the subject of a 
 Cew Office and Library, the institution of the Library is 
 uis recorded : — " In the year 1855 the Commissioners of 
 'atents estabhshed a Free Public Library within their 
 office, containing works of science in all languages, the 
 ublications of tlie Commissioners, and the works upon 
 atented and other inventions published in the Britisli 
 'olonies and in Foreign Countries. This Library has 
 Neatly increased, and continues to increase. ... it has now 
 ;185S] become a collection of great interest and importance. 
 |. . It is the only Library within the United Kingdom 
 I which tlie PubHc have access not only to the Records of 
 ie Patents of Liventions of this Country, but also to 
 Ificial and other documents relating to inventions in Fo- 
 lign Countries, and this without payment of any fee." 
 
 The following table exhibits the nature and extent of the 
 iteut Office Library on the 5th of March, 1855, when 
 "st opened by the Commissioners to the Public : — 
 
180 THE FIIEE LIBRARY AT THE GREAT SEAL 
 
 Feee Library at Great Seal Patents Office, London. 
 
 1. The Printed Specifications of Patents, separate 
 
 Drawings, and Indexes ; tlien about 8,000 ' blue 
 l)ooks,' or, -when bound, 400 
 
 2. The late Mr. Peosser's Collection of Scientific 
 
 and Technical Works; placed in the Commis- 
 sioners' Ofiice in 1853, in anticipation of the 
 opening of the Free Public Library, and pur- 
 chased (from his Representatives) in 1856, for 
 the sum of £372 16s.; 704 works, or . . . 1,346 
 
 3. Mr. Bennet Woodcroft's Collection of "Works 
 
 of a similar class ; also placed at the disposal of 
 the Commissioners on the opening of the Library, 
 and purchased for the sum of £271 15s. ; 388 
 works, or ....... . 575 
 
 4. Other Works, chiefly donations .... 41) 
 
 Total number of "Volumes .... 2,370 
 
 In December, 1868, the Library was estimated to co 
 tain upwards of 40,000 volumes, and it has become d 
 servedly celebrated for its large collection of the Transa!- 
 tions of Learned Societies, and of Scientific and Techni(f 
 Journals, in various languages ; all of which are in an ii- 
 usually complete state. They are promptly supplied al 
 are made avadable, with like promptitude, for public u . 
 The importance of systematic facilities of this kind p 
 readers generally is considerable. To such readers as i^ 
 especially concerned with the progress or with the hist(f 
 of scientific invention, it is simply inestimable. The gci 
 system followed at the Patents Ofiice Library refle's 
 great credit on the able librarian, Mr. AV. G. ATKixslf, 
 by whom it was originated ; and it is the more notew^or'y 
 on account of the great difficulties Avhich, of late yeip, 
 have been found to attend researches for Poreisn 'Tras- 
 
rATKNT Ol'l'ICK IN iA)\l)()X. IHl 
 
 I, ii.)iis' ;uul ' Journals," wluii of very nrcuf dates, v\c\\ in 
 i:he magniriccnt Library of the Britisli jMuseuni. Obviously, 
 ihe vast extent and cncyclopcTdical clmraeter of the Na- 
 tional Library increases the difficulty of keeping it (to use 
 I connnon and expressive phrase of commerce) well 
 posteil up' in any branch of literature in particular. 
 [kt, even in a Library of forty thousand volumes only, such 
 : result is never attainable, save by the union, in the Li- 
 )rarian, of nuieh practical working energy \\\t\\ a true zeal 
 |or public service. 
 
 That the Public have evinced a growing appreciation 
 "ith of the valuable contents and of the liberal nianage- 
 lent of the Library, will be very apparent on a com- 
 [arison of the extent to which it was used in the years 
 858, and lJ>()S, respectively. If the ratio of increase be 
 laintaincd during the current year, 1869, the use made 
 if the Lil)i*ary will ha\e been tripled within eleven years. 
 
 uEE Library at Great Seal Patents Office, London; 
 Table showing the Number of Readers in each year, 
 from the opening; 1855—1808, inclusive. 
 
 NuDiljcr of 
 Headers. 
 
 Year. 
 
 1855 (niue uioutbs) 2,500 
 
 18.5(3 4,643 
 
 1857 5,920 
 
 lN-,s 7,322 
 
 IsVt 8,358 
 
 l8t;(J l>,400 
 
 18t;i 10,879 
 
 \mi 11,481 
 
 \x(y^ ii,stu 
 
 lst;^ 1-2,110 
 
 Is.M 12,502 
 
 Ix'i'i 13,001 
 
 i^'j: i4,s(»2 
 
 l^'i-< (al.uut) 17,51(J 
 
 Aggregate Total .... 142,358 
 
182 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Patent Office 111 orclcr to ally accurate estimate of the public aclvai 
 brary:- tagc wliicli lias resulted from the Free Library thus estal 
 fNewBuiui- lished by the Commissioners of Patents, and maintaine 
 '"s out of their own surplus income, it has to be borne in min 
 
 that both the growth of the Library and the increase of i 
 readers have been, in a considerable degree, impeded I 
 the unavoidable inadequacy of the accommodation pr( 
 vided for them within the Patent Office building. In 186^ 
 a Select Committee of the House of Commons reporte 
 that all the Library rooms were small and overcrowdet 
 , while some of them were merely " dark passages." In 186! 
 
 the annual report of the Commissioners repeated tl 
 complaint, and called the attention of Parliament to tl 
 unquestionable fact that the evd was increasing with evei 
 successive year. The increased accommodation provided 
 1866 gave but partial relief, and is only a temporary expl 
 dient. Many have been the proposals for dealing with tl| 
 question effectually, by the erection of a more suitable ai' 
 expansible building. The funds for such an erection a; 
 superabundant. For the annual surplus of income has nc! 
 reached £50,000. Yet hitherto all the plans for buildiji; 
 have failed ; and they have failed mainly because they ha;: 
 aimed at too much. They have sought to provide, at om], 
 a great Museum, for machinery, implements, and modelsif 
 all kinds ; a large Free Library, and an improved Pat( 
 Office. The more active promoters of these plans h 
 differed, occasionally, about the site best adapted for le 
 gigantic building they call for ; but they have commojif 
 agreed in insisting on an alleged necessity for providig 
 Library, Museum, and Office, " under one roof." j 
 
 Added to the difficulty accruing from the ambitious i\d 
 costly character of the pi'oposals which, from time to tiip, 
 have been urged on the government of the day, there is 
 
TATKN'r OFFK'K TKHK LlliUAKV, 1H;5 
 
 )ecn niiotlior ami grave ditliculty, arisiiii^ from tlie conllict 
 )|" opinion about our j)resLMit Patent \a\\\s themselves, — 
 mil therefore about the very source of the funds from which 
 he cost of the new building is to be defrayed. 
 
 It is quite true, indeed, that amongst hncntors there has 
 lever existed any considerable atnount of sympathy with 
 he attacks which have been directed against the principle 
 if the existing laws. The dissatisfaction of inventors is 
 vith the proved insufficiency, and with the still excessive 
 ••ostliness, of that protection which the Patent Laws ]:)rofess 
 10 give. The men who attack the tenet of protection itself 
 Ire, very commonly, traders who have thriven by the pro- 
 iliicts of the brains of other men, and who think that 
 bossibly they would thrive still more, were all brain-pro- 
 jlucts left to the safeguard of the let-him-kecp-who-can 
 {)rinciple. What such objectors lack in logic, they make up 
 ior in noise, and in the power which grows out of union, 
 rheir opposition is formidable. And, whatever may be its 
 Utimate success, or failure, it is siu-e to entail the parlia- 
 ^lentary re-discussion of the whole question at issue. It is 
 
 Iilain that, in the interval, no scheme which contemplates 
 he provision, out of the Patent Law fund, of a gigantic 
 ^Iiiseum combined with an adequate Free Library building, 
 fnd working offices, has any chance of success. To insist, 
 jinder present circumstances, upon having both is simply to 
 jimke it certain that neither \vill be, for a long time to 
 [orae, attained. 
 
 On the otiier hand, there exists no disagreement at all 
 .l)Oiit the value of the existing Library. Obviously, the 
 ;ood work which it has done is yearly on the increase. Whnt- 
 ver may be the eventual fate of the Patent Laws and 
 M the fund which accrues from them, the Library will be 
 maintained. Adinini:>trative ])ledgcs to that tU'ect have 
 
184 FEEE TOWN LIBEAlllES, AT HOME. 
 
 been given. If the existing laws on the subject in hanc 
 should still continue, for some years to come, means o 
 support will have accumulated. Should those laws b( 
 materially changed, the rich library, and the accumulatec 
 evidence of the good work it has done, will become 
 unanswerable arguments for its maintenance, as a Distric 
 Free Library, by a library-rate, if needfid. 
 
 The suitableness of the present site has been already 
 proved by experience. When the new liaw Courts ar( 
 built the site will be more suitable than ever. It will bi 
 so, even irrespectively of all changes in the laws abouj 
 Patents. The fair inference is not far to seek. j 
 
 Nearly all the attempts to establish, in the Metropolis o; 
 in the suburbs, Free Libraries supported by rate, under thi; 
 provisions of the Act of 1850 or those of its successors! 
 have hitherto failed. The history of their failure and of itl 
 varied causes would be scarcely less instructive — in respecj 
 of its many bearings on the broad subject of public educaj 
 tion — than is the history (howsoever inadequately it ma 
 have been told) of the many rate-supported Librarie 
 which, in other parts of the kingdom, have so conspicuousll 
 succeeded. But, in these pages, this part of the subjeC] 
 can be only glanced at. 
 
 At the close of the year 1854, the proposition to ado{ 
 the Libraries Act within the City of London was submitte 
 to the Ratepayers assembled in Guildhall. It was so sul 
 mitted without any effort, worthy of mention, to arouse ( 
 to inform public opinion either about the incidence of tl 
 proposed rate ; or about the true nature of the Act, i 
 objects, or its actual operations elsewhere. Had it bee 
 the express purpose of the promoters of the Guildh; 
 meeting to throw discredit on the proposition they professc 
 
c.\rsi:s OF failiiU': ix thk metropolis. is5 
 
 ) advocate, tlicv could hardly have used means better 
 ilapted to that end. In lb55, the proposition to form a 
 'ree Lil)rary for tlie City Avas renewed, though in a very 
 :ifferent form. Marvellous as it may now sound, it was 
 ravely attempted to extract out of the history of the striking 
 access of the Free Libraries already established, under the 
 .ct of 1850, props for an argument urging the Citizens of 
 •london to do, once again, what had previously and 
 ■peatedly been done, in many parts of London, with 
 ,3ry little success, if with any at all. The Free Libraries 
 ad achieved — even as early as in 1855 — an amount of 
 hicational and social work theretofore, in any hke channel, 
 :iexampled. Every single step in their progress is directly 
 •aceable to their two great principles: — (1) Permanent 
 ipport, by a ])crmanent rate ; (.2) Express (though, of 
 L'cessity, gradual) adaptation to the requirements of a/l 
 fisses of ratepayers, without any exception. The one 
 jinciple lifts the ' Free Library,' from its infancy, above 
 ■jOse clajjtrap expedients to get money which so quickly 
 j-ought the actual history of our 'Mechanics' Institutes' 
 id ' Literaiy Institutions ' into such conspicuous contrast 
 ith the glowing promise of their Plans and Prospectuses, 
 ae other principle brings, sooner or later, to every rate- 
 jiyer as certain and, ultimately, as direct a return of benefit, 
 ^ that which he derives from his payment towards the 
 ^ving, or the lighting, of the district wherein he lives, 
 bnjointly, they give a public and legislative recognition to 
 ^c pregnant fact that in regard to means of mental culture 
 ►x:iety has a conuuon interest, wholly apart from and 
 <ised quite above the mere gradations and class-distinc- 
 6ns of its constituent parts. In a word, the institution of 
 tie Free Libraries broadened the public domain. 
 I Yet, five years after the passing of the Act by which 
 
186 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 these Libraries were brouglit into being, the estabhshmeir 
 
 of a Free Library within the City of London was, witl 
 
 perfect gravity (and with truly excellent intentions) advo 
 
 . cated as a " way of befriending the poor, and others, a little 
 
 I higher up in the social scale, who will not ask or receive tlu 
 
 ' dole of breadj or the sack of coals." There is little need t( 
 
 • wonder that the failure of 1855 followed hard on that o 
 
 1854. Another and more elaborate attempt, in the grea 
 
 metropolitan district of Marylebone, failed from very simila 
 
 causes ; though they are not to be found recorded — at leas 
 
 in print — with so much naivete. 
 
 The Free The Solitary successful attempt, up to the present time, ti 
 
 St. Margaret lutroducc thc Llbrarlcs Act into the Metropolis was mad^ 
 
 westmiistw! ii^ Westiuinster, where a Free Library, for the unite'- 
 
 parishes of St. Margaret and St. John, was established, i:| 
 
 the year 1856, under the provisions of the Act of 1855. ll 
 
 began on a very modest scale, but its working has bee! 
 
 attended with excellent results. There are now two lendinf 
 
 libraries — one in Westminster proper, and one at Knightij 
 
 bridge, opened for public use in March 1859 — in addition lj 
 
 a small consulting collection. The rate now levied is oij 
 
 halfpenny in the pound, and its product about £.2, .200 1 
 
 year. The extent of the collections and their annual issu'j 
 
 Foidin' Table ^^'^ statcd lu thc gcueral 'Table of Free Libraries.' Tl| 
 
 attiieendof gucccssful establishment of the Westminster Library is diii 
 
 this Chapter. '' 
 
 in great measure, to the exertions of Lord Chancelr 
 Hatherley (then Sir William Page Wood). 
 
 In what has been already accomplished under the Libi 
 ries Act, the north and north-western parts of Eugla 
 have, as yet, a much larger share than the south and soutj- 
 western parts. Several causes have contributed to tls 
 
sorriiAMPTox AND Till-: iiauilky r.K(,)n:s'r. isr 
 
 'suit; none, jHU-linps, more conspicuously than tlic natural 
 iHuences of trade and connncrce, when developed so 
 ipitlly as to bring to the front rank, almost within the life- 
 me of one generation, towns which before were of compa- 
 itively small acconnt. l^ut the example will tell, eventually, 
 pen all. Permanence of support, by means of a limited 
 ite which can never be oppressive, commends itself alike 
 ) towns in which the foundation of a Library has yet to be 
 id, and to those which already possess, by private numiti- 
 :nce, a public collection (whether more or less well 
 u'nished), by way of beginning. And, of all the con- 
 )icuous southern towns, Southampton has most reason to 
 rofit by the experience in this matter of the North of 
 ngland. It has large and growing means. It possesses, 
 y two bequests, the groundwork of what might easily be 
 jiade into a Town Library fit to rank with those of Birming- 
 
 fra, Manchester, and Liverpool. By the bequest of Mr. 
 F. Pitt, the town of Southampton possesses a Library 
 more than four thousand volumes, but of which little 
 iiblic use has yet been made. By that of ^Ir. H. R. 
 I.ARTLEY it has inherited a sum of forty thousand pounds, 
 I portion of which is applicable to the purchase of books 
 jid the maintenance of a Free Library for all classes of the 
 ppulation. The history of this last-named bequest is 
 jstructive. 
 Henry Robinson Hautlky was a native of Southampton, n.R.iiartiey 
 id the only son of a prosperous and wealthy wine ^^,lstL " 
 lerchant, from whom he inherited a considerable fortune, ^^"'"'"'"'i- 
 .e was sent to the Free Grammar School of his native 
 'Wn, about the year 1 7iJ(). J lis schoolboy reputation was 
 le of much promise. J^ut an early and unfortunate 
 Umage turned what seems to have been a genial youth 
 •^t into soured misanthropy; and then into sclf-banishcd 
 
188 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 exile. For very many years the strange aspect of a con- 
 spicuous but closely-shut and decaying house, in which the 
 owner would neither dwell, nor suffer anybody else to dwell, 
 was wont to attract the attention of visitors to Southampton. 
 Mr. Hartley died at Calais, in May 1850; leaving the 
 bulk of his fortune to his fellow-townsmen. His Will bore 
 date 30 August, 1843, and its most important clause was 
 in these words : " I give and becjueath the residue of my 
 personal estate unto the Mayor and Town Councilmen of 
 the town and county of Southampton, and to their succes- 
 sors as a Corporation, in trust for the following uses : — First, 
 that the said Mayor and Town Councilmen shall cause a 
 small building to be erected on part of my leasehold estate, 
 lying to the eastward of my house in the parish of Holy 
 Rood, in Southampton, to serve as a repository for my 
 household furniture, books, manuscripts, and other move- 
 ables ; and that they shall appoint a person, with a salary, 
 to have the care of the same ; and, after the expenses 
 necessary for carrying the above-specified purpose into 
 effect are fully paid and provided for, to employ the dividend, 
 interest, or annual proceeds, arising from my said residuary 
 estate^ as they may think fit, in such manner as may best pro- 
 mote the study and advancement of the sciences of Natural 
 History, Astronomy, Antiquities, and Classical and Oriental 
 Literature in the town of Southampton, such as by forming 
 a Public Library, Botanic Garden, Observatory, and Collec- 
 tion of objects in connection with the above-named sciences." 
 The residue so bequeathed amounted, ultimately, to nearly 
 £110,000. But the Will was opposed by an alleged 
 daughter of the testator (born, it seems, after the annul- 
 ment of his marriage), and chiefly upon these two grounds ^ 
 
 (1) That it was in contravention of the Statute of Mortmain ; 
 
 (2) That the testator, being domiciled in France, was 
 
SOUTllAMI'l'OX AND THK IIAIITLMY 15K(iUKST. 18<) 
 
 suhject to the testamentary law of France, in virtue of 
 A\ liicli one half at least of the testator's property must go 
 to the next of kin. And of other objections, and claims, 
 more or less colourable, the number was not small. Between 
 the years iSol and ISo'^, more than forty thousand pounds 
 liad been spent in litigation; although the acting executor 
 was most anxious to secure the full bcnetit of the bequest 
 to the town. It was then determined to make a com})ro- 
 111 ISC. 'riie testator's daughter (or putative daughter) 
 ivicived £17,500 out of the residue. Another claimant 
 iv.vived £5,000. The remaining £45,000 fell to the 
 ("iporation of Southampton, in trust for the purposes of 
 lUc Will. 
 
 It is obvious that these purposes were already too exten- 
 sive, — if carried out with real efficiency, — even for the 
 undiminished bequest. But had the public spirit of the 
 town been, at that favouraijlc time, sufficiently aroused to 
 place the contemplated institution under the provisions of 
 the Libraries and Museums Acts, the forty thousand 
 
 ) pounds which had been saved from the lawyers would have 
 
 I been a noble formation, endowment, and building fund, for 
 Museum, Library, and Lectures ; backed by another 
 assured fund, for the expenses of ordinary, effective, and 
 permanent maintenance. This step has yet to be taken. 
 Meanwhile, nearly eighteen thousand pounds have been 
 absorbed in necessary building expenses, so that the really 
 operative fund has been reduced to about twenty-five 
 
 , thousand pounds. 
 
 I The new structure is of Italian architecture; is composed 
 of three distinct blocks of building (Library ; Museum ; 
 Lecture Hall) and is a conspicuous ornament to the town. 
 
 . It was opened, with much ceremony and public rejoicing, 
 on the 14th October, Isf):>, by the then Prime Minister, 
 
190 FREE TOWN LIBRAIIIES, AT HOME. 
 
 Lord Palmerston, by whom also the first stone of the 
 institution had been kid in the previous year. 
 
 By way of brief summary of what has been ah-eady 
 achieved, within the Ilnited Kingdom, under the various 
 Libraries Acts, during the eighteen years which have 
 elapsed since the Royal Assent w^as given to the first of 
 them, it may suffice to say that rates for Free Libraries are 
 now levied in thirty-four towns ; that in those towns, 
 collectively, twenty Consulting Libraries, and forty- four 
 Lending Libraries, have been established, within which, in 
 the aggregate, more than 420,000 volumes have been pro- 
 vided for public use, with ample means for needful renewal 
 from time to time and for permanent maintenance ; whilst 
 the average annual issues of books to readers already 
 amount, in the aggregate, to 2,988,000 volumes. The 
 details — as far as respects those of the Free Libraries which 
 are already in full operation — may be seen in the folding 
 table which faces page 192. 
 
 The chapters which follow will enable the reader to form 
 some comparative estimate of what has been effected, in a 
 like direction, in several other countries. As respects 
 France and Germany, ' Free Libraries ' are institutions of 
 great antiquity. But many of them had fallen into a con- 
 dition of neglect, arrear, and disorder. Recent British 
 legislation on this subject has not been without its in- 
 fluence towards improvement, both in France and in 
 Germany. But it is still true that, in respect to Town 
 Libraries, we have — after all that has been done in Britain, 
 iknfenta^^' of latc ycais — more to learn than to teach. And, above all 
 and Govern- things clsc (as far as the matter under view is concerned) 
 
 mental lielp. ^ i ti t m • • 
 
 we have yet to learn that Free Libraries are just as reason 
 
 i 
 
NECESSITY OF NATIONAL KNCOrKAC.KMKN'l'. I<)1 
 
 ably institutions of national concern as are Free Schools. 
 They ought not, therefore, to be left, absolutely and in all 
 cases iiuliscriiuinately, to mere local eftbrt. They have as 
 good a claim as have Schools to Parliamentary and Admi- 
 nistrative assistance and encourai:;cment, under due rc'aila- 
 tions. They stand in as great need of systematic otlicial 
 inspection, and of full and efficient publicity. 
 
 Some channels by which very useful, and not very costly, 
 help could at once be afforded, will be sutticiently indicated 
 by a quotation from a Parliamentory Ke])ort of 185:3 : — 
 " Wherever Free Public Libraries are established, your 
 Committee recommend that, u})on application from tlic 
 managing body, the Parliamentary Papers should there- 
 upon be sent to them, free of all charge, and immediately 
 upon publication." The Report in which this passage 
 occurs was an unanimous Report, made after an elaborate 
 inquiry. It was backed by nearly three hundred })etitions 
 to Parliament. And its special importance lies in the fact 
 that the recommendation applies to the very important pub- 
 lications of the Boards of Admiralty and Ordnance ; to those 
 of the Registrar General ; to those of the Master of the Rolls ; 
 and to many others of like character, with even greater force 
 than to the Papers of Parliament itself. But the inertia of 
 official routine, coupled with certain more active opposition 
 (not, it may well be, of a quite disinterested character), 
 have been hitherto too strong an obstacle. For sixteen 
 years, a proposition reasonable on the face of it, and carry- 
 ing the additional weight of a precedent and exhaustive 
 inquiry, has remained a dead letter. 
 
 Nor is the argument for the extension, to the Free 
 "i Libraries of the snufl^er and ])oorer towns, of direct grants 
 of money, when the special circumstances of the case need 
 it, less valid or less conclusive. The o])jcct is as truly 
 
 I 
 
192 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, AT HOME. 
 
 educational and as broadly national as is any one of the 
 many objects to wliich public grants are now applied, 
 whether under the Department of Science and Art, or 
 under the Committee of Council for Education. 
 
 Note on the vobking or the Hartley Institution, and on the proposed 
 
 INTRODUCTION OF THE LIBRARIES ACT INTO SOUTHAMPTON. 
 
 [Page 189.] 
 
 When tlie foregoing notice of the origin of the Hartley Institution, 
 and of the strong argument thence specially accruing for the introduc- 
 tion of the Libraries Act into Southampton, was put into print, I was 
 not aware that the subject had been already brought before the Town 
 Covmcil, in the shape of an able Report from the Curator of the Insti- 
 tution, Dr. Francis T. Bond. That Report (as I have since learnt,) 
 strongly advocated the adoption of the Act, and was made in May, 1867. 
 
 At present, the Institution has an income of about £1,400 a year, of 
 which somewhat less than two thirds is permanent, and the remaining 
 third is derived from variable subscriptions and admission fees. The 
 Library includes the collection bequeathed to Southampton by Mr. 
 G. F. Pitt J contains about 6,000 volumes; and is accessible only io 
 subscribers. 
 
 " The town," says Dr. Bond, in the Report above-named, " seriously 
 wants a Free Library. In all towns which are alive to their best interests 
 such a Library is rapidly coming to be looked on as equally essential 
 
 with a Town Hall or Market Place So far from the 
 
 acquisition of the Hartley Institution being an excuse for the town 
 abandoning its intention of forming a Free Museum and Library, it 
 should be the strongest incentive to proceeding with it." This passage 
 refers to the adoption (nearly twenty years ago, and prior to any know- 
 ledge of the Hartley bequest,) of the ' Museums Act' of 1845. Hitherto 
 that adoption has had no practical consequences. It was thought, in 
 1860, that the Hartley fund was almost inexhaustible. 
 
JIANCHESTEK FEEE LIBBAEIES.— EXPESDITUEB 
 
 I Camp Field Cbntbal REPEEEhCB add Lekdino Libeaet. 
 
 ToKJ £-2,216 13 5 Total £1.! 
 
 Hues. Cuta-t 5- » « 
 
 121 11 6 Rent Eatts and Taxes 130 
 
 195 1 7 Intenat on Loans andl.,H^ „ 
 
 Liquidation of Debt j »"" "^ 
 
 3_l 11 H BooUmding 250 
 
 Ih, nil PuiodicalsiHimpapers 200 
 
 llo 2 ^ Printing and Stationery 100 
 
 1 Catalosues (HulmeJ„.(, . 
 
 OLoilton Ancoats) J """ " 
 
 187 IG 1 Alterations and Rcpaus 50 
 
 142 8 2 Goals Gas and Water 160 
 
 Total i.3 062 
 
 11 NcS 
 
 III rSAUFzrt OF book expxnditube for 
 rini T \-\ n'l iries 185i-i860 
 
 
 1 1 I, All, 0/ 1850-S5 ar. p,v,l,d 
 T !l«,(o «>,«.„((,„ „;„rf.m„5 
 
 
 
 H« 
 
 ..„.,...„. 
 
 •s 
 
 ...._,_. 
 
 S£ 
 
 S 
 
 ■■"^"'"" 
 
 
 B>tureotPoUtici,°Soei«i 
 StsXoS™'"' 
 
 
 
 2. LiveepoolFbeb 
 
 LlBEAEV 
 
 6.202 
 
 English Literature in all 
 
 g^c-ost^m-rts 
 
 iS,002 
 
 
 3. Bolton Peee 
 
 10.780 
 
 Kat"oAMB°"?! 
 
 sZiu,,/,'. and tli'e like)'. 
 —Technological bool<«. 
 
 
 
 "=s 
 
 821 
 
 TeoUnologioal boolts and 
 works of Standard En- 
 glish Anthots, 
 
 .6230 
 
 5.. 7i. 
 
 IV. EXAMjPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE BOOKS OF ENGLISH FREE TOWN LIBRARIES. 
 
 MANCBESTEB FREE ZTBRAJilES. 
 
 Class I. Theoloq|-. 
 Claesn. Philosophy:— 
 . Mora PhiloBopby. § 2. Mental PbOosophy. 
 
 Class ni. HisTOBr :— 
 Universal Histoi^. § 4- Foreign History. 
 
 Ancient History. § 5. Biograpliy. 
 
 British AAmeiican History. § 6. Yoyages and Travels. 
 
 Class rv. Law, Politics, and Commebce. 
 
 . Mathematical Sciences 
 
 . Mechanical Ai-ta. 
 
 . MiUtai-y and Naval ArtB 
 
 
 Class VI. LlTEBATtlBE AND POLYOBAPEY :— 
 , General Ti-eaHses on Lite- §4, Oratory. 
 
 riiture and Literaiy § 5. Epistolography. 
 
 . Linguistics. 
 
 , Poetry and Pi-ose Fiction. 
 
 II. LTTEUPOOL FREE LLBBART. 
 
 I. Theology, Morality, and Metaphysics 
 II. Natubal Philosophy and Mathematics, 
 HI. Natueal Hibtoet. 
 rv. Science and the Arts, 
 T. History and Biooraphy. 
 VI. Topogeaphy and Antiquities, 
 VII. Geography. Voyages, and Travels. 
 VIIL Miscellaneous Liteeatube 
 
 IX. JuEiaPEUDENCB, LaW, AND POLITICS. 
 
 X. CoMMBRcB, Political Economy, and S 
 XI. Education, Rhetoric. Logic, 
 
 LAN- 
 
 Xn. POBTBY AND THE DbAMA 
 
 Xni. Novels and Romances. 
 xrv. Classical Litebatdbe, 
 XV. Heraldry, Encyclop,«:dlas, Gazetteeb8, Dic- 
 
 OTHER WOBKS OF REFEB- 
 
 III. BOLTON FREE HBRAR7. 
 
 II, MoBAL AND Mental Philosophy. 
 
 in. HrSTOBY. 
 
 V. Topooeajphy. 
 VI. Voyages and Travels. 
 vn. Law, Politics, a 
 Vni. Sciences and Abts. 
 IX. Poktey and the Deama. 
 X. Novels and Romances. 
 XI. Genbeal Litebatuee. 
 
 V. EXAMPLES OF PRINTED INDEX-CATALOGUES OF FREE TOWN LIBRARIES. 
 MANCHESTER FREE LIBRARIES. \ 
 
 [ CI Walk thiough 
 
 En<,li3H at Home E ju os 1861 
 English Battles and Si ges in th Pemnsula 
 English Cathedials E le ISbl 
 English Chronicles Gihs I'-Jb 
 English Common Sense on Rdi^ion Dt Boi 
 CI an 1^8 1858 
 C n well 1859 
 
 English Pwets Eaily Ellis 1803 
 English Pnennpi-s in Russia Roijcr 185i 
 English Revolution of 1640 Oii-uol 
 
 2263 B 
 1236^ 
 1886 B 
 
 , Regions r 
 Ernest Malteavbbb 
 
 rythiug IW") 
 ir Stgffiis ISU 
 I a 1816-1820 
 
 ; Summer of 1862 Malet 
 
 <)2 93 4457 E 
 
 4734 E 
 
 1368 1493 B 
 
 619 D 
 
 62U D 
 
 52 A 
 
 5080 E 
 
 3083 E 
 
 2544 B 
 
 4627 E 
 
 720 D 
 
 1017 E 
 
 655 B 
 
 . 715 2<!18 E 
 
 
 SPAIN— Aet and Art 
 
 BooEGoi: 
 
 CUSTINE, A 
 
 TOWNSEND, 
 
 s in the Uppev Hall nf tJte Public Libvanj of Vic City of 
 
 ICBIPTIONS, TbAVELS, &C :— 
 
 Travels in Spain VSlO; 
 
 fpagne sous Ferdinand VII . . . ^'\ 310^ 
 e en JBsjKiywe ■'. . 3HH 
 
 Itinei-aire descriptif de VEspaqitf . . . 3103 
 
 *n 
 
 ,Tr,-oya^pittoresqueetliistoriquf 
 
 l-Makkaji, Mohammedan Dynasties 
 
 Cevallos. I 
 
 of Spain [by Bonaparte 
 OhateadhbiI 
 
 CoiTespondoAie relating to Spain. Seo Great Britain. 
 E the Kings of Spam, 1700-1788 , 
 . 180a-J. See Great Bbitain, vc 
 s of Philip rv and Charles II of Spniu 
 , A. duoUeuforsohungou niisder Gesohichto Spatmns 
 , L. f er Spanwcft* F" ' ' 
 
 e Erbtolgekrieg 
 
 . \.t;UogUL-. 180S-3 4W0 
 u, isn-ltil4 . SlOl 
 :^;»-. I80S-1S11 - 4(^:3 
 
 [To face page 193.] 
 
I. PRINCIPAL FREE LIBR.\RIES OF GREAT BRITAIN. ESTABLISHED UNDER THE 'LIBRARIES ACTS,' 1350—1868. 
 
 
 fMANCHESTER 
 I [Commi 
 
 3. BIRMINGHAM 
 
 [Mixed Commit 
 10 from Council; 6 fro 
 
 BOLTON {La, 
 [Mixed Commi 
 
 6. BIRKENHEAD . 1857 
 
 14. CARDIFF . . . 
 
 15. LICHFIELD . . 
 
 16. KIDDERMINSTER 
 
 17. LEAMINGTON . 
 WARRINGTON . 
 
 USl). 
 
 61,420 
 26,361 
 
 '05,3 
 
 17,958 
 26,938 
 
 72 Consulting 
 Library; 75 
 jending Library 
 
 72 Consulting 
 
 Library; 30 
 
 Leading Library. 
 
 65 Consulting 
 
 Library; 62 
 
 Lending Library. 
 
 69 Cou suiting 
 
 Lilirary ; CO 
 Lending Library 
 
 Lending Library, 
 
 Consulting 
 iibrary; 30 
 iding Librari 
 
 807,664 £12,754; by Public Sub 
 
 £14,423 for Lau 
 and Books, 
 Rates. 
 
 ing, by Gift of Sir William 
 Brown. Purcbase of Sitr 
 and all Expenses by Towi 
 Council, and also £1,000 
 
 £29,500 wholly fiom Rates, 
 
 £l,312for Books from Rates 
 
 £100 for Books from Rati 
 exclusive of a Mecliani 
 Institute Library since 
 purchased. 
 
 in a cir- Lending- Library, and Ncws- 
 Rooin. Nearly one penny in 
 the pound levied. 
 
 On the Guaranty The uncompensated loss One Consulting Library; Two 
 
 £300 
 365 prior 
 1868]. 
 
 The average los 
 ■cry 100,000 V. 
 
 compensated loss has 
 
 Lending Libraries, and News- 
 Room. Three Farthings in the 
 pound lovicd. A rate of one 
 
 ue Consulting Lil)rary ; Oiit 
 Lending Library. [No News- 
 Room.] One halfpenny in th( 
 pound levied. 
 
 One Consulting Library ; One 
 Lending Library. [No News- 
 Room.] ■Three farthings in the 
 pound levied. 
 
 Practically, a Lending Library 
 
 ooks almost equally divided, for j 
 
 Consulting and for Lending. One : 
 
 halfpenny in the pound levied. , 
 
 Ine Consulting Library ; one I 
 
 Lending Library. One halfpenny I 
 
 in the pound levied. , 
 
 Greater part of the Rate-money 
 ' arbed in payment of Interest 
 Building Loan. 
 
 The Library of an 'Artisan Society' 
 been bought. A rate of 
 
 i about illOOO a year. 
 
 Lending Library only. One penny 
 
 Rate not yet levied; 
 
 t £1,250 a year. ' 
 Three for- 
 
 L Consulting Library only. 
 
 A Lending Library only. 
 Established (in 1848) under ' 
 
 Vith a Branch Lil)rary at Knight 
 bridge. Up to 18G7 one fartliiii 
 in the pound was levied, whic 
 
 f above Table, it in believed, will suffice to ahoto ti 
 
 yrMngofthe 'Libraries z 
 
 r nearly every circumstantial variety of population, : 
 
 [To face page 192.] 
 
 •able value of property, and other conditions, under which it has, as yet, i 
 
BOOK THE SECOND. 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBB ABIES. ABBOAD. 
 
 13 
 
Chapter I. The Town, Communal, and Popular Libraries op 
 France. 
 
 II. The Town Libraries and Popular Libraries of 
 
 Germany. 
 
 III. Notes on the Town Libraries of some other Con- 
 
 TINENTAL StATES. 
 
ciiArTi-:R T. 
 
 THE TOWN, COMMUNAL, AND POPULAR LIBUAPTES OF 
 FRANCE. 
 
 The Toirn Library of Lyons. — That of Troyes. — Synchronisin of Hennc- 
 quin's gift to Troyes, mid of the gifts of Henry Dii Bouchet and of 
 Cardinal Mazzarini to Paris. — Alternation of periods of neglect toith 
 those of increase and improved management. — Summary View of the 
 number, extent, and income of the French Town and Communal Li- 
 braries, based 07i the Official Statistics collected in 1855-57. — Classified 
 examples of the statistical details. — Need of new effoi-ts to extend the 
 benefits of Public Libraries to all classes of the population. — Formation 
 of Papular Libraries in the several districts of Paris — And of Primary 
 School Libraries throughout France. 
 
 Fkom an early period of their existence tliose among the 
 Provincial Libraries of France which belong to the munici- 
 palities — or which are under the management, more or less 
 exclusive, of such bodies — have been made widely acces- 
 sible to the Public generally, so far as concerns the 
 liberality of their rules of admission. But in very many 
 cases, the liberal regulations were by no means duly 
 supported by liberal maintenance. Many a Town Library, 
 the doors of which stood freely o})en, was very little used. 
 Some collections were adapted to meet scarcely any demand 
 save that of the learned. Others were suffered to fall so 
 greatly into arrear as scarcely to answer the recpiiremcnts 
 of any class of readers whatever. 
 
 The hi.story even of those among the j-'reiich Town 
 Libraries which combine remote antiquity of origin with 
 great existing wortli is a very chc^fpiercd one. Sonic of 
 
196 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 them can trace their first germ to a period as remote as the 
 earlier part of the sixteenth century ; and can show the 
 records of splendid gifts — coupled in some instances with 
 express injunctions, from the donors, or testators, of unre- 
 stricted publicity of access — made in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury. But the period of vigour is very often followed by a 
 period of torpor and neglect. 
 See, here- Lyons, for cxamplc, had a Municipal Library as early as 
 
 iv^und°er iw 1530. It rcceivcd several important benefactions in. 
 
 ''feuZT^ 1659, in 1693, and in subsequent years. Then came aj 
 time of lax and unfaithful guardianship, so that before thef 
 outbreak of the Revolution it had sustained many losses. 
 At the close of the century, the course of events entailed, 
 graver losses still. Under the first Empire these were ir 
 part repaired, and the Town Library of Lyons entered on i 
 new career. It is now estimated to contain nearly 160,00(: 
 volumes ;* and it is largely frequented. The doors of itij 
 reading-room are open freely to all comers. To borrowers! 
 books are issued only by exception, and under the specie 
 authorization of the Mayor. The annual municipal expen 
 diture for books, binding, and other like expenses (bu 
 exclusive of the expenses for salaries and wages), amount 
 to about £500 sterling. 
 
 As another example — and it is by a few examples onl 
 that so wide a subject can be treated within the limits ( 
 this volume — the Town Library of Troyes may be takei 
 This institution has special interest as being the fir 
 Municipal Collection in France, the organization of which ; 
 
 * Compare tlie oflEicial returns of 1855-57 witli the later statements 
 Didot's ' Annuaire.' Of tlie library statistics given from time to time 
 Didot's publication, M. Gustave Brvinet (writing in 1860) speaks thii 
 " They are not, perhaps, in all cases minutely accurate, but in gener 
 I believe, they may be received with confidence." {' Dictionnaire 
 Bibliologie,' p. 178.) 
 
Town Libra- 
 ries of tlie 
 
 FRENCH LIBRARIES OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 197 
 
 a strictly ' Vive Library ' can be assigned to a precise 
 date. 
 
 Times of nnusual })olitical and warlike excitement liavc 
 often proved to be times cliaracteriscd also by more than 
 nsual eti'orts for social progress. AVliilst, on the one hand, 
 such periods have put very obvious and severe impediments 
 in the onward path, they are found to have given not 
 infrequently a sort of compensating stimulus, on the other 
 hand, both to the improvement of old institutions and to 
 the creation of new. The history of Free Libraries in crtur""'' 
 several parts of the world illustrates, in its measure, one 
 phase, at least, of a general and suggestive truth. 
 
 Li France, a very turbulent period is marked by the 
 foundation of three Free Libraries within nine years. In 
 England, a period both similar and contemporaneous is 
 marked by the erection of the only Free Library which 
 England possessed before the passing of the ' Libraries Act ' 
 of 1S50. 
 
 Cardinal ]\Iazarin's famous library was not fully 
 organized as a public institution until long after his death. 
 But its actual publicity dates from 1G43. In days of 
 tierce party conflict, fast ri})ening for civil war, the Cardinal 
 ])ut a splendid collection of books freely at the command of 
 the Public of Paris. Its subsequent and remarkable 
 history has been often told. 
 
 Eight years later the same Parisian community received 
 a like gift — although a lesser one — from the hands of 
 Henry Du Bouchet de Bournonville. This book- 
 lover bequeathed his Library, in April, 1052, to the 
 Monastic Comnnuiity of St. Victor, at Paris, on the express 
 condition that tiiey should maintain it as a public collec- 
 tion, freely accessible. 
 
 Nearly at the same period James llENNEquiN be(jueathed 
 
Tlie Library 
 of Troyes. 
 
 198 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 his Library to his fellow-townsmen of Troyes ; choosing 
 the Town Conncil * as his trnstees, and expressly directing 
 them to keep the Library open " for all those who may 
 desire to come in." This absolntely free access was to be 
 maintained, during at least three days of every week, from 
 noon until sunset. Such are the terms of his Will. The 
 testator was a Doctor of the Sorbonne. 
 
 Until the date of the Revolution, no very notable acces- 
 sions came to the Library founded by Hennequin. A'or 
 are there any satisfactory accounts of the extent to which 
 it was used. But here, as in so many other parts of 
 Prance, the Revolution brought Avith it large accessions 
 from the Libraries of the dissolved Monasteries. Those 
 received from the Community of the Oratory, at Troyes 
 itself, and from the famous Benedictine Abbey of Clairvaux, 
 were of especial value, and of vast extent. Some precious 
 MSS., which had been taken from Clairvaux and were 
 intended for Troyes, miscarried in their transit. t A por- 
 tion of these, it seems, passed into other public coUections. 
 Another portion fell into the hands of private collectors. 
 But the additions actually made to the Town Library of 
 Troyes sufficed to raise it to the first class amongst provincial 
 collections. 
 
 In 1803, the government of the day sent Commissaries 
 into the provinces with instructions to visit as well the 
 Libraries which had been already enriched with the spoils 
 of the Monasteries as the yet undistributed accumulations 
 of like origin which w^ere lying under the temporary 
 
 * According to one account ; apparently well founded. But according 
 to another account — and that given in an official Report — the Cordeliers 
 of Troyes were the Trustees of Hennequin's library before it passed to 
 the Municipality. 
 
 ■j" Ijihri, ' Ba2oports au Minister e de V Instruction Pahlique ;' pubhshed 
 in the 'Journal des Savants,^ 1841-42. 
 
THE LlHI^\i;V OF TKOVKS. 190 
 
 miardiansliip, sometimes of the departmental, sometimes of 
 the municipal authorities. These Commissaries were em- 
 powered to make selections and transfers; partly (as it 
 seems) with a view to establishing a more equal partici|)a- 
 tion amongst the Provincial iiihrarics themselves ; partly, — 
 and more especially, — for the aggrandizement of those of 
 the Capital. 
 
 In this way the Troyes Library was deprived of about 
 three thousand five hundred printed volumes; and of 
 nearly live hundred manuscripts. In each department the 
 volumes so transferred comprised some of the choicest 
 books in the Collection. Part were sent to Paris ; part to 
 .Montpellier; part to Dijon. Yet, after all these losses, 
 the relative position of the Town Library of Troyes amongst 
 institutions of the same class was little altered. At the 
 date of the latest general report on the Provincial Libra- 
 ries of France — drawn up in 1854 — only four other 
 provincial collections stood higher in the niunber of their 
 printed books (Strasburgh, Lyons, Bordeaux, and Rouen), 
 whilst in the extent of its Collection of Manuscripts it was 
 without a rival. The printed books wei'e returned as about 
 1(10,000 volumes; the MSS. as about 3000. But it was, 
 and is, little used, in comparison with its extent and 
 intrinsic value. At the date of the report referred to, its 
 average daily number of readers was but twenty-five.* 
 Its income from the municipal funds was about £lbO a 
 year. 
 
 In the same year in which James Hennequin bequeathed 
 to Troyes its Free Town Lil)rary, Humphrey Cuetham 
 made the Will, under the provisions of which Manchester 
 
 * ' StatUtiqtte dea Bibliothiques Puhlupifs de France (priuted in 1855- 
 
200 FREE TOWN LIBEAEIES, ABROAD. 
 
 was to inherit a Free Library in connexion with its Free 
 School In France, during the following t\vo centuries, 
 Hennequin had many imitators. In England, dming the 
 same period, Chetham had scarcely one. 
 
 Elaborate as are the French official retm'ns on many 
 
 heads of inquiry connected with its Public Libraries, they 
 
 The Returns do uot afford the means of discriminating, in all cases and 
 
 on Provincial . . i -n • • i t -i • 
 
 TownLibra- With cxact prccision, those among the rrovmcial Libraries 
 neso 5- ^yi^j(.ij g^^-jctly bclong to cities, towns, or communes from 
 others which belong to institutions of various kinds esta- 
 bhshed in such towns or communes, but not expressly 
 municipab although in many cases deriving part of their 
 support from municipal sources. There is ground, how- 
 ever, for stating, broadly, that whilst more than three 
 hundred French towns and villages now possess Free 
 Libraries, administered and maintained by the munici- ; 
 palities, there are in addition to that number many other \ 
 Provincial Libraries, of various origin and variously 
 governed, which in practice are as freely accessible as are 
 the libraries belonging directly to the towns themselves. 
 The total number of French Provincial Libraries, freely 
 open to the public at large, was in 1S57, at the least, 
 three hundred and forty ; and of these not less than three 
 hundred and two were both Free Consulting Libraries and 
 Free Lending Libraries. The other thirty-eight were 
 Lending Libraries exclusively. They were as accessible as 
 the others ; but they possessed no reading rooms. Forty- 
 one libraries out of the three hundred and three of this 
 class which combined Consulting Collections with Lending 
 Collections, had reading rooms which were open during 
 the evening as well as during the day. 
 
 As will be seen, presently, the large efforts v,hich have 
 been made very recently to increase and to diffuse the 
 
IIKTURNS OX riU)VlXriAL TOWN Lir.RAUIKS,1855-S. 201 
 
 itliicatii)ii;il advantages of c'lisily acccssil)le l)()oks have, for 
 the most part, taken new elianncls. 
 
 Of the existing 'Town Libraries' of France a consider- 
 al)le nnniber date their virtual origin from that Act of the 
 National Convention which transferred many of the Hhra- 
 ries of the suppressed monastic couununities to the newly- 
 founded ' Central Schools ' of the revolutionary ])eriod. 
 I'nder the Consulate, those schools were entirely re- 
 Diganized and their libraries were given to the municipali- 
 ties of the towns. The books thus acquired became, in 
 some cases, an augmentation of Town Libraries already 
 formed^ but, in a much larger number of cases, they were 
 made the groundwork of new Collections, the future main- 
 tenance of which devolved upon the coq^orate funds. 
 
 As the local corporations have to meet the charges of 
 maintenance, the ^Liyor, on their behalf, has usually the 
 patronage of apj)ointments in the Town Libraries. For a 
 \ cry brief interval — in the year I s:39 — this provision was 
 jiltercd. The Royal ' Ordonnance' of the 2.2nd of February 
 in that year, frauied by M. de Salvanuy, decreed that the ordinance 
 .Minister of Public Instruction should thenceforth appoint isso, ture iu. 
 the Librarians on the occurrence of vacancies. The change 
 naturally excited dissatisfaction in the towns. When M. 
 \'iLLKMAiN became, during the same year, ]\Iinister of 
 
 I > 1 1 ■ T • /-w 1 • 11 1 • 1 VilliniHin, 
 
 luljlic Instruction a new Ordonnance was issued by which 'Rapport, 
 the former [)ractice of appointment, by the Mayors, was 
 restored. 
 
 The aggregate contents of the Free Town and Com- 
 munal Libraries of France may be estimated to have 
 amounted, in 18G8, to about 4,122,000 volumes of |)niit('(l 
 books, and -ll-.OTO Manuscripts. At some })eriods hcreto- 
 
 noi,' 8ic., 
 
202 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, ABROAD. 
 
 fore, a return of the MSS. iu the Provincial Libraries 
 would have shown a larger aggregate. For many MSS. 
 have at various times, and under various governments, been 
 selected out of the provincial establishments for the 
 aggrandizement of the great libraries of the Capital, and 
 more especially, of the Imperial Library of Paris, in the 
 w^ay of which an example has been already cited in regard 
 to Troyes. 
 
 The amounts expended by the Municipalities throughout 
 France, for the support of their Free Libraries, vary from 
 year to year. In 1854, the aggregate amount was about 
 408,000 francs (£17,000). Of this sura 223,000 francs 
 were absorbed in salaries and wages. At present (1868) 
 the total outlay may be estimated as scarcely exceeding 
 450,000 francs. In addition to this municipal expenditure 
 there is, it will be remembered, a considerable national; 
 expenditure for the augmentation of the books by hberal 
 governmental gifts, made from year to year. This source;' 
 has no real parallel in our British experience. The gifts 
 of individuals have also, in many towns, been very liberal. 
 
 So far as the use made of the French Town Libraries is 
 shewn by the official returns it appears to fall far short oi, 
 that due proportion to the extent and intrinsic value of thej 
 libraries which might be looked for. The statistics pub- 
 lished between the years 1855-7 appear to be the latest — 1 
 extending to the whole of France — which are attainable 
 As respects the use and frequentation of the libraries, thej 
 are restricted to the numbers of readers who attend th( 
 reading rooms. They supply no information as to the; 
 extent of the issues of books to borrowers. According t(| 
 those returns, the aggregate daily attendance of readers ii 
 the reading rooms of three hundred and three freely nc 
 €essible Consulting Libraries (belonging to as many severa 
 
KKTUUNS OX I'KOVINt'lAL TOWN M 15KA1M KS.l«:)5-8. .^03 
 
 ci'ies, towns, anil villauos.) amounted, on an avi'ra^c, to 
 3,74(5. The figures assign, therefore, to eaeh library of the 
 three hundred and three an average daily attcndanee of 
 rwt'lve readers. 
 
 The bearings and full seope of the faets Avill become 
 the plainer if, to this broad sununary, the details of some 
 particidar cases be added, by way of example. For greater 
 brevity these details may be grouped into classes. And it 
 may be well to take them from towns varying much in 
 size, in the extent of their libraries, and in the character of 
 their population. The first group of examples gives the 
 
 ■ figures applicable to twelve of the largest j)rovincial cities 
 ' of France, ranked in the order of their estimated popula- 
 tion — as it stood at the Census taken shortly before the 
 
 ■ average date of the returns on libraries made to the 
 . ! Ministry of Public Instruction.^ For the reasons men- 
 ': '. tioned in the note there are no means of giving, with exact 
 
 precision, the population figures so as to make them cor- 
 respond, year for year, with the Library figures. 
 
 J I • From the time necessarily occupied in the collection of these returns, 
 
 increased, no doubt, by the novelty of the practice of requiring them.— 
 
 :n<i of the library figures would be in nearer correspondence with the 
 
 r-pulation figures of 1856, than with those of 1851. But these would 
 
 _■ j be exceptional. The greatest discrepancy, however, arises from the 
 
 , changes in the municipal limits of the towns themselves, by their so 
 
 1- ; enlarging their borders as to absorb suburbs and outlyiag communes 
 
 [ I which, at the date of the preceding census, would of course be enume- 
 
 j rated separately. Thus, in the second group of examples, between tbe 
 
 I dates of 1851 and IStJl, Havre absorbed, as a municipality, the hamlets 
 
 ) I of Ingouville and Granville. At the fii'st-named census it was inferior, 
 
 1 I in extent of population, to Poitiers. At the second, its population had 
 
 ^ ' ome nearly two and a half times that of Poitiers. 
 
204 
 
 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 Free Town Libraries of France.— Population of the 
 Town ; Extent of Library ; and Average Daily Number 
 OF Readers. 
 
 Example First. 
 
 Name of Town. 
 
 1. Lyons 
 
 2. Bordeaux 
 
 3. Rouen 
 
 4. Toulouse 
 
 5. Strasburgh. 
 
 6. Amiens . 
 
 7. Besangon 
 
 8. Avignon 
 
 9. Yersailles 
 
 10. Grenoble 
 
 11. Troyes . 
 
 12. Aix 
 
 Population. 
 
 Census or 
 
 Census of 
 
 1851. 
 
 1S61. 
 
 177,190 
 
 318,803 
 
 130,997 
 
 162,750 
 
 100,265 
 
 102,649 
 
 93,379 
 
 113,229 
 
 75.565 
 
 82,014 
 
 52,149 
 
 58,780 
 
 41,295 
 
 46,786 
 
 35,890 
 
 36,081 
 
 35,367 
 
 43,899 
 
 31,340 
 
 34,726 
 
 27,376 
 
 34,613 
 
 27,255 
 
 27,659 
 
 Aggregate 
 Numbek (IF Vol- 
 umes IN THE Town 
 Library about 
 1855 (including 
 MSS.) 
 
 121,500 
 123,320 
 112,355 
 
 50,700 
 181,589 
 53,600 
 81.500 
 61,200 
 56,039 
 81,500 
 103,000 
 96,062 
 
 Average 
 
 Daily 
 Number 
 
 70 
 70 
 40 
 140 
 50 
 40 
 40 
 18 
 20 
 32 
 25 
 25 
 
 If the libraries of these twelve cities be arranged in th( 
 order of their relative magnitude, they will stand thus 
 (1) Strasburgh ; (2) Bordeaux ; (3) Lyons ; (4) Rouen 
 (5) Troyes; (6) Aix; (7) Besangon; (S) Grenoble 
 (9) Avignon; (10) Versailles; (11) Amiens; (12) Toulouse 
 
 The Library of Strasburgh dates from the year 153L 
 It is very rich both in rare and choice printed books and i)| 
 manuscripts. Of books which came from the press befor^ 
 the year 1520 it possesses about 4,300 ; and of these it i! 
 said that more than one fourth are without dates. Itj 
 abundant rarities are accompanied by an excellent coUec; 
 tion of modern books. With the old library of the tow: 
 a large collegiate library and two or three valuable privat. 
 libraries have been conjoined. 
 
 Bordeaux derives its Town Library mainly from the ol 
 
UirriTvNS ox provincial TOWX LIBRAllIES,185r).8. 205 
 
 collection of its 'Academy of Sciences, Literature, and 
 Arts,' enriched, in the usual way, from the collections of 
 dissolved monasteries in the neighbourhood. It is espe- 
 cially well-furnished in good editions of the Greek and 
 Roman classic authors ; in works on the plastic arts, and 
 in the literature of natural history. 
 
 The Town Library of Rouen, ])rior to the acquisition of 
 the great collection of M. Leber, possessed about 3.'), 000 
 printed volumes, of which the older portion had accrued 
 from suppressed monasteries, and the more modern portion 
 from systematic and liberal purchases, as well as from pri- 
 vate gifts. Then came the purchase of the Leber library, 
 at a cost of nearly £4,000, and the nuuiificent bequest of 
 M. Eugene Coquebert de Mot^tbret. This latter gift 
 appears to have more than doubled a collection which 
 already, both in extent and intrinsic value, as well as in 
 etticiency of working condition, ranked very high amongst 
 the public collections of France and reflected great credit 
 on the municipality which maintained it. 
 
 The gift conferred on Aix, in the year 1786, by the 
 
 Marquess of Mejaxes provided a Free Public Library for 
 
 a town which by neglect and supineness had suffered two 
 
 Town Libraries of earlier foundation to be virtually lost. The 
 
 liberal collector by whose bequest Aix regained, just on the 
 
 i. j eve of the Revolution, an institution of which it had dis- 
 
 i I possessed itself as carelessly in the eighteenth century as in 
 
 i j the fifteenth, resembled our own Heber in the ownership of 
 
 1 I several libraries in various places. He had one at Aix ; 
 
 ^ I another at Aries ; another at Avignon, and a fourth at 
 
 j,i i Paris. All were bequeathed to Aix. To an admirable 
 
 I printed collection, there is subjoined an extensive and 
 
 < hoice series of MSS. 
 
 The combination of good printed books with fajnous 
 
20G FREE TOWN LIBRAUIES, ABEOAD. 
 
 MSS. characterises the Town Library of Besaii9on as well 
 as that of Aix. The Granvelle MSS. have made some of 
 the more promment circumstances which mark the history 
 of the Besancon Library very widely known. 
 
 That of the Grenoble Town Library is more interesting 
 still. The inhabitants raised a large public subscription, 
 in 1772, to purchase the library of their deceased bishop. 
 The Faculty of Advocates belonging to the Parliament of 
 Grenoble joined in the foundation of the new institution, by 
 giving to the Town their own library ; and they laid anj 
 impost on themselves in order to provide a liberal endow-j 
 ment fund for future purchases. The King, — that he tod 
 might have a worthy part in an institution of which the! 
 beginnings were so eminently marked by public spirit, — { 
 gave copies of the splendid series of publications issuedj 
 from the royal printing office of France. After the Revo-! 
 lution of 1789 the most precious of the printed books ancj 
 MSS. of the celebrated monastery of the Grande- Chartreusi] 
 were added to the collection thus founded. Amongst thes(j 
 Carthusian acquisitions a series of printed incunabulaj 
 originally formed by a collector who was himself the con ' 
 temporary of Fust, Guttenberg, and Schoifeer, is re 
 markable. Very recently a new building has been erectet 
 — or is in course of erection — for the reception of tli 
 Grenoble library. It is, I believe, one of the extremel 
 small number of library biuldings which have been main! 
 designed by a librarian. The plans are said to e>; 
 hibit — as, under such circumstances, they plainly ough 
 to do — unusual closeness of adaptation to the end i 
 view. 
 
 The Town Libraries of Avignon and of Amiens wei 
 founded, mainly from monastic collections, after the fin 
 Revolution. Those of Versailles and of Toulouse are < 
 
RKTL'RXS OX PROVINCLAL TOWN LIBH.UlIES,1855-8. :207 
 
 more recent origin, hut the history of their InriiKitioii |)ro- 
 sents no notnl)le circumstances. 
 
 The second group of examples comprises eight towns 
 which range in present popuhition at from about 10,000 
 inhabitants to about 30,000. The ninth (Havre) contains, 
 within its ancient liujits, l)etwcen 30,000 and 40,000, but 
 by its administrative incorporation with Iiigouvillc and 
 other suburbs comprised in 1861 a population of 74,336. 
 Each of the other three towns of the group contains less 
 than 10,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Free Town Libraries of France. — Population of the 
 
 Town; Extent of Library; and Average Daily N 
 
 CTMBER 
 
 of Readers. 
 
 
 
 
 Example Second. 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 Agoreoate 
 Number of Vol- 
 
 Average 
 
 Daily 
 Number 
 
 
 
 umes in the Town 
 Llbraey about 
 
 Name of Town. 
 
 
 
 
 Census of 
 1851. 
 
 Census or 
 1861. 
 
 1855 (including 
 MSS.) 
 
 OF 
 
 Readers. 
 
 1. Poitiei-s . 
 
 29,277 
 
 30,563 
 
 23,089 
 
 12 
 
 2. Havre 
 
 
 28,954 
 
 74,336 
 
 23,605 
 
 50 
 
 3. Boui'ges 
 
 
 25,037 
 
 28,064 
 
 20,310 
 
 10 
 
 4. Niort 
 
 
 18,727 
 
 20,831 
 
 21,021 
 
 G 
 
 5. Bloia 
 
 
 17.749 
 
 20,331 
 
 20,010 
 
 12 
 
 ('^. Pan . 
 
 
 1G.196 
 
 21,140 
 
 20,000 
 
 ■KJ 
 
 7. Bastia 
 
 
 15.985 
 
 19,304 
 
 20,012 
 
 25 
 
 8. Saintes 
 
 
 11,566 
 
 10,962 
 
 22,030 
 
 8 
 
 9. Carpentras 
 
 10,711 
 
 10,918 
 
 25,800 
 
 6 
 
 10. LaRochellc .^ 
 
 11. Charleville . f 
 
 12. Vesoul . .3 
 
 Under 10,000 In- 
 habitants 
 
 C 22.324 
 \ 23.399 
 i 23,441 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 If the Libraries of these twelve towns be arranged 
 
 if j according to their relative extent, they stand thus : — 
 
 T) Carpentras, (2) Havre, (3) Vesoul, (4) Charleville, 
 
208 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 (5) Poitiers, (6) I-a Roclielle, (7) Saiiites, (8) Niort, 
 (9) Bourges, (10) Bastia, (11) Blois, (12) Pan. 
 
 Tlie Town Library of Carpentras dates its origin from 
 the middle of the eighteenth century ; and its chief distinc- 
 tion lies in the possession of some of the MSS. of Peiresc. 
 That of Havre was founded in 1823, and comprises a good 
 collection of modern books, well adapted to mercantile and 
 popular use. The Library of the little town of Vesoul was 
 formed from the relics of the confiscated monastic collec- 
 tions of the Department of the Upper Saone, after their 
 best contents had been otherwise appropriated. 
 
 The MSS. in the Charleville Library are chiefly theolo- 
 gical. In that department they include many which are 
 both curious and valuable. Those at La Rochelle are 
 precious as materials of local history. The extensive series; 
 at Bourges came, for the most part, from the Library of the 
 old University, and the majority of them relate to theolo 
 gical subjects. 
 
 The last group of examples will consist rather of village, 
 than of towns, and it will be superfluous to give the detail 
 of their population. 
 
riK'l'lTxNS OF l'i;i)VlXClAT. TOWN LIIUJAHIKS. IHrin-? 2()<) 
 
 None of tlicsc Libraries, it will be observed, exceeded 
 3000 volumes in extent at the date of the returns. Nearly 
 all of them are of recent formation. 
 
 The relative extent of the use of the Free Town Libraries 
 of France by Readers in the reading rooms, may be further 
 illustrated by grouping some examples, in a different way. 
 The number of days in each week during which they are 
 open varies greatly. Some are o[)en only on one day of the 
 I week. Others are open on every day, Sunday included. 
 Hut the great majority — if we exclude those Libraries 
 which are of very small size — are open either for six days, 
 "I for five, in every week. 
 
 The highest daily average of readers obtains at 'j'oulouse 
 jand at Lyons. In each of those towns the Free Libraries 
 are open on six days of the week, and they have, on the 
 
 11 
 
210 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 average, 140 readers. But at Toulouse the readers are all 
 accommodated in one Library, whilst at Lyons they are 
 spread over two. Montpellier has a daily average of 100 
 readers; Strasburgh, 50; Metz, 45; Amiens and Boulogne, 
 each 40; Caen, 35; Clermont and Bastia, each 25. All 
 these Libraries are open on six days in each week. 
 
 The following Town Libraries are open on five days in 
 the week, and their average number of readers, on each 
 open day, stands thus: — Rennes (119 readers); Nantes 
 (75); Bordeaux (70); Marseilles (65); Havre (50); Pan 
 and Rouen (each 40) ; Grenoble (34) ; Cahors and Dijon 
 (each 30) ; Troyes (25) ; Nancy (24). 
 
 Toul, Haguenau, Valence, Evreux, and Montauban, , 
 open their Libraries on four days in the week, and their j 
 daily average of readers ranges between 31 (at Toul) and 201 
 (at Montauban). j 
 
 BesanQon, Auxerre, Saint Etienne, and Vesoulare among j 
 the more considerable of those Town Libraries which are 
 open on three days only. Their average number of readers 
 varies from 40 (at Besangon) to 20 (at Vesoul). 
 
 Among the towns which open their Libraries only twice 
 a week are Montivilliers, Autun, Chatillon-sur-Seine, and 
 Vannes. Here the average number of readers ranges 
 between 30 and 40. Sarreguemines, Montbeliard, and' 
 Neufchateau are open once a week, and have from twenty- 
 eight readers to fifteen at each opening. 
 
 The examples which have been given — under greatl} 
 varying conditions — of the management and working o 
 the Town Libraries of Erance will, at least, have sufficec 
 to show that the majority of them are poorly raaintainec 
 and little used. There are striking exceptions. But evei 
 where the Libraries arc admirable for their contents, an( 
 
HITENT PROOIJKSS 1\ FIJANCK. 211 
 
 creditably supported hv tlie Muiiirii)nlities, the use which 
 is made of them by readers cannot be regariled as showing 
 any due proportion eitlier to tlie value of the Libraries 
 themselves, or to the aims of those who founded them. 
 Above all, it is a fair inference from the examples cited 
 that, in the main, the old Town Libraries have failed to 
 extend their advantages to all classes of the town popula- 
 tion ; even where the circumstances, both of maintenance 
 and of accessibility, have been favourable. 
 
 Whilst this fact had become more and more evident to 
 French thinkers and educationists, another and correlative 
 f\tct had also come into prominent view. Pernicious 
 books of many kinds were found to have widened their 
 circulation. Instead of being driven out of the field by 
 the greater accessibdity of good books, much that was 
 frivolous and much that was corrupting found new 
 channels of diffusion. By careful inquiry this fact also 
 was placed beyond question. And it deepened the con- 
 viction already attained that new and more efficient 
 machinery must be found for bringing within the reach 
 of even the poorest classes good and elevating reading. 
 Within the last ten years vigorous effort has been made in 
 this direction, and with considerable success. It has been 
 made in many ways. Amongst those in which the success 
 I appears to have been greatest may be named the Primary 
 School Libraries, established in 1802 ; the Popu'ar 
 Libraries established, in some cases by the Municipali- 
 ties ; in others by voluntary associations, in many of the 
 large and especially of the manufacturing towns of Prance ; 
 lid the District Libraries which have been gradually 
 nned in the several ' arrondisscDioiLs' of Paris. Put as 
 »t the experience attained of the working of cither class of 
 the new lilirnries is very brief and paitial. lis chief 
 
// 
 
 212 FREE TOWN LIBEARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 interest in connection with the main subject of these pages ■ 
 The Primary ^g ^^ intei'est of contrast. For the new institutions derive 
 
 bcliool and 
 
 coTunumai a siuall portiou of their support from payments- from the 
 borrowers of books, whilst their main support is derived 
 from municipal funds. These payments, hoAvever, are not 
 universal or compulsory. The ' Ordonnance ' by which 
 the School Libraries were created describes the payment 
 by the term ' cotisation volontairc' A part of the use! 
 which is made of them is free. Another part of that use 
 is paid for by an annual subscription. 
 
 The general provisions of the measure of June 180.5 are 
 ns follows : — 
 
 '' There shall be established in every Primary School a 
 School Library, to be composed (1) of class-books; (.3) of 
 books presented by order of the Minister of Public Listruc- 
 tion ; (3) of books purchased in pursitance of grants by the 
 local council of the prefecture wdthin which the School 
 Library exists {Conseils Generaux); (4) of books presented! 
 by individual donors ; (5) of books purchased out of the! 
 funds of the School itself." i 
 
 The funds applicable to such purposes are (1) those; 
 voted by the Municipal Councils and in addition those ^ 
 accruing (2) from voluntary subscriptions or from legacies ; 
 (3) from fines levied for the loss or injury {degradatiom) 
 of books lent ; and (4) from a voluntary but annually fixedi 
 Rate of payment /or the loan of booh t)orroiced for domestic 
 me* 
 
 No books can be placed in such libraries, — wdiethei 
 accruing by purchase or by gift, — Avithout the sanction oJ 
 the Lispector of Schools. As to class-books, they must 
 uniformly be such as have received the sanction of tlir 
 
 * " Cotisation volontaire fournie par les families cles EU'ves payants, n 
 dont le taux sera fixe chaque annee" &-c. 
 
 Arnte ilu 
 Min.deVIn- 
 slrt'cfion 
 Fiibliqve,' 
 lerJuin,1862. 
 
I'KlMAli^ SCHOOL AM) (uM.MrNAl, IJHKAUIKS. -Jl.J 
 
 liiipiMi:!! Council oi' Public Instruction, anil have been dnl\ 
 cntcrotl on tlu; authorized Catalogue. 
 
 Each Communal schoolmaster must keep sysitematic 
 accounts of accessions, receipts, expenditure, and circula- 
 tion or other use of books, and must make an annual 
 report at the close of each 3ear. 
 
 The Inspector of Schools must seiul to the Ministry of 
 Public Instruction, in like manner, an annual report of the 
 condition and working of all the Scliool Libraries comprised 
 witliin his district. The measure of which these arc the 
 leading clauses was devised by M. Rouland, who, in \^('):2, 
 was Minister of Public Instruction. It has created a class 
 <»t' Libraries which is altogether new. They arc — when 
 rouipletely organized — at once ' School Libraries ' and 
 • Comnuuial Libraries.' But the first provision made in 
 llieni is of books expressly calculated for the scholars. 
 fl\ Books suited fur adult readinir are i»raduallv superadde<l, 
 
 j ^ O ^ 1 
 
 ■ 1 as the means accrue. 
 
 Within five years there were formed, under the 'Onlun- 
 . nance' of LsG2, no less than 10, .243 Primary School 
 s j Libraries, in more than GOOO of which provision had been 
 j 1 already nuade both for the pupils attending school, and for 
 v\ the families to which they respectively belong. AVithin the 
 > I same period 1,117,352 volumes were distributed amongst 
 s the libraries of these ' Primaiy Schools ' and those of 
 ,»i j 'Normal Schools,' — of earlier formation. Of the whole 
 number of books so distributed, 730,000 volumes were pm- 
 i I chased from the funds of the Prefectures and Town 
 ( I Councils of the several localities; 3 2. j, 109 were u;iven by f'*';"^;" i 
 } I the Ministry of Public Instruction ; 55,937 were jirivcn by /V"'"-'.' iwm. 
 ' private donors. .mii'jo„r;. 
 
 Further e.\[)erience, it is obvious, will be needed before a stZdLi'li. \ 
 ' linite opinion can l»e formed of ihe wisdom, or (»f th^' '"'"' "' ^ 
 
214 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES. ABROAD. 
 
 sufficiency, of M. Roulaisd's plans for making the 
 Primary School Libraries serve also as Communal Libra- 
 ries. The evidence is abundant as to the rapidity with 
 which the new institutions have been formed, but the 
 statistics have yet to be collected which shall show the 
 extent to which they have been used. All that can at 
 present be said on that head is that the use which is known 
 to have been already made of the School Libraries, beyond 
 the walls of the schools themselves; is regarded as satisfactory 
 by the promoters. 
 
 The important provision in the plan of IS 0,2 which 
 exacts the sanction of the School Inspectors as the neces- 
 sary condition of the admission of books into the libraries, 
 appears to have met with general approval. There has not 
 been any like unanimity about the system followed for the 
 admission of books into certain other popular libraries 
 established (much more recently) by the municipalities, and 
 maintained out of municipal funds, at Saint- Etienne, at 
 Amiens, and in several other towns. On this point a 
 remarkable discussion occurred in the French Senate, in 
 1867. It arose out of the presentation of a petition from 
 some inhabitants of Saint-Etienne. 
 
 In that Town two Free Libraries had been established by 
 the Town Council. They were placed under the manage- 
 ment of a mixed Committee — twelve in number — half of 
 whose members were chosen from the Council itself, and 
 half from the town at large. 
 
 The petitioners complained that " numerous works had 
 been acquired for the Free Libraries which were of a kind 
 little to be expected on the shelves of a library open to all 
 classes of readers." Among the works incriminated were 
 those of Voltaire, J. J. Rousseau, Proudhon, Fourier, 
 CoNSiDERA>T, RexNan, and MiCHELET; the tales of Madame 
 
RECENT DISCUSSIONS ON CHOICE OF BOOKS. 215 
 
 DuDEVANT, of Sue, and of Ualzac. The list also included 
 a work of ^I. D arc. and which had had the honour of 
 being laureated by the French Academy m ISOl, and of 
 iccciving the ' Gobert i)rize,' after an elaborate report u[)on 
 its merits, drawn up by M. Villemain. This book is 
 entitled Ilistoire de la Llherte religieuse en France et de 
 ies fondatcurs. In respect of some of the books declared 
 by the petitioners to be unsuitable for a Library " open to 
 all classes of readers," there w\as little room for real discus- 
 sion. In a national library every book mentioned in the 
 list ought to be found. For a popular library a large 
 proportion of those enumerated in the list were, just as 
 obviously, ill-chosen. But the inclusion of a book like 
 that of j\I. Dargand removed the discussion to quite 
 iinothcr platform. It evinced a tacit purpose in the peti- 
 tioners to attack, as by a side-wind, the principles ahke 
 ! freedom of worship and of freedom of opinion. 
 Under any aspect of the matter, the formation of an 
 I'xpurgatory ' index ' was no work for the legislature. 
 M. Sainte-Beuve and ]\I. ^lichel Chevalier went the 
 length of contending that the matter should be entirely 
 I left to the respective Town Councils and Local Committees. 
 I The Senator whose duty it was to report on the Petition 
 I proposed, on the other hand, an express condemnation of 
 i the act of the Saint-Eticnne functionaries. ]\I. Barocue 
 I contended in favour of a middle course. He regarded 
 it to be within the proper functions of the Council of 
 State to direct the formation of Catalogues for the Poi)ular 
 Libraries; to provide for their examination and publicity; 
 and to prescribe a method by which unsuitable books 
 should be removed. And in this opinion the Senate 
 ; I concurred. 
 
216 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 ThePuUic Among the many libraries of Paris there are several 
 PMis"!^''"*^ which subserve the pm-poses of ordinary 'Town Libraries'' 
 without being in any way mimicipaL No city in the world 
 has so large a provision of books publicly and freely avail- 
 able to students."^ But there is a growing opinion amongst 
 
 * About the accuracy of this assei'tion tliere is no room for doubt, 
 altbougb tbe statistics of tbe Parisian libraries, collectively, liave never ! 
 been given witb precision, — that is to say, on tbe basis of actual and 
 contemporaneous counting. For a fairly approximate estimate the 
 materials abound. Here it must suffice to mention that the official 
 returns of 1850 assigned to five of the secondary i^ublic libraries of 
 Paris — ranking next after the Imperial Library (then ' Bibliotheque 
 Nationale') an aggregate of about 730,000 pi-inted volumes and 13,800 
 MSS. To those five libraries the same returns assigned a yearly aggre- 
 gate increment, on the average of certain past years, of about 2,800 
 volumes. On this basis, and supposing that rate of increment to have' 
 been maintained, the number of printed volumes would have grown, at ■ 
 the end of 1867, to about 778,000 volumes. On the other hand, returas 
 — apparently at once independent and official — printed, towards the end 
 of 1867, in the Anmiaire of Didot (for tlie year 1868), assign to the same 
 five libraries an aggregate of only 750,000 volumes. It seems a fair in- 
 ference from the comparison that the last-named estimate does not 
 greatly err in excess of the truth ; and excess is the common and weU- 
 known tendency of all such estimates. At the same date (end of 1867) 
 the lowest estimate of the contents of the Imperial Library assign to it 
 985,000 printed volumes and about 90,000 manuscript volumes (exclusive 
 of charters and other unbound documents and records of various kinds). 
 To these numbers have to be added the contents of the Libraries of the 
 City, of the Liixembcairg Palace, and of the Imperial School of Fine 
 Arts, all of which are freely accessible. We have thus an aggregate of 
 1,988,000 volumes amassed in the strictly public libraries of Paris. 
 Mvich more than one half of this vast number of volumes are acces- 
 sible to all comers. The recent regulations which accompanied the T 
 formation of two distinct reading rooms at the Imperial Library have 
 wisely drawn a line between the needs of ordinary readers, and those of 
 readers having definite objeets of labour and study. Common books 
 for common purposes are given out in the ordinary reading room unre- 
 strictedly. Costly, rare, and choice books are provided in the special 
 reading room for readers— and for such only — " whose pursuits and 
 purposes of real study give warranty for placing at their disposal the 
 treasures of the Library." 
 
CLASSIFICA'PIOX OF PAinsiAX LIBUArvllCS 'J 1 7 
 
 the ablest of tliosc adniinistrators and puMicists who liavo 
 turned tlieir attention to the government and working of 
 Parisian Libraries that much of the existing contents of 
 them will need, eventually, to be redistributed. For some 
 time past it has been contended that each of the libraries 
 of the capital should have a si)ecitic character, and that 
 each of them should be administered with a view to the 
 special requirements of a particular class of readers. If 
 this be a desirable end, community of management, if not 
 community of funds, would seem to be an essential condi- 
 tion of its attainment. 
 
 ** The public Libraries of Paris," wrote M. de Laborde, 
 in 1S55, " have all been formed independently of each other. 
 At the time of the distribution of the books which were con- 
 fiscated during the Revolution there was, indeed, some idea 
 of giving a specific character to each of the libraries w^hicli 
 shared in that allotment, but the idea was not carried out. 
 
 need 
 Classi- 
 fication of 
 the Parisian 
 
 At present the Parisian libraries have no conmion link, -^^^'-"^ 
 
 i , ' of the C 
 
 although they ought to have a common organization. Each 
 should be devoted to one particular class of l)ooks, and hL-^iel 
 then, collectively, they would form a imiversal library. To 
 this end it would be necessary to make a redistribution of 
 their contents, so as to give a character of relative coiu- 
 pleteness to each in the department specially assigned to it. 
 The particular selection might be governed either by the 
 demands which the library is intended to meet, or by the 
 original character of the primary collection itself. Collec- 
 tively, the ' budget ' of the Parisian libraries ought to be 
 brought into balance with the literary productiveness of the 
 whole world. For sonic years past thirty-five thousand 
 volumes have been {)ublishcd in a year. That number (at 
 least) will be maintained for a long time to come. Strike 
 off the mere re|)rints, the trivial litrrahu'c, the (Iraiiialic 
 
218 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 pieces, pamphlets of merely local interest, and service-ii 
 books. There will remain perhaps, twenty-five thousano 
 volumes for purchase. Allowing for reductions of price or 
 the one hand, and for the dearness of certain extensive 
 publications on the other, you have an annual outlay, saj 
 of 150,000 francs (£G,250). ... A general cata- 
 logue of the acquisitions of the year would be publisher 
 which would point to the library in which each work was 
 placed and also to its number or local mark. Every ter 
 years a general index might be made to all the acquisitions 
 of the period. . . . And, in addition, each librar} 
 might have its own alphabetical and its own systematic 
 catalogue." These suggestions point to plans of improve- 
 ment which are not capable of very speedy realizatioa 
 But they deserve to be weighed and considered by all whc 
 are interested in the ^Yorking of libraries. In the manage- 
 ment, during recent years, of the Library of the City o 
 Paris they have already had a partial application. 
 
 Thecity rpi^g original City Library, or the greater portion of it 
 
 Paris. was transferred, early in this century, to the Listitute o 
 
 France. The existing library therefore is of comparativeb 
 recent formation. It is maintained from municipal fund; 
 and is placed under the general control of one of th( 
 superintendents attached to the secretarial department o 
 the Prefecture of the Seine. The members of the ' Com 
 mission for Historiography' act as its Inspectors or Visitors 
 and advise, from time to time, on points of organization anc 
 improvement. The library is estimated to contain fron 
 90,000 to 100,000 volumes, and is freely open to tb 
 public during six days in the week. 
 
 Something of that ' specialty ' of character so strongl; 
 contended for in the remarks of M. de Laborde has l)eei 
 
I LIBUARIKS OF TIIK AKUONDISSEMKNTS oF I'AIJIS. :i\'.) 
 
 i given to the City Library, — hut only of lato in any notahN^ 
 I degree, — by the systematic collection of works relating to 
 ; the history and internal aflairs of Paris itself. Such a 
 ) series, if brought together with any approach to conij)K't('- 
 I ness, will show, however, that an entire severance of the 
 , acquisitions, in current literature, of one library in a town 
 ■ from those of every other in the same town is neither 
 . desirable nor possible. Books, for example, which relate 
 to specific branches of industry carried on in Paris will 
 have their appropriate place both in the City Library and 
 in that of the Chamber of Commerce. They can as little 
 , be dispensed with in the one collection as in the other. 
 j Still more numerous are the books which will have to be 
 j placed as well in the libraries which provide, more 
 I especially, for the wants of students, as in those which aim 
 1 at carrying the benefits of reading to the humblest classes 
 j of the population. 
 
 The Library of St. Genevieve occupies a middle position. 
 
 Even recent accounts of its extent so largely differ as to 
 i place its number of printed volumes, sometimes at 150,000, 
 i sometimes at 180,000. But on the point of its great 
 
 public utility there is no doubt whatever. Its large and 
 
 noble reading-room is open during six evenings in every 
 , week and is habitually filled with readers. Since the 
 1 Revolution this library has derived its main support from 
 I national funds. It was founded, as a monastic library, 
 
 about the year 1030, by Cardinal de La Rochefoucauli), 
 
 (luring his tenure of the abbacy of St. Genevieve. 
 
 Hitherto, the Poijular Libraries of the several niuiiifipal tih- i'..imi..r 
 
 . -^ _ ' l.ibnirics ol 
 
 i districts of Paris — i.e. of the ' arro?idisseme/i/s ' into which An..ndi»»i- 
 the city is divided, each of them having ils mayor and 'i''!',',' ' 
 
 Libnuy of 
 St.Ge^ 
 
Jimuahe dii 
 BibliopliUe, 
 1863, p. 110. 
 
 220 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 other functionaries — have been usually based on the piin- 
 ciple of the union of a small monthly payment by eachi 
 participant, with a municipal contribution, and with volun- 
 tary gifts. The regulations vary, but some payment, how- 
 ever small in amount, is the general rule. All these arron- 
 dissement libraries are of very recent date. 
 
 Thus, in the third arrondissement — to take but one 
 example — a ' Popular Library ' was founded in the year 
 1862. Accommodation for a small collection of l^ooks 
 and for a reading room, — to be opened from seven o'clock 
 in the evening until ten, — was provided by the munici- 
 pality. About 1500 volumes were brought together, partly 
 by purchase and partly by gift. They included books of 
 elementary instruction, works of travel, history, and science, 
 as well as books of a more popular but sound literature, 
 and current periodicals. The terms of admission are these; 
 Male readers pay an entrance fee of one franc (lOd.) and a 
 monthly subscription of forty centimes (4d.) Female 
 readers pay one half of those amounts. Within about 
 three months of the opening, 3300 volumes were issued to 
 borrowers. Later notices of the progress of these popular 
 collections show that nearly every ' arrondissement ' pos^ 
 sesses one ; that their plan and regulations vary in min( 
 points ; and that they are working with good results. Bi 
 no comprehensive view either of their aggregate extent 
 of their issues is yet attainable. 
 
 On the whole, it may be said that whilst Par| 
 is unsurpassed, — if not altogether unapproached, — : 
 the reading facilities which its libraries freely offer t^ 
 men of letters and to students, it is but beginninj 
 to enter on the path of the systematic public i)rovisioi 
 by some measure of public, municipal, and comnioi 
 
I'oPrLAU I.IIUJAHIKS (»F FHANC'K 2'>l 
 
 cliargo. ul" l)o(>ks to he carricil into the homes ol" its 
 
 artisans and handicraftsmen. The small bei);innings in 
 
 this direction have hitherto been merely partial, tentative, 
 
 and hesitating. So far as the charge is a municipal 
 
 harden the readers and borrowers of books arc con- 
 
 tril)ntories, in their degree, irrespectively of the monthly 
 
 payments. But the general character impressed on the dis- 
 
 : trict libraries partakes much more of charitable gift from 
 
 ': richer to j^oorer than of public provision for a public 
 
 interest. In this feature lies the salient distinction between 
 
 the *' Free Libraries ' of England and America, and many 
 
 of the ' Volks-Bibliotheken ' of Germany, on the one hand; 
 
 i and the ' Bibliotheques Populaires ' of Paris and of many 
 
 1 other French towns on the other hand. 
 
 ; As respects France at lar£!;e, two conclusions more 
 
 I especially seem to be fully established by the facts which 
 
 have been cited: (1) In its large number of provincial 
 
 lil)raries it possesses the framework within which the wants 
 
 of the populations of the larger towns might be effectively 
 
 met. But it is the framework merely, for the most part. 
 
 Probably much more than half of those older libraries 
 
 which are managed by the municipalities are at present in 
 
 ! a state of torpor, or, at best, in a state of half activity. 
 
 I (2) In the vast number of new libraries established in 
 
 ! connection with the Communal Schools, and so liberally 
 
 I fostered by M. Rouland and by his successor in the 
 
 I Ministry of Public Instruction, a machinery has been ini- 
 
 i tiated which can hardly fail to have good and large results 
 
 ! upon the generation now rising. 
 
 Whether from both sorts of libraries, in combination 
 
 with that spirit of improvement in the action of the muni- 
 
 lci|)alities and communes of which many evidences have 
 
 |l)een recently given, good books will be cnrchinlly broiiglil 
 
Associative 
 
 Popular 
 
 Libraries. 
 
 222 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 within the reach of the masses of the French population is 
 still a problem the full solution of which is probably 
 distant. 
 Popular Meanwhile, great effort in this direction is being made 
 
 by societies which have for their especial object the circula- 
 tion of small nmnbers of selected books, more particularly 
 in villages and hamlets which hitherto have been wholly 
 unprovided with libraries of any kind. Some of the 
 groups of books provided by such associations itinerate as 
 well as circulate. The aggregate extent of these collec- 
 tions is already counted by millions. In some of them 
 books of elementary education predominate ; in others 
 devotional books ; again in others, works of history and 
 travel suited for popular reading. 
 
 Eminent French bookselling firms have, for some years 
 past, taken a prominent share in efforts of a like kind, 
 by extensive gifts of books. The house of ' Hachette and 
 Company ' has set a most liberal example in this way, as 
 well by the marked excellence of the books contributed as 
 by their vast numbers. These have been placed at the 
 disposal of the Ministry of Public Instruction, and by the 
 machinery of that department have been spread throughout 
 France. 
 
 If the remark be added that, in all probability, more 
 would have been already accomplished in some of the many 
 channels of educational effort which have been (very in- 
 adequately) noticed in the preceding pages, but for certain 
 official trammels, that remark is submitted in no spirit of 
 presumption. The evidence is conclusive that in certain 
 cases official formalities connected with the establishment 
 and working of Popular Libraries in the French Empire ha\ (> 
 been so employed as to prove friendly, not adverse, to the 
 
ASSOCIATIVE POPrLAPv LinRAR[ES. 223 
 
 promotion of educated thoiiglit ami free ojjiiiion. It is the 
 unfrieiully attitude of a certain section of tlie French Clergy 
 towards the machinery of true popular education which has 
 chiefly impeded some among the many efforts which have 
 been made to carry good secular literature — no less tlian 
 good religious literature — over the length and breadth of 
 the Empire. Occasionally, the government censorship over 
 the Popular Libraries has been wisely made the means of 
 holding in check a clerical censorshij), far less friendly in its 
 character. But it may well be hoped that restrictions of 
 either kind are temporary conditions, not permanent ones. 
 
GermanTown 
 
 tunes. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TEE TOWN LIBBAEIES AND POPULAR LIBRARIES OF 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 German Town Libraries of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries — Influ- 
 ence of tlie Reformation on Educational effort of all kinds — The 
 Statistics of the Toicn Lihraries, published by Petzholdt in 1853, and 
 in subsequent years — Examples and Tabular Summary — History of the 
 Toivn Library of Hamburgh — and of that ofBreslau — and ofAugsburgh 
 — and of Nuremberg — The Popular Libraries of recent formation. 
 
 Before the close of the sixteenth century, Auo-sburorh, 
 Dautzic, Hambiiro;h, Lubeck, Treves, Ratisbon, Halle, and 
 Libraries of GoeiHtz, — Rs wcll as Ulffl, Frankfort, and Nuremberg, — 
 xTithcer possessed Town Libraries which were already objects of 
 municipal care, as well as memorials of the beneficence anc 
 public spirit of individual citizens. The still more earlj 
 founded Town Libraries of Ukn, Frankfort, and Nurembei 
 (all of which date from the fifteenth century,) had beei 
 greatly improved and reorganized. The libraries of seven 
 of the towns and cities first-named had had their begin- 
 nings in small collections of MSS. given or bequeathed 
 churches, long before the dawn of the Reformation. Some 
 times the donors of these were ecclesiastics ; sometimes 
 they were laymen. But it was mainly owing to the mental 
 energy of the German Reformers, and to the latent in 
 tellectual sympathies which were by them aroused into 
 vigorous life, that the duties of an educational sort whicl 
 devolved upon towns in their coi-porate character W( 
 brought into prominence. The Reformers made it manifesi 
 
OKHMAX TOWN Mr.lJAIMKS 335 
 
 li.it tlic comiuuiiities wore bound to ni;iki; (or to licl[) to 
 ii;ike) a public provision of the silent teachers of mankind, 
 IS well as to provide, or to contribute towards providing, 
 he stipends of sehoohnastcrs. 
 
 In Germany, as everywhere else, those who promoted the 
 u)od work had to struggle against an abundant measure of 
 ncrtness and indifference. They had — as educationists 
 ind thinkers always have — their hard battle to fight with 
 jhe obstinate adherents of the old routine. But the im- 
 )alse given, early in the sixteenth century, to the formation 
 )f libraries and to the popularizing of their use as amongst 
 ■he chief agents of civilization Avas in Germany a con- 
 inuous impulse. Whatever the partial intermissions, its 
 iifluence never died out. In Germany the history of Town 
 jibraries during four successive centuries is characterised — 
 f we may take it as a whole — by more of a steady pro- 
 (ressiveness than is their history in any other country in 
 he workl. And it is so, in spite alike of the immediate 
 lavages of such periods of destruction as the Thirty Years' 
 A'ar, and of the long-continued impediments to civilizing 
 jffort of every kind which thence ensued. 
 t The early contrast in respect of Public Libraries, viewed 
 i>! matters of municipal provision and care, between Ger- 
 nany and France is not less salient than that which 
 •btained — during a much longer period — between Ger- 
 •lany and England. At the close of the sixteenth century, 
 prance possessed (in all probability) no municipal library 
 >hich reflected any credit on the town it belonged to, save 
 Iiat of Lyons. At the same period, England had no such 
 !l)niry at nl!. 
 
 For any iTasonablc approximation to a (/oitprnl view of 
 |ie statistics of tiie existing Town Libraries of Germany 
 
 1.'. 
 
226 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 statistics of we have to go back to the years 1852-53. No compre- 
 TowuTLa- liensive summary of that part of the subject can, as['yet, be 
 rie3inis53. j^^j ^^|^|^|j -^ ^f |^^g^, j^^^ r^^^^ g^^j^ statlstlcs cxlst at all, 
 
 in a trustworthy form, is due to the elaborate researches of 
 a man who has clone more both to collect and to diffuse 
 knowledge concerning the economy and good management 
 of Public Libraries — chiefly, but by no means exclusively, 
 in Germany — as well as concerning their histoiy, than, per- 
 haps, any other writer. Dr. Julius Petzholdt's Handhucli 
 deufscher Bibliofheken, published in 1853, continues, in 
 1869, to be the one trustworthy source of information on 
 tiie topic, whilst the best supplementary information must 
 be sought, partly in the successive volumes (1854 — 1868) 
 of the same Author^s Neuer Anzeiger fi'ir Bibliop-ap/iie una 
 Bibliothekwissenschaft, and partly in those (published con- 
 temporaneously) of Dr. Robert Naumann's Serajjeum. 
 These combined sources will afiford, for some of the Ger- 
 man towns, statistics of a more recent date which ma} 
 usefully be compared with those of 1853. But in mam 
 cases the figures last named are the latest that can yet be, 
 supplied. 
 
 It will best consist with the practical purpose of thi|j 
 volume, and also with its necessary limitations, to give th| 
 statistics of the German Town Libraries in a tabular fori 
 and with as much brevity as is attainable. They do nc 
 admit, however, of being brought within the compass 
 an ordinary page, and are therefore printed on the foldin' 
 leaf which faces the present page. The arrangemer 
 adopted is in so far that of Petzholdt's Handhiich, as thf 
 it treats of Germany as a whole, irrespective of the Stat 
 divisions subsisting when the returns were compiled. J 
 departs from that arrangement in another particular 1 
 ranking the towns according to the relative extent of the 
 
II. EXAMPLES OqioN of from 20,000 to 50,000 inhabitants. 
 
 9. Hanover Pounded in the 16th Centui-y in the Council 
 House, upon the remains of two earliei* Town 
 p (li40), and Yolkmau von Anderten (1479), and 
 to St. Giles' Church in 10()2, but restored to the 
 jmore recent Library, which had been founded, at 
 plicate books of the Hanover Royal Library, given 
 ^d recently. 
 
 10. NuREMBEnFounded in 1445. Open to the Public on three 
 
 days in the week. 
 
 11 . Augsburg: bounded in 1537. United aftoi-wards witli the ' Pro- 
 vincial Library.' 
 
 [To face page 226.] 
 
I EXAMPLES OF GEEMAJJJ TOWN LIBRARIES .-Gkoup Fibst.-Libeaeies ra Towns ha vino a -Poptilation exceeding 50,000 inhabitants. 
 NUMBEE OF Volumes, accoeding to Rexuens op 18i9-1852.-AMOi™T of funds foe inceease; aveeage NjrMBEE of voldmes added teakly: and 
 
 iVERAOE of annual ISSUES TO BOEEOWEES.-ESTIMATED NUMBER OP VOLUMES IN 1869. 
 
 
 Popul.tion. 
 
 Number of Volumes of Prinled Bonks 
 
 Number of MSS. 
 
 iunud Fund 
 Purcfiascs. 
 
 luK"i 
 
 Volumes .dded 
 ye.rly. 
 
 Yearly Issues 
 
 VOLL^MKS ,» 
 
 R, marks. 
 
 11849)? 
 
 ^=r 
 
 1. Hamburgh . 
 
 ^^^. 
 
 153,000 
 
 Nearly 
 200,000 
 volumes. 
 
 5,000 
 
 [Total in- 
 come about 
 £500.] 
 
 450 
 
 About 
 
 4,000 
 
 volumes. 
 
 190,000 
 
 Pounded in 1529. Open six days in the week; 
 Holydays excepted. 
 
 2. Beeslau 
 
 138,661 
 
 [in 1861 ; 
 without 
 Suburbs]. 
 
 
 
 Rbediger 
 Libraiy 
 about 1,000 
 
 
 300 
 
 
 130,000 
 
 (1) Rhedigee Library founded in 1575. 
 
 (2) St. Bernard's Libraiy founded early in 16tb 
 Century. 
 
 (3) St. Mary's Library founded in 1547. 
 United, in 1864, as a Free Town Library. 
 
 3. Cologne 
 
 120.568 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 (1) Gymna. 
 
 sium Library 
 
 Nearly 
 
 38,000. 
 
 (2) Town or 
 ' Wallraf 
 Libranj,' 
 14,313 
 
 (1, (.,,„.„. 
 
 (2) Toioii 521. 
 ■ t488 
 Cbai-ters. 
 
 
 
 
 52,000 
 
 The Gymnasium Librai^ was fonnerly that of the 
 
 Jesuits. It was incoi-porated with the Town 
 
 Library in the year 1864. 
 The Walleaf Library was founded in 1824 by 
 
 that Collector's bequest to the Town. 
 The Municipality has erected a new building for the 
 
 United Libraries. Open six days in the week. 
 
 i. Beemen 
 
 98.575 
 
 [in 1862]. 
 
 About 
 35,000 
 
 Upwards of 
 20,000 
 
 394 
 
 
 
 
 36,000 
 
 The original Library— that of the Gymnasium- 
 was founded in 1534. It was re-organized as a 
 Town Library in 1620. 
 
 5. Feankfoet- 
 on-Maine . 
 
 89,837 
 
 [in L864]. 
 
 60,000 
 
 About 
 79.000 
 
 1,000 
 
 £214 
 
 450 
 
 2,000 
 
 84,000 
 
 Founded in 1484 by Lewis von Maeeueg. The 
 Library of the German Natural Assembly was 
 incorporated with it in 1867. Open five days in 
 the week. 
 
 6. Magdebuegh 
 
 86,301 
 
 [in I86I]. 
 
 
 About 
 12,000, 
 
 9,083 works 
 
 (counted in 
 
 1844). 
 
 
 £50 
 
 120 
 
 900 
 
 15,000 
 
 Founded, as 'Council Library' in 1650. Made 
 PubUoinl818. Open twice in the week. 
 
 7. Leipsio 
 
 [in 1864]. 
 
 
 About 
 90,000 
 
 About 
 2,000 
 
 
 About 
 1,600 
 
 
 113,000 
 
 Founded as • Council Library,' in 1677, but includ- 
 ing the remains of an earUer Collection, given to 
 the Town in 1466. Opened to the PubUc in 1683. 
 Augmented in 1838 by the large (about 25,000 
 volumes) and very valuable Libraiy of H. L. 
 POELITZ. Open three days in the week. 
 
 8. Dantzic 
 
 82,765 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 Ne.™0 
 
 CoUection 
 included). 
 
 Upwards of 
 32,000 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 43,000 
 
 Founded, as 'Council Library,' in 1580. Open 
 twice in the week. 
 
 9. Hanoveb . 
 10. Nueembeeg. 
 
 79,649 
 
 [in 1864]. 
 
 62,797 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 
 
 .„ 
 
 ,., 
 
 
 
 
 Founded in the 16th Centuiy in the Council 
 House, upon the remains of two earUer Town 
 DB (1440), and Volkman von Andeeten (1479), and 
 to St. Giles' Church in 1662, but restored to the 
 a more recent Library, which bad been fmuided, at 
 uplicatc books of the Hanover Eoyal Library, given 
 led recently. 
 
 Founded in 144.5. Open to the PubUo on three 
 days in the week. 
 
 Libraries of the precedi 
 subsequently increased 
 Council House in 1756. 
 St. Giles', in 1708. In 1 
 by the late Duke of Cam 
 
 ng Century, given, respectively, by Conrad von Tzeeste 
 3ut of the Collections of suppressed Convents. Removed 
 In 1843 it was augmented by the incoiporation with it of 
 50 the united Collections were ftu-ther augmented by the d 
 BRIDGE. No official statement of contents h.ia been publis 
 
 50,000 
 
 50,000 
 
 800 
 
 £35 
 
 80 
 
 
 52,000 
 
 
 [i»]. 
 
 118,000 
 
 
 394 
 
 
 160 
 
 worhs 
 
 (Return of 
 
 1849). 
 
 
 120,000 
 
 Founded in 1537. United aftoi-waids with the ' Pro- 
 vincial Library.' 
 
 [To face page 226.] 
 
III. EXAMPLES OF GERMAN TOWN LIBBAEIES.— Gkotip Thied — Libeaeies in Towns hating a Population of less than 16.000 inhabitants, 
 Ndmbee of Volumes, accoeding to Betuens op 18M-185'2.— Amount of funds foe inckease ; ateeage numbee of volumes added teaelt; and 
 ateeage of annual issues to boekowees.— estimated number of volumes in 1869. 
 
 
 Pop„l„lio„, 
 
 Kumljcr Of Volumes of PriDtcd Book, 
 
 Number of MSS, 
 
 31°' 
 
 adae°aTe"iy. 
 
 YcarljI.suH 
 Borrowers. 
 
 I'i^lZ 
 
 Ecmirks. 
 
 For'ei'sn Office 
 
 a„M„i!h 
 (1863). 
 
 1. LUNEBUEGH. 
 
 15,691 
 
 [in 186i]. 
 
 
 About 
 22,000 
 
 350 
 
 £15 
 
 40 
 
 
 22,700 
 
 Founded, as Council Libraiy, in 1555 ; chiefly out of 
 the CoUeotions of dissolved monasteries. Received 
 
 it of a great part of the fine Library of the ' Ritter- 
 AkadeSiie.' Open once in the w^k. 
 
 2. ESSLINGEN . 
 
 15,591 
 
 [in 1864], 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 Pounded, in 1533, out of monastic CoUeotions. and 
 rather, it would seem, as a Library for the Town 
 Clergy, than for the Town at lai-ge. It possesses 
 no assured means of increase. Formerly there 
 was a custom that evei-y Town Councillor and 
 every Town Officer paid an entrance-fee, towards 
 the augmentation of the Libraay, but this custom 
 has long been out of use. 
 
 3. Kaiseeslau. 
 
 13 502 
 
 [in 1864]. 
 
 
 2,000 
 
 
 i-13 
 
 35 
 
 
 2,600 
 
 Founded by the Town Council in 1839. 
 
 4. Geossenhain 
 
 9122 
 
 [in 1864]. 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 3,200 
 
 4,500 
 
 Originally the Libraiy of tlic Grossenhaiu School. 
 Reorganized(imderthe auspices of PEEUSKEEIas a 
 Fi-ee Town Libraiy, in 1833. It may be rcs,'Luded as 1 
 the earUest of the distinctively -PopiUar 'Libraries 
 {Volksbiblioiheken) of Germany. But it has no 
 fised means of maintenance and enlargement. 
 
 5. Lauban 
 
 7,432 
 
 [in 1S64]. 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 50 
 
 £3 
 
 10 
 
 700 
 
 15,200 
 
 Founded in 1569. Open once a week. 
 
 6. NoEDLINGEN 
 
 6,628 
 
 [in 1864], 
 
 
 2,000 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Founded about the year 1500. This Library has 
 no assiu-ed means of maintenance. 
 
 7. HALLCScdwi- 
 
 6,489? 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 
 
 . j ... 
 
 
 Founded iu 1592. 
 
 8. LINDAU 
 
 5,248 
 
 [in 1864]. 
 
 13,000 
 
 About 
 17,000 
 
 150 
 
 
 j - 
 
 
 Founded in 1538. Open siic days in the week. 
 
II EXAMPLES OP GEEMAN TOWN LIBRARIES :- 
 
 Gkoup Seco 
 
 ND,— LiBEARIES IN ToWNS HAVING A POPULATION OF FROM 20,000 TO 50,000 INHABITANT8. 
 
 1 NUMBEK OF 
 
 Volumes accokding to Returns c 
 
 F 1849-1852.- Amount 
 ISSUES to borkowees 
 
 OF FUNDS FOB INCEEASE ; AVEEAQE NUMBER OF VOLUMES ADDED TEAELT ; AND 
 
 —Estimated number op volumes in 1869. 
 
 
 
 Number of Volume, or Printed Books. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Population. 
 
 w 
 
 llaiiJbuch 
 
 (1853). 
 
 Number of MSS. 
 
 inmialFuntl 
 Pu.-chLe.. 
 
 .^Z^L 
 
 Yearly Issue. 
 
 '"S." 
 
 Remark.. 
 
 1. Mentz . . 
 
 42,704 
 
 [in 1864]. 
 
 80,000 
 
 About 
 99,000 
 
 1,034 
 
 £105 
 
 240 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 Founded as tlie Library of the former University of 
 Mentz. Made a Free Town Libraiy in 1804. Re- 
 moved to the old Electoral Palace in 1846. Open 
 five days in the week. 
 
 2. Cassel. 
 
 iMi 
 
 ''^n,sr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Founded, in 1843, by the bequest of Frederick 
 MuEHAED and Charles Muehaed, whose legacy 
 amounted to about £16,000. The interest of that 
 sum— or most of it — is devoted to purchases. The 
 oi-dinary expenses of the Libraiy are borne by the 
 MunicipaUty. 
 
 3. Eefuet 
 
 c,»l,. 
 
 30,672 
 
 40,000 
 
 1,178 
 
 
 70 
 
 
 32,500 
 
 Founded as the Libraiy of the University of Erfurt 
 in 1716. Reorganized as ' Royal Librai-y of the 
 Town of Erfurt ' in 1816. Open three days in the 
 week. 
 
 4. LUBECK 
 
 ,»5. 
 
 40,000 
 
 
 400 
 
 About 
 £80 
 
 200 
 
 
 44,000 
 
 Founded in 1616. The fund for augmentation is 
 chiefly derived from contributions of the members 
 of allied 'Reading Societies.' The books so 
 pm-chased passing, after a stipulated time, into 
 possession of the Town Library. 
 
 5. COBLENTZ . 
 
 28,828 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 
 12,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Foimded in 1827; and incoi-porated with a 'Gym- 
 nasial Library ' estabUshed in the 17th Century. 
 
 6, Ratisbon . 
 
 27,878 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 
 25,000 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Founded about 1430. With it have subsequently 
 been incorporated many minor Collections ; but its 
 choicest books and MSS. have been removed for 
 the augmentation of the Royal Libraiy at Munich. 
 Open sis days in the week. Its means of increase 
 are small. 
 
 :. GOEELITZ . 
 
 27,983 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 
 12,700 
 
 300 
 
 £12 
 
 30 
 
 
 13,200 
 
 Founded, by Milich's gift, in 1727. Incorporated 
 with it is the Gymn.asial Library, which, origi- 
 naUy, was that of the Fi-anciscan Monks of Goer- 
 Ut.z. Open twice in the week. Books are lent 
 only upon special permission. 
 
 8.ELBIK0, . 
 
 28,839 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 
 20,000 
 
 
 £10 
 
 25 
 
 
 20,500 
 
 Founded in 1599. 
 
 9. Bambekg , 
 
 23,542 
 
 [in 1861]. 
 
 65,000 
 
 
 2,800 
 
 
 650 
 •works,' 
 according 
 to official 
 retui-n. 
 
 
 75,000 
 
 Founded, as the Libraiy of the Jesuit CoUege, in 
 1611. Ti-ansfen-ed— in gi-eat part— to the Uni- 
 versity, after the suppression of the Jesuits. En- 
 larged by the incoi-poration of a great many minor 
 Collections, and ultimately reorganized as the 
 ' Royal Library of the Town of Bamberg." 
 
 10. Treves 
 
 21.674 
 
 [in 1864]. 
 
 89.880 
 
 90,000 
 
 2,120 
 
 5,T;ot;i 
 
 rate works]. 
 
 £10 
 
 25 
 
 
 90,500 
 
 Founrl.-.l :15 tli.' T -■^-iirr "f th.- .T.-=nif Poll.'^e, in 
 
 ]„„■;, l,,l ..,,,1, , ,: ., : i:. ., ; . ■ ..'i.! i.rivate 
 ChH.. ■ . . ' . ^ 1 1. '..■aryin 
 
 [To face page 226.] 
 
THE TOWN LIBRARY OF ITAMRURGII. 227 
 
 population. Tlic latest available returns are supplied, for 
 comparison with those of 185:3, whenever such a com- 
 parison is practicable upon authoritative data. When the 
 sources relied upon give the number of volumes in an ap- 
 proximate form, of which the following is an exam})lc — 
 "From 90,000 to 100,000 volumes" — the medium 
 (*' 95,000 ") is substituted, for the sake of brevity. 
 
 As in the case of the Town Libraries of France treated 
 of in the preceding chapter, the past history of those of 
 Germany can here be illustrated only by way of a very small 
 number of examples. Hamburgh may supply the first. 
 Probably no Town Library throughout the breadth of 
 Germany is under better organization and management. 
 In point of mere extent it also ranks in the foremost class. 
 And it is the especial honour of that great and ancient seat 
 of commerce that whilst its Town Library is a model, the 
 town possesses at least three other collections which for 
 literary resort and for purposes of real study are virtually 
 public, as well as a like number which, for such purposes, 
 are also accessible (not of right but by favour), although 
 they are the property of specific corporations ; and, in addi- 
 tion to these, small })opular libraries {Vulhbiblio(hckcn) of 
 recent formation, which address themselves especially to the 
 requirements of artisans and handicraftsmen and to those 
 of the children in the popular schools. 
 
 The Library of Hamburgh was founded in 1529. The Totr,, 
 Several small pre-existing collections, chiefly monastic, were H^b'uru'i.'. 
 then brought together to be its groundwork. The forma- 
 tion of the new library was effected under the direction 
 of John BuGENHAGEN, tlic wcU-knowH fellow worker of 
 Luther, who at that date was re-organizing both the 
 ecclesiastical and educational institutions of Hamburgii. 
 
The re- 
 foundation 
 
 228 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 The comprehensive character which he desired to give to 
 the Library is marked by the express direction that all 
 available books — " good and bad together " — should be 
 collected.* 
 
 There is no evidence of any municipal exertion — direct , 
 or indirect — for the improvement of the new institution ] 
 until 1610, when the Burgomaster Sebastian von Bergen 
 gave many books and by his example stirred up some of 
 his fellow- senators, and many private townsmen, to like 
 liberality. What was thus done in that and the succeeding 
 years amounted to a re-foundation of the Library of 1529. 
 by Von g^^ji- ^|. continued to be a scholastic not (in the strict sense 
 
 Bergen. ^ 
 
 of the term) a pubhc library. It was the Library of the 
 School of St. John, or Johanneum. 
 
 It has been said that Bergen bequeathed to the Johan- 
 neum his private collection of books, but his bequest, if 
 made, was informal, and had no effect. Eventually, the 
 library came — about the year 1650 — by the bequest of its 
 next possessor, Francis Lindexbrog, and his own collec- 
 tion accompanied that which he had acc^uired by his mar- 
 riage with the widow of Bergen. Another important 
 acquisition was that of the Library of Tassius, one of the 
 Hamburgh tutors. And nearly at the same period the 
 libraries of the Johanneum and of the neighbouring Gym- 
 nasium were incorporated as a ' Common Library.' The 
 building which received them, with all their academical 
 
 * The terms of tlie InstiTcCtion are as follows : — " Eine Liberie schall 
 man anricliten, niclit veern van der Scliolen luid Lectorio, daiin alle 
 Bocke, glide iin bose, versamlet werden, de man in disser Stadt dartlio 
 bekamen mag, docla dat se ordentlick werden gelegt, besonderlick de 
 Besten, een icklick na syner Artli ; ScLlotelen scliolen dartlio syn, een 
 edder veer, by etliclien, alss by den Rectore nnd Subrectore und Super- 
 intendenten, dat neii Schade gescbebe." — Petersen. Ge^chichte der Harn- 
 lmrf)ischen Stadthihllotliek. p. 14. 
 
(iKOWlll (»F llAMl'.rKClI TOWX LIl'.lJAHV :>:1\) 
 
 i|)|)(.'iRlagi's, was rcconstnictccl and dccoratccl. For nearly 
 wo centuries it was one of the most i)ictiiresque buildings 
 
 he seen in Hamburgh. 
 
 1 lom this time the library entered on a course of steady 
 )rogress. During the remainder of the seventeenth century 
 Many other accessions accrued of which the following are 
 he principal : (1) the Library of Marquardt Schlegel, 
 )enueathed in 1()()3, but not incorporated with the Ham- i 
 
 )urgh Collection until 1057 ; (2) that of Joachim Jungius, i 
 
 lIso received in H)57 ; (3) the collections, cliiefly relating 
 ,jo music, of Thomas Sellius ; (4) a part of the MSS. left, 
 1 1 his death, by Holstenius, and brought to Germany j 
 
 Irom Rome ; (5) a valuable collection of books, comprising 
 •etween 3000 and 4000 volumes, which had been formed 
 iiy Henry Langenbeck. At the close of the century the 
 brary was estimated to contain about 21,000 .volumes. 
 ind exactly at that period a bequest made by Vincent 
 'laccius added to it 4000 volumes more. 
 
 1 In tiie following century the splendid gifts of the brotheis ,;,^,„,|, „, 
 John Christian and John Christopher Wolf [Book IV, ,,1'";;';;;;*:' 
 I Wolf] almost doubled the numerical contents of a col 
 ^ction which had already enjoyed so rapid a growth as to " Vm j 
 ie quite exceptional amongst the municipal collections of 
 ,ie time ; and much more than doubled the intrinsic worth 
 if the library to scholars. With this large accession of 
 Hnted books and of choice manuscripts there came also a 
 jnsiderable endowment fund. Before the close of the 
 ghteenth century more than twenty other important gifts 
 ^id bequests — exclusive of a crowd of minor ones — had 
 jicreased the 25,000 volumes of 1700 to more than 
 '00,000 volumes. The various archaeological and physical 
 •)llcctions appended to the Library had also — and, for the 
 
 k est part, by a like exhibition of lil)erality and puiilic spirit 
 
 Libiji . 
 (luring 
 XVnth Cell- 
 
230 FREE TOWN LTBE ARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 on the part of a multitude of Hamburgh citizens — become 
 worthy of the growing wealth and of the commercial posi- 
 tion of the city to which they belonged. 
 
 As may naturally be inferred from the rapid aggregation 
 of so large a number of separate collections, a considerable 
 mass of duplicate books had accrued. These have afforded 
 means of purchase, additional to those of an ordinary kind 
 arising from early endowments and from the current grants! 
 of the municipality. During the present century selections,; 
 with a view to the filhng up of ascertained deficiencies, had 
 become the most important requirement. Considerable addi-l 
 tions have been made by purchase. Some small but valuabk; 
 collections on specific subjects have also been received by gift | 
 Notable amongst these are the mineralogical books of Vo^i 
 Struve; the collections in Ilymiiology of Dr. J. A. Ram-! 
 BACH, given by his widow in 1852; the Halle collection! 
 acquired in 1866 ; an extensive series of works on-Hanseatii 
 archaeology and statistics, formed by Luhrzen ; and als<j 
 large and important selections from the Library of thi 
 eminent historian Lappenberg,* acquired in 1867. Th; 
 bequest of a valuable Spanish library was made to the Cit 
 of Hamburgh some years ago, by its Consul at Cadiz, J. IN 
 BoEHL VON Taber, but the Spanish government refused t 
 permit the books to be exported. They were secured, b 
 compulsory purchase, for the Royal Library of Madrid. I 
 1860, and mainly by the exertions of J. S. Meyer, 
 special ' Schiller collection' was formed, and is augmente 
 from time to time. 
 
 An official return, printed in 1850 (but prepared 
 
 * The acquisition from tlie Lappenberg library came partly by g 
 and partly by purchase. They comprised an important series of maj 
 and valuable groups of books on the History and Literatures of Brit;;. 
 and of Scandinavia. The latter accrued by select purchases made ;; 
 Lt'ipsie in 1867. Avh^n Liipponberg's books were sold by auction. 
 
(iuowTii or iiAMiu'iajii Town LinuAuv. 
 
 :1M 
 
 1^10), assigned to the Town Jjihrary of Jl;unl)uri2;li an 
 auu'ivgate of about 153,000 printed 'books,' and 5000 
 manuscripts. It had also about -10,000 printed tracts and 
 • dissertations,' which, for the most part, were unbound. 
 Dr. Petzholdt, in I'^o^, estimates the number of printed 
 'Ones as approximating to about 200,000. Hut later 
 notices of the Hamburgh Library publislicd by tlie same 
 ciiiincnt authority, show that this estimate must have been 
 considerably too high. At Hamburgh the official use of 
 the vague phrase " BiLchern unci Brochuren' is persistent, 
 and makes it difficult to give any satisfactory estimate of 
 the precise extent of the library. The uearest approxi- 
 mation to a detinite statement assigns to the library in 
 1S60 about 187,000 volumes. It appears (from a series 
 of annual reports subsequent to 1S53 and extending to 
 1866) that, taking one year with another, nearly 4000 
 'works and portions of works'* have been added, annually, 
 to the Town Library. If we estimate these as equivalent 
 to one tenth of that number of ordinary ' volumes' the 
 allowance will probably be adequate. A strict counting of 
 tiie library would, perhaps, not add in 1809 more than 
 some 3000 volumes to the estimated 187,000 of 1860. 
 The figures, when so reduced, leave the collection still in 
 the first rank among the Libraries of Municipalities. But 
 the intrinsic worth of the Hamburgh Library is greater 
 
 * The details of the years 18<>5 and 1860 are as follows : — 
 
 By purchase 
 By exchange 
 By copyright and gifts . 
 
 Total number added 
 
 Works and portions 
 OF Works.' 
 
 1865. 
 
 810 
 
 911 
 
 . 3,271 
 
 . 4.992 
 
 Works and portions 
 of Works.' 
 
 18G6. 
 
 785 
 
 1,214 
 
 5,501 
 
 7,500 
 
 — Reports, by Petersen, printed in Sci'dji., xxvii 
 and 73. scq-i. 
 
 811 pp.. pp. ()5, 8Cq<j 
 
232 FIIEE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 than its mere numerical extent; and its administration has, 
 for a very long period, been exemplary. The ordinary 
 income of the Town Library of Hamburgh was, in 1849, 
 equal to a little less than £500 of English money. Its use 
 both as a Consulting Collection and as a Lending Col- 
 lection is free alike to townsmen and to strangers duly 
 recommended. In 1865, the number of visits paid to the 
 Reading Room was 1832. In the following year that 
 number had increased to 2265. In 1865 the aggregate 
 issue of volumes lent was 3970; in 1866,4313. This 
 amount of publicity, though an increasing amount, is, it 
 will be seen, still relatively small when compared with the 
 issues of Town Libraries — far less richly endowed than that 
 of Hamburgh — in many other countries. 
 
 The Town Auother instructive example of the growth of a Town 
 Library, alike in wealth of literature and in liberality of 
 administration, by the combined efforts of individual citizens 
 and of enlightened municipalities, may be found in the his- 
 tory of that of Breslau. 
 
 The Town Collection of Breslau combines the ' Rhediger 
 Library' or ' Library of St. Elizabeth,' founded by Thomas 
 von Rhediger in 1575* [Book IV, § B]iedigei'\ ; the 
 ' Library of St. Bernardin,' founded at a period anterior to 
 the bequest of Rhediger, but which did not attain im- 
 portance until late in the seventeenth century ; and the 
 'Library of St. Mary Magdalen,' founded in 1547 and 
 opened to the Public in 1644. 
 
 Of these collections — all of them notable on one point or 
 other — Rhediger's was the most valuable. Founded by a 
 conspicuous exertion of individual munificence, it incited, 
 from time to time, other liberal efforts for its improvement. 
 
 * But not opened to the Public until 1661. See Book IV, § 807. 
 
 Library of 
 Bresliui. 
 
rilK TOWN LIHKAKV (»F HKKSI.Ai: L';i3 
 
 Between the years KKit and l/^^l no K ss than seM'n 
 libraries formed by inhabitants of Jireshuiwere sueccssively 
 added to it, either by donation or by beqncst. Sonic of 
 these gifts were of great vabie. 
 
 Its contents, in 1SG4 — when the nnion of the tiu-ee 
 libraries, as one combined municipal collection, was effected 
 
 were stated as follows -. — More than 70,000 volumes of 
 printed books; almost 1000 MSS. ; 15,000 engravings and 
 wood-cuts ; and a remarkable collection of early nuisic, 
 printed and MS. 
 
 Among the MSS. of the Rhediger Library the following 
 upe especially notable : (1) A precious MS. of Froissart in 
 bur folio volumes on vellum with admirable illuminations, 
 written and painted in the 15tli century for Anthony of 
 iurgundy, a natural son of Duke Philip the Good. 
 2) A MS. of the History of Valerius Maximus, written for 
 he same Bastard of Burgundy, and similarly illuminated. 
 '3) A Latin Evangeliary, in uncials, of the eighth century. 
 4) A copy of the Paraphrasis i?i Cautica Canticorum of 
 iVillirainns, with an old German translation, written in the 
 eleventh century. (5) A MS. of the Commcdia of Dante, of 
 he 14th century. The Greek MSS. of this Library are 
 lumerous and many of them valuable ; but they have not 
 et, it is believed, been thoroughly catalogued or examined, 
 .'here are also some Arabic MSS. The printed incunabula 
 re of considerable extent and rarity. And finally the 
 irinted books relating to the history and concerns of 
 ilesia in particular, are, as they should be in Jh-eslau, con- 
 picuous as a matter of special care to the managers of the 
 -iljrary.* 
 
 i" r part of this account of Rhcdiger's Library I am indobt^^'cl to 
 • ry able Essay iif Neigebaur, entitled Die Bihliothek in iler EliaU' 
 ..Uikirchc zn Breshtn ; i-iibli-slud iu Scraj)cv)ii of iJrT)?. 
 
234 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 Here also is the earliest known MS, of the work of 
 Thomas of Canimpre, Be reriim nafura lihri cox, remark- 
 able in several points of view, and especially as a com- 
 pendium of the science of the earlier part of the thirteenth 
 century. The Rhediger MS. is coeval with the author, and 
 may possibly be in his autograph. Of some other curiosi- 
 ties in this collection an interesting account may be found 
 in the treatise of Henschel, and in that of Wachler 
 [Thomas von Mhediger und seine Bilchersammlung). 
 
 When the amalgamation of Rhediger's Library with the ' 
 more ancient collections of St. Mary Magdalen and of 
 St. Bernardin was achieved, in 18G4, the citizens of Breslau j 
 entered upon the enjoyment of a Town Library of more ' 
 than 130,000 volumes, nobly lodged and liberally main- i 
 tained. The Town Hall is a fine example of the municipal : 
 architecture of the fourteenth century, and no less than j 
 eighteen of its finest rooms are occupied by the combined i 
 libraries. If taken wdth its suburbs, Breslau has a popu- 
 lation of more than 160,000, Within stricter limits, ■ 
 its inhabitants, according to a recent census, number ji 
 138,651. 
 
 The Town I^ Augsburgh municipal effort early accomplished — 
 Augstogif. although upon a much smaller scale — that public provision 
 of books for the general use of the townsmen which in 
 Breslau was made partly by private liberality, and partly by 
 the public spirit of the ecclesiastical corporations. In 1537 
 the town magistrates made a selection from the books of 
 the dissolved monasteries; brought the selected books 
 together in the Convent of the Dominicans, and organized 
 them as a town collection. When the changes of the times 
 brought the Dominicans back to their old abode, the books 
 
Till-: TOWN LIBRARY OF AUGSBURG II. x!;53 
 
 v.crc traiisfciTcd to another convent whieh was still empty; 
 !)iit in 15(12 a special and permanent home was built for 
 the Town Library, which grew rapidly in importance until 
 it occupied an eminent place amongst the municipal col- 
 lections of Germany, 
 
 In recent times, when Augsburgli had become part of 
 the kini2;dom of Bavaria, the government at Munich looked 
 with somewhat envious eyes upon the choicer and rarer 
 [)ortion of those literary treasures of which the burghers of 
 Augsburgh had gradually acquired possession. It might 
 l)e well enough, thought the Bavarian officials, that towns- 
 men, most of whom belonged to the trading class, should 
 have a good collection of ordinary books to read in their 
 hours of leisure. But what did mere burghers want with 
 choice MSS., with i)rccious historical records, or with the 
 rarities and marvels of typography ? In their opinion, such 
 treasures would better become the seat of government. 
 They were strong enough to convert opinion into fact. 
 Accordingly, the Augsburgh library was stripped of some of 
 its choicest ornaments, for the benefit of the Royal Col- 
 lection at Munich. This was done in lb06. 
 
 The suppression of monastic connnunities, begun in the 
 sixteenth century, was resumed in the nineteenth, and a 
 .similar course was taken with their literary possessions. 
 The best were selected for Munich. At Augsburgh a new 
 library was founded with the bulk of the monastic col- 
 lections. It w^as called ' Provincial Library' {Krcis- 
 bibliofhek). Political events led from time to time to 
 considerable changes in the internal administration of the 
 Bavarian provinces. As Augsburgh had been dei)rivc(l of 
 part of its fine library for the aggrandizement of Munich, 
 80 some smaller towns suffered the same kind of loss for the 
 benefit of Augsburgh. When, at a recent period, the new 
 
 Removal of 
 some of its 
 chief trea- 
 sures to 
 Mujiieli. 
 
iii'.iry ot 
 l-'raiiktbi't 
 
 236 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 ' Provincial Library' and the old ' Town Library' were 
 incorporated, the combined collection had attained to nearly 
 100,000 volumes. Augsburgh had in 1864 somewhat less 
 than 50,000 inhabitants. 
 
 The books are publicly and freely used both by readers 
 and borrowers. To burgesses books are lent as of right ; 
 to non-burgesses upon due voucher. 
 
 The library is maintained by a joint contribution 
 from the funds of the Province and from those of the 
 Municipality. 
 
 Town Li- Frankfort, also, possesses a fine Town Library which, 
 taken from its first inception, can look back upon a history 
 of almost four centuries. Ten years ago it was in posses- 
 sion of almost 80,000 volumes of printed books and of 
 about 1000 MSS. Prankfort, with a population of 89,837 
 inhabitants, has four other libraries which, in greater or less 
 degree, are publicly accessible. 
 
 In 18G7 the Town Library received an important 
 augmentation, by the free gift, upon certain necessary con- 
 ditions, of the Library of the former ' National Assembly ' 
 of Germany. It was stipulated that certain collections of 
 German Jurisprudence, of Political Tracts, and of PubHc 
 Archives, should continue to be preserved in their existing 
 condition and full integrity. Certain other collections which 
 had been attached to the Library of the ' Bund,' and which 
 comprised Charts, Maps, and Plans, of great value for mili- 
 tary purposes to the several governments by which they had 
 been contributed, the donor were left at liberty to reclaim. 
 
 The Town Library of Nuremberg dates, primarily, from 
 that mediaeval gift of Conrad Kuhnuofer vvliich has been 
 mentioned in an .early chapter of this volume. The library 
 
TIIK T(.\VN IJlil.'AL'V oK M IIKMI'.KIIC, '2:\7 
 
 SO initiated in 1 I i5 — or what survived of it — received n,.- T...rn 
 several accessions in the (hiys of the German Reformation. Nim'n'oi.i^. 
 In 153S, it was detinitively established in the Convent of 
 the suppressed Dominicans of Nuremberg. During the 
 subsequent three centuries it has successively absorbed 
 several valuable collections, the most important of wliich 
 are noticed hereafter. [Book IV.*] The one special merit 
 by which the Nuremberg municipal collection is ])re- 
 eminently marked consists in the care bestowed on the 
 accumulation and good arrangement of the monuments and 
 materials of the local history. 
 
 Any one of a multitude of adverse circumstances may, for a 
 time, so hamper and limit the practical public advantages of 
 a Town Library, even when liberally supported and adminis- 
 tered, that the amount of good currently derived from it 
 imay seem to be in disproportion to the past labours and 
 jthe past expenditure. But whenever the collection has been 
 Iniade a well-furnished repository of the local history, its 
 permanent public value is put beyond the reach of accident. 
 Care and cost so expended are sure to bring an ultimate 
 jreturn to the whole community. 
 
 i It is prol)ablc that a careful comparison of the history of 
 municipal libraries in Germany with that of the like insti- 
 itutions in France would sliow, conclusively, that they have 
 but rarely l)een allowed, in any part of Germany, to fall so 
 Imuch into arrear, and into a state of so much neglect and 
 inefficiency as that which is known to have existed in several 
 parts of France, at certain periods. But in Germany, ])re- 
 icisely as in France, the insufficiency of Town Libraries of 
 |the old and Established pattern to meet, in any adcfjuate 
 •degree, the wants even of the town population, has long 
 
 Tlu- r.'fcron«OK will l..- found untler " XcKKMnionr;." in the Indtx. 
 
Libraries of 
 Germany. 
 
 238 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 been apparent. In Germany, as in France, Popular Town 
 Libraries of a new sort have been established — partly by 
 the exertions of eckicational societies ; partly by those of 
 the municipal authorities — with the especial object of 
 bringing an effectual supply of good books within the 
 reach of the artisan classes. Prussia has been foremost in 
 effort of this kind. 
 Po,,„,,r At Berlin, for example, four ' People's Libraries * 
 {VolJcshihliotUeken') were established in the year 1850 in 
 as many different parts of the capital. A large proportion 
 of the primary expenses was borne by an association called 
 'The Scientific and Educational Union.' The current 
 expenses of maintenance are borne partly by the munici-i 
 palities and partly by the Educational Union ; aided by the 
 voluntary gifts of individuals. Begun as Free Public Reading 
 Rooms, the work of the new institutions soon embraced the 
 lending of books for family use. 
 
 The tentative efforts of 1850 were highly successful and 
 encouraging. Between that year and the year 18G6 three 
 additional Peoples' Libraries were established in the suburbs 
 of Berlin. And, in 1867, an eighth library was founded 
 for Potsdam and the Schoneberg district. In a publication 
 of 1867 — not an official one — I find it stated that four ol 
 these eight libraries contained an aggregate of 18,00C 
 volumes, and that the number of persons admitted tc 
 borrow books for home use in one year was 4311. Some 
 of them began with the liberal provision of 2500 volumes 
 of well-chosen books as a groundwork; others of then 
 were started on a somewhat humbler scale. But all, it if 
 said, have made satisfactory progress. All have beer 
 eagerly welcomed by those they were m6re especiallj' 
 intended to benefit. ' 
 
 In Hamburgh — to take one other example — a some 
 
rorULAR LIBRARIES OF GERMANY. 23'.) 
 
 what similar * People's I.ibraiy ' has been established on 
 the priiicii)le of taking some payment from all who partiei- 
 
 i pate in its advantages, bnt lixing this payment or subserip- 
 
 j i tion at a very low rate. Here, also, a society, called the 
 
 i j * Schiller Union,' took the initiative. The library was 
 
 >i opened in July, 1S62. Within four years it possessed 
 
 nearly 5000 volumes. Its reading-room is opened twice a 
 
 week during the summer months, and on every evening 
 
 during the winter months. At Hamburgh, as at Berlin, the 
 
 , success is represented to be encouraging. But as yet no 
 
 ! statistics are available of that detailed kind which alone 
 would afford any satisfactory basis for a comparison — much 
 to be desired — of the results of the small-payment plan 
 
 I followed at Hamburgh with those of the freer provision 
 
 I adopted at Berlin. 
 
 Nor is it in the large towns of Germany alone that 
 'People's Libraries' have been, of late years, successfully esta- 
 blished. The like have been founded in certain very small villages and 
 villages and hamlets. In some places the union of a free read- 
 
 i ing room with a circulating collection available by a small 
 payment seems to have worked well. Sometimes the expenses 
 of maintenance are met by a fund which accrues from 
 
 , these five distinct sources : (1) A fixed contribution from 
 the common funds of the village or parish ; (2) a fixed 
 
 I contribution from the chief proprietor {' Beisteiier des 
 
 'i Gutslierrn) ; (3) small payments of borrowers; (4) custo- 
 
 : mary contributions gathered at marriages, baptisms, and 
 
 ' other festive occasions ; (5) voluntary gifts. 
 
 bil)liotliekcn' 
 in German 
 
'llie Tuwi 
 
 Liliriii7 of 
 
 Tiinic. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 NOTES ON THE TOWN LIBRARIES OF SOME OTHER 
 CONTINENTAL STATES. 
 
 § 1. Switzerland. i 
 
 I 
 Prom the days of the Reformation most of the Swis^.' 
 
 Cantons have possessed public collections of books. Sonic^ 
 
 of them are Cantonal and some Municipal. The Cantons! 
 
 of Zurich, Berne, and Geneva are, in this respect, as ii" 
 
 others, preeminent. But very few of these Swiss Libraries 
 
 are Lending Libraries otherwise than by the payment oJi 
 
 entrance fees or of a small annual subscription. j 
 
 The Town Library of Berne \vas founded in 1548. lli 
 
 contained in 1853 about 49,000 printed volumes. Upor; 
 
 the basis of an official statement that, on the average, more, 
 
 than two hundred volumes are yearly added, it may be' 
 
 estimated to contain, in 1869, at least 52,000 printer; 
 
 volumes. According to an official report, of the year 1849.; 
 
 the MSS. numbered ;2303; of which number 1500 relate! 
 
 to the History of Switzerland. According to Pktzholdt^sj 
 
 Handhuch of 1853, the number of MSS. Avas in that yeaii 
 
 about 3200. More than 1000 MSS. came from the: 
 
 BoNGARS collection, and were presented to Berne by Jacob 
 
 von LiEBEGG in 1632. Amongst these are some very 
 
 valuable classical MSS. 
 
 In 1853 the yearly number of readers at Berne ebd not 
 
 nuich exceed 500 ; that of books lent was estimated asj 
 
 somewhat more than 2000 volumes. Inhabitants of Berne 
 
THE TOWN 1J151;ai;V of OKNEYA. 211 
 
 j);iv, once t'oi' all, ail entrance ice of ten Swiss /ivrrs. Since 
 the yenr l>Oy Professors and Students of the University 
 are admitted without personal })aynient, but a contribution 
 to the library fund is made by the Cantonal Govcrnmeut by 
 way of compensation. 
 
 There are also libraries, similarly administered, in the 
 small towns of Porrentzuy, Thonne, Berthoud, and Bicnnc, 
 within the Canton of Berne. 
 
 The tirst commencement of the Public I/ibrary of the 
 City of Geneva may be traced to the middle of the sixteenth 
 iCentury. The foundation-collections comprised the books 
 of Calvin, of Peter ^Iartyr, and of Bonnivard. The 
 number of volumes was officially estimated as amounting, 
 ^n l.b31, to ai,000, in 1849, to about 40,000. Petz- 
 iJOLDT, in 1853, assiofned to it "upwards of 50,000 ThcToun 
 
 1 > T 1 1 • • Library at 
 
 volumes.' In the seven years preceding 1841) its average Geneva, 
 mnual growth had been about 1200 volumes. If that be 
 laken as the ordinary rate of increment, — apart from c.xcep- 
 :iona] accessions, — the Town Library of Geneva may be 
 estimated to contain in 1869 nearly 70,000 volumes of 
 printed books. The MSS. are about 200 in number, and 
 lire of considerable value. 
 
 Since the year 1703 the Library has been freely acces- 
 sible to readers in its reading room. Por a long time past 
 ,t has also been freely accessible as a Lending Collection to 
 ill citizens of Geneva. Up to the year 1842 the average 
 nimbcr of volumes annually lent was about 4500. At that 
 )eriod the honrs of issue were but two in the week. When 
 ncreased to four, the average number of volumes annually 
 ssued was, within a short time, almost fjuadrnplcd. In 
 ubstance, the regulations of the borrowing privilege aie 
 
 16 
 
Libraries 
 within the 
 Canton of 
 Zurich. 
 
 242 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 not very unlike those which have been adopted in the Free- 
 Town Libraries of Britain and America. 
 
 The Canton of Zurich has a Cantonal Library establishec 
 in the chief town. Tlie municipality has its Town Librar\ 
 {SfacltbibliotheJi), the interesting history of which will bi 
 noticed presently. The small town of Winterthur has als( 
 its Town Library {Biir^erhibHothcl-) whicli w^as establishe( 
 — mainly by the exertions of Pastor John Jacob ]\Ieyer— 
 in the year 1C60. All these are Public Libraries. Non 
 of them is, strictly speaking, a ' Free Library.' They ar 
 the property of a chartered and privileged portion of th 
 inhabitants, not of the inhalMtants universally. Of the Tow 
 Libraries, for instance, members of the "■Bilrgerschaft " ha\ 
 the free use, but other inhabitants, non-freemen of tl 
 incorporated body, pay a small subscription. 
 
 As far as respects minuter details of the formation air 
 
 growth of the Town Libraries of Switzerland the histoi 
 
 of that of Zurich may serve as a sufficient example. It w;; 
 
 ivmndation fouudcd \\\ 1G29 by the joint exertions of foiu' disti:' 
 
 guished Zurichers, all of whom had just returned from 
 
 of tlie To\ni 
 
 zlliici!"^ extensive European tour and were about to enter up( 
 their several careers of activity at home. They h: 
 watched with interest the methods of working pursued i 
 some of the libraries which they had seen abroad — a:l 
 more especially in Italy and in France, in both of whii 
 countries they had met with municipal libraries that w(.3 
 doing good educational work — and tliey were anxious ) 
 establish a Public Library that should be open to t3 
 burgesses of Zurich and be their common property.* En 
 
 * " Eine gemeine Burgerbibliotliek" is the plirase employed in ie 
 contemporary doeumeut. 
 
Gesch.der 
 Sladtbibl. i 
 Zurich. 
 
 ZURICH TOWN Lll^KARY JN TIIK 17T11 CKXlTIiV. 213 
 
 of the four brought to the joiiit-stocl-: a double eoutribu- 
 tiou, namely, in books and in money. They then invited, 
 with conspieuons success, the assistance of tiieir fellow- 
 I citizens. These joint founders were Balthasar Kkller, 
 t Felix Keller, Henry Mueller, and John Ulricii. It 
 ! was in Ulrich's house that the infant hbrary was first 
 I establislied, under the care of a Library Society or Com- 
 ' mittee {Biblioflickcouvcnt), but he did not hve long enough ■"^''•'"''"f' 
 
 ^ . , <J !D Abridgt.(m 
 
 to sec tlie collection fairly transferred to the general custody s»ap.. %, 
 I of the Town Council and established, by its direction, in vogeun-s 
 I the so-called ' Water Church' {CapelJa aqtiaflca) the ori- 
 ! ginal founder of which was the Emperor Charlemagne. 
 I The transfer was eflected in 1681. 
 
 The library made quiet and continuous progress until in 
 I 1CG4 it contained about 5000 volumes. Even at that 
 
 early stage special pains were taken to collect books about 
 I Zurich, and the writings of Zurichers. In 1678 a printed 
 i list of desiderata of this sort was circulated, with an inti- 
 ( mation that offers of them either by gift or for purchase 
 ! would be thankfully received. In 1701 the library had 
 : grown to .s44S printed volumes, and it also possessed, 
 I already, some valuable manuscripts, to which some im- 
 i portant additions were made during the next forty years 
 ' by two successive librarians, John Jacob Leu, and John 
 I Conrad Heidegger. To the last-named benefactor the ProRressof 
 \ library also chiefly owed the compilation of a good Cata- tI- ."Library 
 i logue, printed in 1744. Still more important benefits were cjl^y'"'" 
 ! conferred, in the later years of this century, by John Jacob 
 
 BoDMER, by Solomon Gesner (eminent both as a poet 
 i and an artist), and by Leonard Usteri. 
 
 One of the largest — and, perhaps, intrinsically the most 
 
 valuable — collections which have been incorporated with the 
 I Town Lil)rary of Zurich is that which had bccu formed by 
 
244 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 John Jacob Simler. It is eminently rich in tlie depart- 
 ment of Ecclesiastical History, especially for the Reforma- 
 tion period, and as well in mannscripfcs as in printed books. 
 This acqnisition was soon followed by other valuable ac- 
 cessories ; amongst them, both the printed books and the 
 manuscripts of John Caspar Hagenbuch and of John 
 Jacob Steinbrue^hel. 
 
 The systematic attention given to the acquirement of the 
 printed and manuscript materials of the Cantonal History 
 embraced also the artistic memorials of distinguished 
 Zurichers. A fine series of local portraits and busts, w^hen 
 combined with the literary collections^ gave to the institu- 
 tion — during the present century — the character of a 
 patriotic museum as well as that of an ordinary Town 
 Library. Probably, every Zurich worthy is, in one way or 
 other, there commemorated. Such an example well de- 
 serves imitation. 
 
 For almost two centuries and a half the united exertions 
 of a local committee and of the municipal authorities have 
 worked in harmony for the increase and improvement of 
 the Zurich Library. By the year 1850 it had come to 
 possess about 61,000 volumes, of wdiich number 3500 
 were manuscripts. It had a fund of about £400 a year 
 accruing from three several sources. (1) Interest of an 
 endowment fund ; (2) Municipal contribution ; (3) Sub- 
 scriptions of the Local Society or Committee who help to 
 administer the Library, and may be said still to represent 
 the original founders. 
 
 The books are lent, under due regulations, but only to 
 
 burgesses and to subscribers. 
 
 Official The official report of 1850 states that the average num- 
 
 (Forei^ ber of volumes currently and habitually in circulation is at 
 
 Office;. 1849. jgast 2000 volumcs J that the loss attendant on this con- 
 
TOWN Lir.UARTR>; OF THE JTALIAX KIXdDoM. LMo 
 
 sitlonil)lr circulation docs not, on tlic iivcragc, exceed three 
 or lour volumes in the year; that it lias rarely happened 
 that a vohiuic so lost has been irreplaceable; that the Town 
 Library has no legal right to copies of books printed at 
 Zurich ])resses, but that practically it does receive copies 
 by the tree gift of the respective publishers ; and that the 
 average accessions — comparing one year with another — 
 from all sources, may be taken as nearly 1000 volumes 
 annually. 
 
 It follows that if we place the aggregate number of 
 volumes in 1SG9 as approximating to 75,000 the estimate 
 is likely to be rather below the truth than above it. From 
 the date of its foundation, it may be regarded as partaking 
 alike of the character of a ' Town Library ' and of a ' Pro- 
 j)rietary Library.' Its persistent progress is characteristic 
 of the people who maintain it. Of a strictly ' Free Town 
 Library ' there seems to be no example in Switzerland, 
 other than that of Geneva. 
 
 § 2. Italy. 
 
 At the close of the year 18G5, the then Minister of 
 
 ; Public Instruction of the Kingdom of Italy (Sig. Natoli) 
 
 1 stated (in a Report which was submitted to the King,) The .ccci.t 
 
 i that the number of libraries open to the Public within that Jllrics Into 
 
 kingdom was 104, and that of these 110 were cither 'com- lI^J'"^,*;, 
 
 munal ' or 'provincial.' Perhaps, four fifths of the last- »'"=""'*'"' 
 
 ^ ^ ^ Kingdom. 
 
 I named number corres})ond, in character and in means of 
 maintenance, with the institutions usually described as 
 'Town Libraries.' Of the whole 110 somewhat more than 
 one half are fouiul in the Emilia, in the Marches, in Sicily, 
 and in Lombardy. 
 
 Holoirna possesses the largest 'i'own Library wiiliin ilie 
 
210 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 Italian kingdom. The little town of Cesena possesses 
 that which is of most ancient formation. Genoa is notable 
 for the largest dnration of the hours of public accessibility ' 
 — not only as compared with other Italian Libraries but as 
 compared with most, perhaps, of the other libraries of the 
 world. Its Town Library is returned as open to all comers 
 during ninety hours in each week for the greater part of the , 
 year. With but 40,000 volumes of books on its shelves, 
 it has a yearly aggregate of 50,400 readers. Bologna, i 
 with 102,860 volumes of books, has 14,355 readers in the : 
 year. Ravenna, with 36,000 volumes, accessible during six j 
 days of the w^eek for five hours daily, has but 451 readers ' 
 in the year.* \ 
 
 So large a portion of the existing Town Libraries of Italy > 
 have been founded on the contents of libraries specifically i 
 theological in their character that their general public utility : 
 but rarely accords with their numerical extent. In a few 
 towns, the individual munificence of enlightened and 
 wealthy citizens ; in a few others, the exertions of the 
 municipal authorities, aided by those of their constituents, 
 have put the townsfolk in possession of well-chosen col- 
 lections of books. In the majority of the Italian towns the 
 public libraries are greatly in arrear. Whilst they include < 
 excellent groups of the older books on certain subjects and 
 classes of literature they are often devoid of modern books. 
 
 * Tlie numerical statements made in this cliaptei", wliicli relate to 
 Italian libraries, are usually based on the returns printed in the official 
 volume entitled ' Statistica del Regno cVItalla. — Biblioteche,' issued in 
 December, 1865. Some exceptions are specially noted. For the histo- 
 rical notices, the official statements of the Minister of Public Instruc- 
 tion have been occasionally compared with local reports, but chiefly 
 with the interesting and most elaborate monographs on Italian libraries 
 by Neigebaur. Most of these have appeared in various recent volumes : 
 of Serapeiivi ; a few of them in Petzholdt's Neuer Anzeiger fur Biblio- 
 yrupliie. 
 
TOWN LIHKAlilKS OF ITALY. 217 
 
 In nearly all of (hem Ibroign literature lias l)een, up to a 
 
 very recent date, a mere blank. It is evident therefore, at 
 
 the outset, tliat a great amount of work has yet to be done, 
 
 even in the most liberally administered towns, to bring 
 
 their muuieipal libraries on a reasonable level with the 
 
 I needs of the day. That the task has l)een begun with 
 
 j vigour will presently be not less apparent. 
 
 j In a great many towns too the concentration of existing 
 
 resonrces and appliances is not less needful than is the 
 
 I development of new ones. Some Italian towns — not of 
 
 I vast size — possess five or six distinct libraries, all of which 
 
 I are, more or less, publicly accessible. A large nnmber of 
 
 towns possess three or four. Not infrequently the various 
 
 libraries have many characters in common ; alike in what 
 
 i they possess and in what they want. The incorporation of 
 
 j some of the minor collections with the chief public library 
 
 of the place will, in many cases, both increase the public 
 
 usefulness and economise the current expenditure. 
 
 The table which follows exhibits both the extent and the 
 relative accessibility of the Municipal Libraries of thirteen 
 cities and towns. It also shows, as respects eight of them, 
 the actual use made of them bv the Public. 
 
248 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 Town Libeaeies of Italy.— Nfmbee of Yolumes (in Libra- 
 
 EIES CONt:AINING 18,000, AND tlPWAEDS) ; NtJMBEE OP 
 
 OPEN HOUES IN EACH WEEK ; AND YEAELY AGGEEGATE OP 
 
 Readees. 
 
 Example the First. 
 
 (From Returns pablislied by the Italian Ministry of Public 
 
 Instruction, 1865.) 
 
 
 Number of 
 Printed 
 
 Number of 
 
 Open Hours 
 
 1 
 
 Yearly 
 Aggregate 
 
 Name or Town. 
 
 Volumes in the 
 
 MSS. 
 
 IN EACH 
 
 Week. 
 
 OF Reajjees. 
 
 
 Town Libr.^t. 
 
 
 
 Bologna 
 
 102,860 
 
 
 
 14,355 
 
 Palermo 
 
 
 
 100,000 
 
 1,155 
 
 24* 
 
 21,900 
 
 Reggio . 
 
 
 
 70,000 
 
 
 42 
 
 
 Bergamo 
 
 
 
 70,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 30 
 
 9'000 
 
 Forli . 
 
 
 
 50,000 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 Siena . 
 
 
 
 45,641 
 
 3,992 
 
 42 
 
 6,858 
 
 Piacenza 
 
 
 
 42,000 
 
 
 36 
 
 1,800 
 
 Genoa . 
 
 
 
 39,000 
 
 604 
 
 90t 
 
 50,400 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 
 
 36,257 
 
 700 
 
 30 
 
 451 
 
 Perugia 
 
 
 
 25,608 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 Rimini 
 
 
 
 24,100 
 
 
 15 
 
 792 
 
 Como . 
 
 
 
 21,000 
 
 
 25 
 
 2,550 
 
 Cesena . 
 
 
 
 18,000 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 Imola . 
 
 
 
 18,000 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 The Town 
 Library of 
 Bologna. 
 
 The Town Library of Bologna {Biblioteca Comunale) 
 was chiefly formed out of the collections of suppressed 
 monastic communities. It was first opened for public use 
 in the year 1801. In 1802 it was definitely organized as 
 
 * It would seem that in the official returns, published in 1865, the 
 number o£ open hours in the day has been, by oversight, inserted (in the 
 column assigned to the Civic Library of Palermo) in piace of the 
 number in the v:eek. The National Library in the same City is returned 
 as open to the Public during fifty-five houi-s in each week. The yearly 
 aggregate of 'readers' assigned to the latter is 21,643 against the 
 21,900 of the former. 
 
 f According to the Ministerial returns of 1865 ' 105 hovirs' weekly. 
 The coi-rection has been made from the authoritative details given by 
 Canale, Principal Librarian, in an interesting report printed at Genoa 
 in 1867. The '• 90 hours" given above applies to about nine months of 
 tlie year. 
 
Till-: TOWN LlBKAPvY OF PALKKMO. 'J II) 
 
 a iiiuiiicii)al institution. Fifteen years later it M'as incor- 
 porated with the noble collection of books Avhich had been sce '.rronnr 
 jbequeathed to Bologna by Anthony Magnani. Until hs38 » "ymm. 
 ithe Town Library remained in that Dominican Convent in 
 which the ]\Ionastic Collections had been first brought 
 together. It was then removed to the building formerly 
 occupied by the Gymnasium. 
 
 Soon after the removal, many important acquisitions 
 accrued, partly by donation or bequest; partly by purchase. 
 Among the more notable of these accessions were the re- 
 spective libraries (or important portions of them) of 
 Matthew Venturoli (1839); Joachim Mugnoz ; John 
 Aldini, Luke Sgarzi, Count Alexander Agucchi, and of 
 Michael Medici (1^59). 
 
 Li the same year with the bequest of Medici there came 
 1 large accession to the Town Library by the incorporation 
 if that of the Bolognese Jesuits. This Jesuit Collection 
 iniountcd to about 15,000 volumes. In the year ISOl 
 ibout 5000 volumes on the Arts of Design and on Archaeo- 
 logy were obtained ; partly by purchase, and partly by the 
 jequest of Pelagio Palagi. To these varied acquisitions 
 '^vere added the manuscripts of Mezzofanti, including an 
 extensive correspondence with many of his most eminent 
 'ontemporaries. 
 
 Within sixty years of its foundation the municipal library 
 >i Bologna had thus grown to more than 100,000 volumes ; 
 including an important series of manuscripts. And, in 
 iddition to the books, it comprised valuable collections of 
 uedals and of anticpiities in various departments. 
 
 The Town Library {Bihliofeca Comunah) of Palermo ti'-'T-.w.. 
 
 '' l.il.niry of 
 
 .'as founded by Alexander Vanni in 1759. Established P"'-;""''- 
 >riginally in a small apartment of the Town Hall, and after- 
 wards transferred to another (not niucli iiioic coiuiiKxhous) 
 
250 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 ill a mansion formerly belonging to the Dukes of Castel 
 Luccio, it was not until 1775 that it obtained an abode 
 favourable to its adequate growth and good arrangement a; 
 a municipal collection. A large number of distinguishec 
 Palermitans then became donors of books and promoters 
 in various ways, of the efficiency of the library. 
 
 Among its many benefactors Frederick Napoli, Princ( 
 of Vesultana ; Joseph Emanuel Ventimiglia, Prince o 
 Belmonte ; Michael Schiavo, Bishop of Mazara ; Caesai 
 AiROLDi ; and Dorainick Lofaso, Duke of Serradifaico 
 are conspicuous. Whilst the library owed much to the 
 beneficence of private citizens, it was also well cared foi 
 and liberally administered by the municipality. i 
 
 An extensive series of manuscripts relating to the history,; 
 both ancient and modern, of Sicily is among the most; 
 precious possessions of the Palermo Library. To these; 
 MSS. there is a printed index. 
 
 - The Town Library of Reggio (in Emilia) was founded; 
 by the municipality in 1796. It includes several monastic 
 and ecclesiastical collections; and of these the libraries oi 
 S. Spirito and of the Jesuits are the chief. Notable among 
 its manuscripts are those of Lazarus Spallanzani. 
 Bergamo. That of Bergauio [Bihlioieca Civica) was anciently the 
 library of the Chapter. On the suppression of that body 
 in 1797 the then Government transferred the library from 
 the Cathedral to the Municipality. Other ecclesiastical 
 collections served to increase it, and also the private col- 
 lections of Brunetti, Mauchesi, Rota, and others. 01 
 its seventy thousand printed volumes, nearly two thousand 
 are incunabula, and of its nineteen hundred manuscripts a 
 fair proportion are iuiportant as containing materials of local 
 history. 
 
 Reggio. 
 
TDWX liiu:arv (»r siexa. 251 
 
 i The Town Jjihnirv of Forli dates its first beginning from 
 Ik bequest, made in 1759, to a monastic community by the T.»,nT.ii,r«ry 
 lilaniuess Anthony Albicini. Tlie collection so bequeathed 
 Vas juridical, and the community did not care to possess it. 
 {'he municipality then addressed itself to Pope Clement 
 vIII, and obtained, by his favour, a substitutional title to 
 Ihe legacy. On this small foundation it acquired, in the 
 •ourse of some forty years, a ToAvn Library of about 
 ; 5,000 volumes. During the present century the collec- 
 tion lias been more than tripled. Unlike many other Italian 
 ibraries of its class, it owes a larger proportion of its con- 
 tents to private gifts, combined with municipal purchases, 
 han that which it owes to the mere aggregation of monastic 
 ollections. Caesar ^Majoli, Peter Paul Pasquali, Areh- 
 hishop Brunetti, Count Peter Guarini, and Count Charles 
 CiGNANi, amongst others, are held in honourable memory 
 i)y the townsfolk of Forli as benefactors to its Town Library. 
 •Iajou's ffifts hicludc an extensive series of illustrated 
 iianuscripts on natural history. It also possesses other 
 ^lanuscripts having special local interest. 
 i 
 
 ! Siena, like Forli, — and nearly at the same period, — 
 Icrived its Town Library from a bequest which, in course T.m,, Lii.mry 
 ?f time, came to be diverted from the precise channel 
 ^larked out for it by the testator. The gift to the Univer- 
 lity of Siena of a Library formed by Sallust Bandim 
 kecame, eventually, the foundation of a municipal collec- 
 lion which has largely thriven. 
 
 I Whilst the collection given by Bandini still remained 
 |.'ith the University it received many augmentations. 
 iiraongst the donors Joseph Ciaccheki (who, for many 
 'ears, was its librarian) is the most conspicuous. It was 
 ^ iiiisj'ortnnc to witness the severe injuries winch an 
 
 ol'Sifi 
 
253 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 earthquake brought, in 1798, upon the collection which he 
 had done so much to improve. But he did not live to see 
 the removal of the University itself to another town. This 
 transfer was effected, under the rule of Napoleon, in the 
 year 1810. The Library was then handed over to the! 
 Municipality. With it had previously been incorporated* 
 the Library of the Sienese Augustinians, founded by De 
 Prato, a General of the Order, at a period eighty years 
 earlier than the bequest of Bandini. In conformity with 
 the Founder's directions that Augustinian Collection had 
 been available for public, as well as for monastic use. 
 Eventually other monastic collections contributed to aug- 
 ment the newly organized collection of the town and terri- 
 tory of Siena. 
 
 Among the many individual donors whose gifts have 
 enriched the library within the last half century, th( 
 Marquesses Chigi and Feroni are conspicuous. In 1840 
 the aggregate number of printed volumes was 29,738. Ii 
 1863, the number had grown to 45,641. Of these, 66^1 
 are books printed between the years 1468 and 1520. 
 the nearly four thousand manuscripts, a large proportioi 
 relate to Sienese history. Both of the printed books an(i 
 of the manuscripts there are excellent catalogues, arrangec' 
 according to subjects. 
 
 From the year 1853 to 1860 the late government c; 
 Tuscany made a yearly grant for the further improvemen 
 of the library on the express condition that it should b 
 kept open during certain hours of the evening as well as c 
 the day. The official returns do not afford any informatio: 
 as to the continuance or discontinuance of evening access)^ 
 bility, but the small yearly aggregate of readers — 6858— 
 would seem to imply that it has ceased. ^ 
 
TOWN LIBKARV Ol- (JEXOA »>r)3 
 
 Piacenzii owes its town Library (known alike as H'thlin- 
 
 a Passer ini and as Bihlioteca Clvica) to Peter Francis To«ni.ii.r..ry 
 
 lSSERINi, by whom it was fonnded, as a Collegiate Collec- 
 
 n, in IS()5. It became a public collection, by the libe- 
 
 rlity of the Theological College which owned it, in 1784. 
 
 nd with it was incorporated the Library of the Jesuits of 
 
 luciiza. Li 1^10 Napoleon suppressed the College, and 
 
 pe the management of the Library to a connnittee of 
 
 (stinguished townsmen, presided over by the chief ningis- 
 
 tite. In 1S33 a new regulation made it more distinctly 
 
 lunicipal in character. 
 
 ; Besides the Jesuit collection, the Passerini Library 
 })sorbed several smaller monastic collections at various 
 j'riods, and it has also received many bequeathed collec- 
 JDDS. None of them have been of very salient character, 
 ■it they are such as, in the aggregate, have added greatly 
 P the practical value of the library. Its MSS. are of little 
 iportance, but they include a Biblical volume of great 
 vu-iosity. This manuscript is a Psalter written in the year 
 i27. It appears to have belonged to Angilberga, wife of 
 ie Emperor Lewis the Second ; is on purple vellum, and 
 s scription is in silver and gold. 
 
 The first collector of the present Town Library of Genoa "r"^*" 
 Bihlioteca Civica Beriana) was Charles Vespasian Beiuo. 
 :s founder as a public and municipal collector was King 
 
 I CTOR Emanuel the First. Vespasian Berio bequeathed 
 le fine library he had formed to a nephew, and by his heir, 
 'incent Berio, it was given to the King, who transferred 
 16 gift to the town of Genoa. It was organized, as a 
 umicipal institution, in 1824. In 1848 it received a 
 aluable collection of drawings, chiefly of famous Italian 
 lasters — 1656 in numijcr — by the bequest of the Marquess 
 
 Lilirnrjr 
 
Canale, 
 BihVtoteca 
 Civica Bni- 
 ana, (Genova, 
 1867. 8vo) ; 
 pp. 7-9. 
 
 and that of 
 Ravenna. 
 
 Town Libr 
 
 254 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 DuRAZZo, a Genoese patrician. Among the manuscripts c 
 the Berio Library may be mentioned (1) an important serie 
 of the materials of Genoese history ; (.2) a magnificent] 
 illuminated OJficium Beatce Virginis Maria, with miniature 
 by Giulio Clovio ; (3) a very choice Biblia Sacra Latin 
 of the eleventh century. There is also a curiously ilium 
 nated Biblical manuscript, ascribed to the thirteenth centur 
 containing the Hebrew text, with a Rabbinical glos 
 Among the rarer printed books are copies of the Polyglo 
 Bibles of Ximenes and of Walton. 
 
 Ravenna owes the foundation of its Town Library to tl 
 Abbate Peter Canneti of Cremona. The collection dat 
 from 1714, but it did not pass to the management oft! 
 Municipality until a much later period. In common wi 
 so many other civic collections it derived large accessioi' 
 early in the present century, from the libraries of t'| 
 suppressed monasteries. Its manuscripts number 92: 
 They include a famous tenth century MS. of AiiisTi- 
 PHANEs, and another, of the thirteenth century, containi'; 
 the Letters of Cicero. Here also are choice MSS. f 
 Italian authors of the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteeni 
 centuries, and among them two texts of the Bivina Co- 
 media ; both of tlie fourteenth century. Among MSS. f 
 recent Italian writers preserved in this Ravenna CoUecti'i 
 the official returns mention those of Caspar Garatoni a 1 
 of Vincent Carrari, author of an unpublished Storia dci 
 Romania. 
 
 The amusing story of the foundation of the Ton 
 
 1'™'^ Library of Perugia is told — in the graphic words oi a 
 
 recent traveller — in another part of this volume. Podi.ii 
 
 had several followers as donors of books, but, happily )r 
 
TOWN LIBUAUV (>F KLMIXI. 25ri 
 
 he peace of the municipality, they wore iiu'ii of siiDpln- 
 iiinds than their ])rccursor, and these gifts were imaeconi- 
 )aiiied by ingenious stipuhitions. 
 
 j The Perugia Library also received valuable accessions 
 I'rom the collection of the Jesuits, and, more recently, from 
 i.lie collections of other suppressed religious conununities. 
 il'his last-named increment came to it in virtue of a decree 
 i)f the government of Italy made in 1S()2. On the whole, 
 I'ouiANi's 2;ift has been increased almost fourfold. 
 
 Dr. Ga.mbalunga founded the Town Library of Rimini t 
 by bequeathing in the year 1G19 not only his book collec 
 Ition, but his palace, and part of the residue of his estate. 
 I His hbrary contained valuable M$S. of the 13th and 
 j following centuries. Cardinal Garami-i added his collec- 
 jtious to those of Gambalunga. Until a recent i)eriod, the 
 {sole means of maintenance were those accruing from the 
 j Founder's endowment. It was then transferred to the 
 ,care of the nmnicipality, under which the library has pros- 
 I pered. And, although it is still more remarkable for the 
 I value of its contents than for their numerical extent, it had 
 I attained, in 18(33, to the possession of more than 24,000 
 ] volumes. There are many MSS. on vellum, not a few of 
 which are illuminated. There are also some choice incu- 
 nabula amongst the printed books. But more important, 
 intrinsically, — though far less attractive to the visitor's eye, 
 — is a precious collection of local charters and other records 
 j l)eginniiig with the year 1027. The documents belonging 
 j to the 11th and 12th centuries alune are about 200 in 
 number. Some of these came, by papal authority granted 
 j to Gaka.mi'i in 17r)3, from the Monastery of St. Julian at 
 Rome. It ii> curious to note that in the Town Hall other 
 iuuiiiment.s of the .Municipality :nr kept ;ipait. Less 
 
 II 1,11)1 
 
 uf Uiiiiiiii. 
 
f 
 
 256 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 ancient than the former, these yet contain records of the 
 fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, if not of an earlier 
 date. 
 
 In the Cathedral are preserved the muniments of the 
 Chapter, which commence with the year 994. The Epis- 
 copal Archives are of more recent date. 
 
 Some of the Rimini documents were removed to Forli 
 — as being then the chief town of the Department of the 
 Rubicon — under the French rule, and, as it is thought/ 
 have remained there. But the town is in actual possession 
 of a noble series of records, and they have been turned to 
 good account by Tonini, in his History of Rimini. The 
 author is, or recently was, its librarian, as well as its histori- 
 ographer. 
 
 Were all these collections incorporated, Rimini would 
 probably surpass, in wealth of literary possessions, towns 
 much more important than itself. The direct use made of 
 them, however, is far from being in accordance with their 
 value. The hours of public accessibility at the Town 
 Library are only fifteen in each week. The aggregate of 
 the visits of readers during the year is but 792. On the 
 other hand, many of the special treasures of literature and 
 of history which are preserved at Rimini have, obviously, 
 an indirect public utility which exceeds the immediate one, 
 although it cannot be expressed in figures. 
 
 Libraries of Como affords yct another instance of a Town Library 
 ofTmoia.""^ growing out of the gift of an individual citizen. Francis 
 Benzi, a Jurist of some mark in his day, bequeathed his; 
 small library to the Town, in March, 1663, on condition' 
 that it should be maintained as a public collection. No 
 efiectual steps, however, were taken to cfirry out the testa- 
 tor's intention until the eighteenth century, and that 
 
THE TWO TOWN LIlJKAlilES OF CESENA. 257 
 
 rcMtiiry itself was drawing to its close before Bknzi's 
 tibrnry obtained a good organization, in connection (ulti- 
 mately) with the Town Lyceum. Among its chief acquisi- 
 tions during the present century — apart from those which 
 bave accrued, in the ordinaiy way, from the monastic 
 collections — the books given, or bequeathed, by Francis 
 |\IorcnETTi, in 1S35, and by John Baptist LuiiAScni, in 
 Il845, are conspicuous. 
 
 I The Library of Luola grew, in like maimer with that of 
 porno, out of the bequest of Francis Lirri, Bishop of Cava, 
 Inade in IGOS. That prelate gave his collection for public 
 Use. Li 1747, another benefactor gave it an endowment 
 und. In 1S09, the then government of Italy incorporated 
 jivith it the lil)rary of the Seminary of ImoLi. Besides some 
 I'hoice manuscripts and certain collections in natural his- 
 tory, there are to be seen in union with the Town 
 Library some groups of antiquities, partly of pre-Roman 
 limes, which derive special interest from their local cha- 
 acter. 
 
 Leghorn had (in the strict sense of the words) no library TownLihrary 
 iroperly to be termed public mitil the middle of the present " """""' 
 ■entur}'. At that time the ' Labronica Academy' was in 
 )ossession of a collection which had been carefully formed, 
 between the years 3 816 and 1840, and consisted of 
 )ctween 7,000 and ^,000 volumes. The Academy trans- 
 erred this collection, in 185:2, to the Municipality for 
 mblic u.se. It is managed by a Committee composed of 
 nembers of both bodies. According to the odicial returns 
 >f 186:3, the collection had been nearly tripled since the 
 ransfer to the Publif. 
 
 Ccscna ha.s in fact, two Town Libraries, although only '•''"•'»" 
 >ne ol them bears a name in which the fact is expressly mi of 
 
 », Ccitiin. 
 
 1 / 
 
! 
 
 258 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 recognised. One of these collections — Bihlioteca Mala 
 iestiana — is very small, but ranks among the most cele-i 
 brated libraries of all Europe for the precious character o 
 its contents. Nor is the list of those existing libraries o 
 Europe which surpass the Malatestiana, in point o^ 
 antiquity of foundation, other than a list very brief indeed 
 The second library {Bihlioteca Comnnitafiva) is but seventy 
 years old, and is one of those which at their origin havi, 
 been mainly formed out of the collections of suppressed 
 religious communities. Established in 1797, it contained; 
 in 1863, about 18,000 volumes. The municipality hai' 
 made some liberal additions to the original stock, and thtj 
 town has now in its Bihlioteca Comunitativa a usefuj 
 collection of books for ordinary purposes. In the Mala\ 
 testiana, on the other hand, the little town of 'Cesena cai; 
 shew to scholars a collection of which the greatest metro: 
 polls might be [)roud ; although it contains less than fiv! 
 hundred volumes. ; 
 
 13y a curious felicity, in point of time, Dominick Mala| 
 TESTA, Prince of Cesena, gave his library of manuscripts t 
 that city almost at the moment when printed books wei; 
 beginning to circulate beyond their birthplace. In 145 1 
 his collection was one of the choicest which large expendii 
 ture and far-spread research coidd bring together. It cor; 
 tained — over and above the intrinsic value of the books, a, 
 estimated by their contents — some of the finest artistii 
 productions of the most skilful of scribes, illuminators, an I 
 miniaturists of the best days of art in that kind. Its gi ' 
 to the citizens of Cesena has (thus far) perpetuated a pni 
 Guttenbergian library in its best aspect, and in its fu' 
 integrity. The building in which the Malatesta collectiO; 
 is preserved is well- adapted to its purpose. Its form I 
 that of a basilica. The columns are of Greek marble an 
 
r.'lK rWO'l'oWX UlUiAKlES OF CESKNA. 250 
 
 tilt' books arc placetl, in richly carved presses, between the 
 colunnis. All the arrangements and tlecorations remain 
 almost exactly as they were at the fonndation of the 
 librai-y. 
 
 The Malatesta codices are three hundred and forty-four 
 iu number. In date of scription, they range from the ninth 
 century to the fifteenth. In contents, they comprise an 
 extensive series of Greek and Roman classics, some of which 
 unite unusual external beauty with intrinsic and critical 
 value. Tliere are also choice Biblical manuscripts, chiefly of 
 the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ; and some curious 
 scientific treatises of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fif- 
 teenth centuries. There are also fine copies of the works of 
 Italian poets. 
 
 Only fifty-one manuscripts have ))een added to the 
 1 Malatesta collection. The most important of these were 
 I given by Nicholas Masini, towards the close of the sixteenth 
 i century. Amongst these are many writings of celebrated 
 ; townsmen of Ccsena. Some rare printed books — most 
 I of them, like many of the added MSS., possessing 
 I special local interest — have also accrued. Only such as 
 i possessed intrinsic claims to be added to a collection so 
 peculiar in its character have been admitted. 
 
 Another group of Italian Town Libraries — givmgexaiuples 
 of the public provision of books in the smaller towns, and 
 of the use which is made of them — will suffice to illustrate 
 i this section of the subject in hand. 
 
260 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 Town Libraeies of Italy. — Number of Volumes (in Libra- 
 
 ries CONTAINING LESS THAN 12,000 VOLUMES) ; NUMBER 
 
 OF OPEN HOURS IN EACH WEEK ; AND YEARLY AGGREGATE 
 
 OF Readers. 
 
 Example the Second. 
 
 (From Returns published by the Italian Ministry of Instruction 
 
 in 1865.) 
 
 NOMBEE OF 
 
 
 Open Hours 
 
 Yearly 
 
 N..MKO.TOWS X--r 
 1 Books. 
 
 Number of 
 MSS. 
 
 IN EACH 
 
 Week. 
 
 Aggeepate 
 OF Readers. 
 
 Volterra . . ' 11,320 
 
 980 
 
 12 
 
 344 
 
 Nicosia 
 
 9,579 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 6,300 
 
 Vercelli 
 
 . , 9,288 
 
 
 9 
 
 160 i 
 
 Noto . 
 
 8,212 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 30 j 
 
 Savona . 
 
 7,000 
 
 
 45 
 
 6,000 1 
 
 Sondrio 
 
 5,000 
 
 
 9 
 
 134 
 
 Osimo . 
 
 3,112 
 
 
 
 
 Senigallia 
 
 2,882 
 
 
 "7 
 
 ( 
 
 Vizzini . 
 
 2,496 
 
 
 12 
 
 3,520 
 
 Urbania 
 
 2,438 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 
 Oneglia 
 
 2,427 
 
 
 
 
 Narni . 
 
 2,200 
 
 
 "6 
 
 "95 
 
 Town Libra- 
 ries of Vol- 
 terra.Nicosia, 
 and Vercelli. 
 
 The Public Library and the Public Museum of Volterra 
 was founded by a distinguished ecclesiastic, Mario Guar- 
 NACCi, and apparently by successive gifts between the years 
 1774 and 1785.'' Amongst the 980 MSS. are many valu- 
 able materials of local history. The Nicosia Collection was 
 formed by the Town Council in 1818, when the library of 
 Gregory Speciale of Palermo was purchased as the 
 groundwork. The Town Council of Vercelli made a like 
 effort at a date so recent as 1860. Bednnina: with about 
 6200 volumes they had, at the close of 1863, incr( 
 that number to 9288. 
 
 * Comp. the Notice in Serwpeum, by Neigebaur, with Statistica del 
 Regno, &c., p. cxxii. 
 
THE TOWN LIBrvARY OF UIMUNIA. 'iHl 
 
 Hcsides tlie 'Bihliotcca CoiiHoia/e,' \'crcc'lli has five other 
 
 hl)raric's, of which the most important is the ' BibViolcca 
 
 Agnesiana^ founded in 1710 l\v the bequest of John 
 
 Ikptist MoRosoNE, then Rector of the Church of St. ThcLibmry 
 
 \gncs. It now possesses about 80,000 printed vohimes ^[verjgi'i-"' 
 
 uid 40 MSS., is administered by a body of trustees under 
 
 lie provisions of the founder's will, and is open to the 
 
 Public durinsr twentv-two hours in each week of the suiu- 
 
 I . 
 
 uer months and during twelve hours in winter. The 
 
 •■early aggregate of readers is stated at .2040. In 1S51 
 ihe Municipality of Vercelli endeavoured to bring the 
 government of this library within their own ofticial attribu- 
 tions, but Morosone's trustees maintained their position ; 
 nid the ]\Iunicipality presently founded the new library 
 ibove mentioned. 
 
 i The Town Library of Noto is also of recent foundation ; 
 jlating only from 1S47. That of Savona was given to the 
 lown by its Bishop, Augustine Mary di Mart, in 1840, and 
 vas opened to the Public in IS46. That of Sondrio is 
 |nother instance of individual generosity. It was founded 
 ^1 pursuance of the \\'ill of Peter Martyr Rusconi, a 
 townsman distinguished both in letters and in painting, 
 sho becpieathed a valuable collection of books and a liberal 
 Indowment fund. The bequest was made in 1855, and 
 9ie librarv was established as a municipal institution in 
 I SCI. 
 
 The only other Town Library in our little group which 
 'eems to recpiire any illustrative remark is that of Urbania, 
 ka little town of the province of Pesaro and Urbino, The 
 listory of this small collection is remarkable. 
 ] Duke Francis Mary II of Urbino had formed at tiut„„-, 
 
 rbania (then known as Castel Durante,) a very choice irbnnm (f.-r- 
 hrary, which comprised mamiscripts as well as printed i')ur»ni. *''' 
 
262 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 -books, and extended — it is said — to 14,000 volumes. 
 Besides this collection, lie was the possessor, by inheritance, ij 
 of the still more splendid library which had been gathered 
 at Urbino by his famous predecessor Duke Frederick 
 during the fifteenth century. Francis was the last of his 
 race, and he determined that the inhabitants of Castel 
 Durante, as well as those of Urbino, should possess a 
 striking memorial of his favour and generosity. It was his 
 hope and intention that the memorial would be a perpetual 
 one. 
 
 By his last Will he bequeathed to the citizens of Urbino 
 the ancient library of their Dukes, and also all the manu- 
 scripts and drawings which should be found, after his 
 decease, in the library of his palace at Castel Durante, — ; 
 now Urbania. All the printed portion of the last-named: 
 library he gave to the inhabitants of Castel Durante. Hei 
 enjoined the perpetual preservation of both collections, inj 
 their then abodes respectively, for public use. On the! 
 Duke's death in 1631, each municipality entered into itsj 
 several legacy, but enjoyed them during little more than! 
 twenty-five years ; when Pope Alexander VII stripped; 
 both Urbino and Urbania of their literary treasures for thel 
 aggrandizement of Rome, — or, in his own words, " for the 
 increase of the splendour of the Papal See, and the benefitj 
 of Christendom." \ 
 
 The Pope began with Urbino. At first he met wit!' 
 much resistance, but he gradually overcame it by holding; 
 before the more mercenary portion of the inhabitants botl| 
 gifts of money and exemption from certain papal taxes' 
 Others were won over by promises to establish schools a 
 the papal charge. That the pill might be the better gilded 
 a promise was also held out of a compensation more direct 
 The inhabitants of Urbania were to be forced, — or in som^ 
 
I'Ol'ULAR LKXDlNr. LIBKAKIKS (»!• IIALV. '2i\:\ 
 
 \\i\y imliu-(.'(l, — to yield to those of Urhiiio I lie library 
 iwhifli Duke Francis imcl hLHiueathcd to their municipality. 
 
 The papal promise was iaithlully kept, in that i)art of 
 it which coneerneil the I'rbanians. It was broken in that 
 jwhich concerned the men of Uibiiio. Both libraries were 
 pirried oft' in bulk to Rome. Two hundred and thirty 
 •printed books were left behind at Urbino ; about three 
 jiuuidrcd volumes — on theological subjects — were left at 
 jUrbania. The magniticent MSS. of Duke Frederick are 
 ^uuoiigst the chief ornaments of the Vatican. The choice 
 iprinted books of Duke Francis adorn the Library of the 
 l' Sapienza.' 
 
 The fii*st bishop of Urbania, Onorati Onorati, did 
 Avhat he could to improve the poor remnant left with the 
 luiunicipality, by l)equeathing to them his private library, 
 land his liberal example was followed by Count Bernard 
 JUbaldini ; who gave not alone his books but some valuable 
 I artistic collections, and also an endowment fund for future 
 [purchases. 
 
 Among the Italian cities and towns which have taken a 
 leading paii: in the establishment of Lending Libraries dis- 
 
 jtinctively 'Popular' {BibHotcchc Circolantl Popolari,) are p„,,„i,„. 
 
 I to be found Florence, Milan, and Venice; but the merit of J;[,"2|^!gof 
 
 I first moving in this particular channel of educational effort ^'"'>' 
 belongs to the small town of Prato, near Florence. It was 
 
 jthe Advocate Anthony Bruni, of that town, who com- 
 menced the movement. As yet little more than seven 
 years have passed since the first step was taken, but the 
 measure of success already attained is considerable. 
 
 Towards the close of Isdl, Brlni, — who, at tiiat time 
 was still a student in the University of Pisa, — with the aid 
 of eight friends who associated themselves in his effort, 
 
26i 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, ABROAD. 
 
 established tlie Prato Lending Library. It began on ; 
 very small scale, but with books well selected for its pur 
 pose. In 1867 the books had increased to nearly 200( 
 volumes, and the aggregate issues to more than 6000 
 The composition of the library, as it stood in 1865 — whei 
 the number of volumes was between 1600 and 1700— 
 may be shoAvn as follows. For the sake of comparison, ! 
 follow (as nearly as is practicable) the classification ordina 
 rily adopted in our own Free Libraries. 
 
 Popular 
 
 Classes. 
 
 Volumes. 
 
 Lending 
 Lilnary of 
 
 I. Theology and Philosopliy .... 
 
 . 50 
 
 Prato. 
 
 II. History 
 
 . . 489 
 
 
 III. Law, Politics, Social Economy, and Commerce 
 
 . 350 
 
 
 ly. Sciences and Ai-ts 
 
 . 97 
 
 
 Y. Literature and Polygraphy :— 
 
 
 
 Poetry and the Drama .... 
 
 . 179 
 
 
 Novels and Tales .... 
 
 . 290 
 
 
 Educational Works .... 
 
 . 115 
 
 
 Miscellanies and Periodical Works 
 
 . 103 
 
 687 
 
 
 Total number of Volumes 
 
 . 1,673 
 
 Ili-golumenlo 
 dclla BihUo- 
 teca Fopolare 
 1,1807). 
 
 The selection of books is entrusted to the President, o\ 
 chairman, and to the Librarian, jointly. The object of th' 
 association is defined to be the promotion of the reading o; 
 the most useful and attractive publications of the Italiai' 
 press, " with the exclusion of all works which eitlie* 
 impugn the doctrines of the religion of the State, or ari 
 contrary to good manners." It does not appear that i]' 
 Italy any difficulty has arisen on this last-named point, i:l 
 connection with the Popular Libraries, such as in Franc' 
 gave occasion to the recent, and very infelicitous, discussioi,! 
 in the Senate. 
 
 Between 1861 and 1867, thirty other cities, towns, aii' 
 
rOPl'LAR LENDING Lir.KAKlES OF ITALY. 2(\:> 
 villages, witliin the Italian kingdom, had followed the 
 
 sc 
 
 Memorie e 
 Ducioiieii/i 
 deUafonda- 
 
 t'xnmple. The diversified social circumstances of thes 
 Uiirty places are such as to have brought the novel cxperi- 
 hient under almost every kind of test. The degree of 
 |5uccess which has been attained is of course various. lUit 
 everywhere the new institutions seem to have been attended 
 Avith more or less of encouraging result. And they are 
 spreading over all parts of Italy. 
 
 i Besides the great cities above mentioned, the list of the 
 |)laces in which the example set at Prato has already been 
 successfully imitated is as follows: — Ardenza (near Leghorn), 
 jBergamo, Bologna, Caltanisetta, Casal Pusterlcngo, Catan- 
 jsaro, Chiaravalle, Codogno, Cremona, Foggia, Godone, -'«""«/« 
 Intra, Lecco, Lodi, Medezzano (near Parma), Palermo, arcoianu 
 Parma, Polesella, Salo, Sciolze, Valla di Lucania, Vercclli, ,i7rrZ'o. 
 jViadiana, Viceuza, and Voghera. The example has spread I'J'^!/^ 
 
 ven to the Italian colony established at Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Hitherto all, or nearly all, of these Italian Popular 
 jLibraries have been founded on the principle of taking a 
 kry small payment from the borrowers. Their main 
 pmds have been derived from the contributions of the 
 jfounders ; aided, in some cases, by small municipal con- 
 Iributions, and occasionally by grants from the Ministry of 
 Public Instruction. Ikit the most zealous of the promoters 
 ivow, as their ultimate aim, the establishment of ai)solutely 
 
 Free Lending Libraries,' as a public [)rovision for a public 
 necessity. 
 
 § IJ. BELGIUM. 
 
 Most oi liie lielgian towns iiave a IVee Town Lihrary, 
 he main support of wliich is derived from the municipal 
 
266 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 Extent and 
 Average An- 
 nual Increase 
 of the Bel- 
 gium Town 
 Libraries. 
 
 funds. That of Antwerp is the most ancient, having been 
 founded about the year 1476. That of Toiuiiay dates from 
 1637. That of Ghent, which is incorporated with the 
 Library of the University, was founded in 1794. Naiuiir 
 formed its Town Library in 1797 ; Bruges in 1798. All 
 tlie other Town Libraries of Belgium appear to have been 
 estabhshed during the present century. 
 
 At the date of the official returns furnished by the Belgian 
 Government to the British Foreign Office (1850), eleven of 
 these Town Libraries contained an aggregate of 169,507 
 volumes, and, taking one year with another, were receiving 
 a total annual increment of .2309 volumes. On this basis 
 — and supposing the then average rate of increase to have, 
 been maintained — the estimated contents of these eleven 
 libraries may be taken to amount, in 1869, to aboul; 
 .210,000 volumes. The details are as follows : — ; 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Free Town Libraries of Belgium ; i 
 
 Number of Yolumes in 
 
 I860; Average Annual Increase; i 
 
 Estimated number of Volumes in 1869. | 
 
 
 OfFICIAL Ee- 
 
 Average Num- 
 
 Estimated ' 
 
 Name of Town. 
 
 TUKN or NUM- 
 
 ber OF Volumes 
 
 Number of \ 
 
 BEK OF Volumes 
 
 Annuallx 
 
 Volumes ' 
 
 
 IN 1850. 
 
 ADDED. 
 
 IN 1869. : 
 
 Glient .... 
 
 59,650 
 
 650 
 
 71,350 : 
 
 Tournay .... 
 
 26,230 
 
 200 
 
 29,830 i 
 
 Autwei'i) .... 
 
 19,148 
 
 450 
 
 27,248 ' 
 
 Namur .... 
 
 17,000 
 
 110 
 
 18,980 ' 
 
 Mons .... 
 
 15,000 
 
 200 
 
 18,600 1 
 
 Bruges .... 
 
 10,500 
 
 200 
 
 14,100 
 
 Tpres .... 
 
 9,250 
 
 110 
 
 11,230 
 
 Oudenarde 
 
 4,229 
 
 100 
 
 6,029 : 
 
 Arlon .... 
 
 3,000 
 
 150 
 
 5,700 
 
 Ath _ . 
 
 3,000 
 
 40 
 
 3,720 ■ 
 
 Meclilin .... 
 
 2,500 
 
 90 
 
 4,120 , 
 
 All these Town Libra 
 
 lies, with the single exception ( 
 
 that of Antwerp, are, — 
 
 under due 
 
 regulation 
 
 — availab] 
 
WORKING AND RESULTS OF BELGIAN LIBRARIES. 207 
 
 Is Free Lending Lilirarics. The ninjority of them appear 
 
 |o be ftir more extensively used as Lending Colleetions 
 
 ilian as Consulting Collections. Usually, and according to 
 
 ihe letter of the law, the formal authorisation of a Town 
 
 'vlagistratc is the condition upon which a borrower is first 
 
 admitted to the loan of books. But in most cases, the 
 
 ihrarian is practically entrusted with a discretionary 
 
 bower. 
 
 ! At Ghent, on the ayerasje of four years' returns, the working and 
 
 linnual number of volumes lent has been about 40S0. u.eTown 
 
 f The resulting inconveniences," says the Librarian, " are Lenr.g'c^i- 
 
 Insignificant in comparison with the advantages which the '**^''°"'- 
 
 Practice affords to studious persons. Out of 16,000 
 
 [oluraes lent, only about twenty volumes have been injured 
 
 )r lost, and these have been replaced by the borrowers." 
 
 At Bruges, between 500 and 600 volumes have, on the 
 iverage, been lent annually. "The practice," says the 
 Librarian, " has not worked injuriously. During nineteen 
 Ik-ears only one volume has been lost, and another volume 
 [njured. 
 
 I Again, at Ypres, about 1300 volumes have been annually 
 lent, and the practice is reported to have been unattended 
 Avith other loss or inconvenience than that of the ordinary 
 kear inseparable from free circulation. Li this town the 
 more valuable books are lent only under strict rules. But 
 jcommon books, and such as can easily be replaced, are lent 
 kcry freely. By dividing their library into two distinct 
 jscctions the municipality have made it subserve the double 
 purpose of a library of research for students, and of a 
 H)Opular library for very general use. 
 
 ' The only exeej)tion, as regards the Belgian Tcnvn Liljia- 
 trics, to the general tenor of the evidence in favour of the 
 Ifru' riicuhifion of tho bf>r>k'<. r»rfnrs at Tournay. Tiicre, on 
 
268 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, ABROAD. 
 
 an average of ten years, the aggregate number of volumes 
 lent had been only a hundred and fifty a year. But the official '■ 
 statement is as follows : — " The practice of lending has 
 serious inconveniences. It is occasionally impossible for ■ 
 readers to obtain the work which they wish to consult 
 within^'the library. The books are unduly detained. Some- 
 times the books are injured or lost. The privilege of 
 borrowiug ought to be kept within narrow limits. It : 
 ought to be accorded to those persons only who cannot use 
 the books within the walls of the Hbrary." In all eases, I 
 other than that of Tournay, the practice of lending is 
 spoken of in the official reports with strong approval. i 
 
 Eeguiations j^^ ^^-^^g^ q£ ^|-^g Belo'iau librarlcs the readino- rooms are 
 
 of the Belgian O O 
 
 Reading open citlicr on four or on five days in each week, and, i 
 
 Rooms. '^ , '' ! • 
 
 usually, for about five hours in the day. At Tournay, at i ' 
 Oudenarde, and at Arlon, Sunday is one of the open days. ; 
 On this point the Librarian at Mons reports as follows -. — 
 " For the benefit of the working classes, the Town Library 
 was opened on Sundays, between the hours of ten o'clock 
 and one, but, after an experiment which lasted during two 
 years, so little advantage was found to have been derived, : 
 that the practice was discontinued." 
 
BOOK THE THIRD. 
 
 YBEE TOIVN LIBlUlilES, IN AMEllICA, 
 
Chapter I. Introductory. 
 
 II. History of the Free City Library of Boston, 
 
 1848—1869. 
 
 III. Town and District Libraries in Massachusetts. 
 
 ESTABLISHED UNDER LEGISLATIVE ACTS. 
 
 IV. The Astor Public Library op the City of Ne\v 
 
 York, and its Founder. 
 
 V. Town and District Libraries in other Parts oi 
 the United States. 
 
 VI. Free Libraries of British America. 
 
CIlAP'l'KK I. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 i'^ourulation, in 1700, of the Jtrst Town Library of the American Colonies, 
 and its eventual conversion info a Projvictary Library. — The Loganian 
 Library at Philadelphia. — The Collegiate and School Libraries of the 
 United States. — Use of many of the School Collections as Toienship 
 
 I atid Parish Libraries. — The State Libraries at the scats of Government 
 
 I and their Free Accessibility as Consulting Collections. — Return, in 
 recent years, to the action of Municipalities for the maintenance of 
 Free Town Libraries. 
 
 Thk first Free Town Library formed upon the tcni- 
 ory which is now comprised within the United States of 
 Vmerica was founded at New York, at the beginning of 
 he eighteenth century. The founder was the Rev. John 
 ?HARP, who, for some years, had been cliaplain to Kichartl, 
 'iSrl of Bellamont, Governor of tlie tlien Province of New 
 fork. Mr. Shaiu' befiucathed his Ijooks as the foundation ^'"""i'"* 
 
 . ■, f, . bequest, in 
 
 bf a Public Library for the city, and for maintenance as a irwuotiic 
 
 I • • 1 • i • i i •'' "^ City of New 
 
 nunicipal institution. v„fk 
 
 The first recorded addition to Sharp's bequest came to 
 S'ew York as the gift of the British Society for the Propa- 
 i^ation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, about thirty years 
 ;ifter the date of that bccpiest. This also was the library of 
 in English clergyman— Dr. Millington, Hector of New- 
 ngton, in the county of Surrey. The collector had given 
 t to the Society by his last Will, in order that the govern- 
 ng body mi<.dit make such a disposal of the library as 
 diould seem to them most productive of public ad- 
 
272 FEEE TOWN LIBRAEIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 vantage. The society gave it to the Municipal Corporatioi 
 of New York, " for the use of the clergy and gentlemen o 
 that City, and of the neighbouring Province." 
 
 It happened, however, that within a very few years o 
 this second gift, the Library which had thus been aug 
 mented fell into a state of neglect. In their estimate o 
 the importance of public appliances for intellectual cultim 
 the founders of the New York City Library were, at tha 
 time, far in advance of those whom they desired to benefit 
 and for a period of almost a quarter of a century the gif 
 was little appreciated or turned to profit. 
 
 In 1754 public opinion was aroused, in some degree, t( 
 the importance of the subject. In all probability the atten 
 tion of the people of New York had been attracted by souk 
 account of the exertions of certain townsmen of Philadelphi; 
 Library in for the crcatlou of a Public Library, and they began to be j 
 little ashamed of the consciousness that for some fifty yean, 
 they had possessed a good foundation in that kind, and ha( 
 done almost nothing in the way of building upon it. Som(' 
 influential citizens now combined together for the improve 
 ment of their neglected library ; purchased about sever 
 hundred volumes of well-chosen books for addition to th', 
 older ones ; and improved the regulations for their car 
 and preservation. But the improvement by no means eX; 
 tended in the direction of increased and effectual pubUcity, 
 The prevalent idea was that a money subscription shouh; 
 be the condition precedent of access. That a city or town 
 as such, should possess and maintain a library, accessibl 
 to every citizen or townsman as of right, was still only th' 
 idea of a solitary thinker here and there. Several genera' 
 tions were to pass before it gained any hold on the pubh'.' 
 mind. 
 
 But the formal coiistitution of the original Town Librar 
 
 Restoration 
 of New York 
 
 1754, 
 
II rri)|irielnry 
 Lil.niry. 
 
 .r<»XVKRSTOX OF TlIK TOWN LIBT^ARV. ETC. 273 
 
 f New York — and of all America — was not changed ininie- convminn 
 lately, or as a direct conscfiiience of the public siibscrip- 1,,^ i'ni 
 ion which was raised in 17.')|.. Proliably, it became in 
 racticc confined, or nearly confined, to the use of snb- 
 ?ribers to the fund. But it was not initil 1772 that the 
 istitution of 1700 was avowedly converted into a mere 
 [I'roprietary Library.' In that year it was formally incor- 
 lorated as 'The Society Library of New York.' Then 
 |iiickly followed the many injuries and losses, some of 
 |-liich were the inevitable accompaniments of the War of 
 ndepcndence, whilst others were but the consequence of a 
 isgrnceful want of discipline in part of those British troops 
 y which New York was garrisoned. When the British 
 fcupation had ceased it was affirmed, by an eye-witness of 
 le occurrences of the war, that " the British soldiers were 
 1 the habit of carrying away the books of the New York 
 jbrary in their knapsacks, nnd then of bartering them for 
 
 rog." 
 
 Considerable portions of the old library, however, re- 
 mined. Some valuable books, it afterwards appeared, had 
 een timelily removed out of the way of harm. The 
 imnants were gathered together, and the library was re- 
 rganized, in the year 17^"^. During the present century 
 has greatly ])rosj)cred, and — as a Proprietaiy Library — 
 ranks, under the able management of the present Libra- 
 an, Mr. >L\cMullkn, with the best of its class. Visitors 
 lay, I believe, still see, and use, books which were given 
 ) the City, at large, by Sharp in 1700 ; as well as others 
 hich formed part of the Mii.i,iNf;To\ bequest of 1720. 
 
 The Second Free 'iown Library, in order of date, which 
 as founded within the United States, was the work of James 
 lOOAN, the friend nnd confidential adviser of William I'f.nn, 
 
 18 
 
The Logan 
 Library of 
 
 274 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. . 
 
 and, for some years, President of the Council of the Province 
 of Pennsylvania. This foundation belongs to the first hahi 
 of the eighteenth century, and to the City of Philadelphia 
 Its union — as far as respects location — with the mort 
 famous Proprietary Library established mainly by thi 
 exertions of Pranklin, has led to its being usually spoker 
 of as a mere offshoot from the stock of the ' Library Com 
 pany^ of Philadelphia. But the ' Loganian Library' was 
 Philadelphia, aud is, au independent institution. It belongs to th( 
 citizens, at large. In its inception and plan, it is probabh 
 of an earlier date than the first beginnings of the Librar 
 of the Philadelphia Company, as well as of a wider scope; 
 although accidents long delayed the realization of th'l 
 founder's project. j 
 
 Of the history of this Loganian Library the reader wi}; 
 find some notice in Chapter V. 
 
 The small measure of success which attended upon eithe 
 of these efforts to establish Town Libraries, — as collection' 
 distinctively and essentially Public, — makes it the less sui 
 prising that they incited little emulation in other parts ( 
 the American colonies. ' Society Libraries,' on the oth{ 
 hand, sprang up rapidly. " Our Library Company i 
 Philadelphia,'' says Franklin, in his Aulohiogrcqjhy, "w; 
 the mother of all the North American Subscription Librarii' 
 
 now so numerous These libraries have improve 
 
 the general conversation of the Americans ; have made tl 
 common tradesmen and farmers as intelhgent as mo 
 gentlemen in other countries ; and, perhaps, have conti: 
 buted in some degree to the stand so generally ma(i 
 throughout the Colonies in defence of their privileges; 
 Associative Libraries of this class Jiave continued to prosp 
 eminently in the chief cities and towns of America, up 
 
COLLEGIATK LIBllAPJKS OF THE UxNITED STATKS. .'.'7.") 
 
 tlic present time. In many places they rank anion-; the 
 [uost prominent and most thriving of the local institntions. 
 Some of tiiem have received large benefactions, both by gift 
 lud by be(piest. 
 
 I For almost a century onwards, the public spirit and 
 Sublic foresight of those among American benefactors and 
 Ixlucationists who sought to discharge at once part of their 
 [lebt to their forerunners, and of their duty to posterity, by 
 itoring up an ample provision of the mute teachers of 
 knowledge — for service in the time to come, as well as in 
 he day that was passing — had for their other main chan- 
 lels the erection of State Libraries, of Collegiate Libraries, 
 ind of School Libraries. The erection of Town Libraries, 
 IS a thing of public and general concern, was to be the 
 ask of the future. 
 
 It was estimated — about the year 1850 — that there were, 
 'vithin the United States, a hundred and forty-nine Colle- 
 giate Libraries, containing in the aggregate 1,0S3,954 
 olumes. Eleven years later — namely, in ISOl — returns 
 A Inch extended to one hundred and seventeen only (out of 
 (he one hundred and forty-nine) assigned to that portion of 
 ilie Collegiate Libraries an aggregate of 1,2.02.1 1-8 volumes. 
 ,Maiiy of these libraries had been originally gathered by tiucuc 
 Combined efforts of a very varied kind. British statesmen, n'.'.'o'nr" 
 ^Icrgymen living in rural parsonages scattered throughout 
 liiany parts of the United Kingdom, merchants of London 
 '.nd of Liverpool, took j)art in the establishing and the well- 
 iiniishing of libraries, for the American Colleges ; and 
 lometiiues a part hardly less zealous than that taken by the 
 governing bodies, and the student societies, of the Colleges 
 hemsclves. The dry details of the ' Donation Hooks' of 
 lot a few of these institutions are i)leasantly enlivened by 
 
 ords of numerous uifts from the moilicr coinihv lo li.r 
 
 InittJ 
 St-itos. 
 
276 FEEE TOWN LTBEARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 offspring oversea. This recognition of a true community 
 of interest in intellectnal matters^ as well as in matters of a 
 more Avorldly sort, was not broken off by the Revohition of 
 1776. Few Enghshmen are now ignorant of the fact that 
 the American colleges have, in later years, made many a 
 noble, though an indirect, return. Many a man who 
 derived part of his most productive culture from the silent 
 teachers in the College Libraries, which friends in Britain 
 helped liberally to furnish, has sent back to Britain im- 
 perishable books to adorn her own collections, and to be 
 counted with their best. 
 
 School Libraries usually partake more of the character 
 
 of temporary apparatus for the daily work, than of that of 
 
 collections which, for their contents or their permanence, 
 
 School- pj^j- |-)g I'anked as ' Libraries,' in the usual acceptation of; 
 
 District, or ' _i 
 
 To^Tisiiip, the word. Not a few, however, of the School Libraries of 
 the United States have a higher importance than that which 
 their designation ordinarily conveys. 
 
 We have seen that in France many of the Libraries of' 
 the Primary Schools serve in the capacity, and do part of 
 the work, of Communal or Parish Libraries. They supply 
 books for household reading. Li France this is the result, 
 of very recent legislation. In America a like useful pur- 
 pose — extending beyond the apparent range of the institu- 
 tion — has been subserved by many of the School Libraries, 
 for a considerable period of time. In no country in the 
 world — so far, at least, as extant information is available — 
 are the School Libraries so numerous, relatively to the 
 population, or so well furnished, as are those of the United 
 States. This fact has its obvious, although limited, bear- ' 
 ing on the comparative fewness of the Town and Parish 
 Libraries, expressly so called. 
 
 In the State of New Yor1v, the provision of Free Lending 
 
 Libraries. 
 
SCIloOl.-DiSTinCT LIBUAHIES OF NKW V()|;K. -277 
 
 [Libraries in connection with the School-Districts has 
 been carried out very extensively and systeniaticallv. A i'''" »'"»<;. "^ 
 jhnv for an aiiiuial appropriation from the State funds to Libraries, or 
 Itliis purpose was passed in l^oS. AVithin ten years of that 
 i(hite alK)ut 1,41)0,000 volumes had been placed in the Dis- 
 trict Libraries. In IsGS the number had been increased 
 almost threefold. Of the principles which have governed 
 |ihe choice of books the Board of Education speak thus : — 
 i*' Selections for the District Libraries are made from the 
 pvhole range of literature and science, with the exception of 
 
 f:ontroversial books, political or religious These 
 ibraries are intended not so much for the benefit of children 
 jiittending school, as for those who have completed their 
 pommon School Education. Its main design was to throw 
 into the School-Districts, and to place within the reach of 
 yll the inhabitants, a collection of good works on subjects 
 I'alculated to enlarge their understandings, and to store 
 :heir minds with useful knowledge." 
 
 I As the wants of many small towns and villages are, in 
 pome measure, met by the better class of School Libraries, 
 po are the wants of several large towns and cities met, or 
 partially met, by those ' State Libraries' which were, in 
 |he outset, established, at the various seats of the State 
 governments, for the special use of the Legislative Bodies. 
 for, in practice, and (as respects some of them) by slow schooi-D.s- 
 jlegrees, these State Libraries have become, in addition to ^rwlotT^' 
 iheir primary use. Free Town Libraries; not, indeed, as v'Ji'"^^'" 
 Licnding Collections but as Consulting Collections. Eor 
 ise within the walls, almost every State Library is now 
 uUy accessible to every citizen. 
 
 New Hampshire took the lead in the establishment of a 
 tate Library. The first legislative grant for the object was 
 lade whilst the State was still a colony, although on the 
 
The State 
 
 Kew York 
 at All) 
 
 278 FEEE TOWN LIBRAETES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 eve of independence. More tlian forty years passed befo 
 the example set at Concord, by the State of New Ham^ 
 shire, was imitated. In or about the year 1813, Penns} 
 vania estabUshed its State Library at Harrisburg. In 181, 
 or in 1817, Ohio followed by establishing a State Libra 
 in its chief city, Cokmibus. In 1818 that of New Yo. 
 was estabhshed at Albany. This has become the mc. 
 important of all the American Libraries of its class, 
 ranks also amongst the most liberally administered librari, 
 of that or of any other class. 
 
 Between the years 1818 and 1845 little more th; 
 10,000 volumes had been placed in the State Library!. 
 Librnry'of Albany. Intrinsically, the collection was already one ; 
 considerable value, but the Legislature was of opinion th;. 
 its importance would have been greater had not its a; 
 ministration and improvement been left too exclusively > 
 the care of functionaries who, of necessity, were alm(;: 
 engrossed by occnpations in which literature had lit; 
 concern. In the Board of ' Regents of the University :' 
 New York,' a body better fitted for such a task was sei 
 to exist, and the members of that Board were invited to f) 
 as Trustees of the State Library. The invitation v,} 
 accepted. 
 
 Under the rule of the new Trustees, the Library rapic; 
 improved. Within ten years of their appointment \} 
 number of volumes had been quadrupled, and the increrJ 
 in value had more than kept pace with the increase f 
 numbers. The acquisitions had been systematic. T3 
 chief aim of the Trustees had been to gather the best p( - 
 sible collection of books upon the history, the polity, t'3 
 laws, and the affairs, in every kind, of America. In t3 
 year 1857 the 10,000 volumes of 1845 had grown ^ 
 nearlv 50,000; now, — in 1SG9, — they are estimated 3 
 
THE STATE LIimARY OF NKW YOKK AT ALBANY. ^71) 
 
 exceed 70,000. Tlio reading-room is freely accessible to 
 even- citizen during twelve hours daily, and on every day 
 of tiie year, Sundays and State holidays alone excepted. 
 Nntumlly their liberality of growth and of management 
 
 I has had its cftect on many of the other State Libraries. 
 
 I Hut, as yet, New York remains, in this point, considerably 
 in advance of all her fellow States. 
 
 In the course of the rapidly increasing attention be- 
 
 j stowed, throughout almost all parts of America, upon 
 Public Libraries as powerful and indispensable instruments 
 
 I of civilization it could hardly fail but that such attention 
 should fasten itself at length — sooner or later — upon the 
 municipal action of incorporated towns, as offering the 
 best of all machinery for making Free Libraries thoroughly 
 progressive and truly permanent. This point of view came 
 eventually into clearness and prominence, but only by very 
 slow degrees. Boston was the first American city in which 
 practical effort of the kind was carried out effectively. It 
 was a return, in the middle of the nineteenth century, to a 
 principle the value of which had been recognised by u 
 
 i solitary thinker or two, at the close of the seventeenth. 
 
 I But, as we shall i)resently see, the return was made under 
 greatly improved conditions. 
 
CHAPTER II. I 
 
 i 
 
 HISTORY OF THE FREE CITY LIBRARY OF BOSTON. , 
 
 Municipal Proceedings in 1847-49. Mr. Edtvard Everett's Gift of 184j 
 — The Report on the proposed Free City Library of July 1852. — G^j 
 of Mr. Joshua Bates. — Proposed Union of the Boston Athenceum wi i 
 the City Library, and its failure. Erection and Cost of the ne- 
 Building. — The Second Gift of Mr. Bates, — Gifts of the Boivditchat 
 Parker Collections. — And that of the ' Prince Library' at the Old Sou' 
 Church. — Statistics of the Formation and WorTcing of the Library. -\ 
 Its Regidations and their residts. — The Regidation as to the Providu 
 of Boohs required by readers, bid not yet added to the Lihxiry. — Dedu\ 
 tionsfrom the experience of the Boston Library. i 
 
 The first foundation of tlie noble municipal library whic; 
 now adorns the City of Boston may be traced to the yea! 
 1847, as the date of its virtual commencement, althoug 
 for more than three years after that date the initiatory step 
 were not very actively or successfully followed up. 
 
 On the fourteenth of October in that year, the then Mayo 
 
 of the city, Josiah Quincy — the second bearer of thaj 
 
 Tiie Message houourcd nauie — sent a messao-e to the City Council oi 
 
 uftlie Mayor ... ^ • p r^- 
 
 ofBostouin the desirability and the growing public need of a Cit; 
 Library. He told the Council that " a Citizen has ofFerei 
 J, to give to the City five thousand dollars (£1000), for tli( 
 purpose of making a commencement, on condition (1 
 that a further sum of ten thousand dollars should be raisci 
 by a public subscription, and (2) that the library, vvhei 
 formed, should be open to the Public in as free a manneij 
 as may be consistent with the safety of the property." Th('' 
 
KVKKETT'S cut to BOSTON IN 181".). 2.S1 
 
 Mayor tlitl not, in this fomnmiiication to the Ci)uiicil, name 
 the intended donor of the thousand pounds sterling; the 
 proffered gift being his own. 
 
 By the Couneil the message was referred to a Committee, 
 jupou wliose report it was afterwards resolved: (1) "That 
 jthe City of Boston will accept any donation, from citizens 
 |or others, for the purpose of commencing a Public City 
 JLibrary." (2) " That whenever the library shall be of the 
 ivalue of thirty thousand dollars (tfiOOO) it Avill be expe- 
 jilient for the City to provide a suitable place and arrange- 
 Imeuts to enable it to be used by the Citizens with as great 
 » degree of freedom as the security of the property will 
 jeruiit." An Act of the Legislatiu-e of j\Iassachusetts w as 
 >oon afterwards passed, by which the City of Boston was 
 empowered " to establish and maintain a Public Library, 
 or the use of its inhabitants." But no effectual proceed- 
 ngs were then taken, under this new legislation. 
 
 Towards the close of 1S49 one important step towards 
 he realization of the j)roject of 1847 was made by an 
 Jiuinent statesman of Massachusetts, Mr. Edward Everett, 
 vho gave to the City a collection of about one thousand 
 )ound volumes, comprising the most important American 
 plate Papers and public documents issued from the founda- 
 ion of the Federal Government to the year 1840. The 
 f.\ample met with several imitators. And in the course of 
 Ihe following year, the first money contribution towards the 
 rectiou of a library was given by the then Mayor of 
 (Jaston, Mr. John Bigei.ow. The amount of this gift was 
 'p-'OO. By the beginning of 1852, about four thousand 
 olumes had l)een accumulated. They included a valuable 
 erics of French books which had been presented by the 
 ilunicipality uf Paris to that of IJoston— through the 
 gency of M. Alexandre VA'nEMARE, and with a view to 
 
 Everett's 
 Gift in lata. 
 
282 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 Report on 
 the proposed 
 City Library 
 of Boston, 
 Jidy, 1852. 
 
 The gift of 
 Mr. Joshua 
 Bat«s, Oct., 
 1853. 
 
 the establishment of a systematic interchange of pubhc 
 documents between France and America — several years 
 earlier. 
 
 This groundwork of a City Library was now vested in, 
 a Board of Trustees, and a librarian Avas chosen. In July 
 1852 the Trustees made a report to the City Council, of 
 which the following is an extract : " If it were probable 
 that the Council would deem' it expedient at once to make: 
 a large appropriation for the erection of a building and the 
 purchase of an ample library, and that the citizens at large: 
 would approve of such an expenditure, the Trustees would 
 of course feel great satisfaction in the prompt achievement '■ 
 of an object of such high public utility. Bat in the present , 
 state of the finances of the City, and in reference to an 
 object on which the public mind is not yet enlightened by 
 experience, the Trustees regard any such appropriation and 
 expenditure as entirely out of the question. They look, . 
 therefore, only to the continuance of such moderate and 
 frugal expenditure, on the part of the City, as has been 
 already authorized and commenced for the purchase of 
 books and the compensation of the Librarian ; and for the 
 assignment of a room or rooms in some one of the public 
 buildings belonging to the City for the reception of the 
 books already on hand, or which the Trustees have the 
 means of procuring. With aid to this extent on the part' 
 of the City, the Trustees believe that all else may be left to 
 the public spirit and liberality of individuals. 
 
 In pursuance of the course recommended in this report, 
 a grant was made by the Council for the adaptation and 
 fitting up of a building for the temporary reception of the 
 library. Whilst the adaptation was in progress, the Mayor 
 of Boston received from Mr. Joshua Bates, of London — 
 himself a native of Boston — the munificent offer to contri- 
 
THE GIFT OF MR. JOSHUA BATES. 283 
 
 |)ute books to tlio value of £10,000 sterling; the City 
 iroviding an adequnte building, and taking upon itself the 
 urrent expenses of maintenance. 
 
 A good work, wherever it may have been accomplished, 
 arelv fails to incite, in some cpiarter or other, a spirit of 
 itorthy enndation. Very frccpiently, the incitement, spreads 
 p many quarters at once. When Mr. Bates' letter was 
 mtten in London, an amomit of public attention had just 
 fcen attracted to the establishment and the recent public 
 fpening of the Free Library of ]\Lanchester, such as had 
 jarely been given, in England, to any proceedings about 
 ^braries. When that letter was received in Boston, Liver- 
 pool was busied, in its turn, with the inauguration of a Free 
 library destined, within a few years, to assume larger 
 oroportions than that of Manchester. Mr. Bates' proffered 
 pift gave an entirely new aspect to the proceedings at 
 Boston. It proved to be the real foundation-stone of a 
 'ree Library which has already outstripped, in several 
 toints of view, all the Free Libraries, of a municipal sort, 
 vhich had i)rcccded it, and which as yet, perhaps, stands 
 put on the threshold of its public usefulness. 
 j In the course of his letter to the City Council of Boston 
 Nir. Bates thus expressed his views as to the character of 
 jlie building which ought to be provided for the new 
 library : — " The only condition I ask is that the building 
 thall be such as shall be an ornament to the City ; that 
 here shall be room for from one hundred to one hundred 
 nid fifty persons to sit at reading tables ; and that it shall 
 »e perfectly free to all, with no other restrictions than may 
 )e necessary for the preservation of the books. AVhat the 
 juilding may cost I am unable to estimate ; but the books 
 
 counting additions during my lifetime) I estimate at 
 850,000 (tlO,000 sterling), which 1 shall gladly contribute, 
 
284 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 Proposal for 
 Union of 
 Boston Atlie- 
 nffiura vvith 
 the City 
 Library. 
 
 and consider it but a small return for the many acts c 
 kindness I have received from my many friends in you! 
 City." 
 
 From the time of the reception of this letter a majorit, 
 of the City Council became more intent upon carrying ou 
 their share of the work with a thoroughness which shoulf 
 make provision for the wants of the future, as well as for th' 
 immediate want of the day, than upon observing the utmos., 
 possible " frugality of expenditure." But a section of th; 
 Council was still friendly to a project, originated in 1848! 
 for converting the existing library of the 'Boston Athei 
 nseum ' into the groundwork of a City Library. Probabhi 
 at that date the Athenaeum Library was already the fines: 
 collection of its class within the United States, as unquesi 
 tionably it was the one most liberally administered. Fo 
 its rules empowered the proprietors, individually, to admi 
 strangers to free access, so that, in a restricted sense, it hac 
 come to subserve the purposes of a Public as well as of ; 
 Proprietary Library. 
 
 In 1848 it had been proposed that the City Counci 
 should pay to the treasurer of the Athenaeum a sum equa 
 to £10,000 sterling, with an additional yearly sum o 
 £1000; and that thenceforward the library should becomi 
 a public and municipal institution, under the managemen 
 of a joint committee, nominated in part by the Cit^ 
 Council, and in part by the Athenaeum Trustees. In 185; 
 the proposition took the shape of a transfer of the share; 
 of the proprietary to the City, partly by sale and partly b 
 free gift from those of the shareholders who desired to pro 
 mote the union. Both propositions alike failed, after mucl 
 negociation and some sharp controversy. 
 
 Meanwhile, the arrangements for opening the infantiltij 
 City Library, in a temporary building, were proceeded with: 
 
THK SECOND GIFT OF ATT?. T5ATFS. 28ri 
 
 |\s a Consultinc: Collection, it was opened for imblic nsc on 
 he :?Otii of March, I Sot; as a Lending Collection, on the 
 Jnd of May in the same year. The only condition of public 
 iccess was that of subscription to the regulations. Tlic 
 humhcr of signatures between March and October of that 
 |car exceeded six thousand. Presently, the public willing- 
 |icss to use the new institution came to be much in excess 
 pf its available acconnnodatiou. 
 
 I The site and character of tlie new building were deter- 
 juined upon, detinitively, early in the year 1855 . The build- 
 ing was completed at the close of the year 1 S57. The cost IZ'^C^ 
 ^f the site — which included a liberal provision of additional ^f'^ B""''- 
 nd to meet possible and future requirements — w^as 
 23,300 ; that of the building £49,400 ; or in the aggre- 
 ate ir2,7()0. 
 The numilicent benefactor of the library, ^Ir. Joshua 
 3atks, expressed his cordial approval of the plans adopted 
 )y the Council, and he doubled his original gift by contri- 
 ;)uting more than twenty-six thousand volumes of books, 
 rarefuily selected and purchased at a cost of about ten 
 [housand pounds. The ten thousand pounds originally 2"'' m"** 
 ^iven was funded, and its annual income is expended, year "'»"^«- 
 by year, in the purchase of books of permanent value. To 
 jhis fund Mr. Jonathan Phillips, an eminent citizen of 
 lioston, had already added, in July 1853, a sum of two 
 housand |)ounds, the interest of which is expended in like 
 fiianner; and a similar sum was bequeathed by Mr. Abbott 
 Lawrenck in 1855. In 1801, Mr. Piiillits bequeathed, 
 |n addition to his former gift, a sum of four thousand 
 jmunds, to be similarly invested for the yearly increase of 
 he library. With the addition, fioiu time to time, of .some 
 ninor benefactions, the library now ])ossesses an endow- 
 nent fund of nlmut 120,000 sterling, the annual interest 
 
286 
 
 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 of which is appropriated, exckisively, to the purchase i! 
 books. Smaller gifts, amounting to about £600, have bee! 
 similarly expended, as they accrued. 
 
 In addition to the princely donation of books receivci 
 
 from Mr. Bates, four important collections have been give 
 
 to the City of Boston, at various times, since the publ 
 
 opening of its Pree Library in 1858. - 
 
 coiiectious The first addition of an inteerral collection was made ii 
 
 added to the i i i • n 1 
 
 City Library tho coursc 01 that ycar, Avhen the heirs of Nathaniti 
 BowDiTCH gave his valuable mathematical library, contairi 
 ing about 2,300 volumes. 
 
 In 1860 the library — both choice and extensive — d 
 Theodore Parker, was received by his bequest. This gil! 
 added to the contents of the City Library about 11,36; 
 volumes. In the course of the same year a choice colleci 
 tion of books in the classical languages, and of many valui 
 able works in Italian and Spanish literature, was given b ' 
 George Ticknor. This collection comprised more thai; 
 three thousand volumes. ! 
 
 In 1866 the City received a gift less extensive, numeri', 
 cally, than those already named, but, for Boston, even mor^ 
 precious in its intrinsic value than most of the others. Thj 
 Trustees of the ' Old South Church,' of which in colonia; 
 days the Reverend Thomas Prince had been pastor, trans} 
 ferred to the Corporation the remarkable collection loiij' 
 known in Boston as the 'Prince Library.' It is eminentlj 
 rich in the colonial history and early literature of Nevi 
 England. It therefore comprises not only many books ancj 
 tracts which, on their rare occurrence at sales, fetch whaj 
 are called fabulous prices, but also many others, th'' 
 obtainment of which, at any price, becomes, with ever]! 
 passing year, more and more difficult, if not, in some casesj 
 absolutely hopeless. To Americans, these are the invaluablfj 
 
 The ' Princ 
 
 Libi-ary' at 
 the South 
 Chm-ch. 
 
AMOUNT OF GIFTS TO TTIK BOSTON LIHRARY. 287 
 
 materials of tlieir national history, not the curiosities of 
 mere bil)liomania. The colleetor of this early colonial 
 libmry had hequcathcd it, by way of heirloom, to the con- 
 gregation over which he had lon^ presided. It comprised 
 1899 voUuncs. Both the 'Prince Collection' and the 
 * Parker Collection,' as well as the mathematical books of 
 BowDiTcn, are classified and arranged apart from the 
 jgenernl library. 
 
 I The aggregate number of volumes given to the City Aggregate 
 iLibrary of l^oston, up to the beginning of the year 1868, the gifts to 
 exceeds seventy thousand volumes. When the intrinsic Librao'."" 
 .value of these is regarded, as well as their number, the 
 |Boston Committee may well express their belief that " no 
 jFree Library in the world will show such lar2;e accessions 
 Ifrom donors," Doubtless, it remains true that the main 
 ireliance of a great Public Library must always be placed 
 iupon purchases rather than upon gifts, since it is only ex- 
 ceptional munificence, like that of Mr. Bates, or excep- 
 tional opportunities of gathering books of a particular kind, 
 jwhich can ])rovide, on any large scale, for the union of 
 icareful selection with free gift. But Boston may well be 
 iproud of so remarkable a demonstration of public liberality 
 land public spirit as that which is recorded upon its dona- 
 |tion book, even subsequently to the first formation of the 
 jlibrary. It also deserves remark that with so large a circu- 
 jlation of books as that which obtains at Boston — and also 
 (in several of our own Free Libraries — the inconvenience to 
 |the working arrangements which has occasionally arisen, in 
 jsomc collections, from an undue increment of du[)licate and 
 Itriplicate books, by successive gifts, is less to be appre- 
 jlicndcd, than in libraries where the circulation and conse- 
 jtpicntly the rapid outwear of the books is comparatively 
 Ismail. Some accumulation, however, of what the Boston 
 
288 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 report calls ' mere literary lumber ' will always have t 
 be dealt witli from time to time. | 
 
 In the course of the year 186S, the City received a gii 
 which affords an example of almost the best sort of bene, 
 faction that it is possible to bestow on a community, for it 
 Pubhc Library. Mr. William Wheelwright, of Bueno, 
 Ayres, profited by the special opportunities he enjoyed c' 
 collectinsr books relating; to the historv and affairs of th; 
 South American countries, and then presented the result 
 of his labours to the municipality of Boston. A Collectio]; 
 so made is sure to embrace books and documents, which i 
 is scarcely possible to procure by the ordinary channels c 
 commerce, even when neither cost nor pains are spared. 
 
 The Boston Library had opened, in its first and tempo 
 rary abode, with about 16,000 volumes. The aggregat 
 circulation of books issued to borrowers, in 1854, wa 
 35,389. When opened for public use, in the new building 
 on the 1st January, 1859, the aggregate number of volume 
 was about 80,600= The total issues of books to borrower 
 during that year was 149,468 volumes. Three years after 
 wards the books had increased to about 108,000 volume 
 (tracts included), and the aggregate issues to borrowers t( 
 180,302 volumes. In 1867 the number of books ha( 
 increased to about 136,000 volumes, and the number o 
 issues had increased to 208,963 volumes. 
 
 Taken according to the daily averages the issues were, ii 
 the first year, 250 on each open day; in the sixth year 
 588 ; in the ninth year, 626 ; in the fourteenth year, 754 
 The largest number of volumes ever issued on one day was] 
 1813. ' ' 
 
 As respects the issues of books to readers in the readinsj 
 rooms of the library itself, the statistics seem to have beerij 
 very imperfectly kept. Usually, the number of 'readers ■ 
 
YEAin.v issrKs fiiom the boston c"ITv lihi;.\i;v.2R0 
 
 is recordcil, but not tlicmnuljcr of volumes issued to tliein. 
 On the otlier hand, special record is made of the number 
 [>f periodical puhHcations, issued in the reading rooms, and 
 
 who (during recent years) of tlie use made, within tiic 
 building, — in what is called the * Bates Hall ' — of books 
 [00 valunhle to be permitted to circulate. 
 The following table shows the details, vear by vear, from Yearly iMues 
 
 he first opening of the T;ibrarv to the year 1807 Boston city 
 
 nclusive : — 
 
 Fkek City Liurauy of Boston. — Number of Volumes in 
 Library, in each year; Aqgregate Yearly Issues to 
 Borrowers; and (as far as recorded) to Readers in 
 THE Reading Rooms. 
 
 Library. 
 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 
 VOLLMES IN 
 
 
 VOLIMES ISSIKD 
 
 LiBRABK [ETCLU- 
 
 VOLUIIBS ISSUKD 
 
 TO Rkadebs 
 
 SIVK or UNBOUND 
 
 TO lioRBOWERS. 
 
 [ExcLisivE or 1 
 
 I'ampiilets]. 
 
 
 Pkriodicals]. 
 
 16.221 
 
 35.389 
 
 
 22.617 
 
 81,281 
 
 
 2s,(iSo 
 
 82,661 
 
 
 :'>l-.>i!i6 
 
 8Jt.423 
 
 
 70.S.51 
 
 75,570 
 
 
 IX^OWi 
 
 149,468 
 
 
 8.=). 0:52 
 
 151,020 
 
 
 !t7.3sti 
 
 160.877 
 
 
 ln.-,,(i:U 
 
 180,302 
 
 10.263 
 
 1](.,:.6;} 
 
 138,027 
 
 7,124 ' 
 
 llt;.!t:54 
 
 184,035 
 
 11,057 
 
 12:5.<-1<; 
 
 194,627 
 
 13,090 
 
 l;]o.ti7.s 
 
 193,862 
 
 10.438 
 
 136,981 
 
 208,963 
 
 11,553 
 
 Aggregate number of Readers in Reading Rjonjs, 73,558 (in 186"; 
 
 If the number of periodical publications, issued to readers 
 n the rending rooms, be added to those of the recorded 
 ssues from the reserved books in the 'Bates Hall.' the 
 iggrcgatc munlier of vf)lumcs used by rciidcrs within flie 
 
issues of 
 
 290 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 building, during the year 1867 — so far as recorded — wi': 
 be 302,299 volumes. j 
 
 When the Trustees of the City Library of Boston firsi 
 
 opened their collection for household use, they determinet; 
 
 Early Kegu- ^^ dispcnsc with that written voucher and guaranty, froii, 
 
 latious for the i ■ _ ^ . . 1 
 
 known ratepayers, which, in the organization of the Britisl: 
 Free Libraries, had been regarded as a necessary condition: 
 alike of the safety of the books and of the prompt servioj 
 of the Public by whom they were to be used. Ai 
 Boston, for several years, the only requirement made fron 
 applicants for the loan of books was a promise to observ^i 
 the rules, signified simply by signature. The borrower wa, 
 asked to register his address, as well as his name. But ik: 
 verification of his statement was in any way exacted. Hovj 
 has this unusual and absolute freedom of access worked ii, 
 practice ? ■ 
 
 No question can possibly have greater interest for tlios(; 
 who are concerned in the administration of Free Libraries' 
 Fortunately, the materials for answering it are ample. No; 
 can they be better applied than by citing the account of tbi 
 experiment and of its results given by the Boston Committeij 
 itself in the Report of 1857 : — "Mr. Ticknor," say thd 
 writers of that document, " in the preliminary Report o; 
 1852, in sketching out a plan for the Library, .... whicl| 
 is substantially the basis upon which it is administered 
 to-day, urged strongly the desirability and probable safet;! 
 of circulating the books freely among certain classes of ou| 
 conununity, where the class bore with it a kind of responi 
 Fifteenth slbillty, without any surety but their personal recognisance ' 
 but contemplated that it might bec(;me necessary in ordil 
 nary cases to require some pecuniary guaranty." i 
 
 Eventually, however, no distinction of ' classes ' or o! 
 
 port ofTrus- 
 tees of City 
 Library, ip.G^ 
 
i;.\rin i\ri:K.\sK ix Tin: li^>?5 or hooks. 391 
 
 leases, ordinnrv or i-xtraordiimry, was made. The 011c soli- 
 jtnry requirement was, as has l)cen said, the signature of 
 iname and address in tlie Library books. 
 
 "The Free Liln-arics of Kngland," continues the Report 
 |of ls()7, "under the ParlianiciUary Act of 1850, were 
 requiring this [pecuniary guaranty] as a condition before 
 |t hose privileges were accorded to a citizen ; and the ij have 
 \retained it mthoiit any apparent check upon their mefi/lness^ 
 Vind with much greater security to their property than we have 
 
 E'lijoyed. Still the experiment of a freer library than the 
 vorld had ever known was not, perhaps, an ill-timed one, 
 md, for a while, it was thought to bean unvarying success ; 
 juid, to this day, no pecuniary voucher is demanded. 
 
 " A few books were reported ' lost,' at first, in ]\Iason 
 5treet, and the number had increased until, in the last year 
 It that place, it was two imndrcd for the year. Still, it was 
 bought that there had been no wantonness. In \<)1 , we 
 )egan to hear of m\itilations, with hints at future stringency. 
 . . . Durinii the first year in the present building (1809), Rapid in- 
 
 L 1 I i 1 1 • r 1 -1 1 , ^P "case in the 
 
 )ne hundred and thirty [voluniesj were reported lost. Of luasofbookB. 
 hese, forty-two were subsequently recovered, leaving eighty- 
 ight unaccounted for. It increased yearly, until it had got 
 [o l)e annually between five and six hundred; when, at the 
 )Cginning of last year, some check was put upon it by 
 ssuing new cards and recalling the old ones. Still, for the 
 last year, four hundred and sixty volumes are reported 
 uissiug, and of these two hundred and ten are charged to 
 mrrowers, who cannot be found or traced at the addresses 
 hey gave, leaving the sad inference of premeditjited fiaiid." 
 Even thu.s far, there would seem to be conclusive 
 evidence of the wisdom, and the necessity, of at least such 
 I verification of the statements made by ai)j)licants for the 
 nan of bo*)k», as wonhi ascertain their responsibility. Hut 
 
292 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 the care is much strengthened when from tlie statistics (; 
 the absolute loss of books we turn to those of their wanto' 
 injury. " Mutilations and defacements," continue tl 
 Committee, "are becoming common. In 1862, the Supe, 
 intendent reported that, in his judgment, more was to b 
 feared from this evil than from loss ; and, in successiA 
 reports, it has been dwelt upon, and the time predicte 
 when stricter supervision of the delivery would be necei; 
 sary. There was formerly no adequate remedy for thi 
 kind of injury, when discovered ; and it was hardly possibi 
 with the force at command to collate a sixth part of tl 
 books returned. Last winter the necessary law to mei' 
 such cases of mutilation and defacement was passed by tl 
 Legislature," , \ 
 
 There is some apparent difficulty in harmonizing t\v 
 other passages of the report of 1867, which stand in clo; 
 proximity. But the general inference to be deduced fro:; 
 them is both unmlstakeable and most instructive. "Tl 
 total number of missing and worn-out books has bet 
 about 6,700 volumes, from the beginning; and this — c 
 an aggregate circulation of 2,000,000 — is only sometbir 
 over one third of one per cent., which is certainly not exce 
 
 sive What proportion of this number (6,71 
 
 volumes) can be put down to absolute theft, or boo) 
 unaccounted for, it is not easy to ascertain. But yoi 
 Committee see, by the records, that this most disgrace! 
 kind of loss is increasing out of all proportion to the circ 
 lation, which is now only 30 per cent, more than it was 
 1859, while the loss in unaccounted for books, on the be 
 data that can be found, is something like 300 per cei 
 more. This increase does not, probably, show a relati 
 increase of offenders, since a few, by observing the imp 
 nity with which it could be done, would naturally enlar 
 
lIAPin IXCHKASK IX THE LOSS OF BOOKS, 203 
 
 itlicir range of tli'pivdations. Tlie reference books around 
 jtlic desks in the 'Bates Hall,' and in the Reading Room, 
 |are open to tlie inroads of a class of thieves known to the 
 iPoIirc to exist in fraternities, so that books stolen from 
 -libmries and shops in one large city arc transmitted to 
 ;their fellows in another, to be disposed of. These prac- 
 jtices are, in no small degree, doing a work of demoraliza- 
 ition, whieli every consideration of justice and well-being 
 requires to be checked. 'I'o do this without, temporarily, 
 icurtailing the circulation were, perhaps, not easy. The 
 .example of Manchester showed that where considerable 
 jFestraint had been put at the start, and consistently kept 
 tup, a large circulation could be maintained. Your Com- 
 jmittee know that it is more difficult to impose restraints at 
 a late day ; but they believe that it is never too late to do 
 i right. And the Public will be sure to see that by right 
 doing their privileges are more fully protected than ever." 
 
 On the whole matter, the Committee arrived at these two 
 jeonclusions : I, That a new plan of registration — already 
 jintroduccd by way of experiment — by which each ap[)licant 
 jfor the loan of books is required to name two referees who 
 jwill, if applied to, verify his statements, should be per- 
 severed in. II. That, in the event of a requirement so 
 I moderate being found inadequate to the removal of ])re- 
 ivious abuses, the system of responsible guarantors, initiated 
 at Manchester in 185:2, should then be introduced at Boston. 
 "At Manchester," say the Conunittec, in concluding their 
 Report, "they require two pecuniary vouchers among ihc 
 Ratepayers, renewed every live years, for each ai)plieant. 
 I On the same circulation as ours in I'^Oj-d, they lost but 
 I fifty-six volumes, and these were all r('|)lac('d, — thirty-three 
 by the borrowers, and twcntv-three by the guarantors. 
 Besides this, they enforce pecuniary satisfaction for mutila- 
 
394 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 Fifteenth 
 Report, as 
 above, p. 6i. 
 
 tions and defacements Your Committee trust tlia 
 
 it will not be nscessary to go to the limit employed a 
 Manchester; but they have no hesitation in saying tha 
 this Community should assert its right to be called quite a: 
 orderly as any other ; and, if that pre-eminence can only b( 
 secured by the pecuniary vouchers, they should be required.' 
 
 Regulations 
 of Boston 
 Reading 
 Room. 
 
 The Reading Room of the Boston City Library is opei 
 from nine o'clock in the morning until ten in the evening o 
 every secular day throughout the year, —the five legal oi 
 State holydays excepted. All inhabitants of Boston (in- 
 cluding the suburb of Roxbury) are, by law, entitled tc^ 
 admission, if fibove the age of fourteen years. The regular 
 tion as to strangers reads thus : '' Any stranger or persoi 
 visiting the City, may, on being properly recommended; 
 make use of the books within the Library building." Thi: 
 regulation, it will be observed, introduces, and necessitates; 
 a material qualification of that sentence in the Report o i 
 1867, in which the Boston Library is described as a "freei! 
 library than the world had ever known/^ When thai 
 sentence was written, the fact had been, for the moment 
 overlooked that the world had known (for more than twc; 
 hundred years) libraries, the doors of Avhich were open t( 
 all comers, without any ' recommendation ' whatever. Th(: 
 phrase is strictly applicable to the Boston Library, but onl}. 
 when it is regarded as a Lending Collection. In ever}; 
 respect, however, the Boston institution is an honour tothf 
 City which maintains it. And in one or two points oi' 
 management (hitherto unmentioned) it sets an example b\' 
 which the greatest and most liberally administered libraries' 
 of Europe might still profit to their further improvement! 
 Li none of them, for example, is so liberal a rule followed' 
 in respect to the immediate obtainment of books sought foi' 
 
lU'LKS OF TlIK liOSToX LI r,rv AIJY, ETC. ^D") 
 
 |by any reader, but with which the Hbnuy was then luifur- 
 jiished, as that which is in force at Boston. In the 'Rules 
 imd Regulations of the Public Library of the City of Boston,' ^'^Z "'ryei 
 fhe provision on this point is thus expressed: — "Whenever ;'|J;;'^;° 
 I book wanted by any one using the Library docs not 
 f)elong to it, such person is particularly requested to enter 
 •tlie title of the book on a card furnished for the purpose, to 
 ^vbich the person's name and residence shall be added, 
 i.rhe i)ook will be j)rocure{l as soon as possil)le (unless there 
 :s some special reason airainst purchasing it) ; and, on its 
 arrival, it will be retained in the Library five days, subject 
 the order of the person asking for it, to whom due notice ^„,^, _j.^^ 
 10 that etlect will be sent by mail." pp. 12. 13. 
 
 On another point of detail — relating to the use of what 
 ire technically known as ' Reference Books ' — the regula- 
 ion is both prudent and bberal, " Encyclopaedias," says 
 ^ule X, " Dictionaries, and other books needed for refer- 
 'iice in the Library Building ; books not easily to be 
 e])laced in consequence of their rarity or value: books Andaisoas 
 
 * , ' •' to Circulation 
 
 ■xpressly given for reference only ; books deemed by the of Reference 
 Trustees to be unsnitcd for general circulation ; and also 
 uibound periodicals, shall be used only in the building. 
 *rovided, nevertheless, that in order to allow the widest 
 )racticable use of the Library consistent with its greatest 
 fficiency, a person desirous to borrow any book or perio- 
 iica! whatever — except such books as may have been given 
 >n condition that they should not be taken from the 
 ibrarj' — and stating the reasons for it, in writing, to the 
 ["rustees, shall, if the reasons are deemed suHicient, be i)er- im-.p 7. 
 uitted to borrow it on j)ro[)er conditions." 
 And — once again — hoston has set a good example to 
 ibrarics of every kind — by the bi-monthly publicati(;n of 
 ' Bulletin' containing complete lists of its additions from 
 
296 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 The Boston moiith to iiionth, and as well of books acquired from a) 
 'bSLw parts of the world as of American and British books. Iti 
 an excellent appliance both for the efficiency of the workin; 
 arrangements . as they concern the managers and stai 
 within; and for the prompt service of the readers ani 
 borrowers without. This publication began in the autum: 
 of 1867. In addition to its lists of addenda to the Librar 
 — which are drawn up with great care and judgment — i; 
 contains lists of desiderata, which show, amongst othej 
 things, that amount of systematic and persistent attentiol 
 to the storing up of the best materials, in every kind, ( 
 American history, which cannot fail to render the Citi 
 Library, in course of time, pre-eminent as a repository fc, 
 information, not only about the New England province: 
 but about the United States at large. j 
 
 O" 
 
 On the not less interesting point of the character an! 
 classification of the issues from the Library, the informatic; 
 given in the Boston reports leaves something to be desire(' 
 The internal arrangements, it would seem, admit as y' 
 only of a very partial, not of a complete or even nearly con 
 plete, classification of the books which are read. All th;; 
 can at present be said on this point consists in the verb; 
 quotation of some passages contained in the Report for tl| 
 Classification year 1867. That Beport, it ought to be premised, 
 Luedin remarkable for its great ability and comprehensiveness. ^1 
 singular a use of the word ' classification ' as that whi(i 
 applies it to the table now to be quoted might otherwil 
 suggest a very inaccurate idea of the value of the doc \ 
 ment, — than which (in all other respects) it would be ha'' 
 to find any similar document so well deserving of the stiuj 
 of all readers who are interested in the working of Frj 
 Libraries*. Even as regards the issues, the remarks whi<' 
 
 the Readin 
 Room. 
 
ISSUES FKOM BOSTON CITY IJHKAUY. 297 
 
 jllow tlu- TaMe will W Ibiiml to possess not a little instnio- 
 
 ion. 
 
 ** The average yearly use of books in the several classiii- 
 ations is as follows : 
 
 
 
 NlMBKB OT 
 
 Volumes in 'Baths 
 
 Pk.k-c 
 
 KNTAnE 
 
 Hail' division of 
 
 OK Til 
 
 . Issv^s. 
 
 Tiir. Gknkral 
 
 LlBRAKY. 
 
 1. English History and Literature 
 
 17 
 
 11.049 
 
 2. Useful ami Fine Arts 
 
 10 
 
 3,434 
 
 3. Auierioau History and Literatiu-e . 
 
 9 
 
 9,339 
 
 A. Theology, Metaphysies, Ethics, Edu- 
 
 
 1 
 
 cation 
 
 8 
 
 10,782 ! 
 
 5. Periodicals 
 
 7 
 
 10,458 
 
 6. Mathematics and Physics . 
 
 7 
 
 4,556 
 
 7. Medicine 
 
 6 
 
 4,405 
 
 8. French History and Literature . 
 
 6 
 
 5,983 
 
 9. General Histoi-y and Literature . 
 
 4 
 
 4,124 
 
 10. Italian Histoi-y and Literature . 
 
 4 
 
 4,679 
 
 11. Natural History 
 
 12. Transact i«»ns of Learned Societies 
 
 4 
 
 3,925 
 
 4 
 
 [See No. 5.] 
 
 13. German History and Literature 
 
 3 
 
 3,486 
 
 14. Greek and Latin Classics . 
 
 3 
 
 3,072 
 
 15. Other (including Oriental) History and 
 
 
 
 Literature . • . 
 
 3 
 
 2,707 
 
 16. Bibliography 
 
 17. Law and Political Economy 
 
 o 
 
 2,585 
 
 o 
 
 2,685 
 
 18. Miscellaneous 
 
 i 
 
 387 
 87,656* 
 
 Total number of volumes . 
 
 Proportionate 
 Issucsin cacli 
 hundred 
 volumes, sup- 
 plied ; and 
 number of 
 volumes in 
 each division 
 of General 
 Library. 
 
 "The most niarkcil annual variation," continues the 
 Report of I'^O/, "has been in the clnssification headed by 
 'Theology,* which has fallen, gradually, from eleven per 
 cent., in 180:2, to four per cent., in lb07. This is owing, 
 IHjrhaps, to the fact that, at the outset, special efforts were 
 made to interest the clergy and educators in the Library ; 
 and, possibly, also to the fact that the Oeneral Theological 
 
 • Tbi« number ig exclusive of the 1({,21'> volunied coinpriHcd in the 
 •everal rullections of Bowditch. Parker, and Princ-, all «.f wlii.h are 
 separat^^ly arranged. 
 
298 FEEE TOWN LIBRAEIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 Library has been since established. American history an 
 literature have gradually gained, owing, perhaps, in som 
 measure, in the historical part, to the late Rebellion fosterin 
 an inclination to learn our own antecedent history, an 
 possibly to the efforts which the Library has made to secui 
 everything in any language relating to that rebellion. 1 
 will be seen that the use of books in this department is nc 
 much more than half of what it is in English History au 
 Literature, which is not so strange, perhaps, in view of tli 
 relative extent of the two departments. Nevertheless, thei 
 is doubtless a disproportionate inclination among readers fc 
 profit to go to books and themes of the old world. Professci 
 Lowell, in a recent review of the Life of Josiah Quinch 
 gives a statement which he was, perhaps, in as good a pes 
 tion as any one to make, to the effect that 'it may safel; 
 be affirmed that for one cultivated man in this country wlii 
 
 ReplTtHp. studies American history, there are fifty who study Europea; 
 
 44-46(1867). history, ancient and modern.'" i 
 
 j 
 
 The annual expenditure for this large and most liberall 
 managed library amounted, in the year which ended on tli 
 30th of September, 1867, to 52,658 dollars, equal to sonKi 
 what more than £10,531 sterling. Of this sum aboi 
 £1000 was derived from the annual interest of the endoA\| 
 ment fund (from the Bates and other donations for tb, 
 purchase of books), and all the remainder from the mmi; 
 cipal funds. The details of the outlay are as follows : | 
 
iliDUCTlONS F1{<)M THK EXPERIENCE AT BOSTON. 299 
 
 £ 
 
 PuTchaso of Books luid Periodicals 2,614 
 
 I Bookbindiug . . . .' 761 
 
 I Catalogues and Pruiting 1,046 
 
 Salaries 4,248 
 
 Library Furniture, and Stationery 460 
 
 Gas, Fuel, Carriage of Books, and Petty Expenses . 1,402 
 
 Total Annual Expenditure .... £10,531 
 
 Yearly Kv 
 pcnditurr 
 
 pcneuce at 
 
 I Among those practical dechictions froiu the experience 
 
 f the Boston Free Library, during its fourteen years of 
 
 ful)hc work, which seem to coiuniend themselves to the 
 
 )ecial attention of all persons who arc, or shall be, con- Deductions 
 
 ?nied with the organization of like institutions elsewhere, 
 
 one is more obviously important than is the confirmation ^''""" 
 
 fiiich it gives of the wisdom of the now nearly universal 
 
 [lie for * Free Libraries ' of exacting from applicants for 
 
 |ie loan of books, for household use, a reconnncndatory 
 
 loucher of some kind. The sy.stem of admitting all appli- 
 
 luits upon the simple record of name and address without 
 
 ny further inquiry or responsibility, brought with it serious 
 
 [upediments to the due supply of the legitimate demands 
 
 |f those borrowers who observed the library rules and 
 
 ^sed their privilege without abusing it, as well as serious 
 
 ^)S8 to the nuniicipal funds. Undue freedom of admission 
 
 jiiade the Library for a time less truly a ' Free City Library,' 
 
 or the population at large, than it came to be when put 
 
 uider discreet regulation. 
 
 ; On the other hand, no evidence has accrued which at all 
 
 rnds to establish the necessity of exacting any similar 
 
 ouchcr for access to a public reading-room. In (he one 
 
 asc, the due preservation of the public property cannot be 
 
 o secured without the voucher. In the other case, the 
 
300 FREE TOWxN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 internal economy of the library itself may be so regulatt 
 as to afford clue protection to the contents of a readin' 
 room, although made absolutely accessible to all comers. 
 The wisdom of the provision for a mixed Committee ■ 
 Management, such as shall represent the public at larg; 
 as well by citizens who are not members of the municipi 
 corporation, as by aldermen and councillors, seems also 
 derive strong confirmation from the experience of tj: 
 Boston library. There, six non-members of the Corpor 
 tion are added to three members, in order to constitute tl; 
 Board of Trustees. And the principle is carried st 
 further by the appointment, from time to time, of what 
 termed an ' Examining Committee.' This is composed 
 citizens ' at large ' with a member of the Board of Truste 
 as its chairman. It is believed that the practice has tend( 
 — in that community — to diffuse and strengthen the publ 
 interest in the progress of the library to a notable degre 
 And it does not appear that such an appointment has ev 
 been regarded as involving or indicating distrust of tl 
 ordinary managers or officers. It is, in fact, provided f 
 in the original ' City Ordinance ' constituting the Librar} 
 Obviously, the ablest officers of an institution may deri 
 advantage from the inquiries, and from the novel impre 
 sions, of cultivated men who come to it as lookers-o 
 sympathizing with its aims, but untrammeled by i 
 routine. 
 
 It is to able officers, however, that the Boston Ci 
 Library owes the largest portion of its eminent succe^ 
 One such officer, conspicuous both for an unusual measu 
 of bibliographical acquirement and for an ardent passion f 
 public usefulness, it has recently and, to human view, t( 
 early lost. iVIr. Charles Coffin Jewett began his career 
 
DHDirnoNS FKOM THK KXl'KUIEXCE AT HOSTON. 301 
 
 Librarian of ' Brown University,' in the State of Rhode 
 Island. To his instrumentality the vahiable library of that 
 Institution is indebted for some of its best contents, care- 
 luUy selected durin"; his travels in France, Italy, and 
 [Jeniiany. When, at a later period, he became librarian of 
 jhe Smithsonian Institution at Washington, he formed 
 i\'ell-considered plans for the building up, in union with 
 |hat institute, of a great library which, in course of time, 
 might well have proved itself to be no inconsiderable im- 
 blement for that " increase and diffusion of knowledge amono: 
 ^en '' which the Will of James Smithson declares to have 
 ken the object of his bequest to the United States. But 
 Kher views, and other ambitions, conflicted with Mr. 
 (ewett's plans for the development of the Smithsonian 
 .ibrarj'. Eventually the librarian went from Washington 
 o Boston, and the library [)assed from the possession of 
 he Smithsonian Institution to that of Congress. 
 
 Into the plans of the founders of the Boston City Library 
 dr. Jewett entered with unabated energy and ardour. He 
 ^•as made its virtual librarian in I'^o.j, and was appointed 
 Miperintendent and Secretary on the definite organization 
 >f the Library by the City Conned in ISoS. He was 
 -•ndowcd with a rare union of qualities, intellectual and 
 noral, for such an olfice, and his devotion to its duties was 
 exemplary. In their discharge he overtasked his bodily 
 trength. 
 
 Mr. Jewett tilled the office of Superintendent for some- 
 >vhat less than ten years. In the course of that brief 
 :)erio(l he made not a few of the working arrangements and 
 metljods of the Library models i>i their kind. Until within 
 :en hours of his death, he was at his work. He died on 
 the Ulh of Januarv, 18(18. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 MINOR TOWN AND DISTRICT LIBRARIES OF 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Nearly all the District or Township Libraries of ]\Iassa 
 chusetts lia^e been formed in pursuance of legislativ. 
 provisions connected with the State system of Commoi 
 Schools, and are usually designated ' School - Distric 
 Libraries.' Both in purpose and in practice, however 
 they are commonly the Libraries of the District ; not merel; 
 the Libraries of the School. Their name therefore fails t( 
 indicate their full character. 
 
 In March, 1842, a Resolve of the Legislature of Mas; 
 
 sachusetts provided for the maintenance of certain ' School: 
 
 District' Libraries in various parts of the State. Th(| 
 
 enactment was extended, one year afterwards, over th(= 
 
 District entire State, and in the following terms : " That the pro' 
 
 Libraries of visloHs of thc Rcsolvc of thc 3rd of March, 1842, be aii(i 
 
 Massaehu- . • 
 
 setts. the same are hereby extended to every City and Town ii 
 
 the Commonwealth not heretofore divided into School; 
 Districts, .... provided evidence be adduced t(' 
 the Treasurer [of the Commonwealth] on behalf of the saii; 
 City or Town of its having raised or appropriated for th(; 
 Establishment of Libraries a sum equal to that which, h; 
 the provisions of this Resolve, it is entitled to receive froii 
 the School Fund." . 
 
 In November, 1848, the aggregate number of volume, 
 provided for public use, under this enactment, was officialh 
 reported (by the Secretary of the Board of Edurntion) to h' 
 
MASSArlirsKTlS FUKKTOWN MHKAKIKS. 3().S 
 
 1,351). When a tow years more had passed, a ij;romul- 
 ork of nearly 3000 small \m\)\\c libraries had then l)cen 
 id. But it was soon found that the superstructure, not 
 itVcqiiently, failed to follow duly, upon the laying of the 
 )uudation. The etlort, indeed, was attended by a large 
 |ieasure of success in a great number of instances. But 
 lerc was reason to believe that had that effort been con- 
 •ntratcd u})on a narrower field, at the outset — to be after- 
 ards enlarged by degrees — the measure of success might 
 Live been still greater. 
 
 In 1S51, the special provision which had been made on 
 phalf of the City of Boston, by the Statute (cpiotcd in the Massacim- 
 rcceding chapter) of l'!'4S, was made general throughout on'sifor'^ 
 jc commonwealth. It then took the form oi ' An Act to L^JJarres" 
 (thorize Cities and 2'owns to establish and maintain Free 
 ibraries* 
 
 "Any City or Town of this Commonwealth," says the 
 l.itute of 185 1, "is hereby authorized to establish and 
 laintain a Public Library within the same, and with or 
 'ithout Branches, for the use of the inhabitants thereof, 
 id to provide suitable rooms therefor, imder such regula- 
 <)ns for the government of said Library, as may from time 
 « time be prescribed by the City Council of such City or 
 ie inhabitants of such town." 
 
 It is then further provided that any City or Town niay 
 npropriate for the foundation and commencement of such 
 J brary, as aforesaid, a sum not exceeding one dollar for 
 <ch of its rateable polls in the year next preceding th.'it on 
 nich such appropriation sliall be made; and may also 
 jfproprinte annually, for the maintenance and increase of 
 }|ch Library, a smn not exceeding twenty-five cents for each 
 (its rateable polls in tiie year next prececbng that in whicii 
 ^ich appropriation shall be made. Any Town or City may 
 
 I 
 
304 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 receive, in its corporate capacity, and hold or manage, an 
 devise, bequest, or donation, for the establishment, increas( 
 or maintenance of a Public Library within the same." 
 Free Town rpj^^ ^^^^ -pree TowH Library, established under the A( 
 
 Library of J ' 
 
 New Bedford, of 1851, was that of New Bedford. A Library Committf 
 was appointed by the Town Council within a few weeks ( 
 the passing of the Act by the Legislature ; and the fir; 
 appropriation was made in June, 1852. 
 
 In common w^itli most other New England towns, Ne 
 Bedford already possessed a proprietary or subscriptic; 
 library. But its owners recognized at once the superii 
 public utihty of a municipal and rate-supported institutio:' 
 when compared with one dependent on fluctuating siil; 
 scriptions; and they transferred their collection to tl 
 Town, as a free gift. The ' Free Library ' was opened C 
 the third of March, 1853. After four years' experience ; 
 the working of the Library rate, and of the enjoyment j 
 its results, the Trustees of the new institution reported ; 
 follows : " It is undoubtedly true that no act of the mur, 
 cipal authorities of New Bedford has reached with ii 
 recreative and improving operation so large a part of o; 
 population, and probably none has ever met so universali 
 and deeply the approbation of the people. A Free Pub 
 Library is the crowning glory of that system of pub. 
 education which has been, from our earliest history, t, 
 pride of Massachusetts." 
 
 ntyDocu. rpi^g ^^^ Bcdford Town Library be2;au with 59i' 
 
 ments of New _ . :i 
 
 Bedford, volumes of printed books (including the ' Social Librar 
 p. 4' ' fonned many years before). In 1857 the collection lil 
 increased to about 9000 volumes. And in that year a m'' 
 Erection of a buildiuo; was crcctcd for its reception — with ample p;,- 
 
 new Library o i i ^ 
 
 iniiidingat vislou for future growth — at a cost, exclusive of the pi- 
 New Bedford, n 1 • c 1 • 
 chase-money of the site, of about £7,400. 
 
CirV Lir.KAHV OF NEW HKDFOKD. .'iOj 
 
 In acconliuicowitli tlio rcgnljitions cstahlislicd l)y a joiiit- 
 boinmittcc of Town Councillors and inhabitants, "all adult 
 residents arc entitled to the privilepje of taking books from 
 ^he Library, and all minors upon production of an order 
 f'rom a resident adult." 
 
 ! During tlie first year of the working of the Library 
 '20,843 volumes were lent to :29J1 borrowers. In the 
 second year, ~0,01l volumes, to 3183 borrowers. Li the 
 'hird year, ;23,.C K) volumes, to 3937 borrowers. 
 ! On the subject of the care taken of the books lent the 
 Doniuiittee reports thus : — '' When forty thousand volumes 
 liad been taken from this Library, by everybody who cared 
 apply, an examination disclosed the fact that but sixty 
 
 oluuies were missing The convenient loca- 
 
 ion of the Library," continues the Report, " the liberality 
 •f its arrangements, and the quiet and decorum which 
 lervades the place have attracted thither that class of the 
 lopulation which has hitherto seldom been found visiting 
 
 jur Public Libraries No breach of the Rules 
 
 las interfered with the pleasant and prolitable use of the 
 ooms by any ))ortion of oiu' people." 
 
 On the important point of the selection of books for the 
 library, and the absence of all difficulty or discussion in 
 lonnection with the performance of that sometimes crucial 
 task, tlie Trustees thus express themselves : — " While care 
 as been taken that no publication injurious to the public 
 lorals should find a place upon oiu' shelves, we have 
 ndcavourcd to divest ourselves, in our ettbrts to jjlacc 
 efore our fellow-eitizens the mearjs of a more extensive 
 nd genial culture, of all narrow and sectarian jjaitialities. 
 w this respect we are gratilied to be able to state that no 
 iffercncc of opinion has for a single moment interrupted 
 le harmony and imanimity of our proceedings." 
 
 20 
 
306 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 I city Docu- When speaking of the relative character of the popular 
 
 sZfortwZ demand for particular classes of literature, there is a passage 
 pp. 80, 81. ^^ Qj^g ^^ ^l^g Reports which seems to indicate some differ- 
 ence of experience between the small Free Library of Ne\\ 
 Bedford and the large Free Library of Boston. It is th( 
 more notable as being apparently independent of th( 
 
 n differences which must necessarily exist in the relative pro 
 
 I vision of books in each of them. At Boston it is founc 
 
 that, as respects the use made of historical books, there i: 
 less demand for those on the national history than for work 
 
 !| which treat of foreign history. At New Bedford, Americai 
 
 history is found to be in greater demand than foreign; 
 Next after books on America came books about the Frencl' 
 Revolution. Concerning the first Napoleon, in particular 
 popular curiosity is found to be enduring and insatiable, i 
 The annual growth of the library — after due allowanc; 
 for outworn books — may be taken at about eight hundre' 
 volumes. In 1869, therefore, the New Bedford Librar' 
 may be estimated as containing nearly 18,000 volumeii 
 The total sum expended upon it from municipal fund;; 
 from the beginning, is stated to be about £15,000. 
 
 I'ree Library Thc ' City Publlc Library ' of Newburyport wasfounde; 
 of Newbury- ^^^ yg^j, |j^|.g^, ^^^^ ^j^^^ ^f ^^^ Bcdford. It coutaiued, :l 
 
 port. •' ' ; 
 
 1857, a collection of 8493 volumes. Within that hmit, "evei' 
 department of literature," it is said, in one of the Report, 
 misrepresented by the best authors. The issues, oft]; 
 same year, to borrowers amounted to 29,562 volumfi 
 This Library found two most liberal benefactors in Josi;j 
 Little, of Newburyport, and in Matthew Sawyer, '' 
 Boston, each of whom gave to it the sum of one thousaiji 
 pounds. 
 
The rcnl.oilv 
 
 at South 
 Dan\ 
 
 I'KAnODY FIJEK LIUKAHV ATSOI'TII DAXVKIJS. WT 
 
 South Danvcrs ivccivod a still larger benefaction for 
 Ihrarv purposes — in union with others of an educational 
 lind — at the hands of a man whose niuniiicencc lias become 
 lot a whit less famous in Europe than in America. 
 Seorge Peabody gave six thousand pounds to that town, ttL'uZ. 
 n the year lsr):2, for the establishment of a ' Lyceum/ to 
 lont^iin a ' Free Town Library,' open to every inhabitant. 
 ; The gift was made uj)on a pubhc occasion. It w^as an 
 [ccasion of a kind, which — greatly to their honour — 
 |lraericans never fail to observe with due solemnity, and 
 ilic observance of which they very frequently mark by 
 patriotic deeds, as well as by festive ceremonies. 
 j South Dauvcrs attained the one hundredth anniversary of 
 b municipal incorporation on the sixteenth of June, 1S32. 
 bhat day was chosen by Mr. Peabody for his public gift to 
 lis birtliplace. Presently afterwards, lie added to his large 
 
 Iontribution in money two thousand five hundred volumes 
 f excellent books, chiefly purchased in London, by way 
 ^f groundwork for the Free Library. In 1S57 the collec- 
 jion was rapidly approximating to GOOO volumes. It may 
 {low, probably, be estimated as nearly 10,000 volumes; 
 md is very largely used. 
 
 Many other towns of Massachusetts have followed, or are 
 low in course of following along the same path. Few of 
 jhem can hope to find benefactors who combine at once the 
 ;)rincely lii)crality, and the princely means, of a George 
 Pf.abodt or of a Joshua Bates. Not a few of them, how- 
 jivcr, will be sure to meet with some large-hearted and open- 
 jliandcd helper or other in the good work of giving to an 
 jadniirablc system of Free Schools its appropriate sup[)lemcnt 
 of on equally efficient system of Free Libraries. It is among 
 fhe special advantages of the rate-supported method of 
 
308 FREE TOWN LTBRATIIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 sustaining them that it offers powerful inducements, to me 
 endowed with pubHc spirit, to aid in founding and i: 
 equipping such institutions for their work, whilst at tl 
 same time it lifts the institutions altogether above depei, 
 dence upon mere gifts. That insured public permaneiK 
 of support is an incentive to private liberaHty, not a di 
 couragement or supersession of it, would be sufficient 
 proved by the history of the Free Libraries of Massachusett; 
 were there, as yet, no proof of it elsewhere. The proc 
 however, is redundant. | 
 
 We have now to turn to the history of an Americ^i 
 Free Library which has been, entirely and exclusively, i 
 private gift made for public uses. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 EmTORT OF TEE ASTOE FREE LIBIiAIiY OF THE CITY OF 
 NEW YOHK; WITH SOME NOTICE OF ITS FOUNDER. 
 
 The Founder and his American career — The Will of 1S39. — Preliminai-y 
 steps toicards the creation of the Astor Library in theFoundcr's lifetime. — 
 Incorporation of the Astor Trustees. — Hie Library Building. — The 
 Book Purchases in various paHs of Europe of Dr. Cogsivell. — The 
 Library Regulations and method of ivorking. — Tlie Statistics and 
 Results. 
 
 John Jacob Astor was a native of the village of ThcFoumUr 
 Waldorf, in the Duchy of Baden, where he was born on Library 
 the 17th of July, 17(53. He left his birthplace to seek his 
 fortune in a wider sphere of labour, before he was nineteen 
 ycai-s old. After a brief stay in London, he set out for 
 America in the autumn of 17b3, but the March of 1784 
 had arrived, before the vessel in which he sailed landed him 
 at Baltimore. An incident that grew out of the unex})ccted 
 detention on shijjboard gave, as it seems, an impulse and 
 direction to his whole subsccpient life. 
 
 When he left England, it aj)pears to have been Astok's 
 purpose to establish himself as a dealer in musical instru- 
 ments. An elder brother, who had settled in London some 
 years earlier, was already in that trade, and by him Jacob 
 Astor was supplied with a consignment of goods for the 
 American market. When his ship got into Chesapeake 
 Bay tlie ice-masses of an ninisually tierce winter kept it 
 there, weatherbound, for ahiiost three months. To a 
 youthful passenger of sanguine temperament, just entering 
 
 : 
 
310 FEEE TOWN LIBRAETES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 on active life, and resolutely bent on so wooing Fortune as 
 to win her, it must needs have been a weary time. He; 
 wiled away some of the long days of detention by intermi- 
 nable conversations with a German fellow-traveller. Astor's 
 new friend was a furrier, and on the brilliant prospects of a 
 vast fur trade to come, along the then unexplored or but 
 half-explored frontiers of the American States, his powers; 
 of talk were great. The listener already knew something ol, 
 the practical difficulties and of the political jealousies which; 
 were likely, for a long time, to hamper commercial enter-! 
 prise in that direction. But these conversations on ship- 
 board seem to have given shape and colour to all the future; 
 plans of his mercantile career. ; 
 
 In those days the most enterprising of men did not, it: 
 seems, expect to leap from poverty to wealth, as if inider; 
 the wand of a magician. For ten years Astor toiled' 
 quietly and steadily on, making the most of small but; 
 increasing opportunities, as each of them opened before 
 him. His frugality was as conspicuous as his industry.' 
 Large enterprise to come w\as always before his mind, but 
 he knew that the persistent storing-up of the small gains oi 
 the present would be the best possible starting-point for the 
 great undertakings of the future. And he was constantly 
 looking forward to the ultimate relinquishment, in favour 
 of the United States, of the British military outposts on the^ 
 frontiers, as to a coming event which would be the opening, 
 of a new realm to mercantile efibrt. During nearly ten; 
 years after Jacob Astor's first establishment in business.! 
 those outposts were retained, and the commerce betv/eeDJ 
 the new republic and Canada was kept within very narrow 
 limits. But the treaty of 1794 surrendered the outposts tc; 
 the United States, and removed many restrictions on trade 
 
ASTOK'S PLANS Ol' COI.OXIZA'I'K )N. K'l(" :\]\ 
 
 f various kuuls. .More especially, it clcaivcl the way lor a 
 \ast commerce in peltries. 
 
 I It wns for tliis opening to a new and great enterprise 
 that AsTOR had jjatiently waited, and had steadily hoarded 
 [ip his previous gains, lie had met, as yet, with no 
 ^vonderful success in trade. He had but received the usual 
 reward of a more than usual degree of steady industry. He 
 iiow ventured his savings with a boldness not less marked 
 than had been his previous patience. Before the close of 
 jl'^Ol he had so pushed the new o])portunities of the, fur 
 jrade, as to have realized, for himself, at least £50,000 
 fiterling, and to have put many men, beside himself, on the 
 i'oad to competence. He had also won a conspicuous posi- 
 
 ion by conuuerce, without enslaving himself to it. 
 In 1 SOI, however, AsTOR was but on the threshold, so to 
 
 peak, of those plans of novel enterj)rise which, within a Astor-s pi.u.s 
 ew years more, were to nuike his name well-known through- 
 lut the world. In lb09 he founded the 'American Fur 
 
 ompany,' and by its operations speedily carried the trade 
 jn peltries into far remote parts of the Indian territories, 
 heretofore utterly unknown to commerce of any kind. It 
 vas Astor's ambition to become a colonizer, as well as a 
 pioneer both in trade and in geographical discovery. That 
 jomantic portion of his far-sj)read undertakings which com- 
 j)rised the successive cxj)editions to the shores of the 
 polumbia of the ship 'Tonquin' and her consorts, has 
 |)ccn made as well known to European readers as to 
 jVuierican readers by the Jsforia of Washington Iuvin(;. 
 
 The intended colony at the mouth of the Oregon failed. 
 jUit its failure resulted neither from want of sagacity, nor 
 [roin want of reasonable perseverance on the promoter's 
 part. There is fair ground for the assertion that, had his 
 ^geuts possessed only a small share of his own wisdom and 
 
 of Coloniza 
 
 ncctioii with 
 the American 
 free-truile. 
 
312 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 firmness, the success of the colony — in all human probaV 
 lity — would have been as conspicuous as were the success! 
 of his other plans for turning the furs of the wild Indi; 
 territories into the instruments of a world-wide trade ; ai; 
 of all that eventually flows therefrom. In this man's han^ 
 peltries became, surely though indirectly, civilising agen 
 in far distant parts of the world, as well as sourc 
 of vast immediate wealth, and also of an expanding re-pr: 
 ductiveness, to American commerce. 
 
 Astor's personal prosperity was largely [)ronioted 1 
 methods of investment which very often had, — like so mai 
 of his commercial enterprises, — a direct tendency to pr 
 mote the common interests of his fellow-citizens, as well 
 his own. It is more than can be said of some among hi 
 compeers in the front rank of leviathan capitaHsts. I 
 
 Notable among these were his land investments in ar| 
 about the city of New York. During many of his moi 
 successful years as a merchant, Astor is said to have i; 
 vested fully two thirds of his net profits in the purchase ■ 
 land. He bought with great judgment, and occasional' 
 built on his ' city plots ' in a w^ay which contributed 
 public advantage, whilst it largely increased his own wealt 
 Along with New York he had prospered, in a degree 
 which there are but few examples. His bequest to th 
 City has ensured the perpetual memory of his name amoi 
 its public benefactors. But he had fairly won some pla' 
 on the roll even prior to the making of his AVill. | 
 
 In that instrument Mr. Astor thus expresses his pu' 
 
 Trims of pose : — " Desiring to render a public benefit to the City 
 
 A.tuiswai, -js^Tg^y York, and to contribute to the advancement of humf; 
 
 knowledge and the general good of society, I do, by th 
 
 codicil, appropriate four hundred thousand dollars (£80,00 
 
 stcrlino-) out of my residuary estate to the establishment 
 
TKRMS OF ASTOIJ'S WIIJ,. 313 
 
 ic 
 
 I l*nl)lic Lil)raiy in tlic City of New York .... to tlu 
 |itcnt that the saiil amount be disposed of as follows: — 
 lamely, (1) in the erecting of a suitable building for a 
 public Library; (.0) in furnishing and sup})lying the same 
 tom time to time with books, maps, charts, . . . furniture, 
 tid other things appertaining to a Library for general use, 
 !pon the most ample scale and liberal cliaracter ; (3) in 
 paintaining and upholding the building and other property, 
 lid in defraying the necessary expensesof the accommodation 
 f the persons consulting the Library. Tlie said Library is 
 () be accessible at all reasonable times and hours for general 
 
 se, free of expense, to persons resorting thereto I 
 
 irther direct that a sum not exceeding seventy-five thou- 
 md dollars (£15,000) may be expended in the erection of a 
 uilding for the Library ; one hundred and twenty thou- 
 ind dollars (£24,000) niay be expended in the purchase of 
 ooks ; . . . and the remainder shall be invested as a fund 
 >r maintaining and gradually increasing the Library." 
 
 Nearly inne years intervened between the execution of 
 16 Will and the death of the Testator. His first thought Preiimi..;,ry 
 ?ems to have been that he would establish the Library rrruZy! 
 juring his lifetime. He even entered into a negotiation p™'^'"^"- 
 
 I ^ ^ corporatidi). 
 
 ith the representatives of Count Boutourlin, a celebrated 
 ook collector, for the purchase, in its entirety, of a library 
 Inch was then at Florence. That collection conijjrised 
 bout twelve thousand volumes. It was offered to Astor 
 t a price equal to about £10,^00 sterling. He sent an 
 jent to Florence, with instructions to elleet the purchase, 
 ut before the messenger arrived in that city the library 
 ad been removed to Paris. The negotiation failed. Had 
 succeeded, the Astor Library would have had, as its 
 mndation, a collection eminently rich in rare and choice 
 f>oks, and in bibliographical curiosities of many kinds, as 
 
 T \ B R 7~w^ 
 
314 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 well as respectably equipped in certain sections of a 
 stantial library ; but there is good reason to tliink that, 
 the whole, a better library has actually been formed th'i 
 could well have been built upon the Boutourlin Colh. 
 tion as a basis. 
 Hmses fOTthe '^^^^ ^^^^ books whlcli Were purchased as the germ of t ; 
 AstorLibraiy. futurc Astor Library were acquired, in New York itse, 
 about six months before the execution of Mr. Astoe 
 Will. They were obtained at the sale of a collecticj. 
 belonging to Major Douglass. The only book bougl' 
 expressly for the new library, by the founder himself w 
 Audubon's Birds of America. 
 
 Mr. AsTOR died on the 29th of March, 1848. At th 
 time the nascent collection comprised little more than 
 thousand volumes. His first Trustees had been named 1 
 himself. At their head stood Washington Irving, t: 
 Founder's beloved friend, and William Astor, his son,- 
 that early friend of Christian Charles Bunsen, whose nan 
 occurs so frequently in some of the early chapters of tit 
 recent ' Memoirs of Bunsen! From the first, the son enteri 
 ardently into his father's plans for the future institutio 
 which in subsequent years he has, in many ways, fosteri 
 and enlarged. 
 
 Astor's Trustees were incorporated, by an Act of tl 
 Legislature of New York, bearing date on the 18th ■' 
 January, 1849. The Founder had directed that the Cha:, 
 cellor of the State, and the Mayor of the City, for the tiBi 
 being, should be Trustees, eoc officio. Among the othl 
 members of the Board are Fitz-Green Halleck, the wei 
 known poet, and Joseph Cogswell, the first Librarian •' 
 the Astor Library. | 
 
 The Act of Incorporation provides that all the proper;; 
 of the Astor Trust, real and personal, " shall be exempt froi 
 
 Incoi'poratioQ 
 of Astor's 
 Trustees. 
 
TIIK ASroK I.II?KAIIY BUILDING. 315 
 
 t\alii)ii in tlic same maiiiuT as that of the other incor- 
 |*ratotl Puhhc Lihraries ottliis State;" and it enacts that 
 *|the said Trustees shall in the niontli of January of every 
 3|ar make a Report to the Legishiture .... of the 
 gid Libniry, of the funds and other proi)erty of the Cor- 
 l^ration, and of its receipts and expenditure duriui^ each 
 Var." 
 
 I In the erection of the building the Trustees gave an 
 excellent augury of wise and prudent management, by 
 ejecting its entire completion, structurally, at an expendi- 
 tre which was within the sum stipulated by the Founder. 
 %ey did not hesitate at an excess, over the estimate, in the 
 I imnry article of books, but they precluded all danger of 
 t3 starving of the library by any extravagant outlay on its 
 i:?re receptacle. 
 
 Some of those who have visited the Astor Library de- ^ 
 
 S'ibe its architecture as Florentine, and others as Bvzantine. ''''" *^'''"" 
 
 " Library 
 
 l»th terms are somewhat indefinite, but, in its ordinary uuiuimg. 
 obeptation, the latter term seems to indicate the character 
 c) the building most nearly. It is situated in Lafayette 
 l|ttce, — a central and easily accessible position. The 
 Hilding was designed by Alexander Saeltzer, a pupil of 
 SfHiNKF.L, of Munich. Its principal details are thus 
 escribed: "The front — which has perha})s too little mass 
 c ' spread ' for effect — is rendered somewhat imposing by 
 t2 deeply recessed and arched doors and windows, the rich 
 Ijown-stone mouldings and mullions, and still more by the 
 lldly projecting cornice, corbels, and entablature, — all 
 Ijautifidly wrought in the same material. On opening the 
 ijiin entrance door, the eye falls at once upon a beautiful 
 tfeht of thirty-six broad niarble steps Kadiiig, between 
 trf-night walls of solid ma.son work, to the stcond Hoor of 
 tlu building,— which is the main floor of the Library. The 
 
316 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 principal room is a hundred feet in length, by sixty-foui i 
 width, and sixty in height. It is lighted by windows t 
 either end and by a long and broad skylight. Sevel 
 alcoves, or recesses, open both in front and in rear, fill ] 
 the space on each side of the room, from the side walls d 
 the columns which support the roof, leaving corridors f 
 communication, two and a half feet in width, alonu; 3 
 walls. This one room will hold one hundred thousal 
 volumes. Each alcove has a light gallery, eleven feetab(3 
 the floor; and the galleries, extended in front of the w;- 
 slielves, form a contiiuied corridor from end to end. With 
 the columns which support the roof, the room is open fro 
 the floor to the skylight, but is divided into two stors 
 between those columns and the outer walls. In the seco 1 
 story, there is a series of alcoves exactly corresponding ) 
 that upon the first floor, and with similar galleries abo'.. 
 That part of the Library which is divided into alcoves is 
 separated from the open area in the centre by a li^; 
 iron railing. The open area is provided with readi; 
 tables." 
 
 The cost of the fittings — which are of somewhat elal- 
 rate character — was not included in the specified £15,0;) 
 for the structure ; but it was wholly defrayed by surp is 
 interest, which had accrued from the Founder's bequest.! 
 
 TiieBook The purchases of Books for the Astor Library were (•- 
 
 trusted to a man already marked out for the task by tJ 
 Founder, and who had actually been busied about it,t 
 intervals, during Mr. Astor's lifetime. Possessing grct 
 bibliographical acquirements, and well acquainted with t'3 
 Continent of Europe and with its book-marts, Dr. Co(;- 
 WELL was eminently fitted for a trust on the able executi 1 
 of which the enduring public usefulness of the new libn/ 
 
 I'lireliast s for 
 tlie Astor 
 Library. 
 
I'OKM ATIOX or ASTOK'S IJIIKAUY 317 
 
 I liist mainly ilo[)Ciul. In the dist-liaruic of tliat trust he 
 lade three several journeys to Europe (1S4S-49; 1851 ; 
 ;^52), and in the course of tliein examined ahnost every 
 i)ted market lor l)0()ks, within a range which extended 
 ll>m Rome in tlie Soutli, to Stockliohn in the North, of 
 lirope. In these successive journeys an aggrcgrate col- 
 lation of about 04,000 volumes, embracing all the literary 
 tjngues of Europe and not a few of those of Oriental 
 (juntries, was purcliased. 
 
 The aggregate cost to the Astor trust-fund, of these 
 urchases ai)pears to have but little exceeded £.-2 0,000. 
 "^ley included a noble collection of books in all branches 
 <j technology — Trade, Commerce, Mechanical and Indus- 
 tal Arts; application of the Arts of Design to Manufac- 
 tres and to all departments of practical industry — but the 
 (jst of these (about £2500) was wholly defrayed by Mr. 
 ^ ilham B. Astor. They included also a series of books 
 ( bibliography, extending to nearly five thousand volumes. 
 '.16 collection of this bibliographical apparatus was Dr. ''n.^yjabt, 
 (t)G8WELL's first care. He regarded it as the essential 
 fwiliminnry of the task entrusted to him ; and, when it had 
 tp'ed its immediate purpose, he added the whole series to 
 te Library as his personal contribution towards the 
 spek. 
 
 It is obvious that book- purchases on so large a scale can 
 ^it rarely have been made for any one library, within a 
 firiod of time so brief. More rarely still have large pur- 
 rases been made after so wide an examination of the 
 bok-markets. And there was, besides, something in the 
 fecial political circumstances of that distracted epoch in 
 (iropean history— 184s. 52 — which must have consider- 
 
 fly increased the ordinary opportunities of a vigilant and 
 crgetic collector. Whether or not Dr. Cooswkll kei)t 
 
 Aiiniiiil 
 Ilrporl of 
 Trustees of 
 Astor Li- 
 
 11. 
 
318 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 any diary of the incidents of his long book-chase I a 
 wholly ignorant, but if any such record was made it cou: 
 scarcely fail to contain some curious contributions towar 
 the history of the modern trade in books. 
 
 When the European purchases came to be added to t 
 acquisitions which had been made in markets nearer hoi 
 they were found to present an aggregate of 78,230 volume 
 as the foundation collection of the Astor Library. Regard ; 
 as the basis of a library already possessed of sure ai 
 permanent means of increase, it may be said that eve; 
 class of literature was more than respectably represents 
 whilst several leading classes were already excellenfr 
 furnished. No one department was so equipped as qu:;i 
 to throw the other into shade. But two or three depai' 
 ments were so well filled up, even before the public openii;; 
 of the library, with " the best works of the best authore' 
 as certainly to eclipse every other collection previouj; 
 formed on American soil. 
 
 Putting the relative proportions of the original Libra- 
 into their briefest expression, the 78,230 volumes of 18 * 
 may be said to have been thus composed : — ; 
 
 Composition 
 of Astor Li- 
 brary, when 
 opened for 
 public use. 
 
 Astor Free Library :— Component parts of Foundation 
 Collection. 1853. 
 
 Number (I 
 Volumes i 
 
 3,752! 
 1,50C' 
 
 I. Theology 
 
 II. Philosophy (Moral and Mental) .... 
 III. History (Histoiy ; Biography ; Voyages and ' 
 
 Travels) 20,35Cii 
 
 lY. Politics and Law 5,98/!' 
 
 V. Sciences and Arts 20,50( , 
 
 VI. Literature and Polygraphy .... 26,14]'! 
 
 Total 78,23(: 
 
coMro>;iTi()\ OF ast(^u ijiuiaiiv. am 
 
 Of the 0O,.Sr)O liistorirnl volunu's, 3107 related to the 
 
 story of America. Probal)ly more than one or two 
 
 mericnn libraries could already show a larger provision of 
 
 Doks on the national archaeology. During the last fifteen 
 
 ;'nrs the Astor collection on that subject has been con- 
 
 ilcrably augmented. But the recent union of the Library 
 
 (Congress at Washington with that formed in the same 
 
 (ty by Mr. Peter Forck, the special strength of which lay 
 
 i American history — probably places the one national 
 
 ^)mry of the I'liitcd States beyond competition — as indeed 
 
 ij ought to be — in that particular department, taken as a 
 
 iiole. On the other hand, the Astor Library was so care- 
 
 ly furnished, at the outset, with the works of Spanish 
 
 \|-itcrs relating to America — many of which are of most 
 
 (tficult attainment — as to win for it a pre-eminence of its 
 
 en, in certain branches, which it is not likely to 
 
 Of the 20,r)0() volumes on Sciences and Arts nearly one 
 
 If belonged (in almost erpial proportion) to the two 
 i'tions, * Mathematics ' and ' Natural History.' In the 
 fjnner it started with one of the most notable of the few 
 
 tire ' collections ' wliich wcie purchased for the Astor 
 'aistees, — that, namely, which had been formed by Mr. 
 Jimuel \V.\RD, in whose library a considerable portion of 
 tat of the French mathematician, Adrian Mary Legendre, 
 Id merged; together, as it seems, with part of the library 
 
 our own H.xllky. 
 
 In Natural History the purchases included a large series 
 
 superbly illustrated works of great price and — as to some 
 
 them — of great rarity. 
 
 In the department which it is usual to speak of, dis- 
 tjctivcly, a.s 'Literature,' were cotnprised about .SI 00 
 ^Umics in the classical languages and tlicir (riticiil apjja- 
 
Composition 
 of Astor 
 Library (con- 
 tinued). 
 
 Regulations 
 of the Astor 
 Library. 
 
 320 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 ratus ; a like number of volumes in French polite literativ ; 
 about fourteen liundred volumes in the literature of Germav; 
 and more than eight hundred in Scandinavian literature, n 
 linguistics, the collection embraced a good provision >f 
 Dictionaries and Grammatical works, for one hundred ; d 
 four several languages. 
 
 In Theology, the aim was wisely restricted to the obt; i- 
 ment of an excellent series of books, in very few brands. 
 Texts and versions of the Holy Scriptures ; the Benedictie 
 Editions of the Fathers of the Church, and those of sc;ie 
 of the chief of the medispval theologians ; the great col ;- 
 tions of Councils and Synods ; and finally the writing; jf 
 those among the English Divines, from the dawn of le 
 Reformation downwards, who rank as classics in their ki i, 
 were collected ; and most of the other portions of the ^st 
 field of theology were, for the time, passed over. 
 
 Enough has been said to show that both the judgir:it 
 and tlie patient industry with which Mr. Astor's proct 
 was carried into execution were worthy of the munifice^e 
 and the public spirit that formed the plan of the A ir 
 Library, and provided the means of creating it. Norvi'C 
 the regulations under which it was opened to the Publi- 
 on the first day of February, 1854 — less worthy of le 
 Founder and the foundation ; taking these regulations ; a 
 whole, and admitting that, on certain points of deil, 
 they are obviously susceptible of improvement. T^ir 
 main provisions run thus: — (1) The Library is open e'ly 
 day, Sundays and established holydays excepted, from 311 
 o'clock in the morning untd half an hour before sui^t. 
 (2) Admission is free to all persons above sixteen yearof 
 age. (3) When a book is wanted, its title is to be wri'3n 
 upon a ticket with the name of the applicant. The ti et 
 is then to be given to an attendant, who will look out he 
 
TllK KKiill,.\Th»X AS I'l t CA I'ALOi I UKS. 3:.M 
 
 KX)k, if it l)c ill (lie lihrary, and put it into (lif hands of 
 lie rt^adcr without delay. (I) Readers imist letuin their 
 M)oks before leaving the l^ihrary and take back their 
 ickets; otherwise they continue responsible for the l)ooks 
 lulivered. (5) No person is allowed to enter the alcoves, <jr 
 jo remove a book from its place, unless he be accompanied 
 U an officer of the Library. (G) Headers who wish tocon- 
 jult costly works of art must make special application for 
 Jiat purpose. (7) In taking notes from books, })encil3, not 
 en and ink, are to be used. 
 The regulation which assigns to attendants of the Librarv, '^'"' ^''^"'" 
 
 c* o v ^ tion ns to 
 
 ot to readers in the reading room, the ordinary dulij of catalogues. 
 
 marching the Catalogues, in order to find the local place, or 
 
 ress mark of the book, is not without its obvious draw- 
 
 acks of contingent or possible disadvantage, in certain 
 
 ises. Occasionally, careless or ignorant applicants will 
 
 )nsume the time of busy functionaries in a tedious search 
 
 X books of which the titles have been given with avoid- 
 
 le and gross inaccuracy ; now and again, the search will 
 
 for books which have never had an existence in any 
 
 arary. But there is a fair probability that, on the whole, 
 
 le majority of readers will be better served — even under 
 
 •dinary circumstances — by such a system of search than 
 
 r any otiier. Nor is this all. In any largely fretiucntcd 
 
 arary the establishment and fair working-out of such a 
 
 stem would make the provision of a Catalogue, accorc/i/u/ 
 
 the Hiibject-matlcr of /jook.s, absolutely and obviously in- 
 
 pcnsable. In libraries which, — in other respects, — are 
 
 hiiinibly furnished and admirably managed, the want of 
 
 lich a Catalogue compels many readers to throw away the 
 
 llnmr of many days. Not iiifrecpiently, it deprives them, 
 
 I together, of information with which the Lil)rary is, never- 
 
 I cless, abundantly stored, but tiie exi>.teiie(.' of which is 
 
 21 
 
322 FREE TOWN LIBRARTES, IN AMEKTCA. 
 
 quite imdiscoverable in a Catalogue arranged merely undt 
 the names of Authors. Here, then, the reader has d 
 advantage so ample as to be more than a counterpoise 
 many minor disadvantages. But it is equally plain th( 
 under all circumstances, every possible facility should ! 
 given to readers for the personal search of the Catalogii 
 at their own discretion. | 
 
 liiconie and 
 E.\])eiiaiture 
 of tlie Astov 
 Lilivary. 
 
 When the Astor Library was first opened to the Publ 
 its annual income Avas £2483. Its ordinary expenditiii! 
 in the costs of maintenance was then £118.2, leaving ; 
 annual balance available for purchases and for bookbindi;; 
 of £1341. In 1863 the ordinary costs of maintenance hi 
 increased. The growth of the Library, say the Trustees ;i 
 their Report to the Senate of New York made in t;i 
 following year, ''has been retarded by the high rates jf 
 foreign exchange, which have necessarily impaired 13 
 ability of the Trustees to purchase books in Europe." !i 
 that year the amount expended on books was somewlit 
 less than £700. In 1864 it was nearly £1200. Te 
 statement of the " oppressive rate of foreign exchans 
 rendering it impossible to import books from abrol, 
 of Senate of exccpt at extxavagaut prices," recurs in the Report )f 
 1865. I 
 
 BocHinents 
 
 New Fork, 
 18G5, No. 37. 
 
 The Library is used as a Consulting Collection only, ;)t 
 as a Lending Collection. The number of readers' ticlls 
 presented during the first year of its use by the PubHc lis 
 about 21,000 ; that of volumes issued to readers aliit 
 64,000. But no details of the character and classifica ')ii 
 of the issues, no precise or systematic record of the workig 
 of the Library, from year to year, has yet been made a^il- 
 able. The yearly reports to the Senate contain, occas n- 
 
•IIIK ASTOK IJi:i;\K'V. :\2S 
 
 [Jlv, notifos of procci'diiigs at Ik'rliii. in relation to l.iltra- 
 nes ; hut tliev contain not a word al)ont readers, or aljont 
 tsucs of l)ooks, at New York. 
 
 The |)nl)lie utility of such statistics stands in no need of 
 4^ Hionstration. The want of them in relation to the work- 
 
 tig of the Astor Library is its chief blemish. And the 
 ant is one which has repeatedly attracted notice in 
 Unerica. Writing at the close of the year 1867, the 
 [*nistees of the Boston City Library, — for example, — say, 
 rith regret, " VVe have no record of the issues of the Astor 
 
 ibrary sifwe the year lS(iO." The Boston report itself is, 
 II many respects, a model of what such a document should 
 ►e. That of 1807 would almost serve as a practical 
 
 Manual ' for the working of Town Libraries. 
 
 Tlic total number of volumes in the Astor Library at the 
 )eginning of the year lsG4 was nearly 1:30,000. The 
 lumber of voluraes added in that year was 790 ; in the 
 '!-evious year, IGOO, — of which 485 were gifts. Estimated 
 the average rate of annual increase as shown in the 
 Lit'|X)rts of I'^Gl and 18(1.") the number of volumes in 1809 
 vould amount to about 120,000. The aggregate amount 
 )f the expenditure on books, up to the close of the year 
 IS64, was £39,19:^; that of the expenditure on catalogues 
 ibout £1400. 
 
 On his removal into Massachusetts, in 1804, Dr. 
 CoGswKLL resigned his seat at the Board of Trustees. His 
 M)lleagues at the Board expressed their deep sense of the 
 jcr\'iccs he had rendered to the Library by a Resolution of 
 which the following is i)art : — " The Trustees of the Astor 
 Library deem it due to their late Associate, and to the 
 history of letters in America to testify, not only their 
 sincere regret at losing the benefit of his counsel iuid co- 
 operation in the management of their trust, but their high 
 
324 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 appreciation of his valuable and long-continued services to 
 the institution from its origin, — reaching back to his early 
 intercourse with the late Mr. Astor, the honoured founder 
 of the Library." 
 
 Besides the Astor Library, New York has three other 
 * Free Libraries,' in addition to its many proprietary and 
 subscription libraries. That known as the 'Printers' Free: 
 Library ' was originally founded as an associative institu- 
 tion for the members of that particular trade. It was con- 
 verted by the owners into a Free Library, — for use within, 
 the walls, — in the year 1850. It already contains more than 
 4000 volumes. There is a valuable medical library which 
 began in like manner, and which has been similarly thrown 
 open to the Public at large. And there is another library 
 larger, I believe, than either of these, which is freely open 
 to all apprentices and others — under a certain age — who 
 are learning trades and handicrafts in New York. 
 
 Taking into the view Public Libraries of all kinds, the 
 City of New York contained, fourteen years ago, an aggre- 
 gate of 269,197 volumes, exclusive of those contained in 
 three public collections, of which there are no published 
 reports or available numerical returns. Its population at 
 that period was somewhat above 700,000 persons. At the 
 Census of 1860 — and within the enumeration limits of that 
 period — the population had increased to 814,277. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 DISTRICT, TOWXSHIP, AND OTHER FREELY-ACCESSIBLE 
 LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 General Vieio of Free Toivn Libraries ivifhin the United States in 1859. — 
 Origination ofthesi/steni of Free District Libraries for 'School-Dis- 
 tricts.' — District Libraries of the State of Neio York. — Causes of the 
 recent Decline of the District Libraries of that State — Establishment 
 and groicth of those of Lidiana—and of Ohio.— Practical Deductions. 
 
 In the Manual of the Public Libraries of America, pub- 
 lished, in 1859, by Mr. W. J. Rhees, of Washington, it is 
 stated that in that year there were, in the United States 
 collectively, one hundred and fifty-three libraries which are li'Taries 
 
 •' '' TOCO 
 
 General View 
 of Free Town 
 
 describable as ' State,' ' City,' or ' Township ' Libraries. 
 With rare exceptions — so rare that they will not appreci- 
 ably affect the statistical results — all these collections are 
 freely accessible ; at least, as public rooms for readers. 
 Many of these are also accessible to Ijorrowers. The 
 I number is wholly exclusive of associative or pro[)rictary 
 libraries of every class, and also of university, collegiate, 
 and academical libraries, as well as of those Common 
 Libraries of School-Districts, which are only 'School 
 Libraries' (as respects several of the States) in so far as 
 jtliey are maintained as part of the Connnon School system, 
 |and are superintended by the several Boards of Education ; 
 jalthough intended for the use of the public generally within 
 the respective districts, and supported by the taxation of the 
 rateable inhabitants. But of forty-two libraries, out of the 
 
 1859. 
 
326 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 one hundred and fifty-three so enumerated, the extent was 
 unascertained at the date of the official returns upon which 
 Mr. Rhees' Manual was founded. Since that period 
 several of the libraries comprised within the enumeration 
 suffered injury during the ravages of the war ; but recu- 
 perative measures were soon in operation, after its close.: 
 Nor were these losses of uotable extent in more than two of 
 the States to which the returns about to be mentioned 
 specifically apply. 
 
 Leaving out of the account, therefore, the forty -two Free 
 Libraries of which the returns are insufficiently minute for. 
 statistical purposes, there was provided, in the year 1859,i 
 an aggregate of 772,779 volumes in one hundred and 
 eleven libraries. 
 
 Seventeen of these were established within the District 
 of Columbia, and contained — according to the returns* 
 furnished to Mr. Rhees — 17.2,7.20 volumes. The State of 
 New York possessed seven libraries of this class, with 
 168,892 volumes. Massachusetts had also seven, with 
 117,501 volumes. The only other States which possessed 
 so much as one fifth of the last-named number of volumes,; 
 in Free Libraries;, were Maryland and Lidiana. Maryland! 
 had two such collections, with 27,500 volumes; Indiana, 
 three, with 24,323 volumes. 
 
 Next after these come Rhode Island State, containing 
 twenty-nine small collections, with an aggregate of 21,605 
 volumes; Louisiana, with two libraries, and 21,020 volumes; 
 Ohio, with two libraries, and 19,459 volumes; Soutli. 
 Carolina, with three libraries, and 17,300 volumes. Penn-, 
 sylvania had two libraries, and 15,250 volumes ; Virginia 
 one, containing 13,000 volumes. 
 
 It deserves remark that whilst all the States, collectively 
 showed (in 1859) an aggregate of 772,779 volumes con- 
 
DISTRICT LIUKAHIKS OF TIllO STATK Ol- NKW VoHK. :V>7 
 
 tiiined, in one luiiulreil and eleven eiiuineratetl Free Lil)ra- 
 I ries, the returns exhibited an aggregate of 1, 123."), 075 
 i volumes in three hnndred and seventy-six enumerated 
 I Associative or })ro[)rietary libraries. Of this cU\ss there 
 [existed, also, four hundred and thirty other libraries, with 
 , uneuumerated contents, against the forty-two Free Libra- 
 i ries in a like category. Pennsylvania, which ranks but 
 I tenth, in nnmerical order, for its provision of Free Libraries, 
 1 ranks second for the extent of its provision of libraries of 
 I the proprietary class. In that State, it will be remembered, 
 , the ' Library Societies ' originated ; and there they have 
 
 always conspicuously thriven. 
 
 More than a century was to pass between the successful origination 
 
 •^ _ / _ of tllC SjStLMll 
 
 ishnient of proprietary libraries, by the energy and of tree u- 
 ipractical wisdom of Benjamin Franklin, and the origina- sci.ooi-dis- 
 jtion of the principle, still more pregnant with enduring 
 Ipublic good, of taxing townships, municipalities, and village 
 jhamlcts, for a common and permanent provision of books 
 for common enjoyment. The State which took the lead in 
 this path of educational effort was New York. The merit 
 of its initiation belongs to Mr. John A. Dix, who, for many 
 years, filled with great ability the office of Superintendent 
 of Common Schools in that State. 
 
 About thirty-live years have elapsed since Mr. Dix, in 
 the course of an official Report (1S34) wrote as follows : — District Li- 
 i" If the inhabitants of ' School-Districts ' were authorized siati^of nc« 
 (to lay a tax upon their property, for the purpose of founding "' 
 llibraries for the use of those districts, such a power might 
 I — with proper restrictions — become a most efficient instru- 
 jment in diffusing useful knowledge, and in elevating the \ 
 jintellcctual character of the peoi)le. By means of the iin- j 
 provements which have been introduced into the art of \ 
 
328 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 printing a bound volume — in boards — can be sold, at a 
 profit, for ten cents. The sum of ten dollars would there- 
 fore furnish a School District with a hundred volumes 
 which might be kept, under such regulations as the in- 
 habitants should adopt, for their common use. . . The 
 demand for books would ensure extensive editions ... at 
 prices which competition would soon reduce to the lowest 
 rate at which they could be furnished. By making the 
 imposition of the tax wholly discretionary with the inhabi- 
 tants of each District, and leaving the selection of the works 
 „ , . under their entire control, the danger of rendering such a. 
 
 Report uf ' O o 
 
 i'uperint. provlsiou subservicut to the propagation of particular 
 Schools of doctrines or opinions would be effectually guarded against 
 (1834 .'^' by their own watchfulness and intelligence." 
 
 The broad principle herein laid down was sound. It 
 commended itself to the Legislature. But experience of' 
 the practical working of the measure showed, within very| 
 few years, that the wiser plan was to commit the choice of; 
 books to delegated and trained functionaries, rather than 
 to leave it to the ' watchfulness and intelHgence ' of the tax- 
 able inhabitants, at large, assembled in a District meeting. : 
 In 1S35, it was enacted by the Legislature of the State! 
 that the Ratepayers of each School-District within the 
 State should have power to assess and levy a rate on the' 
 property within the district, " for the purchase of a 'Dis- 
 trict Library,' consisting of such books as they shall in their 
 District meeting direct." The first year's tax was not to 
 exceed twenty dollars in each District ; provision Avas made 
 j for annual renewal ; and it was further enacted that " the, 
 Clerk of the District, or such other person as the taxable 
 inhabitants may at their annual meeting designate and 
 ill'S't" appoint by a majority of votes shall be the Librarian of the 
 i^s/cbo. District, and sliall have the care and custody of the Library 
 
KXTEXT OF THE r>TSTRICT LIBRARIES IN 1853. 3'21) 
 
 I iiiiKlcr such ivgulatioiis as the inhnbitants may adopt I'or 
 his govcninicnt." 
 
 In promulgating the new enactment, the Superintendent 
 'of Common Schools recommended that " in the selection 
 of books all sectarian and controversial works should be 
 ^'xcluded. It is for the inhabitants of the District to choose 
 the works to be purchased, and it must depend much u])on 
 the discretion used hi the cxecutionof the trust whether all 
 the benefits in contemplation of the law will be secured." 
 
 Under the new legislation of 1S35 the creation of District 
 
 Libraries went briskly forward. In the course of the year 
 
 . 11853 the fund for the purchase of books had grown to 
 
 i pbout £1 1,000 a year, and the aggregate number of volumes 
 
 'then contained in the libraries wliicli had been established ?;"'"'°^""' 
 
 District Li- 
 
 was 1,()04,:210. Public aid from the State funds had been i^'y'esin 
 [idded to the amounts raised locally by rates, but little or 
 : lothing had been done by public authority either to guide, 
 
 Df to facilitate, the work of selection. 
 ; Probal)ly in no part of the globe are the trading instincts 
 I )f humanity more keenly sharpened, or more diligently 
 i jxpanded into an unremitting activity than in the State of 
 [ Sew York. If literature has shared in the benefits which 
 ; jiioy, occasionally, have resulted from that fact, viewed in 
 : )ne of its aspects, it has certainly had its full portion of 
 \ hose contingent disadvantages which arc not less coii- 
 [ picuous from another point of view. The activity of the causes of 
 )Ook-lmwkers in the endeavour to get the largest possible IuJ,'tj"Je'fJe 
 'hare of those most tempting and yearly renewable fifty- 
 thousands of dollars is said, by those who watched the 
 wcess attentively, to have been worthy of all admiration. 
 C)!ie of these observers — a distinguished educationist of 
 ■ state of New York — wrote thus, in the year I So !■ : — 
 The selection of the books is left to trustees appointed by 
 
330 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 the clifFerent districts, — many of whom are not qualified fo 
 the work. Consequently the travelling pedlars who cai 
 offer the lightest and most showy books, at the lowes 
 prices, do the principal part, in furnishing the libraries.' 
 The natural results were not slow to follow. 
 
 Up to a certain point of time, the public interest in tli 
 District Libraries had been an increasing interest. The 
 did good work. Large editions of some books which wer. 
 both cheap and good were prepared expressly with a viev: 
 to them ; and pains w^ere taken to make the books known 
 But there were plenty of competitors who aimed at tha, 
 large class of buyers which can estimate apparent cheapness 
 but is wholly unable to put a gauge to goodness. Presentl}: 
 the general interest and appreciation of the libraries wer. 
 found to decline, and in a ratio at least as conspicuous a: 
 that in which they had grown. Between the years 1 853 an j 
 1857 there was an average yearly decrease in the numbe' 
 of volumes in circulation, amounting to 5G,569 volumes ii 
 each of those four years. 
 
 Of course, there had always been ratepayers wh 
 
 grudged the payment of rate money for books, under an 
 
 circumstances. Presently, to obstructives of this class vver> 
 
 added those of another class. "When a library," wrot 
 
 Report of \\\q Superintendent of Common Schools of the State c* 
 
 Superintend- . , . i 
 
 entofcommoK New 1 ork, ui 18o7, "has attanied to a respectable numbe 
 Kewilfk of volumes, — as measured in the estimate of those havin 
 (1857). it [yi charge, — they look upon its enlargement as unneces 
 sary, and seek to turn the appropriation from its legitimat; 
 purpose. Hence arise frequent applications to this Depart 
 ment for leave to appropriate the Library money to paymen; 
 of teachers' wages ; whilst others, it is apprehended, diver' 
 it to this and to other purposes, without the formalitk 
 required by law." 
 
TOAVXSllTP LIBRARIES OF INDIANA. 331 
 
 I In some j)laccs dislike — more or less avowed — of the ex- 
 benditiue for puMie books took tlic form of an attempt to 
 |[nake the District Libraries mere School Collections, com- 
 posed, or chiefly composed, of juvenile works. On this 
 )oint, I find the State Superintendent writing thus, in the 
 t^ourse of his official correspondence : — " School-District 
 Libraries are intended for the Inhabitants of School- Dis- 
 tricts, — as well for those who have completed their Common 
 i^chool-education, as for those who have not. The primary 
 :)bject of their institution was to disseminate works suited 
 |o the intellectual improvement of the great body of the 
 ^eople, rather than to throw into the School-Districts, for 
 he use of young persons, works of a juvenile character. The 
 )ooks being procured by a tax on the property of the 
 )istrict, no unnecessary restriction should be im])osed on 
 heir circulation among the inhabitants." 
 
 There seems, however, to be good ground for the opinion 
 hat impediments of this and the like kind — whatever their 
 fuiount — were less seriously obstructive to the good work- 
 ng of the District Library system in the State of New 
 fork than were those which grew out of the want of better 
 irrangements for the choice and distribution of books. 
 
 When a like system of providing, by general taxation 
 hroughout the whole State, for the creation of Township 
 Libraries was introduced into Indiana, the task of preparing 
 lists of books for distribution was entrusted to the State JZ!^^o( 
 Superintendent of Puljlic Instruction. From these lists J'"!'""*- 
 he local authorities make their choice. 
 
 The Education Law of Indiana, passed in the year 1S52, 
 nposcd a Library Tax of a quarter of a mill on all the 
 ateal)le jjropcrty throughout the State, and also a personal 
 ssessment or poll-tax of " a cpiarterof a dollar on the poll," 
 or the purpose of establishing a Free Library in every 
 
District Li- 
 braries of 
 Ohio. 
 
 332 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 civil township of the Commonwealth. The Library assess 
 ments levied under tliis Statute, during the first two years 
 amounted to £35,267, sterling. Each of six hundred anc 
 ninety townships was supplied with a foundation collection 
 containing three hundred and ninety-one volumes. Th( 
 aggregate number of volumes so distributed for public ust 
 up to the year 1854, was 2:21,490 volumes. 
 
 The State of Ohio followed, — somewhat in the sam( 
 track, though with a less degree of efficiency, — in 1853. It 
 School Law, of that year, appropriated to the estabhshnien 
 and maintenance of Libraries in all the Common-Schoo 
 Districts of that Commonwealth, " the proceeds of a Stat 
 tax of one tenth of one mill on the dollar valuation of al 
 property taxable for State purposes." Here, as in Indiana 
 the purchases were made by the central Education Depart 
 ment of the State and were distributed by its agency. Th^ 
 first selection included many books of European fame. L 
 one despatch of 1854, for example, sixteen hundred copie 
 of a translation of Michelet's 'History of France,' diOii 
 five hundred copies of Ruskin's * Stones of Venice,' wer 
 sent to these District Libraries. But the fund at commam 
 was spread — all at once — over too wide a field. Create, 
 efficiency would, probably, have been attained, in the Ion 
 run, by fewer but successive operations. In 1858 a 
 aggregate number of books amounting to 245,887 volume 
 had been distributed ; but they were scattered over no les 
 than 6437 District collections. 
 
 Perceiving that this extreme diff'usion carried with ■; 
 inefficiency, and waste of power, some of the local Board, 
 of Education formed ' Central Libraries,' instead of formin; 
 ' District' Libraries, according to the letter of the law. Thu; 
 for instance, at Cincinnati it was determined to establish 
 single Eree Library, common to all the School Districts ( 
 
DISTRICT LTRHAUIES OF OTIK^. S-'H 
 
 that city. In 1S57, the central collection so establislu'd 
 ilrcadv contained 13,000 volumes. Until checked for a 
 while by tlie incidents of the Civil War it was steadily 
 growing at the rate of two hundred and fifty volumes 
 Vearly. 
 
 When that war came, it naturally brought with it — hy 
 arious channels — much injury to the growth of Libraries 
 n almost all parts of the Union. But the check has been 
 )nly temporary. Some of its effects upon the book-trade 
 ire likely to prove more enduring. To book-hawking, and 
 ^specially to the sale of number-books, it gave an enormous 
 m^iulse. During the heat of the struggle, and for a long 
 inie after its close, the masses would read about nothing 
 mt the war. Concerning the war their curiosity was 
 nsatiable. When books about the rebellion, and about 
 ^s innumerable episodes and bye-paths, could no longer be 
 'upplied from sheer exhaustion of the whole stock — good, 
 »ad, and indifferent, together — it was found that a large 
 rade could be driven in books which as yet had no existence. 
 :n many of the Northern, and in some of the Eastern and 
 fVestern States, hawkers who carried nothing but a subscrip- 
 lon list, headed by a taking title, found their customers so 
 ager, that they were induced to visit not only every town and 
 illage, ])ut almost every lonely farm along the countryside ; 
 jnd but seldom without profit. It has been said, — upon 
 pmpetent authority, — that of some narratives of the struggle 
 etween North and South about 200,000 copies were 
 ^-entually sold. The Township and District Libraries of 
 )me of the States had, of course, their share in this vast 
 iFCulation, but the bulk of it was created by a direct hou.se- 
 old demand. 
 
 The old School Law of the State of Wisconsin provided 
 
334 
 
 FREE TOWx\ LTBRARIES, TN AMERICA. 
 
 Township 
 Libraiies and 
 School-Dis- 
 trict Libra- 
 ries of 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 The Wiscon- 
 sin Library 
 Law of 1859. 
 
 (in § 74) that each 'Town Superintendent' might, in h| 
 discretion, set apart a sum not exceeding ten per cent, i: 
 the gross amount of the ' School money ' apportioned \] 
 any district, to be applied to the purchase of School-Distrii' 
 Libraries. Before the close of the year 1854, there lis 
 been formed, under this law, as many as eight hundred ar: 
 thirty little collections, which were called ' libraries,' but 
 which a very large proportion were quite undeserving 
 the name, in any sense. Yet nearly one half of the Counti 
 within the State, and probably three fourths of the aggr 
 gate number of Districts, were still without even the sm; 
 beginning of a library. The State Superintendent' 
 Public Instruction urged upon the Legislature, from tir 
 to time, the establishment of a more efficient system, b 
 did not succeed in his effort until 1859. 
 
 In that year the State of Wisconsin enacted a n( 
 ' Library LaAv,' of which the principal provisions are 
 follows : — (1) A permanent Town-School Library fund i 
 created, by setting apart ten per cent, of the income of t) 
 School fund, — subject to apportionment in ISGO, and ami; 
 ally thereafter, — together with the proceeds of a special Stf!; 
 tax, to be levied in each year, of one tenth of one mill i 
 the dollar valuation of taxable property throughout tj! 
 State. (2) The libraries so formed and supported are to '^ 
 Township Libraries, and to them the fund is to be applil 
 exclusively. (3) The books for founding such libraries, a 1 
 those to be provided for their replenishment (from time;) 
 time), are to be purchased by public authority, and not / 
 the local School-Boards, as under the old law. ProvisiorjS 
 also made for supplying the Township Libraries with copis 
 of the State Laws and of all other public documents. 
 
 In respect to the circumstances under which the nv 
 enactment passed, the then Superintendent of Pule 
 
THE WISCONSIN Lll^T^ AKY LAW OF IH.'jO X\ry 
 
 ilnstriiction, Mr. Drapeu, remarks: — " Tlicrc never was a 
 measure involving new and additional taxation that passed 
 jthe Legislature with such [an approach to] unanimity ; it 
 ipassed by nineteen votes against eight in the Senate, and by 
 itifty-one against ten in the Assembly. . . . This Library 
 fund will amount to at least .'3'), 000 dollars [£7000] ainiu- 
 nlly, and will increase in proportion to the increase of the 
 
 E>chool Fund income, and that of the taxable property in 
 he State It is an advance upon the cflbrts of our 
 
 pister States. . . . Comparing the three States which have 
 [adopted the Township system, Wisconsin will raise more 
 
 toney, by nearly one quarter, than jNIichigan ; besides 
 e advantage from the State purchasing the books, instead 
 bf the Township Boards, as is done in Michigan. It is in 
 ■idvance of Ohio, where a Library fund is provided by impos- 
 ing the tenth of a mill tax, Avhile that of Wisconsin is raised 
 py the tenth of a mill tax, «;^r/ one tenth of the School Fund 
 Income. It is in advance of Indiana .... in the perma- 
 hency of its system. In Indiana the Library Law is enacted 
 be in force only two years, and then has to pass the ordeal ^Z^'il'^'^' 
 )f renewal, and thus is subiect to danojer of overthrow by a S"i>"''">""'- 
 
 •^ ^ , -^ ail; printed 
 
 «price of the people Our AVisconsin Library Law '" Ri>ces' 
 
 '11 i. 1 11 1 • -n 1 • 1 jl^wwfl/, pp. 
 
 Mil yet be regarded as the most important Lducational 574-575. 
 neasure ever inaugurated in the State." 
 
 Not a whit less laudatory is the opinion formed by a 
 'ery competent observer, looking on from another part of the 
 Jnion. "Your Legislature," writes Henry Barnard, of 
 ( tthode Island, "has enabled you to inaugurate a true 
 -library policy, altogether in advance in its practical bear- 
 ng and completeness, in time, of any thing yet attempted." 
 This last remark, however, is applicable only to the Icgisla- 
 ion within the Union. Canadian legislation, as will be 
 hewn liercaft<'r, was considerably in advance. 
 
336 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 The establishmetit, by means of a system of generi 
 State taxation, of Township and School-District Fre 
 Libraries is the one important step in the thorough diffi 
 sion of books, throughout the length and breadth ( 
 America, which stands midway between the ' associative 
 scheme, originated by Franklin in Philadelphia, and th 
 fully-developed ' municipal ' scheme, first brought unde 
 effective organization — as far as America is concerned — b 
 Joshua Bates, Jonathan Putllips, and their fellow -worker; 
 in Boston. Franklin set to work, it may be rememberec 
 in 1731. His marble effigy still w^atches over the ingres 
 and egress of the many frequenters of the ' Old Philade 
 phia Library.' But, in regard to this particular aspect (, 
 his many-sided public labours, he has a better memorial i 
 those eight hundred and six ' Social Libraries' — of one so) 
 or other — of which the Philadelphia Library was the fon; 
 runner. Many, out of that large number, are no doub 
 working poorly, sluggishly, and inefficiently ; some froi; 
 narrowness of management, others from insufficiency ( 
 means ; but the great majority have done, and are sti 
 doing, good educational work. And the work is of a fa] 
 reaching kind. Widespread culture, of course, will, for ; 
 long time to come, mean superficial culture. But he ca 
 know only a little, either of the busy world of men, or c 
 that silent world of books in which lie at once the record 
 of past human activities and the seedplots of human act 
 vities to come, who would be inclined to doubt that out (^ 
 those means of self- education — how imperfect soever — wliic 
 Franklin did so much to diffuse throughout Americ' 
 many men did actually derive pregnant thoughts, an. 
 governing life-long impulses, for v/hich their country, an' 
 their race, are permanently the better. Of this fact, in or 
 of its aspects, Franklin himself lived to see conspicuoi 
 evidence. i 
 
TlIK .\SS(KM ATIVK AND FRKE LIBRARIES. 337 
 
 : Just as the ' Society Library ' came, in its day, to be a contm.tor 
 'ecognized social need, the ' Free Town Lil)rary ' will — in cintivHrni 
 - turn — be seen by-and-by to be indis[)ensablc. Very ,1'," ''""'"'" 
 iuch through the influence of a man who had already won 
 lie respect and confidence of a fiist widening circle of his 
 pllows, the early institution was rapidly and generally 
 luitated. Its plan met the immediate requirements of the 
 |ay, and, under favourable circumstances, was capable of 
 'pnsiderable future development. But the plan itself was 
 larrow. And the circumstances to which it best adapted 
 Iself were not those of the communities in which the need 
 f books was most severe. 
 A municipal provision for public books will come, in due 
 me, to be looked upon as an ordinary civic requirement, 
 1st as obvious and as necessary as a municipal provision of 
 jublic lamps. 
 
 I The legislation of the States of New York, Massachusetts, 
 risconsin, Indiana, Ohio, and Rhode Island, in behalf of 
 |ity, Township, and District Libraries, has — taken collec- 
 vely — laid a basis for their support which is capable 
 being adapted to the circumstances of the most 
 versitied communities. It may be applied alike to the 
 ants of the largest towns and to those of the most 
 iiarsely-populated rural districts. Whatever may have 
 5en the executive mistakes in points of detail (here and 
 'ere), these do not touch the principle which underlies 
 e legislation, any more than do the temporary checks, 
 ' its working, which grew out of the recent wai-. Tiie 
 load results have been, everywhere, good. The errors and 
 <ersights have been partial and momentary. 
 
 This principle of rating the whole community, to meet a 
 W'ognized intellectual need of the whole, will, in course of 
 tjue, quite suj)ersede some partial and early ellbrt.s at a 
 
 00 
 
Free Libra- 
 ries for 
 Apprentices 
 
 338 FREE TOWN LIBRAEIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 provision of ' Free Town Libraries ' of a peculiar kind, tht 
 history of wliich, nevertheless, well deserves a few words ol 
 passing record. 
 
 Libraries, the access to which was entirely free to i 
 prescribed portion of the Public — that portion havinc 
 nothing whatever to do with their establishment or support 
 — have been known in America shice the year 1820. Thej 
 are usually called ' Apprentices' Libraries.' One such has; 
 been mentioned already as existing in the City of New 
 York. 
 
 The earliest Free Library on this plan appears to hav( 
 been that which was established in Boston by Mr. Williau 
 Wood, under whose auspices it Avas opened on the 22nd o 
 February, 1820. It possessed fifteen hundred volumes 
 which had been provided by public subscription, and it: 
 current expenses of maintenance were defrayed in lik< 
 manner. It was intended, exclusively, for the use o] 
 apprentices, or other young men of the trading class. i 
 
 Boston was, for a long time, one of the strongholds o 
 
 the associative or proprietary system for the maintenance c 
 
 Libraries. In order in no way to encroach upon or inter 
 
 Boston fere with the working of the Social Libraries of the town! 
 
 'Apprentices' , ■,• • o i •• • i-p i t- 
 
 Library.' thc Imiit 01 agc aud position in lite as the condition c 
 access to the Apprentices' Library seems to have been care 
 fully enforced. But, notwithstanding this care, the needfi 
 support did not continue. And the Library was closec 
 within less than three years.* It was afterwards revive 
 as a proprietary collection ; but it ceased to be, in any sens 
 of the term, a Free Library. 
 
 Wilham Wood's experiment at Boston had hardly mad, 
 a start before it attracted the attention of a citizen (; 
 
 * Lippincott's Philadelphia Magazine (Marcli, 1869), vol. iii, p. 280. 
 
THK ArPin:N'nri:s' luuiauv ov riiiL.\i)i-:i.riiiA. 339 
 
 niilndclphia who liad something; of the Fraiikhii type of 
 character. Daniel Smith tliought well of the ])lan, 
 icquaiiited himself with some particulars about its working, 
 uul straightway told what he had learned to a friend or 
 wo. " Let us," said he, " try this plan here in Phila- 
 Mpbia." 
 
 ' Accordingly an Apprentices' Free Library was established TheApp.en- 
 
 b that City towards the middle of the year 1820. In 1821 of pi.iiadei- 
 
 hc founders asked the Legislature of Pennsylvania for an ?'r.Hi"rs'*' 
 
 \ct of Licorporation. " AVe believe," said they, "that 
 
 liany benefits will arise from the establishment of a Library 
 
 !f suitable books for the use of Apprentices ; that it will 
 
 Iromote orderly and virtuous habits ; diffuse knowledge 
 
 iid the desire for knowledge ; improve the scientific skill 
 
 f our mechanics and manufacturers; increase the benefits 
 
 f the system of general education which is now adopted ; 
 
 : bd advance the pros[)erity and happiness of the comnui- 
 
 ity." They obtained their Act ; opened their library for 
 
 J le circulation of books without a penny of cost to the 
 
 i DiTowers ; have kept it open for almost fifty years ; but 
 
 5 ways upon the restricted plan — as a merely class institu- 
 
 8 m — which the founders borrowed from Boston almost 
 
 9 'ty years ago. One of those founders of the 'Ajjprentices' 
 11 ibrary* still watches, in the Spring of 1809, the working 
 i < the benevolent plan for freely circulating among the youth 
 k ( Philadelphia a sound and elevating literature which he 
 j[ lid helped to start, in the Spring of 1820. 
 
 " The building in which the Library is now stored has a 
 
 • able history. The attention of the ' Stranger in Phila- 
 
 (, tjlphia ' is easily attracted to it, by a conspicuous inscrip- 
 
 jj tkn, the wording of wliich can scarcely fail to excite some 
 
 of curiositv. It runs thus : — 
 
340 
 
 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 By 
 
 General Subscription 
 
 for the 
 Free Quakers. 
 
 
 Erected in 
 
 the year of Our Lord, 
 Of the Empire, 8. 
 
 1783; 
 
 Who were the ' Free ' Quakers ? They were, it seems, 
 those worthy members of the Society, in whom the spirit ol 
 Patriotism was somewhat stronger than the spirit of Secta- 
 rianism ; those who freed themselves from bondage to th( 
 symbol, in order to retain obedience to the principl(l 
 which gave it meaning. They took a sturdy part in the 
 War of Independence ; and, for so doing, were cut off froni 
 the main body. I 
 
 The inscription has, of course, no reference to tb' 
 Library, to which the building is now devoted. It is leij 
 as a memorial of the ' fighting Quakers ' who once use(; 
 the building as a meeting-house for public prayer. Whei: 
 their remnant were received back into communion it cease 
 to be needed for its first purpose. And so, when th; 
 'Apprentices' Library ' came to outgrow the apartment firs' 
 assigned to it, the books were removed to the disuse 
 meeting-house. \ 
 
 The Library is said — in an account which has recently bee 
 printed — to contain about thirty thousand volumes, " man 
 of them," it is added, " of but little or no worth."* Thi 
 there is real vitality in the library founded in 1820 there i 
 however, no sort of doubt. Other cities have far ou' 
 stripped Philadelphia in its public provision of books, f<| 
 free use, but the shelves of the Apprentices' Library co: 
 
 * LippincotVs Philadelphia Magazine, vol. iii, p. 281. 
 
RECENT ACCESSIONS TO APPRENTICES LmRARY. 311 
 
 ain evidence — both recent and ample — Avhicli testifies at 
 •nee to its utility in the past; to grateful appreciation of 
 ftrge intellectual and moral advantages derived from it ; and 
 the increase of its means for future good, if wisely ap})lied. 
 A verv few years, for instance, have passed since the ^'^""' ■'"=■ 
 
 "'.-,, f, . . cessions to 
 
 I'rustees received a letter, from an enunent American firm, Apprentices- 
 
 In which they were informed that "a credit has been rhSphi:., 
 
 ipened in our house in accordance with the following 
 
 xtract from a ' letter of instruction ' written by a friend of 
 
 our institution : — ' AVhen a boy,' says its writer, ' and not 
 
 \ble to obtain books in any other way, I received much 
 
 leasure and instruction from those which were then loaned 
 
 p me by the Apprentices' Library of Philadelphia. Success 
 
 p life has not made me unmindful of early benefits, and I 
 
 esire to pay back, in part, the debt I owe to the above- 
 
 amed institution.'" This instalment of an old debt came, 
 
 1 the shape of well-chosen books, to the value of four 
 
 undred pounds sterling. 
 
 It was enjoined by the donor that his name should not 
 
 B given by his agents, even to the Library trustees. But 
 
 lere is ground for an impression that the name, if dividged, 
 
 ould, perhaps, aflibrd a salient illustration of the remark 
 
 hich was ventured in a previous page about the latent 
 
 Dwer there is, in the books which are read in youth, to 
 
 rove seedplots of action in maturer life, which may teem 
 
 ith public as well as private good ; and so bring to the 
 
 ommunity, at large, a very direct return for its expendi- 
 
 Ire from the common purse. In this particular exam[)le 
 
 ri'turn, it is seen, is not only direct, but i'ei)roductivc. 
 
 \ cry probably the Citizens of Philadelphia may come, ere 
 
 •ng, to see even in tliis one small incident good warrant for 
 
 ^rning their Apprentices' Free Library into a true ' Free 
 
 ■own Library,' which shall, in time, become worthy of the 
 
342 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 chief town of Pennsylvania. They borrowed the idea c 
 the infant institution from Boston ; and they carried t 
 success an experiment which in Massachusetts proved t 
 be a faihire. If they now repeat their experience, by boi 
 rowing once again, and also by improving upon thei 
 model, the good results will spread themselves far beyon 
 the limits of Pennsylvania. The reasons which were see 
 to be valid, in the City of Boston, for not building the ne\: 
 institution upon an old foundation, do not apply to th 
 circumstances of the City of Philadelphia. The old librar 
 founded by Pranklin, augmented by the Logans, and b 
 many who have followed in their steps, would prove a 
 excellent groundwork.* An adequate erection, upon thf 
 basis, would have a more especial fitness, inasmuch as 
 would realize the idea and purpose of one of the earliest c 
 those among American public benefactors who have recof 
 nized the foundation of Public Libraries to be one of tb 
 best channels of effort in which public spirit can set itsc 
 to work ; either for the day that is passing, or for the tim 
 that is yet distant. That particular benefactor was n( 
 only a citizen of Philadelphia. He may be truly describe 
 as a co-founder of Pennsylvania. 
 
 If that course be eventually taken, future Trustees of 
 'Philadelphia Pree Library' may re-employ, with sti' 
 more abundant appropriateness, some words which occur i^ 
 a recent Report on the working of the Apprentices' Librar) 
 "We confide to our successors," say the Trustees, "tli^ 
 duty of imparting instruction to yonth that shall eleval! 
 them above grovelling propensities ; teach tliem the neces 
 
 * To tlie collection given to the Public by James Logan, another wi, 
 added in 1776, by a bequest of his nephew. This had been chief 
 formed by Dr. William Logan, brother of James, and in England. Tl 
 combined collection was transferred to the ' Library Company ' in 17tV 
 and an Act of the Legislature was passed, to ensure its preservation. 
 
inJACTICAL DEDUCTIONS. 313 
 
 Isity of a daily depcnclcnce upon Divine guidance, and the 
 Cultivation of a philanthropy which shall acknowledge [by 
 action] the brotherhood of man." The difference between 
 ithe Americans of tlic Union who know Europe, l)y personal 
 mid real experience, and those who know it only, or mainly, 
 through their own newspapers — and not always through 
 ihe good ones — has often been remarked. It is a difference 
 :)regnant with political and social rcsnlts that may reach 
 lery far. If it be true that no amount of book-culture — 
 jiow broad soever — can supply that breadth of view which 
 ptivel has at least a strong tendency to bring ; it is also 
 irue that the kind of reading which well-chosen Town 
 Libraries, with doors always open, cannot fail in course of 
 jime to spread abroad must (as one among its main results) 
 |o, for the many, what travel can do for only a very few. 
 I'he work is of a kind which will be fruitful of good, 
 iver a circle very much wider than that of the first re- 
 ipients. And the progress it has made already — under 
 iinerican energies — is of excellent augury for the time to 
 
 • This remark may be illustrated — merely by way of example — by an 
 :tract from some recent i-emarks, in an Ameiican magazine, on the 
 rtrking of the City Library of Boston. Tlie article, it may be added, 
 lied the writer of these pages when the preceding chapters were 
 ■ly printed; so that no use could be made of it in the account of 
 Library itself. " In connection with the Boston Library," writes 
 r. Clarke Davis, " a central idea in the mind of the Trustees was that 
 good book was never so much in the way of its duty as when it was in 
 e bauds of a reader, and that a bad book had no duty at all. except in 
 
 '••• hands of the paper-maker It has never been the idea of the 
 
 •••v» to compote with the proprietary circulating-libraries in pan- 
 !^' to the lowest taste; the bulk of the C<jllection being, to- 
 uch Ix^jks as are considered standard authority upon all suttjects. 
 . Ita treaaurea soon represented the literary wealth of aU tongues, 
 j . . . Boston baa founded a librai-y, second to few in its extent and 
 jlue, and throws it oiK;n to the humblest and poorest." — Lippincolt's 
 ' f'KMphia ifinjazinr, yi,\. iii, pp. 'Jsfl— 2!»r? (Maroli. 18H!M. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE FREE LIBEARIES OF BRITISH AMERICA. 
 
 The Canada Education Rejwrts of 1849 and 1850. — Plan of the Toicnski} 
 and School- Section Free Libraries of Upper Canada. — School am 
 Library Act of 1850. — Methods adopted for supply of Books to th 
 Canadian Libraries. — The County Meetings of 1853. — The Authorizei. 
 Catalogue of Free Library Books. — Modifications of plan introduce 
 into the Toionship Library System of Neiv Brunsivick. — Statistics ofth 
 Canadian Free Libraries. — Their general Character a)id Educationt 
 BesuUs. 
 
 All the British North American provinces have now 
 system of Tree Libraries — or at least the germ of one — bii 
 for the pnrpose of these pages it will suffice to describe tha 
 which, during almost twenty years, has been at work i; 
 Canada, with but a passing word or two of the rest. 
 
 The merit of its origination belongs to Dr. Egerto 
 Hyerson, who for many years filled, with ability an- 
 energy, the office of Chief Superintendent of Education i 
 the Upper Province. 
 
 Dr. Ryerson had observed with interest the measure 
 adopted in the State of New York, and in some othe: 
 States of the neighbouring Union, for the creation of Towk 
 ship and District Libraries. Approving, heartily, of tb 
 principle of maintenance by a rate, he saw in several c, 
 the details of the system — especially as it had been estc 
 blished in New York — practices which, as it seemed to bin 
 ought rather to be avoided than imitated. 
 
 In July, 1849, Dr. Ryerson submitted to the then Liei 
 
or.ir.IN OF CANADIAN TOWNSlIir LIBUARIES. 3 15 
 
 tenant Governor of the I'roviuce of l'|)per Canfida (the-Enrl of ThcOrismor 
 Elgin), an Educational Report in the course of which he Tl!w..riup '"" 
 thus expressed his views : — " There can be but one opinion 
 of the great importance of introducing into each township 
 of Up])er Canada, as soon as possible, a Township Library ; 
 with branches for the several School Sections, consisting of 
 a suitable selection of entertaining and instructive books. . . 
 It is not easy to conceive the vast and salutary influence 
 tthat would flow from the introduction of such a fountain of 
 'knowledge and enjoyment into each Township.'' The 
 necessary preliminaries of such a measure were, in the pro- 
 moter's opinion, (1) the formation of an extensive catalogue 
 of suitable books ; (2) the establishment of well-organized 
 plans for the cheap and prompt supply of such books, 
 partly by direct importation from Europe ; partly by their 
 introduction from the United States. 
 
 "When proceeding to notice the character and working 
 of School-District Libraries, as they then existed in several 
 States of the Union, the Reporter wrote : " In all the 
 United States' systems of Public School Libraries there is 
 5ne principle which, I think, is essential, .... that of 
 granting public aid upon the condition of local exertion 
 ind of making the bestowment of the former instrumental 
 n the development of the latter. In addition to the recog- 
 lition of this principle, I have deemed it essential to a 
 national system of Public School Libraries to provide for 
 the accomplishment of the following objects : — 
 ' "(1) The prevention of the expenditure of Juiy part u.^oru,,, 
 
 of the Library fund in the purchase and circulation ''^"piZni 
 of books having a tendency to subvert public morals, "/'>/"'• 
 
 . . '^ " ^ Canada, 
 
 or to vitiate the public taste. \^vi-in, 
 
 " {-2) The })rotection of the local bodies against ..udupp.' ' 
 injposition by interested itinerant book-vendors, in 
 
346 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 regard both to the prices and tlie character of the books 
 introduced into their Libraries. 
 
 " (3) The placing of the remotest municipalities 
 upon an equal footing with tliose adjoining the metro- 
 polis, in regard to the terms and facilities of procuring 
 books ; with the single exception of the cost of 
 transmission." 
 On the use of the term ' School Libraries,' the Reporter 
 subsequently makes this explanatory remark : " The term 
 ' School Libraries ' does not imply that the Libraries are 
 specially designed for the benefit of Common School pupils. 
 They are, in point of fact. Public Libraries, intended for 
 the use of the general population. They are entitled 
 ' school libraries ' because their establishment has been 
 provided for in the School Acts, and their management con- 
 fided to the School authorities.'^ In this case, therefore, 
 the wording of the Canadian Acts means exactly what is 
 meant by the wording of simdar Acts in the States of the 
 Union. 
 
 Establish- The Commissioners of Crown Lands in Canada having 
 
 ToTOsui'"' set apart a million of acres of public land — under the pro- 
 "'':=^,,, visions of the Act 12 Vict., c. 200— for Common School 
 
 system of Ud- ' 
 
 purposes, it w\ns enacted (by c. 26 of the Consolidated' 
 Sfati(tes) that all monies accruing from their sale should be, 
 applied towards creating a capital sura, sufficient, at the 
 rate of six per cent., per annum, to create a clear annual 
 income of 400,000 dollars (£83,330) ; and that the fund sc 
 created and its annual income should not be appropriated' 
 to any purpose whatever other than that of the support oi 
 Common Schools, and the establishment of Township and 
 Parish Libraries. 
 
 It was further enacted that until the sale of the public 
 
 system of Up 
 per Canada 
 
CAXADA SCHOOL AND Lir>RAKV ACT OF 1850. 317 
 
 laiuls should have siifliccd to proihicc a luinimmu net yearly 
 
 iicome equal to one half of the ultimate income so provided 
 
 ibr — namely, ;200,000 dollars — that minimum sum should 
 
 ue annually granted out of unappropriated monies levied 
 
 I'or public uses by authority of the Legislature of the 
 
 t^rovince. 
 
 1 The School Act of ISoO imposed on the Superintendent Canada 
 
 ^ ' School-Act 
 
 pf Education for the Province the duty of apportioning, ofi85(u38, 
 rear by year, the several sums so granted or appro})riated, '"'''' 
 jo the various counties and townships of Upper Canada, 
 Imder this one ruling condition : " That no aid shall be 
 tiven to^vards the establishment and support of any such 
 j^ibrary, unless an ecpial amount be contributed or expended 
 [rom local sources for the same object." 
 I Under the provisions of this Act the Council of Public 
 Instruction made the following regulations: — (1) There 
 pay be ' School-Section Libraries ' or ' Township Libraries,' 
 is each township nuuiicipality shall prefer. In case of the 
 Establishment of a Township Library, the township Council 
 uay either cause the books to be deposited in one place — 
 s a central library — or may recognise each ' School- 
 section ' within its jurisdiction as a branch of the ' Town- 
 hip Library Corporation,' and cause the Library to be 
 livided into parts or sections ; allowing each of them to be 
 irculatcd, in succession, in each School District. (2) Each 
 Wnship Library shall be put under the management of 
 he Township Corporation, and each branch or ' School- 
 ■cction Library' under that of the * School-Section Corpora- 
 ion.* The power of appointment and removal of the 
 librarian of a Township Library is vested in the township 
 'ouncil. The like power in respect to a School -Section ^pp'>"''"" 
 
 ... ' Uf ports, 
 
 library is vested in the 'Trustee Corporation' of the ih57,p.i'm. 
 cction. 
 
 r 
 
348 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 The Supply Di'. Ryerson's fivst step in discharge of the duty lai 
 canadim "'^ upon him, as Chief Superintendent, was to visit England 
 Libraries. ^^^, ^|^^ purpose of estabUshiug a direct and systemat 
 supply of the best books, and on the cheapest terms. E 
 placed himself in communication with the Educatic 
 Departments, both of England and Ireland, as well as wii 
 the leading publishers. The course so taken was n 
 acceptable to a certain portion of the Canadian book-trad 
 It accordingly led the way to subsequent opposition ai 
 obstructions, of various kind, to the due working ai 
 growth of the Town Library system. But it was an a 
 performed in obvious pursuance of public duty and it bo 
 good fruit. 
 
 One instance of its operation may be given, incidentall 
 in very few words. Shortly after the establishment of t 
 Canadian Libraries there occurred at New York those lar 
 purchases for the Indiana Township Libraries which I h; 
 occasion to mention in the last chapter. Books were th 
 purchased in bulk, — the quantities equalling, and sometim 
 surpassing, the number of an ordinary edition. When- 
 printed Indiana Education Report made the prices publ, 
 it was noticed that many of the same books were regulai 
 Re'tfion supplied to the remotest townships of Upper Canada, ; 
 School Laws the Education Department at Toronto, on lower terms, :; 
 
 ofl'pper . , . 1111 • -KT -XT 1 r» 
 
 cam,da,p.-ii. suiglc copics, thau had been given, at JNew lork, lor cop.s 
 bought by the five hundred, or the fifteen hundred at a tin . 
 The next step was to visit the various counties of t5 
 Province, in order to stir up public opinion on the subj<t 
 generally ; to induce that local taxation for Eree Librar's 
 on which all the action of the Education De])artn]ent ^i 
 dependent ; and to elicit the relative preferability, in varic s 
 parts of the Province, of Township collections or of Scho - 
 District collections. 
 
TOWNSHll' LIBRARIES OF CANADA. 319 
 
 i It was foiiiul that there was a very considerable amount R.»'>iuti.m« 
 bf wilhngness to act under the legislation of ls50. Gene- M.ai..K8 
 >-ally speaking, the Township, as the administrative unit of [-..^.f l||".,. 
 i\ Free Library system, was thought preferable to the "'*■ 
 (School-Section. Thus, for example, the inhabitants of the 
 imited counties of ^Middlesex and Elgin resolved, in their 
 jL'Ounty meeting : " That the establishment of Township 
 [Libraries appears to us far preferable to that of County, or 
 pf School-Sectional Libraries." Those of Stormont and 
 |Glengarry : — " That, in the opinion of this meeting, it 
 jvvould be desirable to establish Public Libraries in every 
 Pounty ; that these might be established on the principle 
 I" of a combination of the system of County, Township, and 
 ?5chool-Sectional Libraries ; — the County Libraries to con- 
 tain the more large and expensive w^orks, . . for reference ; 
 the Township Libraries to consist of a general selection 
 Ifrom the List [/. c, the List of Books drawn up by the 
 lEducation Department], and to be established on the cir- 
 culating or pcrambulatory system among the several 
 jSchool-sections." Those, again, of the Counties of Prescott 
 jaud Russell thus expressed their views : — " That, in the 
 opinion of this Convention, Township Libraries should be 
 established, as being best fitted to promote the diffusion of 
 useful information among the People : but with the power , 
 of dividing and circulating the books among the different ^'•/""^'^ "/ 
 
 1h5'2-33 
 
 School-sections of the Township/' pp.'ioo.'scqq. 
 
 In many townships the local contributions were (piickly 
 made. Ik- fore the close of the year ls5;3 a considerable 
 number of Free Township Libraries were in course of 
 formation. 
 
 The first act of the Education Departinent, in regard to 
 the establishment of each Library individually, was the 
 circulation of its authorized list of books. Sometimes, the 
 
1 
 
 350 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 local boards made a choice from this list, according to theiii 
 means. Sometimes, they requested the Chief Superiii' 
 tendent to make the choice on their behalf. 
 
 The principles by which the Department was governec 
 in the preparation of the authorized Catalogue are suffi 
 ciently indicated in the following extract from one of it; 
 Reports : — "In order to prevent the introduction of im 
 proper books into Libraries it is required that no booli 
 shall be admitted into any Public School Library, so esta; 
 blished, which is not included in the Catalogue of PubH( 
 School Library books, prepared according to law. Th( 
 principles by which the Council has been guided . . 
 are these : — 
 
 " (1) The Council regards it as imperative that ii 
 work of a licentious, vicious, or immoral, tendency, aiK 
 no work hostile to the Christian religion, shall h 
 admitted into the Libraries. 
 
 " (.2) Noris it, in the opinion of the Council, com 
 patible with the object of the Pubhc School Librarie 
 to introduce into them controversial works on Theolog\ 
 or works of denominational controversy ; although J. 
 would not be desirable to exclude all historical c 
 other works in which such topics are referred to an 
 discussed. And it is desirable to include a selectio; 
 of suitable works on the Evidences of Natural an 
 Revealed Religion. 
 
 " (3) In regard to works on Ecclesiastical Histor 
 the Council agree to a selection of the most approve 
 works on each side. 
 
 " (4) With these exceptions, and within thej; 
 limitations, it is the opinion of the Council that i 
 wide a selection as possible should be made of usefi 
 and entertaining books .... in the varioi 
 
ToWNSllll' Lir.UAHlKS OF XKW HUrXSWICK. Xtl 
 
 I departments of luiiuan knowledge; Iciiving each 
 Municipality to consult its own taste and exercise its 
 own discretion in selecting books from the General 
 I Catalogue." 
 
 In the course of a de^^patch, addressed, in l)ecend)er, 185 !•, 
 [o the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Elgin, — when 
 reviewing his administration of the government of Canada, — 
 ^pokeof the establishmentof these Township Libraries as chief 
 uniong the measures to which he looked back with special 
 iatisfaction. He eulogized the manner in which the Council 
 If Pubhc Listruction had discharged its share of the duties 
 
 onnected with their formation. He referred, in particular, nefpfuh'to 
 o the Catalogue of authorized books, as affording " ample altZlief, 
 \rooi of the intelligent and liberal spirit in which the J^^'^-i**'* 
 
 /Oimcil had carried out the principles " laid down by the 
 
 anadian Legislature, in the Act of 1850. 
 
 It may fitly here be added that when the Legislature of 
 10 Province of New Brunswick came to establish, in its 
 am, a system of Free Township Libraries, framed gene- 
 illy after the pattern of those of Canada, it so far modified 
 lie principles laid down by the Toronto l^oard of Education 
 n the choice of books, as to imply an oiMuion that it would MoJi^cations 
 
 r ' l J I introduced 
 
 e better to leave out altogether, in the composition of such into the 
 braries, works of the class spoken of in the third para- Jbr'arilTof 
 raph (extracted above), and in the latter part of the second. 
 |ii itself, the change by no means bears the aspect of an 
 jiiprovcmcnt. Probably, it was made in view of the jea- 
 busies and difficulties which had been found seriously to 
 {npede the l^ibrary operations in Canada, and which had 
 bviously grown out of the rivalry of the coiillicting 
 reeds. 
 In this — as in so many another — held of labour the 
 
 New UriiMs- 
 wick. 
 
352 FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 Government of Canada had, at that time, a difficult task. 
 There were, in the Province, leaders — claiming to shape 
 the policy of large bodies of men — who looked with the 
 utmost jealousy upon every educational measure, uncon- 
 nected with a specific denomination in religion. Leaders 
 of that sort preferred entire inaction, to any course oj 
 public effort which sought to lift itself wholly above 
 sectarianism. 
 
 But, in spite of many obstacles (of this and of othei 
 kinds) the energetic action of the Education Board wa5 
 attended with a large measure of success. And the Boarc 
 had always the hearty support of Lord Elgin and hi^ 
 cabinet. 
 Progress of Bcforc tlic closc of IS 54, the Chief Superintendent wa^ 
 Libraries. able to rcport as follows : — " Each of the forty-two countie; 
 in Upper Canada — with the exception of those of Adding 
 ton, Bruce, and Victoria — has availed itself of the facihtiei 
 which this Department has been enabled, through thi 
 liberality of the Legislature, to afford. These facilities hav' 
 been equally open to the most distant School-Sections a 
 to the Metropolis ; to the most remote and thinly inhabite( 
 municipalities, as well as to the most populous and wealth) 
 Each has been aided from the legislative grant, am 
 Report (of^ supplicd with books, according to the extent of their ow ■ 
 exertions, and the amount of money contributed from thei 
 own resources." 
 
 Within the four years ending in 1857 the amount raise 
 from the local resources for the purchase of books fc 
 township libraries was £10,537 sterling — exclusive of tb 
 sum provided for expenses of maintenance — and that coi 
 tributed for the like purpose, by legislative grant, wi 
 £10,727 ; the additional ninety-five pounds having bee 
 granted, in excess of the local contributions, chiefly c 
 
CHAKACTKK OF THE CANADIAN 1-1 1'.KAKIKS. KTC :\:t'l 
 
 [iccouiit of the accidental destruction of one of tlu- town- 
 ship hbiaries by fire. The number of vokunes [)ic)\idL'd 
 through the Education Department, during the same period, 
 ivas 1(50, 27(5. 
 The details may be briefly exhibited thus : 
 
 Free Township Libraries of Upper Canada. 
 
 185i— 1S57. 
 
 Aggregate number of volumes distributed in each 
 
 YEAR; amount OF EXPENDITURE FOR BOOKS EXCLU- 
 SIVELY: AND HOW PROVIDED: — 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 How Defbaykd : 
 
 Vk VH 
 
 Npmbf.u of 
 Vor.iMES 
 
 Amount of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 DisraiDiTKD. 
 
 Cost. 
 
 From Locvl 
 FrxDs. 
 
 From Leois- 
 LATivE Grast. 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 £ 
 
 1854 
 
 100. nu 
 
 V2Mi 
 
 6,422 
 
 6.422 
 
 1855 
 
 10,578 
 
 •_MS(3 
 
 1.243 
 
 1,243 
 
 1856 
 
 13,701 
 
 1.S18 
 
 909 
 
 909 
 
 1857 
 
 . 1 29,833 
 
 4,116 
 £21,264 
 
 1,963 
 
 2,153 
 
 Total of four 
 
 years, 160,276 
 
 £10,537 
 
 £10,727 
 
 It will sufficiently illustrate the composition of the libra- cimractcrof 
 es so created, if it be stated that of the 100,1(54 volumes fo'rn.c7i«icr 
 istributed between November, Is 53, and December, 1854, 1850'!"°^ 
 iclusive, 34,719 volumes were works of History, Biogra- 
 liy, and Travel; namely in llhloru proper, 17,34:2 
 ilumes ; \\\ B'w(jraphij, 10,440 volumes; in Voijaijes ^\\A 
 Vaveis, G928 volumes. 
 
 At the beginning of the year ISGO, the number of 
 
 liimcs distributed by the agency of the Education De- 
 
 irtmcnt to the Township Libraries had increased to 
 
 03,^57 volumes. Of these, 31, ,-20(5 volumes were books 
 
 lliiitori/ proper; 19,022 were hku/raphinil works, and 
 
 \\i\ wt-rc works (rc'iting of ro'/m/n and (rave/. The 
 
 2:5 
 
35 i FREE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 selections made during the same period in the class 
 'Zoology' amounted to 13,080 volumes ; in 'Botany^ t( 
 2310; in 'Geology and Mineralogy ^^ to 1530; in othe: 
 branches of Natural History, 5034. The works whicl 
 treated of 'Agriculture and Manufactures' amounted ti 
 about 16,000 volumes; those on 'Mental and Mora\ 
 Philosophy,' and on various educational topics, to abou 
 50,000 volumes. The selection in other department 
 embraced an excellent series of works in ' Poetry,' in ^Pros 
 Fiction,' and in many other branches of Literature. Th 
 majority of the selections were made, from the authorize" 
 lists, by the local promoters of the several libraries. 
 
 Total number Accordlug to a tal^lc printed in 1859, the total numbe 
 incanmin. of Frcc LibraHcs (exclusive of a multitude of small col 
 lections connected with Sunday Schools) in the Provinc 
 of Upper Canada amounted to seventy-seven in towns, an 
 to four hundred and sixty-five in counties. The librarif; 
 of the towns — many of them merely in the cradle — the 
 contained, in the aggregate, 58,066 volumes; those of tl 
 Appendix to countics, 1 99,1 20 volumes. Includinsf the School Librari( 
 
 Reports of / ... 
 
 Education of all kluds, the number of hook.^ freely accessible in IIpp( 
 
 JSo«iv/(;i8ri8); 
 
 iiml W. J. 
 Rliees, 
 Manual of 
 
 Libraries, ^c. rpj^g statlstics of thc usc uiadc of these libraries are m' 
 
 1,18591. 
 
 available with any approach to like minuteness. But tl 
 evidence of the most competent authorities establishes tl 
 fact that it has been large and satisfactory. 
 
 Two years earlier, a Report of the Superintendent . 
 Education in Lower Canada stated the number of its Fr 
 Parish Libraries as amounting to ninety-six — exclusive 
 the Libraries of Quebec and Montreal — with an aggreg.i 
 of 60,510 volumes. 
 
 Canada — according to that table — amounted in all 1 
 491,534. 
 
THE CANADIAX ToWXSlUP LIBRAHTKS. ETC. 3").") 
 
 I In the I'pper Province, tlic Reports of tlie I'^diication 
 Board arc found to recur, n'pcatedlv, to the topic of opiiosi- '■ii<'T<'«n- 
 tion offered by a section — l)ut by a section only — of the ri<»»ndiiM 
 Canadian book-trade, to the uicthods by whicli the Town- Tm.ic. 
 ship Lii)raries have been supplied with books, under 
 the provisions of the legislation of ISoO. The opposition 
 was illogical, as well as illiberal. Its shortsightedness was 
 just as plain as was its paltriness. But the spirit that 
 dictated it has, unfortunately, nothing that belongs specially 
 to Canada. And the answer made by Dr. Ryerson (in 
 one of those Reports,) has a wide a})plicability, as well as 
 an incontrovertible truth. 
 
 " If booksellers," says a Special Rei)ort on the working 
 of the Library and School Laws, written in 1 S5S, "content 
 Ithemsclves with their legitimate sphere of trade, all that is 
 done by the Municipalities and School authorities, through 
 the aid of the Education Department, to establish Public 
 Libraries, will (as it lias already done, as shown by the 
 Customs' Returns) contribute to a greater demand for 
 printed books on the part of individuals and of families." 
 This passage has a pregnant bearing on trade influences 
 [exerted much nearer home) which have both injured our 
 Pubhc Libraries, and checked the natural productiveness — 
 ntellectual and moral — of a large actual expenditure, from 
 lublic funds, devoted to the preparation and pi-inting of 
 vhat ought to be (in a sense never yet realized) ' public ' 
 ooks. 
 
 To tiic general good working of the Canadian Library 
 ysteni, l)etter or more independent testimony could hardly 
 ►e desired than that which was given, a few years ago, by 
 he late Commissioner of J'ublic Schools in the State of 
 Ihode Island : — 
 
 "The plan of providing School- 1 )istrict | or 'l'(jwnshipj 
 
I 
 
 356 FEEE TOWN LIBRARIES, IN AMERICA. 
 
 The Rhode Libraries, adopted by the Parliament of Canada, is un-: 
 catbncom- doubtedlj the wisest that has yet been acted upon. . . . 
 missioneron rj,^^^ ^^^^^ ^l^^^ ^^^^ ^^ -^^^^ ^j^^ Libraries are books that 
 
 system of j^r^yg heen Well examined. The Libraries purchase them at 
 
 Canada. _ ^ 
 
 w^iolesale prices, and of course can obtain a much larger 
 amount of reading matter, for their money, than as though 
 they had each to make the purchase direct from the book-, 
 sellers for themselves. . . . And the local communi- 
 ties are stimulated to do something for themselves, as wel 
 as to ask that something may be done for them." 
 
 To that opinion, Mr. Barnard added another : Som( 
 such plan, he thought, " might be carried into effect in ou 
 own State, greatly to the profit of the community." 
 
 When Lord Elgin — to the regret of all tliat in Canad. 
 was best in public opinion, and truest in public feeling- 
 took his leave of the Province which he had governed s 
 ably, he said : — " I look upon your Township and Count; 
 Libraries as the crown and glory of the institutions of thi 
 Province." 
 
 That passage occurs in one of Lord Elgin's parting ac 
 dresses, delivered shortly before he set sail for England. Tb 
 measure to which the Governor-General bore such strikiii 
 testimony w\as one wearing a very quiet aspect. It ha 
 come into operation without any preliminary floiu-ish «. 
 trumpets. It had achieved a large amount of education 
 work, in the face of much and bitter opposition. The te; 
 timony so borne to its results is that of a great publ 
 servant ; — great in his ability to wield power, whether : 
 minister or as ruler ; but greater still, as all his countryme 
 now know, in his capacity for self-sacrifice at the call 
 public duty. 
 
RETROSPECT OF BOOKS I-IIl. 3o7 
 
 Glancing backward, for a moment, over the small, but R'-'rospcct of 
 
 lliHiks I-III, 
 
 not unfruitful, tiokl of social effort which has been very -ivfatory 
 iuiperfectly surveyed in the preceding pages, it will be iv/ " 
 seen that the means used in many countries, at very dif- 
 ferent times, and under most varied degrees of civilisation, 
 towards securing a permanent provision of books for public 
 I use are marked, on the whole, much more by features 
 common to them all, than by their many distinctive pecu- 
 liarities. Under great variety of social circumstances, 
 agencies directly municipal have been employed for this 
 purpose. But their employment has rarely proved effec- 
 tive, save in constant union with the liberality, and with the 
 active exertion, of individual citizens, in their private and 
 personal capacity. 
 
 Probably, few years have passed, between that distant 
 meeting of the Town Council of Aix which was called, 
 for the estabhshment of a *To\vn Libraiy,' in the year 
 1418, and the meeting for a like purpose of the Town 
 Council of Bradford, held but the other day (18GS), which 
 have not been marked, in one country or another, by the 
 founding of a Town Library of some sort. j\Iany of those 
 four huiulred and fifty years witnessed the formation of 
 several such libraries. 
 
 The 'NoTiCF.s of Coli-ectors' which close the present 
 volume contain a brief account of the origin of about one 
 hundred and eighty existing Town Libraries in primary 
 collections which passed, eventually, from the possession 
 of individual gatherers or owners into the collective pos- 
 session of some town or other. 
 
 A few of these came as accessions to Town Tjibraries 
 already formed. A large majority of them were the fonn- 
 dation collections on which Town Libraries were based. 
 
358 KETKOSPECT OE BOOKS l-lll, — 
 
 Of the Avhole number so noticed, in tlie pages which 
 follow, only sixteen were acquired by municipal purchase. 
 One hundred and sixty-four were the gifts — commonly the 
 testamentary gifts — of book-lovers who desired to diffuse 
 an enjoyment and a means of self-culture which, by no 
 small proportion of their number, had been found full of : 
 power both to facilitate the duties and to solace the cares i 
 of human life. i 
 
 Of those who, by this particular channel of social bene- 
 ficence, have tried to serve the toions with which they had '•• 
 social ties, no less than sixty-six have been Italians ; about 
 fifty have been Germans* or Swiss ; eighteen. Frenchmen. 
 England, Scotland, and Ireland, together, can claim but 
 thirteen who hold even a moderately conspicuous position 
 in such a list. In date, the recorded benefactions of this ; 
 class range from the year 1430 to 1868. 
 
 The earliest instance of the purchase, by a Municipality, 
 of any notable collection of books — the record of which has 
 come under the writer's notice — occurred in 1530, when ; 
 the town authorities of Nuremberg bought part of the i 
 famous Library of Bilibald Pirckheimer. Those of 
 Geneva bought the Library of Calvin in 1565, and that : 
 of another eminent citizen, before the close of the same year. , 
 The Municipality of Caen purchased a valuable library, in ; 
 order to devote it to public use, in 1667. Grenoble fol- 
 lowed the example in 1772; Rouen — on a grand scale — 
 in 1838, when it acquired the fine collection which had 
 been formed by M. Leber. 
 
 * Tliis number would probably be almost trebled if all wbo have been 
 notable benefactors to German Town Libraries were to be taken into 
 accovmt. But, as in the other instances cited, the statement refers only 
 to the givers of collections considerable enough to be the foundation, 
 or virtual foundation, of a Public Library. 
 
PKbJFATOKY NOTE TO HOOK IV. :V,'J 
 
 On the Continent of Europe, the Town Lil)i-arics (a.s a 
 general rule, sul)jeet of course to its occasional excc])tioiis, 
 here and there) have been freely accessible to the inhabit- 
 j^uits at large. And they have had, almost universally, a 
 jregular maintenance fund, of some sort, from municipul 
 burces. 
 
 But, until a recent date, although in nearly all the great 
 countries of Europe the princi[)le had come to be recog- 
 lised that a ' Town Lil)rary' ought to be among the 
 stablished municipal institutions, and many hundreds of 
 uch lii)raries had been actually formed, the means assigned 
 or their sujiport were, in a very large num])er of cases, 
 [uite insutiicicnt to ensure either creditable maintenance or 
 cod educational results. 
 
 In Britain, the number of Town Libraries — of any kind, 
 •ith any amount of maintenance, or of any degree of public 
 ssibility — has, at all times, been conspicuously out of 
 iiony both with national wealth, and with educational 
 Is. When the want of such institutions came to be, in 
 I' measure, publicly recognized, the bent of the national 
 il and the strong influence exerted l)y many long- 
 tabUshed liabits led, usually and naturally, to the seeking 
 ' its supply, rather by forming new private societies than 
 imposing a new public function on the old Town 
 ouncils, 
 
 ' And in this track — as. the reader has just seen — our 
 rican colonists and their descendants followed us 
 •i.>ely. They did more than follow. They carried out 
 Ic institution of associative Libraries over the length and 
 Icadlh of settled North America with a thoroughness 
 ^lich has never been realised, to a like extent, at home. 
 
 \^ regards those verv few 'Town Libraries' of old 
 
360 KETKOSPECT OF BOOKS I-IIl, — 
 
 foundation which had some sort of raimicipal existenc 
 amongst us, there is warrant for saying that their expe 
 rience resembled that of a great majority of the Tow 
 Libraries of the Continent of Europe in two particulars :- 
 
 (1) The best and most useful of them have owed much mor 
 to the liberality of private benefactors, than to that of tli^ 
 JMunicipal functionaries who are tlieir official guardian;, 
 
 (2) Those of them — whatever their original value or the: 
 means of increase and maintenance — which had been left t 
 private trusteeship, for public uses, have failed (usually) I 
 adapt themselves to altered local circumstances, or to me<i 
 the growing requirements of the Public. 
 
 If municipalities have very often ftiiled to recognise tl 
 ])ublic utihty of a liberal expenditure for the maintenaiu 
 of Libraries entrusted to their charge, it has less frequent 
 been their fault to omit the enforcement of pubhc duty- 
 or of some tolerable approach towards it — from subordina 
 functionaries. 
 
 The history of the ancient ' Common Library in tl 
 Guildhall ' of London is, it has been shewn, very obscur 
 But the little that is known of the matter raises a fair pr 
 bability that the first Town Library founded in Englai 
 w^as but two years later in date than the first Tov 
 Library founded in France. It is also probable that t, 
 old Guildhall Library was placed under the joint supci 
 vision of the Franciscan Monks of London and of t 
 Municipality. Be that as it may, the library was entire 
 destroyed in 1550. The old Town Library of Norwi' 
 dates only from the year 1608 ; that of Bristol from 161:, 
 that of Leicester from 1632. Of these, the Norwi i 
 Library alone w\as begun by municipal efl'oit; the oth'5 
 originated in private gifts, committed to the local Corpoi- 
 
I PREFATOKY NOTE TO BOOK IV .'iOl 
 
 lions as trustees. None of tliem liad any adequate niain- 
 jtenance fund. All fell into a state of disorder and neiijlect. 
 I The ' Chethani Library' at ]\lanrlicster— our solitary 
 ' Free Lii)rary,' in any strict sense of the term, prior to tiie 
 •lassing of the Act of l'>50 — has kept open doors for more 
 iian two ciuturies, but the additions made to its shelves 
 iiave been very slender. Tlie Founder's liberality led to 
 ho emulation of his example. In the administration of his 
 rust, his feoflPees have habitually increased the efficiency of 
 heir School by lessening the efficiency of their Library. 
 
 If the legislation begun, tentatively, in 1850 should be 
 lereafter effectively carried out, its principle will be found 
 be just as applicable to the improvement of old Town 
 ibraries as to the foundation of ne\v ones. 
 By the imposition of a rate so small that it can never 
 )ecome burdensome to any class of ratepayers, nearly 
 lalf a million of volumes have been already provided 
 "or free public use, in thirty-four British towns. Without 
 exception, the working of all the Free Libraries so esta- 
 Dlished — and bronglit into active operation — has proved 
 •minently satisfactory to all classes of the ratepayers. It 
 las largely promoted that industrial education which fits 
 Tien for their specific callings in life, as well as that wider 
 iducation which reaches farther and higher ; and in not a 
 ew towns the introduction of the rating principle has 
 dready pro\ed it.self to be, not a discouragcnu'ut, but a 
 itrong stimulant, to the exercise of private liberality. For 
 L is seen to give the best possible assurance that liberal 
 flforts to promote the intellectual self-culture of a present 
 iioration will continue to be productive of good to gene- 
 ions yet to come. 
 
 The ' XoTKF.s' that f(;llow will be found to mention 
 

 362 PKEFATOKY NOTE TO BOOK IV. 
 
 several instances in which, for want of some such security 
 as to means of permanent maintenance, good gifts to a com- 
 munity have been wholly lost ; and many more in which that 
 want has restricted the proper fruitfulness of such gifts 
 But the record is full of encouragement for the jjromoters 
 of Free Public Libraries, as institutions not a whit more 
 necessary to thorough civilisation, than they are within the 
 true scope of municipal action. 
 
 A word of apology for the omissions and shortcomings of 
 the 'Notices of Collectors' will scarcely be superfluous.' 
 Some of these faults may, perhaps, fairly be thought incidental. 
 to ?^ first attempt at any such List, drawn up with special re- 
 ference to the Libraries into which Collections, once famous 
 in their relation to a particular founder or gatherer, have 
 ultimately passed. Other faults are simply those of the; 
 writer. It is believed, however, that the List, — with all its 
 faults, — will in a reasonable measure meet a real want. 
 That want is one which has been often felt by many in- 
 quirers into some small but very interesting points ot 
 literary history. It is for this reason that the ' Notices', 
 have been extended to Collectors whose books are known 
 to have passed into other existing Libraries than those 
 Municipal Collections which form the special subject of this 
 volume. 
 
 ,^««\"i' 
 
CORRECTIONS, &c., 
 
 TO THE 
 
 XOTICES OF COLLECTORS. 
 
 [Page 19.] 
 )1, line 31)ybr ' Berliu' read ' Beriau.' 
 
 [Page 24.] 
 dd- 
 
 (119*) Charles Bonnet, ^ 20 May, 1793. 
 
 eneva: — Town Lilrunj. ^Mi<. Collections und Corresjjon- 
 dee.] 
 
 lie plater part of the valuable Correspondence and other MSS. 
 of ONSET, preserved at Geneva, is still, 1 believe, inedited. 
 
 [Page 2G.] 
 Id— 
 
 {1-22*) Juiiatlian BoUCher, >i^ xi; April, ls04. 
 
 Sford: — Bodleian Libranj. [Colleclion of Tracts on American 
 4^(>« and Iltstori/.] 
 
 :quired, by purchase, in ISliG. 
 
 12C*) Nathaniel Bowditch, *i* 10 March, 1838. 
 
 lOSton {Massachusetts) :— Free (aIij Libranj. [Printed Books, 
 
 pitch's Library was first opened to the i)ub]ic of J^oston in 
 
 .ly hou.->e. On the foundation of the City Library it was 
 
 ^ - tu the Corporation. The Collection is one of much value, 
 
 •■lyially in Mathematical Literature, and it is separately preserved. 
 
 ' Page 28.] 
 
 (130*) James BrUCG, *b 27 April, \V.)[. 
 idoid:— Bodleian Ldnanj. Oriental MSS] 
 ' "llectiou of MSS. made by Bulck during hi.'^ tra\els — com- 
 
1 
 
 364 CORRECTIONS, ETC., TO THE 
 
 prising 70 Arabic and 26 Ethiopic — was purchased by the Univ. I 
 sity of Oxford iu 1843. 
 
 [Page 41.] ; 
 
 Add— 
 
 (188*) George Chalmers, >^ 31 May, 1825. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Collection of Tracts on Amenn 
 Affairs and History 7\ 
 
 Acquired by purchase in 1841. Another considerable portionf 
 Mr. Chalmeus' Library passed into the Collection of Mr. Ja; s 
 Crosslet, of Manchester. 
 
 [Page 41.] 
 Add— 
 
 (191*) Joseph Chelli. 
 
 GrOSSetO : — ChelU Town Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 The munificent Pounder of this Library opened it to the Pui3, 
 on the 1st of March, 1860, with five thousand volumes; and ^ e 
 also a considerable fund for augmentation. Within four years, e 
 Library had increased to more than 25,000 volumes ; partly by ] f- 
 chases, and partly by numerous gifts which came from many pari )f 
 Italy. 
 
 [Page 41.] 
 Add— 
 
 (205*) James Coictier, Physician to Lewis XI oj 
 France, ^ 1491 ? 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 Aunay-les-Eondy :— C'^«^«'«M Library. []\ISS.\ 
 
 Part of Coic riEu's Medical Correspondence is now in the Irap' al 
 Library, and has, it is said, some historical interest. Many otln ot 
 his ]MS8. are among the family muniments of the GrOURGtrES ot 
 Aunay-les-Bondy, who are descended from him by the female sic 
 
 [Page 57.] 
 Add— 
 
 (281*) /S'/r Charles Locke Eastlake, ^ 24 Decani 'i', 
 1855. 
 
 London: — Library of the National Gallery. [Printed Booh\ 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. 3G5 
 
 [Page 58.] 
 _-:), line S)for 'bequeathed,' ^r^J' given in 1818.' 
 
 I [Page GO.] 
 
 (297*) Angclo Fabbrini. 
 
 GrOSSeto: — C/ielU Town Library. [Printed Boo/>s.] 
 rABBRixi co-operated in the niuniiiceut foundation of the Chclli 
 ilirarv, by the gift of a valuable Collection of Books iu ISUO. 
 
 [Page GO.] 
 (301, line 1; adJ t^i 172G. 
 
 [Page Gl.] 
 (308, line 1) add »{< 22 October, 1798. 
 
 [Page G4.] 
 Add— 
 
 (325*) Hugh Foscolo, *i* 10 October, 1S27. 
 
 montpellier : — Tuicn Library. [Letters.] 
 
 [Page G5.] 
 
 "50, line 3) omit the words: 'together \Yith that of his brother,' 
 . and add — 
 
 Paul Jerome Fbanzoni's memory deserves especial honour in 
 cinection with the main topic of these pages. Just a century ago 
 1 devoted a fine Library to the instruction of the lower classes, 
 Dre particularly, of hi.s ffllow-town.'*men, and in order to attain 
 tit end efl'ectually he lighted and opened his Library in the evcn- 
 ij8 aa well as in the daytime. This was done about the year 1770. 
 
 Add also — 
 
 (:330*) Jerome Franzoni, ^ 1730. 
 
 \3eilO&: — Public Library of the Coiu/rrfiation of the Civic Mission 
 V Charles. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 ;y a Will, dated 3 October, 1727, Jerome Fra>'zoni gave his 
 Jjbrary to the Congregation of the Civic IMission, for public uhc. 
 ] was opened on the 9th December, 1739. The Founder also be- 
 coathcd an endowment fund, which waH lost during the disturbed 
 ijriod which cusued some sixty years later. The Library contains 
 Tarly 23,000 printed volumes and loO MSS. 
 
360 CORKECTIONS, ETC., TO THE 
 
 [Page 69.] 
 Add— 
 
 (353*) Gaston, Dnlce of Orleans, ^ 2 Februaiy, 16601 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. \_MSS. and Printed Boohs.'] \ 
 
 A considerable part of Duke GTastox's Library was bought h! 
 Colbert, about the year 16G7, and added to the Royal Library (j 
 France. 1 
 
 [Page 74.] \ 
 
 Add— 
 
 (380*) Henry Glynn, ^ LS47. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [^Collection of Printed Politict 
 
 Tracts.] ; 
 
 Acquired, by purchase, in 1847. j 
 
 [Page 79.] \ 
 
 Add— ; 
 
 (398*) Jacob Lewis Charles Grimm, ^ 20 Sept., 186?! 
 
 Berlin: — University Library. [Printed Books, ^-c] 
 
 The conjoined Libraries of Jacob Grimm, and of his brother, con 
 prising 7862 works in about 12,000 volumes, were purchased, by tb 
 Prussian Ministry of Public Instruction, and given to the Berli 
 University in the year 1865. 
 
 [Page 80.] 
 
 (404, line 4) add — but it was not opened, it seems, for public usi 
 until 1785. 
 
 [Page 88.] 
 Add — 
 
 Bryan HodgSOn, ^ .. . 
 
 Paris '.—Imperial Library. [Tamid and Buddhist MSS.] 
 
 [Page 101.] 
 (509, line ^) for ' founded ' read ' augmented.' 
 Add— 
 (511*) Charles Theodore von Kuestner, *i< . . 
 
 Berlin: — Theatre Library. [Printed Boohs, y^'c] 
 
 The Library — chiefly Dramatic — of yon Kuestker was given 1 
 
 Berlin as the foundation of a Public Dramatic Library, to be coi 
 
 nected with the Town Theatre. 
 
XOTU'KS OF COLLECTORS. 'M',7 
 
 [Page IIL] 
 
 j (557, line 3) rearf 'bequeathed liis Library to the Town of Phih- 
 \-lphia,' omitting the icords ' as an augmentation,' &c. 
 
 [Page llL] 
 ''">l, line 3) /or 'bequeathed,' read ' gave, in the year 17G5.' 
 
 [Page 113.] 
 I. '172) oviit the note within brackets. 
 
 [Page UG.] 
 (.'.sO, line 2) add t^ 2 November, 1713. 
 
 (G20, line t) add— 
 
 Part of the Library of De ^[Es:\rEa, acquired, originally, by Queen 
 (IRISTIXA of Sweden, came eventually, wiih other Collectiona made 
 i\ her, to Eome. 
 
 [Page 120.] 
 
 Idd— 
 
 (GOS*) /^/;-o/? Mazetti, ^ i^4i. 
 
 Trent l—Toim Library. [MSS. and Printed Books. \ 
 
 >rAZETTi bequeathed to the Town of Trent an important Library, 
 eeciallv rich in Collections relating to the Italian Tyrol. It coin- 
 psed about 2000 MSS. and 11,200 printed works. 
 
 [Page 125.] 
 ;;G20, line 2) insert— 
 {Lome: — Vatican Library. \_MSS. and Printed Hooks. \ 
 
 [Page 125.] 
 
 I hl- 
 
 -I • lifiron Ciiarles Ilail\vii( Gregory voii JVEeuse- 
 bach, ^ '2-2 August, 18^47. 
 
 Berlin :—/>'o»/fl/ Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 aL>r liiH 
 nilrin is 
 
 Lil)rary of Baron von ^[kuskh.vcii was purchased, two yearn 
 
 liiH death, by the Prussian Government in bulk. This ac(|ui- 
 
 said to have made the lierlin Iloval liilirary richer in early 
 
 Literature than anv other fvibrarv in the world. 'J'lie 
 
368 CORRECTIONS, ETC., TO THE 
 
 popular books — as well as the historical and theological books of t' 
 Reformation period — were an especial object of Meusebach 
 diligent inquiry. In such departments as German hymnology ai 
 German satirical and humorous poetry, of all periods, and general 
 in all that distinctively belongs to the popular literature of the natii' 
 — much of which is sure to perish just because of its excessive pop 
 larity at particular epochs — this Collector's researches had be^ 
 wonderfully successful. Like success had attended the effort ' 
 gather the original editions and all other characteristic editions 
 the writings of Li'ther and of his fellow-workers. ; 
 
 Many curious particulars about theMEUSEBACH Library are me 
 tioned in an appendix* to Zachee's tract, entitled 'Die deutsch 
 Sprichivoertersammhingeii,'' published in 1S52. As instances oft' 
 remarkable approach to completeness with which Mefsebach h 
 brought together the writings of particular authors — marking epoc 
 in the national literature and manners of Germany — he cites t 
 works of John Fischakt and those of John Pauli. Of t 
 ' Scliimpf unci Ernst ' of the last-named author, for example, Ebe 
 knew only of four editions, published during the sixteenth centui 
 Mefsebach had gathered thirteen such editions. 
 
 The MErsEBACH Library comprised, it is said, about 36,0 
 volumes in all. 
 
 Add also, on the same page — 
 
 (621**) James Meyerbeer, ^ l May, 1SG4. 
 
 Berlin '. — Royal Library. \_Musical Works, Printed and MS. 
 Acquired in IS65. 
 
 [Page 132.] 
 
 Omit — from the word 'London' in line 2, to the end (Go4:),s:. 
 read as follows : — 
 
 London : — Library of University College. [Chinese Jioolcs.] 
 
 Dr. Robert Moreisox's Chinese Library extended to nea' 
 10,000 volumes. It had been acquired with great labour and ^^" > 
 some risk ; for, in his days, to sell books to a foreigner was an ■ 
 fraction of the law of China. He brought the Library with h, 
 when he revisited England in 1823, with an intention to offer'; 
 either to Oxford or to Cambridge, on condition that the Univers ' 
 which accepted the gift should found a Professorship of the Chin ' 
 language and literature. 
 
 The Collector found nearly as much difficulty in getting the bO' 3 
 
 * Ztir CharacteristiJc der Mpu^elachischen BibliotJieJc. 
 
NOTICES OK COLLKrroRS. 'MW) 
 
 ' KiiglaiuK as he liad touiul in gettinjj; tlu'in out of C'liiiia. It rc- 
 j nrt'il a Iohl; noijotiation to enable tlieiu to pass the Custom House, 
 !uty five, despiro the public purpose with which they had been 
 Iirought over. 
 
 Eventually, and after much consultation with his friends. Dr. 
 loBBisov founded (iu lS2o) a ' Language Institution' in London, 
 nd placed the Library at its disposal. This new establishment re- 
 eived the occasional aid of men like Lord Uexlev, Sir (reorge 
 'TACNTOX, and Sir Kobert Inolis, but it diil not strike root deep 
 bough to survive, for any long i)eriod, the founder's own return to 
 liina. The Library was afterwards given to L^uivcrsity College, on 
 iitiou of its free accessibility to all persons who should desire to 
 .0 use of it. 
 
 [Page 132, continued.] 
 
 (Hot*) John Robert Morrison, *^ 1S43. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Chinese Books.] 
 
 A seeond ' ^Morrison Chinese Library,' formed by the eldo.st son 
 the Collector above named, was purchased by the Trustees of the 
 ■itish Museum in the year 1845. 
 
 [Page 138.] 
 >>0, line 3) for ' Olearius ' read ' Oelschlager.' 
 
 [Page I11.T 
 
 /.A/— 
 
 (71(i*) Tlieodorc Parker, ►i* 10 Mny, 1800. 
 
 Soston {Massachusetts) :—Frcc City Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Theodore Pahker's Library was bequeathed to the City of Boston, 
 
 '• an option to the Collector's widow of retaining its possession 
 
 ■Z her lifetime. This condition was gencnnisly waived, and 
 
 ' llection given to the Public, before the close of IsfjO. It contains 
 
 than 11,000 volumes, and includes a choice Collection of standard 
 
 : eau literature. It is kept apart from the general Collection. 
 
 ( [PagelU.] 
 
 <t \^. line I) read — 
 
 Peter Francis Passerini, >b 1085. 
 
 [Page lol.] 
 ;■-, hne I) a.il »^ WIT). 
 
370 CORRECTIONS, ETC., TO THE 
 
 [Page 156.] 
 (757, liue Q)for ' 14,000,' read ' 4000.' 
 
 [Page 164.] 
 Add— 
 
 (778*) Thomas Prince, Pastor of the ' Old South 
 Church' at Boston, ^ . . . 
 
 Boston {Massachtisetts) : — Free City Library. [Printed Bool 
 and MSS.'] 
 
 Mr. Pkixce began to form the Collection which has made h 
 name widely known throughout the United States in the year 170: 
 It was his especial object to gather books and pamphlets relating 1 
 the history of the New England Province, and his success iu tl 
 search after them was great. No such Collection could now I 
 formed by any one Collector at any cost. In 1860 the Prin( 
 Library (which till then had been preserved, for public use, in h 
 own church, agreeably to the donor's directions) was given to tl 
 Free Library of the City. 
 
 [Page 167.] ! 
 
 (795) omit line 3. 
 
 [Page 171.] 
 (816, line V)for * Julius ' read ' John.' 
 
 [Page 195.1 
 Add— 
 
 (943*) Sir George Leonard Staunton, ^ 12 Jan., 180 
 
 London : — Library of the Royal Asiatic Society. [C/iinese Book, 
 
 [Page 203.] 
 (978, line 2) for ' Worcestershire ' read ' Worcester.' 
 
 [Page 204.] 
 Add— 
 
 (903*) George Ticknor. 
 
 Boston (^Massachusetts) : — Free City Library. [Printed Booh\ 
 
 A choice Collection of ancient classics and of modern French s\ 
 Italian Literature was given to the Public Library of Boston 
 Mr. TiCKNOB in 1860 and 1862. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLFXTOUS. :>71 
 
 [Page 206.1 
 1)93*) Christoplior Jacob Trew, ^ 1708. 
 
 Altd01"f : — Vnivrrsifi/ Libranj. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 [Pa^e 210.] 
 Jtld— 
 
 (1017*) Jfarc/i ioness Eleanor Vincenzi-Benincasa. 
 
 AnCOna: — Town Library. \Vrinted Books and MSS.] 
 
 By deed of gift, executed in 17i9, and coufirined by Letters 
 \po8tolio of Pope liENEDicr XIV, the Marchioness Eleanor YiN- 
 :enzi-I}emxcasa, jointly with her sons Joseph and Luciau, gave to 
 he Town of Ancona a small but valuable Library. 
 
 [Page 223.] 
 Aid— 
 
 (1089*) Ulricli Zasius, ^ 24 November, 1535. 
 
 Basel:— ro«7/j L/ira/y. [J/6'A'.] 
 
 The MSS. of Z.vsirs passed into the possession of Amebb.xcii, 
 ud evcntuallv, with other books, from that Collector to the Library 
 f Basel. 
 
BOOK THE FOURTH. 
 
 IIISTOBICAL NOTICES OF BOOK 
 COLLECTORS. 
 
 [1] 
 
*#* The LiBBAET to tvTiich tlie Books, or MSS., of a Collectoe, 
 or those of a famous Atjthor, ivere given or bequeathed, or hy ivTiicTi 
 they have been acquired, is named immediately after the date of the 
 Collector's or Author's death, — whenever that date has been ascertain- 
 able. 
 
BOOK THE FOIRTH. 
 
 Historical notices of book collectors. 
 
 (1) George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 ^* 5 August, 1633. 
 
 London: — Lamheth Lihrarif. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 
 Archbishop Abbot bequeathed his Library to his successors in the 
 
 lee of Canterbury. In KJiT, by a 'joint resolution' passed by both 
 
 louses of Parliament (Lords' Journals, ix, 102), it was taken from 
 
 "•nbeth Palace and ' presented ' to the University of Cambridge ; 
 
 It returned to its rightful place on the Kestoration of Charles II. 
 
 Archbishop was also a considerable benefactor to the Libraries 
 
 lilliol aud University Colleges at Oxford. 
 
 plj Robert Abbot, Bishop of Salisbiny, ^ 2 Mar, 1017. 
 
 Oxford : —Budldan . [MSS. ] 
 
 The autograph and other MSS. of Bishop Abbot were given to 
 iodiey's Library by his grand.«on, Dr. Edward Corbet. 
 
 (3) Acciajoli Family of Florence. 
 I Ashbumham House (Sussex). [MSS.] 
 
 I The Acciajoli .MSS. were bought by Lord Asuburnham at one of 
 pe galea in London of books collected by Lnmi. The Acciajolis 
 ere rivals of the Medici, and some of them Dukes of Athens. 
 
 (4) Leonard Adami, ►i* .faimary, 1719. 
 
 i Rome : — Imperiali Library. [MSS.\ 
 
 |Ad.\mi bequeathed his MS. Collection to his patron, Cardinal 
 
 •TTKI \I,I. 
 
 • The symbol *J< ittands for the word " died." 
 
[4] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (5) Peter Adamoli, >h l'^64. 
 
 Lyons: — Town Library. [Printed Books, ^c] 
 
 The choice and extensive Library of Adamoli was bequeathed to 
 his fellow-townsmen. 
 
 (fi) I'itzherbert AdamS, ►{< 17 June, 1719. 
 
 Oxford. : — Lincoln College Library. [Printed Books.~\ 
 Adams' Library came to Lincoln College by bequest. 
 
 (7) John Christopher Adelung, ^ 10 Sept., 1806. 
 Dresden : — Poyal Library. \_3ISS.'] 
 
 The MSS. of the famous author of Mithridates were added to the 
 Eoyal Library (of which he had himself been Principal Librarian) in 
 
 1828. 
 
 (8) Arthur Agard, ^ 22 August, 1615. 
 
 London: — Bolls House, and British Museum. 
 
 Ashburnham House {Sussex). [MSS.I 
 
 Agard bequeathed part of his MSS. to SirEobert Cottok. Some 
 of these were Leiger Books ; others consisted of his own compila- 
 tions, from the Public Eecords, made in his capacity of Deputy 
 Chamberlain of the Exchequer. Some other MSS., iucludiii!; 
 ' Tables of Treaties,' he bequeathed to the Exchequer. His ' Coh 
 lectanea Arthuri Agard ' fell into the hands of Mr. Astle, and thence 
 came to the Library at Stowe. They are now at Ashburnham by 
 purchase. Among the Exchequer papers of Sir Julius C^isab there 
 are some entries of payments to A gaed, " in reward for ordering 
 Records" (MS. Lansdowne, 164, ff. 12—14). 
 
 (9) Anthony AgUStin, Archhisltop of Tarragona, 
 ^ 1586. 
 
 EsCOrial : — Royal Library. [MSS., <|'e.] 
 
 Archbishop Agustin bequeathed his whole Library, which was. 
 especially rich in Greek MSS., to the King of Spain, but it waa^ 
 partly destroyed in the fire of 1671. Of the more important of the 
 MSS, which escaped a fall account is given in Miller's Catalogue\ 
 des Manuscrits Grees de la Bibliotlieqiie de VEscurial. The Arch-' 
 bishop's own Catalogue (printed in the year of his death) is of ex- 
 treme rarity, but it was reprinted, it is said, at Tari'agona, in bis 
 collected Works, from the press of Lucca. Agustin had been a 
 book-collector during almost half of the sixteenth century. 
 
NOTR'KS ()[■' COI.LECTOKS. [5] 
 
 (10) IVtcr Ahlwardt, ^ l Maich, 1791. 
 
 Greifswald: — I'nirersiti/ LUtrari/. iPrinled Jiooks.] 
 I Aulwahdt's Library fame to the University of Greifswald ia 
 1792, apparently by purchase. 
 
 (11) Ak'xaiukr Albani, ^ ~ December, 1779. 
 
 Paris: — Imjierial Library. [Jiou/is.] 
 
 Windsor Castle: — {^Drawings and Prints.] 
 
 Cardinal Amj.vm's Collection of Original Drawings (chiefly of the 
 [taliau Schools), and of Choice Prints, was sold to King George 111 
 u 17G2. llis Library descended to his nephew, Cardinal John 
 Krancis Aluam, by whom it was much increased. During the 
 i'reuch occupation of IJome the Villa Albaui was plundered, and 
 )art of the Library was carried to Paris. The younger Aluani died 
 u 1803. 
 
 (!-'). . . . ilcgli Albm, *i* . . . 
 
 Pisa: — University Library. [Printed Books. '\ 
 
 \i.Bizi was Professor uf Canon Law in the University of 
 His Library was purchased for the L^niversity at his death. 
 
 1:3) Giles Alvarez Carillo de AlbornOZ, Ardibishop 
 of Toh'do, and a Cardinal, *^ 21 August, 13(37. 
 Bologna : — University Library. [ MSS.] 
 
 The once-famous Spanish College at Bologna (Colleyio reale della 
 \lu*trissima nazionc Spaynuola) inherited the MSS. of Cardinal 
 ' T i:oRXOz, who was its founder. The MSS. of this College appears 
 ive passed eventually into the Library of the University. 
 
 M Ikiuv Aldrich, /Jea/i o/' C7/r/.s/ Clinrvh, 0.vford, 
 »i< 11 December, 1710. 
 
 Oxford '. — Christ Church College Library. [MSS., ij-c] 
 
 1 Dean Ai.duicm had long intended to write a ' History of Church 
 lusic,' but never acc<»in[)lished his purpose. His large collections 
 H the subject were bequeathed to his College. 
 
 1')) IHysses Aldrovandi, ^ lO NovemlnM-, IG()7. 
 
 Bologna: Unirersl/y Library. [.MSS.] 
 
 i ui- MSS. «.f Al.uuoVANDi— ehicflv nl.iting lo Natural History— 
 be<]ueathcd by the collector to tfie Thiiversity of his native town. 
 
[6] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (16) Jerome Aleandro, Cardmal, ^ 1 Feb., 1542. ' 
 
 Venice : — ^i- Mark's Library. [_M^S. and Frinted Books.] 
 Cardmal Aleakdeo bequeathed his Library to the Monastery ol 
 
 Santa Maria del Orto at Venice. It was eventually united with the 
 
 Library of St. Mark. 
 
 (17) Alexander VII, Fope [Ghigi], >b 22 May, 1677. 
 
 Rome : — Ghigi Library. [3ISS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 The Grhigi Library, founded by Pope Alexander Til, is eminentlj 
 rich in Historical MSS. The Roman prelates and other dignitariet 
 of the Papal Court vied, it is said, with each other in their endea-, 
 vours to obtain for it rare and choice books. (Ottavio Palco>'ieb: 
 to Laurence Magalotti, in Lettere d' Uomini iUustri, torn, i, p. 123.; 
 
 (IS) Victor Alfieri, ^ 8 October, 1803. 
 
 Montpellier J — Library of the Fabre Museum. [^Printed Books. 
 Florence : — Laurentian Library. \_MSS;.'] 
 
 On the death of Alfieei his Library, or the greater part of ii 
 became the property of the Countess of Albany, and by her it wa 
 bequeathed to Fabee, of Montpellier, founder of the Fabre Museuir 
 The poet's MSS., together with some printed books containing hi 
 MS. notes, were given by Fabee to the Laurentian Library a 
 Florence. The rest of the Library, combined with Fabee's ow 
 books, came by testamentary gift to Montpellier. 
 
 (19) George Allan, of Darlington, ^ 31 July, 1800. 
 
 London*. — Library of the Society of Antiquaries. [_MS. Collei 
 tions on Oxford.] 
 
 Mr. Allan, in his lifetime, gave to the Society of Antiquaries ( 
 London an extensive series of MS. Collections, relating chiefly i 
 the History of the University of Oxford. 
 
 (20j Edward AUeyn, ^ 25 November, 1626. 
 
 Dulwich College {near London). [Dramatic MSS.] 
 Alletn bequeathed his MSS. to the Hospital which he hi 
 
 founded at Dulwich, under the designation of ' The College of G-oc 
 
 Gift.' 
 
 (21) Joseph Almanzi, >J< . . . . 
 
 London ; — British Museum Library. [Hebrew MSS.] 
 An important Collection of Hebrew MSS., formed by Alma>" 
 was purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum in 1864. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLKCTORS. [7] 
 
 (2-2) Theodore Janssen van Almeloveen, 
 ^ 28 July, 1712. 
 
 Utrecht : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Part of the Library of Almeloveen was bequeathed to the Town 
 ul" Uirecht. The bequest iueluded a remarkable series of Editions 
 
 OfQuiNTILIA^r. 
 
 (:23^ Alphonso V, A7//y of Arrapon and of Naples, 
 ^ :27 June, 145S. 
 
 Valencia \—Town Libranj. [Part o/MSS.] 
 
 Palace of the EsCOrial -.—Royal Library. [Part oj MSS.] 
 
 The choiee ^ISS. of the once-faiuoua Library of the King of 
 
 Arragon liave been widely scattered. Part of them are at Valencia. 
 
 A few passed to Gonzalo Peuez, and with his other Collections 
 
 went to the Escorial. Several others are in the Imperial Library at 
 
 Paris, and iu the Coke Library at Holkham. 
 
 {'24) John Amerbach, of Basel, >J< 1515. 
 
 Basel: — University Lihrary. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The Lihrary of this famous Swiss printer and editor appears to 
 have come to the f niversity of Basel, during the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, by the gift of a liesci'iulant. 
 
 [Amplonius, see Ratink.] 
 
 (25) David Ancillon, "^ September, 1692. 
 
 Metz: — Town Library. ^Printed Books.] 
 
 Ou hi8 exile from Metz, in IGSo, after the Revocation of the 
 Edict of Nantes, the fine Library of Ancillon was plundered. Part 
 of it wa« destroyed; part is still preserved in the Public Library of 
 the Town. 
 
 (26) James Anderson, ►!< :3 April, 172S. 
 
 £dlnburgh : — Advocates' Library. [MSS.] 
 Tiie jujportant Historical MSS. of this eminent Scottish Antiquary 
 were purchased by the Faculty of Advocates from his heirs. 
 
 f*27) Laucelot Andrews, Bitihop of IFi/ichealer, 
 
 ^ -Ih .September, 1626. 
 
 Oxford:— i^«6rary of Pembroke Hall. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Van of the Library of Bishop A.vduews was benueatlied to Pom- 
 broke Hall. 
 
[8] BOOK ZF.— HISTOKICAL 
 
 (28) John AnstiS, >b 4 March, 1745. 
 
 Oxford '—Library of All Souls' College. {_MS. Collections.'] 
 The bulk of Anstis' Library was dispersed after his death, but an 
 important and extensive series of ' MS. Collections relative to All 
 Souls' College in Oxford ' was purchased by that College, and is pre- 
 served in its Library. A few other MSS. have been acquired, from 
 time to time, by the British Museum, and are to be found among 
 the Additional MSS. The most ancient of the known MSS. of 
 Beda's metrical ' Life of St. Cuthbert ' is that which belonged to 
 Anstis, and was by him given to Edw. Haelet, Earl of Oxford. 
 It is on vellum, and of the 9th century (MS. Harl., 526). 
 
 (29) AntYlOIiy IJhmcE, Bide of Brimsivicl-, >i< . 
 
 Brunswick: — Libi-ary of the Carolinian College. 
 
 The Library of this Duke of Brunswick became, by gift, the foun- 
 dation of that of the Carolinian College. 
 
 (30) Charles Theophihis von Anton, ^ 17 Nov., 1818. 
 
 Goerlitz : — Library of the Academy of Sciences of Upper Lusatia. 
 
 Anton's Collection was given to the Academy of Goerlitz in 
 1807. 
 
 [John Baptist Bourguignon D'AnviUe. See Bour- 
 
 GUIGNON.] 
 
 (31) Count George Appony, ^ . . . 
 
 Presburgh : — Appony Library. 
 
 Count Appony' s Library was given to the Town of Presburgh, for 
 public use, in 1825. 
 
 (32) Angelico Aprosio, >i< 23 Febrnary, 1081. 
 
 Ventimiglia : — Aprosian Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Part of Apeosio's Library is at Ventimiglia, in the Town Library, 
 of which he was the founder. 
 
 (33) John Arderne, Derm of Chester, ^ 1G91. 
 
 Chester : — Cathedral Library. \_Printed Books.] 
 Dean Auderne bequeathed his books to the Chapter of Chester as 
 " the beginning of a Public Library... for the Clergy and City." 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [DJ 
 
 (31) IViuHlict Arias Montanus, ^ loUs. 
 
 Palace of the EsCOrial -.—lioyul Library. [MSS.'] 
 Seville: — Suntiaijo Lif/mnj. [Prinfed Jioo/iS.] 
 lie MSS. of this eminent scholar and theoloij;iau were beqnealhed 
 lie Kin<j of Spain, for the Library of the Esc-orial ; and his printed 
 vs to the Santiago Library at Seville. 
 
 (35) Lewis Ariosto, *i* () 'hmc, 1533. 
 
 , Perrara :— ?o"'« Lihrunj. [MSS.'] 
 
 \ A fonsiderable collection of the autograph MSS. of AniosTO is pre- 
 biTved in the Town Library of Ferrara, together with a series of 
 ' \ and choice editions of the Orlando Furioso. 
 
 (30) George Thomas d'Asch, ^ 1S07. 
 
 Goettingeil : — I'niversity Library. [Pri/i/ed Books.] 
 The Library of Baron d'Ascii was acquired for the L'niversity of 
 Goettingen, after the collector's death. 
 
 37) Jolin Godfrey von Aschhausen, J^ri/ice Bidop 
 of Baiiibcrf/, '^ 1(112? 
 Bamberg: — Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 I lie book collections of this Bishop •were given to Bamberg in 
 '■I'J. and now form part of the Koyal Library. 
 
 (3s) Roijcrt Ashley, ►i* 1G41 ? 
 
 London: — Middle Temple Library. [Printed Boo As.] 
 
 \>iii,i;v's bequest of his Library to the Society of the Middle 
 pie wa.s made on the 27th September, 1G41. It laid the fouu- 
 MU of the existing Library. 
 
 (39) Klias Ashmole, ^ 1^ May, 1G<)2. 
 
 xf rd : — Bodleia n Library. [ MSS . ] 
 
 j A considerable portion of the original Library formed by A.smmkf.e 
 
 jaH destroyed by fire at his chamber.^ in the Teiiiple at" Lomlon in 
 
 i>79; but his ilSS., or most of them, were at his house in South 
 
 • 1 bath. There, together with other extensive collections of coins, 
 
 il». and otlier antiquities, and the ]\ru.seum which \\v hatl 
 
 rit«'<I from the Tradcicants, were bequeathed to the I'nivt roily 
 
 ' '\foril. and long fornu-d the well-known ' Aslmioleaii Museum'.' 
 
 y reccutly, however, the MSS. have been transferred to the 
 
 lleiaD. 
 
[10] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (40) Thomas Astle, ^ 1 December, 1803. 
 Ashburnham House {Sussex). \_MSS.'\ 
 
 London : — Royal Institution Library. [^Printed Books.'] 
 
 By his "Will Mr. Astle directed that his valuable and extensive 
 collection of MSS, should be offered, for purchase, to the Marquess 
 of Bl^ckingham. If not so purchased, they were then to be offered 
 to the Trustees of the British Museum. The Marquess accepted 
 them on the proferred terms, and they were added to the Library at 
 Stowe. When that Library was sold they became the property of the 
 Earl of AsHBUKNHAM. Astle's printed books were purchased for 
 the ' Royal Institution ' in Albemarle Street, London. 
 
 (41) John Aubrey, * 1697. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [ILSS.'] 
 
 At Aubrey's death his autograph and other MSS. were added to 
 the Ashmolean Museum. They are now in the Bodleian Library. 
 
 (42) Aurifaber Family 0/ ^?/^/r^. 
 
 Wolfenbuettel l—Ducal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 This Library was rich in the MSS. of German Reformers. 
 It was purchased (from the widow of the last possessor) by Duke 
 Julius of Brunswick, and added to the famous Library of Wolfen- 
 buettel. 
 
 (48) Joseph Azzoni, ^ ■ . . 
 
 Siennd' : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 AazoNi's Library was bequeathed to the Augustinian Monastery 
 at Sienna. It now forms part of the Town Library. 
 
 (44) Rambold degli Azzoni Avogadro, ^ 1790. 
 
 TrevisO : — Town Library. [Printed Books and 3ISS.] 
 
 The Library, together with the MS. Correspondence, of Azzoni 
 AvooADBO, were bequeathed to the Chapter of Treviso. They now 
 form part of the Town Library. 
 
 I 
 
NOTICES OF CULLHCTOWS. [11 
 
 B. 
 
 (45) Gervase Babington, successively Bishop of Exeter 
 
 and of Worcester, "^ 17 May, KUO. 
 
 Worcester: — Cattiedral Library. [Printed Bootis.'] 
 Bishop Babingtox bequeathed bis Library to the Cathedral of 
 "Worcester by his last Will. 
 
 (46) Sir Nicholas BaCOn, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 
 
 of Enyland, ^20 Februnry, 1579. 
 
 Cambridge: — University Library. [Printed Bootes.'] 
 
 Part of the Library of Sir Nicholas Bacon was given to the 
 tJniversity of Cambridge in his lifetime. 
 
 (47) Francis BaCOn, Viscoinit St. Albans, Lord Chan- 
 
 cellor of K)i(/la)id, ^ 2 April, 1626. 
 
 London : —Lambeth. Library. [3/55.] 
 
 A considerable series of the MSS. of Bacon ia preserved in the 
 Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth. Other portions of them are in 
 the Bodleian, in the British Museum, and in the Advocates' Library 
 at Edinburgh. 
 
 (48) Antiiony Bacon, ^ 1608? 
 
 JjOn&On'.— Lambeth Library. [MSS."] 
 
 (49j John Bagford, ^ 15 May, 1716. 
 
 London : — -B'''/'''^' Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Bagforu's MS. collections on various subjects of Archaeology 
 (and, more particularly, on the Hi.^tory of Printing) were bought by 
 Bobert H ABLET, Earl of O.xford, and now form part of the Hableian 
 MSS. in the British Museum. 
 
 (50) David Baker, ^ August, 1041. 
 
 Bakeu .-itlicr u'.nve or bequeathed his MSS. to the English Nun- 
 nery at Cambray. But it is doubtlul whether or not they are 
 w preaerved in that town. 
 
[12] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (51) Thomas Baker, of St. Jolm's College, Cambridge, 
 ^ 2 July, 1740. 
 
 Cambridfire ; — Library of St. John's College. [Printed Books and 
 MSS.'] Unicersity Library. \_MS. Collections relating to Cambridge,'] 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Other 31 S. Cot lections re- 
 lating to Cambridge.] 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [Printed Boohs and MSS.] 
 
 The literary collections of this eminent antiquary are widely dis- 
 persed. To the College with which his connexion lasted as long as 
 his life, — despite his ejection from his Fellowship as a Non-juror, — he 
 bequeathed (according to his biographers) " all such books, whether 
 printed or MS.," as were possessed by him at the time of his death, 
 and of which copies were not to be found already in the College 
 Library. But this statement obviously needs qualification. His ex- 
 tensive MS. collections relating to the History and Antiquities of 
 Cambridge were the subject of two special gifts. One portion of 
 them was bequeathed to Edward Haklet, Earl of Oxford, and now 
 forms part of the Haeleian MSS. in the British Museum. Another 
 portion was bequeathed to the University of Cambridge, for its Public 
 Library. Some annotated books, together with a portion of Bakee's 
 literary correspondence, are preserved in the Bodleian at Oxford. 
 They were, I believe, acquired by purchase. 
 
 (52) Ernest Godfrey Baldinger, ^ 1811. 
 
 Darmstadt : — Ducal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Baldingee's Library, rich in the literature of the medical sciences, 
 came to tlie Ducal Library at Darmstadt by the collector's bequest. 
 
 (53) Sir James Balfour, ^ February, 1G57. 
 
 Edinburgh : — Advocates' Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The historical and juridical MSS. of Balfoue were purchased by 
 the Faculty of Advocates shortly after his death. 
 
 (54) George Ballard, ^ June, 1755. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Correspondence.] 
 
 Ballaed's MS. Correspondence was acquired by the Bodleian after 
 his death. 
 
 (55) Joseph Anthony Balthasar, ^ 1810. 
 
 Lucerne : — Cantonal Library. [ Printed Jiaohs.] 
 
 The Library of Balthasae was given to the Cauton of Lucerne. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [13] 
 
 (50) Stephen Baluze, »J< 28 July, 17 IS. 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. [_MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 The vast collection of Historical MSS. and Charters which had 
 been gathered by JiALizK was purchased for the Tarissian Library of 
 the Kings of France after the death of the collector. Part of Ids 
 collection of printed books is also to be seen iu the same Library. 
 
 57) Richard Bancroft, Archbkliop of Canterbury, 
 ^ -2 NoveiiiluM-, 1()10. 
 
 London: — iMmbelh Palace Library . [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 liy his Will, Archbishop Bancroft bequeathed his Library to his 
 successors in the See of Canterbury, on condition that elfectual 
 security should be given by such successors for its perpetual preser- 
 vation in way of heir-loom. On failure of such security, the Arch- 
 bishop willed that the Library should become the jiroperty of 
 •Chelsea College,' provided that College should be completed within 
 six years of tlie testator's death. On failure of that condition also, 
 •''•> Library was to pass to the University of Cambridge. During 
 Civil Wars it was seized (together with other books which had 
 ■ II collected at Lambeth) by order of the Parliament (15 February, 
 l<>-7; Lords' Journals, vol. i.\, fpp. IG, 17), and sent to the 
 iversity of Cambridge, on the pretext (1) that as the Lords and 
 iimons remaining at Westminster had decreed there should bono 
 re Archbishops of Canterbury, and as (2) Chelsea College was non- 
 -tent, tiie gift to Cambridge would be a virtual compliance with 
 terms of Archbishop liANcnoFT's Will. After the Kestuiition, 
 hbishop J uxoN claimed his predecessor's gift, and the Library 
 : irned from Cambridge to Jjambeth. 
 
 ■-^; Salhist Bandini, y/rc/z^cr/co;/ c/ >S'/r;/;/r/, ^ 1700? 
 
 Sienna: — Toirn Library. [^Printed Books.] 
 
 j BAN'uiN'rs Library appears to have come to the Town of Sienna by 
 hhe collector's bequest, but at what date is not recorded. 
 
 (59) >S'/> Joseph Banks, ^ l'.) Jmio, 18:20. 
 
 London : — British Musrinn Library. [Printed Books, ^'c] 
 
 1 i.r Library of Sir Joseph Banks, together with his extensive 
 
 ■liotanical Collections, were be(|ueathed to the Trustees of the British 
 
 (Museum in terms which provi'led that their then kee|)er, Mr. Robert 
 
 I'.i'.f.wN, the eminent botanist, siiould have a life-interest iu them. 
 
 ■ collectionH were to become the actual property of tiie Trustees 
 
 y after hin death. But in ls27 an arrangement was made ia 
 
 •rdnnce with which the collections were, iu that year, placed in 
 
 • Museum, and Mr. Buowx became Keeper of the Department of 
 
[14] BOOK /r— HISTORICAL 
 
 Botany, which office he retaiued till his death in 185S. The 
 Banksian Library is eminently rich in the literature of natural 
 history generally, and in the journals and other publications of 
 learned societies in all parts of Europe. 
 
 (60) Francis Barberini, Cardinal. 
 
 Rome : — Barberini Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'\ 
 
 (61) Jolm Denis Barbie du Bocage, 
 
 >i< 28 December, 1825. 
 
 Paris ; — imperial Library. [Geographical Collections.^ 
 
 The extensive collections of this eminent geographer were pur- 
 chased forthe then 'Eoyal Library' of Paris, after the collector's death. 
 They contain, it is said, 2500 maps, of which about 500 are MS. 
 
 (62) John Conrad Barchusen, *b 1 October, 1723. 
 
 Utrecllt : — University Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 Barchusejt's Library was bequeathed to Utrecht, where he 
 had resided, as Professor of Chemistry in its University, for nearly 
 thirty years. 
 
 (63) Thomas BarloW, Bishop of Lincoln, 
 >h 8 October, 1691. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [Printed Books.] Queen's College 
 Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 By his Will, Bishop Barlow divided his books between the 
 Uuiversity Library at Oxford and that of Queen's College. The former 
 was to take all such books as it was still unprovided with. Queen's 
 was to possess the remainder, — a remainder so considerable that a 
 new building was erected for its reception. 
 
 (64) Caesar BaroniuS, Cardinal, ^ 30 June, 1607. 
 
 Rome : — ValUcelHan Library. [MSS. ] 
 
 The Library of Baronius appears to have been dispersed. His 
 MSS. are in the VaUicelUana at Kome. 
 
 (65) Francis Barozzi, ^ 1612. 
 
 Oxfoid:— Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The noble collection of G-reek and other MSS. Avhich had been 
 formed by Barozzi was purchased, in Italy, by William Herbert, 
 [XXII'"'] Earl of Pembroke, and was by him presented to the: 
 Universitv of Oxford. 
 
NOTICKS OF COLLECTORS. [15] 
 
 aU)) Isjiac Barrow, ^ 4 May, [617. 
 
 Cambridge : — Trinitij College Library. \_Printed Books, ^-c] 
 Dr. Hahki^w's Library came to Trinity College by hia bequest. 
 
 (;7) John Frederick Bartholine, *h 1784. 
 
 Christitlllia : — Unirersitt/ Library. [J'rinferf BooAs.'} 
 
 I Babtholixe bequeathed hi8 Library to the Univer.sity of 
 ! Cbristianis. 
 
 ((b) John Frederick Bast, *i* 13 November, 1811. 
 
 Oxford:— Bor/l eta n Library. [Greek MSS.'\ 
 
 The Greek MSS. which had been collected by Bast were pur- 
 chased by the University of Oxford after his death. 
 
 (()0) Jo.siiua Bates. 
 
 Boston i-Uassacfiusetts) : — Ciiy Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 An extensive and well-chosen collection of Printed Books was 
 given by Mr. Batks to the Free City Library of Boston, in ^Mas.'jachu- 
 setts, in the year 1857. This gilt was in addition to a large building 
 and endowment fund, which had previously been contributed by the 
 same munificent donor. 
 
 /70) William Bates, B.D., ^ 14 July, 1699. 
 
 London I — -^'■- iitllKims Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Dr. Bates' Library was added to the Public Library founded by 
 
 his contemporary and friend Dr. Daniel Williams ; apparently by 
 
 purchase from his executors. 
 
 (71) George Anthony Batt, ^ 1^39. 
 
 I Heidelberg: — University Library. [Printed Books, Maps, ^-c.] 
 
 This collector had amassed a remarkable aeries of books, maps, 
 Und prints, relating to the history, antiquities, and social condition of 
 khe Rhenish lirovinces. It came to the L'niversity Library of 
 jHeidelberg after the collector's death, and apparently by his bequest. 
 
 (72) Ignatius Batthyani, *h 179.^. 
 
 Carlsburg: — Public Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 liATHYA-vrs Collection was acquired for the Carlsburg fiihrary 
 •cr the owner'n death. 
 
[16] BOOK JF. —HISTOEICAL 
 
 (73) Charles Csesai Baudelot de Dairval, 
 
 ^ 22 June, 1722. 
 
 Paris: — Library of the Institute. [^Printed Books, ^^c] 
 The literary and arch8eological collections of Baudelot were 
 bequeathed to the 'Academy of Inscriptions,' of which he was so 
 long a distinguished member, and they now form part of the 
 Library and Museum of the Institute of France. 
 
 (74) Philip Bauza, ^ 1833. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 Bauza was Director of the 'Eoj^al Geographical Cabinet' at Madrid 
 His MS. Collections relating to South America were purchased for 
 the British Museum in 1848. 
 
 (75) WiHiam Baylis, M.D., ^ 17S7. 
 
 Scrlin : — Royal Library. [^Printed Books, ^"c.'] 
 Dr. Batlts was an English physician, whose later years wen 
 passed in the service of Frederick the Great, to whom he bequeathec 
 his Library, together with some other valuable collections. 
 
 (76) Christian Daniel Beck, >i< 15 December, 1832. 
 
 Lieipsic : — University Library. [^Printed Books.^ 
 Beck's Library was purchased for the University of Leipsic afte 
 his death. 
 
 (77) Thomas Beckington, Bishop of Bath and If ells, 
 >J< 14 January, 1465. 
 
 London: — Lambeth Library. [Letters,'] 
 
 A considerable collection of the letters of this eminent prelat( 
 and statesman is in the Lambeth Library, 
 
 (78) William Bedell, Bishon of Kilmer e, ^ 7 Feb., 1641 
 
 Cambridge : — Library of Emaraiel College. [Remnant of MSS. 
 
 Among the losses to literature which accompanied, or followed i 
 the train of, the Irish Rebellion of IGIO, not the least serious wa, 
 tliat of the Library which Bishop Bedell had gathered during fort 
 years of a studious and laborious life. It included many precioi;' 
 treasures brought from Italy, and amongst them not a few of tb 
 autograph MSS. of Paul Saepi, which had been given by the: 
 author to his English friend.* Bedell's Library also contained tb 
 
 * Eisbop Bedell's biographers agree, 1 think, iu stating that amongst the; 
 gifts of Father Paul was tlie " original MS. of the History of the Council < 
 Trent " that MS , however, is known to be still preserved iu the Library of t^ 
 Mark, at Venice. 
 
 I 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [17] 
 
 theological and literary collection of William Perkins. Nearly tho 
 
 whole of Bedell's books, autographs, MSS., and papers were 
 
 destroyed by the rebels iu Cavau. The very small remnant whieii 
 
 escaped from their hands was bequeathed by the Bishop to his 
 
 College, and by the fitlelity of an Irish eonvert to Protestaniam, in 
 
 ! whose house he died, was safely conveyed to England. Among the 
 
 ' many illustrious prelates who have adorned the Anglo-Irish Church, 
 
 j the chief promoter of the translation of the complete Bible into 
 
 Irish will ever hold a conspicuous place, and the memorials of him at 
 
 I Emanuel will be regarded with veneration. 
 
 (79) George W. S. Beigel, ^ 1^37. 
 
 Dresden I — Royal Library. [^Printed Books.'] 
 
 Beigel's Library was purchased from his executors for the Royal 
 Public Library of Saxony. 
 
 (SO) John Bell, of Gateshead, ^ . . . 
 
 Oxford:— ^orf/(?m/i Library. [MSS.] 
 
 A curious Collection of transcripts of Eoman Inscriptions, found 
 in various parts of Northern England, was purchased from the 
 collector for Bodley's Library at Oxford. 
 
 (SI) Beaupre Bell, ^ August, 1745. 
 
 Cambridge '. — Library of Trinity College. [^Printed Books.'] 
 Bkm.'s Library wa.s bequeathed to Trinity College by the 
 I Collector. 
 
 •:) Robert BellarminO, Cardinal, ^ 17 Sept., 1621. 
 
 Rome : —Lil>rary of the Jesuits" College. [Printed Books and 
 
 Bbllabmixo's Library was bequeathed to the College of the 
 Jesuits (often styled the ' Roman College '), in which its Collector 
 died. 
 
 (S3) John Peter Bellori, ^ H)9(). 
 
 Berlin: — JRoyal Library. \J'rintid Hooks and MSS.] 
 The literary collections of Bellori were chiefly gathered at 
 Bome, hiH birth-place, and the city in which most of his life was 
 ■pent. They came, eventually, to Berlin, by purdiase fnmi his 
 heirs. 
 
 (S4) Petci Bembo, ('ur,llnnl, ^ I.-) ,l;in., 15 17. 
 
 Rome:— /'«/<curt Library. iPriutfd Hooks and MSS.' Jhirbe- 
 > Library . ' Part of MSS. 1 
 
[18] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 Milan ; — Ambrosian Library. [Part of Correspondence.^ 
 
 Bembo's Library was rich in MSS., and especially in Poetica 
 MSS. Mucli of it had been gathered during his residence in TJrbino 
 and after his death most of his Collections came into one or other o , 
 the libraries of the Dukes of U rhino. When these libraries wert 
 (at different periods) removed to Rome, the greater part of Bembo'; 
 books — including the famous Virgil and Terence, and some autograpl 
 MSS. of Petrarch — were added to the Library of the Vatican ; bu 
 another portion passed into the Barberini Collection. The famou 
 letters addressed to Bembo by Lucrezia Boegia are in the Ambro 
 sian Library at Milan. 
 
 (85) John Bembridge, ^ 1643. 
 
 Dublin -.—Library of Trinity College. [MSS.'] 
 
 The Astronomical MSS. of Bembeidge were bequeathed to Arcl 
 bishop UssHEE, and came to Trinity College as part of the Arcl 
 bishop's Library. 
 
 (86) Benedict XII, Pope [James Fournier], 
 ^ 25 April, 1342. 
 
 Kome: — Vatican Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Some remnant of the MSS. bequeathed to the ancient Papal Librai 
 by Benedict XII is said to have survived the many devastations ar 
 losses suffered by that Library (both at Avignon and in Eomi 
 during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 
 
 (87) Benedict XIV, Pope [Prosper Lambeutini], 
 ^ 3 May, 1758. 
 
 Bologna : — University Library. [Printed Books.] 
 The private Library collected by Pope Benedict XIV was I 
 queathed to the University of Bologna, his birth-place. 
 
 (88) Lewis Benincasa, ^ 1661. 
 
 AnCOna: — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Benincasa' s Library came to Ancona by bequest. 
 
 (89) Cornelius BentivOgliO, Cardinal, ^ 1732. 
 
 Ferrara : — Public Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The literary collections of Bentivoglio — who obtained distir 
 tion both in literature and in diplomacy — were bequeathed ' 
 Ferrara, his birth-place. 
 
NOTICES OF rOLLECTOTJS. [10] 
 
 ^00^ Richard Bentley, B.D., ^ 1 1. -liily, 174.0. 
 
 London : — British ^Fitseiim Library, [.liino/fifeii' Hooks.'] 
 A sories of classical books, containinc; IMS. Notes hy Bentt.kt, 
 was purchased tor the British Museum iu 1807. 
 
 (91) L. J. Vespasinn Berio, ^ 1791. 
 
 Genoa: — Berian Civic Libranj. [MiiS. and Printed Books.'] 
 The Berlin Library is very rich both in MSS. and in printed 
 books relatin;^ to the History, Antiquities, and Commerce of Genoa. 
 The number of MSS. is stated olHcially to be 713. That of the printed 
 volumes in the ori<;inal Library is said to have been nearly 15,0U0. It 
 was the gift of the heirs of the collector to King ViCTOii E>[ANrEL I. 
 By that monarch the Library was presented to the Municipality of 
 Q«iioa, who provide a fund for its growth as well as maintenance. 
 
 (9:2) George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, 
 ^ 1 I January, 175.3. 
 
 Newhaven (f- S).— Library of Yale College. [Printed Books.] 
 
 In the year 1733 Bishop Bf.rkelf.t gave a new proof of his well- 
 known interest in the rising fortunes and intellectual progress of the 
 American Colonies of Britain by the gift to Yale College in New- 
 haven of a selection of books from his Library, — a selection which 
 was augumented, as it seems, by purchases made expressly for the 
 College. The Bishop's example was imitated by Nkwton, Hallet, 
 and Bentlet, amongst many other English benefactors, but most 
 usually by the gift of money to bo expended in the purchase of 
 books. 
 
 (93) Edward Bernard, ^ lO .lanuary. I 097. 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [MSS. ami Printed Books.] 
 The University of Oxford gave Dr. Berxard's widow £SiO for 
 part of the Library which he had bequeathed to her. Of this sum, 
 £200 was for the whole of the MS8. and for such of the prinled 
 [books as contained .MS. Notes. The remainder was for a selection 
 from the other printed books. Of the value of the accessories 
 (obtainable so cheaply 170 years ago) Dr. Bliss says (in his Addi- 
 tions to the laHt edition of the Atheme, iv, 7u9) : "The addition 
 made to the Bodleian from Dr. Bernard's study was of the great- 
 est importance, and contained many of the most valuable books, both 
 printed and MS., now \i\ the Public Library." 
 
 (94).Iolin Mary Bertolo, ^ I ;<)^ 
 
 Vicensa :—Bertoltan or Town Libra, y. [MSS. and Printed Books. J 
 1 he founder of the Bertolian Library at Vicenza was an eminent 
 
[20] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 jurisconsult of the seveuteeuth century. The collection, as he 
 bequeathed it^ was a considerable one, and it was soon largely 
 augmented by other gifts and purchases. Of late years it has been 
 said to contain nearly 10,000 printed volumes and 200 MSS. The 
 statement is not official, but it is that of a writer (Neigebaur, Die 
 Stadt-Bibiiothek zu Vicenza, in Serapeum of 1858, p. 361) who isi 
 eminently conversant with the Libraries of Italy. 
 
 (95) John BeSSarion, Cardinal, ^ 1472. 
 
 Venice : — St. Mark's Library. \_MSS., chiefly Greek.'] 
 
 The fine MSS., chiefly Greek, gathered by Bessarion, during 
 a life which abounded in circumstances favourable to the search' 
 for them, were given to St. Mark's Library at Venice, in 1168. Ir 
 a letter to the Doge and Senate of Venice, which accompaniec 
 the gift, the Cardinal thus expresses himself: — " From my youth ] 
 have bestowed my pains and exertion on the collection of books or 
 various sciences. In former days I copied many with my own hands 
 and I have employed on the purchase of others such small means a; 
 a frugal and thrifty life permitted me to devote to the purpose. . . 
 At all times I have specially sought after Greek books, but my zea 
 and ardour in their quest redoubled after the fall of Greece and th 
 unhappy capture of Constantinople. I then spent my utmost mean 
 in collecting them, . . . and thus I have brought together most c 
 the books of Greek writers, and more particularly of those of thei 
 whose writings are rare and of difficult research. But I shoul 
 estimate all my labour as ill-bestowed were I not enabled to preclud 
 the sale or dispersion, after my death, of the books gathered with s 
 many anxieties during my lifetime, and to ensure — on the contrary- 
 their safe preservation, in a fitting place, for the use and servic 
 of men of learning," &c. Bessaeion's Collection included aboi 
 600 Greek MSS., the cost of which is said to have amounted— but 
 know not on what authority — to 30,000 Roman crowns. The stati 
 ment is probably conjectural. ; 
 
 (96) Frederick William Bessel, ^ 17 March, 1846.i 
 
 Koenigsberg : — University Library. \_Printed Books a7id MS&\ 
 chiefly Astronomical.] 1 
 
 The Library of this famous Prussian astronomer was purchaS'; 
 by King Fkedektck William IV, and by him bestowed on t 
 University of Koenigsberg. 
 
 (97) John von Besser, ^ 1733. 
 
 Dresden: — Royal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Von Besser' s Library appears to have been purchased for t 
 Royal Collection at Dresden after his death. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [21] 
 
 (l)s) Sir Willuun Betham, ^ •2i) October, l^o.S. 
 
 Dublin: — Library of the Royal Irish Academy. [MS5.] 
 The oonsiderablo !MS. Collections of Sir W. "Betham on the His- 
 tory and Antiquities ot" Ireland were purchased by the Eoyal Irish 
 Academy (out of its Parliamentary grant) during the collector's 
 lifetime. 
 
 (00) Philip (le Bethune, Count, ^ 1640. 
 
 Paris '. — Imperial Library, illistorical MSS."] 
 
 The rich Historical MSS. of this French statesman came to his 
 descendant, Count Hippolytus de Betuune, and were by him 
 bequeathed to the Royal Library of Paris. 
 
 (100) Xavier Bettinelli, * 13 September, 1808. 
 
 Mantua I — Town Library. [^Aitfograph MSS. and Correspondence.^ 
 
 Bettinelli's MSS. appear to have come to the Library of 
 Mantua by bequest. 
 
 (101) William Beveridge, Bh/top of Sf. Asaph, 
 
 ^ .') March, 170s. 
 
 London: — Library of St. Paxil's Cathedral. [Printed Boohs.'l 
 
 Bishop Beteridoe bequeathed his Library to the Dean and 
 Chapter of St. Paul's. 
 
 (102) Lawrence Beyerlinck, >h 1027. 
 
 IiOUVain : — University LiLrury. [Printed Books, ^-c] 
 
 The Literary Collections of Beyerlinck were purchased by the 
 University of Louvain after his death. 
 
 (103) Franci.s Bianchini, ^ 2 March, 1720. 
 
 Yeronn,:— Chapter Library. Printed Books, ^c] 
 
 BiANCHiM bequeathed part both of his Library and of his Archaeo- 
 logical Collections to the Canons of Verona. 
 
 (101) . . . Biener, *i* l-ci. 
 
 Leipsic '. — I'niversity library. [Printed Books. | 
 
 The Library which had been collected by Professor Bienkh was 
 bequeathed to the University of Leipsic. 
 
[22] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (105) Emery BigOt, ^ 18 December, 1689. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. \^MSS.'] 
 
 Bigot's valuable Collection of MSS. was bought for the Imperial 
 Library at his death. 
 
 (106) Thomas Birch, ^ 1766. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. {MSS.'] 
 
 The extensive MS. Collections of Dr. Biech, very rich in mate; 
 rials of British History, and more especially of British Biography; 
 ■were bequeathed to the British Museum, of which the Collector hac 
 been, for many years, a Trustee. 
 
 (107) Anthony Mary Biscioni, ^ 4 May, 1756. 
 
 Florence : — Laurentian Library, [^Part of Library.] Maglia 
 becchian. [^Remainder of Library.] 
 
 Part of the Library of Biscioni was purchased for the Lauren tiai 
 Library at Florence, and the remainder of it for the Magliabecchians 
 
 (108) Wilham Blair, ^ . . . 
 
 London : — Library of the Bible Society. [Printed Bibles.] 
 
 Blaie was the collector of a remarkable series of Bibles, whic 
 came to the Library of the London Bible Society by gift in 1822. 
 
 (109) John Brickclale Blakeway, ^ . . . 
 
 Oxford : — Budley's Library. [MS. Collections.] 
 The MS. Collections of Bla.kewat (partly on English Top( 
 graphy) came to Bodley's Library by the gift of the Collector's wido\ 
 
 (110) Benjamin Blayney, *i* 20 September, 1801. 
 
 London: — Lambeth Library. [MSS.] ; 
 
 The Theological and Critical MSS. of Dr. Blayney were b| 
 queathed to the Archiepiscopal Library at Lambeth (now, in 186 
 — to the great iujury of literature — closed from the access of st 
 dents by the manifest ineptitude for the trusts confided to them 
 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, so far as those trusts bear up( 
 the public interest in literature, and in the maintenance and extensi" 
 of libraries). 
 
 (Ill) Harmann Bleecker {of New Yor^), *h ■ - 
 
 New York : — state Library. [Printed Boo/cs.] 
 
 The valuable Library formed by Bleecker was given to the Stt 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [23] 
 
 of New York a few years a«;o. It was an important augmentation 
 of • Library which already reflected honour on the State, as well as 
 on the Regents of the L^niversity, who act as its Trustees. 
 
 \\\-2) .loliii Boccaccio, ^ ~M December, 1375. 
 
 PlorenCe : — Lmtn/ifian Library. [Eemnant of the Library 
 I btqueathed to the August inians of Florence.'] 
 
 I This famous poet, like the most illustrious of his Italian contempo- 
 raries, was anxious that the liooks which he had so much loved, and by 
 which he had so greatly jirolited, should be handed down to posterity 
 intact. Petraiich selected as his literary trustees the great lords of 
 I the Bepublic of Venice ; Boccaccio, the humbler monks of the 
 I Augustiuian Convent at Florence. But the darling wish of those 
 I poets of the world failed, in both cases, of its accomplishment. Only a 
 remnant of Boccaccio's Library is now to be seen. It is preserved 
 at the Laurenziana. Part of it — like his Autograph MSS. — has long 
 been dispersed. 
 
 (113). . . Bocchi (o/^^//-/«), ►i^ 1770? 
 
 TrevisO : — Toxcn Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 BoccHi betjueathed his Library to the Town of Treviso in 1770, 
 
 (114) Samuel Bochart, *h l(i -May, 1(K)7. 
 
 Caen l—Town Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The Library of Samuel Bochart was acquired after his death 
 by the Municipality of Caen. 
 
 (ii.-)) . . . Boeckel, ^ 1843? 
 
 Oldenburgh '.—Ducal Library. Printed Books.] 
 
 Dr. Boeckel's Collection was bought for the Ducal Library at 
 Oldenburgh in l^>t3. 
 
 (llG) Caspar Boerner, ^ 1547. 
 
 Leipsic \—l'nirersity Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 BoERNEB bequeathed his Library to the University of Leipsic. 
 
 (117) Philip William voii Boineburg, ^ 1717. 
 
 Erfurt :—/foy a/ Pui/ic (formerly University) Library. [Printed 
 Books ] 
 
 The Librarj- of Von Uoi.veburo was, by the Collector, be- 
 queathed to the then University Library of Erfurt. It now forms 
 part of the fine ' lioyal Public Library' of Erfurt, where, akso, the 
 
[24] BOOK 7F.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 ancient collection of MSS. founded, for public use, by Amploniu 
 Hatink or Von Eattikgen — long known to the learned as th' 
 'Amplonian Library' — are preserved. Yon Boinebueg's CoUec 
 tion was so important that the Library, of which it forms a chie 
 ornament, is often spoken of in Germany as ' Boineburg's Library.' 
 
 (118) Lewis de Boisgelin, ^ . . . 
 
 Aix \—Tow7i Library. 13ISS.'\ 
 
 Boisgelin bequeathed his extensive and valuable MS. Collection 
 on the History and Antiquities of Malta to the Town of Aix. The 
 extend to twenty volumes (folio and quarto), and are conspicuou 
 for their arrangement as well as for their intrinsic worth. 
 
 (119) James Bongars, ^ 29 July, 1612. 
 
 Berne : — Town Library. [Printed Books and part of MSS.'] 
 Rome :— Vatican Library. [Part of MSS.] 
 
 Bongars, distinguished both as scholar and as statesman, ga\ 
 his valuable Library to the Town of Berne by his last Will ; but 
 portion of his MSS. are among the rich collections of the Vatican. 
 
 (120) Francis Bonnivard, ^ 1570. 
 
 Geneva: — Town Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 BoNNiYARD gave his Library to Geneva during his own lifetim 
 In an official account of the Geneva Library, indeed, (drawn up : 
 1849,) it is said that " Bonnivard's books, which he bequeathed 
 Geneva by his Will, became national property, probably, in 1570 
 But a careful biographical notice of Bonnivard, which was given 
 Byron, in 1816, by an eminent Genevese, who had made the histo 
 of ' the Prisoner of Chillon ' a special study, asserts that he gave tl 
 Library to his fellow-citizens (by adoption) in 1551, and this accou 
 seems to be the more trustworthy. The Library comprises bo 
 valuable MSS. and fine printed incunabula. 
 
 (121) Saint Charles BorromeO, Arclihishop of Mila. 
 and Cardinal, ^ 3 November, 1594. 
 
 Milan : — Amhrosian Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Paris I—Part of MSS.? Mantua '—Archives. [Part of MSI ^ 
 This pious and deservedly famous Cardinal of the Eoman Chur 
 bequeathed his Library and part of his extensive MS. Correspc 
 dence to the Chapter of his Cathedral. When the Chapter w 
 suppressed, a part of the Collection, as it appears, was transferr 
 to the Ambrosiana ; a part, it is probable, may yet be in Paris. >' 
 Charles Bokeomeo was also, in his lifetime, a benefactor to t ' 
 
NOTICES UF COLLECTORS. [25] 
 
 Ainbrotiana. A portion of his Correspondence is preserved in the 
 Public Archives of Mantua. 
 
 (122) Frederick BorromeO, .trc/ihisliop of^[Uan, and 
 Canliiiiii >b -l-^ JSci)tenil)cr, 103 1. 
 Milan : — Ambrosian Library. \_MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 i'rcderick BoRROMEO succeeded his saintly uncle in the See of 
 ' Milan in 1595. He is the most conspicuous of the many henefactors 
 I of the noble Library of Milan. He employed literary ambassadors 
 jin the search for valuable MSS. iu France, Flanders, and Germany, 
 las well as in Italy. Amongst those of the Cardinal's emissaries who 
 met with distinguished success iu their missiou was Luke Anthony 
 Oloiati. 
 
 It was a favourite part of his plan not only to gather, for Milan, 
 choice Oriental MSS., but to found a sort of Academy for their pub- 
 lication, so as to make them useful to all scholars. This part of his 
 plan, however, was but initiated, not eft'ectively followed up. 
 
 In the Italia Sacra, UciUELLi thus speaks of Cardinal Frederick's 
 benefactions to the Ambrosiana : 
 
 ** Inter plura pietatis opera qucT salubriter Federicus Borromfeus 
 ursit Bibliotheca Atnbrosiana est, qua- properaodum A'aticana; ajmvda 
 tanta librorum copia abundat, tantoque ordine digestaest, ut ad com- 
 
 moditatem mortaiium nil videatur potuisse fieri absolutius 
 
 Keliquit aliquot monumentatum Latina tum Italica lingua conscripta, 
 (pia? reconditam sapiunt eruditionem, pietatis autem studium sin- 
 gulare." • 
 
 BosCDA, in his treatise De Oriyine et Statu Bibliothecce Amlro- 
 tiantt, had already ventured on a like bold comparison of the 
 Ambrotiana with tlie Vaticana :— 
 
 . . . . " Et quidem si ajstimemus quantum auri in condendam 
 bibliothecam impressum est, qua) centum quinque millibus pondo 
 lignsti ttris stetit, sive ad coemendos apud exteras gentes libros, 
 itque facienda itinera effusum est, sive librorum vini, cum nobiliori- 
 t>u8 Europa; bibliothecis, etiam cum Vaticana ccrtare posse judica- 
 bimus, et eminere fortasse. Necpio vero sum nescius Pontificiam 
 Uomo) ampli«i<imam esse conclavibus, ac libria repertam, eaque 
 propter. Ambrosiana majorem verum humiliores thecrc nusquain 
 abjecti advenientiuni oculis codices, nisi prtpsidentium humanitas 
 ^ximat forulis, et nunquam patens ad studiosi laboris arbitrium bib- 
 liotheca, hoc nomine concedare Mediolanensi videtur qua- nidis in 
 iltn- -..-•.;.;«. propo.«itis undi(|ue ad spcctaculum libris ac quotidie 
 !*•''• "ulino, totidem pomcridiano tem[)()re reclusa, aires ac 
 
 ^>'\ ">es ad literarum studia- vocat et excipit : immo si 
 
 juia diBcriUuiium est gratuito pugillares olfert et stylum. At si 
 ?ui h»c forta«iji» majora veris videantur, quod favere existimer huic 
 nslituto, sumptum facile credet, qui de tota mole candide judicabit ; 
 • Ughelli, Italia Sacra, torn, iv, c. 397. 
 
[26] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 librorum certe viru intra triginta millia, constitisse, vix dum nascente 
 bibliotheca, affirmat Paeona, descriptorum autem quatuordecira 
 millia ; eorum qui typis sunt vulgati, numerum iniri non posse 
 "Wannemacherus profitetur : ait saltern huic homini extero fidem 
 habere cogantur qui Paroi^a res patrias describenti minus velint 
 assentiri," &c.* 
 
 (123) President de Bouhier, ^ 17 March, 1746. 
 
 TrOyeS : — Town Library. 
 
 The precious MSS. which had been amassed by the President 
 Bouhier, were purchased of his ultimate representative by the 
 enlightened and munijficent Monastic Community of Clairvaux. 
 After the dissolution they passed to the Town Library of Troyes. 
 They have suffered losses by neglect, but a valuable remnant is still 
 preserved. 
 
 (124) Charles de Bourbon, Constable of France, Biike 
 of Bourbon, ^ 6 May, 1527. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 The Collection of MSS. which had been formed by this famous 
 warrior and statesman was added by King Francis the First to the 
 Eoyal Library at the Castle of Fontaiuebleu ; thence it passed, even- 
 tually, to the now Imperial Library at Paris. 
 
 (125) John Baptist Bourguignon d'Anville, 
 
 ^ 28 January, 1782. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [Maps and Charts.'] 
 
 The extensive Geographical Collection of BouRGUiaNON d'Antille 
 were added, by purchase, to the Imperial Library at Paris. 
 
 (126) Count Demetrius Petrowicz Boutourlin, 
 
 ^ 21 October, 1850. 
 
 St. Petersburgh : — Library of the Imperial Academy. [Printed] 
 Books.'] 
 
 The fine Library of Count Boutourlik was purchased, after the 
 Collector's death, by the Emperor Alexander the First, and given 
 by the purchaser to the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburgh. 
 
 (127) James Boyd, Bishojj of Glasgow, >b 1627 ? 
 
 Glasgow: — Utuversity Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Bishop Boyd gave his Library to the University of Glasgow ir 
 the year 1627. 
 
 * Boscha, De origine, &c., Lib. ii, c. 28; apud Grsev., torn, is, p. 6. j 
 
NOTICES OF roLLECTOllS. [27] 
 
 (128) Ziicliiiry Boyd, ^ l()-")l. 
 
 I Glasgow: — Vuiversity Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 I Zachary Boyd bcqnpathoil his Library to the same University in 
 
 1651. 
 
 (129) rharlos Boyle, Third Earl of Orrery, ^ 1731. 
 
 Oxford:— C/'/v.v/ V/nirvh Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 • The CoUectious of this accomplished schohir were bequeathed to 
 iiis College, Christ Church, iu 17;U. 
 
 1(130) W. N. Boylston {of Camhridye, Massachusetts). 
 
 : Cambridge {Massachusetts) : — Library of Harvard College. 
 Printed Books.] 
 
 The Medical Library was given by the Collector to Harvard 
 ?ol]ege in Massachusetts. 
 
 (131) Poggio Bracciolini, ^ 30 October, 1459. 
 
 Florence : — lUccardi Library. [MS. Correspoyuience.] 
 
 PoGGio's MS. Correspondence, or a considerable part of it, is pre- 
 Br>'ed in the liiccardiana at Florence. 
 
 (132) TyrhoBrahe, * 1001. 
 
 Vienna : — imperial Library. iPri/ited Books and MSS.] W/^ 
 
 The Library of this illustrious Astronomer was purchased, after 
 ia death, by the Austrian Government for the Imperial Library. 
 
 (133) John Baptist Branca, ^ 1799. 
 
 Mil ATI : — Ambrosian Library. [Printed Books] 
 
 BaA>-CA'8 Library was acquired by the Ambrosiana in the year 
 
 (134) CardinatY. M. Brancaccia, *i^ 1075. 
 
 Naples: — Brancacdan Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 j This Cardinal founded, by bequest, the Library which has per- 
 etuated his name at ^Naples. 
 
 '13:.; (i. F. Brandes (of Hanover), ^ 1790. 
 
 Oldenburg: l>nr„l Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Duke Peteu Fbeokrick, of Oldenburgh, bought the fine Library 
 Bba.ndes in 171M) for 21,000 thalers (about £3(300), and removed it 
 om Hanover to the Ducal Library. 
 
[28] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (136) Simon BrOWne, ^ 173.2. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. \MSS.'] 
 
 Browne's MSS., partly theological, were purchased for the British 
 Museum. [See Lives of the Founders and Benefactors of the British 
 Museum, B. i, c. 7. 
 
 (137) Count Henry von Bruehl, ^ .25 October, 1764. 
 
 Dresden : — Royal Library. [^Printed Boohs.'] 
 
 The magnificent Library of BEiJHL was purchased at his deatl 
 for the Eoyal Collection of Dresden. It comprised about 62,00i 
 volumes, and was acquired for less than £8000 of English money 
 It was remarkable for the superb condition of the books. 
 
 (138) Philip Brunquell, ^ 18.28. 
 
 Bamberg : — Chapter Library. [^Printed Boohs.'] 
 
 BRr>'QTJELL's Library was given to the Chapter of Bamber 
 Cathedral in 1822. 
 
 (139) Jacob Bryant, ^ 14 November, 1804. 
 
 Cambridge: — King's CoUeye Library. [Part of Printed Boo) 
 and MSS:\ 
 
 Blenheim Palace- [P^^-^ of Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Part of the Library of Jacob Brtaxt was bequeathed by tl 
 Collector to King's College, Cambridge, and part of it to his life-lor 
 friend and patron, George, Duke of MARLBOKorGH. 
 
 (140) William Bude, ^ 1540. 
 
 Paris : — Ancient Library of the Sorbonne. [Printed Boohs aijj 
 
 MSS.] 
 
 Part of the Library of this true Eeformer — though he probal 
 died in communion with the Church of Eome — and true schol; 
 portentum GaJlicE, as Erasmus called him, was bequeathed to t 
 Doctors of the Sorbonne at Paris, or was acquired by them from 1 
 heirs ; for it is not quite certain whether this valuable addition ■ 
 their Library (now scattered,) came by purchase or by testament? 
 gift. 
 
 (141) Christian Theophilus Buder, ^ 9 Nov., 176^ 
 
 Jena : — University Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Budee's Library was bequeathed to the University of Jena in i 
 year 1763. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [29] 
 
 1 [-2) Baron Joliii Homy voii Buelow, ^ li Fcl)., Is Mi. 
 
 Goettingen: — f '""''''**' 'y Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Tlio executors of Baron von Buelow gave liis Library, of about 
 10,000 volumes, to the University of Goettingen. 
 
 (143) Fro/i'-s.^or Cliristian William Buettner, 
 ^ b October, ISO I. 
 
 Jena: — Unirersity Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Profei^sor Bcettnkr's Library was bought, after his death, for 
 the University of Jena, by the Duke of Saxe-Weimae. 
 
 (144) Coio// Ilenrv von Buenau, »I< 7 April, 1762. 
 
 Dresden : — Royal Public Library. [Printed Books and 2fSS.] 
 
 Almost exactly contemporaneous with the acquisition for the 
 Boyal Library at Dresden of the noble collection of books which 
 had been gathered by Count BrCul, was a similar acquisition, by 
 purchase (for about £0000 sterling), of that other and large collection 
 of books, amassed by his contemporary the Count of Bi-XAu, which 
 has been made famous wherever bibliograpliy is studied, by the 
 admirable, though unfinished, classed catalogue, compiled and printed 
 by Fbaxcke. The Biinau Library comprises 42,119 volumes, and is 
 emineDtly rich in works of History. 
 
 (145) Michael Angelo Buonarotti, ^i^ 17 Februarv, 
 
 10(14. 
 
 Florence -.—Private Library of the Buonarotti (A'ia Ghibellina). 
 
 Much of the MS.S. and of the Correspondence of this illustrious 
 man is still preserved bv his descendants at the Casa Buonarotti, in 
 the Via Ghibellina. Tlioso descendants do not forget practically to 
 illustrate the proverb nobleage oblige, and accordingly they are liberal 
 in permitting strangers to see occasionally both the Micuael 
 Ahoelo MSS., and other Buonarotti treasures. 
 
 (140) William Burgh, ^ 2(5 December, 180S. 
 
 York:— C'a/At-r/ru/ Library. Printed Books.] 
 
 The widow and inheritrix of Dr. Burgh presented his Library to 
 •the Dean and Chapter of York. 
 
 (147) Charles Burney, ^ 28 December, 1S17. 
 
 London : — Britiah Museum Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of this eminent classical scholar was purchased by 
 
 Parliament for the British Museum, at the price of £13,500 
 
[30] BOOK 7F.— HISTORICAL 
 
 Burnet, it is said, had expended on his Library nearly £25,000. I 
 comprised more than 13,000 printed volumes, and a splendid serie 
 ofMSS. 
 
 For an account of the latter — very remarkable in several points o 
 view — the reader is referred to the forthcoming ''Lives of the Founder 
 and Benefactors of the British Museum.'' 
 
 (148) Sir William Burrell, ^ . . . 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [^MSS.'] 
 
 Sir W. BuREELL had made extensive Collections for the Histon 
 and Antiquities of Sussex. They came to the Museum after hi 
 death. [See the work above-mentioned.] 
 
 (149) Auger Ghislen von Busbech, ^ 1592. 
 
 Vienna : — Imperial Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 This learned scholar — better known as Busbequius— gave to th 
 Imperial Library of Austria a choice series of Greek MSS., the frui 
 of his long travels in the East. The gift was made on his return. 
 
 (150) Hermann von der Busche, ^ 1534. 
 
 Munster : — Chapter Library. [^Printed Books, ^"c] 
 Von der Busche' s Library came to the Cathedral of Munstt 
 shortly after the Collector's death. 
 
 (151) George Buxtorf, ^ 1628. 
 
 Bremen : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Buxtore's Library is preserved in the Town Library of Breme), 
 whither it came after his death. 
 
 (152) John Buxtorf, ^ 1732. 
 
 Basel : — Town Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The Library of this eminent Orientalist became part of the Tonj 
 Library at Basel, of which he had been so long an ornament,! 
 bequest. It appears to have included the collections, or great pa 
 of the collections, of more than one of his famous predecessors int' 
 path of Hebrew and Patristic learning. 
 
 (153) John Byrom, ^ 28 September, 1763. | 
 
 Kersal (near Manchester) : The Private Library at Kersal Ceh 
 The very curious and characteristic Library of Byrom (theologiii 
 short-hand inventor, Jacobite emissary, and poet) is preserved 
 Kei'sall Cell by the pious care of his descendants. Those who ba 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [31] 
 
 bad the pleasure of reading his Aufohio(jraphy (a book, however, less 
 . known than it deserves to be) know what, in his case, is implied in 
 
 the term ' characteristic' Bykom was a crotehetty collector, but 
 I he was, withal, a good scholar and a good man. 
 
 1(154) George Gonhiii Byron, Lord V>\\'o\\, ^ 19 April, 
 
 London:—''/"'^'*'' Museum Lihrunj. [Part of Autograph MSS. 
 , and LettTS. 
 
 I Part of the Autograph MSS. of Byron were recently acquired by 
 1 the Trustees of the British Museum. Another portion is in the 
 jposeeMion of the present Mr. John Muruay. 
 
 c. 
 
 (155) .S/> .lulius Caesar, ^ 28 Ai)ril, 1036. 
 
 London : — British Musfum Lthrary. [ MSS.] Holls House. 
 MSS.] 
 
 For the curious history of tho.«ie of the Cj:sar Papers, which are 
 now amongst the Lansdowne M8S., the reader is attain referred to 
 Lice* of the Founders and Benefactors of the British Museum.' 
 iVnother portion of these important State Papers is at the lioUs 
 Elouse. A few of them have been dispersed. 
 
 (150) Ca-Iiis Calcagnini, *i* 27 August, 1541. 
 
 Ferrara : — LiLrunj of the Convent of St. Dominick {?) [Remains 
 /a lAbrary of Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The father of this celebrated scholar was engaged in reading at the 
 Doment when the fact of his paternity was announced to him. Like 
 iD imaginary personage whose very real biography has been told by 
 he hand of a master in literature, he had tiie whim of surrounding 
 limself with memorials of the trivial as well as of the graver inci- 
 ent« of life. His author at this interesting moment happened to be 
 ?lCEBO, and he waa at that passage in the Epistohe : E(/o de pro- 
 incia decedeim qu<estorrm C.Ki.iUM proposui.' "To me also is born 
 
 C-«LirH." said he. But the new Cklius re.sembled Cicero in little 
 ave the love of books, and was ingrate enough to conceive an animosity 
 the great orator who, ho indirectly, had put a name upon him. 
 Jut he marked himself, it is said, as one who was born to be a book 
 ollector— while yet in the nurse's arnm at tlie baptismal font, — by 
 latching at the pricat's Breviary so firmly as to make it necessary to 
 
[32] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 bring help to its owner, in order to rescue it from the persistei 
 grasp of the infantile fingers. 
 
 Calcagnini loved his books so dearly that he was as loth to pai 
 from them in death as he had been to part with the Eitual-book i 
 baptism. He chose to be buried close by their side, and directf 
 this inscription to be placed above the Library door : 
 
 " Cu,vi C^Lius Calcagnius nihil magis optaverit, quam < 
 omnibus pro Fortuned captu bene onereri : decedens Bibliotheca 
 in quo multo maxima cetatis partem egit, in morum civium gratia 
 publicavit, et in ea se condi mandavit."* 
 And this one, also, on his tomb : — 
 
 " Ex diufurno studio in primis hoc didicit Mortalia omnia co 
 
 temnere et ignorantiam suam non ignorare.^'-\ 
 
 He left 3584 volumes, together with a fund for maintenance. B 
 
 the ungrateful Dominicans, after a while, buried the books as w( 
 
 as the Collector. Many of them have since been irrecoverab 
 
 lost. 
 
 (157) Augustine Calmet, >i< 25 October, 1757. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Librarxj. \_M8S?^ , 
 
 Epinal \—Town Library. \}I8S.'\ j 
 
 The MSS. of this famous Biblical and Patristic Scholar came ; 
 part, by his own gift, to the then Royal, now Imperial, Library 
 Paris. I 
 
 Fifty other volumes of his MSS. are, or lately were, in the To^ 
 Library at Epinal. 
 
 (158) Calverley Family (of Yorkshire and Clieshire) 
 
 London t — British Museum Library. [^MSS. and Deeds.'] 
 
 A considerable Collection of Charters, Deeds, and other Fam 
 Papers of the Calverleys were inherited by the present Sir "Wah ' 
 Calyerlet Treveltak. In 1866, he gave them to the Briti 
 Museum. 
 
 (159) John Calvin, ^ 27 May, 1564. 
 
 Geneva : — Tow7i Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 Calvix's Library was bought from his heirs by the Town f 
 Geneva in 1564 or 1565. 
 
 (160) CinelH Calvoli, ^ . . . 
 
 Florence : — Magliabecchiana. 
 
 Calvoli had made extensive MS. Collections on the History ; 1 
 
 * Beyerlinck, Theatrum VitcB Humance, § Bibliothecse, c. 227. 
 
 t Valery, Voyage en Italie, &c., Liv. vii, c. 11. 
 
 + Bulletin du Bibliophile, Vol. xiv, pp. 1722, &c. 
 
NOTICKS OF COM.ECrOUS. [33] 
 
 Antiquities of Tuscany. They mv imw proscrvotl in the Maglia- 
 beechiana. 
 
 ICl William Camden, ^ O November, 1023. 
 
 Westminster Abhey.— l'^^"." I^'^ff"'!/- [Printed Books.] 
 I London: — Uritisli Museum LH/rnnf. [MSS.] Herald's College 
 \ Library. [MSS 
 
 The rich Historical Collections of Camden are all, or nearly all, 
 Ipreaen-ed in tlie metropolis of the country whose antiquities he has 
 80 nobly recorded; but they are divided between the Museum, the 
 Herald's College, and the Library of the Dean and Chapter of 
 Westminster. 
 
 Those M.SS. which are in the Museum were bequeathed by 
 Camden to his friend Sir Robert Cotton. [See Lives of Founders, 
 &<*., as above.] His Heraldic MSS. he directed by his last Will 
 should be severed from the rest and given to his colleagues. 
 
 (162) George Campe, ^ . . . 
 
 £inden: — Public Town Libranj. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Caupb's Librarj- is now p;irt of the Public Collection at Eindeu. 
 
 (163^ Peter Canetti (of Cremona), t^t 1714. 
 
 Kavenna: — Toicn Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of Canktti was bequeathed to the Town of Ravenna. 
 
 [Cange. See Imbkkt de Cang6.] 
 
 (104) David Cannivari, ^ 1625. 
 
 Geneva:— T^Wrt Library. ^ Printed Hooks, ijr.] 
 
 Caxjuvahi's Literary Collections are preserved in the Town 
 library of Geneva. 
 
 (165) T/ir Ahhnir Canonici. 
 
 Oxford : — Ihdleutn Library. \ .\JSS. ] 
 
 London:— Hritish Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 P*rl of the fine Collection of Classical and Theological MSS. 
 ^hich had been brought together by Canomcf, at his house in 
 enice, were punha.Med for Bodlev's J>il.rary in 1818. A smaller 
 Dftion— rruiHiftint,' chirfly of Italian MSS.— was acquired by tho 
 runtfcs of the Kritish Museum at the same period. 
 
 The Bodleian portion includes some choice Oriental MSS. 
 
 [3] 
 
[34] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (166) Edward Capell, »J< 1781. 
 
 Cambridge : — Library of Trinity College. [MSS. and Printed 
 Books. ^ 
 
 The rich ' Shakespeariana,' and other MS. and printed Collections 
 of this genuine Shakesperian scholar were bequeathed by their 
 owner to Trinity Library at Cambridge. 
 
 (167) Alexander Gregory Capponi, ^ September, 1746.; 
 
 Rome: — Vatican Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Capponi' s Library was purchased for the "Vatican on the Col 
 lector's death. 
 
 (168) Anthony Caraffa, ^ 1591. 
 
 Rome: — Vatican Library. [Printed Books, ^■c.'] 
 
 Caeaffa's Library was also purchased for the Vatican in hk- 
 manner. 
 
 (169) Jerome Cardan, *J< 21 September, 1576. 
 
 Part of Cardan's MSS. are, I believe, still preserved in Rome 
 but I am unable, at present, to indicate tiieir precise place c 
 abode. Caedan died as a pensioner of Pope Gregoet XIII. 
 
 (170) John Baptist Cardona, Archbishop of Valencia, 
 ^ 1589. 
 
 Vienna : — imperial Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 This eminent Archbishop of Valencia bequeathed his Library, 
 trust for public use, to the Franciscan Friars of his cathedral tow 
 But those good monks were cruelly tempted by the offer, on the pa 
 of the Emperor Charles VI, of no less a sum than eight thousai 
 ducats, on condition that the Library should be transferred to tl 
 Imperial Collection at Vienna, which that book-loving Emperor « 
 intent on making one of the finest Collections in the world. T 
 Franciscans were under great obligations to their deceased diocesii 
 but the charms of the Emperor's ducats won the day against tl 
 obligations of duty and the claims of gratitude ; — greatly, howev(' 
 to the advantage of students, who are much better treated, and li:i 
 at nearly all periods been much better treated, in Vienna, than tli 
 have ever been, or are likely — whether under Spanish revolutionii 
 or Spanish monarchists— to be, at Valencia. 
 
NOTICES or COLLECTORS. [35] 
 
 (171) Sir (irornv CareW, I'Jar/ of Tohies, 
 
 ^'o; March, \(\-:\). 
 
 London : — Lambeth Library [MSS.'] ; juul Brifis/i Museum 
 [MSS. Cotton Collection]. 
 
 Oxford:— Bodleian Library. {MSS.'] 
 
 The Carew MSS. are historical, and relate chiefly to the An- 
 tiquities and Political History of Ireland. The Collector beciueathed 
 them to his natural .son, Sir Thomas Stafford, Editor of the Pacata 
 Hibernia. The larpjer portion is now in the Archiepisoopal Library 
 at Lambeth, and most of tiie remainder are in the Botlleian. A few 
 documents which once belonged to Sir (t. Cakew will be fouud 
 amougst the Cotton MSS. A Calendar of the Carew MSS. is 
 now (IS6S) in the pres.s, as part of the Rolls House Series. 
 
 (172) Dudley CarletOU, J^crd DorchcHler, 
 
 ^ 1 .") February, \(V.V1. 
 
 London: — ''«//* House; and British Museum. [State Papers.] 
 
 Oxford: — Itod/eian Library. [State Papers.] 
 
 Lord Dorchester's Collections were made, in part, as Secretary 
 of State to King Charles I (who is said to have remarked of him, 
 and of his fellow-secretary, Falkland, " I have two Secretaries, one 
 of whom (Dorchester) ia a dull ii)an in comparison of the other, 
 and yet pleases me the beat, for he always brings me my own 
 thoughts in my own words; wlule Falkland puts them in so fine 
 a dress that, often, I do not know them again "), which office ho 
 filled from 1620 until his death in Uili'l. Another portion of them 
 waa gathered during several embassies in Venice, Holland, and 
 France. Some of these Carleton Papers have been long alienated 
 from their most fitting place of de{)osit (the State Paper OtHce), 
 md are amongst the Cahte MSS. in the Bodleian and the Cotton 
 MSS. in the British Museum. 
 
 J7;ij Thomas Carte, *i* :l April, 175 1. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. MSS. 
 
 The fate of the large Collection of Historical MSS. amassed by the 
 
 -iorian Carte is a curious one. He died without having made 
 
 iiiy eftWtual testamentary disposal of them. His widow remarric<l, 
 
 md at her death left them by Will to her second hiiHband during his 
 
 *■". and then, in reversion, to the liiivcr.-<ity of ().\tord. The his- 
 
 '•al value of the ,MSS. being well kiiowu, .Mrs. Carte's relict 
 
 ili-atrado of letting them for hire from time to time. In this 
 
 y they were largely used by Macimikrson and by Lord IIaud- 
 
 ke, amongBt other*, before they came to the University. 
 
[36] BOOK /r.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (174) Cardinal Jerome Casanata, ^ March, 1700. 
 
 Rome : — Casanata Library, attached to the Dominican Convent oj 
 S. Maria sopra Minerva. 
 
 The noble Library of Casanata was bequeathed to the Dominicans 
 of S. Maria sopra Minerva, together with a large endowment fund 
 It is widely known by the excellent, though unfinished, Catalogue o: 
 ArniFFKEDi (1761-1786). 
 
 (175) Isaac Casaubon, >b July, 1G14. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Printed Books and MSS. 
 
 "When Casatjbon exiled himself from France he left his Librar; 
 in the charge of the President De Thou, and he had considerabl 
 difficulty in procuring the royal permission for its despatch, afte 
 the owner, to London. The Library was purchased at his death b; 
 King James I. The biographers of Dr. Meric Casavbon, sou o 
 the Collector, tell a curious story — ' curious, if true ' — of an offei 
 made by the Protector Cromwell, to return the Library as a gil: 
 to Meric Casaubon, if he would undertake to write " an impartiti 
 History of the Civil "Wars." And he was promised, it is said, &[ 
 annuity of £300 a year besides. Be that as it may, the proffere' 
 task was declined. The Library remained at St. James's, to becom 
 part, eventually, of the great national Collection. 
 
 (176) Meric Casaubon, ^ 14 July, 1671. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Meric Casaubon' s MSS. — Classical and Theological — were h 
 queathed by the Collector to the University of Oxford. 
 
 (177) Utd-e of CeLSseino-Serrsb, ^ . . . 
 
 Althorp House (Northamptonshire) . Lord Spencer's Librart^ 
 
 This fine Collection — eminently rich in Quattrocentisti — was pii 
 chased by Lord Spencee in 1820. His own Library was already 
 well furnished with similar rarities that very many books lo) 
 coveted, in vain, by collectors then became 'duplicates' in t 
 Althorp Collection. These were sold by auction in 1821. 
 
 (178) Kdmiind Castell, *h 1685. , 
 
 Cambridge : — Utiiversity Library [Oriental MSS.] ; aniEmann ' 
 
 Col/eye Library [Printed Boo/cs]. 
 
 London : — Si- PauVs Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The learned Author of the Lexicon Heptuglotton bequeathed • 
 
 Oriental MSS. to the "University of Cambridge; a selection frii 
 
N()TICi:s (IF COLLECTORS [-^r] 
 
 his Library to llmrv Comimhn, Bisliop of London; and the re- 
 mainder ot' it to Hinnnucl Collecjc. Eventually Bishop Comi-ton's 
 Library was bi-qiioathod to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul. 
 
 (179) Baltliasnr Castiglione, ^ lVl)i-uary, 15.00. 
 Turin!— '''"y^ -irchives. \^Lelters.] 
 
 Soim> of the MS. Letters of Castiolione are preserved among 
 the Royal Archives of Italy at Turin. 
 
 (!*-()) Catherine de Medicis, Qifrcn Coiisort of 
 
 Ht'/iri/ IL Klin/ iif Fnnn'i\ "^ ."> January, loSl). 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. [Lifjrari/.] 
 
 The Manuscript department of this Library was eminently rich in 
 Greek MSS. ; and t\us, with some other portions of it, were added 
 to the Hoyal Collection of France in L5!)!», mainly at the instance of 
 Dk Tuof. It included part of the prior Collections of Cardinal 
 Ridoi.fi and of Marshal Stho/zi. It was also rich in the earlier 
 poetry of France. 
 
 Part of the printed Library, to the extent, it is said, of 800 volumes, 
 waa added (at the same period) to the Collection of the College of 
 Clermont. Queen Catukkine had gathered nearly all the First 
 Kditioss — some of which are now priceless — of the Greek and 
 Koman Cla«.'«ic» ; an extensive series of the Romances of Chivalry; 
 aod a group — mure curious tlian \aluable — of Treatises on Judicial 
 and Empirical Astrology, as appliances, no doubt, for the employ- 
 ments of those famous nights in the ' Tour ' which have been so 
 often described (more or less truthfully) both by biographers and 
 by romancers. 
 
 PiTHor, it seems, had been called in to value the Library in the j,/^„"fj^'' 
 year 1597. He appraised it at 5400 crowns. If a like collection 15«9; ,Br 
 were now valued at current market prices, the estimate would be ^cZ'ii'''"' 
 multiplied at least thirtyfold. In 1S58 the old Inventory of this ftmngers 
 Library was printed by the eminent antiquary, M. Le Roux de n. mi;*/ 
 
 LiNCT. letiu du 1 
 
 Of the books that were at Clermont many have been dispersed, xiii, pp. f 
 
 ^ me may be seen in the Library of St. Genevieve at Paris, and buIuiIT', 
 
 inc, I think, in English Libraries. The aggregate extent of the Oouqioms 
 
 .' lecn's Collection amounted to nearly ijOOO volumes.' voi.xd'tc.i 
 
 1 " 1 Catherine Parr, Q/x-m Consort of llmn/ nil , 
 ^ i:)i^. 
 
 Cambridge : — Chri»l church Co/ler/e Lifjrari/. [ MS. Correti/).] 
 I'.irt ..I the M.S. Correspondence of this last of the Tudor Queens 
 I Consort is now in the Library of Christ CMiurch College at Cam 
 briilire. 
 
[38] BOOK IF.— HISTORICAL 
 
 I 
 (182) John de Caulet, BisJtop of Grenoble, ^ 1772. ' 
 
 Grenoble : — Town Library. [^Printed Books.] 
 
 The townsfolk of Grenoble raised a public subscription for th( 
 purchase of this fine Collection at the price of about £200( 
 (45,000 livres). The Corporation of Advocates added to this publii 
 purchase their own Library, and the conjoined Collections wen 
 opened to the public in 1773. 
 
 (183) Oavendish Family. 
 Chats worth House {DerbtjsUre). 
 
 Part of the old Library and of the older Archives of the Cavek 
 DISHES is preserved in the noble seat of the Duke of Devonshire a 
 Chatsworth. 
 
 The Duke's Library is very rich in early English literature, an 
 part of its choicest treasures were acquired by William, sixth Duk( 
 There is a privately printed Catalogue, but it extends to only 
 portion of the Collection. 
 
 The illuminated MSS. are numerous. There are some of muc. 
 greater beauty, but not one of greater intrinsic and historical interes; 
 than the famous Bene diet ionale of St. Ethelwold, Bishop of Wii' 
 Chester (a.d. 970-984), and, as his contemporaries were wont 1 
 say, ' the Father of Monks.' It was written about the year 98( 
 contains 118 vellum leaves ; and its miniatures and borders surpai 
 in richness and in beauty those of the best Anglo-Saxon MSS. whi( 
 are elsewhere to be seen. In style they show peculiarities whit 
 indicate that the artist had studied the works both of Byzautij 
 and Romanesque illuminators. The MS. marks an epoch in tl 
 history of English art. 
 
 Here also is to be seen a Missal of King Hekrt YII, with L 
 autograph. It was a gift from the King to his daughter Maegaei 
 of Scotland, and from her to her daughter Margaret Douglas, tl, 
 mother of Daenlet, and the grandmother of Arabella Stuaet. ' 
 probably came to the Cavendishes through the marriage of tl' 
 fifth Earl of Lenox (the only surviving son of Margaret Dougla- 
 with Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of Sir William and founder 
 the family. 
 
 (184) William Cecil, Lord Burghleij, ^ 4 August, 159; 
 Hatfield House {Herts). [Part of MSS. and part of Librarv 
 London : — British Museum [Part of MSS.] ; and Rolls Hoii 
 
 [Part of MSS.] ' 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [Part of Printed Books.] 
 The very curious history of the famous Cecil Library and Cec^ 
 
 State Papers at Hatfield may be sufiiciently told in the foUowi," 
 
 extract from a recently published Life of Sir W. Ralegh : — 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [39] 
 
 " In^ril HuRiiHi,i:v l"i)rim'(l a considerable Colleetion of State 
 Papers at his Hertlbrdghire seat at Theobalds, and also a Library of 
 Ilooki*, both printed and manuscript ; bequeathing Iheni at his death, 
 togetlier with the Herttordshirc estate, to his second son Robert, 
 I afterwards Earl of S.vi.tsriky. When Salisbuby sold Tiieobalds 
 to Kinu .Tamks (receiving Hatfield in exeliange) he removed his 
 Colleotion to Ilatlidd. lie was very anxious about its ])erpetuation 
 as a heirloom ; nevertheless, in after years it siitVered much from 
 neglect 
 
 "Meanwhile, other portions of the vast CECiti Collections had 
 wandered far alield. "NVithin but a few years of the lifetime of Lord 
 BcBOiu.F.Y himself — if not, even, whilst he was yet alive — many of 
 his State Papers had passed into the hands of Sir Kobert Cotton. 
 Some of these suftered mutilation by the fire at Ashburnham House. 
 Others (after many hairbreadth escapes from destruction) came in 
 later days into the noble Collection gathered by Robert Harlet 
 and Edward IIaklet, Earls of Oxford. Another large series of 
 Cecil Pap<Ts remained (until his death) in the hands of Sir Michael 
 HiCKEs, who had been Secretary successively to Lord Burouley 
 and to Ijord Salishvry, and whose secretarial collections seem to 
 have included, impartially, original papers as well as copies ; for 
 which, indeed, he had too much precedent. Part of Hickes's 
 papers passed Bucces-sively into the hands of Strype, the his- 
 torian, and of James AVest, the well-known collector. This 
 portion was event tially purciia.sed by the first ^Marques.s of 
 La5.sdowne, and, in due time, became part of the great national 
 collection in the IJritish Museum (as the Cotton MSS. and the 
 HarUian MSS. had previously become). But some of the 'Cecil' 
 or ' Burghley Papers,' known to have been once in the hands of 
 John Strypk, are not now to be found amongst the Lansdowne 
 Manuscripts. Tliey have strayed into out-of-way places. Many, in 
 all probability, have been destroyed. A few found their way into 
 the Collection which was formerly one of the ornaments of Stowe, in 
 Bockinghamshire, and are now, I believe, in Lord AsuniRNiiAM's 
 Library in Sus.«ex. 
 
 " In like manner, during the bygone days of neglect at Hatfield, 
 predatory hands were laid on some of the papers which had formed 
 part of the old Theobai-ds Collection. Some such have passed, by 
 the ordinary chnnnels of commerce, into private Collections. A few 
 have paasea, occasionally, into the great national repository in Grreat 
 RuMell Strpct, and form part of different groups of documents, 
 Ta*" ' , lircd. Thus it is that the search for'CKcii. Papers' 
 
 f^-' irchcr's in<juirie8 not only to the Collections of the 
 
 J'-'» . . as well us to the vast Archives at the Rolls House, 
 
 and to the well-known, and more or less well-catalogued, Collections 
 oi Cotton MSS, JIarlrian JM'.S'.,and Laimhwne MSS. at the British 
 Muneuro, but a\no to a series less easily consulted, because only par- 
 tially ;^and badlyj catalogued, that which bears the designation 
 
[40] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 * Additional MSS.' in the same repository. It has also elianced tba^ 
 two volumes of transcripts, made in the lifetime of James, Earl ( 
 Salisbury (sixth of the Cecil Earls), have passed by donatio 
 into the same series; and of two or three of the papers containe 
 amongst those transcripts the originals are not now, it seems, t 
 be found at Hatfield." 
 
 A few of Lord Burghlet's papers are to be found, too, in tli 
 Bodleian Library at Oxford. These have been acquired, at varioi 
 times and from various sources, but their number is inconsiderable 
 
 By Eobert Cecil the Collection at Hatfield was largely increasecl 
 It still includes not only much of his own vast Correspondences i; 
 his successive or conjoined employments of Privy Councillor, Seerr 
 tary of State, INIaster of the Court of Wards, and Lord Hig 
 Treasurer of England, but also considerable Collections of papei 
 which formerly belonged to Eobert Deteeeux, Earl of Essex ; t 
 Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham ; and to Sir AValter Ealegh. 
 
 Soon after the accession to the Marquessate of the late Loi 
 Salisbury an unaccountable odour in one of the Library rooms ; 
 Hatfield, led to a search in the basement beneath. There a mass ■ 
 neglected and fast-rotting papers was found, which proved, on ex 
 mination, to include a series of State Papers of great value. Part 
 these were irrecoverably destroyed. Another and larger portic 
 Lord Salisbury caused to be carefully arranged and catalogued, ai 
 it is now not the least valuable section of the Collection at Ilatfielc 
 
 Of Lord Burghley's Printed and Manuscript Library part is, 
 believe, at Burghley House, in Northamptonshire. But part of 
 has been dispersed. Eor example, a MS. on vellum, containii 
 amongst other articles extracts from a MS. of Gtildas {Lib 
 S. Gildce de Gestis Aiiylorum), which once belonged to Lo: 
 Burghley, is now "■MS. Bibl. Imp. Par., 6235" (it was former 
 marked ''MS. Colb., 5337"). Another MS. on vellum of the 15, 
 century, containing the Encomium Emmce, which also belonged 
 Lord Burghley, is in the same volume. It came to the Imperi 
 Library with the Colbert MSS., was formerly numbered 5337, ai' 
 is now No. 6235. 
 
 The MS. of the Imperial Library at Paris numbered '4126' w 
 also formerly in the Library of Lord Burghley. It contains 
 collection of pieces relating chiefly to British History made 
 Eobert de Poppleton of York. Amongst them are works, or pc 
 tions of works, by Giraldus Cambrensis, Geoffrey of Moumout 
 Alfred of Beverley, Henry of Huntingdon, and Ralph Higdek. 
 
 (185) Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbiiri/, ^ 24 May, 161 
 [See No. 184 — William Ckcil, Lord Burghley^^ 
 
NOTICES <»F C'OI.LKCTORS. [11] 
 
 (18(>) Hrowiilow Cecil, Niiitli h\trl of Edwler, ^ \1:\\). 
 
 liOndOn : — UrUish Musemn. [CoUrction of Drawinffs.] 
 
 The 9tli Earl of Exetku gave a line Collectii)ii of Di-awirigs to the 
 Trustees of the British Museum. 
 
 (187) Conrad Celtes,' ^ 3 February, 1508. 
 
 Vienna t — imperial Libraru. [ MSS. and Pj-intcd Boohs.'] 
 
 The Library of Celtks was puntVi ase d for the Imperial Library 
 of Vienna i n ( no I believ e) the vear of his death, i^-,^ fo /Kc ^^-n^i^o^^t/^ »U 
 
 (188) Muimcl do Cenaculo, Archljhhop of Evora, 
 ^ . . . 
 £yOrE: — Public Library. [^Printed Books.] 
 The Archbishop of Evora be(|ueathe(l his Library to his townsmen. 
 
 (isu) Sir Hoi)ort Chambers, ^ o May, ibO.s. 
 
 Perlin : — Royal Library. 
 
 Sir Robert C'n.\MnK.R8 was for many years Chief Justice of 
 Ik>ngal, and his rich Library was chiefly formed in India, at a very 
 large expense. It was purchased from his executors by tlie King of 
 Prussia at the instance of Bl xsen. 
 
 (190) Charles, Dukr <,/ /ArnhrUck. 
 
 Bamberg '.— Royal Library. 
 
 The I.il)rary of Duke Chaulks uf Zwcibriick wa.s given to Bam- 
 >erg in the year ISOS. 
 
 191) .Icnii Charlier de Gerson, ^ \-l July, i i:^'9. 
 
 Avignon: T<,vn Library. MS.'^. 
 
 I'art of the Library of thi.s famous Churchman of the 14th and 
 I5lh centuries is preserved in that of the Town of Avignon; but I 
 im unable to state in what way the Collection came to tiie Munici- 
 jality. 
 
 (192) Francis Cherry, *it 17:29? 
 
 Oxford '.—R'xlleian Library. [MSS. \ 
 
 Dr. Cnr.iiRv's MSS. were given bv liiswldnu fu the T'nivcrsity of 
 Oxford in the yenr 1729. 
 
[42] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (193) Gabriel Chiabrera, ^ 14 October, 1637. 
 
 Rome -.—Barberini. [_MSS.'] 
 
 The autograph MSS. of Chiabrera are preserved in theBarberit 
 Library. 
 
 (194) Christina, Qmen of Sweden, ^ 16S9. 
 
 Rome : — J^atica a Library. [^Part of MSS.'] Alexandria Librar 
 [Printed Boofcs.] 
 
 Montpellier : — Library/ of the Fabre Museum. [Part of MSS 
 
 Part of the fine Library of Queen Christina, and more especial! 
 of its MSS., came into the bands of Azzolini, and was by hi 
 bequeathed to the Vatican. Most of the printed books were pu 
 chased by Pope Alexander VII and given to the Library which 
 called after him, the Alexandrian Library. A portion of Christina 
 MS. Correspondence came to the town of Montpellier, havit 
 formed part of the ' Alfieri Collection ' bequeathed by Fabhe \ 
 that community. : 
 
 (195) John CllUrcllill, D/^/ce of Marlhorougli, 
 
 ^ 16 June, 17.2.2'. 
 Blenheim Palace {Oxfordshire). 
 
 There is at Blenheim a very extensive collection of the C( 
 respondence of the Great Duke of Marlborough, but it is not in t 
 best conceivable state of arrangement. Nor is there any adequa 
 Catalogue of it. It comprises both the Duke's correspondence as stati 
 man and his despatches as the Generalissimo of the Allied Armi( 
 There is also a remarkable series of military plans, and others, illust; 
 tive of the campaigns. Twenty-eight other volumes of original lett( 
 books were discovered, in the year 1842, in the old Manor House 
 Kensington, near Blenheim, where they had laid entombed for mc. 
 than a century. 
 
 (196) John Riitter CllOrley, ^ 29 June, 1867. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Part of a rich and choice Collection of Spanish Plays was given 
 Mr. Chorlet, in his lifetime, to the Library of the British Museu 
 and a large addition to it was made in 1867 by Will. 
 
 (197) Leopold, Coiait CiCOgnara, ^ 5 March, 18341 
 
 Rome '. — Vatican. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Count Cicognara's choice Library — eminently rich in the lite 
 ture of the arts and in fine illustrated books — was purchased for 
 Vatican by Pope Gregory XVI. 
 
) 
 
 NOTICES OF COLLECTOES. [43] 
 
 1 1 Os'* George Clarke, A r.z. >i* . . . 
 
 Oxford : — Pembroke CoUei/e I/ihranj. 
 
 Dr. Ci.akilE gave his Library to Pembroke College. 
 
 (199) John Classen, ^ . . . 
 
 Copenhag'eil : — Classen's Liiranj. '^Printed Books.] 
 Classen's becjuest of the Library at Copenhageu which bears his 
 ame was made in the last century, but the precise date is not 
 ccorded in the oflicial returns of its cliaracter and extent. The 
 ollection is eminently rich in works on the Natural Sciences, and 
 Iso in books of travel and treatises on geography. There are also 
 lauy technological books. 
 
 (200) .luljii Claymond, First President of Corpus 
 
 Christiy Oxford, ^ l.j.")?. 
 Oxford '.— Corpus Christi Coll. Lib. [MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 Dr. Clatmoxd's Collections of MSS. and printed books were 
 iven to Corpus Library by his Will. They include many classics, 
 B well a« works on theology and philosophy. 
 
 (201 Clement XI, [John Francis Alb.\ni], 
 ^ 19 March, 1721. 
 
 UrbinO : — I'nirersittj Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Collection given to Urbino by Pope Clkmext XI (in 1720) 
 as at first placed in the Franciscan Monastery at Urbino, and 
 [>out the year 1800 was convert etl into a Lyceum Library. ]t 
 as restored to the University in the year 1826. 
 
 (202) M Clement, ^ I7i-.'? 
 
 Paris :— Imperial Library . [ Prin ts. ] 
 
 A Collection of Engraved Portraits was bequeathed by M. 
 l£mkvt to the then Koyal Library at I'aris in 1712. 
 
 03) George Clinton, I'irst Governor of the State of 
 S'u: York, ^ 20 April, 1SI2. 
 
 New York -—State Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The Dapom of Governor Clinton were purchased by the Govern- 
 ent of New York State in the year IH'i'.i. 
 
[14] BOOK //'.—HISTORICAL 
 
 (204) Thomas Cobham, Bishop of Worcester, 
 ^ August, 1327. 
 
 Oxford: — Oriel College Library. 
 
 Bishop Cobham's MSS. were procured for the Library which s 11 
 possesses a portion of them — in a somewhat lawless way. He ;- 
 queathed them in these terms : — " For the use of the LTuiversitjDf 
 Oxford, in case my debts and my funeral expenses cau be paid w i- 
 out the sale of such books aforesaid." The executors declared tit 
 the estate was insufficient, and sold the MSS. to Adam of Bromhii. 
 Adam of Bromham, it seems, desired to give the MSS. to the Li- 
 versity, and so to carry out their Collector's original intention. |it 
 a party of scholars, says the Chronicler, laid violent hands upon le 
 books and carried them to Oi'iel. 
 
 (205) Christopher Codrington, ^ 7 April, 1710 
 
 Oxford : — Library of All Souls' Collec/e. [^Printed Books. 
 
 This munificent benefactor of Oxford was a native of Barbad s. 
 He had been educated at Christ Church, and became a Fello'iof 
 All Souls iu 16S9. He was afterwards Captain- General of the ]le- 
 ward Islands, and was present at the attack on Gruadaloupe ia 1'3. 
 He died iu the AVest Indies, where a considerable portion of hisfe 
 had been spent ; but, with a grateful memory of the place whenc le 
 had derived the culture and the tastes which had sweetened the voin- 
 tary exile of colonial service, he bequeathed a fine Library a; a 
 liberal endowment fund to All Souls' College. Its Library is amo|St 
 the most attractive of the Collegiate Collections in Oxford. j 
 
 (206) Henry Charles de Camboust, Duke of Ooislin Sfi 
 Bishoj) ofMetz, ^ 1732. 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [MSS.] 
 
 A remnant of the choice MS. Collections of Coislin is no in 
 the Imperial Library at Paris. ; 
 
 (207) Sir Edward Coke, Z.C.J, ^ 3 September, 161 
 
 London: — Sion College Library. [3ISS., ^•c.'] ' 
 
 Lord Coke's Juridical Collections were, in part, seized afte:iis 
 death by warrant of Privy Council. They were restored, or part Hy 
 restored, to his heir, Sir Eobert Coke, by order of tlie Hou ot 
 Commons, in 1611. And Sir R. Coke's Library passed to his ne]i3vv 
 the Earl of Berkeley by his last Will. Sir R. Coke became ps- 
 sessor of some of George Herbert's MSS. (by his marriage tli 
 George Herbert's widow), but these, it is believed, were destr e(I 
 at Highmore during the Civil Wars. Lord Berkeley gave Cc^ ^ 
 Library to Sion College in the year 1682. [See, also, No. 208., 
 
XOrie'KS OV rOLLKCTOHS. [45] 
 
 f::?08^ Tlionias Ooke, />«^/ of Leicrs/er, 
 *iH 17:)9. 
 
 Holkham House (A0//0M). 
 
 Tliis fiiu" roHtrtioii— very rieli in ^MSS., both of History and 
 iU>rnturc — was (.-hiitly {^atlu'rcd in Italy, early in the eighteenth 
 eiitury. Of tlie MSS. tliere is an excellent Catalogue (in J\IS.), 
 rhich was eompileil by William lloscoK (the historian of Lorenzo) 
 lid by Sir. F. Madden. Part of Sir Edward Coke's pajjcrs are 
 loo here. 
 
 (209) John Ikptist Colbert, *i* (') September, 1083. 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Lihrurtj. [W^>'.J 
 
 Colbebt's MSS. were purchased for the now Tmperial Librarv by ^joumGcn. 
 rtler of Lkwis XIV. liut some of his MSS. have been sold to" the ^ImJ^^,';^ 
 ni|)eriftl Library as recently as in 18G0.' A very large proportion of vol. xxu, p! 
 olbekt's tine printed Library has come to England piecemeal. 
 CoLBEBT books' have always been objects of very careful attention 
 3 rich English collectors when tln-y have occurred in the Paris 
 lies. 
 
 (211) Robert Cole, ^ - . . 
 
 London : — British Miisrum Librari/. [Priitt.t.] 
 
 A Collection of Prints illustrative of London Topography was 
 fcently bequeathed to the British ^Museum by this Collector. 
 
 10) Henry Thoma.^ ColebrOOke, *i* l<> .Mireh. 1837. 
 
 JjQji^Ojl ;— India Office Lthranj. MSS.\ 
 
 The Oriental MSS. which had been collected by this eminent 
 liilolopist were bequeathed to the Honorable East India Company. 
 Tith the other collections of the Library formerly at the India 
 [ouse, they have been removed to Wi'.stiiiinstcr. 
 
 (212) . . . Colfe, ^ . . . 
 
 Lewisham (Kent) -.—parochial Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 Mr Coi.KK bequeathed his Library to the Parish of Lowisliam. 
 ; is DOW attached to the Grammar School. 
 
 (213) Christoph.r Columbus, ^ '10 May, 1500; 
 •nd Fenliiiaiul Columbus, *^ "^ July, 1539. 
 
 Seville '.—Columbian Lihrunj. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 A prvcioun remnant of the Library of Columbl's — such a rem- 
 
 uit aa Spanish moths and Spanish monks have allowed to escape 
 
[46] BOOK IF.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 destruction — is still to be seen at Seville, The Collection was be- 
 queathed to the Town of Seville by the descendant of Columbus 
 together with the Library which he had himself formed. 
 
 (214) Henry CorQDton, Bishop of London, 
 ^ 7 July, 1713. 
 
 London : — Library of St. Paul's Cathedral. [Printed Books.] : 
 
 Bishop CoMPTON bequeathed his valuable Collection of printec 
 books to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. It still forms tb 
 chief portion of the Cathedral Library. 
 
 (215) James Contarini, ^ 1695. 
 
 Venice : — St. Mark's Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of Contarini was bequeathed to St. Mark's in 1695| 
 
 (216) Nicholas Contarini, ^ 1849 ? 
 
 Venice : — Library of the Correr Museum. [Printed Books.] 
 
 N. Contarini bequeathed to the Municipality of Venice, byWil 
 dated in 1849, a Collection of books (together with a cousiderabk 
 Museum of Natural History) as an augmentation to the Corre 
 Museum. The Contarini Collection is especially rich in the literatur 
 of Ornithology and Entomology. 
 
 (217) Charles Piirtoii Cooper. 
 
 London : — Lincoln's Inn. [Printed Books.] 
 Part of the Library formed by Mr. C. P. Cooper (Secretary t 
 Lord Brougham's Commission on the Public Records) was given t 
 the Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn, of which he is a Bencher, i 
 the year 1838. Some historical and archaeological books from th 
 same Library were also given to the British Museum. 
 
 Ti'^''#'i~i8) Eugene Coquebert de Montbret, 
 
 .j^ "^/-J' Rouen : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 ffi-^^^ The extensive and valuable Library of Coquebert was bequeathe, 
 
 r^i to Eouen. It contains (according to Gustave Brunei) uearl 
 
 60,000 volumes of printed books. 
 
 (219) John Cosin, Bi^^hop of Barham, ^ 15 Jan., 167;: 
 
 Durham: — Cosin s Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Cambridge : — Peter-House Library. [Printed Books and MSS\] 
 Bishop Cosin had gathered a fine Library, with the greater pai 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [47] 
 
 if which he founded a Public Collection for Durham. Part lie <^ave 
 
 Peter-llouse. lie was also a benefactor to the old Cathedral 
 library of Durham. 
 
 (220) Solomon ila Costa, ^ • • . 
 
 1 London : — British Museum Lihranj. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 I For an account of the books given to the Trustees of the British 
 [•luseum by D.v Costa I refer the reader (as in other like cases) to 
 
 icetofihe Founders and Benefactors of the British Museum, Book 
 
 [, c 1. 
 
 (221) . . . Coste, ^ 1853. 
 
 Lyons : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 A rich and curious Collection — chiefly illustrative of the History 
 ad Archjeology of Lyons — was bequeathed to the Municipality of 
 at City by M. Coste in IS53. 
 
 (222) Theodore Correr, ^ 1830. 
 
 Venice : — Library of the Correr Museum. [MSS. and Printed 
 iooki. 
 
 »HRER bequeathed to the iSIunicipality of Venice, for the per- n-^\-,':''''."'V 
 
 etual use of his fellow-townsmen, a Collection which appears to have </« jiuseiinn 
 
 xceeded 10,000volumesof printed books, and whic-h was pre-eminently ^^^f"" '.'^J^^' 
 
 eh in the Literature of Venetian History. According to Neigebaur pfeum.xix.pp. 
 
 n an account of the Correr Museum, drawn up in 1858),' the MSS. 275,8eqq.). 
 re nearly 3000 in number, and relate almost exclusively to Venice. 
 
 (223) Sir Robert Hrure Cotton, ^ May, 1(131. 
 
 London: — British Museum. [MSS.] 
 
 The reader is again referred to Lives of the Founders, &c., Book I, 
 
 1, aa above, for an account of the Cottonian Library. 
 
 !24) J. H. P. JuMKN (Ic Courcelles, ^ 24 July, 1 S34. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [MS. Charters.] 
 P&rifl : — Imperial Library, [MS. Charters.] 
 
 A portion of the Collection of Charters foriued by ^L de Couu- 
 r:LLEH was bought hy the Trustees of the British Museum. The 
 mainder, I believe, i8 preserved in the Imperial Library. 
 
 ►25) .Anthony Court de Gebelin, ^ lO Wny, 17^4. 
 
 Geneva : — Tuun LHjrury. iMSS. J 
 
[48] BOOK IF. — HISTORICAL 
 
 (226) AViUiam Courten, ^ 26 March, 1702. 
 
 London! — British Museum. \^Farious Collections.^^ 
 
 The Collections of AVilliam Couetek — both literary and scientific — 
 formed the groundwork of those of Sir Hans Sloane, so that 
 CoDETEN became, in the event and virtually, a main Founder of 
 the British Museum. 
 
 [See Lives of Founders and Benefactors, &c., Book T. c. 5.] 
 
 (227) M. Cousin {President of Parliament), >b . . . 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [^Remnant of Printed Bootes andMSS.] 
 
 Part of the Library of President Cousin was bequeathed to the 
 Public Library of the Abbey of St. Victor, and was partially dispersed 
 at the time of the first Revolution. 
 
 (228) Victor Cousin, ^ February, 1867. 
 
 Paris : — Library of ttie University of France. \_MSS. and Printed 
 Books. ^ 
 
 Cousin bequeathed to the Sorbonne a choice Library of 14,000 
 volumes and upwards, together with all his MSS. and MS. Collectious, 
 and with an endowment fund equal to the provision of about £400 
 a year for maintenance and augmentation. The bequest was in these 
 words: — "I bequeath to the Sorbonne my best work — my Library." 
 
 (229) William Oowper, ^ -Ih April, 1800. 
 
 London : — British. Museum Library. 
 
 Part of the Correspondence of Cowpee was purchased by the 
 Trustees of the British Museum in 1863. 
 
 (230) John Coxe, of Lincoln's Inn, ^ . . . . 
 
 London : — Lincoln's Inn. [Library.^ 
 
 Mr. Coxe's Library — chiefly on Law — was bequeathed to Lincoln's 
 Inn, to which the Collector belonged. 
 
 (231) William COXG, ^ 15 June, 1828. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [3ISS.'] 
 
 The MS. Collections of Archdeacon Coxe are now in the British 
 Museum. 
 
 (232) Clayton Mordaunt Oracherode, *i* 1799. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Printed Bootes. '] 
 
 [See Lives of Founders and Benefactors, &c., Book II, c. 4.] j 
 
NDTU'HS UF COLLECTORS. [49] 
 
 •y.V.]) 'riiomiis Cranmer, Ardibisliop of Canfrr/ji/n/, 
 ^ :Jl March, 15o(). 
 
 London: — British Museum Librartf. [Part o/ MSS.] 
 
 Hatfield House. [Part o/MSS.] 
 
 '\irt of the MS. Collections of Arch bishop Cranmer was pur- 
 .1 tor the old Royal Library, and is now included in the Library 
 . :ue British Museum. Another portion of them is at llattield. 
 
 (234) Andrew Cranstoun, ^ 170S? 
 
 Rei^ate (Surrei/) -. — Parochial Librari/. 
 
 Cuanstoun's Library was given to the parisliiouers of Reigate ia 
 
 TdS. 
 
 (2:35) Peter CraSSO, Bishop of Viterbo, ^ 1538. 
 
 Naples I — Public Library. [Printed Booh and MSS.'] 
 
 The Library of Peter, Bishop of Viterbo, was acquired by Cuaeles 
 .'. King of Naples ; apparently in the year of the Collector's death. 
 now forms part of the Public Library of Naples. 
 
 (236) Tliomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 
 »i< 2b July, 1540. 
 London \—RoU» House. [MSS.] 
 
 Part of the ^LS. Collections of Thomas Cromwell were confiscated 
 ti the Crown at his death, and were preserved, as ])arcel of the 
 liblic Records of the Realm, first at Whitehall, and afterwards in the 
 dapter House at Westminster. Another portion came (probably) 
 f m the earliest Collection of 'State Papers,' — as distinguished from 
 t) Records of Chancery and E.\chequer — that contained in the 
 *|aper Office ' established by order of King Heney VIII. 
 
 (237) William Croune, ^ 2 October, 1084. 
 
 London : — Librari/ of the Cut I eye of Physicians. [Medical Books.] 
 Oambridge : — Emanuel Colleye Library. [Rest of Books.] 
 I'he Medical part of Dr. Ceolne's Library was bequeathed to the 
 Qlege of Physicians, and the rest of it to Cambridge. 
 
 ■im Ralph Cudworth, DT)., ^ 2C. .lime, 1088. 
 
 IfOndon: — Bnti.ih Museum Librury. [MSS.] 
 
 t SI- MS.S. became the property of CuuwoRTii's only surviving 
 usighter and child, Damaris, Lady ALvsham, and remained until 
 a^ut 17G2 at Gates, in Essex, when the then Lord Masham ' weeded' 
 
[50] BOOK /r.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 his Library of Cudworth's MSS. and of Locke's printed books 
 which had also come to the Mashams by bequest. After many inter 
 vening adventures, the MSS. of Cudwoeth were purchased for th^ 
 Museum in 1777. 
 
 (239) William Oureton, D.D., ^ 17 June, 1864. 
 
 London '.—-British Museum Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The Oriental MS. Collections of Dr. Ctjreton — a scholar whos 
 eminent services to Syriac literature in particular will long preser^ 
 his honourable memory in other and remote countries, as well as i 
 his own — were purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum froi 
 his Executors. 
 
 [See Lives of Founders, &c., Book III, c. 4.] 
 
 (240) Caelius Secundus CuriO, ^ 24 November, 1569 
 and Augustine Curio, ^ 1616? 
 
 Wolfenbuettel : — Ducal Library. [MSS. and Printed Booh 
 The conjoined Collections of these two scholars (father ai 
 
 son) were acquired for the Wolfenbuettel Library by purchase 
 
 1616. 
 
 (241) Nicholas de Cusa, Cardinal, >i< 1464. 
 
 Cusa : — Hospital Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 Cardinal Nicholas's Library was bequeathed by the Collector 
 the town from whence he derived the name by which he is mostcc 
 monly known. What is still to be seen at Cusa is, perhaps, bui- 
 remnant of the original Collection. 
 
 (242) John Cuspinian, >b 1529. 
 
 Vienna : — imperial Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] \ 
 
 Part of the Library of this eminent sixteenth-century CoUec p 
 was purchased by order of the Emperor Charles V., for the Imj'- 
 rial Library of Vienna, after Cuspustian's death. I 
 
 1 
 (243) Pritice Adam Czartoriski, ^15 July, 186; 
 
 St. Petersburg!! : — imperial Library. [Printed Books.] I 
 A Collection of 7728 volumes, formed at Pulawy, was seized duri? 
 
 the Polish Insurrection of 1830, and conveyed to St. Petersbu b 
 
 {more Russico). 
 
NOTICES OF COLLHCTOKS. [51] 
 
 (244) John Daille, *i* 15 April, 1070, aud 
 Adrian Daille, *i^ May, 1090. 
 
 Zurich : — PuLUc Ltbranj. IMSS.] 
 
 The MSS. of the two Dailles are preserved in the Public Library 
 at Zurich ; probably in pursuance of a bequest by the Survivor. 
 
 (245) John von Dalberg, Bishop of IFonm, ^ 1503. 
 
 Home : — ratican Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 The Library of Bishop John von Dalbeiig is in part preserved at 
 the Vatican, notwithstandinc; (as I believe) the recent, but partial, 
 restoration to Heidelberg. It was originally a bequest to the famous 
 Palatine Library, and formed part of Tilly's plunder. 
 
 (24G) Charles von Dalberg, Archbishop of Ratisbon, 
 
 ►I* 111 IVhruary, IS 17. 
 Aschaffenburgh : — Public Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Linrary of Charles von Dalberg was given by the Collector 
 to AscbatFenburgh. 
 
 (247) Alexander Dalrymple, ^ 1*.' .Tune, 180S. 
 
 London : — Admiralty Library. 
 
 The Geographical and Hydrographic Library of Daliitmple — 
 famous for his acquirements in those departments of Science — were 
 purchased by order of the Lords of the Admiralty for the public 
 Berrice of their office. 
 
 (248) Peter Daniel, *i< 1003. 
 
 Home: — Vatican Library. [MSS.] 
 
 I Part of the MSS. of Father Daniel were purchased for the Vatican 
 liibrarv. Another portion is, as I believe, in the Imperial Library 
 |it Paris. 
 
 (2H)) 1). !•:. Davy, ^ . • . 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. ^MSS.] 
 
 MS. Collections for the History of Suflblk — of considerable ei- 
 ent and value — were formed by Mr. Daw, with a view to a topo- 
 [raphical work which he did not accomplish. They were purchased 
 >y the Trustees of the British Museum m the year 1852. 
 
[52] BOOK IF. — HISTOEICAL 
 
 (250) John Dee, ^ 1608. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [_MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 Part of the Library of this celebrated man was purchased, long 
 after his death, for the aiigmentatiou of the Collection of the British 
 Museum. Other portions were scattered within his own lifetime. 
 Dee — half scholar and half visionary dreamer as he was — has told 
 the story, in characteristic fashion, in his most curious Autobio- 
 
 (251) Charles Deichmann, >h 17S0. 
 
 Christiana : — Public Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Deichma^x's Library was bequeathed to Christiana. 
 
 (252) Christian Henry Delius, ^ 14S0. 
 
 W^ernigerode : — Stolbery Library. [Printed Books and Maps. 
 
 The Library and Map Collections of Delius are now in the ' Sto 
 berg Library ' at Wernigerode. 
 
 (253) Count Paul Demidofi*. 
 
 Moscow ; — Library of the Bemidoff Museum. [Printed Books. 
 
 The Library of Count Demidoff forms part of the ' Demidq] 
 Museum,' at Moscow, by gift of the Collector. 
 
 (254) JohnDes Cordes, ^ 1642. 
 
 Paris *. — Mazarine Library. [Part of Printed Books and MSS 
 
 The Library of Des Cokbes (the Catalogue of which is one of t 
 earliest of ' model Catalogues ') was purchased by Gabriel NArnE ■ 
 Cardinal Mazaeij^". It formed the groundwork of the first of i 
 Mazaein Public Libraries, and was, therefore, scattered during i 
 Civil Wars ; but part of its contents was recovered by the Cardii 
 and placed in the second and still-existing Collection. 
 
 (255) Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, >^ 25 ]Feb.,16( • 
 
 London : — liolh House. Hatfield : — Lord Salisbury's Libra ■ 
 Blithteld:— Lord Baffot's Library. Hulton. [MSS.] 
 Part of the Correspondence of this famous statesman and rol 
 ' favourite' is preserved amongst the Cecil Collections at Hatfi^'l- 
 (See No. 182.) Other portions are in the Private Library of Ld 
 Bagot at Blithfield, and in that of Mr. Hi'ltox, of Hulton. S( e 
 letters, again, are in the State Paper Department of the Gen u 
 Eecord Office; and I think I have seen some in the MS. Collec 'Q 
 at Lambeth Palace. The bulk of the series, however, is at Hatfij; 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [^3] 
 
 and so undiscriminatini;; was tho confiscation of Lord Essex's papers 
 that some of the most private and most jjersonal correspondence of 
 
 I Lady Kicii shared the fate of her brother's Documents on State 
 
 I Alfairs. 
 
 I (250) Sir Symoiuls D'EwGS, ^ IS April, 1050. 
 
 JjOHdOB.', — i^i'ifi^fi ^t"Sf»ni Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The extensive MS. Collections of Sir Symonds D'Ewes, together 
 with his Autograph MSS., Diaries, and Correspondence, were pur- 
 j chased by the Earl of Oxkoiu). and now form part of the Haeleian 
 I MSS. in'the Briti.sh Museum. 
 
 (257) CW/// Dezialynski, *i* . . . 
 
 Posen : — Dezialynski Lihranj. J'rinted Boo/cs.] 
 The Library of Count Dezialtnski was given to Posen by the 
 Collector. 
 
 (25s) Drills Diderot, *b .0 July, 17S4. 
 
 The Hermitage i'lear Sf. Vctersburyh) : — Imperial Library. 
 [PrinUJ Books.] 
 
 Diderot's Librarj' was purchased by the Empress Catherine of 
 Kuiisia, in the year .... The Parisian wits said, at the time, that 
 DiDEBOT wore his legs nearly to the bone in running about from 
 stall to stall on the quays of Paris, in order to collect the Library 
 which the Empress had agreed to purchase from hiui. 
 
 (259) Count Christian Kiiiaiiiul Diez and Liesberg, 
 
 ^ 1003? 
 
 Marburgh : — University Library. 
 
 The Library of the Count of DiEZ and Liesbeiio is preserved in 
 the existing Collection of the University of Marburgh. 
 
 (260) Henry yredurick von Diez, *h ■ . . 
 
 Berlin : — lioyal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Von DiEz's Collection was purchased for the Royal Library of 
 Berlin. 
 
 (201) .1. M. DiDierr, ^ looi). 
 
 Nuremberg :—7'o«;« Library. [Piinted Books.] 
 
 DlLiiEuu bequeathed his Library to the Town of Nuremberg in 
 
[54] BOOK /F— HISTOKICAL 
 
 (262) John James DiUeniuS, *i* 2 April, 1747. 
 
 Oxford: — Library/ of the Botanical Garden. 
 The Botanical Library of Dillenitjs is preserved in that at 
 Oxford, attached to the Botanic Garden of the University. 
 
 (263) Paul Dionisi, ^ 1450? 
 
 Verona : — Chapter Libranj. [MSS-I 
 
 DioKisi's Classical and other MSS. were bequeathed to th( 
 Chapter Library of Verona in 1450. 
 
 (264) Lambert Distelmeyer, ^ 1615? 
 
 Halle -.—Church Library of St. Mart/. [Printed Booh and MSS. 
 
 The Library of Canon Distelmeyer, v^'hich comprised about 330i 
 volumes, was purchased for the Halle Church Collection in the yea 
 1615. 
 
 (265) John Dobrowski, >I< . . . 
 
 Prague : — Library of the National Museum. [Printed Books.'] I 
 
 DoBEOWSKi's Library was given by the Collector to the NatioDii 
 Museum of Prague in the year 1830. It is rich in works relating t) 
 Bohemia. ! 
 
 (266) Roger DodSWOrth, »i< 1654. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The important Historical MSS. of Dodswoeth were saved fro 
 destruction, during the wars of King and Parliament, by the exe 
 tions of Thomas, Lord Paief AX, by whom they were given to Oxfor 
 
 Their preservation from spoliation by ' Eoundhead ' violence h 
 done something more than hand down to posterity monuments 
 archaeology which otherwise had perished. It has secured for t 
 Collector's memory that honourable and chief share in the concepti 
 and real authorship of ' Monasticon Anylicamim,' of the credit of wlii 
 Sir William Dugdale's clever manipulations of the title-pages 
 long deprived him. 
 
 The recognition that iJoger Dodswoetu really originated oue 
 our few very grand and national Avorks on Archaeology has be 
 tardy, and yet in time for ultimate justice to the memory of a vt 
 worthy man. 
 
 (267) Prince Dolgorouki, ^ . • . 
 
 St. Peter Sburgh :— Imperial Library. 
 
 The Oriental MSS. collected, during many years of research, y 
 Prince Dolgorouki, are now preserved in the Imperial Library t 
 St. Petersburgh. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [55] 
 
 I (268) Francis Douce, '^ 30 March, 1844. 
 
 Oxford: — Bjdleian Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 I The large and most choice Library of a true book-lover — one who 
 lultimately, thouj^jh soniewliat late in life, united the genuine tastes of 
 the refineii collector with the ample means of the monied man — was 
 bequeathed to the L'uiversity of Oxford, immediately after the Col- 
 lector's return from a visit to old ' Bodley (in company with Isaac 
 d'Israkli), aud under the influence of a strong feeling of obligation 
 |for the cordial reception which had been given to the two anti- 
 quarians, during their visit, by the then librarian, Dr. Bandixel. 
 
 (209) Zor</ George Douglas, ^ 1094? 
 
 Edinburgh : — Advocates' Library. 
 
 AVilliam. Duke of QcEEXSBERitr, was the inheritor of the Library 
 which had been gathered by Lord George Douglas, and by him it 
 was given to the Faculty of Advocates of Edinburgh, in 1695. 
 
 (270) Henry Dreyer, "^ JS17?. 
 
 I<ub6Ck ! — Totcn Library. [Printed Books. '\ 
 
 Part of the Library which had been collected by Dretee ia now 
 prwen-ed in the Town Library at Lubeck, apparently in virtue of a 
 bequettt [r]. 
 
 (271) William Druniinond, <>f Uairthornden, 
 ^ \ Direiiiber, KiJO. 
 
 Edinburgh: — I'nirerxity Library. [Part of Library.'] 
 
 Part of the Library of Dkcmmonu of Hawthorndeu is now in the 
 Collection of the University of Edinburgh by Dhcmmond's bequest. 
 Some of hi.s MS.S. have been scattered, if not lost. A few are in the 
 Adrocatea' Library in the same city. 
 
 (272) 11 CD IV Du BoUChet, Lord of BounionvUle, 
 '^ 2:3 Ai)ril, 100 2. 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. [Remnant of Du Bouchet's Collection.] 
 
 Du BoicHET ia one of the earliest among the l-^ounders of Free 
 Tow5 Libraries. He gave to the monks of St. Victor, near Paris, 
 a fine collection, comprising about 7500 volumes, on express condi- 
 tion that they should maintain the collection as a library ' freely 
 • '.Hible to the public' of Paris. The monks managed the Library 
 a lilwmlity worthy of their Hcncdictiiic Order. During the; 
 Revolution the luobocracy of the day turned it out of window 
 [into the street. Only a small remnant of it has been preserved. 
 
[56] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (273) Andrew Coltee Ducarel, ^ 29 May, 1785. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. 
 
 Part of the Library of Dr. Dtjcaeel — wliicli was rich in Collec 
 tions of a Topographical and Archaeological sort — was acquired b 
 Richard Gough, and ultimately formed a valuable portion of hi 
 bequest to Bodlet's Library at Oxford. 
 
 (274) Andrew Du Ohesne, >h 30 May, 1640. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The MS. Collections of this famous French Antiquary and Hi; 
 torian are in the Frencli Imperial Library. 
 
 (275) Charles Dufresne Du Cange, ^ 1688. 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [^MSS.~\ j 
 
 Duebesne's valuable MSS. on French History have been acquis' 
 by the Imperial Library piecemeal — by a series of purchases. 
 
 (276) Sw William Dugdale, 10 February, 1686. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [MSS.I 
 
 Dugdale bequeathed both his extensive MS. Collections, and Ij 
 own Autograph MSS. and Correspondence, to the University [ 
 Oxford in 1686. i 
 
 i 
 
 (277) James Duport, D.D., ^ 17 July, 1679. i 
 
 Cambridge : — Trinity College Library. 
 
 Duport's Library was bequeathed to Trinity College by t 
 Collector, 
 
 (278) Peter Dupuy, ^ 1651. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. \^MSS.'] 
 
 The rich and varied Historical MSS. of Peter Duput descended ) 
 his brother and fellow-antiquarian, John, and by him were bequeatl 1 
 — together with his own Collection — to the then Eoyal Library t 
 Paris. 
 
 (279) John Dupuy, ^ 1656. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 [See No. 278.] 
 
 (280) Cardinal Durini, ^ . . . 
 
 Milan : — Brera Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 DuuiNi's Library came to the Brera by bequest. i 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [57] 
 
 (:isl) Lewis Dutens, *h -2'^ May, Is 1:2. 
 
 London : — Itoi/al institution Libranj. 
 
 A lar::e Colloi'tion of Printed Tracts formed by Lewis Dctens — 
 once well known as a traveller and miscellaneous writer — was given 
 bj the Colleetor to the lloyal Institution of Great Britain soon after 
 iU foundation. 
 
 E. 
 
 (2^-2) ChristoplKT Dniiifl Ebeling, *h 1S17. 
 
 C&mbrid^e (Massac/iusetts) : — Harvard College Library. 
 [PrinteJ liuvks and Charts,] 
 
 Ebelikg was a native of Hamburgh, but his Collection was 
 famous in his day — not, indeed, for its size, but for intrinsic value — 
 as an American, not a German Collection. It contained, in all pro- 
 bability, the best series of works on the History of America (in all 
 bmnche*i) that had ever been formed up to the beginning of the i)re- 
 sent century. Israel Thoundike, of Boston, ]nirchased it, in 1S18, 
 for the purpose of presenting it to Harvard College, where it is now 
 preserved. It amounts to 32<K) volume.^, and there is, in addition, a 
 Collection of nearly 10,1)00 Maps and Charts, chiefly relating to 
 America. 
 
 (2^3) Frederick A. Ebert, *b ■ ■ • 
 
 Dresden : — Royal Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 Ebebt's MSS. were acquired by the Royal Public Library of 
 Saxony. His printed books appear to have been dispersed. 
 
 '2^\) Krasmus Ebner, ^ \'ul. 
 
 Nuremberg: — Town Library. .MSS. and other Books.'] 
 Eb.nkk had profited by the di.-^solution of monasteries and of other 
 establinhments, in Germany, which had contained Libraries, and had 
 made a considerable and valuable Collection. He gave it to the 
 Municipality of Nuremberg, in trust for the public. 
 
 (285) Major Arthur Edwards, ^ 1738. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. ^Printed Books.] 
 [See Lires of the Founders, &c.. Book II, c. 1.] 
 
 (286) Rev. Dr. Jonathan EdwardS, Principal of Jc.^uf^ 
 
 Collc(/c, Oijhrd, ^ . . 
 
 Oxford:— ^M«« College Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The Library of Dr. Edwauds was bequeathed bv the Collecl«M- to 
 bM College. 
 
[.>«J BOOK ir.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (287) John Egerton, Viscount Brackley and Baron 
 
 Ellesmere, ^ 1616. 
 
 London : — Bridgewater House Lib. \^MSS. and Printed Books-I 
 The Collections formed by the Lord Chancellor Egerto^', and 
 augmented from time to time by some of his earlier descendants, 
 were further and largely increased by the enlightened tastes and 
 liberal expenditure of Francis Egertox, Earl of Eilesmere, who died 
 in 1857. 
 
 (288) Francis Henrv Egerton, Earl of Bridgewater, 
 
 ►J< 11 February, 1829. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 The ninth Earl of Bridgewater (eighth of the Egerton Earls) was 
 a collector, and a very zealous one, of valuable MSS., as well as a 
 collector of curiosities and nick-nackery. He was, notwithstanding 
 his many personal eccentricities, a benefactor to England in several 
 ways. Besides founding the ' Bridgewater Essays' and bequeathing 
 his MSS. to the nation, he left a considerable endowment for the' 
 perpetual increase of the Library he had bequeathed. His printed 
 books he gave — also with a perpetual fund for increase — to the 
 Eector of Whitchurch, in Shropshire, for the time being. ; 
 
 (289) Count A. M. d'Elci, ^ . . . 
 
 Florence : — Palatine Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The Library of Count d'Elci was bequeathed as an augmentatioi 
 to the Palatine, or ' Pitti- Palace,' Collection at Florence. 
 
 (290) . . . Engelstoft, ^ 1S51. 
 
 Copenhagen : —Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 This Library is said to have contained 40,000 printed volumee 
 and about 400 MSS. It was given, by bequest, to the Eoja 
 Public Library of Copenhagen. 
 
 (291) Desidenus EraSHlUS, *i< 12 July, 1536. 
 
 Basel: — Town Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 Erasmus sold his Library— reserving a right of usufruct durin 
 his lifetime — to John Lasckt. A portion of it eventually came 1 
 England (where, in part, it had originally been gathered), and vva 
 I believe, given to one of the Eefugee Congregations in Londoi 
 but, whatever may remain of it, cannot now be satisfactordy tracec 
 Another portion of the Library of the greatest scholar of the sixteent 
 century is now in the Town Library of Basel. "Whether it can 
 thither by donation from Lascki or by purchase is now uncertain. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [59] 
 
 292) John Augustus Ernesti, ^ 11 SiptcMuber, 1781. 
 
 Loipsic: — Town Library. [Printed Boolis and MSS.'] 
 The' Cicerouinu' Library of Eunesti was bequeathed to the Town 
 tf Leipsic by the Collector. It ia one of the best of those special 
 roUections of, and illustrating, the works of one great author which 
 ,re known to have been formed. Jonxsox, it may be remembered, 
 aid that to form one such Collection at least, and to bequeath it to 
 he Public, was the duty of every scholar who could ati'ord it. 
 
 (293) William Erskine, ^ . . • 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [3/55.] 
 
 The Collection of Oriental MSS., &c. formed by Mr. Erskine, 
 luring a long residence in India and elsewhere in the East, was 
 )ought by the Trustees of our National Museum in 1864. 
 
 (294) . . . Erskine, ^ . . . 
 
 St. Petersburgh : — Library of the Academy of Sciences. 
 MSS., ^c.^ 
 
 The Collections of Mr. Euskine, long a resident in Russia, were 
 uirchascd by the Emperor, and given to the Imperial Academy of 
 kiences. 
 
 (295) Francis Lewis vcii Erthal, Bi.shop of Bamberj, 
 ^ 171)."). 
 
 Bamberg:— ^oya/ Public Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Bishop TON Ert Hal's Library was bequeathed to the Eoyal 
 ?ublic Library of Bamberg in 1795. 
 
 (290) Prince "Eugene of Savoy, ^ 1736. 
 
 Vienna: — imperial Library. .MSS. (md Printed Books.'] 
 
 EuoEXE of Savoy was a verj' enthusiastic and persistent Collector. 
 Neither the toils of war nor those of diplomacy prevented him from 
 ^0U8 researches for rare books and curious jNLSS. When he was 
 n London, as the Emperor's Ambassador, in 1712, it was thought 
 hat he spent nearly a.s much time in book-hunting amongst old 
 ihops, and even at out-of-the-way book-stalls, a.s he spent both at 
 he Foreign Office and with his own Secretaries at home. 
 
 At length he had amassed a most valuable Collection of MSS., and 
 "rom 14,000 to 14,o00 volumes of printed books, bound uniformly — 
 It least as to a very large proportion of them — in red morocco with 
 filt edges; a sumptuoun and praiseworthy style. Amongst his 
 rhoice rarities were the famous Tabula: Feutinyrriancp. Amongst 
 lis special favourites for his own reading were C.csau, Q. Cunrifs, 
 
[60] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 and Tacitus, as concerns the ancients ; and our own Temple f 
 the moderns. 
 
 (297) John Evelyn, ^ 27 February, 1706. 
 
 "Wootton House {Sun-eij). 
 
 Evelyn — as might have been expected of so earnest a lover' 
 books — took steps for the perpetuation of his Library, though 
 did not (in that point) carry out his own advice, as to the pub ; 
 duty of founding ' County Libraries ' for the Public. He bequeath . 
 it to his successors at Wootton by way of heir-loom, and it is n • 
 a principal ornament of a very fine seat. Wootton is so charmius - 
 situated that even an emulator of John Eteltn in tlie love of bocs 
 will be tempted to spend not a little of his time in the Park rati - 
 than in the Library, and the Park owes no less to Evelyn than d .? 
 the Librarv. 
 
 (298) Francis Xavier Fabre, ^ . . . 
 
 Montpellier : — Library of the Fabre Museum. [MSS. ,d 
 Printed Books.'] 
 
 Florence : — Laurentian Library. \_MSS.'] ! 
 
 When Fabee, by his marriage with the Countess of Albany, >d 
 come into possession of the Library and MSS. of Aleieei, he f /e 
 a part of the latter to the Laurentian Library at Florence, ie 
 bulk of both Collections he bequeathed to his townsfolk. 
 
 (299) George Fabricius, ^1576? 
 
 Dresden : — Boyal Public Library. [Printed Boo/cs.] 
 
 The Library of G-eorge Eabeicius was acquired, probably by a'- 
 chase, for the Royal Library of Saxony, in 1576. i 
 
 (300) Angelo Fabroni, *^ 22 September, 1803. 
 
 FIsr: — University Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 Part of the Library of Angelo Fabeoni is now in the Colle- on 
 of the University of Pisa. I 
 
 I 
 
 (301) Cardinal c. A. Fabroni, >b • . • \ 
 
 Pistoia : — Public Library. [Printed Books, ^c] i 
 
 Cardinal Fabeoni bequeathed his Library to the Oratoriai of 
 Pistoia. 
 
XOTICKS OK COLLECroUS. [Gl] 
 
 (302) Nicliolas Faccio de Duilier, *i* iTo.i. 
 
 London ; — ^^'*'''*^ -^'"*^'"" J^i^rary. yMSS.^ 
 
 The MSS. of Faccio de Duilier possess some interest in con- 
 nection with the History of the Foreign Protestant Eefugeea esta- 
 blished in Enghind. They are preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 (303) lIcMUT Fagel, >h I79l. 
 
 Dublin: — Trinity Colli-ge Library. [Printed Hooks and MSS.] 
 
 The richly furnished Library of Faoel did not first become a 
 Public Library — as to its use and enjoyment — when purchased for 
 Trinitv College. The liberal owner had already made it w idely ac- 
 cessible to students in his own lifetime and at the Hague. It was 
 purchased for Dublin from his Executors. 
 
 (304) William 0. Fairholt, ^ ISOO. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. ^^Prints, Etchings, i^-c] 
 
 A valuable Collection of Prints, Etchings, &c., which had been 
 formed by this accomplished draughtsman and antiquary, was be- 
 queathed by him to the British Museum. 
 
 (3or,) Can.illc Falconet, >h 17G2. 
 
 Paiia; — Imperial Library. Pi in fed liuoks.] 
 
 Falco5ET gave his Library to the Eoyal Collection at Paris in 
 his lifetime. 
 
 (306) Cardinal Alexaiidi r Farnese, *h 1 589. 
 
 Naples '.—Public Library. [Printed Hooka and MSS.] 
 
 Cardinal Faunese bequeathed his Library, by way of heir-loom, 
 to the Farnese family. Ultimately, it became part of the Borhonica, 
 or Uoyal Library of Naples. 
 
 (307) Aiithoiiy Faure, *^ ■ ■ • 
 
 Paris: — .S/. GenetH-ve Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The valuable Literary Collections of Anthony Fauue wore pur- 
 rhaaed by Archbifhop Lktellier de Lolvoih, and formed part of 
 his beDefactinn to the Library of St. Genevieve. 
 
 (308) A. J. A. Fauris de Saint- Vincens, *i* . . . 
 
 Aix: — Toicm Library. '^Printed Books.] 
 
 FArais de S. Vince.vs bequeathed his Library to the town of 
 Aix, for free public use. 
 
[62] BOOK IF.— HISTOEIGAL 
 
 (309) M. Ferey, ^ 1807. 
 
 Paris : — Advocates'' Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of M. Feret was bequeathed to the Society f 
 Advocates of Paris in the year 1807. 
 
 (310) Charles Fevret, *^ 12 August, 1661. 
 
 Dijon : — Town Library. [^Printed Books, i|r.] 
 
 Part of the Library of this emiuent civiliaa was bequeathed to 1» 
 Jesuits of Dijon. On their suppression it became an accession i 
 the Public Library of the same town. 
 
 (311) Charles ]\lary Fevret de Fontette, 
 
 ^ 16 February, 1772. 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The large MS. Collections on Prench History of this eraine 
 archaeologist were purchased for the Royal Library of Paris, 
 order of Lewis XV, from his Executors. 
 
 (312) Marsilius Ficino, ^ 1 October, 1499. 
 
 Florence : — Laurentian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 A Collection of the MS. Works of Ficino is preserved in t 
 Laurentian Library. 
 
 (313) Francis Filelfo, ^ 1473. 
 
 Milan: — Amhrosian Library. SJSLSS^ 
 
 PiLELEo's Library was bequeathed to the Ambrosiana by t 
 Collector. 
 
 (314) Finn Magnusson, ^ . . 
 
 Edinburgh: — Library of the Faculty of Advocates. [Icehnt^ 
 Books.] 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Part of Library.] 
 
 The Icelandic Books of this eminent northern scholar were pti 
 chased by the Faculty of Advocates in the year 1S25. Auoth' 
 portion of his Library is in the Bodleian. 
 
 (315) 6^0^^;// Firmian, ^ . . . 
 
 Milan: — Br era Library. 
 
 The Library of Count Fiemiax was given by its Collector to tl 
 Brera, during the term of his government of Lombardy for Austria 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [O-l] 
 
 (SIC) IK'iiiy Fitzalan, FmH of Arundel K.G., ^ 1579. 
 
 London :—Iirtttsh Museum Library. [^MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 This Collection, small but precious, descended to Lord Aiu'NDEl's 
 Bon-in-law John, Lord Limlky, at whose death, in IGOJ), it was 
 bought b_v King Jamks \. But the 'purchase' was much after 
 the fashion in which Kenihvortli was 'purchased' for Prince 
 Uekby, and Sherborne for Sir Robert Cake. It came to the 
 British Museum as part of the gift of King George IL 
 
 (317) William Wentworlh Fitzwilliam, Earl of Fit z- 
 trilliam, ^ ^ I'diruarv, l^:i;3. 
 
 Cambridge : — FitzwtUiam Library. 
 
 Li'id l"i r/.wii.LiAM gave a fine Library — especially rich in works 
 on the Arta of Design and in illustrated books — to the University 
 as part of the magnificent 'Fitzwilliam Museum.' 
 
 (31S) Mattlicw FlaCCiuS, or Francowitz, of lllyria, 
 
 ^ UUb. 
 Helmstadt •. — l'nireraity Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 The Library of Flaccius Illyricua was given to the L'niversity of 
 Helmstadt. 
 
 (:Ul)) .lol.ii Flamsteed, ^ :n December, 1719. 
 Shirburn Castle {(h/,>r,M„re) . [Part of MSS.] 
 
 Greenwich : — (^bserratory Library, \_MSS.'] 
 
 Part (.'f the -MSS. of thi.s eminent Astronomical Observer are now 
 in the fine Library of the Earl of Macclesfihld, at Shirburn 
 C«»tle, in OxfordHhire. They were first acquired by William Joes, 
 F.R S., and by him were bequeathed to George, second Earl of Mao- 
 CLESPIEI.D, and President of the Royal Society. Another portion is in 
 the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Among the papers at Shirburn 
 Castle in the very curious Correspondence of Flamsteed with Sir 
 Isaac Newtox, respectint; the publication of the Historia Celestis. 
 
 (320) G. M. Fontanieu, ^ . . . 
 
 Paris '. — Imperial Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 FoJtTASiKu's Library was u'iven to the Royal Library at Paris. 
 
 (321) Jiistii.s Fontanini, An-hhisliop of Anvyra, 
 ^ 15 Aj)ril, 17:50. 
 
 San Daniele <"'•«'• I'dine) -. — Town Ltljrary. 
 Archbiiihop Fontamm'.s Library was bequeathed to San Daniele, 
 in the Friuli, of which small town he was (1 believe) a native. 
 
[6 A] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (322) Philip von Forell, ^ 1^00? 
 
 Dresden : — Royal Public Librcmj. 
 
 Forell's Library was incorporated with the Royal Colleption of 
 Saxony in the year 1806. 
 
 (323) Simon Forman, >b 12 September, 1611. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library {Ashmole Collection). {JMSS.} 
 London: — British Museum Library . \_MSS.'] ' 
 
 The MSS. of Simon Eobman are partly in the Ashmole Collec- 
 tion, which now forms part of Bodley's Library at Oxford, and partly 
 in the British Museum. 
 
 (324) John Remhold Forster, >J< 9 December, 1798. 
 
 Berlin : — Royal Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 The Literary Collections of this eminent scholar and travellei 
 were purchased for the Royal Library of Berlin from his Executors. 
 
 (325) J^r^'mFortia d'Urban, ^ . . • 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. 
 
 The Geographical Collections of Foetia d'Ueban were purchased' 
 for the Royal Library of Paris after the Collector's death. 
 
 (326) Marmaduke Fothergill, ^ 1731. 
 
 York: — Cathedral Library. [Printed BooJ^s.'] 
 roTHEEGiLL's Library was bequeathed to the Chapter of York. 
 
 (327) Nicholas Foucault, >b 7 February, 1721. 
 
 Shirb urn Castle {Oxfordshire). [Printed Books.] 
 
 Oxford : —Bodleian Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of this eminent French administrator and antiquan 
 
 was sold by auction after his death. Much of it was purchase. 
 
 for the Lord Chancellor Macclesfield, and is now in the cboic. 
 
 Library at Shirburn. 
 
 (328) Nicholas Fouquet, ^ 16S0. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [Printed Books and 3ISS.] 
 
 A considerable portion of Fouqtjet's fine Library was confiscatci 
 
 upon his impeachment, and is now in the Imperial Library of Frauc( 
 
 at Paris. 
 
NOTICES OK COLLECTORS. [65] 
 
 (:^2S) John Foxe, *i* 15S7. 
 
 London '. — lindsh Musvum Lihranj {Ilarleian Colled ion). \_MSS.'] 
 The MS. Collections of the Martyrologist are uow in the British 
 iVluseum. 
 
 ! {3r29) Francis Mary II, Duke of Urbino, 
 ►}« :2S April, IG31. 
 
 Rome : — ^'"''<"<"« Library. \_MSS.'\ 
 
 Urbania : — Town Library. [Printed Boohs.'] 
 
 The greater portion of tiio Literary Collections of the Dukes of 
 rbino is uow in the Library of the Vatican, Some of their printed 
 ooksare in the Town Library of L^rbauia (formerly Castel Durante.) 
 
 (330) Paul Jcioiuc Francis Franzoni, ^ 1773. 
 
 Genoa*. — Franzonian Library. [Printed Boohs and MSS.'] 
 
 Paul Fbanzoni's Library, together with that of his brother 
 iho died in I77s), were given to Genoa, and form now the line 
 ublic Collection known as the Fu.vNzoNr.vNA. 
 
 (331) Frederick II, Kinr/ of Prussia, 
 ^ 1 1 August, 1780. 
 
 SanS-SoUCi {near Berlin): — Royal Library. 
 King Fuekkimck's Private Library is still preserved at Sans- 
 uci. The present writer has given an account of it in the volume 
 (titled Libraries and Founders of Libraries (Lond., 1SG4, 8vo). 
 
 (332) Frederick I, Kin^ of Sweden, ^ 1751. 
 
 CaSSel :—-/''««•«/ Library. [Printed Books, ijr.] 
 
 Part of the Library of King Fredeiuck of Sweden came to the 
 1 ical Family of lle«»*e Cassel by inheritance. 
 
 133) Frederick, Duke of Urbino, ^ 10 Sep. 1 1S2. 
 
 BU)me :— '"/"'"" Library. [MSS.] 
 
 DaStel Durante, or Urbania : — Toicn Library. [Printed 
 
 rhe Huperb Coliertion of MSS. ania.s.sed bv Duke Fue»euick 
 Urbino is now in the Vatican Library at I'lome. I'ho curious 
 htory of these MSS, has been told in a furnicr section of this 
 Njlume. [Book III, c. .'•).] 
 
[66] BOOK /F.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (334) Frederick, Margrave of Baireuth, ^ 1743 
 
 Erlangen : — University Library. 
 
 The Library of Feedebick, Margrave of Baireuth, was givei ;o 
 the University of Erlangen in the year 17^3. 
 
 (335) Marquard Freher, ^ 13 May, 1614. 
 
 Wolfenbuttel :— Ducal Library. [3ISS. and Printed BooM 
 Part of Freher's Library was purchased by the Duke of Bn'-i- 
 wick for the Ducal Library of Wolfenbiittel in the year 1(% 
 Another portion of it seems to have been dispersed. 
 
 (336) Ulrich Fugger, >5< 25 June, 1584. 
 
 Rome : — Vatican Library. \_MSS. and Printed Books ] 
 
 The Library of TJlrich Fugger was bequeathed to the Pr'O 
 Palatine for the Library of Heidelberg, and formed part of;ie 
 booty afterwards carried to Rome. 
 
 (337) H.J. Fugger, ^ 1575. 
 
 Munich : — Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The literary Collections of H. J. Fugger are now preserve(:n 
 the Royal Library at Munich. I 
 
 (338) Paul Erfugger, ^ . . . 
 
 Vienna *. — imperial Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] • 
 The Library of Paul Fugger was purchased for the enlargen'it 
 of the Imperial Collection at Vienna. 
 
 (339) Henry Fuiren, ^ 1659. 
 
 Copenhagen : — Boyal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 The Library of Henry Fuiren was given to the King of Denn|'k 
 as an augmentation to the Eoyal Library at Copenhagen. 
 
 (340) Thomas Fuiren, ^ 1673. 
 
 Copenhagen : — Royal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of Thomas Fuiren is also preserved in the E '' 
 Collection at Copenhagen. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLKCTORS. [67] 
 
 G 
 
 (341) }farqiic.'is Dc Gabreja, "^ . ■ ■ 
 
 Vienna :—'^"';"''"'«' ^"^'■'^"■y- iPrinted Boohs and MSS.] /yw^ ^ 
 
 The T.itirarv Collections of tho jNIarqucss df. Gabreja were pur- 
 hased from his representativea for the Imperial Library at Vienua. 
 
 (312) Stephen Gabrieau de Biparfond, >b I70l. 
 
 Paris: — Louvre Palace Library / ^Printed Books.'] 
 M. Gabbieau bequeathed his Library to the Advocates of Paris, 
 nd it is probably still a part of the existing CoUectiou at the Louvre. 
 
 (343) rmncis Roger dc Gaignieres, ^ :\larch, 1715. 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. ^MSS. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Archcculoffical and other Drawings 
 nd Prints.] 
 
 The vast Genealogical Collections of De Gaiuniehes now form 
 art of the MSS. of the Imperial Library at Paris. 
 
 Ofthe curious circumstauces which severed the Topographical from 
 le Historical portion of the Collcctiou of Gaignieiies, the follow- 
 ig account is given by M. Feuillet de Conches : — 
 
 •' Quatre ans avant sa mort, arrivce en Mars, 1715, Gaignieres fit / Causcricg 
 an de«c« Collections a Louis XIV, qui devait le suivrcde sipresdans ton" ii!'pp!"'' 
 tombe. Du nombre «'taient cent cinquante «5iioriiie.s volumes bourres ,'/•?; ^,f|*'j 
 autographes des Hois, de Keines, de Princes, de ]Miniatres, d'Amba.s- Comit^s His- 
 Mleura Iranrois ct t-trangers, depuis Cjiaklks VII jusqu'a Louis [i"5''o'!iH5|f' 
 IV ; cent dix volumes environ de niemoires, depechca, instructions, Sie nisoau' 
 ttrcs politiqucs, diploniatifjues, desrecucils de chartes fort noni- Gm!ilcimuit 
 ■*ux, des lettres et litres originaux, concernant les Provinces et les in the 7i<Tw<r 
 bbayes. Tout cet amaa prdcieux figure aujourd'hui parmi les /uyiju/ 
 inon de]& Bibliolhcfjue Imptriale. Tout, — ^je mctronipe, — car uu 
 Tt't du Conseil d'Etat, en dite du G Mars, 1717, (jui ordonna lo 
 •pot de la plus grande partie li la Bibliothique, prescrivit cgalcment 
 vento d'unc <-iTtaine portion ; et en outre, on ne sait comment, 
 1 recucil treH-imixjrtant de dcHsins de monuments rcligieux et 
 «re«, du in»«me cabinet, recucil de seize vol nines nou c-ompris dans 
 4tto TCDtc, Bc trouve aujourd'hui dans la Bihliolhique Bodlienne 
 lOxford, oil nous sommcs forces de Taller rtudier." 
 
[CxS] BOOK /F.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (344) Thomas Gale, ^ S April, 1702. 
 
 (345) Roger Gale, ^ 25 June, 1744. 
 
 Cambridge '.—Trinity College Library. [Prijited Books andMSS. 
 
 The combined Collections of the eminent Antiquaries Thomas an i 
 Eoger Gale were given to Trinity College by the latter in 1744. j ] 
 
 (346) Galileo Galilei, ^ S January, 1642. 
 
 Florence : — Palatine Library. {^Autograjih MSS. ; Corr 
 spoadence ; Annotated Books, ^-c] 
 
 The MS. Correspondence and many of the Annotated Books < 
 Galileo appear to have been inherited by his pupil Yitiani, fro 
 whom they were acquired by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and tb(i 
 are now preserved at Florence as the most glorious monuments of tl' 
 Library of the Pitti Palace, otherwise known as the Palatii' 
 Library. The Galileo MSS. of the Pitti Palace, together with tho 
 of YiTiANi and Tokeicelli, and a few works of cognate origin ai 
 character, have recently (1868) been thrown into one series, a 
 mirably arranged. They extend to more than 300 volumes. 
 
 (347) Anthony Galland, ^17 February, 1715. 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. [_MSS.'] ^ 
 
 The Oriental MSS. of Gallaxd were purchased for the Eoj; | 
 
 Library by one of the last of the many orders given, or ratified I 
 
 for the augmentation of the repository in which he took so much a I 
 
 so justifiable a pride — by Lewis the PoTJRTEEifTH. 
 
 (34S) Alexander Gambalunga, ^ 1617. 
 
 Rimini : — Toion Library. 
 
 GAMBALU^'GA bequeathed his Library to Eimini. 
 
 (349) Cardinal Garampi, ^ ■ . , 
 
 Simini : — Town Library. [_MSS.'\ 
 
 The MSS. of Cardinal Garampi were also bequeathed to the To i 
 of Eimini. 
 
 (350) Philip N. Garelli, ^ 1739. 
 
 Lemberg : — University or Garelli Lib. [Printed Books andM^ 
 This Collection was enlarged by the Founder's son, J. B. • 
 Garelli, who also left an endowment for its increase. It was or - 
 nally established at Vienna, and was brought thence, as a foundat i 
 of a University Library for Lemberg, in the year 1786. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [GUJ 
 
 (.Sol) Davitl Garrick, ^ 20 Januan, 1771). 
 
 London ; — Bri/is/t Museian Librunj. \_Pri)ife(I ami MS. Plays.^ 
 
 (I viiKH K ppont a part of tlie large tbrtuue which he had aequired 
 jiUKjn the stage in the formation of a Library and of other Collections. 
 Il'art of his Library consisted in a very fine scries of English Plays. 
 I'hese were given bv his widow to tlie British I\luseuni. And it is 
 uainly to this gift by Mrs. CJaiuuck that we owe Charles Jjamb's 
 lelightful volume entitled Sprcimcns of the Old Eiiglinh Dramatists. 
 
 (:i52) John Garzoni, ^ 15U0. 
 
 Bologna '. — institute Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The MSS. of Gauzom have long been in the Biblioteca del Insti- 
 uto <ii Buloijna, but I am doubtful whether they came to it by 
 >cqueet or by purchase. 
 
 (353) Peter Gassendi, *I< l l October, 1G55. 
 
 Vienna : — imperial Library. Printed Boohs and MSS.'] 
 
 Qab9E>'DI*8 Library was purchased for the Imperial Library after 
 be Collector's death. 
 
 (354) Erasmus Gattola, ^ 17:31. 
 
 Monte Cassino : — l'if> of the Benedictine Monastery. [^MSS.^ 
 
 Gattoi.a's Collection of MSS. gave rise to A'alkhy's interesting 
 
 aluineH, entitled Corrrspondance de Mabillun ft dc Montfaucon avcc 
 
 Italie, published at Paris in ISIO. The Collection came to the 
 
 k;Dedictuie8 of Monte Ca.ssino by be(|uc8t. 
 
 (355) Gilbert Gaulmin, ►!< ^ December, 1G()5. 
 
 Paris '.— Imperial Library. Oriental and other MSS.] 
 
 OaI'LMi.n's name deserves memory as a philologist and as a uiiscel- 
 ncous writer, but it has been really perpetuated, less in virtue of 
 8 schclarsliip or of his useful gift to the Imperial Library of a valu- 
 >Ie series of 31SS., than by an incident of his domestic life. It 
 lanced that a difliculty with his j)an.^h priest led him (when about 
 
 enter into matrimony, or into what In- wislud to make pa.^s for 
 atrimony.) to imitate a form of procedure much resembling that 
 ice in rogue at (iretna Green. A trial which grew out of this domestic 
 t attracted so much of public attention at the time that marriages 
 It of church came to be called " marriayes a la d'aulinin," and the 
 ira«»e is still in vogue. 
 
[70] BOOK /F.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (35G) Charles Frederick GauSS, "^ 23 February, 185: 
 
 Goettingen : — UniversUij Library. [Printed Boohs.'] 
 The Collection — extending to nearly 5000 volumes, and especial 
 well furnished in the literature of Astronomy, and of Mathemati 
 generally — formed by Professor GrAUSS was purchased for the Libra' 
 of the University of Goettingen after the Collector's death. 
 
 (357) John K. Gehler, ^ 1813? 
 
 Leipsic: — University Library. [Medical Library.'] 
 
 (358) John Geller von Kaysersberg, ^ lOMaic 
 
 1510. 
 
 Strasburgh : — Town Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 This famous mediseval preacher gave his Library to Strasburg; 
 
 where he had lived, amidst universal respect, during thirty-thr; 
 
 years. He had maintained a large correspondence with the scliolai 
 
 of his time. i 
 
 (359) Sir William Gell, ^ 4 February, 1836. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Collection of Drawings.'] 
 
 The fine Collection of Drawings in the gathering of which 8l 
 William Gell spent much of his time and of his fortune came to ti: 
 British Museum in the year 1853 by a bequest of the Honorab 
 Keppel Craven. 
 
 (360) William Gent, ^ '. . . . 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Gent's Library was acquired by the Bodleian, after the Collecto' 
 death. 
 
 (361) George ill, A/V/ of Great Britain > &c., 
 ^ 29 January, 18.20. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Printed Books, MSl 
 Prints, and 3Iaps.] 
 
 The magnificent library which had been gathered by Kii 
 George III was given "(but not unreluctantly) to the Briti' 
 nation by his son and successor. It had been the wish of George 1 
 to sell tiie Library, that he might apply the proceeds either to tl 
 payment of bis debts, — or to other purposes. At the time, it w 
 understood by those who were near the Court that an inception, 
 least, of a bargain with Russia, on advantageous terms, had alreac 
 been made. Very strong representations — almost uncourtly, at lat 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [71] 
 
 ■■ *':cir 8treuc:th nnd tone — had to be submitted to His Majesty 
 
 ■ he could make uj) liis mind to bestow upon the country the 
 
 lv!,'ifl whieli Lonl Livkki'Ool annuuneed to Parliament, amidst 
 
 iiVere. wherein, for once at least, party feeling had certainly no 
 
 The King, — resolved to liave some pecuniary equivalent or 
 
 N>r the loss uf the anticipated gold from Russia, — drove a some- 
 
 liard bargain with his ministers about the ' Admiralty Droits,' 
 
 f wliich bargain considerable diUiculty arose eventually to a 
 
 ater Government. 
 
 George II had been far from setting any exami)le of book- 
 
 ' ting to his grandson, the oidy one of the Georgian monarchs 
 
 -vinced literary tastes. But it was by GKonciK II that a 
 
 .. and willing gift had been made — in the shape of choice books, 
 
 I and manuscript — to the Public, without being hampered by 
 
 rt of bafixain-driving. Of that rich Collection the reader will 
 
 lue new particulars in Lives of the Founders and Benefactors of 
 
 Utah Museum. 
 
 \ III.- liberal tastes, as far as literature was concerned, of Gkoiuie 
 
 hlK TiiiKU were, as is widely known, inherited by his son, the late 
 
 iiike of SrssEX. It is less well known, I believe, that it was the 
 
 s anient wish that his fine Library should become, like his 
 
 -'* Lihmn-. the enduring property of the nation. Had he been 
 
 ■ .• would probably have beijueatlied it. As it was, he 
 
 his last Will that the C'oUeclion should be otlered 
 
 ,. i . to Parliament on more favorable terms than to 
 
 m- other purchaj«cr. But the Government of that day was not dis- 
 K>»ed to give i-flVct to His Royal Hi^hncss'a wish, and his Library 
 »ad to be sold by public auction. A selection, btith of Printed Books 
 ud of MSS., wa« bought, at the sale, for the British Museum. 
 
 (302) John !•:. Gerhard, ^ iiio^? 
 
 Gotha: — ^^"<"o/ Library. 
 
 (icBiiARit'tt Collection of Printed Books, &c., was acquired for the 
 lolba Library in the year IGGS. 
 
 (:i(i.i) A. T. von Gersdorf, ^ IS07 ? 
 
 GoerlitZ \— Library of the Academy of Sciences of Upper Lusatia. 
 The Library of Von Gkusuouf was given to the Lusatian 
 cadeniy iii the year 1807. . 
 
 (364) Edmund Gheast, Bis/iop of Saliduri/, 
 ►i< :2s iVljiiiaiy, 1577. 
 
 Salisbury '. — Cathedral Library. 
 
 Bishop GutAST bequeathed his Librarv to the Dean and Chaiitcr 
 ' Salisbury. 
 
[72] BOOK 7F.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (365) Angelo Ghigi, ^ 1840? 
 
 Sienna : — Town Library. {Printed BooJcs^ 
 
 Sienna obtained an important augmentation for its Town Libra , 
 about thirty years ago, by the bequest of Angelo Ghigi, but I ; i 
 unable to give tbe pi'ecise date. 
 
 (366) Marquess de Gianfilippi, ^ . . . . 
 
 Verona : — Town Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] \ 
 
 The Library of the Marquess Gianfilippi, containing abcj; 
 
 17,000 Printed Volumes and 336 MSS., was purchased for the Tqaii 
 
 Lil3rary of Verona, at the price of 42,000 lire. 
 
 (367) Edward Gibbon, ^ 16 January, 1794. 
 
 LaUSRnne: — Cantonal Library. [Part of Gibbon's Library f 
 Printed Boohs.] \ 
 
 When Gibbon retreated, very hastily, in face — as he thought — o;i 
 threatened incursion of revolutionists into his peaceful retreat ;} 
 Lausanne, he left his fine Library behind him. Eventually it v? 
 purchased by AVilliam Beckfoed, and jealously kept, as a bur I 
 treasure, in an unoccupied house. It remained" so for more tb'i 
 fifteen years. At last it was sold by auction, but a part of it vj 
 purchased for the Canton. Another portion went to America. 
 
 (368) Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London, 
 
 ^ 6 September, 1748. 
 
 London: — Lambeth Palace Library. [MSS.] 
 This zealous Pi'elate and eminent Saxonist bequeathed to ; ' 
 Archiepiscopal Library of Canterbury a valuable group of MSS., (,- 
 tinguished, in the classification of the Library, as Codices Gibsonial 
 He had laboured, with his own hands, at the improvement of '5 
 Collection already brought together at Lambeth, both as respec 1 
 its arrangement and its catalogues. 
 
 (369) Andrew GifFord, ^ 19 June, 1784. 
 
 Bristol : — Library of the Baptist Academy. [Printed Booh.'] 
 Dr. GiFroED bequeathed his Library to the Baptist Academy t 
 Bristol, for public use. The Collection had been formed wlien ja 
 purchase of choice and rare books was much easier than it uowj. 
 And thus Dr. Giffoed had obtained, at comparatively small_ pri( '> 
 books some of which would now sell almost for their weight i 
 gold. Among his acquisitions was a remarkable and precious seis 
 of early editions of our English Bible. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [73] 
 
 ,.:jH»i Sir lliiinphiTV Gilbert, ^ 10 September, 1584. 
 
 London:— ''^'■'^'*'''' -yi'seum Library. [Part o/IlSS.] 
 P«rt of the ;MS. papers of Sir Humphrey Gilbert are preserved 
 in the British Museum. 
 
 (371) William Gilbert, /)./)., ^ . . . 
 
 Dublin : — Trinity College Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Dr. William Gilbert was Professor of Divinity and Viee-Provost 
 of Trinity. He pave liis valuable Library to his College during his 
 lifetime, and helped with his own hands to arrange the books upon 
 their new shelves for public use. 
 
 (372) Peter Lewis Ginguene, ^ 11 November, 1816. 
 
 London t — British Mustuiu Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 The fine Library of Gisquene was bought by the Trustees of the 
 British MuHoum after the Collector's death. It was eminently rich 
 in Italian literature. 
 
 (37;^) Dominick Giorgi, ^ 1717. 
 
 Rome: — Ouanata Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The Library of Dominick Giosoi was bequeathed to the Casa- 
 Hola. 
 
 (374) Francis di Giorgio, ^ . . . 
 
 Siennft: — Town Library. [Autoyraph MSS. on Enyineenny.] 
 
 (375) Count 1^. Giovanelli, *h isio. 
 
 Trent : — PfbHc Library. 
 
 GI0TA9ELLI bequeathed his Library to the Town of Trent. 
 
 (370) Mclchior Giulandini, ^ losii? 
 
 Venice:—'^'. Marks Library. [Printed Boohs, ^-c] 
 Giulandini bequeathed his Lil)rary to St. Mark's in L'jSO. 
 
 377) . . . Giustiniani, Bishujj of Padua, ^ 1775? 
 
 PadUE : — Seminary Library. 
 
 A Library of 75(X) volumes was given by Bishop Giustimam to 
 ;he Seminary of Wm diocesan town. 
 
[74] BOOK IF. — HISTORICAL 
 
 (378) Augustine Giustiniani, Bishop of Nebbio, 
 ^ 1536. 
 
 Genoa: — Toum Library. \_MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 This eminent author of the Annali di Geneva — distinguished als 
 as an Orientalist — bequeathed his Library to his native town, 
 
 (379) Julius Giustiniani, ^ 1734? 
 
 Venice : — ^t- Mark's Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 The Collections of Griulio GtIUStiniani were added to the anciei 
 Library of St. Mark in 1731. 
 
 (380) Giustiniani Family. 
 
 Holkham. (Noi'folk) ■. — Library of the Earl of Leicesti 
 [_Miiniinenfs.] ' 
 
 The GirsTiNiAK^i MSS. were acquired by Thomas Coke, Earl 
 Leicester, during his travels in Italy, early in the eighteenth ce 
 tury. The Collector died in 1759. 
 
 (381) . . . Gnocclii, ^ . . . 
 
 RovigO : — Academy Library. 
 
 Gnocchi's Library was given to llovigo in 1832. 
 
 (38.2) Dennis, Theodore, and James Godefroy, 
 ^ 1622-49-52. 
 
 Paris : — Library of the Institute of France. [Juridical MSS.] 
 
 This remarkable Collection, formed by the several researches 
 three famous brothers, all of whom were eminent as jurists, u 
 eventually purchased by another eminent French jurist, M. MoKii 
 and was by him bequeathed to the City of Paris in 1759. 
 
 (383) Sir William GodolpMn, ^ . . • 
 
 Oxford: — JJ^adham College Library. [Spanish Books.] 
 
 Sir W. Godolphin's Collection had been formed in Spain diui 
 his Embassy. 
 
 (384) John Wolfgang von Goethe, *i* 22 March, 1S3 
 
 Weimar : — 2'^<? ' Goethe House.' [Printed Books.] 
 " Against the wall [of the Study] on the right is a long pear-ti 
 table with book-shelves, on which stand Lexicons and Manuals, 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [75] 
 
 ' ,', also, a mednllioQ of Nai'OLEOn, inscribed: ^ Sciliccf immetiso 
 
 ■st fx nomine niiil/itm.' On the side wall, again book-shelves, witli 
 
 s->rkf» of I'oots. On the wall to the left is a long desk of soft 
 
 at wliioh Goethe was wont to write. On it now lie the original 
 
 - of Go/z, and of the Elegies ; and again a bust of Napoleon. . . . 
 
 . the Study we enter the Library. Rough deal shelves hold the 
 
 ,-. with paiHT labels, ' Philosophy,^ ' History,' ' Poetry,^ kc, to iu- 
 
 >... ..\c the cla.>«siiioatiou. 
 
 ' "It was very interesting to look over this Collection. The English 
 ireader will imagine the feelings with which I took down a volume of 
 TaTLOb's Ilii<toric Survey of German Poetry, sent by Cablyle, and 
 found, on the piece of paper used as a book-mark, a bit of Caelyle's 
 own haudwrituig."' 
 
 In the illustrious Poet's closing years, and closing days, modern 
 iiuthors, chiefly, were read by or to him. It is pleasant to know 
 that among the works which ministered to the latest literary enjoy- 
 \\cnX% of Goethe were the writings of Scott. The poet of Germany 
 liad not a little contributed to the literary pleasures and to the 
 nental development of Scott, when Scott was in the joyous moru- 
 ng of life. The poet of Britain, in his turn, contributed to cheer 
 hat long evening of life, some of the hours of which must needs 
 lave brought a certain dash of gloom with them, even to a Goethe. 
 Two and twenty years had intervened between the birth of Goethe 
 tnd that of Walter .Scott ; but six months only divided their deaths. 
 The la«t book recorded to have been in Goethe's hands was 
 iltaxdt's * AVizr J/bi*.' One would fain wish another Book had 
 >ccn Ike laMt. But the great poet died with a prayer on his lips. 
 
 (3S5) John M. Goeze, ^ . . 
 
 Hamburgh : — Town Library. [Collection of Bibles.] 
 An e\tcn.»ive Collection of Bibles, which had been formed by John 
 OK7E, wan given, in 171)2, to the Town Library of Hamburgh by 
 u? Collector's Bon. 
 
 (886) Melcl.ior Goldast von Hemingsfeld, 
 
 ^ I 1 August, 1(;;}.">. 
 
 Bremen : — ''^'^T/J Library. [.U55.] 
 
 Copenhagen :~Royal Public Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Tl: ^' ;t Collections and Library of Goldast of Heining.s- 
 
 'd- 1 after his death. A portion of the former was 
 
 '•^ r.meu; another portion for Copenhagen. He wan 
 
 e grtaUtii Gernian Archuologist that had appeared for many cen- 
 ricn, and in some pointa has not been ecjualled, perhaps, even in 
 day* of Perts and his fellow- workers of the lierum Germani- 
 irum Scripforet. One of his conteniporarifs said of him that, had 
 
 I 
 
[76] BOOK 7F.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 he lived at Athens in ancient days, and had he done for the antiqii 
 ties of Greece what he accomplished for those of the Empire, t 
 Athenians would have established him in the Prytaneim, and mai 
 tained him like a prince. Having, however, the ill-fortune 
 flourish in the seventeenth century, Goldast lived, and died, amic 
 the extremest humiliations of poverty. But poor as he was, he mai 
 tained a remarkably extensive Correspondence with the men of lettei 
 of his time. Part of it is preserved. 
 
 (387) James GoliuS, ^ 28 September, 1067. 
 
 Ley den: — Vniversity Library. {Oriental MS8.'\ 
 
 Oxford '—Bodleian Library. \Part of MSS.'] 
 
 The Oriental MSS. of this famous scholar remained for a con 
 derable time in the hands of his Executors. An ineffectual atteni ■» 
 was made to induce the English Government to obtain them eitl, 
 for Oxford or for London. At length they were in part secured !;■ 
 Leyden University by purchase. Another portion was bought j" 
 that enlightened and liberal Irish prelate Archbishop Maesh, ajl 
 given to the University of Oxford. i 
 
 (388) Gonzaga Family. 
 
 Mantua: — Public Record Office. [MS. Correspondence d 
 Papers (a.d. 1328—1716).] : 
 
 The Gonzaga MSS. — extending over almost five centuries, al 
 illustrating (in a wonderful manner, if one thinks of the smalhu 
 of their dominion) the history of a large portion of Europe— ;' 
 preserved at Mantua, after escaping perils not a few. 
 
 (389) ]V[. J. Goschitz, ^ 1439. 
 
 Goerlitz : — Library of the Church of SS. Peter and Paul. 
 The Library of Goschitz was bequeathed to Goerlitz. 
 
 (390) Richard Gough, ^ 20 February, 1809. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. {Topoyraphical Library, and Bo < 
 on Northern Archceoloyy.] 
 
 Gough once desired to bequeath his Library to the Brii ' 
 Museum, and, had his very pardonable ambition to be made a Trus e 
 of that Museum been gratified, would doubtless have given eSeci'p 
 his first intention. Failing to win that honour, he bequeathed'^ 
 important portion of his Library to Oxford, and directed that p 
 rest should be sold by his Executors. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [77] 
 
 (391) John George Grsevius, * H January, 1703. 
 
 Heidelberg :—V"iversi(ij Lihntnj. [Printed Books, i^'^-l 
 i The Klootor I'alatine John AVilliam purchased GrfDviua' Library for 
 j Heidelberg. 
 
 ' (39-^) Guy Grandi, ^ I July, 171;.\ 
 
 Pisa : —Unirersity Libranj. [_MSS.'] 
 , The MSS. of d bandi appear to have come to the University of 
 1 Pisa by the gift of Ambrose Soldam. 
 
 'Granvelle, Anthony Pcrronet, Cardinal do. 
 t^ee Pkukonet.] 
 
 (393) John GreaveS, ^ 8 October, 1G52. 
 
 Oxford:— ^orf/rtfl" Hbranj. [Part of MSS.] 
 
 The Executorn of Profrsaor Giikavks gave part of his rich Collec- 
 tion of Mathematical MSS. to the Bodleian, as an augmentation of 
 the former gift of Sir Henry Savilk. 
 
 (394) Lewis Grempp, *i* loss? 
 
 Tub Id gen : — I'nirergity Library. 
 
 (iBKMPP bequeathed his Library to the University of Tubingen 
 in I5b3. 
 
 (395) Richnrd Grenville Brydges Chandos, Buke 
 of B"cfn/if//iai,i (tihl ( liaitdus, K.G., ^ ;2y July, IbGl. 
 Ashburnham Place {Sussex). [3/55.] 
 
 Lord AgiiBCiiMiAM's Library is chiefly notable for its MSS., and 
 of these bv far the most valuable portion — though not the mo.st 
 ■howy or decorative portion — came from tlie late Duke of Bucking- 
 HAM'tt noble Library at Stowe. A few of the MSS. belonged to the 
 old Library at Ahhburnham Place, inherited by the present Earl from 
 hi« ance«ton«. To these he has added, besides the greater portion of 
 the Stowe iLSS. acquired in iStO, a splendid series from the Libri 
 ind BarroiM Collections. As early as in l.So3 the a<,'gregate Collec- 
 tion of MSS. at Ashburnham approached nearly to (3000. 
 
 Among the MSS. relating to lirili.'<h hi.story is the earliest known 
 copy of the ' hoUlon liook,' a. Survey of the 'Palatinate of Durhain, 
 ind ofita episcopal revenues, made in the year Us:}. This tran- 
 icript came from the Stowe Collection, and is believed to bo of the 
 thirteenth century. The original Survey is lost. It is supposed 
 
[78] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 that it existed as late as about 1750 in the Auditor's Office at Dur- 
 1 Hardy. ^e- bam, but oiilv a copv made in the fourteenth century is now to be 
 
 script. Cat. 11, n i • , i ,*' q^ i "' 
 
 lib. 3, note. lound in that omce.^ 
 
 Here also is a very fine MS. of the Chronica Rerum Anglicarwn 
 of William, a Canon of Newbury. It is said to have been a presen- 
 tation copy to the Library of Newbury, and may, therefore, be in 
 the author's autograph. .It formerly belonged to Sir Eoger Twrs- 
 de:n^. After his death it was in the hands of Thomas Hearne. It 
 passed to Lord Asiiburnham from the Library at Stovve. The only 
 other thirteenth century copy of this Chronicle is that contained in 
 the Cotton MS. Vespasian, B. vi. " The Asiiburnham MS. is un- 
 doubtedly the more ancient," says Mr. Hardy (Descr. Cat., II, 512, 
 note). The text of Mr. Hamilton's edition of William of Newbury 
 is based on a MS. of the fourteenth century pre.served at Lambeth. 
 
 Of John Lebeau's Chronique dxb roij Richard d' AngJeterre there is, 
 at Ashburnham Place, a fifteenth century MS.,* which was acquired by 
 Lord Ashburnham from the Barrels Collection ; and also an anony- 
 mous Livre du roij Richard d''AngJeterre, which is a vellum MS. of 
 the fifteenth century. It is in small folio size, and was purchased of 
 Bareois. The Stowe MSS. entitled Statutce Aiitiqiice Anglia are 
 numerous, and chiefly of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. There 
 are also many Wardrobe Books (chiefly on vellum) of English kings 
 and queens, from Edward I to Elizabeth. All of these, save two, be- 
 longed to the old Collection at Ashburnham. Two came from Stowe 
 Park. Finally, under this head, may be mentioned a Vraie Chro- 
 nique d^Escoec alregee, of the fifteenth century, on vellum, and of 
 folio size. This MS. was acquired from Barrois. 
 
 Of the curious circumstances which attended the formation of the 
 Collection of British State Papers which formerly belonged to 
 Thomas Astle, and was by him bequeathed (conditionally) to the 
 late Duke of Buckingham, I have elsewhere given an accouut 
 [Libraries and Founders of Libraries, 18G-1, pp. 202, 203, 270, 271]. 
 That Collection formed an invaluable portion of the MS. Library 
 formerly at Stowe Park, and a great part of it is now an important 
 division of the Ashburnham Library. 
 
 (390) Biya Ilonourahle Thomas Grenville, 
 ^ 17 December, 1840. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 [Eor an account of the noble gift made by Thomas Grenville, 
 in 1846, to his countrymen, I refer the reader to Lives of the 
 Founders and Benefactors of the British Museum (Book III, chap. 3).] 
 
 * Both MS. and Work are unnoticed in Mr. Hardy's excellent Catalogue; a 
 proof of the difficulty of access to Ashburnhani. 
 
NOTICES OF C'OLLI'XTORS. |79j 
 
 'f^OT) William Grey, Bis/iop of I'J!//, \^ t Aiinrnst, hi 7^. 
 
 Oxford:— ^'"//''«'' LH'mry. []\ISS.] 
 
 Hiahop GuET bequeathed his Library of JNFSS. (o Halliol in 1478. 
 
 ,'.)^) (icoi'LTt' Grimani, Pdlnarck of y1 qui /da, ^ 159:{. 
 
 Venice:- '^'^ .Ur//-/.'.v Lihranj. [Vrinted lioolcs ami MSS.] 
 
 I ho Library of Grimani appears to liave been berpieathcMl to St. 
 ik's ill 1. -.!)■;{. 
 
 (391)) Ulrich Grosse, ^ 1077. 
 
 Leipsic: — Toim IMmrii. \ Print od lioo/<s.'\ 
 
 (inosBE bequeathed hia Jiibrary to Lcipwie, for the general use of 
 townsfolk. 
 
 0) Ilughdc GrOOt ['CiuoTiu.s'], ^ 28 Auf^ust, \i'A:). 
 
 I Gbotius — a8 the well-known anecdote of the ' book-bo.\ ' at 
 Loueve»tein Castle sufHciuntly hIiowh — owed his life to bin books. 
 But he did not mark his gratitude by taking any steps for their per- 
 )etuation as a Library. Part of his Collection, however, is j»reserved 
 ,j( the Alexaiufritia in Rome. Timt ])orti()n appears to have been 
 -euted, Bubsequently to the Collector's death, by one of his heirs. 
 
 (401) Lewi.s de Bhugks dc GruthuySG, ^ 1 192. 
 
 Paris: — imperial Lihranj. [MSS.] 
 
 Grutiiuvsk was a famous Collector in his day, and the jM.SS. he 
 ad gathered are of great beauty and value. They were obtained 
 !• the Imperial Library by purchase. 
 
 rt02) John Gruter, *h 20 September, 1027. 
 
 Rome '.— Vatican Liljrory. [MSS.\ 
 
 ^ nne of Gkltkb's ^LSS. are in the Vatican, whither they came 
 1 the Public Library of Heidelberg. 
 
 See Huland, Ueilrat/ zur KennlnigH dcr IIundHchriflcn dcs Jantia 
 iterut; Seraj). xviii, 209-218. J 
 
 (4():i) Gualterio Family (of Florence). 
 
 London: — Jiriti4h Munenin Library. ^^ Papera and Correapondtitre.\ 
 
 1 he GuALTKUio MSS. were bought for the Trustees of the Jiritisb 
 luseum in \h'A. 
 
[80] BOOK IV. — HISTOEICAL 
 
 (404) Mario Guarnacci, ^ , . . 
 
 Volterra: — Town Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 GuAENACCi gave liis Library to Ms townsfolk of Volterra in Me 
 1774. 
 
 (405) Marquard Gude, ^ 26 November, 1689. ! 
 
 Wolfenbuettel ; — Bucal Library. [Printed Books and MSS, 
 The Library of Marquard Gube, or Gudius, was bought in 17; 
 by the Duke of Brunswick. Eicliard Bentlet had vainly exerts 
 himself to obtain its purchase for the Eoyal Library of England. 
 
 (406) William Guild, >h August, 1657. 
 
 St. Andrew's t — University Library. [Printed Books.] ' 
 
 Dr. Guild bequeathed his Library to the University of l' 
 A-udrew's, in which he had long served. 
 
 (407) J. A. Guenther, >h 1806. ' { 
 
 HRmburgh : — Library of the Society /or the Encouragement [^ 
 Arts and Manufactures. [Printed Books.] 
 
 (408) Charles Theophilus Guischardt C Quintus 
 Icilius'), ^ 13 May, 1775. 
 
 Serlin: — Royal Library. 
 
 Guischakdt's rather curious Library was bought by order of JJ 
 oldmaster (and sponsor in a sort of un-Christian baptism), FBEDEKJic 
 the Great, as an augmentation of the Royal Library, which, un i' 
 Feedeeick, received but few gifts or acquisitions of any sort. ', 
 
 (409) Samuel Guise, ^ . • • ; 
 
 London : — India Office Library. [Oriental MSSP^ ; 
 
 The Oriental Collections of Samuel Guise were purchased for je 
 East India Company's Library in Leadenhall Street, whence tjjf 
 were removed to Westminster, on the abolition of the Compaiis 
 government. I 
 
 (410) Peter Gunning, BlsUop of My, ^ 6 July, lo!- 
 
 Cambridge: — ^t. John's College Library. 
 
 Bishop Gunning bequeathed his Library to St. Jolm's College; 
 
NOTICES OF COLLKCTOKS. [81] 
 
 (111) J oil 11 Hacket, Bi.sliop of Lichjield, 
 ^ 21 October, 1070. 
 
 Cambridge '. — University Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 j Bishop Hacket was tlirouj»liout life an emulator of the public 
 (pint anJ opon-heartod. as well as opeu-handed, liberality of his old 
 jiastor, Archbishop Williams. Both of them were men who re- 
 hembercd the Divine injunctions, ' Ca^t thi/ bread upon the icafers,' 
 jnd ' Withhold not thy hand ; ^ and who obeyed them, as well in 
 |!ie 9ea«on of adversity as in the holiday-time of prosperity. la 
 iIacket, as in Williams, this generosity of spirit went far to atone 
 llo the Public) for many faults. Hackkt bequeathed his Library 
 \i the University of Cambridge. In his lifetime he had also been a 
 beral benefactor to the Library of Trinity College. 
 
 (412) . . Haeberlin (of Calcutta), * 1838. 
 
 Tnebingen : — Vniternty Library. [Oriental Collections.'] 
 
 IlAEBEKLiN's Collections were acquired by the University of 
 ubingen in the year 1S3S. 
 
 H3) John Hales (of the I lanaper Office), ^ 28 January, 
 1572. 
 
 j London I—^^/mA Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 Hatfield House (Ilrrt/urdahire) -.—Cecil Library. 
 
 JTart of the M.SS. of John Hales, who acted for a time as one of 
 jO |x)litical a^'cnlM of Lord Bi ikshley, were eventually acquired 
 } Robert HvHLKT, Karl of Oxtord, and are now in the British Mu- 
 lum. Another f>ortion is at llatfitld. 
 
 (414) Sir Matthew Hale, *i* 2a December, IG70. 
 
 London : — Lincoln t Inn Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Th.- .11.....: .., j„j„g m,j j^^^j^j^ bequeatlied his MS. Books to 
 ^^ '' >'Kifty of Lincoln's Inn, by his last Will, aud he 
 
 *i-l» wordn : 
 
 " I dc.-.;ru il.ai they nhall be kept nafe, and nil together, and be 
 lund in li-alhcr. and chained. Thev are not to be lent out or to be 
 c ijKm-a of. Hut if any of my posterit v, being of that Society, shall 
 tinn? to traniHTib,- any hook, and Hhal) give good caution to restore 
 jjgain in a pn-fucd lime, it is mv wish that they shall be lout to 
 *, but only by one rolume at a time They are a treasure 
 
xvui, p. 
 
 [83] BOOK IF. — HISTOEICAL 
 
 not fit for every man's view, nor is every man capable of making u 
 of them." 
 
 (415) Albert von Haller, ^ 12 December, 1777. 
 
 Milan: — Br era Library. \_Printed Boohs and MSS.'] 
 
 This fine Collection of a famous man was bought by the Empn 
 Maeia Theresa in the year 1778, for 2000 louis d'ors. It extend. 
 to about 13,500 volumes, printed and MS. together. 
 
 (416) Gerwin von Hameln, ^ 1495 
 
 Brunswick: — ^t- -dndrew's Church Library. [MSS. d 
 Printed Books.] 
 
 Gerwin von Hamelt^ bequeathed his Collection of books, 336 1 
 number, to the Church of St. Andrew, in Brunswick, for the use f 
 educated persons dwelling within Brunswick, by his Will, dateci 
 1495. (" Ok moghen diisser Liherey undt boeken gehruken, darinr, 
 studirende unde tho Jesende de erlike geJarden Personen bin n 
 Serapeum, Braunsckweig loesende,^' &c.^) He had placed this Library in e 
 Church many years before. 
 
 (417) Baro7i Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, 
 
 ^ \(S December, 1857. 
 
 Vienna : — imperial Library. [MtSiS.] 
 Leipsic : — University Library. [^Printed Books.] 
 The valuable MSS. of Baron von Hammee-Pfegstail's Lib ry 
 vrere sold to the Imperial Library of Vienna some years prior t( as 
 death. The printed books were purchased (by order of the Min 'er 
 of Public Instruction) for the University Library of Leipsic in 1 7. 
 Both Collections were eminently rich in Oriental literature. 
 
 (418) John Hancock (of Boston, Massachusetts)' 
 ^ . . . 
 
 Cambridge (Massachusetts) : — Harvard College Librm 
 [Printed Books.] 
 
 Hancock — an eminent leader in the American struggle for im- 
 pendence — gave his Library to Harvard during his lifetime. 
 
 (419) Shnon Harcourt (of Penley), >^ 1724?' 
 
 London : — British ILiseum Library. \_MSS.] 
 
 The Haecouet Collection included, amongst other val Wc 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [88] 
 
 contents, many English State PaperH ami Chronicles, a series o 
 jMediicral Treatises, and nmeh Poetry, both English and foreign. 1 1 
 
 of 
 t 
 vraa purchasod by tlio tlien Earl of Oxford iu 1721, and is now 
 portiuu of the Jlarleiait-JliiS. 
 
 (420) Julius Charles Hare, ^ ^3 January, 1^55. 
 
 Cambridge: — Trimdj College Library. [German Library J] 
 
 Ari'hdeaeon H.VRE bequeathed a valuable Collection of printed 
 Dooks to his College. It consisted mainly of German literature. 
 
 (4:21) Francis Hargrave, ^ 10 August, 18:21. 
 
 IiOndon: — British Munum Lihrury. [Law Books, and Works on 
 Knyli*A Iliatory, Printed and MS.'] 
 
 [See Lice* of the Founders and Benefactors of the British Museum 
 Book III, c. 2)0 
 
 \2'2) Thcoplulus Christopher Harless, ^ 2 Nov., 1S18? 
 
 Bonn I — Unirersity Library. Printed Bonk.i.] 
 
 IIarlkss bequeathed his Library to the University of Bonn. It 
 rms added to the University Collections in 181S. 
 
 423) Robert Harley, /:>//•/ r/ Or/orch ^ 2 1 May, 1 774 ; 
 aud Edward Harley, Hdrlof Oxford, ^ 10 Juno, 1741. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 [See Lives of the Founders and Benefactors of the British Museum 
 Book I. c 4 and 5).] 
 
 (424) William Harris, ^ 4 February, 1770. 
 
 London : — ^f. WUHams's Library. [Printed Books.] 
 The Library of Dr. IIakufs was bequeathed as an augmentation 
 f the Public Library founded by J)r. JJaniel Wii-liams, and placed 
 r hifl Trustees in a building in Ited Lion Street, London, which has 
 'centir been pulled down. The conjoined Libraries of Wiimja-MS 
 id of Uabsih are now (temporarily) placed in (Queen's ^square, 
 
 (423) Walter Harris, ►!< .. . 
 
 Dublin :—i^«Arary of the Royal Dublin Society. [.U.S'.S'.J 
 
 '!'• ' ' ^t^. Collections of this Iri«h archieologist and his- 
 
 "»■ i-ed l)y a vote of l*arliaMK-ut, and placed, for pub- 
 
 u-' nirv ot'thi- hulilm S.i.-j.-t V. 
 
[84] BOOK jr.— HISTOKICAL 
 
 (426) Samuel Harsnet, ArcUishop of York, 
 ^ 25 May, 1631. 
 
 Colchester : — Toion Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 
 ' Archbishop Haesi^et bequeathed his Library to Colchester, r 
 the especial service of the Clergy of Essex. Some remarks about e 
 Colchester Library will be found in a former part of this voh e 
 (Book III, c. 2). 
 
 (427) William Harvey, M.B., ^ 3 June, 1653. 
 
 London : — Library of the College of Physicians. 
 
 Part of Haetey's MSS. had been destroyed in his house at Lor m 
 by the Parliamentarian troops, soon after the departure of Iig 
 Chaeles I from "Whitehall. What remained of these he beqneat d, 
 together with his printed books, to the College of Physicians. 
 
 (428) William von Hasenburg, * 1730? , 
 
 Prague: — University Library . [MSS.A^ i 
 
 The Library of Yon Hasenbueg was bought by the Emj or 
 CiiARf.Es IV, in the year 1370, and was given by the purchase to 
 the University of Prague. 
 
 (429) Bohuslaus von Hassenstein Lobkowit 
 
 ^ 1510? 
 
 Raudnitz-On- the -Elbe \—Lobhowitz Library. [MSS. 'nd 
 Printed Books. ^ 
 
 The remains of a Library, once remarkable for the value (its 
 MSS., is still to be seen at Eaudnitz, in the castle of the Lobko itz 
 family. Much of the Collection was destroyed during the dev; at- 
 ing wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, 
 
 (430) Edward Hasted, ^ 14 January, 1812. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Topographical and her 
 
 MSS.-\ ■ 
 
 Hasted's MSS. were purchased, out of a Parliamentary grai for 
 the British Museum, after the Collector's death. 
 
 (431) Thomas Hayne, ^ 27 July, 1645. 
 
 Leicester : — Town Library. 
 
 Thomas Hayne bequeathed a small but valuable Library ' '"^ 
 townsfolk of Leicester by his last Will. How the corporats ol 
 
NOTICES OF COLLFXTOKS [85] 
 
 Leiccetor were wont to treat the books of Uieir beucfiu'tor I have 
 
 had occMiou to show elsewhere [Memoirs of Libraries, 1S51), Vol. I, 
 
 y\v 749, 75^1]. More recently, Dr. Kimuallt has <;iveu an instructive 
 
 Hit (myotes.iml Queries, vol.2,i).0i; 3rdSer.) of his observations 
 
 .;; a visit to the Library. IIavne was a schoolmaster of Christ 
 
 , rtal. and he was the fr'icnd of Seldkx. Amongst his precious 
 
 to Leicester waa that lith century MS. of the Greek Testa- 
 
 • which is 80 well known to Biblical philologists as Codex 
 
 ^tfctttrentii. 
 
 (43^) Thomas Heame, *I^ lO .lime, 173."). 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Librunj. ^MSS.\ 
 
 RAWLiKsoif acquired, by purchase, many of the MSS. of Hearne 
 — iucludini; the loni» oeriea of his cnrious ' Note-Books' and other 
 Adversaria — and bequeathed them to the University of Oxford, in 
 (rho«e 8*Tviee the on-inal Collector had passed a considerable por- 
 tion cf his life. 
 
 ;433) Arnold Herman Lewi.'; Heeren, ^ 7 Mar., 1842. 
 
 OoCttingeil : — Vniveraity Librari/. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Such books of tl>e Library of this eminent historian as were already 
 n ihe University Library lie directed to be given to the Gymnasian 
 -ibniry of Gottingen. All such aa the University did not pre- 
 riuuiily poMvtis he be<|ueathed to it. 
 
 (434) Daniel Heinsius, ^ 2o Fclirnarv, 10 3 5. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library . [Annututed Books.'\ 
 
 (435) Nicholas HcinsiuS, ^ 1 October, IGSl. 
 
 Oxford: — Bod/nan I.il.rdnj. .Innntated Books.] 
 
 The Annotated Books of both these eminent scholars were pur- 
 haMHl for the University of Oxford in l(J9G, at the sale of the 
 jibruy which had been gathered by Dr. K J ward IJeunaud. 
 
 (436) Ebcnezer Henderson, ^ lO May, isfjS. 
 
 IX>ndon '. — Library nf the Bible Socte.'ij. {Hebrew Bibles and 
 eeiandic BuvkM.] 
 
 So much of Dr. Hknukhson's valunbU; Collection as is mentioned 
 bovc «a« uiu-n to the British and Foreign Bible Society, in that 
 luiufut acbular'H lifitime. 
 
[86] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL j 
 
 I 
 
 (437) James Hennequin, >i< l65i. 
 
 Troves : — Toion Library. 
 1 Will, as The Library collected by Hennequin comprised about 12,() 
 
 printed ill Tolumcs of priutcd books and a few volumes of MSS. He '- 
 (ks'ms'des queathed it to the Town of Troyes, as the foundation of a Pul i 
 fuL ^"\ ii Collection, expressly desiring that it should be freely accssible % 
 avert.' ' touts ceuoc qtd desireroieut y entrer, dejjuis midy jusgues a soleil i ' 
 chant.'''' 
 
 It has suffered somewhat from past neglect in former days, ' t 
 the Library at Troyes is still a fine one. 
 
 (438) Robert Henry, D.D., ^ November, 1790. 
 
 Linlithgow '.—Public Library, [Printed Boo/cs.'] 
 
 Dr. Robert Henry bequeathed, in 1790, his valuable Colled a 
 as the foundation of a Town Library for Linlithgow. They wer - 
 as might be expected from his literary pursuits and achievement- 
 rich in the class of History, especially for Britain. 
 
 (439) F. E. von Herberstein, ^ . . . 
 
 Prague : — University Library. [Printed Books and MSS.I 
 The Von Herbeestein Collection now forms part of the valu le 
 and extensive Library of the University of Prague. Petzhc )T 
 speaks of it as accruing after the date of the suppression (in le 
 Austrian Empire) of the Jesuit Order, but does not give either le 
 date or precise source of the acquisition. : 
 
 i 
 
 (440) Edward Herbert, Lord Herbert of Cherburv, 
 >5< 20 August, 1648. \ 
 
 Oxford : — Jesus College Library. [Historical MSS."] 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Part of Corresponde) ■] 
 In that curious tractate on education which Lord Herbee'J |ia8 
 inserted — somewhat as if he had thrust it in by the shoulders nn 
 his Autobiography, he speaks of himself as having pursued iili'S 
 survey (' passed over' is his actual expression, but he employs ese 
 words in their old and now obsolete sense) " all human literat e. 
 If, in truth, he had collected books of some sort about every iDg 
 known in those days, we may reasonably regret the dispersi-. oi 
 much of his Library. That it contained many out-of-the-way I'^ka 
 is certain, from his statement about its medical portion: — "I h^'^ 
 my Library," he says, " Pharmacopeia Londinensis, Parisiensis^yi' 
 stelodamensis ; and those ofQuercetas, Bauderoni, Renadem, Val'^t 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [87J 
 
 Seordat : the Pharmacopeui Coloniensis, Aurjunfana, Tenet iana, Bono- 
 niemsis, Floreniina, Jiomana, Messniteiixis ;" and so on. For a man 
 who is now known chiflly as metaphysician and historian, and who, to 
 hi* contemjwraries, was chii-tly known as soldier and diplomatist, the 
 minute study of the materia mcdica is certainly a presumption of 
 almost universality in readinfj. For the context shows, plainly 
 enough, that he had read these books, of which he speaks, as well as 
 bought them. 
 
 Those of Lonl Herbkht's MS. Collections which are now at Jesus 
 CoUeRC arc chiefly historical. Part of his Correspondence is among 
 the Uarleian MSS. at the British Museum. The ]MS. of his Auto- 
 biography was well-nigh lost to the world, having been long and 
 eamrstlj sought for without success, and being at length discovered, 
 1 believe, in a neglected charter-chest at Lymore. 
 
 (441) Jolin Godfrey Jacob Hermann, 
 ^ ;il December, 1S4S. 
 
 Praglie : — Unirersity Library. 
 
 Tlie Library of this famous philologist was purchased for the 
 UniTcrsitj of Prague. 
 
 {\V2\ Jolin Ilenrv von Heucher, ^ 177S? 
 
 Dresden : — Royal Library. 
 
 IlEccnBB's Literary Collections are now in the Eoyal Library at 
 DreMleiL 
 
 (443) John Heuschreck, ^\\',\. 
 
 Boemhild :— C'Ai/rcA Library. [3/55.] 
 
 IIei.hi iiuEtk- was parish priest of Bibra, and a Canon of the 
 Church of Ktimhild. He bequeathed some books, botli MS. and 
 printed, to the latter in 147 k Some were to be preserved in the 
 choir of the cliurch, "pro u$u et utiUtate canonicorum praseniium et 
 fmtmroritm, ut in eitd^m librit legant, stuJrnnt, et alios libronim cor- 
 riyamt:' Others were a legacy to the pre-e.xisting Churcli Library 
 there: ". . . . ad Liberiam...in Rijmhilt leyavit.'' 
 
 (444) John Heylin, ^ . . . 
 
 Bristol: — Town Library. 
 
 The Librarr of John lUvr.ry contained also a portion of that 
 ^hich ho had inherited from Dr. I'eter Heymn. The combined 
 Collcct.nns came by gift, in 1700. to the Town Corporation of Bristol, 
 Tor public use. 
 
[88] BOOK ir.— HISTOKICAL 
 
 (445) Conrad von Hildesheim, ^ • . . 
 
 Hatisbon : — Town Library. 
 
 A series of Juridical MSS., formed by Conrad von Hildeshei,, 
 was presented by the Collector, in 1430, to the Town of Ratisbc , 
 as a groundwork of a Town Library. 
 
 (446) John Hjelstjern Rosenkra, ^ 17S0. 
 
 Copenhagen: — Hjehtjem Library. [Printed Books and MS \ 
 This extensive Collection of Scandinavian and other printed boo 
 
 and MSS. was bequeathed in 17S0 to the City of Copenhagen, ast) 
 
 groundwork of a special Library. 
 
 (447) Sir Richard Colt Hoare, ^ 19 May, 183S. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. 
 
 A Foreign Topographical Library, containing about 2000 voluir , 
 many of them of great value and rarity, was given by Sir Eich; 1 
 Hoare to the British Museum in 1825. The entire Collectioii 1 1 
 been purchased during a residence of five years on the Contim . 
 It related chiefly to the local history and topography of Italy. 
 
 (44 S) Baron George AYilHam von Hohendorft'', 
 ^ . . . 
 
 Vienna : — Imjierial Library. [Printed Books and lilSS?^ 
 
 Baron von Hohexdoeff's Library was purchased for the Im - 
 rial Library at A^ienna after the Collector's death. A Cataloguf f 
 it had previously been printed at the Hague (1720, 8vo). Aiinig 
 the MSS. was a portion of the vast Correspondence of Fabri 'E 
 Peiresc. 
 
 (449) P;7/ic<? Lewis Christian Augustin von HollGnlO.3 
 
 Langenburg. 
 
 Stuttgart : — Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 A considerable Collection of linguistical books was bequeat d 
 
 to the Koyal Library of Wirtemberg by Prince Hohenlohe, s 
 
 Collector. 
 
 (450) Richard HoldsWOrth, ^ '2^ August, 164(; 
 
 Cambridge: — University Library. [Printed Books.'\ JEma.it 
 College Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 Part of the Library of Dr. Holdswouth was bequeathed to le 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [89] 
 
 Jnirersily of Cambridge, and the remaiuder of it to Eiuauuel 
 College. 
 
 (40 1) Thomas Hollis, ^ I -laimary, 177 I. 
 
 Berne :—Town Library. 
 
 I'art of the Library of IIot.lis— a collector of unusual disinterested- 
 4es» aud extent of synipatliy, as well as one of unusual munificence 
 u giving— was presented to" the townsfolk of Berne. 
 I Wheu he sent it to the Council of the town, Hollis accompanied 
 «, by a presentation note, thus expressed : — " An Englishman .... is 
 Lairous of havins; the honour to present nine cases of books to the 
 .'ublic Library of Berne, as a small token of his unfeigned respect to 
 Ihat Canton, and to the brave, worthy, and free people of Switzer- 
 land." 
 
 / I .")•:) Robert Holmes, >i< 1~ November, 1S05. 
 
 Oxford:— -/'o^/ZcjA/i I.ifjrunj. iMSS.] 
 I Some valuable Collections of Biblical MSS. were given to the 
 nireraity of Oxford by their Collector in his lifetime. 
 
 (453) Luke Holstein, *i* rVbiuary, l(i(U. 
 
 Home : — Baberini Library. [Printed Books and AISS.] 
 
 Part of the Library of IIolstkix (or IIglstenius) is now pre- 
 «nc<l in the Harbt-rini Library at liome. 
 
 Holstbin'b personal correspondence is occasionally of special inte- 
 ■e»l to the Hisioriau of Libraries, on account of the many researches 
 D them, and al»<) about them, in which he was, at various periods, 
 iigBj^ed. It in a!»o, more incidentally, of special interest to the 
 Hographertf and to the lovers of Miltox. 
 
 On one occaaion, during the travels of our great Poet in Italy, 
 lUiUntiy needed to make nome researches in the Laurenziana at 
 •'loreucc. He could not make them in person, aud asked for the 
 ricudly offices of Milton. But Milton, it seems, was also obliged 
 o have reeourrtc to a substilute. In March, 1(530, ho wrote to 
 ^oLaTEI^ that his attempt to satisfy him had, for the present, failed. 
 Pbe poet complains strongly of the pedantic hindranets which then 
 ibtained in the management of the great Library of Florence, and 
 
 hich have continued to obfa'n in some other ^reat Libraries for 
 kbout two centuries and a half later. " You may not," he says, 
 
 even approaeh the tables with a pen in your hand." And thou ho 
 idda, with more than usual energy of expression : — " Engaged as you i Miiton to 
 ire, in a work so honourable and so praiseworthy, 1 tlonk it dis- H"'"'*'",-,?,! 
 
 c \ e »i 1 1 • * 1 "^ 1 II March. 1C.39 
 
 {racetul it men, methods, and circumstances, be not made to bend at (ou.tcd by 
 rour bidding."' M"'^,"!} "»'• 
 
 Many year* before, Holstein himself had found reasonable cause '*'* " 
 
[90] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 to complain of the impediments wliicli made the Laurentian Librar 
 rather a hindrance than a handmaid to learning, and he touchc 
 (after sharpening the nib of his pen) on one of the causes of so undt 
 sirable a circumstance, and one which carries its application beyon 
 Florence : — " This Library," writes Holsteix, "like some others, ha 
 the common defect of being under the charge of men who have n 
 sufficient knowledge of authors, even by name. Such men are mer 
 hookkeepers.'" 
 
 (454) Michael HonywOOd, D.D., ^ 1681. 
 
 Lincoln : — Cathedral Library. [Remnants of Printed Books an 
 
 MSS.'] 
 
 Dr. Hontwood's liberal gift of many choice and precious books t 
 the Dean (his successor) and the Chapter of Lincoln was made, earl 
 in the present century, the occasion of a breach of trust. The breac 
 of the Founder's trust was, in the Lincoln case, less flagrant i 
 degree, but exactly similar in kind, to that committed by the trustees ( 
 Archbishop TE^risoK, when they recently dispersed the Librar 
 founded by that excellent prelate for the perpetual use of the Clerg 
 of Westminster. T£>'ISOn's trustees (with the connivance of tl 
 Charity Commissioners) obtained the shelter of an Act of Parliamer 
 to enable them, without fear of penalty, to evade the purpose ac: 
 betray the trust of their Founder. They are, in point of the letti 
 of the law, unassailable and blameless. The Dean and Chapter- 
 Lincoln sold Michael Hoxtwood's books without any sanction i 
 consent save their own. On the other hand, though they, to 
 violated the express Will of a true and generous benefactor, tht 
 applied the proceeds (with strict faithfulness, so far), accruing fro 
 the sale of old books, to the purchase of new books. It was bo", 
 ungenerous and unjust, however, to make such an exchange, for tv. 
 reasons : — (1) They sold the valued.treasures of a benefactor to who 
 they owed a. fine and costly Library-building — erected out of his ov 
 purse— as well as a choice collection of books. (2) The money 
 obtained to buy new books would have accrued, had they waited 
 few years, from the natural increase in the value of the capital 
 property, without any violation of the trust of the Founder. 
 
 (455) Frederick William Hope, ^ 15 April, 1862. 
 
 Oxford: — ^ Hope Library,' attached to the Museum of Nuiut. 
 History. [Printed Bool's.'\ 
 
 A Collection of Books, very rich in the literature of IS'atural H 
 tory and of the Sciences allied therewith, was bequeathed to t 
 University of Oxford, in 1862, by Mr. Hope, its Collector. 1 
 also left an endowment fund for its augmentation. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [91] 
 
 (450) Stephen von Horvath, ^ ISl... 
 
 Pesth : — National Museum Libranj. 
 
 HobvAtu's Library was purchased for the National Museum 
 f Pwth. 
 
 (457) Thomas Howard, Earl of AruncM, ►!< 1040. 
 
 IjOndOn : — Jioyal Sodetif s Library. [^Printed Boo/cs.^ IlerahVs 
 "Mjlleife Library. [Heraldic MSS.] British Museum. [Other MSS.] 
 
 The Library of this magnificent Collector — who spent so much 
 •oth of life and fortune in amassing the choicest treasures of literu- 
 ure, science, and art — is almost as widely scattered as the Arundel 
 Garbles or the Akundel Pictimies. Of the sad state of neglect 
 a which it was left by the carelessness of the Collector's eventual 
 eir, Mr. Henry lIowAnn (afterwards Duke of Norfolk), John 
 IvELTN has given a curious and instructive account in his Memoirs. 
 'or an account of the circumstances of the eventual partition of the 
 ur\iving part of the Library between the three London Libraries 
 l>ove named, and also of the nature and historical importance of the 
 lBr5DEL MSS., the reader is referred to Lives of the Founders and 
 'Jenejactort of the British Museum (liook II, c. 3). 
 
 (458) Charles d' Hozier, ^ I DcccinbtT, 1000 ? 
 
 PariB: — imperial Library. [Geuealvgical MSS.] 
 
 Tl»e MSS. of D'lIoziEK were purchased for the Koyal Libiary 
 f France bj order of Lewis XI \'. 
 
 (i:)l); J^aro/i von Huepsch, ^J* 1805? 
 
 Darmstadt : — Bucal Library. J'rintid liuo/is.'] 
 
 The line Library of Huepsch was purchased for Darmstadt after 
 10 Collector's death. 
 
 (460) Peter Daniel Huet, Bis/iop of Avranc/ics, 
 ^ 20 January, 17:21. 
 
 Paris -.—Imperial Library. [Printed Boohs and M.SS.] 
 Ashburnhani Place {Sustex) -. — Lord Aahbumham's Library. 
 MS. Corresji'imJi'iire.^ 
 
 Bishop HcET bequeathed the books, which he counted as 
 mongBt his most precious posses.sions, to the Jesuits, after many 
 nxiouM cogitationH about the clujice of trustees, for, as ho hoped, 
 heir nnsured permanence an a Public Library. 
 
 When the Jesuits were Huppresscd the Hi'et Collections were 
 
[92] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 purchased for the Royal Library of Prauce. They added to tt 
 great establishment 8071 printed volumes, and about 200 Mt 
 Both printed books and MSS. were far more conspicuous for th( 
 intrinsic value than for their number. Much of Huet's vast C( 
 respondence is now in the Library at Ashburnham Place, and \? 
 part of Lord Ashburnham' s purchase from M. Libei. Prom who 
 or whence, it was purchased by Libei, is not stated either in t 
 Libei Catalogue of 1851 or in the Ashburnham Catalogue ' 
 1853. The contents of the Huet Collection so acquired by Lc 
 Ashbuenham comprise nearly 3000 letters ; amongst them areabc 
 100 written by Bossuet. 
 
 I 
 (401) Hugh, Arclideacon of Leicester, "^ 1150? 
 
 Lincoln : — Cathedral Library. \_M8SP\ 
 
 A curious group of MSS. given to Lincoln Cathedral, by Hu ; 
 of Leicester, has been more fortunate than were the choice prinil 
 books given by Dean Honywood. They may still be seen ai 
 consulted, though they were presented more than seven hand) I 
 years ago, whilst Honywood's benefaction is comparatively but f 
 yesterday. The Decreta Oratiani, one of the books so given, ab( i 
 the year 1150, still bears the inscription, — " Ex dono Rugonis An- 
 diaconi Leycestrice.'^ i 
 
 (462) John Fowler Hull, ^ • • • 
 
 London : — British Museujn Library. [Oriental Library.] 
 The Library of this well-known Orientalist was bequeathed J 
 the Trustees of the British Museum in the year 1825. 
 
 (463) Charles J. E. van Hulthem, ^ 1832. 
 
 Brussels : — Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 
 Of the splendid Library of Van Hulthem I have heretoi.e 
 
 given an account in JSlemoirs of Libraries, Vol. II, pp. 508, seqq. 
 Purther information will be found in Bibliotheca Hulthemici, 
 
 printed at Brussels in 1836. 
 
 (464) William Hunter, M.D., *^ 30 March, 1783 1 
 
 Glasgow : — Library of the Iluulerian Museum. [Printed Boi 
 
 and MSS.] \ 
 
 Hunter spent much both of his time and money in theacquisifJn 
 of the Library which is now preserved, for public use, iu the Huntei tj 
 Museum at Glasgow. It combines books of tlie greatest rarity d 
 beauty with the more t^pecially working-books of the scholar d 
 
NoriCKS OF COLLECTORS. [98] 
 
 of Iho student of science, aiul particularly those of the student 
 of the phypical seionoes aiul ot' their practical applications. 
 
 (4C5) Robert Huntington, Bishop of Raphoe, 
 ^ '1 Soptcinbcr, 1701. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [3/SS.] 
 
 A Tjiluable Library of MSS., chiefly Oriental, was, iu part, given 
 !'. 'UI.ey'b Library by this eminent Collector; and, as to the 
 •..icr, was punhnsc'd from his executors. It had been gathered 
 ...;.' many vcars' travel in the Levant. 
 
 (460) Phili|) Hurault, Bishojj of Cliartres, ^ 1622. 
 
 PariB : — imperial Library. [3/SS.] 
 
 A Collection, containing 118 volumes of MSS., wa.s purchased (for 
 12.000 livres) in order to the auj^mentation of the lloyal Library of 
 France, in U>*2'2. fri)in the Executors of Bishop HniAUi-T. 
 
 (467) Jolin Hurault de Boistaille, ^ . • . 
 
 PlUfig ; — Imperial Library. \^Greeh MSS.^ 
 
 The Grvck MSS. of John Hurault are also in the Imperial 
 l^ibraiT'. Po«»»ibiy they were inherited by the Bishop of Chartres. 
 
 (468) Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, *b 1502. 
 
 EsCOrial :— R^yal Library. IMSS. ] 
 
 Th»' r-.'Ni'tiMn of this celebrated diplomatist was chiefly formed 
 dur" residence at Venice aa Ambas.'^ador for Spain. lie 
 
 jwa.« '• in his eflorts to obtain Greek MSS. from Constan- 
 
 • • ..>.,. r parts of the Levant, and when it became his good 
 
 .rie to be the means of ransoming a captive son of the reigning 
 ;ii» he Solicited, it is said, that any reward which might be con- 
 It rrcd upon him should take the shape of a present of ^NISS. Besides 
 bis more direct acquisitions, he employed skilful scribes, at Kome 
 Mid elsewhere, to transcribe for him famous Codices. 
 
 (409; Thomas Hyde, * IS Fcbruar}', 1703. 
 
 London:— ^'•''"^ Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 OrfOld:— Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 r«rt of the Oriental MSS. of Dr. lIvuE are now preserved in the 
 M ' Koyal Collection* at the liritish Museum, having been pur- 
 •ha*od, for the (^ueen, after his death. Otlu r MSS. of his arc in 
 the liodleian, of which he wan so long Principal Librarian. 
 
[94] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (470) Edward Hyndman, ^ 1618. 
 
 Oxford '.—Trinitij College Librarij. [_MSS.'] 
 The Library of Dr. Hyndmak came to Trinity College by h 
 bequest. 
 
 (471) M. Imbert de Oange, ^ . . . | 
 
 Paris ; — imperial Iiihrary. [^Printed Books.'\ 
 The Literary Collections of M. Imbeet were bought, for 45,0i 
 livres, for the Royal Library of France, by order of Lewis XIV. 
 
 (472) Joseph Rene Imperiali, Cardinal, >h 1737. 
 
 Home : — Imperiali Library. \_Pritited Books.'] 
 
 Cardinal Impekiali bequeathed his Library, in trust for t 
 Public, to his nephew Prince Francavilla, and he also left an endo 
 ment fund. 
 
 (473) Joseph Dominick d'lnguimbert, Bishop (, 
 Carpentras, ^1757. 
 
 Bishop Inguimbert bequeathed his Library to the Metropolit ; 
 Town of his See, as a Free Public Library for the townsfolk, . 
 1787. As a Trappist monk he is known by the name of Dom Malac: . 
 
 (474) Andrew d'ltalinski, ►^ 20 June, 1827. 
 
 St. Petersburgh : — Imperial Library. 
 
 Italinski bequeathed his Library to the Imperial Collection b 
 St. Petersburgh. His own Collection was peculiarly rich in Orienil 
 books. It had been formed during two successive embassies, *' 
 Russia, to Constantinople, and enlarged during the Collector's si- 
 sequent retirement at Rome. The Emperor Nicholas present I 
 the heirs of d'lTALiNSKi with a gift of 45,000 roubles. \ 
 
 (475) Francis Henry Jacobi, i^ 1819. \ 
 
 Berlin : — Boyal Library. [Printed Books.'] j 
 
 The Library of Jacobi was purchased by the King of Pbuss!, 
 in 1819, and added to the Royal Library at Berlin. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [95] 
 
 (470) Ilonry Joacliim Jaeck, *i^ • • • 
 
 Bamberg : — Koi/al Public Library. [^Printed Books and MSS."] 
 
 Thix «'mitu-iit ami most laborious of Librarians bequeathed to tho 
 
 I over which he had presided, with so much honour, for 
 
 -s. all his personal Collections in Literature and Arcluo- 
 
 . ..;.,i also the residue of his personal estate, so that in him this 
 
 rated Library may almost be said to have bad a second 
 
 .uder.* 
 
 (47; Jagellon raniily. 
 
 Cracow*. — VnirtrsHy Library. iPriuted Books.'] 
 One of the Princes of this famous family bequeathed his Library 
 to the University of Cracow. 
 
 (47S) John Cliristoplicr Jancke, ^ 1^35. 
 
 GoerlitZ : — ■'''^'■'^''y of the Upper Lusatian Academy of Sciences. 
 Jji>'ciCi:'s Library came to Goerlit/., by bequest, in 1835. 
 
 (479) Thomas Jefferson, ^ 4 July, 1S26. 
 
 Washington: — Congre«s Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Tlio Conu'rt^'S of the United States passed a vote of supply for the 
 
 purphaM> of the Library of Jefferson, as an augmentation of its 
 
 own Library in the Capitol at Washington. 
 
 (4S0) Sir Licml Jenkins, ►i* l September, 1GS5. 
 
 London: — Rolls House. [MSS.] 
 
 Oxford : — «^Mw* College Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The MS. Collections of Sir Lionel Jenkins are preserved in the 
 
 new KoIIm House in London. Part of hia Library was given to Jesus 
 
 College. 
 
 (481) John Sobieski, A7//// of Poland, ^ I 700. 
 
 St. Petersburgh ? Imperial Library ? 
 
 Part <.f t!,f Library of this illustrious sovereign has, I believe, 
 found itn way to the Itu-ssian capital, in common w ith so many other 
 Polish tpoiln. 
 
 (4^:2 John Adolphus, Duhe of Saxe Weissenfeh. 
 
 Leipsic : — l'nirer.uty Library. Printed Books and MSS. ] 
 Part of the Library of Duke John Adolpuus is now preserved in 
 the University Library at Leipsic. 
 
 ^» An inter«^ing and appreciative review of .lat-ck'a life and Inboura. drawn up 
 wttii nocb Bbilily, will be found in the 8th volume of Ser<tpevm, pp. 305— 31U. 
 
[96] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (483) William Francis Joly de Fleury, 
 
 ^ 22 March, 1756. 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The Juridical and other MSS. of Jolt de Fleuet were purcha i 
 for the augmentation of the Eoyal Library after the Collectia 
 death. They included several autograph tracts on matters of Ju,i- 
 prudeuce. 
 
 (484) Inigo JoneS, ^ 24 October, 1672. 
 
 Oxford: — Worcester College Library. \jSISS. and Drawings' 
 London : — British Museum Library. [_MSS. and Drawings.'] 
 The MSS. and Drawings of Inigo Jones are preserved in e 
 
 Library of Worcester College. A few others are preserved among e 
 
 Collections of the British Museum. 
 
 (485) John JoneS, Beef or of Boulne-Hurst, in Beih 
 ^ 1770? 
 
 London :—-D'-. Williams's Library. IMSS.] \ 
 
 This Collector bequeathed his MSS. to Dr. Williams's Libr-v. 
 Amongst them is a curious volume of Tracts and Letters by ore- 
 lating to Ralegh. They are merely transcripts, but some of le 
 originals from which they were taken appear to have been lost. 
 
 (486) William Jones, F.B.S., ^ July, 1749. 
 
 Shirburn Castle {Oxfordshire). [Printed Books a)id 3ISS.^ 
 
 A valuable printed Library and an extensive series of Matht'a- 
 tical MSS. were bequeathed by AYilliam Jones to the second Ea of 
 Macclesfield. Jones was the friend, and occasionally the ;n- 
 fidential editor, of jN'ewton. 
 
 (487) Sir William Jones, ^ 27 April, 1794. 
 
 London : — Royal Society Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The Oriental MSS. of this celebrated scholar (son of Wil.iin 
 Jones, F.E.S.) were given to the Royal Society by his widow, sir 
 William, like his father, had been a Fellow of that Society. 
 
 (488) Benjamin Jonson, ^ 16 August, 1637. ' 
 
 Cambridge:— -S^- John's College Library. [Priiited Booh. 
 Some Printed Books from Jonson's Library are now preserV' in 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [97] 
 
 the Library of St. John's College. It is probable, but not cslu- 
 blUhod, that they came by the poet's gift. 
 
 (490) Joseph John Baptist, Arduhkc of Austria, 
 
 Oraets: — Johanneum Libninj. [Print e J Books.] 
 The I*riute«l Books of Archduke JoSEi'U were bequeathed to the 
 Jokammeum of Graetz. 
 
 (191) Joursanvault Family. 
 
 Paris :— Imperial Li/,r,in/. Part of C/iarlers, State Papers, and 
 oiker Mynimeittt.] 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Part of Charters, State 
 Papers, and other Muniments.] 
 
 (492) Stanislas Julien, ^ . . • 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. [Chinese Print.<>, Books, and JISS.] 
 The Chinene Library of Juliex was purchased for the iucrcnsc of 
 the Imperial Library. 
 
 (493) N 1 1 Julius, ^ . . . 
 
 Hamburgh : — Town Lilranj. 'Printed Books and Tracts.] 
 
 A « .uf. tioti of bttween 'JCMK) and .'JOOO Books aud Pamphlets 
 fonned bj Dr. Jilich waa piven to the Town Library of llambur<;h 
 in lK5s. It in especially noticeable as including an extensive series 
 of works on various departments of social science. 
 
 {\*^V JVL^may Dide of Brumwick,^ . . . 
 
 Wolfcnbuettel .—Ducal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Tlie fine Library gathered by Duke Ji'Mls i.s part of the exten- 
 lirc treasurett of t()e existing Library at Wolfenbiittel. 
 
 (495) Francis Junius, ^ 10 .\()vciul)cr, 1077. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. ^ Printed Honks and MSS.] 
 Franrin Jimth (or, in the vernacular, Du Jon), who had lung been 
 Royal Librarian in Kngland, bequeathed his Literary Colh ctions to 
 Boalej's Librar)-. He had often prolited by its stores in early life, 
 lod by it» world-famous liberality to f<»reign, as well as to native, 
 icholarH;— a lib«'ralitv which is not one of the least considerable of 
 ihe many causes which have made the word ' Oxford ' a household 
 
 rboDourcd word abroad, as well as at home. 
 
[98] BOOK jr.— HISTOKICAL 
 
 (490) Joseph Jungmann, ^ IQ> November, 1847. '■ 
 
 The Library of Jungmann, eminently rich in West-Selavonic 
 and especially in Bohemian, literature, was purchased from his heiri 
 for the Imperial Library of St. Petersburgh in 1856. It comprisec 
 3900 volumes. 
 
 K. 
 
 (497) Joseph Keble, ^ August, 1710. 
 
 London : — Grays Inn Library. \Legal MSS.^ 
 
 Mr. Serjeant Keble bequeathed his Library to the Honourabl 
 Society of Gray's Inn, of which he was, I believe, a Bencher. 
 
 (498) John Kendall, ^ . . . 
 
 Colchester : — Public School Library. [^Sold — with the consent i 
 the Charity Commissioners — in 1865,] 
 
 The history, of the Library bequeathed by the Pounder of tl 
 ' Friends' School ' at Colchester is very instructive, alike as showii 
 how the present Charity Commissioners exercise the powers entrustt 
 to them by Parliament, and as showing the evil results which flo 
 from the inadequacy of the provisions of the 'Public Libraries Acl 
 [See Book I, c. 4.] 
 
 Ket^dall was a genuine lover of books, and he was anxious for tl 
 perpetuation of his Library. He bequeathed the Collection, in tru 
 for the Public, as a Consulting, not a Lending, Library, and mo 
 especially for the use of the Teachers and Scholars belonging to tl 
 Friends' School. The Trustees neglected their duty. 
 
 Upon a very one-sided and inadequate representation of the fad 
 the present Trustees of the School obtained the sanction of t 
 Charity Commissioners to the sale of the Library, in 1865. Th" 
 declared that the books were useless — to the School. The CoUecti'l 
 extended to only 1030 volumes ; eighteen of these one thousand a: 
 thirty brought more than a hundred and fifty pounds. 
 
 That the Founder desired the perpetuity of his Collection i, 
 Public use is unquestionable. That, to conscientious Trustees, t. 
 Public Libraries Act offered machinery for making Kendall's iod 
 dation the basis of a 'Free Library' for Colchester, is equa 
 unquestionable. And the Founder, whose earnest wishes were tn 
 set at nought, had given to that Town three tlwusand pounds, besu' 
 his books. 
 
 1 
 
NoTirKS OV C'OLLI-XTOKS. [99] 
 
 (VM) Wliitc Kennett, B'^'op of Peterborough, 
 11) December, 17.0S. 
 
 Peterborough \— Cathedral Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 London : - Urilish Museum Library. [3/SS.] 
 
 Man V of Bishop Kknnett's MSS. are preserved in the Library 
 of the'Britis«h Musouin. His printed Library was, I believe, be- 
 nueathed to his Cathedral, although, in practice, he had made it a 
 Public Librnrv long before his death. [Sec Memoirs of Libraries, 
 Vol. I. p. C92.] 
 
 (500) Benjamin Kennicott, *i* IS August, 1783. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 1 tp. K KNMCOTT gave an important series of MSS.— chiefly Biblical 
 — to Bodley's Library 
 
 (501) John Keppler, ►!< 15 November, 1G30. 
 
 Vienna : — imperial Library. [Printed Books, and part of MSS.] 
 Pulkowa ; — Library of the Imperial Observatory. [Part of 
 MSS 
 
 Keppl^b's Autograph MSS. and MS. Collcctiona on Astrono- 
 mical subject* apjR'ar to have formed no part of the purcliase made 
 for the Imperial Librarv, after the Astronomer's death. The point, 
 indeed, in not abnolutefy certain as to all of them ; but such is the 
 roojit probable conclusion. James Bartsch, son-in-law to Kkppleu 
 and his laiit aM<i8tant in his labours, seems first to have had the charge 
 of the MSS. Some twenty years after Keppi.er's own deatli his 
 MSS. appear to have been at Koenigsberg, in the possession of his 
 only surviving son, Lewis Keppi-eh. After his death, in 1GG3, tliey 
 apjiear to have passed by purchase to the liistorian Helvetius 
 [Philosophical Transactions, of 1G71] ; and, in turn, the son-in-law of 
 JlELTETirs inherited them, in 1GS7. From him they passed to 
 IlArscii, the Editor, in 17 IS, of a small portion of their contents 
 {J. Krppleri aliorumque Epintohe mutiu/). IIausch was too poor 
 cither to continue his work or to retain his MSS. lie pledged 
 ihem, at Frankfort, for a trivial sum of money, and, being unable to 
 {redeem them, they passed successively into the hands of several persons 
 jwholly unable to estimate their value. Accident, however — after 
 y years — brought them to the knowledge of von Minit, and, 
 lainly at his instigation, they were purchased by tlie Empress ( 'ath e- 
 15R II of Russia, in 1774. By her they were given to the St. Tcters- 
 urgh Academy of Sciences. More tlian half a century afterwards, 
 he Academy nretsented them as a contribution towards the noble 
 Atronomical Library now attached to the Pulkowa Observatory. 
 A'* Hai-8CII po.Msesscd them, the Kki'IT.kii MSS. were contained 
 
[100] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 in twenty folio and two quarto volumes, bound; besides some un 
 bound papers and charts. Of the twenty-two bound volume; 
 eighteen came to Russia, and are now at Pulkowa. Two of then 
 are in the Imperial Library at Vienna. The others cannot now bi 
 traced. 
 
 That the two Vienna volumes were no part of the original pur 
 chase marie from Keppler's heirs is evident from the fact that the 
 were in Hausch's possession in 1712. One of them still retain 
 his binding. 
 
 (502) William King, Archbishop of Dublin, 
 ^ 8 May, 1729. 
 
 DerrV! — C/er^y Library. [Part of Printed Library.'] 
 "D-QbWn'.— Trinity College Library. [^ISS.] 
 
 Part of the Library of Archbishop KiJfa — a Collection of gref 
 value — was given by the Collector, in his lifetime, to Derry. Tl: 
 remainder (consisting chiefly of MSS.) was bequeathed to Triuit 
 College. 
 
 (503) John Kinsky, ^ 16 . . \ 
 
 Vienilcl : — imperial Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 John Kinskt's Literary Collections were, soon after his deal 
 
 purchased, by the then Emperor, for the Imperial Library ; 
 
 Vienna. 
 
 (504) Coe^/z^ Kinsky, ^ 1777. 
 
 Prague : — University Library. [Printed BooJcs, ^^c.] 
 
 The Library of Count Kinskt now forms part of that of tl 
 
 University of Prague. I am unaware whether the accession cau 
 
 by bequest or by purchase. 
 
 (505) Richard Kirwan, LL.B., ^ 1812. 
 
 Salcm {Massachusetts) : — Philosophical Library . 
 
 Part of the Library of this eminent Irish Scholar and Natural 
 came to Salem — by means quite other than peaceful. It is sho^ 
 in that quiet village of Massachusetts as a trophy of war, havi 
 been captured at sea, not far from the coast of Ireland. 
 
 (506) Frederick Maximilian von Klinger, 
 
 >J< 25 Febfuaiy, 1831. 
 
 Dorpat : — University Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Klinoee's Library— of about 6000 volumes— was purchased 
 the increase of the University Library of Dorpat in 1845. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLKCTOKS. [101] 
 
 (507) J. \\ Kohl, ^ 1788. 
 
 Altona ^ — ^'y'"""*""" Library. [Printed Books. ^ 
 The Li brnry of Professor Kohl was purchased for Altona after 
 the Collector's dcntli. 
 
 (508) Tluodor Kortueni, ^ l March, 1858. 
 
 Kcnstrelitz: — ^'"«'<'/ Lil^runj. ^^Printed Books.'] 
 
 KouTi m's Library — of about 1500 volumes — was added to the 
 
 Ormuil Duoal Library of Neustrelitz, by tlic gift of the Collector's 
 
 widow, in 1S5S. 
 
 (500) Ulricli Krafft, ^ 1520? 
 
 Ulm : — Town Library. \^MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 The Town Library of L'lm was founded by this Collector, iu the 
 year 15 10, by the bequest of his own Collections. Part of these 
 liave Hurvived all the wars, commotions, and minor perils of three 
 hundred and fifty years. 
 
 (510) Toi//// Joseph Krawkowski von Kolowrat, 
 
 * . . . 
 
 Prague: — Xational Muxeitm Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Count Krawkowski pave his Library to the National JNluseumof 
 Bohemia in the year IblS. 
 
 (511) G. F. A. Kuenhaus, * 1780. 
 
 Erfurt:— •^V'«<x/ Library. '^Collection of Bibles.] 
 
 L. 
 
 (512) Lewis Charles do La Baume Le Blanc, Dtifce 
 
 of La J'ti/Ui-n-, ^ . . . 
 Paris '.—Arsenal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 The splendid Library of La Baume Le Blanc, Duke of La Val- 
 
 lii-re, bci-amc the foundation of the existing Library of the Arsenal 
 
 by purchaae. 
 
 (513) Francis GRunfe, Sicur de La Croix du Maine, 
 
 * 15y;>. 
 
 Paris: — imperial Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Part only of the vast Collections of this famous amasser of Hi^<to- 
 
[102] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 rical MSS. liave been preserved. They were obtained for the Impe- 
 rial Library by purchase. 
 
 (514) Jerome Lagomarsini, ^ 18 May, 1773. 
 
 Home : — Roman College Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 The choice and curious MS. Collections on Ciceeo of this distin-, 
 guished Italian scholar now form part of the Library of the Roman 
 College. 
 
 (515) Artlmr Lake, Bishojo of Bath and TFells, 
 ^ 4 May, 1626. 
 
 Oxford : — -^^^«^ College Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'\ 
 Wells -. — Cathedral Library. [Printed Books and MSS.I 
 Worcester : — Cathedral Library. [Printed Books and MSS.^ 
 Part of Bishop Lake's Library was given to New College, in th( 
 Collector's lifetime. This portion was said, at the time, to be wortl 
 — in the money of that day — about four hundred pounds. He wa, 
 also a liberal contributor towards the Cathedral Libraries of "Wor 
 cester and of "Wells. 
 
 (516) Peter Lambech, ^ 16S0. 
 
 Vienna ; — imperial Library. [Printed Books and MSS."] 
 
 The valuable Library of Peter Lambech (who had been Librariai 
 
 to the Emperor) was purchased, after the Collector's death, for th 
 
 Imperial Library. /-./>;: 
 
 (517) John Baptist Lami, ^ 6 February, 1770. : 
 
 Florence: — Riccardian Library [Part of Printed Booh an 
 MSS.] i Marucellian Library. [Part of Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 Part of the Library of this scholar and author was bequeathed t 
 the Biccardiana, and the remainder to the Marucelliana. 
 
 (518) Claude Lancelot, ^ 15 April, 1695. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Part of Lancelot's MSS. have merged into the vast Collection i 
 the Department of MSS. in the Imperial Library. 
 
 (519) John Mary Lancisi, ^ 21 January, 1720. 
 
 HpOme : — Landsian Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Lancisi gave his Library, in 1714, as the groundwork of ane 
 Public Library for Rome. 
 
NO TICKS OF COLLECTORS. [103] 
 
 ,.')•:()) .I/r//7//r,v.v Fcrclinaiul Landi, *i* ls.')0? 
 
 PlaCOntiai — Lamli Libmnj. [Priii/t'(/ Jloaks and MSS."] 
 
 The Man]uej«j« Lvndi bequeathed his extensive and choice Library 
 
 nt riaiH?ntia to Trustees, for the use of the Public, by his Will of 
 
 : DtH-einher, 1S415, and by a Codicil to that Will in 1S40. lie 
 
 '•etjueatlicd for its augmentation an endowment fund, producing 
 
 • » lirt? yearly, and made provision for its continuance in the family 
 
 Miui. and for its full accessibility. Within a few years of the 
 
 nder's death the number of volumes reached 4:3,000. The 
 
 Library includes au extensive series of ^l^S. 
 
 (521) .lohn Langermann, ^ ilCri? 
 
 Hamburgh : — Town Library. '^Printed Books.^ 
 
 A Library, containini; about 7(X)0 volumes of printed books, col- 
 lecttnl by L.vNtiKBMANX, was added to the Town Library of Ham- 
 Ijurgh, by gift of the Executors of the Collector, in 17G2. 
 
 (r)22) John Larpent, ^ 1^21. 
 
 London: — ^^'■"'i/''"*fl'«''" House Library. [MS. Plays by Enylish 
 imtkora 
 
 In ls53. Lord Eli.ksmkkk purchased several hundred MS. Plays 
 written betwct-n 1737 and LS^L They are the copies which were 
 ncnt officially to the Licensers, and therefore often contain omitted 
 pa»«Kea and sufficiently curious notes; with a large body of corre- 
 »IK>ndence. n-latinij to dramatic censorship, entirely unpublished. la 
 lU pn'«»nt form the censorship date.s from 17^37, and it was Mr. Lar- 
 [HMit (({« \s1\) who obtained his predecessors' IMS.S. They were 
 »old by his widow in lS2.'5 fur Cl^sO, and, thirty years afterwards, 
 were oflVn-d to the Trustees of the British Museum at the same 
 price. The Trustees declined the purchase. 
 
 (523) Constantinc Lascaris, ^ I 11)3. 
 
 Messina :- Town Library. [Part of MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 EaCOrial:— /^oya/ Ld,rary. [Part of JISS. and Printed Book^^.j 
 Thin eminent Greek f,'rflmmarian and helper in the revival of learn- 
 ing in Western Europe bcfpieathed hia Library to Messina. Hut 
 |.art of it, during the wars in Italy, was carried (.ft' to Spain. Some 
 "f the books Buft'ered in the great fire at the Eseorial. Nome still 
 "urviTc. 
 
[104] BOOK ir. — HISTOKICAL j 
 
 ! 
 
 (524) John Lascki, >i< 1560. ; 
 
 Basel: — Town Library. [Part of Printed Books andMSS.] 
 EsCOrial : — Ro^/al Library. [Part of Printed Books and MSi] 
 Part of the Library of Erasmus descended to his friend Lasc ; 
 (by a bargain between the two, in virtue of which the survivor v \ 
 to inherit the Literary Collections of the other), and of theco- 
 bined Collection a portion came to the Library at Basel ; anotl : 
 portion went to Spain, and is still, I believe, in the Escorial. ;. 
 third portiou came to London, and was long preserved in a Chui i 
 Library, founded by foreign refugees. Of its present place of depc t 
 I am unable to give any satisfactory and trustworthy account. It 
 I have reason to think that the books survive. 
 
 (525) M. Laterrade, ^ . . . \ 
 
 Paris : — Lmj)erial Library. [Collection of Prints and Bn- 
 
 inffs, ^'c] 
 
 A vast Collection of Portraits and other Prints relating to 3 
 Prench Eevolution, formed by Latekeade, is now in the Impe: 1 
 Library at Paris. It was purchased either from the Collector, r 
 from his Executors. i 
 
 (526) John Latham, M.D., ^ 4 February, 1837. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [MSS.'] 
 The Collections on Hampshire Topography of Dr. Latham w e 
 purchased for the British Museum, and are now MSS. Addition j, 
 26,774—26,781. | 
 
 (527) Latinius Latini, ^ 21 January, 1593. 
 
 Viterbo : — Cathedral Library. [Printed Books?^ 
 
 A Library — said to be rich in annotated books— formed by is 
 
 eminent scholar, now forms part of the Capitular CoUectior n 
 
 Yiterbo. 
 
 (528) Beatus F. A. J. D. Latour Chatillon d< 
 
 Zurlauben, ^ 13 March, 1795. 
 
 Aarau '.—Public Cantonal Library. [Printed Books and MS>] 
 The fine Library of Baron Zurlauben (eminent both as a ' 1- 
 lector and as a military writer) w^as purchased, by the Senate of le 
 Canton of Aargau, as the foundation of a Library for the Can Q, 
 and was established in Aarau, the chief town of the Canton. 
 
NiTlICKS OF COLLECTORS. [105] 
 
 (.'):J'J William Laud, Archhhhop of Cnntcrburi/, 
 
 ^ km:). 
 
 I Oxford — liodleian Library [MSS.] ; St. Johns College Library 
 
 London: — ^'fl'"*''^ Palace Library [Sfate Papers'] ; Rolls House 
 I [SiQte Papers I 
 
 That o|)onhanded public spirit wliioh, in An-hbisliop Laud, was 
 not a whit lf!«j« oi>n!*pK'iiou8 tliun was liis political rashuess, or his 
 inabilitr to pvmpnthiso, uientally, witli his jiolitical opponents (so as 
 to rcahVe to liimt<olt"i'ither their aims or their stand-point), made him 
 • liberal contributor and fellow- worker with Bohlky, in his youth, for 
 the creation of the great central Library of Oxford, uotwithstandinir 
 his cagiT and lifelong interest in the aiignientation of the special 
 Library of St. John's College — to which he may be said to stand 
 almost' in the relation of second Founder. His gifts of jNlSS. — espe- 
 ciallj of Oriental and other Biblical MSS. — to the Bodleian were 
 ma^iBcent. Not less so were his benefactions to St. John's. Fart 
 of his State PajK'rs fell into the hands of Piiynne. Another portion 
 is preserved at Lambeth. And yet another is in the KoUs House. 
 
 (530) John de Launoi, ^ 10 March, 1678. 
 
 Laon :— roicji library. \Part of Printed Library.] 
 
 By hi.« ' ■ ^'.' T.vrNOl divided his books between the Missions 
 
 ofth«/*.' I'aris and the Seminari-sts of Laon. From 
 
 the mooa- -I named it passed, eventually, to the Town 
 of Laon. 
 
 (■).ji; Lharlcs Leber, ^ 1838? 
 
 Booen :—Totcn Library. [Prmlcd Hooks, ij-c] 
 
 The splendid Library of Llbeb was purchased by the Town of 
 
 Bouen. in lS38, for 70,000 franca. There is a special Catalogue of 
 
 it, which extends to four volumes, in print. 
 
 (532) John Giles Le Fort, ^ !) February, 1718; 
 •nd James Ileiirv Le Fort, *b -i October, 1751. 
 
 Liege : —Archicea nf the Town. ^MSS.\ 
 
 The very remarkable Genealogical Collections of these eminent 
 An* •■ ' iid«on) contain — (1) 710 Genealogies of noblo 
 
 *'"' '•», not alone of Belgium, but of otiier coun- 
 
 ^"•'" . --^nand illuMtrated. (2) Extensive and miscel- 
 
 Wieuus Collections of Genealogv. (:?) Genealogical Collections re- 
 iating specially to the City and Province of Liego. The first 
 DoUectioD is arranged in twenty-five, the second in twenty-seven 
 
[106J BOOK ir.— HISTORICAL 
 
 volumes. The third is unbound, but is arranged in cases under 
 nearly 3000 headings. 
 
 (533) Anne Lewis Francis -de-Paule Le FeVTC 
 
 d'Ormesson de Noyseau, ^ 1794? 
 
 Paris *. — Imperial Library. [Prints, ^c] 
 
 An extensive Collection of Portraits and other Historical Prints, 
 formed during many years' research by Le Fevre d'Ormesson, is 
 now an important constituent of the magnificent and almost (if not : 
 quite) unrivalled Print-Eoom of the Imperial Library. 
 
 (534) George William von Leibnitz, ^1716. 
 
 Hanover ; — Royal Library. [MSS. and Printed BooJcs.'\ 
 
 The extensive Literary and Historical Collections of Leibnitz 
 were bequeathed by him to the Royal Library of Hanover. Some 
 of his Autograph Letters were included in the sale of Libri MSS. iu . 
 London, in March and April, 1859. They have, probably, been 
 added to the Ashburnham Library in Sussex. 
 
 (535) "Robert Leighton, ArchbisJioj) of Glasgow, 
 1 February, 1084. 
 Dunblane : — Cathedral or Episcopal Library. 
 Archbishop Letghtois" bequeathed his Library as the groundwork 
 of a Public Collection for Dunblane. 
 
 (536) John Leland, ^ is April, 1552. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [MSS.'] i 
 
 Hatfield House {Hertfordshire). [MSS.-] I 
 
 London: — British JSLuseumJAbrary [M5S.] ; Bolls House [MSS.].\ 
 Part of the MS. Collections of Leland are now in the Bodleian' 
 by the gift of William Burton, a worthy follower in LelandV 
 steps. Another portion was obtained by Lord Burghlet, and ie 
 now at Hatfield. Many papers fell into "the hands of the uuiversa 
 gatherer. Sir Robert Cotton, and are now in the British Museum. 
 Others were long preserved in the Chapter Plouse of Westminster 
 and are now in the new Rolls House. 
 
 (537) Albert Le Mire, ^ 1040. 
 
 Antwerp : — Toion Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The Library of Le Mire, containing important Collections foi, 
 
 the History of Belgium, was bequeathed to the Town of Antwerp 
 
 by the Collector, to be kept as a Public Library. 
 
NOTICES UF COLLECTORS. [107] 
 
 (53^) Peter Le NeVG {Norroi/^Kiii(/-of-Jnn.^, 
 ^ ,01 Soptcmber, 1701). 
 
 London '.—British Museum Library. [J/5S.] 
 I'art of tlie MSS. of IVter Le Neve arc in the British Museum. 
 Irt have been dispersed. Nearly total dispersion has been, I 
 llieve, the fate of the large Collection of his relative and brother- 
 ajtiquarv, John Le Nkve. author of the Fasti Ecchsice Anjiicance. 
 ;Among the Lk Neve Papers in the ^Museum are some Letters 
 j^d MS. Collections on Heraldry. These form part of the ILarleian 
 jjbrary, and were purchased by "Lord Oxford. (See Wanley's MS. 
 jary.) 
 
 (539) Sampson Lennard, >i< August, 1633. 
 
 London: — British Afuseuiii Libranj. [Heraldic MSS.} 
 
 •'> 1 " Leonard, of Vinci (in the Yaldarno), 
 ^ May, 1500. 
 
 Windsor Castle:— The C^l-een's Lihuary. [Drawinffs, 
 
 .ietrh^t. U,„/ MS. .\„frs.-^ 
 
 IJJilan: — .Imlrosian Library. [Physico-Mathematical MSS. and 
 
 Had the surviving MSS. of this famous man borne any fair pro- 
 
 frtion to the extent of his studies, or of those achievements which 
 I enertry enabled him to crowd into a less space than the ordinary 
 trvocore years and ten, they would have been not less encyclopa?- 
 c 111 in their character and breadth of subject than large in uum- 
 tr. But the fate of his MSS. has been singularly unfortunate. 
 
 When Fr.vncis the First invited Lionakuo to France, the great 
 a ist left his books and drawings in the charge of his friend 
 HnciiJ Mklzi at Valpiro. Subsccjuently, he gave them to 'Mva/m 
 h beque«t.' By the year 15s7, they had fallen into such neglect, i pioi.Cabi- 
 t it a diHhoneHt tutor employed in the Melzi family was able to net lU i'jnm- 
 e ract thirteen volumes of >ISS. and Drawings from an old paper 64."^' '*'''' ' 
 cat without detection. He carried them to Florence, in the hope 
 o selling them there. At Florence they attracted the attention of 
 atcholar, one >L\7.zent.\, who became, at lea>t in intention, the 
 nans of restoring them to the Mei.zi family. But when he offered 
 ti-m to the then head of it, Horace Melzi, he was told that he was 
 nlcomc to keep them for himself. "1," said Horace, " have a lot 
 o| boxes full of them in niy garrets, and they are more than I 
 «»t. You needed not to have given yourself the trouble of bring- 
 iif me these." The news of SIel/.i's 'liberality' spread abroad, 
 ■■a he soon had more applicants for Da \isci Sketches and MSS. 
 of theac told him that if he had given the thirteen volumes to 
 
[108] BOOK zr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 Philip II of Spain for tlie Escorial Library, instead of bestowiii' 
 them ou the honest Florentine, it would have made his fortune ; si 
 eager was Philip, said Leoni, for the aggrandisement of his newl' 
 founded Library. Melzi, charmed with the prospect of Spauisl 
 ducats, procured from the Florentine the return of seven volume 
 out of the thirteen which had been stolen by the tutor. The* 
 he handed over to Pompeo Leoni. But that emissary kept then 
 for his own behoof, and rearranged them in two great folio volumes 
 like atlases. One of these was eventually acquired by Lon 
 Arundel whilst travelling in Spain, and is now in the Queen' 
 Library at Windsor. Another volume of the six which had beei 
 parted with to Mazzenta was given to, or purchased by, Cardinal 
 Frederick Boeromeo. It is now in the Ambrosian Library at Milau 
 and is known as the Codice Atlantico. Three other volumes were 
 it is believed, sold to the Arconati family. The second of thi 
 large volumes, rearranged by Pompeo Leoni, is also at Milan. 
 
 Among the drawings at Windsor is a most curious and valuabL 
 ' Mappemonde^ drawn in 1513 or in 1514,' and which, in all proba 
 bility, is the earliest map whereon America is figured with an 
 notable degree of approximative accuracy. 
 
 Drawn by Lionardo, and drawn within some seven years of th 
 death of Columbus, there are few geographical documents in th 
 world which exceed in interest the map which now adorns tha 
 Koyal Library in the growth and good arrangement of which tli 
 late Prince Consort took such great delight. 
 
 (541) Charles Maiy Letellier, ArcJibisho]) of Rhe'ms, 
 >^. . . 
 
 Paris '.—Library of St. Genevieve. {Printed Books and USS.] 
 This Prelate bequeathed his Library in trust for the PubHc. 1 
 is now the main Collection of the Library of St. Genevieve. 
 
 (542) Henry Leve, ^ 1709. 
 
 Stralsund: — Town Library. 
 
 Leye bequeathed his Library to his townsfolk. : 
 
 (543) Lewis of Bourbon, Duke of Orleans, 
 ^ 4 February, 1752. 
 
 'Poxis'^ — In^perial Library ? [Printed Books.] ; 
 
 The Duke bequeathed his Library to the Dominicans. I belie' 
 that it formed part of the vast book ' depot ' gathered at Pans diir.i 
 the early years of the first Revolution, and that part of it, at leas 
 is now in the Imperial Library. 
 
 ] 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [109] 
 
 {'){[) John Leyden, ^ iS August, 1811. 
 
 London: — ^'*»''*^« ^'/"«f"'« Library. [^MS. Collections and Cor- 
 rtpoHdenee.] 
 
 . Letdek's MSS. were purchased from his Eeprcsentativcs by the 
 [nuteee of the British Museum. 
 
 (r)!.')) Edward Lliwyd, ^ July, 1709. 
 , Shirburn Castle {Oxfordshire). [MSS.] 
 
 ] Middle Hill < fl'orcestershire). [MSS.] 
 
 I«Ondon : — British Musfiim Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Part of the Archaeological MSS. of LnwTD are at Shirburn, 
 hither they came, by the bequest of William Jones, F.ll.S., to 
 e second Earl of Macclksfikld. Another portion of Luwyd's 
 SS. waa purchased by Sir Thomas Skbuight, of Beechwood. 
 bene were eventually sold by public auction. A part of those so 
 Id IH, I believe, now in the Middle Hill Library. Others are in 
 e British Museum. The SEiiuuiiiT part of the Collection ex- 
 nded to 150 volumes, relating; chielly to the antiquities and the 
 lUology of Ireland and of Wales. 
 
 (olfi) Count William Libri. 
 
 Ashburnham Park {Sussex). [Part of MSS. collected by 
 
 m I 
 
 (547) Duncan Liddel, 17 December, 1013. 
 
 Aberdeen : — Mareschal College Library. 
 
 Dr. LiDUKi. bequeathed his Library to Mareschal College. 
 
 :)\'^) Raptist de Lignamine, Bi.shoj) of Fadua, 
 ^ 11. V). 
 
 jPadua '.—St. Johns Library. [MSS.] 
 
 T^i.shop Baptint de LioyAMiKE gave his INISS. by Will to St. John'8 
 - iry at Padua, in 1 1.'3.5. 
 
 I (549) Peter Ligorio, ^ I 5S0. 
 
 k\XX\xi'.— Archives. [Autoyraph MSS.] 
 
[110] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (550) . . . von Lindenau, ^ . . . 
 
 Altenburgh : — Gijmnasium Librarij. 
 
 Yon Lits'dEjS'af gave his Library to the Gymnasium of Alt(- 
 burgh during his lifetime. 
 
 (551) John Lindsay (of Balcarres), Lord Menmuir 
 ^ 3 September, 1598. 
 
 Edinburgh. : — Advocates' Library. [^Historical MSS."] 
 
 The greater partof Lord Mexmuir's MS. Collections, better kno i 
 as the ' Balcarres MSS.,' relate to the affairs of Scotland during 9 
 reign of Maet. It includes a mass of State Correspondence w i 
 France. 
 
 (552) Charles LinnaeuS, ^ 10 January, 1778. ; 
 
 London \ — LinncBan Society [Printed Books, MS. Correspc'- 
 ence, and Museum'] ; British Museum Library [Part of MSS.] 
 
 Charles LiNif.i:us the younger purchased the Library and 5,.- 
 seum from his mother, but survived only until 1783. At his deli 
 the Collections reverted to the vendor, by inheritance, and were sd 
 to Sir J. E. Smith. By gift of the ultimate purchaser they cam(o 
 the Linnsean Society, of which he was the founder. 
 
 (553) Joseph Nicholas de Lisle, ^11 July, 176S 
 
 Paris : — Library of the Naval Department [Astronomical d 
 Geographical Collections.] 
 
 The scientific Collections of De Lisle came to the French ,1- 
 miralty by a purchase of Lewis XV. , 
 
 (554) Clement Littill, ^ 15S0. 
 
 Edinburgh : — University Library. [Printed Books and MS \ 
 This Collection was the groundwork of the existing Librar'of 
 Edinburgh University. 
 
 (555) Ferdinand von Lobkowitz, >J» . • • 
 
 E>audnitZ-On-Elbe : — Lobkoivitz Library. 
 
 [See No. 429.] 
 
NOTICES OF COLLKCToIlS. [Ill] 
 
 (."):)(>) J. D. Loevensen, *^ 1710. 
 
 Hanover: — >^f- ^»/'*'« Church Lihranj. [Priiifed Bools.] 
 Thi« Library was bequeathed to St. Giles's Church by the 
 Collector. 
 
 (.'):)71 James Logan (of l\'niisylvania), ►$<... 
 
 Philadelphia : — Town or Franklin Library. [^Printed Books.'\ 
 
 hvu.AN btHjueathed his Library as an augmentation to that which 
 Frjlnklix had founded for the I'own of Philadelphia. 
 
 (55S) Augustus Lomenie de Brienne, ^ 1038. 
 
 P&riS : — Imperial LiLranj. [State Papers and other MSS.'] 
 London: — British Museum Library. [State Papers and other 
 
 \Mss:^ 
 
 For an account of the curious incident which brought part of the 
 papers of this famous Collector and statesman to London, I refer 
 the Reader, once again, to Lives of the Founders and Benefactors of 
 tke Britiih Mutrum. 
 
 (559) Abl)c (If LouVOis, >b . . . 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 Abbe de Lorvois" Papers were purchased from his heirs for the 
 [mperial Librar}*. 
 
 (.■)r.O) sir Hudson Lowe, ^ 10 January, 1844. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [MS. Correspondence, ^c] 
 
 Sir H. Ixiwe's Correspondence was purchased by the Trustees of 
 he Britiah Museum in iSol. 
 
 (501) Aiulnw Lucchese, ^ . • . 
 
 Girgenti : — Toim Library. 
 1 Tlti* Collector bequeathed his Library to the Townsfolk of Ger- 
 [enti. 
 
 (502) Ami Lullin, ^ . . . 
 
 Geneva: -Totcn Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 I,t i.t.iN'H Library i« preserved at Geneva for public use, by 
 ■ lii»i«t of the Collector. 
 
[112] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (5G3) John de Lumley, Lord Lumleij, ^ 1609. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [^Printed Books and MS] 
 Shirburn Castle. [Part of Printed Books.] 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. \_Part of Printed Books.] 
 
 Thelast Lord LTiiiLET had inherited part of the Literary Collecti g 
 of the family of Fitzala.x, aud had purchased part of the Librar}.f 
 Archbishop CRAis'iiER. His Library was purchased by Prince Hex :, 
 son of King James I. On the Prince's death part of it came to ;e 
 Eoyal Library. Another part was dispersed. Some books, forniey 
 part of the LrMLET and Prince Hexet Collections, are now t 
 Shirburn Castle. Others are in the Bodleian. AYhat remainecQ 
 the Royal Collection, as Geoege II had inherited it from his j ;- 
 decessors on the throne, was given by him to the nation in 1759. 
 
 (564) Martin Luther, ^ IS February, 1546. 
 
 "Wolfenbuettel -.—Ducal Library. [Part of 3ISS.] 
 Part of Luther's Library was bought at Erfurt, of the wii iv 
 AuEiFABEE, by Duke Jctlius of Brunswick, about the year U). 
 Another and larger portion of what — if preserved intact — wc d 
 have been a priceless treasure, has been dispersed. A fewbcis 
 are still preserved in the University Libraiy of Halle. 
 
 (565) Daniel LySOns, >b ISOO. 
 
 liOndon ; — British Museum Library. [_MSS. and Printed Boc .] 
 
 (566) Charles Lyttleton, Bis/wjj of Carlisle, 
 »I< 1769. 
 
 Ashburnham Place:— [-^^»^- Correspondence.] 
 
 M. i 
 
 (567) Nicholas Machiavelli, ^ .:22 June, 1527 
 ^ 2 May, 16.21. 
 
 Florence : — Palatine Library. [3ISS. and Correspondence. 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Part of Correspondeu' ■] 
 Part of the MSS. of Machiavelli came, after his death, intche 
 hands of his friend Buoxaccoesi ; but it is hard to trace their ib- 
 sequent history. On that point, I have consulted, in vain, lie 
 official (and most valuable) Statistica delle Biblioteche del i"" 
 d' Italia, drawn up by order of the Minister Natoli, in 1865. 
 
\nri( i:s or collectors. [ii3] 
 
 i-ji.- >./• (u-ori^c Mackenzie (of Roscliaugh), >i^ . . 
 
 Edinburgh :—^'"'^''"'-.'/ "./' /''"' t^^'culty of Advocates. ^Printed 
 ll..ok» and MSS.] 
 
 This eminent Collector ami Ailvocate gave bis Library to tlio 
 Faculty in his lifetime. 
 
 IMVX) William Maclure, »i< isis. 
 
 Philadelphia :—'i«"a'''''"y of Xatural Sciences. [Printed Books.'] 
 Dr. Macli-rk jjave his Library, as tbe groundwork of a Public 
 Collection, to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Tbiladclpbia. 
 
 (570) Thomas Madox, * 1 7:33. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Historical MSS. and 
 Jte,..rdA. 
 
 Madox's Collections are invaluable for British History. They 
 werv given to the Museum by hix Widow. The serieb embraces the 
 Ubour of tbe be«t years of the Collector's life. 
 
 (571) Nicholas Magens, ^ . . . 
 Manchester: — -fV^ City Library. 
 
 of iho curioua Commercial Library formed by jNLvoeks, and now 
 •t Manchester, I have already given «ome notice in the present 
 Toliune. (See c. iv of Book I.) 
 
 ('i72) Anthony Magliabechi, *h 1747. 
 
 Florence : — National, or Mayliabechian Library. [Printed Books 
 and MSS. J 
 
 [See Book 1 1 1, e. vi.] 
 '.'»7:i) r^/MW// Angelo Mai, *i* S September, 1854. 
 
 Some: — f'atican Library. 
 
 This fine Library, rich in linguiHticn (fiO.")0 volumes of Printed 
 Books, and 2!»2 MS.S.).wa.M bought by Pii s IX for the sum of 10,733 
 •cudi. Of the remarkable career of the great Hcholar who collected 
 it, the following is an epitome; derived, in part, from his recent 
 biotjrapher : — 
 
 .Xntji'lo Mai, bom at Schilpario, in the Province of Bergamo, 
 r Manh. 1771. wan the pupil of Luii^'i Mo/.zi, a .Jesuit. He joined 
 that onlt-r, in the Dudiv of Parma, in 17!M»; tluii went to Milan, and 
 was made a Doctor of the Ambrosiana. Here he entered on his true 
 rocation, amidst it« Palimpsests. 
 
 [«] 
 
[114] BOOK IF. — HISTORICAL 
 
 " He began in 1813, and continued till 1819, to pour out ai! 
 unintermitting stream of volumes, containing .... various orations c 
 Cicero ; the lost writings of Julius Euonto ; unfinished letters c 
 Marcus Aueelius, Antoninus Pius, Lucius Veeus, and Appiax^ 
 fragments of speeches by Aurelius SY:N[MACntTs ; the History c 
 DiONTSius of Halicarnassus, from 12th to 20th Books ; inedited frao 
 ments of Philo ; and Commentaries on Virgil ; two books of Eusi 
 Birs's Chronicles ; the Itineraries of Alexander, and of Constautiu ■ 
 Attgustus, son of the Emperor Co'staj^thste ; three books of Jului 
 Valerius 'on the actions of Alexander the Great;' the 6t; 
 and 14th Sybilline Books ; finally,- the celebrated Gothic Version, h 
 TJlphilas, of St. Paul and other parts of Scripture." In 181 
 he became Librarian of the Vatican, .... where "he discovere! 
 portions of the very Bobbio MSS. which he had explored in th' 
 Ambrosiana." .... Thus, of Pronto, .... " by adding what was i . 
 Home to what had been given at Milan, Mai was able to present ! 
 much more comj)lete edition. He also published valuable frac' 
 
 ments of Civil Lav?- anterior to the Justinian code But wha' 
 
 ever he bad till now performed was eclipsed by the most fortunat 
 and brilliant of his discoveries, that of Cicero's long-coveted treatis' 
 De Reptihlica, .... under a copy of St. Augustine's Commentar 
 on the Psalms, in large bold characters, with its title legible." 1 
 February, 1838, he was named Cardinal. He did not confine h^ 
 industry to Palimpsests, but drew, from the shelves of the Vatica ' 
 histories, poems, medical and mathematical treatises. Acts of Council; 
 ^nd other valuable works of every age and class. His invaluab 
 publications and new editions extend to thirty-six volumes. And 1 
 was the second founder of the Vatican Press. 
 
 (574) Sir Richard Maitland, >b 20 ]\Iarch, 1586. 
 
 Cambridge \ — Magdalen College Lihrarxj. [Poetical MSS.] ■ 
 Edinburgh: — Advocates Library. [Part of MSS.] 
 
 Part of Sir Eichard Maitland's MSS. appear to have been pi^ 
 chased by the Faculty of Advocates ; after the Collector's death. 
 
 (575) Dominick Malatesta, ^ 145.2? 
 
 Cesena: — Communal Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Prince Malatesta bequeathed his MSS. to Cesena. They fj' 
 342 in number ; and are of great value. 
 
 (576) Prances D'Aubig^ne, Marchioness o/ MaintenOl 
 ^^l^ April, 1719. 
 
 Paris : — Library o/"M. Feuillet de Conches. [MfS'iS'.] 
 
 A vast Collection of the Letters of Madame de Matntbnon 1j 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [115] 
 
 been gathered by M. Fkuillkt de Conches, to whose liberality her 
 recent Eilitor, M. Latai.lke, is, I believe, indebted for the oommu- 
 nication of betweeu nine humlred aud a thousand several documents. 
 
 (577) Nicholas Malebranche, ^ 1715. 
 
 Paris: — Lidranj o/M. FELILl.tT DE CoXCUES. [J/55.] 
 
 liif rich and preoious MS8, of IMaleuk.vncue descended to John 
 Felix Adby, the Oratorian, in virtue of his heirship to the Jesuit 
 AyoRK, the well-known friend of the French philosopher. From 
 Adrt they came to Millov, at whose death, in 1810, a considerable 
 portion of Malkduaxcue's papers was acquired by their present 
 possenor. 
 
 (57^^ iSV/- John Malcolm, »i< ;U .May, l^3;3. 
 
 Loildon: — BrifUA 2£useum LiLranj. [Collection of Persian 
 Mss. 
 
 Sir J. Malcolm's MSS. were bouj^ht, in 18G1, by the Trustees of 
 the British Museum 
 
 (.')79) Edmunil Malone, *h '1'^ May, ibl;2. 
 
 Oxford : —Bodleian Library. [Part of Printed Library. '\ 
 
 Mii.one's Library, rich in Shakesperian literature, was be- 
 queathe<l to the IJodleian. Its trea-^ures have scarcely, in ISGS, 
 been fiurly examined aud explored. 
 
 (o^^O) MarqueHH Frederick Manfredini, ^ 1 ^29 ? 
 
 P&dUA ; — Seminary Library. 
 
 A choice and extensive series of Prints, bequeathed to the 
 ieminan- Library at Padua in 1,S29. 
 
 (5^1) Anthony Mary Maiini, ^ about 17:i(). 
 
 Florence : — Mayliabechian Library. 
 
 Manm's Library was given to the Magliabechiana by the 
 'oUector. 
 
 {'^<'2) William Lort Mansel, />./>., ^ . . . 
 
 Oxford:— ^f*i« Collryr Library. [I'rintnl Jioo/c^ and MSS.] 
 The fine Library of Mansel was bequeathed to Jesus College. 
 
[116] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 (583) Thomas Mansell, Lord Mansell of Mar (jam, 
 ^ 1733. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Collection of Charters.'] 
 
 Lord Mansell gave his Collection to Lord Oxford. It came to 
 the Museum as part of the Haeleiax MSS. 
 
 (584) Robert Mapletoffc, ^ 20 August, 1677. 
 
 Ely: — Cathedral Library. 
 
 This Collector gave his books to Ely by his last Will. Dr. Maple- 
 toft also bequeathed £100 to the University of Cambridge, as a 
 contribution towards the purchase-money necessary for the acquisi- 
 tion of the Oriental Library of James Golius. That Collection, 
 however, or much of it, was acquired for the Bodleian, mainly by the 
 exertions of Narcissus Maesu, then Principal of Alban Hall. 
 
 (585) Prosper Marchand, ^ 14 June, 1756. 
 
 Leyden: — University Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Maechand bequeathed his Library to Leyden. 1 
 
 (586) Anthony Marsand, ^ j! . . . 
 
 Paris : — Louvre Library. [Petrarchian Library.] 
 
 Maesand's Library, rich, above all, in Petrarchian literature, war 
 bought, in 1826, for the Louvre. 
 
 (587) William Marsden, ^ 1836. 
 
 London : — King's College Library. [Printed Books, ^c] 
 
 (588) George P. Marsh, ^ . . . 
 
 Burlington {Vermont) : — Vermont College Library. [Printe' 
 Books.] 
 
 This eminent writer gave bis Library to Vermont College. 
 
 (589) ^diYck^\\^'MB,Y^'h., ArchbisJiop of Duhlin, 
 ^ . . . 
 
 Dublin : — Marsh's Public Library. [Printed and MS. Library 
 Oxford:' — Bodleian Library. [Oriental MSS.] 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [117J 
 
 fr)90) Tliomns Marshall, Rector of Lincoln Col/iyr, 
 ^ \:\ April, 10 So. 
 
 0x1 Ord : — Botlldan Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Dr. Mahsiiall bequeathed to the Bodleian a Collection of MSS., 
 '-".) ill number, most of which were Oriental, togetlier with all 
 :ch printed books in his Library as were not already to be found 
 1 the Bodleian Collection. 
 
 (591) Lt'wis I'Vrcliniiiul Marsigli, ^ I Nov., 1730. 
 
 Bolosna : — VnicersHij Libranj. iMSS. and Printed Books.'\ 
 Ci.uia L»'\vi» Ferdinand Maksiolt, a native of Bologna, w\a3 
 eminent alike for his great knowledge of the arts of war, and for his 
 sevfre calamities in most of his campaigns. ^lAUSMiU attained 
 greater eminent-e still by a higher faculty and a rarer fortune. 
 Amidst the bitten-st trials of a Turkish cajjtivity at one period, and 
 of professional disgrace at another, he always found consolation in 
 profound scientific study, and made his personal misfortune the 
 Bfmrce of great public services. He had uniformly continued to be 
 a hard student, whether serving in the field or languishing in a 
 Turkish prison. Amidst circumstances of life whieh forced him 
 aliin>»t per|H»tualIy to be a wanderer, he attained great distinction, 
 not only as a soldier, an engineer, and a naturalist, but as an Oriental- 
 ist, as a student in many widely remote departments of archfeology, 
 and as a nnu'tical hydrographer. And in every one of these varied 
 
 1)un»uits he kept directly public and j)hilantliropic aims steadily in 
 lis \ieir. In his native town he was the founder of a ^Museum, a 
 Library, an Academy (tf Arts and Sciences, and of a Public Print- 
 ing Office, richly furnished with Greek and Oriental founts, as well 
 as with the more ordinary stock of types, and established expressly 
 that it might work for scholars at prime cost. No man could 
 better enter into the personal enjoyments of intellectual culture for 
 culture's sake; and NIausKiM gave much more than half of lii.s 
 active mental life to the direct service of the Public and of p<).sterity. 
 Count Mahsioli's gift to the University of Bulogna included 
 . collection of Greek, Arabic, Turkish, and Persian ■NESS., partly 
 [gathered during his imprisonment or on his return from it ; and 
 [another considerable sericH, both of printed books and manuscripts, 
 chiefly on the physical sciences. When once reorganized, the Uni- 
 rsity Library grew apace. Within but a few years of the gift by 
 1 VR8ICH.I, part of the Collections of BroNFi(JMt)i,r and of Aluo- 
 i:a5DIM were added to it. 
 
 f.-ioe) Michael De Marolles, ^ <; .M.n.i,, losi. 
 
 F&ris: — Imperial Lihrar)/. Prints, i^c. ' 
 
 \n extraordinary Collection of Prints, chielly historical, amassed 
 
[118] BOOK /r.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 by Maeolles, was acquired, by purchase, for the then Eoy! 
 Library at Paris, after the Collector's death. 
 
 (593) Francis Martin, >h . . . ; 
 
 Caen : — Toivn Libranj. \Frmted Boohs.'] 
 
 Part of tlie fine Library left by Martin (Abbot of the Mona 
 tery of the Cordeliers) suffered from the ravages of the Eevolutio; 
 ists, but a very valuable remnant of it is still preserved in tl 
 Town Library of Caen. 
 
 (594) John Martyn, ^ 29 January, 17G8. 
 
 Cambridffe : — Botanic Garden Library. {Printed Books ai 
 
 MSS.] ^ 
 
 The Botanical Library and other Collections of Maettk we 
 given by him as a groundwork for the University Botanic Garde 
 and Library at Cambridge, seven years before his death, 
 
 (595 Peter Martyr, >b 12 November, 1562. 
 
 Geneva: — Town Library. [^Printed Books and MSS.] 
 The Library of Peter Maette, was bought, in the year 1565, ' 
 the Town of Geneva, for the augmentation of its Public Library. 
 
 i 
 
 (596) Francis Marucelli, ^ . . . •' 
 
 riorence : — MarueelUan Library. [Printed Books and MSS. 
 
 Prancis Maeucellt bequeathed to Florence, together with . 
 endowment fund, a Collection of books which became the foundati 
 of the large and fine Library that now bears his name. 
 
 (597) Henry MasOn, ^ . . . I 
 
 Oxford: — Brasenose College Library. [Printed Books.] 
 According to an old writer, Henry Mason gave, in his lifetii', 
 a valuable Library, together with a fund for its augmentation, » 
 Brasenose. But there is no precise record of the fact. 
 
 (598) Robert Mason, ^ 1841. 
 
 Second Founder of the Library of Queen'' s, Oxford. 
 The Eev. Eobert Mason was not himself eminent among bo(,- 
 collectors, but he is a Prince among the Pounders and Benefactor; t 
 Libraries, To Queen's he gave £30,000 ; to Bodley's Libra , 
 £36,000. The entire sum— £66,000— was to be, and is, applied 3 
 tlie purchase of books. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [HO] 
 
 .')'.)*)) Jean Haptistc Massillon, ^ -^ ^q't., 17l;2. 
 
 ClemiOnt:— T'oiTM Library. [Printed Hooks and MSS.\ 
 I'ari of ihe Library of >[.vssili.on is presorved at Clermont. 
 
 (GOO) Cnmillo De* Massimi {Papal Nuncio m Spain), 
 ►!< lOOO? 
 London: — ^"'mA Museum Lihranj. {MS. Correspondence.'] 
 
 The Diplomatic Corri'spondencc of tliis eminent Nuncio was pur- 
 chaned by the Trustees of the British Museum. 
 
 (GOl) Incrcaso Mather, ^ e3 August, 1723. 
 (COe) Cotton Mather, ^ \'-\ bV!)ruaiy, 1728. 
 
 Worcester {Ma»*arhusetts) : — Librartj of the American Anti- 
 quartan Society. [Printed Books. ^^ 
 
 The Libraries of these two eminent Divines of New England were 
 gi\OD to Worcester, l)y a descendant of tiie Collectors. 
 
 (003) Matthew, IHshop of Worms, >h Ml'). 
 
 Heidelberg: — L'nirertity Library. [3/.S'.V.] 
 
 A rcmn.-iiit ..f the MS. Library bequeathed to the Elector Pala- 
 tine br 3LiTTiiEw, Bishop of Worms, is, I believe, still preserved 
 at liei'delberg. 
 
 (004) Tobks Matthew, .Irc/ibidop of York, ^ Ki.Oi). 
 
 Bristol: Tvurn Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 \0V^'. — Cathedral Ubrary. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Archbiithop M.vttiiew was a genuine lover of books. lie gave 
 
 part of his Cnliootion, in his lifetime, to Bristol, as the beginning of 
 
 ■ l*ul>! ' ' !'.r the Town. The gift was liberally welcomed, 
 
 *'>d I' ided, by the contemporary Corporation, and as 
 
 ' LT""- •• . - - y their successors in Georg'ian days. At length — 
 
 ■y initjht be no longer bothered about its maintenance — they 
 
 :t into a Private Subscription Library in 1775. The exer- 
 
 ' 1 fovEv, of Bristol, and of some other citizens, redeemed 
 
 t . quite recently ; after a lapse of more than^two genera- 
 
 t i ■•■ remainder of the Arcbljishop's liibrarv was given by 
 
 hm widow to York Cathedral. 'J his r.-.sidue contiiiued more than 
 throe thouj«and Ijooks. In recording their gratitu<le to Mrs. .Mat- 
 TiiKW, the Dean and Chapter remark of it, that it was " a rare 
 example that »o great care to advance learning should hxlge in a 
 soman's breaat." But at least another example has to be recorded 
 
[120] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 whilst these sheets are passing through the press. [See c. iv of Bool ^ 
 I, and also the entry under " William Salt," hereafter.] 
 
 The Dean and Chapter also recorded on this occasion the fact 
 very honourable to themselves, that their Library was a Public one, 
 "Through this Church," say they, "her liberality flows upon th( 
 
 country The books are given to public use." On many of th 
 
 books which the Archbishop, in his lifetime, gave to Bristol h' 
 wrote this inscription : — : 
 
 Tobias Eboracum. 
 
 Vita mihi Christug. i 
 
 Mors luorum. ' 
 
 (605) Edward MauriCG, Bishop of Ossory, ^ 1756. 
 
 Xilkcnny : — Diocesan Library . [Printed Books.] 
 
 Bishop Macjeice bequeathed his Library to Kilkenny by his las 
 
 (606) Sir Theodore Turquet de May erne, 
 ^ 15 March, 1655. 
 
 London: — Library of the College of Physicians [Printed Books]' 
 Rolls House [Letters, ^c.]. 
 
 Turquet be Materne bequeathed his Library to his profession: 
 colleagues and brethren. He was eminent in his day ; but of hii 
 it was said, with more than the common emphasis, that he ws 
 deeply indebted to the earth for hiding his bad work. A Note 
 book and some of his Correspondence is in the Rolls House. 
 
 (607) M. de Mazaugues, ^ . . . 
 
 Carpentras : — Tow?i Library. [Printed Books.] 
 The Library of this Collector (distinguished in the pursuit, in h 
 day) was purchased by Malachi d'iNGUiMBEKT, Bishop of Ca: 
 pentras, and by that Prelate Avas bestowed on the townsfolk < 
 Carpentras. 
 
 (608) Mark Anthony Mazerot, ^ 1659. 
 
 Lyons : — Toion Library. [Printed Books^ 
 Mazeeot bequeathed his Library to Lyons. 
 
XoriCKS OF ("(tIJ.KCTOIlS. [11*1] 
 
 ^<;ii<j) Julius Mazzarini, ihikc of Nivemois luul 
 
 Varduial, ^ U Maivh, KWil. 
 
 Paris: — hihrarxf ofihe Minis/ r;/ of Foreif/ii A fairs ^Political and 
 Viplomalir Correspondence'^ ; Imperial Lihranj [Note-BouAs and 
 'h<r MSS.^ : Ma::arine Library [Printed lioolis], 
 
 Perugia: — T'wJTi Library. [Part of MS. Correspondence.] 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Part of MS. Correspon- 
 dence. 
 
 If both the political and the literary, as well as the artistic, Col- 
 lections of Cardinal Ma/zarim are now widely scattered, the 
 di»|HTBion is in no deforce to be ascribed to any want of care or of 
 fon'ca»t on his part. It may fairly be inferred that he foresaw how 
 niuoh the preservation of his MSS. would tend to enhance his fame, 
 as well for rare versatility and breadth of genius as for that practi- 
 cal force of character whit-h enabled him to tight successfully against 
 a host of enemies, attacking him from almost all points of the com- 
 pass at once ; to raise himself, twice over, to the top of aiiairs ; and 
 to accumulate, twice over — on the second occasion, when in the 
 dti-line of health -those magniticent treasures, both ot art and of 
 literature, the possession and love of which makes it indeed life to 
 live, but adds terribly (as no one felt more keeidy than did Maz- 
 rvHivi) tn the sorrows of death. The precious possessions which 
 t had gatheretl around him, within few years, and after 
 
 1 .id denuded his palace, and had twice forced its owner 
 
 "■- ndded nearly as much to the bitterness of 3Iazza- 
 I as they had added to the enjoyments of the days 
 
 • them. The well-known exclamation, ' T/iese are 
 ' '■ iluutjt ulnch make Death fearful," shows how hard a wrench it 
 .\n to part from them. But it is honourable to the memory of a 
 man who lacked the highest qualities of all — those which enable a 
 man to enter fully into the scope of the words ' // is more blessed 
 to give than to receive,' — that his care to perpetuate his possessions 
 for the enjoyment of posterity was not a merely posthumous care. 
 In France, he was the first man to open the doors of a great Li- 
 brary to all — without exception — who cared to come in. lie did this 
 in the iirime of life, and when under the full beams of grtatness. 
 And, when regulating on his death-bed the future disposal of his 
 h Collection of State Papers, he was anxious to make tlicin con- 
 '•titive to the greatness of France, when he himself should be in 
 we. They were to bo placed, absolutely, at the disposal of 
 .:r. 
 
 • 'anlinal's directions on this point are thus expressed in his 
 
 \^ .11 : — " In regard to all the Despatches, Ijutters-missive, Ne- 
 
 ••■ 'US, Treaties, and other papers, relating as well to his personal 
 
 >.r.'< ax to the atfairs of State— wheresoever they be — the 
 
[122] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 Cardinal-Duke humbly begs His Majesty to permit and to com- 
 mand that the whole shall be placed in the hands of the Sieur 
 CoLBEET.i He further desires that all matters of inventory, de- 
 scription, arrangement, and the like, shall be left entirely tc, 
 Colbert's decision, with liberty to advise, for any needful assist- 
 ance, with the Bishop of Frejus, as regards papers relating to Italy ■:■ 
 and with M. de Lionne in respect of all others." 
 
 If Cardinal Mazzaeini's anxious provisions for the handing dowt! 
 of his papers had failed entirely to be carried out by the confiden- 
 tial friend to whom he gave the charge of them, his early achieve-; 
 ments as soldier and as administrator would, doubtless, still have 
 survived in History, as well as his more widely spread fame af, 
 diplomatist and statesman ; though — in regard to both departments 
 of greatness— its measure must needs have been less accurate. Bui 
 it is only by the accident of the preservation of some of his privat(. 
 letters amongst the muniments of a Eoman family, that posteritj 
 has come to know that the man wdio raised himself from a petty 
 Italian tutorsliip to be Prime Minister of Prance had also acquirec 
 a power in using the rhetoric of passion not altogether unworthy o 
 that master in the art — 
 
 " "VVHiose love was passion's essence ; who, like tree 
 On fire by lightning, with ethereal flame 
 Was kindled." \ 
 
 Mazzarii^i's papers included the vast Collection of his contempo 
 rary statesman, Henry Augustus Lomexie de Beiei^ne, which h 
 had purchased. The combined Collection came, along with Cor 
 beet's, to the then Eoyal Library of Prance. There it loii 
 remained. But the great series of political Correspondence ha 
 been, in our own days, claimed as the rightful inheritance of th 
 Poreign Department. In the Prench Poreign Office between thre 
 hundred and four hundred volumes of the Correspondence an 
 State Papers of Mazzaeini are now in excellent arrangement, au; 
 they are to be seen, and used, — by such historical students as posses^ 
 the needful voucher. Another and smaller portion of the MSS. \ 
 still in the Imperial Library. And a few of the Cardinal's papei' 
 are to be found even in our own national repository, the Britis 
 Museum, in addition to those which have long been preserved i 
 Perugia. 
 
 The Cardinal's rich Library — the successor of that which he ha' 
 made a Public Library as early as 1643 — was bequeathed to li , 
 Executors, in trust for the Public. But it was not made actuall. 
 available, to the full extent of the donor's intention, until 160 j 
 It was then established in the ColUrje den Qiiatre Xafions. It 
 now in the Palace of the Prench Institute. When the Cardin; 
 bequeathed it to Prance, in connection with his CoUege, it coi 
 tained about 60,000 printed volumes. At the close of 1868, it h; 
 
XOTK'KS OF COLLFXTOKS. [123] 
 
 grown, I believe, to nearly 205,OlX) printed and about .SOOO IMS. 
 volumes. 
 
 HWO] Lorenzo dc Medici, *i* April, \[\)2. 
 
 Florence : — iMurtntian Libranj. 
 
 Lorenzo ' the Majjjnificent ' gave his Library as llie foundation of 
 the Laurenziana. Part of it was the ancestral C'olh'ction which lie 
 had inherited ; but the bulk of it had been gatluTcd by liis own 
 lealous ri'scarches and costly missions. P()m/iano and Pico of 
 Mirandola were ainonij: his ablest seconders in the work, and on his 
 death-bed Lorenzo expressed to both of them the regret he felt that 
 he eould not see the I>aurentian Library further augmented. He was 
 exiHHrting. almost at the moment of death, the arrival of a rich cargo 
 of books from the Levant. 
 
 '■'1 1 ) Medici ramily. 
 Ashbiimham Place, l-^^*"^ Letters.] 
 
 An important scries of Meuici Papers (obtained from Ltbbi's 
 CoUectiou) is now among the rich store of MSS. which have been 
 acquired, within a brief period, by the present Lord Asubijrnham. 
 
 (G12) Gcnird Meerman, *b l') December, 1771. 
 
 ^01:^) .lojiii Meerinan, ^ i."j August, 1S15. 
 
 Middle Hill i^lVorcestershire). [MSS.] 
 
 A cunsiderable portion of the combined Meerman Library was 
 pur»-ha*c'd by Sir Thomas Phillips, when at the Hague, in the year 
 
 (Oil) Co///// Mejan (of Aiuiiich), ►!< . . . 
 
 Berlin : — lioyal Librnry. [Printed Books.] 
 
 King Frederick AVilliam IV purcha.sed the Library of Count 
 Mejan in lb-i7, as an addition to the Koval Public' Library of 
 Berlin. 
 
 (015) Plulip Melanchthon, ^ i'.) April, i :)(;(). 
 
 Some: — Ghiyl Library ; Drcsdcii: — Royal Library; 
 
 3oth&: — Ducal Library; NurCmbcrg ;— ^"'''/'<' Library; 
 
 BreslaU :—I{"ya/ Library ; Aschaffcnburgh : — Town 
 
 library: Wittenberg: — University Library; OlmUCtZ : — 
 ' iiirertity Library. [MS.Jjgtters and other I'aiiers.] 
 
 The enumeration given above will enable the reader partly to 
 •imato what sort of ta.sk it was to wliich l-'rancis Van dk Velde 
 
[124] BOOK IF. — HISTORICAL i 
 
 devoted the best years of his life, upon undertaking the pubHcatid 
 of a complete edition of the Letters of Melanchthon. But th, 
 enumeration is only a partial one. Melanchthon's Letters a 
 scattered over all parts of Europe, and have to be gathered fro' 
 nearly thirty different Libraries. "With vast labour, Vak de Veli 
 had at length collected more than four hundred letters ; but the dif 
 culties multiplied, and the Collector's health began to flag. He die, 
 with the task yet incomplete, leaving it to be resumed by other, b; 
 not more loving or more able, hands. A large proportion of t] 
 letters which Yak de Velde himself prepared for publication m: 
 really be said to have been disinterred. Prior to the research 
 which he set on foot they were unknown, great as is their value fi 
 the literary as well as for the religious history of the first half of tl 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 The number of letters at Grotha alone is more than a hundrec' 
 the number of those preserved at Nuremberg is also large. Oftl! 
 labours of Van de Velde, Dr. Scheler has recently given a vo; 
 interesting account. ^ 
 
 The MSS. of the University Library of Olmiitz include the Aut; 
 graph MS. of Melanchthok's Loci Communes, with numerous ar; 
 most characteristically elaborate corrections, in the same hand, whic; 
 pp. 50, seqq.). appear to show that this MS. was prepared for press. In 1600 \ 
 was the property of Elias Hutter, who wrote upon one of its fl 
 leaves — " Diess Buch sollen meine Erhen nicJit von sich lassen,^^ & 
 At a much later period it became the property of Ferdinand Hor . 
 MAN, Baron of Gruenpuechel, &c., who was attached to the Court 
 Vienna, and from his Collection it passed to that of the Olmvi' 
 University. 
 
 (616) Giles Menage, ^ 23 July, 169.3. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 Part of the TuSS. and MS. Collections of Menage are now in tl 
 French Imperial Library, whither they appear to have come 1, 
 purchase. 
 
 (617) Nicholas Menciforte, ^ . . . 
 
 AnCOna : — Town Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 Menciforte bequeathed his Library to the Town of Ancona. , 
 
 (618) Joseph Mendham, ^ 1856. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Italian and Spanish MSS.] 
 Mendham bequeathed his valuable MSS. (Iibout fifty in number 
 to the University of Oxford. His well-known labours on tli 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [125] 
 
 •ioua literary history of the Papal 'Indexes' indicate, in largo 
 asurc, the special diaraotor of his Collection. 
 
 ((119) .lames Mentel, * 1^70? 
 
 Paris : — imperial Libranj. iPrinteil B()(>l:s.^^ 
 Mentki.'s Library was purchat^cd, by order of Lkwis XI Y, for the 
 u Koyal Library at Paris. 
 
 (0:20) .Tolni dc Mesmes, *b . . - 
 
 I Middle Hill {iVorcestershire)-. — Libranj of Sir TlIOMAS 
 jPnii ini-s MSS.] 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. [^ISS."] 
 
 Tari of the MSS. of the President de Mesmes was purchased by 
 Sir Thomas Phillipps. Another and more considerable portion of 
 them is preserved in the Imperial Library at Paris. 
 
 (021) Peter Metastasio, *h 1:3 April, 1782. 
 
 Sienna; — Town Libmnj. [^MS. Lelters.] 
 
 Lisbon: — Sadonal Library of Portugal. [^Printed Books and 
 
 Metabtasio's Library was purchased for the National Collection 
 jf Portugal after the Collector's death. Part of his Correspondence 
 iS at Sienna. 
 
 (622) Cardinal Joseph Ga.spar Mezzofanti, 
 ^ 15 March, ISli). 
 
 Bologna : — I'nitertity Library. [^Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 
 l'<»pc Pus IX boupht the Library of this famons linguist and 
 ichoiar, that the Collections which, indirectly, had rendered great 
 K-rvice to learning in their owner's lifetime, might still subserve its 
 
 t. -rests in perpetuity. 
 
 Mezzofanti began his useful career in Bologna itself, as Univer- 
 iity Librarian, in lbl5, and he retained that oiiice until 1832. He 
 hen went to Kome, where the greater part of the remaining seven- 
 een years of his life were past. 
 
 His writings — like those of many other men who have risen to a 
 ■oncpicuous position, and to widespread conversational renown, as 
 
 ■u.H in linuuisticH — are very inconsiderable. But his acquirements 
 
 r«' made generously available to other scholars ; and, as a Librarian, 
 wa« a zealous and a useful worker throughout a long life. 
 
 \\> this brief mention of a deservedly famous man I will but add 
 
 • • amusingly characteristic words ol Byuo.v in relation to him. 
 
 :<y were written whilst Mezzofanti was Librarian at Bologna. 
 
[126] BOOK IF.— HISTORICAL 
 
 "I do not recollect," says Btrozs", " a single foreign literary charact 
 tliat I wished to see twice, except Mezzofakti, who is a prodigy ' 
 language, a Briareus of the parts of speech. ... I tried him in eve 
 language of which I knew but an oath or adjuration of the gods again' 
 postilions, savages, pirates, boatmen, sailors, pilots, gondohe) 
 muleteers, camel-drivers, vetturini, post-masters, post-horses, ai 
 post-houses — and everything in post — and, by Heaven ! he puzzl-, 
 me in my own idiom." 
 
 Cardinal Mezzofats'ti's Library is more conspicuous for the coi 
 bined richness and (in some measure, at least) rarity of its content 
 than for its numerical extent. It was eminently the Library appr 
 priate to a workiug linguist and philologist. And — as many reade 
 well know — some of the books which linguists most covet are counb 
 amongst books very hard to be obtained. To acquire some of the 
 the Collector may have to watch and to wait during half a hfetiiu; 
 And he will have, as like watchful competitors in the quest, oth 
 Collectors who care nothing about linguistics, but covet some of tl^ 
 most curious amongst linguistical books, simply as rare and epoc: 
 marking memorials of the extension into remote and still barbaroi 
 lands of the art of printing. Of books of this sort Mezzofakti h; 
 amassed not a few. 
 
 (6.23) H. J. Michael, ^ 1S47. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Printed Boohs.'] 
 Oxford : —Bodleian Library. [Hebrew and other Oriental MSh 
 
 The books of this famous Hebrew Collector were acquire 
 for Oxford and for London respectively, by purchase from 1 
 Executors. 
 
 (624) John George Milich, ^ 1726. 
 
 Goerlitz : — Public Library. 
 
 Milich bequeathed to Goerlitz a valuable Library, containii 
 about 7000 volumes of Printed Books and 200 MSS. 
 
 (625) William Henry Mill, D.D., ^ 25 Dec, 1853. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [3/56\] 
 
 The valuable Oriental MSS, of Dr. Mill were acquired by_^tl 
 University of Oxford (in two several purchases) in the years 1854' 
 1858. They extend to 160 volumes, and were bought for £385. j 
 
 (626) Aubin Lewis Millin, ^ 14 August, 1818. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [Archceological MSS.'] 
 
 A valuable Collection of MSS., formed by this eminent Schol 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [127] 
 
 and Archicologist, was acciuircd by the Iniporial Library, after his 
 death. 
 
 (027) Jit'v. ])r. Millington, Rcclor of N('io'ui(/(on, 
 
 New York : — Society Lihranj. [Printed Books.'\ 
 I)r. MniiNOTON bequeathed his Library to the Ennjliah Society 
 for ihe Pn.»j)apation of the Gospel. liy tho Committee of that 
 Society it was immediatelv presented to the Corporation of New 
 York, "for the use of the Clerj^y and Gentlemen of that Colony and 
 of the neighbouring Provinces." The <;ift may bo regarded as one of 
 the fruits of the exertions of the liberal-minded Dr. Br.vy [see 
 Book I, c. i, of this volun>e\ as well as one. amoni; many, gratifying 
 intitanceii of the public recognition of the real solidarity of interests 
 bctwofn England and .America, a solidarity which is not less real — 
 despite all surface dillerencfs and passing animosities — in the nine- 
 toeuth than it was in the eighteenth century. 
 
 fn2s) C. B. von Miltitz, ^ . . . 
 
 Dresdeii: — Royal Library. Priutfd Hooks? 
 Part of the Library of Baron von Mu.titz was acquired, in lSi5, 
 for the Hoyal Library of Dresden. 
 
 (029) M Miron, ^ . . . 
 
 Paris : — /w/>?ria/ LiLraru. 
 
 MiKox bequeathed part of his Library, in trust for the Public, to 
 t' '• •- -"tH {'Prt't res (le la Doctrine'). It suflered, in common — 
 I -with nearly all similar bequests, in the outrages of the 
 
 t. •:'>n : but a remnant of it is, I believe, still preserved in 
 
 thu itupcriai Librar}* at Paris. 
 
 '("..in. C;r55ar (le Missy, ^ I August, 1775. 
 
 London: — Itritish Mimnnn Ltf/rnry. [Printed liooks?^ 
 Part of the Library of Ca?Har de Missv was bought by tho 
 Truateea of the British Museum. 
 
 (031) -ST/r Andrew Mitchell, ^ x!^ .liuiuarv, 17; I. 
 
 London: — ^'■'''^A Museum Lihrnry. [MSS.'] 
 liu- I)ii.l..matic Correspondence and other State Papers of Sir 
 Andrew MitcniLi.i. were bought from his Executors by the Trustees 
 \>i the British Museum. 
 
[128] BOOK jr.— HISTOKTCAL 
 
 (632) Peter Mitte von Caprariis, ^ . . . 
 
 Menimlng-en: — Town Library. [3ISS.] 
 The MSS. which had been gathered by Mitte von Capraeii 
 were presented by the Collector, in 1467, to his fellow-townsmen. 
 
 (633) J. G. Moenckeberg, ^ . . . 
 
 Hamburgh: — Record House Library. \_MSS. and Printe 
 Books.] 
 
 Extensive Printed and MS. Collections, relating to Hamburgl 
 which had been gathered by Moenckeberg, and are now in th 
 Library of the Record House, were bought in 1843 ; apparently fror, 
 the Collector's Executors. 
 
 (634) Baron von MoU, ^ . . . ■■ 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [^Printed Books, ^c] 
 A large portion of the extensive Library which had been forme 
 
 by Yon IMoll was purchased by the Trustees of the British Museui 
 
 early in the present century. 
 
 (635) Joachim von Moltke, ^ . . . 
 
 Copenliagen: — University Library. [Printed Books, ^c] 
 The Library of YoN Moltke now forma part of the extensi\, 
 Collections belonging to the University of Copenhagen. 
 
 (636) Edward MontagU, IJarl of Sandwich, K.G., ' 
 ^ 1672. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. \_MS. Correspondence and Stat 
 Papers.] 
 
 The important Montagu Papers now in the Bodleian came thithr 
 with the large Carte Collections [see No. 173]. They relate moi 
 especially to the Naval Service — both under the Commonwealth an 
 under Charles II — but are also of high value for the general histoi 
 of the period, and particularly for that of events immediately pr' 
 ceding the Restoration. 
 
 (637) Captain Montagu MontagU, ^ 1863. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Captain Montagu bequeathed to the University of Oxford a sma 
 
 but both curious and valuable. Library of 700 volumes of printt, 
 
 books. 
 
 ) 
 
NoTiCKS OF COLLI-XTOJIS. [129] 
 
 ;:iS) Michncl dc Montaiglie, "i* 13 September, 159;^. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Libranj. iPart of JISS.] 
 
 Tlie fine Library of which Moxtaioxe has given so doliglitful an 
 account in his Etsni/x has \on<:^ been dispersed. But the devotion to 
 hi.4 memory of Dr. P.vykv has led to the recovery^wilh ahnost 
 infinite labour — of a goodly number of volumea wliich now adorn 
 the Patkv CoHeetion. A few Montaigne MSS.. consisting of letters 
 and other paj>ors, are preserved in the Imperial Library at Paris. 
 
 (G39) Jolin Moore, Bi-^/iop of Ely, ^ 31 July, 1714. 
 
 Cambridf^e ' -VnitersUxi PhLUc Library. [_MSS. and Printed 
 Bo<>A>.: 
 
 Bishop BrRNKT (who rarely indulges in rapturous expressions, 
 especially about literature) has spoken with unwonted emphasis of 
 laudation when describing the Library which George tub Tibst 
 afttTwards gave to Cambridge. Of Bishop Mooue's Library he says, 
 " It ia a tn'ai«ure, both of Printed Books and MSS., beyond what one 
 would think the labours and life of one man could have compassed." 
 "And the Bis^hop," he adds, "is as ready to communicate, as he has 
 been careful to collect it." 
 
 OpoROK I made the good prelate's liberality perennial by the well- 
 k ition which stands as one of the very few acts of public 
 
 I !it to Literature of which that reign can boast. It was 
 
 a _. ... .....^ .ivt, apart altogether from the political tincture by which 
 
 it waa marked. 
 
 Among Bif*hnp Moore's MSS. an eighth-century copy of Beda's 
 IltMloria Eccletiaatica Grntit Anglorum is pre-eminent. Being con- 
 teni|M)raneouM with the author (according to competent opinion), it 
 
 ^\ ■ iL'ht to be in his autograpli. Closer examination has shown 
 
 t work of two scribes, and that both were working from 
 
 ; ginal, and under the hand of a reviser, by whose hand 
 
 htir errwra are corrected and certain omissions supplied. And the 
 
 listory of this MS. is in other respects curious. It passed into 
 
 "ranee, and long remained there. In the reign of William III it 
 
 an bought at a public sale by, or for. Bishop MoonE. 
 
 Montbret, see CoqUEBERI DK MONTHRKT.] 
 
 (040) Henry Monteil, *b . ■ . 
 
 London: — British Museum Libranj. [J/.V. Charters.^ 
 
 .\n important Kclection from the MS. Collections of this eminent 
 rcnch liintorian was lK)ught by the Trustees of the British Museum 
 t a recent period. 
 
 [91 
 
[130] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (G41) John Gabriel Petit de Montempuys, 
 •^ 1700. 
 
 Paris: — Library of the University of France. [Printed Booh 
 and MSS.'] 
 
 This Collector, who was a Eector of the Uuiversity of Paris, 
 bequeathed to that body a Library of nearly 8000 volumes. Two 
 years later the Library of Petit de Montempuys was established in 
 the buildiuff formerly belonging to ' Lewis-tbe-Great College,' to 
 which the University had removed. In 1764 it acquired, by purchase, 
 a large portion of the former Library of that College. The Library 
 was transferred to the Sorbonne in 1825, but the title of " Sorbonne 
 Library " was little used until 1846. Since that date there has been : 
 a liability to confusion of names, inasmuch as the ancient and once- 
 famous "Sorbonne Library," about 1792, was, for the most part, 
 dispersed amongst other Collections, public and private, but chiefly 
 amongst the Public Libraries of Paris.^ The MSS. went to the 
 Imperial Library {" Fonds Sorbonne'"). 
 
 On the 16th March, 1861, the Emperor, on the proposition of the 
 then Minister of Public Instruction, ordered that the ' Library of the 
 Sorbonne ' should thenceforth be called ' Library of the University 
 of France,' as it had originally been called. Petit de Moktempuxs 
 may be regarded as its virtual founder, and Victor Cousix, by his 
 recent splendid bequest [see No. 228] may claim the honourable dis- 
 tinction of having become to it a second founder. 
 
 (642) Charles de St. Baton de Montesquieu, 
 ^ 10 February, 1755. 
 
 La Brede : — IMontesquieu Library. [Printed Library and 
 Autograph MSS.] 
 
 The Library of Montesquieu is said, by a recent and able de- 
 scriber of it, to include " everything that antiquity has bequeathed to 
 us of supreme importance. The Library offers nothing striking in^ 
 the way of luxury. The books preserved at La Brede are worthy ^ 
 books, and many of them bear the traces of long and constant use.'"-. 
 
 (643) Cardinal Philip Monti, >i< . . • 
 
 Bologna : — TIniversity Library. 
 
 Cardinal Monti bequeathed his Library to the Uuiversity of 
 Bologna. 
 
 (644) Philip Morant, ^ 25 December, 1750. 
 
 Ashburnham Place {Sussex) .■ — Io?'</ Ashbuenham's Library. 
 
 [MSS.-] 
 
 The MSS. of the well-known Historian of Essex passed from the 
 Stowe Park Library to that at Ashburnham. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [\'M] 
 
 (HI')) Morel de Thoisy, ^ . . . 
 
 Paris! — Imperial Lihranj. I'riiifct/ lionk.w] 
 
 A Collection of Tracts — chieHy, 1 believe, historical — waa given by 
 Morel de Tuoisy to the then Koval J^ibrarv of France, iu the year 
 1728. 
 
 (OK)) James Morelli, ^ isio. 
 
 Venice :— '^/- Clark's LiOrari/. Prmfed Boohs and MSS.'] 
 Important Collections ofMSS. and of Printed Tracts were, by the 
 Collector's bequest, acquired by St. Mark's Lilirary in 1819. 
 
 (()t7) M. Morieau, *i^ 1705. 
 
 Paris : — Library of the Institute of France. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 MoBiKAU (who was the Kincj's Attorney-General at Paris) 
 beijueathed his Library to that City, where it long continued to be 
 presened a« part of the Library of the Town JIall. It is now [see 
 Book III, c. I] part of the Library of the French Institute. 
 
 (04'^) iS/V SiimiK'l Morland, ^ .lamiarv, IGOG. 
 
 LfOndon : — British Museum LiLruri/. \^Vart of MSS.] 
 Cambridge: — University Library. [Part of MSS.} 
 
 SirSainufi Moui-iXD was, in his own day, conspicuous both as a 
 clever and whifty political eiuissary, ai;d as a mechanical inventor, 
 srimmiDg over with ingenious contrivances of a labour-saving sort. 
 But he is now chiefly remembered for the interest he took in the 
 luflVyrings inflicted on the Vaudois, under the rule of Savoy (when 
 iavoy waa yet in its phase of 8ub.serviency to Spain and to the Pope). 
 The religious Hvmpathy he felt for the Vaudois led Morlaxu to 
 ■oUect their Historical MS.S. and to give them to the L'niversity 
 L.ibrary of Cambridge, for safe preservation. The preservation has 
 >een bo very safe that, for almost half a century, no use whatever 
 lad been made of the greater portion of the Moulanu !MSS.' The nlolf^f'tho 
 lUHwer to innumerable iM<|uirie8 was, " The other volumes are '""/" 
 oat." They were, during all the time, it seems, on the shelves — 
 »ut hidden behind other books — and were at length found to be 
 here in ISOI. 
 
 (UO) Gporp' Morley, Bis/iop 0/ ll'i/ir/„slrr, *ii lObl. 
 ! Winchester:— ChMp'/zm/ Lihrnnj. 
 
 liishop MoBi.ET bequeathed his J^ibrary (which was of consider- 
 le value) to the Dean and Chapter of Winchester. 
 
 (IbOO) 
 
1 
 
 [132] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (650) John Morosini, ^ 7 November, 1756. 
 
 Vercelli : — Town Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 Jolin Morosini bequeathed a Library of about 9000 volumes to 
 the Town of Vercelli, together with a small fund for its augmenta- 
 tion. 
 
 (651) Peter MorOSini, ^ 1683? 
 
 Venice ; — ^t- Mark's Lih-ary. \Brinted BoolisP\ 
 The Literary Collections of Peter Moeosini now form part of the 
 Library of St. Mark ; probably, by the Collector's bequest. 
 
 (652) Lewis Morris, ^ 1765. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [TFelsh MSS.] 
 A considerable Collection of Welsh MSS., and some Printed Books, 
 were bequeathed by the Collector to the Welsh School, Gray's Inn 
 Lane, London. The whole was purchased, many years afterwards, 
 by the Trustees of the British Museum. 
 
 (653) William Morris, ^ 1764. 
 
 Shirburn Csi&tle:— Lord Macclesfield's Lib. [Welsh MSS.] 
 
 Another Collection of Welsh MSS., which had been gathered 
 
 during many years' researches by William Morris, is now preserved 
 
 in Lord Macclesfield's Library, whither it came as part of the 
 
 Jones bequest. [See No. 486.] 
 
 (654) Robert Morrison, B.I)., ^ 1 August, 1884. 
 
 London '.—British Museum Library. [Chinese Books.] 
 Morrison — eminent as a laborious, scholarly, and exemplary! i 
 Missionary in China — had collected a valuable Chinese Library. Itj i 
 descended to his son, from whom, or from whose representatives, it^ 
 was purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum, in 1845. ; 
 
 (655) Count Mortara, ^ 14 June, 1855. 
 
 xfor ;1 : — Bodleian Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Count Mortara was one of those Collectors whose aim it is tol 
 
 gather, not many books, but choice books. His Collection scarcely] 
 
 exceeded, ia number, 1400 volumes, but it is counted among the. 
 
 Bodleian trea ;ures. ; 
 
 (656) Morton Family. | 
 
 Dalmahoy. [Muniments.] 
 
 An important series of Muniments of the Morton Family— rich,; 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOUS. [133] 
 
 it need scarcelj be said, in materials for Scottish History — is pre- 
 •erred at Dalmahoy. 
 
 (057) John Motteley, *i* • . . 
 
 PeTIS: — Loutre Libranj. Print ctl Hooks.'] 
 
 Part of the Library of Mr. Motteley came, by his bequest, to the 
 Library at the Louvre, at a recent period. 
 
 (658) Francis Mozzi, *i< 1 7S7. 
 
 JIacerata: — Communal Librarij. [^Printed Books.] 
 
 Mozzi bequeathed his Books to the Town or Commune of Maccrata. 
 
 (659) John v..n Mueller iHistoriaii), *it ;2U May, ISOG. 
 
 SchafThaUSen : — Tutcn Library. 
 
 Tlie Literary CoUections of this eminent Historian were acquired 
 for the Town of Schaffbausen, in the year 1S09. 
 
 (660) John von Mueller (Physiologist), 
 ^ -2^ April, l^os. 
 
 SrUSSels : — Royal Library. [Printert Hooks.'] 
 Mlfm-kr'.s Library was bought, in ISGl, as an addition to the 
 Royal Collection at Brussels. It contains 4S77 works, in about 'ennaiLr 
 961K) volumes, and is entin-ly in the classes of 'Natural History,' f^'fl"*;-""' 
 'Physiology,' and ' Com[)arative Anatomy.' Its value corresponds "'^,i"^%'''' 
 to the fame of this eminent Xuturali.st, and the cost to the Belgian -''— 
 Government was only tM2tH> rMo.oou francs).' 
 
 (661) Sebastian Mueller, Bis//oj) of Augsburgh, 
 ^ 1011. 
 
 Munich.: — Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 The Library of Bishop MCi.ler was acquired, for the lioyal Col- 
 lection at Munich, after that Prelate's death. 
 
 (662) George Mund, *i* . . . 
 
 Elbing :—Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of George MusD wa.«« bought, in IStl, for the aug- 
 mentation of the Town Collection at Elbing. 
 
 (603) Mark Anthony Muret, *i< 15S5. 
 
 Some: — Vatican Library. [Library and Autograph MSS.] 
 MuutTca bequeathed bis Library and his MS. CoUectiona to 
 
 Rapport h 
 
[134] BOOK IV. — HISTOEICAL 
 
 Bekci, his disciple, by whom they were given to the Eoman College. 
 The most important, both of the Books and the MSS., were, long 
 since, removed from that College to the Vatican. A few, however, 
 are still to be found in the original place of deposit. 
 
 (664) Joseph Murray (of New York), ^ 1757? 
 
 New York: — Columbia College Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 The Library of Joseph Mueeat was bequeathed by its Collector 
 to Columbia College, in the year 1757. 
 
 (665) Sir William MuSgraVG, ^ . • • 
 
 London ; — British Museum Librarij. [3ISS. and Printed Booh.] 
 Sir William Musgeate was chiefly notable as a zealous and liberal 
 Collector in the departments of History and Politics. His Bio- 
 graphical Collections, more particularly, were, at the period, qmte 
 without a rival. He was a generous benefactor to the British 
 Museum, both in his Hfetime and by his bequests. 
 
 N. 
 
 (666) John Baptist Nani, ^ 5 November, 1678. 
 
 Venice : — ^f- MarFs Librarxj. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Literary Collections of Nani are preserved in St. Mark's 
 
 Library at Venice, whither, I believe, they came by the Collector's 
 
 gift. 
 
 (667) Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 
 ^ 5 May, 1821. 
 
 Ashburnham Place {Sussex) .• — Lord AsHBUEifHAM's Library. 
 
 [Early Autograph MSS.] 
 
 Paris: — Department of Foreign Affairs; and Imperial Archives 
 of France. [ Correspondence and other Papers.] 
 
 A most curious Collection of Autograph MSS., formerly in pos- 
 session of M. LiBEi — or a considerable part of that Collection — is 
 understood to have passed, by purchase, to Lord AsiiBUENnAM. 
 Biographicaliy, it is of the highest conceivable interest, as contain- 
 ing the earliest known productions of a pen which would as surely 
 have won fame for the man who wielded it, as did his sword, had it 
 been his fortune to spend in the study, the days which (in the event^ 
 were so memorably passed on the field, and in the Cabinet. 
 
 Wellington's pen has worthily won additional honour for his 
 memory, even since his departure from amongst us. But m scope 
 
NOTK'KS OF COLLKCTOKS. [135] 
 
 and breadth— whatever may bo thought about vigour and foroo of 
 styK*— its productions will as litth« coinpan' with those of the 
 imperial pon, as the Duke's rei'onled speet-hes in tho J louse of 
 Lurd;» will oompan% for depth of thought ami range of forecast, with 
 the recorded speeches of Naimleox in the Council of State. 
 
 An interesting account was given by M. Liiiiii, many years ago, 
 of Xai'OLEon's youthful MSS. now at Ashburnham, in the licvue des 
 DrHjt MoiiJfg, but it fails to satisfy completely a reader's natural 
 curiosity about the early history of the papers themselves. It is 
 known, however, that they were at one time in the possession of Car- 
 dinal Fkscu.' In their dates, they range from 17S5 to 1793. 
 
 (()()S) Gabriel Naude, *i* .0!) July, 1().j3. 
 
 Paris : — Mazarine Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Xaidk gave part of his own Library to the famous Collection to 
 the building up of which his thought, labour, and tar-extended travels, 
 bad already so conspicuously contributed. 
 
 (fifiO) A. von Neczeticz, *i^ i u t? 
 
 Prague -.—Chapter Library. [A/S5.] 
 
 (()7i)) Julius ilw^iw Negrisoli, *h ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Mantua: — Town Library. 
 
 The t»on and representative of Neohisom gave his father's Literary 
 Colicctionii to the Town of 3Iantua. 
 
 (071) Henr}' von Neithard, ^ I llo? 
 
 XJlm '.—Town Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Henr)' von Neituabu's gift was the groundwork of the 'Town 
 Library' of Ulm ; and wa« one of the earliest instances, in Germany, 
 of a foundation strictly to be called a Miiincipal Librarv. 
 
 [See Book I, c. L] 
 
 (072) .1. W. Neuhaus, ^ 17 77? 
 
 Leipsic: — Toien Library. [l'nnte<l linnLt 
 
 Nbi'iiacb waa the Collector of a very curious IJuratian Library ; — 
 that is, a Collection of Editions of the famous Pin-t, and of works 
 way or other illustrative of his Poems and Life. 
 
 (071) . . Neumann, *i< . . . 
 
 Munich;- lioyal Library. Chinete Houkx.] 
 N El Manx's Chinese Collections were acquired for Munich by 
 purcbaitc. 
 
[136] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 (674) Caraille de NeuviUe, ArchbMoj) of Lyons, 
 >b 1093. 
 
 Lyons : — Town Library. [Printed BooJcs.] 
 Archbishop De Neuyille bequeathed his Library to the Town of 
 Lyons, in 1693. 
 
 (675) Thomas NeviU, Dean of Canterbury, 
 ^ 2 May, 1615. 
 
 Cambridge : — Trinity College Library. 
 
 The Library of Thomas Netill was given by the Collector to 
 Trinity College in his lifetime. 
 
 (676) William NeWCOme, Archbishoj) of Armagh, 
 ^11 January, 1800. 
 
 London: — Lambeth Palace Library. [Printed and Annotated 
 Books.'] 
 
 (677) . . . Newcome, >b . . . 
 
 Grantham : — Town Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 The Library of Mr. Newcome was given, by Will, to the Town of 
 Grantham, in the course of the last century. JS'othing more than 
 the fact of the bequest seems to have been recorded about the I 
 Testator. 
 
 (678) Sir Isaac Newton, >h 20 March, 1727. 
 
 Hurstbourne Park (Hants) .- — Lord Poetsmotjth's Library. 
 [Part of Library and of MS. Correspondence.] 
 
 Shirburn Castle {Oxon.) -. — Lord Macclesfield's Library. 
 [Part of Library and of MS. Correspondence.] ^ 
 
 Cambridge : — Corpus Christi College Library. [Part of Library 
 and of MS. Correspondence.] 
 
 Oxford: — Trinity College Library. [Other portions of Corre- 
 spondence.] 
 
 Newton left behind him, say his biographers, more than 4000 
 sheets of paper filled with MS. in his autograph. The reader who 
 rightly estimates that fact, and what it involves (as to the number « 
 
 of years over which the authorship— very little of which was de h- 
 berately prepared or intended for the press— extended), can hardly 
 feel surprised at the wide dispersion of Newton's MSS. \ 
 
 The extensive Collection at Hurstbourne Park came to the Pobts- 
 
NOTICES OF COLLKCTOHS. [137] 
 
 MOCTn family by tluir dosocnt I'roin Xkwtdn's nlativi-s, iho 
 CoNUtiTTS. That at Siiirburn Castle odiisists, in a larj^o ineasurc, 
 of Collections inntle iliiriiifX Nkwtdn's lifetimo by liin fricinis and 
 fellow-workers, Jolui Collins (iJ« 10 NovenibiT, lUS:}) and William 
 Jo^ES ("i* July, 1745»), both — but at dilVirent periods— ciniuent 
 Fellows of the So«'iety over which Nkwton so loiij; presided. 
 
 Jones repeatedly acted as the Amanuensis and Editor of Sir Isaac 
 Nbwton, and he had inherited the papers of Collins, lie was the 
 survivor of Newton by twenty-two years; of Collins, by sixty-six 
 years. At his own death he be(]ucathed his extensive Collection to 
 Sir Isaac Newton's nuccessor in the chair of the lioyal Society, 
 George, second Earl of Macclk.sfielu. 
 
 Among Newtons MSS. at Hurst bourne Park are copies and 
 extracts of numerous Works on Alchemy, incliulinp: The Mrtamor- 
 photet ofthf Planctg, by John de Monte Snvders [G2 pp. 4to, with 
 a key to that work] ; a largo ' Index Chemicus' and ' iSupple- 
 mentum JndicU Chemici.' These are in his own hand, as are also 
 many pieces of Alchemihtical Poetry from Norton's ' Oriyinal,' and 
 liaiiil \ .\lentine's ' Mystery of the Microcosm,' and a small treatise 
 entitled * Thesaurus Thesauroruvt, sive Medicina Aurea.' A printed 
 copy of the worthless book, entitled ' ^Secrets Revealed, or an Open 
 Entrance to thr Shut Palace of the King," by W. C. (London, 1699), 
 is covered with notes in Sir Isaac's hand. 
 
 His correspondence with Cotes, on the Second Edition of his 
 * Principia,' is in Trinity Collcjje, Cambridge, and has been published 
 by EcLESTON. His letters to Fl.vmsteed are in Corpus Library at 
 Oxford. ElaMSTEeu's letters are j)artly at Shirhurn Casth', and 
 partly at liurstbourne. Many of the Theol()','ical MS.s., and a 
 considerable portion of Newton's Correspondence, are also at 
 Uurstbourne Park. Of the Newton MSS. at Shirbum Castle, I have 
 given a somewhat detailed account in ' Lihrariea and their Founders ' 
 [1S04]. 
 
 (679) Claude Nicaise, *b October, 1701. 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. MS.S.^ 
 
 The MSS. of Nicaise were purchased for the Eoyal Library of 
 France early in the last century. 
 
 (680) Pope Nicholas V [Thomas of Saizaiia], 
 ►i* -2i March, 1455. 
 
 Rome: — Vatican Library. [.1/.S'5.] 
 
 Pope Nicholas V bequeathed the fine Library which he had 
 
 Ethered during widespread researches throughout Europe and the 
 i»t. Like other contemporary benelactionH, it sullcred injury and 
 loM during the stormy period which followed. But a remnant of it 
 ranrivea. 
 
[138] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (GSl) Nicholas Nicoli, ^ 23 January, 1437. 
 
 Florence: — Laurentian Library. [3/55.] 
 
 Nicoli obtains a place amongst the illustrious men of Italy— 
 a roll so long that the title to a place of any name in it may well be 
 subjected to keen scrutiny — less by his writings than by his munifi- 
 cence to his fellow-townsfolk. The reader who is interested, either 
 in the man or in the literary tastes of the period, will find a strikmg 
 estimate of Nicoli and of his gift drawn up by the hand of a friend 
 and famous contemporary, Poggio Bkacciolini, in the Veterum 
 Scrij)forum Amplissima Collectio, vol. iii, cols. 730-736. 
 
 (6S.2) John Norden, ^ 1626. 
 
 London t — British Museum Library. [Topographical MSS.^ 
 Part of NoEDEx's MSS. were purchased by the Trustees of the 
 
 British Museum. Others came to the same repository as part of the 
 
 Harleian Collection. 
 
 (683) Frederick North, Sixth Earl of Guildford, 
 ^ 1S2... 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Frinted Books and MSS.'\ 
 Part of Lord GrUiLDFOEn's Library — eminently rich in Greek, and 
 
 especially in Eomaic Literature — was purchased by the Trustees of 
 
 the British Museum after the Collector's death. 
 
 (6S4) Ferdinand Nunez de Gusman, ^ 1553. 
 
 Salamanca :— University Library. 
 
 Nu^Ez DE Gusman gave his Library to the L'niversity of Sala- 
 
 o. 
 
 (685) O'Conor (of Belaganare), >i< . . . 
 
 Ashburnham Place (Sussex) .- — Zorc? A shbuenham's Library. 
 
 [MSS.] 
 
 A valuable Collection of Irish MSS., and of MSS. relating to the 
 History and Antiquities of Ireland, was acquired by Eichard, Duke 
 of Buckingham, from the O'Conoe Family, and placed in the Library 
 at Stowe, whence it passed into the possession of the present Lord 
 
 ASHBUENHAM. 
 
 (686) Adam Oelschlager, ^21 February, 1761. 
 
 Holstein : — Toiv7i Library. [Printed Books.] 
 The Library of Oleaeius is preserved in Holstein, but whether by 
 gift or by purchase I know not. 
 
NOTJCKS OF CoLLl'XTOKS. [139] 
 
 (0^7) George OffOF, ^ 1 August, 1^01. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [3/S. Collections.^ 
 Mr. Okfou's MS. Colloi'tions were purchased by the Trustees of 
 the British Museum sliortly after his death. They relate, more 
 wpocially. to the History (if the p]n^lish Bible, and of Biblical 
 Litemture in Knyland during the IGth century. They now form 
 Additional MSS., 'JO.GTO to i2i;.(')75. 
 
 (6SS) Thomas Oldys, ^ 1 • > April, 17(il. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [MSS.^ 
 
 I'art of the MS. Collections of Thomas Oldys — invaluable for 
 the Literary History of our country — were bought by Edward 
 HAnLKY, iiarl of O.xford, and are now part of the Harleian 
 Collection. 
 
 fr.sO, Godfrey Olearius, ^ 20 February, 1085. 
 
 liCipsic : — Vnirersity Lihrnry. \ Part of Library] 
 
 The Library of Olkarius (chielly consisting of controversial 
 writingB on points in conflict between the Komanist and Protestant 
 Communions) is now part of the extensive Collection of the t'mver- 
 sity of Leipsic. 
 
 (090) Ilnnnihal Olivieri degli Abbate, 
 
 29 >f|)t( luhcr, 1 /b'J. 
 FesarO -.—Town Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Olivikui's Collection was specially rich in works relating to 
 
 Pesaro and its neighbourhood. It contains also many choice MSS. 
 
 of Italian Literature. It was be<jucathcd by the owner to Pesaro. 
 
 (091) David Oppenlieimer, ^ I7:i7. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. 
 
 The magnificent Hebrew Library of the Oppenueimeus was pur- 
 chaxod by the University of Oxford, after the Collector's death. Dr. 
 Hoffmann (of Hamburgh) has given, lately, in the Smipeum, an 
 interettting Bcries of articles containing — not, indeed, its history, but — 
 most valuable materials for its history, tm a Collection. 
 
 (692) Charles dOrleans de Rothelin, * 1 7 m. 
 
 Madrid \~Boyal Library. [Part of Library, Printed and 3/.V.J 
 
 Part of the Library of Charles d'Oui-KANs uK Kotiiki.in is now 
 prewrved in the lioyal Collection at Madrid, whither it came, by 
 purchase, in \1¥S. 
 
[140] BOOK IF. — HISTORICAL 
 
 I 
 (693) Robert Orme, "^ 14 January, 1801. 
 
 London : — India Office Library. \^Prmted Books and MSS.] 
 
 A very valuable Collection of Books and Charts on the aflfairs'' 
 India, formed, during many years of laborious research, by this em 
 nent Historian, vpas bequeathed by the Collector to the Honourab 
 East India Company. It now forms part of the Library of the 
 successors. ; 
 
 ! 
 
 (694) Fulvio Orsini, ^ 18 January, or 8 May? 1600' 
 
 Rome : — Vatican Librarij. 
 
 Oesini's Library was bequeathed by the Collector to the Yaticai 
 
 (695) James Philip d'OrviUe, ^ 14 September, 175] 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 The rich Collection of MSS. formed by D'Oeville was purchase 
 by the University of Oxford, after that Collector's death. 
 
 (696) Jerome Osorio, Bishop of Sylva, 
 ^ 20 August, 1580. 
 
 Oxford \ — Bodleian Library. [^Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Of the acquisition of the Library of Bishop Osorio two differen 
 accounts have been given. According to one account, it was brough 
 to England by the Earl of Essex ; according to another, it was par' 
 of the spoil won by Ealegh, and was, by him, given to Oxforc 
 Ealegh had, before the Islands Expedition of 1597, been a bene 
 factor to the University ; but his Correspondence throws no light o; 
 the particular incident here referred to. , 
 
 ! 
 
 (697) Arnold d'Ossat, Cardinal, ^ 13 March, 1604. 
 
 Fa.ris I — Impei-ial Library. \_Part of Correspondence.] 
 
 The MSS. of Cardinal d'OssAT — or, rather, part of them — came t' 
 CoLBEKT, and, with his other Collections, passed from his heirs to th" 
 Eoyal Library of France. I 
 
 j 
 
 (698) . . . Ossolinski, ^ . . . j 
 
 Lcmbeig : — Town Library ? [Printed Books.] 
 OssoLiNSKi's Library was given to Lemberg by the owner. 
 
NOTICES OV COLLKCTOHS. [IH] 
 
 (G99) Ottoboni Family. 
 
 3,0X116'. — ^otieam Librar;/ MSS. and Printed Bools] ; Ottoboni 
 Lttrary [MSS. and Printed Books]. 
 
 Tbe Ottoboni Collections arc of two periods, and are preserved 
 in separate Libraries, but both at Kome. The earliest arc. I believe, 
 in the Ottoboni Library founded by Pope Alexander VJII (Peter 
 Ottoboni), who died on the Ist February, KJDl. The later Collection 
 •e«m8 to have been purcha«ed by Pupo Benedict XIV (Prosper 
 Lambertini, ^ 3 May, 175s), for the Vatican Library. 
 
 (700) Thomas Otway, IHs/iop of Ossort/, ^ 1692. 
 
 Kilkenny: — Diocesan Lihranj. [Printed Books.] 
 Ui!«hop OtWAT bequeathed his books to Kilkenny, in 1692. 
 
 (701) William Oughtred, ^ ;5<i Jiiiip, inoo. 
 
 Sbirburn Castle : — //orf/ M ACCLESFIKLn's Lifjran/. [Mathema- 
 tical .»/» 
 
 OronTBCD'! MSS. formed part of the Collections [mentioned in 
 No. 486^ of "NVilliam Jones, by whom they were bequeathed to 
 George, second Earl of Macclesfield. 
 
 702) Sir William Ouseloy, ^ 1S39. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Lilrary. .1/>".**' ^ 
 
 The Oriental MSS. collected, with vast research and liberal expen- 
 diture, by Sir William Ol'selet, were bought by the f niversity of 
 Oiford in the year Is 11. They amounted to 750 volumes, and the 
 purcbase-moncy was £2000. 
 
 (703) Sir Gore Ouseley, ^ IS Xovembor, 1^41. 
 
 Oxford :— Bodleian Library. MSS] 
 
 Sir (iore Ocselet's ColK-ction of Oriental ^MSS. was ptirchased 
 bv the University of Oxford in 1858 (fourteen years after the acqui- 
 sition of the still richer Collection of his brother Sir William), for 
 £500. 
 
 P. 
 
 n(^\) Paul Man Paciaudi, »J« 2 r<l)ninry. 17^'). 
 
 Faxma: — Vniter$itij Library. Printed Books.] 
 pACiarDi gave his books to Parma in his lifetime. 
 
[142] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (705) . . . Packer (of Dunmow), ^ . . . 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Prints.'] 
 
 A Collection of Hogarth's Prints was formed by Mr. Packer, of 
 Dunmow, and from him, or from his representatives, it was purchased, 
 in 1823, for the British Museum. 
 
 (706) . . . Paesiello, ^ . . . 
 
 Naples : — Library attached to the Theatre of S. Carlo. [Auto- 
 graph MS S.'] 
 
 Paesiello' s MSS. seem to have been purchased for S. Caelo. 
 
 (707) Gabriel Paleotti, Cardinal, ^ 1597. 
 
 Bologna ; — University Library. [Printed Books.^ 
 The Literary Collections of Paleotti are now part of the University 
 Library of Bologna. 
 
 (708) William Palliser, Archbishop of Cashel, 
 ^ . . . 
 
 Dublin ; — Trinity College Library. [Printed Boohs.~\ 
 Archbishop Pallisee gave his Library to Trinity College, 
 Dublin. 
 
 (709) Thomas Palmer, ^ 1S.:20. 
 
 Cambridge (Massachusetts): — Harvard College Library. [Printed 
 Books.^ 
 
 The Library of Mr. Palmer was given by him to Harvard 
 College, partly in his lifetime, and partly by bequest. 
 
 (710) Onufrius Panvini, ^1568. 
 
 Home : — Vatican Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Panyini's MS. Collections are preserved in the Library of the 
 Vatican. 
 
 (711) George Wolfgang Panzer, ^ 9 July, 1804. 
 
 Stuttgart : — Royal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 A considerable Collection of printed Bibles, formed by this eminent 
 Bibliographer, is preserved in the E/oyal Library at Stuttgart. 
 
 (712) Peter Alexander Paravia, ^ . . . 
 
 Zara I — Town Library. [Pi'inted Boohs and MSS.] 
 Paeavia, who was Professor of Italian Literature and History at 
 Zara, gave his Library, comprising about 10,000 volumes, to his 
 native town, in 1856. It became the first Public Library ever 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [113] 
 
 eetablishcd iu Dnlmntia, and the Muniiipalily of Zara entered upon 
 its trust in an exemplary spirit. 
 
 (713) John Paul Parisio (Janus Parriiasius), 
 
 Vienna : — Imperial Library. [Greek and other MSS.'\ 
 Tliis Library was brought, in 1720, from the Convent of St. John 
 Carbonaro at Naples (to whieh it had been bequeathed by Cardinal 
 ScRiPANUi), in order to save the monks the trouble of aeeommodating 
 in their convent a German transeriber who had been sent to inspect 
 the MSS,, and to make extracts from them for Vienna. 
 
 (714) Mnttluw Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 ^ 17 May, 1575. 
 
 Cambridge: — r/i/ivr,vi7y PuhHc Library [Part of MSS. and 
 Pnnle<l Hooka ; Corpus Christ i College Library [Par/ of MSS. and 
 Printed Hooks]. 
 
 Archbishop Parker divided his Library between the University 
 and the Library of Corpus. 
 
 Among the choit'c MSS. given by him to Corpus is the earliest, 
 though not, perhaps, the most valuable, copy now known to exist 
 of the .\nglo-Saxon Chronicle. The scription of this volume is in 
 several hands, and the earlier part of the text has received various 
 additions and interlineations by a scribe of the twelfth century. A 
 full account of tlie MS. will be found iu Hahdy's Dmcriplivc Cata- 
 logue of the Materials of British History, Vol. I, pp. 652, scqq. The 
 Corpus MS. 298, also given by Pahkku, contains a curious Collec- 
 tion of Papers relatiii'_' to the See of Canterbury. 
 
 (715) Tlioiuas Parker, Earl of MdcdoKfu-hlAwA J.ord 
 Ilii/h Chdnri'llor of (in-at Br i lain, ^ 'Is April, 1732. 
 
 Shirbum Castle {Oxfordshire). [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 Lord Chancellor Macci.esfiem) began to collect books — in Polite 
 Liteniture, in Theology, in ^lathematics, and in Linguistics — 
 almost aa soon as he began to study law. As his fortunes advanced, 
 his book-buying advanced also. Nor was that the only, or the chief, 
 way in which he testified his love of learning. He was a munificent 
 promoter and patron of literature in many other ways, and by many 
 channels of encounigement. 
 
 Like some other great jurists and statesmen, whom posterity has 
 learnt to honour in a larger measure than they were honoured by 
 thiir more proHjx-rouH conteniporaries— reversing, in that respect, 
 the fate of 8«)me among the most belauded, for the moment, of those 
 contemporaries themselves— Lord Ma(ci.kskiem», by a too great love 
 of power, precipitated his own political fall. Me wa-s, also, over- 
 covetous of gold, but he was wont to use it very n(»bly. He wjw 
 made a scapegoat for other men's corruption, as well a-s' for his own 
 
[144] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 imprudences, and for his failure to make timely reforms, of the need 
 of which his intellect must have been convinced. liis enforced 
 leisure he turned to the same account to which he had already turned 
 much of his wealth. And the noble Library he gathered at Shirbum 
 survives to prove alike his learning and his liberality in extending 
 the domain and in disseminating the benefits of learning. It may 
 well be hoped that all his descendants will preserve and cherish the 
 noble heirloom which their Founder has bequeathed to them. Bv the 
 present representative of Lord Chancellor Macclesfield, his Librarv 
 has been put into thorough order, and has, many times, been made 
 serviceable to students and authors. 
 
 (716) Henry Parker, ^ . . . 
 
 Cambridge: — Corpus Chnsti Library. \_MSS.'\ 
 In the year 1618 Henry Pakker gave to Corpus Library a MS. 
 of the Chronicle {Chronicon ex Chronicis) of Florence of AVorcester, 
 with additions by his continuator, Joiix, another monk of Worcester. 
 Very possibly this Corpus volume may be the original MS. It is 
 certain that it is of the twelfth century. It is also certain that it 
 belonged to AVorcester. And no proof to the contrary lies in certain 
 marginal additions, the scription of which is of a later hand. (Com- 
 pare Hardy, Vol. II, pp. 130, seqq.) 
 
 I think (but am not sure) that this donor to Corpus was the same 
 * Henry Parker ' who, more than a quarter of a centurv afterwards, 
 published those secret papers of King Charles the First which 
 had been taken on Naseby field, and the publication of which had 
 such grave consequences. 
 
 (717) Robert ParsOnS, ^ IS April, 1610. 
 
 Oxford '.—Balliol College Lihranj. [Part of J/5S.] 
 
 Part of the MS. Collections of Dr. Parsons were purchased for 
 Balliol Library, from the Collector's representatives, after his death. 
 
 (718) . . . Passerini, *i< . . . 
 
 Placentia: — Town Library. {^Printed Books.'] 
 Passerini was a member of a Jesuit College at Placentia, to 
 which he gave a Collection of 4000 volumes of books, together with an 
 endowment fund for its perpetual maintenance as a Public Library. 
 When the College of the Jesuits was dissolved, under the rule of the 
 Emperor Napoleok I, its Library was given by him to the town. 
 
 (719) Dorainick Passionei, Cardiiial ?L\\^ Papal Nuncio 
 in Switzerland, >}< 15 July, 1761. 
 
 Rome : — Angelica Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 Cardinal Passionei's Library was bequeathed, by the Collector, 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [M5] 
 
 in trust for public use, and as an augmentation of the Angelica 
 Library in Kouie. 
 
 (7.eO) Paston Family (of Norfolk). 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [J\1S. Letters and Papers.'] 
 I Many readers will feniember how curiously the old interest of the 
 * Pastok Correspondence ' was fresliencd up, a year or two ago, by 
 l^Ir. Herman !Mi:uivali:'s vigorous, but over-hasty, onslaught upon its 
 icharacter for authenticity, i'art of the original M.SS. were acquired, 
 iu ISGG, for the British Museum. Another portion of them ia yet 
 missing. 
 
 cm) Francis Patrizzi, ^ 1597. 
 
 EsCOrial Palace '.—rwyuJ Library of Spain. [MSS.] 
 
 (72:2) William Patten, ^ . . • 
 
 Oxford : — Magdalen College Library. 
 
 This Collection was the groundwork of Magdalen Library. The 
 i^ollector appears to have given it to his College during his lifetime. 
 
 (723) Jerome Paumgartner, ^ 1505. 
 
 Nuremberg '. — Totrn Library. \_MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 PAiMrivuTNKU bequeathed his Library — chiefly rich iu theological 
 )ooks — to the Town of Nuremberg. 
 
 c,-i\) Robert Paynell, ^ . . . 
 
 liOndon : — British Museum Library. [Law MSS.] 
 Paynki.i.'s Juridical MSS. form part of the Harleian Collection. 
 liey were purchased bv liobert IIabley (first of the Harleian 
 aris of Oifurd), in 1721. 
 
 (725) Pays d'Alissac Family. 
 
 V&lreas {yaucluse) : — Chateau Library. 
 
 \mong the archives of this family are preserved many letters of 
 viN, of IIkxuy IV, and of Catiieuine of Meuicis. 
 
 ;JG) Zachary Pearce, JJi-s/njjj of Rochester, ^ 1774. 
 
 London : — Library of U'eHtminstcr Abbey. [Printed Books.] 
 Bi.-^hop Peauck bequeathed the bulk of his Library, in trust for 
 -^ Public, to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. A few books 
 :.i3 came by gift, in his lifetime, to the Lord Chancellor Maccles- 
 
 [lOJ 
 
[U6] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 FIELD, and to the Chaucellor's son, tlie second Earl of that family, 
 and are now in the Library at Sbirburn Castle. [See No. 715.] 
 
 (727) Francis Peck, "^ 13 August, 1743. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Part of MSS.'\ 
 
 Some of Peck's MSS. came, eventually, into the possession of the 
 
 Trustees of the British Museum, but I am, at present, unable to 
 
 identify the source of the acquisition. 
 
 (728) Xicliolas Claude Fabri de PeireSC, 
 
 >b 24 June, 1637. 
 
 Carpentras: — Toivn LUrarrj. [Part of MS. Collections and of 
 Correspondence.^ 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [Part of MS. Collections.] 
 
 NismeS : — Town Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Rome: — Barberini Library [Part of Correspondence]; Albani 
 Library [MSS.]. 
 
 Vienna: — Imperial Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The extensive MS. Collections and Correspondence of this illus- 
 trious Scholar are scattered somewhat widely. Their interest is great. 
 He possessed both sympathies and acquirements in the most varied 
 fields of human learning and endeavour. He corresponded with 
 England, with Northern Europe, with Constantinople, and with 
 Asia, as well as with Italy, Holland, and G-ermany. Amongst his 
 correspondents he numbered Eobert Cecil, Peter Paul Eubens, 
 and Galileo, as well as De Thou, Salmasius, and Gtassexdi. Such 
 was his variety of knowledge and of scientific inquisitiveness that, 
 whilst our English gardens owe to him some of their most beautiful 
 flowering shrubs, our best archaeologists owe also to him the shrewd 
 hint — derived from close observation of certain traces of lamince ; 
 seen alike upon ancient marbles and upon ancient gems — which has 
 enabled them to add new names to the annals of Grreek art, as well 
 as to the records of Greek mythology. 
 
 The best account of those of the Peiresc MSS. which are pre- 
 served in Prance is that which was drawn up by M. Eavaissox, m 
 his capacity of Inspector of Public Libraries, in the year 1S4;1, and 
 published, shortly afterwards, in the Journal General de V Instruction 
 Publique. That article is an instructive one, as well in regard to the ■ 
 history and management of French Libraries, as to the biography oi . 
 Peiresc and the history of intellectual cultui-e in Europe. i 
 
 Among the causes of the dispersion of Peiresc's invaluable Col- 
 lections, family neglect and idleness, the peculations of a certain class , 
 of Autograph Collectors, and the careless government of Libraries, 
 may all be numbered. For many mouths, it is said, ' Peiresc MSS. 
 served one of the scholar's fair nieces, by way of curl-papers, and 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [117] 
 
 i-io sorvod that lady's domestics, by way of allumcttes. PoHiapa, 
 when the waste was discovered, the iaiiocout culprits may have 
 replied interrogatively ; — like one of their more recent Englis^h imita- 
 tors, that celebrated waitinuf-maid of CtM.KiunoK, who, when taken 
 to task for destroyinijf S(^me of his writings, eii<niired what was 
 the use of so much old rubbish. Sixty volumes, at least, of precious 
 MSS. seem to have been destroyed, in Pkiuksc's own house, to save 
 firewood. 
 
 Happily, a consiilerable portion of the !MSS. fell into better 
 hands, they were purchased by Malachi d'I\(iUiMni:uT, Bishop of 
 CariH>ntra8. jind by him jjiven to the Public Library of his diocesan 
 town, of which he and Maz.\.uqes were the joint founders. [See 
 No8. 473 and (507.] 
 
 Some of Peiuesc's MSS. were acquired, in comparatively recent 
 times, by the Baron von Hohexoouff, and they now form part of 
 his be«juest to the Imperial Library at Vienna. [See No. IIS.] 
 
 Another part of his MS. Correspondence is at Rome, in the Bar- 
 berini Library. It seems probable — but is not, I think, certain — 
 that this part of tlie widely dispersed aeries was al.so purchased by 
 the Founder of that Library. According to Valery (Book XV, 
 c. 33), the number of Pkiresc's letters now preserved in the Bar- 
 heriana is not less than four hundred. 
 
 (729) John Pell, ^ 1.0 Doccnibcr, 1GS5. 
 
 London: — Royal Society Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 Dr. Pell's MSS. were purchased for the Library of the Eoyal 
 Society. 
 
 (730) Sanmcl Pepys, ^ OG May, 1703. 
 
 Cambridge: — -VMy^/^/e/i Culleye Library. \ MSS. and Printed 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 A- Pei'vs was one of those Christian worsliippers who make little 
 Bcruple to use a Church as a lumse of assignation, so al.so was ho 
 one of tho.«e literary benefactors who aim much more at personal 
 ostentation than at public service. His bequest to Cambridge is 
 clogged with the most absurd restrictions and imjicdinii-nts, and 
 con.H«'quently it has rendered small, if any, service to learning. 
 
 Samuel Pepvs seems to have been, in truth, a lover of literature 
 uA of archa-ology much as he was an admirer of women — for what 
 ne could get from them. 
 
 An important part nf the Admiralty and Miscellaneous ]\[SS. of 
 Pepys came eventually into the hands of Richard Rawlinson, and 
 formed part of his bequest to the University of Oxford, in 1755. 
 
[148] BOOK IF. — HISTOEICAL 
 
 (731) Percy Family. 
 
 Alnwick Castle {Northumberland). \_MSS. and Printed 
 Books. ^ 
 
 Among tlie surviving Percy MSS. there are still preserved, I 
 believe, some relics of two men wlio had won a certain measure of 
 fame of the literary sort ; as well as relics of the world-ftxmous Percies 
 of war and of statesmanship. Henry Percy (21st Earl of North- 
 umberland, and the ' Wizard Earl ' of the anecdote-books) left many 
 curious MSS. behind him, which serve to illustrate some of the pur- 
 suits that gave rise to the curious popular awe with which he wag 
 regarded in his lifetime. Our current writers greatly underrate his 
 abilities, of which Sully took a far more accurate measure than 
 did most of his compatriots. " None of the English lords," said 
 Sully to his royal master, "possess more talent, capacity, or 
 courage." This was written in 1G03. 
 
 Another Percy — the well-known Bishop of Dromore — left MSS. 
 which were, for some years, preserved in Northumberland House in 
 London. Of these, some were destroyed and others much injured 
 by a fire which occurred in the time of Hugh, fourth Duke of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 Other books, which the Bishop had borrowed from Dulwich 
 
 College Library, escaped the fire, and followed the Bishop into 
 
 Ireland. There they lay, for a long time, unexamined and forgotten. 
 
 1 Bp. Percy And the oversight gave occasion — as the Bishop tells one of his 
 
 Aprif,'^i794. correspondents — " to cruel insinuations. "^ 
 
 (732) Gonzalo Perez, ^ . . . 
 
 EsCOrial '.—Boyul Library of Spain. [_MSS. and Pri)ited Booh.] 
 
 In a certain qualified sense, there may be truth in the often- 
 repeated statement, that the famous Library of the Escorial was 
 founded through the acquisition — first by Gonzalez Perez, Secretary 
 of State to the Emperor Charles Y, and then by Philip II, as the 
 inheritor, or confiscator, of the Collections of Perez — of the MSS. 
 which had been gathered by Alphonso Y of Arragon and Naples. 
 But only a very small portion of the Library of Alphonso can have 
 passed into that of Perez. The bulk of what remained of it, after 
 many losses in the wars of Italy, came, indeed, into Spain, but 
 not to the Escorial. [See heretofore. Book III, chap, viii.] 
 Another surviving portion of it was, in course of time, widely dis- 
 persed, so that choice MSS., which once belonged to Alphonso,* 
 and are still adorned with the armorial bearings of Arragon, may 
 
 * Or to his immediate heirs, more than one of whom made additions to the 
 inherited Collection, not easily, as it seems, to he distinguished from the books of 
 the founder. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [149] 
 
 now be seen (for example) in the Imperial Library of Paris, and in 
 the private Collection at Holkham. [Sec No 23.] 
 
 Besides an important series of printed books and I\ISS., Gonzalez 
 Pkrez had amassed many State Papers and Historical Documents in 
 tlie course of his loncj employment as Secretary to Cuakmcs tke 
 PiVTH and to Ph 11.11' THE Six-ond. All these Collections passed to 
 Pnii.iP on the Secretary's death. This Pi'.uiz was both the iuther 
 and the predecessor in oliice of the more widely known Anto>io, 
 eonie of whose MSS. had the same fate as his father's. 
 
 The date of the acquisition —or confiscation* — by Philip the 
 Second of the Library of Gonzalez Peiikz is not recorded, but it 
 was, probably, nearly contemporaneous with the foundation (15G3) of 
 the new palace itself t 
 
 In the year 1570 a considerable accession to the new Royal Library 
 accrued, probably on the same easy terms. On the death of Juan 
 Perez de Castro, another servant of the Spanish Crown, Puu.ip 
 directed an inventory to be made of his books and papers, in order 
 to the settinj; apart for the Escorial of all such as should be deemed 
 worthy of a place there. Some choice Classical MSS. were amongst 
 the additions thus made. Two years later (1572), Philip gave to 
 Ambrose de Moii.vles a commission to visit the principal monasteries 
 and churches of his dominions, with a view, first, to a full report to 
 the King himself of the choice MSS., printed books, and holy relics, 
 preserved in them ; and, secondly, to the eventual enrichment of the 
 Escorial Collection at the expense of such churches and abbeys as 
 might, by various means, be induced to yield up their treasures. 
 MoBA.LEs' journey proved to be a fruitful one for its main object. 
 
 (733) Jaracs Perizonius, ^ (J April, 1717. 
 
 Lcyden: — Unireraity Library. [Prhited Boo/cs.] 
 
 Pkuizoxics bequeathed his Library to the L^niversity of Leyden. 
 
 (73 1) Antliony Perronet de Granvelle, Cardinal, 
 
 >^ |.")S(i. 
 
 BesangOn: — ^''(^"•n Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 Thi.s remarkable Collection may be sufliciently described by the 
 following extract from Memoirs of Libraries, printed in 1859 : — 
 " The Library of Ue>*an9on is chieily noticeable fur its possession 
 of thoHG famous MSS. of Cardinal Guanvelle which so nar- 
 rowly escaped destruction. He left them at his house in this town, 
 
 • TliU word, of coonc, is only applicable to the scizuro of the private Library 
 of the .'^panixh Sfcretnry. 
 
 t IVrcz w«« living: in ISfrl, but no later notice of liis oxintence seems to occur. 
 So.' tlie citation referred to in the able eituiiy of VooEi., of Dresden, entitled 
 Kttiget tur Getchichte der Etcurialbibliothek unter Philipp IL Scrap., vol, 
 viii, pp, 27a— 285, 
 
[150] BOOK Jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 111 some large chests, which were afterwards carelessly placed in a 
 lumber-room, accessible to the rats and the rain. The house passed 
 into a new ownership, and the occupier, hearing of the chests, and 
 desiring to turn them to some account, sold the contents to his 
 grocer. The Collection was speedily dispersed, but some of the 
 papers came, by good fortune, under the eyes of Boisot, Abbot of 
 St. Vincent, who lost no time in setting to work for their recovery. 
 Having amassed a large number, he reduced them into something 
 like method, and bound them up into eighty folio volumes of large 
 size ; depositing them, with due precautions, in the Abbey Library. 
 Thence, at the Eevolution, they passed, with its other contents, into 
 possession of the town. The Abbot had assigned an endowment for 
 the maintenance of the Collection belonging to his Community, on 
 the express condition that it should be accessible to the Public, at 
 least twice in the week. 
 
 " These MSS. were examined by Flechiee and by Leibnitz in the 
 seventeenth century ; and afterwards by Levesque and by Berthold. 
 The last-named antiquary is said to have devoted ten years of bis 
 life to their study. But it was not until the Ministry of GuizoT (in 
 the Department of Public Instruction) that they were at length 
 published. They now form one of the most valuable sections of 
 those admirable Documents inMits pour VHistoire de France, the 
 main credit of which is due to M. Gtjizot."^ 
 
 (735) Count VQYt\X.^2iti, ^ 1760. 
 
 Fa.rina<: — University Library. [Printed Books.^ 
 Milan : — Brera Library. [Printed Books. ^ 
 
 This Library embraced about 34,000 volumes, and was purchased, 
 in 17G3, for 16,000 ducats. The first intention of the purchaser was 
 as a memorial of esteem to the then Governor of Lombardy, the 
 Archdulie Perdikand, from what is called, in the official record, " the 
 Assembly of the States of Lombardy." Seven years later an im- 
 perial rescript by Maria Theresa gave it as a public institute to 
 Milan, and it was placed in the College, called the ' Brera,' which 
 had belonged to the then recently dissolved Society of the Jesuits. 
 
 (736) Dennis Petau, ^ 11 December, 1652. 
 
 Rome : — Vatican Library. [Part of 3ISS.] 
 
 Geneva '.—Town Library. [Part of MSS.'] 
 
 The larger portion of Petau's Library was purchased by Queen 
 Christina of Sweden, and, like the rest of her Collections, it has 
 come, by accidents of time and fortune, to be dispersed. Part of 
 Pktaij's MSS., however, were sold by his lieir to Lullin, of Geneva, 
 and were by him bequeathed to the Public Library of that town. 
 So that some of the Collections of this eminent French Scholar are 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [151] 
 
 1 1) be found at Rome ; others must be sought at Geneva. There are 
 some curious notices of the Library, and of its Collector, among the 
 letters of Voss and Heixsius. 
 
 (737) Paul Petau, ^ about lOGO? 
 
 Rome: — Vatican Library. [3/5S.] 
 
 Paul Pktau was one of the two-joint purchasers of the jNISS. 
 whii-h Peter Daniel, of Orleans, had obtained from the famous 
 Monastery of Fleury-on-Loire. Petau's share descended to his 
 s.tn Alexander, and (like the Collections of Dennis Petau, brother of 
 Paul) was sold to Queen Cueistixa of Sweden. [See No. 73G.] 
 
 (73^) Peter of AylliaCO, Cardinal, ^ . . . 
 
 Seville : — Cathedral Library. [MSS. ] 
 
 Auioimst the ^LSS. of Cardinal Peter de Atlliaco which have, as 
 yet, survived, notwithstanding that habitual and deep-rooted neglect 
 of literary treasures which is so pre-eminently ' cosa ilc Espaha,' is a 
 precious Cosmographical work which was wont to be frequently in 
 the hands of Columhis, and of which the margins abound with his 
 MS. notes. Some of these contain his own statements of his own 
 reasons for that hypothetical theory which led to the discovery of 
 America, and they were written before it. 
 
 (739) Theodore Petrseus, ^ 1077? 
 
 Berlin :— Royal Library. [Pri/tteU Books, ^c] 
 
 The Literary- Collections of Theodore Peth.eus now form part of 
 the great Library at Berlin. I believe that they were acquired by 
 purchase, after the Collector's death. 
 
 (740) Francis Petrarch, *i* l^ July, 137 !•. 
 
 Venice:—'^''. Murh's Library. [Remains of a Collection of 
 
 The remarkable story of Pethaiicu's gift of his beloved books ' to 
 .St^ Mark' has been often told. Only a very poor fragment of the 
 
 ft has Bunived. 
 
 f7n) Ilciuy Petrie, ^ 17 March, isio 
 
 London -.—Rolls House. ' MS. Collections on History of Britain. ] 
 
 The Petbie :yiSS. now preserved in the Koll.s House consist, 
 
 clnetly. ot Collections made for the ' llistorv of Britain,' under the 
 
 authority of Parliament an<l of the Treasury. They are specially 
 
 placed at the service of the Editors of the ' Chronicles and Memorials' 
 
[152] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 but are also made available, under due regulation, for the use o 
 literary applicants. 
 
 (742) George Petrie, LL.D., ^ 1866? 
 
 Dublin: — Libi-ary of the Royal Irish Academy. [iI/iS'5'.] 
 The important Collections of this eminent Irish Antiquary andl 
 Scholar have been purchased, by authority of Parliament (and, in 
 virtue of a vote passed in the Session of 1868, for £1580) ; and they 
 are, I believe, to be placed, for public use, in the Library of the Eoyal 
 Irish Academy. 
 
 (743) William Petty Fitzmaurice, First Marquess 
 of Lansdoione, >J< 1805. 
 
 London : — Library of the London Institution [Printed Boolcs'] ; 
 British Museum Library \mSS.']. 
 
 [For an account of the Lajvsdowne MSS., and of their acquisition 
 for the Public, see Lives of the Foundei^s, &c., Book II, c. 5.] 
 
 (744) William Pettyt, ^ 3 October, 1707. 
 
 London : — Inner Temple Library. [_MSS., t^-c] 
 "William Petttt bequeathed his MSS. to Trustees, vrith directions i 
 that they should be preserved for public use, and that due precau- 
 tions should be taken to prevent all danger of sale or embezzlement. 
 For their better security he also bequeathed the sum of £150 towards 
 the purchase or erection of a suitable repository. The Trustees 
 assigned both books and money to the Honourable Society of the 
 Inner Temple, in whose Library the books are now preserved, and 
 are open for public use. 
 
 (745) Julius Pflug, BisJiojj of Naumhirg, ^ 1560. 
 
 Naumburg: — Town Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 Bishop Ppltjg bequeathed his Library, for public use, under the 
 custody of the Municipality of Naumburg. 
 
 (746) Robert Phelps, ^ . . . 
 
 Ashburnham Place {Sussex). [MS. Correspondence.'] 
 
 (747) Joseph Piazzini, ^ March, 1832. 
 
 Fisa : — University Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Nearly 15,000 volumes of excellent books, with an endow- \ 
 ment fund of 5000 dollars, were bequeathed to Pisa by its eminent \ 
 
 \ 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [153] 
 
 Astronomical Professor and Librarian of 1^^23.1832. It was by 
 PiAZZiNi's care tliat the Library was removed to its present very 
 suitable abode in the ' Tahu-e of" the Sapienzn.' and lie is, as yet, its 
 niixHt distinmushcd bem-faetor. lie directed tliat his legacy of 
 inon.'v should be annually applied to the pureliMse, more especially, 
 of biHiks on history, philosophy, and the mathematical sciences. 
 It 18 e:«timated that at prest-nt (1SG8) one third, at least, of the 
 existing Library has accrued from Piazzixi's gift. 
 
 (74S) Ilcnrv PicciolpasSO, ^ 1050? 
 
 Milan: — Ambrosian Libruni. Vrinted Boohs.'] 
 PiccioLPASSo's Library was added, after the Collector's death, 
 to the Ambrosian Library at Milan ; whether by bequest, or other- 
 wise, is uncertain. It does not seem to be mentioned in the oflicial 
 Eleuco delle Btblioteche of 1SG5. 
 
 (749) Thomas Pichon (otherwise Tyurel), ^ 17S0. 
 
 Vire : — Town Library. [Printed Books, ^-c.'] 
 
 This Collection was made by a Frenchman — a native of Yire — 
 during a long residence in England. Of some curious incidents in 
 the hi.Htory both of Pichon and of his Library, I extract the follow- 
 ing notice from Memoirs of Libraries (1859) : — 
 
 "Thomas Picuox (born in 1700) began life as an advocate, was 
 afterwards attached to the judicial service of the French armies in 
 Germany; went to Canada in 1719, in official employment, and 
 remained there until the capture of Cape Breton in 1758, when he 
 retired to England, apparently in di.sgust with the management of 
 the French Colonial alfairs, and assumed (from some family con- 
 nection, 1 think) the name of Ttrhel. lie gave himself thence- 
 forward to the collection and study of books ; occasionally, with his 
 pen, adding to their number. At his death, in 1781, he bequeathed 
 his Library to his native town, for public use. The gift was not a 
 mean one. He is said to have possessed about 30,000 volumes,* and 
 these chosen by a man who seems to have been accurately described 
 OS 'fort Ifttrc et bibliophile.' At the Peace of Versailles, the Col- 
 lection was sent over to Vire, but the troubles which heralded in the 
 Kevolution were already at hand. Fifteen years elapsed before the 
 Collection was complutely unpacked, but, unfortunately, this circum- 
 stance did not preserve it from pillage (so inaccurate is Dibdin's 
 
 • " I make lhi« itatemcnt on the very competent and ofTicial authority of M. 
 R1TAISS05. I know not what inform.ition led Dr. DiUDl.v to say: 'Monsieur 
 ricno?t...to<)k hi« books over with him to Jersfi/, wliere lie died" in 1780; and 
 bequeathed them, aU>ut " 300<J " in number, to his native town.' I tind no men- 
 tion of JePK-y in the notices of I'ichon's life pre.served in the Library ituelf, for 
 of which I am indebted to my friend. Professor Chbistib." 
 
[154J BOOK ir.— HISTORICAL 
 
 1 Memoirs statement : — ' Wonderful to relate, this Collection of Books was 
 foiii,'^p"^ii. untouched during the Revolution.' "^ 
 
 (750) Gervase Pierpoint, Lord Pierpoint, ^ 1697. 
 
 Tong" {Shropshire) : — Parochial Library. 
 
 Lord Pieepoint's Collection was given to Tong, as the foundation 
 of a Parochial Library, towards the close of the seventeenth century. 
 It seems to have been preserved, but not much enlarged or used. 
 
 (751) Lawrence Pignoria, ^ 1631. 
 
 Home : — Angelica Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 PiGNOEiA bequeathed his Library to the Angelica, for public use. 
 
 (752) John Vincent Pinelli, ^ 1601. 
 
 Milsm : — Ambrosian Library. [Part of a Library of Printed 
 Books.'] 
 
 Venice X—St. MarFs Library. [MSS.] 
 
 "What now exists of the Pinelli Collection at Milan is but frag- 
 mentary. Nor does it appear, very clearly, how any portion of it 
 came to Milan. The Collection, in its integrity, was a noble 
 Library, and it is certain tbat the bulk of it was removed from 
 Padua to Naples by the Collector's heirs, and — after the lapse of 
 nearly two centuries — came eventually to London, and was there 
 sold by auction, in 1790. A large and important section of the 
 MSS. of Pinelli was seized by the Government of Venice, and was 
 placed in St. Mark's Library, where that part of the Collection has 
 ever since remained. The motive or pretext for the seizure was that 
 the MSS. arrested (which the Collector's heirs intended to have 
 removed, with the rest of the Library, to Naples) contained matters 
 of State not fit to be divulged. 
 
 The Naples Collection (as Vincent Pinelli left it) appears to 
 have been subsequently augmented. It is possible, therefore, that 
 the books at Milan were the gatherings of a Pinelli of later date. 
 The 1865 'Ji'/e^zco' does not throw any light on the matter. That 
 valuable official document has many merits, but no index. 
 
 (753) John Baptist Piquet, Marquess of Me janes, 
 ^ 17S6. 
 
 Aix : — Town or Mejanes Public Library. [MSS. and Printed 
 Books.] 
 
 Of this truly magnificent public benefaction to the town of Aix, 
 I extract the following notice from Memoirs of Libraries (1859) : — 
 
Memoirs 
 of Libraries, 
 
 NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [155] 
 
 " Jean Baptisto l>Lirie PnjirET, ^farquis do ^Mojanes, was boru at 
 \rle9, in I7l2l). He be^an liis career as a Collector about IToO, and 
 . .'iitinued it until his death, in 17^G, but never permitted it to with- 
 draw his attention from the duties of liia position. The agricultural, 
 sanitary, and fiscal improvement of Provence was the task of his 
 life. I'he gathering of some 5>0,0U0 volumes of books, printed and 
 manuscript, was its relaxation. He bestowed especial care on the 
 collection of the records and other materials of Provencal 
 History, llis testamentary dispt)9al of his Library was thus 
 expressed: — 'I give and be<jueath all my books, as well those at 
 Aries and at Aix, as those at Avignon and at Paris, my whole Library, 
 :i fact, with its cases and appurtenances, and all my MSS., to tiie 
 Province of Provence, on condition that an open Library shall be 
 maintained in the City of Aix, for public advantage... but under the 
 express stipulation that no books shall be lent out of the Library 
 under any pretext.' He further bequeathed certain bonds and sums of 
 money, producing an income of about .5000 francs a year, for the sole 
 purpose of augmenting the Library. Part, however, of this capital was 
 coubscated by the legislation of 17i»l. As will be seen by the extract 
 from the Founder's Will, tiie books were wiilely separated. It was 
 probablv a happy thing for the Library that the majority of them „^ „.„,^ 
 were still in their packing cases when the troubles of the llevolution i*""'' Y. 
 
 VI » 1.1 chap, ui 
 
 broke out. ' 
 
 (7.')t) WilUi)alil Pirckheimer, ^ -22 Dec, 1530. 
 
 Nuremberg : — Tuirn Libninj. ^MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 London : — Royal Society's Library [Printed Books] ; British 
 Musrum Library J/.S.S'.]. 
 
 The heirs of this celebnited Mediaeval Collector sold part of his 
 Librarj', it appears, to Nuremberg. Another part was sold, long 
 afterwards, to Lord Ahundel, during his travels in Germany. 
 AS' hat survived of Lord Auujjdfx's purchase in the time of Henry 
 How.vuD (afterwards Duke of Norfolk) was given by him to the 
 Koval Society. Hut, eventually, the ]\LSS. (well known as 'Arundel 
 MS8.') came to the British Museum, whilst the printed books 
 remained with the Royal Society, of whose Library they still form 
 part, 
 
 Pirckheimeb'h life was devoted to the dissemination throughout 
 < iermany of Literature and the Sciences. That is now his chief 
 claim to honourable memory. His choice Library, ricli in rare MSS., 
 wa.-* open to the uhc of all students. His fortune permitted him to 
 ke<»p a large establishment, and his family circle usually embraced 
 a large number of men of letters and of artists. It was a saying 
 an)ong his contemporaries that Piuckiieimeu's house was ' anaaylum 
 of the Muses.' ' ^ 
 
[156] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL ' 
 
 (755) Peter PithOU, ^ 1 November, 1596. 
 
 Troves : — Town Lihrary. \_Part of MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 Montpellier -.—Town Library. \Fart of MSS.] 
 PiTiiou bequeathed his Library to the Oratorians of Troyes. On 
 the suppression of the monastic orders, these literary collections 
 were sent to the Town Library. But in consequence of the mission ; 
 subsequently given by the National Assembly to Chabdon de la 
 EocuETTE and to Peunelle, some of the choicest PiTnou MSS., as : 
 well as those of many other Collections, were removed to Mont- ; 
 pellier. j 
 
 One of PiTHOTj's biographers speaks thus of his Collection : — ' 
 " Bibliotheca nee ut optaverat Integra ab heredibus consernata 
 est, nee uni emptori tota VcTniit. Inspecta autem et expetita a 
 multis Aulse, Ubis, omnium ordinum primoribus Codices MS. aliquot • 
 1 Died 7 apud Fkanciscum' fratrem manserunt et hi uuuc quoque apud M. v, 
 Feb., 1621. Ciaudium Peleteeium Eegni Administrum visuntur. Maxima vero 
 pars in bibliothecam Thuanseam invecti. Acta et iustrumenta, quse ij 
 aut Eegiae librariae, aut Thesauro Chartarum legata erant, incertum i 
 quoniam abierint. Librorum Vulgatorum partem puto vseniise, par- ' 
 tern servatam in domo Pithoese." (P. Pithoei Vita; cura Boitik; 
 Sylloge, &c., xi, 10.) 
 
 (756) John Pits, ^ 1616. 
 
 Verdun 'i—Town Library ? [il/S. Collections.'] I 
 
 Some of the MSS. of Pits (who had a Canonry at Verdun) are I 
 known to have been, at some time in the seventeenth century, pre- ' 
 served in the Collegiate Church of Verdun; whence, in all probability, ' 
 they passed — or what remained of them passed — to the Pubhc 
 Library of that town, after the Eevolution. 
 
 (757) G. F. Pitt, ^ . . . 
 
 Southampton X—Town Library. 
 
 This Collection was bequeathed to the Town Council of South- 
 ampton, in trust for the public use of the inhabitants, but on condi- 
 tion that no book be lent or taken away from the Library, which 
 is placed in the Council Chamber. It is said to contain 14,000 
 volumes, of which many are scarce and valuable. 
 
 (758) Pojje Pius II [^neas Sylvius Piccolomini], 
 ^ 14 August, 1464. 
 
 HiOme '. — Vatican Library. 'iMSS.] 
 
 Pope Pius II was a benefactor to the Vaficana, although the 
 accessions to its stores made during his Pontificate are quite eclipsed, 
 
 i i 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [157] 
 
 in the aunals of the Library, both bv those made under liis pre- 
 decessor, n lew years before — Pope Nicholas V, and by tliose of 
 Pope Sixrrs IV, who soon followed Pius on the Papal Throne 
 (1171— St). 
 
 (7:)0) Vincent Placcius, April, 1699. 
 
 Hamburgh: — Toim Libninj. Printed Boohs.'] 
 
 Pkaccus— an eminent Jurist as well as a Biblios^rapher — left to 
 
 the Town of Hamburgli (by Will and Codicil dated, respectively, in 
 
 1G75 and lGs:i) a valuable Library of some four thousand volumes. 
 
 Ihcy were added to the Public Collection at the Town Hall, in 1701. 
 
 (7C0) Francis Place (of Westminster), ^ 1^50? 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. \_MSS.'] 
 M.nchester: — Free City Library. [Printed Collections on 
 Political JicuHoiny.] 
 
 Francis Place was, in his day, a well-known member of the 
 Politii-al Ei-onomy Club, and the Collections which he had gathered 
 
 ■ II topics of Politics and Social Science were extremely curious. 
 
 rhc printed portion of them was purchased (by the present writer,) 
 : -r tlie Free Library of Manchester, in iS.jl, The ]\ISS. were pur- 
 'liased by the Trustees of the British Museum for our National 
 < 'ollection. They now comprise 'Additional MSS.,' volumes 27,769 
 to 27,859, inclusive. 
 
 (7G1) Leonard Plukenet, ^ 1700? 
 
 London : — Linnean Society's Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 Pjikinkt's Botanical MSS. were purchased for the Library of 
 the Linuean Society, of which they now form part. 
 
 (702) Thomas Plumer, »I< 1700? 
 
 Maldon (Essex) : — Church Library. 
 
 A small Collection of books was bequeathed to Maldon Parish 
 by Thomas Plumeh, its Collector, as the fuundation of a Church 
 Library, in the year 1700. 
 
 (703) Charles Plumier, ^ 1701-. 
 
 Paris : — Library of the Musrum of Xatural llisloni. [Botanical 
 MSS.] 
 
 The M.S. Collections of Plumikii relate more especially to the 
 Flora of the West Indies. I am uncertain whether their acquisi- 
 tion by the Museum came by way of bequest or of purchase. 
 
[158] BOOK /F.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (764) Edward Pococke, ^ 10 September, 1G91. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [Oriental ILSS:\ 
 
 Pococke's Oriental MSS. — 420 in number — were bought by the 
 University of Oxford, for the sum of £600, as an augmentation of 
 Bodley's Library. The Collection included many MSS. of very high 
 value. 
 
 (765) Prosper Podiani, ^ 1615. 
 
 Perugia I — Town Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 The amusing story of Podiaki, and of his Library, has been ad- 
 mirably told by a traveller who is very conversant with men and 
 things in Italy. It will be best to quote his own words : — • 
 
 " In the year 1582 there lived at Perugia one Prospero Podiam, 
 who must have been one of the queerest of all queer old fellows who 
 have so often taken it into their heads to make a Collection of dusty 
 tomes. Prospero had got together some seven thousand of these, 
 and one fine morning announced that at his death he would bequeath 
 them to the City, which was meanwhile to enjoy the free use of 
 tliem. They were accordingly carted to the Palazzo Commuuale. 
 But the patriotic old Podiani was not going to be robbed of his 
 reward, even in this life. He followed his books to the Palazzo, 
 where, in consideration of his munificence, he was not only housed, 
 but was granted by the Decemvirs an honourable place at their own 
 table, and an annuity of one hundred and fifty ducats. In 1592, 
 however, this annuity was taken from him by pontifical decree. 
 Fortliwith the indignant -Podiani revoked his gift, and made the 
 authorities carry all the books back again to his own house. He had 
 lived rent-free for ten years ; he had eaten, we may be sure, ten 
 times three hundred and sixty-five good dinners, at the public 
 expense, and always sitting in ' an honourable place at table ;' he 
 had received fifteen hundred ducats. But the outraged Prospero 
 took no heed of these. His books should go back, and back they 
 went. One can readily understand how he would then become sur- 
 rounded by a crowd of legacy hunters, most of them monks and 
 religious, eager to get all these seven thousand volumes for their 
 respective communities. He made a succession of bequests. First 
 he gave them to the Dominicans, then to the Cassinesi, then to the 
 Duke of Altemps, then to the Augustinians, then to the Cathedral, 
 then to the Seminary, then to the Bishop, then to the Capucins, 
 then to the Vatican, then to one iEneas Baldeschi, and finally to 
 the Jesuits. These last having got a bequest made in their favour, 
 there was a pause in the struggle, and in the bibliomaniac's will- 
 making. Probably, with their wonted skill, they locked the door 
 and mounted guard, and let nobody else come near him. Jesuits 
 are cunning, if you like ; but women are more cunning still, and a 
 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [159] 
 
 woman got tlirougli the keyhole somehow, and tripped up even tlio 
 Jollowere of Loyola. If the old fellow in IGOO did not actually 
 marry ! He married, and had two sons, and this was more than 
 ououfjh to invalidate and revoke each and every prior bequest. tSho 
 must have been a clever woman, for we liear of no more will-making 
 in favour of monks, or cities, or Je.^^uits, till IGlo, when Giacoino 
 l{.vLnEsoHr, some relation, probably, of .Eneas, got round him and 
 induced him to make a formal bequest to the City. Perhaps Mrs. 
 Prosj>ero Podi.vm had grown incautious from excessive confidence, 
 or had begun to lose her first influence. Be that as it may, in 1G15, 
 1 say, he again left his Library to the City of Perugia. I cannot 
 think but that tlie struggle would have commenced afresh, and that 
 there would have been another series of codicils, had not Prospero, 
 luckily for the City, suddenly died in the November of that year, 
 and left books, and children, and friars, and decemvirs, to settle the 
 atl'air amongst themselves as best they might. For, despite his last 
 formal bequest, there was yet a good deal to settle. The authorities 
 immediately carted his books back again once more to the Palazzo. 
 Litigation forthwith began. The sons of the deceased put in their 
 claim, and the Jesuits followed by asserting theirs. Everybody else 
 stood aside, content to watch the issue as tried between these great 
 contending parties. Not many monks, however — not many Domi- 
 nicans, Augustinians, Cassinesi, or Cappucini, I guess, — lived to see 
 the result, which was not declared for two-and-fifty years. In 1GG7, 
 not before, was the City of Perugia declared to be the rightful heir 
 of the Prospero Pooiani who had died in 1G15. I confess that in 
 the whole range of comedy I meet with no such comic figure as this 
 old fellow, making and unmaking testaments. Not in Plautus, not 
 in Terance, not in Molicre — and where else should I look y — do I 
 meet with this whimsical book-collector's equal. I never pass the 
 Palazzo Communalc but I fancy Prospero Podiaxt is within, sitting 
 in an honourable place, and eating his dinner for nothing. I laughed 
 at him at first, and I laugh at him still. But I have a liking for 
 him also. For see! He left his books to none of the above. He 
 left them all to me. IMorning after morning I have spent in that 
 Librar)-, and nobody came to keep me company. Only a door-keeper, 
 who handed me down what books I could not reach, and sat near the 
 doorway, cobbling shoes, in the interval. 
 
 "But, even in 1GG7, Perugia had not done with Prospero Podiant. 
 Fifty years later, his bequest had been succeeded by so many others 
 that it was necessary to transfer all the volumes, "thus become the 
 j)roperty of the City, from the Palazzo to a more convenient locality. 
 This was accordingly done in 1717; and on the staircase of the 
 Library, a.s I daily mount, I read in print, on a marble tablet, the 
 Latin aHsurance that Prosper Podianus is deemed to be worthy of i^oWm" h/i 
 on no account yielding to the chief personages of our age in nobility ReZ^'f \ol 
 and greatness of mind, as principally manifeste<l in his foundation gw.''''' ^'^' 
 of this Library."' 
 
[160] BOOK ir.— HISTORICAL ' 
 
 (766) Lewis H. E. Poelitz, ^ 1838. 
 
 Leipsic : — Toivn Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 The benefaction of Professor Poelitz to Leipsic was a very noble 
 one. It embraced a Library of 26,000 volumes, formed on the 
 excellent principle of a special Collection upon one great subject ; 
 and also a fund for augmentation. Poelitz's chosen subject, as a 
 Collector, was that of Political and Social Economy, in all its- 
 branches, and it was to the study and the teaching of that depart- 1 
 ment of science that his own best years had been devoted. i 
 
 (767) . . .Pogodin, ^ 1852? : 
 
 St. Petersburgh : — Imperial Library. [_MSS. and Printed 
 
 Books.] 
 
 Pogodin's Library was bought by the Emperor Nicholas, in 
 
 1852, for a sum equal to £2i,000 of our English money. The Col- ; 
 
 lection is very rich in Biblical, Theological, and Historical MSS., | 
 
 and also in printed incunabula, more especially those of the Scla- j 
 
 jidamf'of"^ vonic presses. Included in it are books of singular curiosity and i 
 
 1858, No. 44. rarity.^ i 
 
 (768) Matthew PohtO, ^ July, 1857. | 
 
 Helsingfors : — University Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Matthew Pohto was a self-taught Einnish peasant, who passed 
 much of his life as a book-pedlar. His wares were the tales aud 
 other popular literature current in the cottages of his fellow-peasants. ■ 
 But from such merely initerant dealings as these he grew at length | 
 to be a ' Collector,' and became ambitious to leave for public use a | 
 more complete series of Einnish books than had before existed. He . 
 died at the age of forty, but he left a considerable bequest of Finnish 
 literature to the University of Helsingfors ; desiring that such of 
 bis books as were already in its Library should pass to other educa- 
 tional institutions of his country. 
 
 (769) John Poliander, ^ 1541 ? 
 
 Koenigsberg : — Toivn Libj^ary. 
 
 The Library of Poliander was, for the most part, a Theological 
 Collection. I believe that it was by the Collector's bequest that it 
 came to the Town of Koenigsberg. 
 
 (770) Peter PonCG de Leon, Bis/(op ofFlacentia, 
 ^ 1573. 
 
 EsCOrial Palace \—Boyal Library. [MSS. and Printed Books?\ 
 Bishop Pedro Ponce de Leon bequeathed his Library (contain- 
 ing many choice MSS.) to Philip II, for the Escorial, in 1573. 
 
NDTICKS <>K ('<)!.M:('T()HS. [161] 
 
 :77n .lolui AuirustiisvonPonickaU, ^ •2i) Feb., 1802. 
 
 Halle:— f '""'<•'■*' 'y Hftranj. MSS mxd I'rii.ti'd Books.'] 
 
 Von Pomckat bcqiu'ullied to the Uuivertiity of Wittenberg a 
 very noble Library. It eoiiiprised, at tlie Testator's death, more 
 than 18.(XX) volumes of PriiUeil Books (estimating; tlierein the pro- 
 bable number of volumes uliieh would then have been added — to 
 the volumes already bound — by the binding of the extensive, but un- 
 bound, series of traets and dissertations) ; and GtO MS8.* He also 
 bequeathed a fund for augmentations. But the speeial value of this 
 great gift to Wittejiberg— one of tlie noblest of those ancient seats 
 of learning which have helped to make (Jermany what she is — lay in 
 the fact tiiat it was jxre-euiintiitly the Collection of a patriotic, not 
 of a cosmopolitan, scholar. The Collector had a strong feeling, not 
 merely for Germany (though the wide P'atherland had also in him a 
 devoted son), but for Saxony in particular, and he made a vast col- 
 lection of Saxon history and literature. 
 
 He was also the Founder of the Church Library at Koehrsdorff. 
 
 But the gift to Wittenberg was destined to prove unfortunate in 
 it« after-history. AVhen Vu.n Pumck.w died, days of gloom were 
 drawing nigh. 
 
 The circumstances which led to the suppression of the University 
 of Wittenberg, and to the compulsory transfer of most of its staff 
 .11. .1 [....^.-.-..^ions to Halle need not be related here. They belong to 
 iiiif t)f tlie best-known portions of (Jerman history. In the course 
 of the eventful year lsl5, the Library which had been the object of 
 so much forethought and so many cares was almost reduced to a 
 wreck. 
 
 After the first successes of the Allied troops, the French Governor 
 of the district ordered, peremptorily, that the rooms appropriated to 
 the Library should be cleared within twenty-four hours. The 
 books, both of the old L'nivcrsity Collection and of the roNicKAU 
 Libran,-, were then hurriedly thrust into sacks, and piled up, 
 in separate heaps— even in that moment of haste and trouble the 
 terms of Vox I'oMCKAi's Will were kept in mind— in a neighbour- 
 ing house. Presently came an ordi-r from Dresden to pack them 
 into cases and bring them thither, in the charge of Professor Ger- 
 LACH, who was directed to superintend their embarkation in barges 
 at Wittenberg, and their disembarkation at Dresden. The inten- 
 tion, it is said, was to conceal them in the vaults of the Church of 
 the Holy Cross. 
 
 CJkblaci! (very unwillingly, no doubt) complied with the order ; 
 embarked the books, and went up t'le Elbe with them. The wiiul 
 was unfavourable, and the vessels, on the tilth dny, were but near 
 MiisM-n. There they learnt that the truce was at an end, and tliat 
 the French armies were anproaching. And the further jjrogress of 
 the boats waa prohibited by a military commandant. Profcbsor 
 
 • 1150, wrorilinpr to nnotlicr itatem.i.t {Semj,., x\x, Stipp. 81). 
 
 [11] 
 
[162] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 Geelach tlieu took upon himself the responsibility and risk of 
 seeking a place of concealment near at hand. He found one in the 
 country-house of a Leipsic merchant at Seuselitz. "Whilst the work 
 of unlading was yet not quite finished, a troop of Cossacks rode to 
 the spot. The officer in command seized the two skiifs, but spared 
 the books on being told that they were " the Library of Luther and 
 Melanchthon." Almost instantly the French came up, drove off 
 the Cossacks after some conflict, and seized the skiffs in their turn. 
 But by this time the books, by dint of Geelach's arduous toil, 
 were safely lodged at Seuselitz. And there, too, their protector 
 remained to keep watch over them. 
 
 Scarcely had the dangers from the soldiers of Napoleo?? and 
 from the Cossacks of the Czar been warded off, when the Prussians 
 began to stretch out their predatory hands. On what pretest a 
 Prussian (who, in his turn, had a command near Seuselitz) claimed 
 "the Library of LuTHEEand of Melamchthon," in order to carry it 
 to Breslau, it is hard to discover. The claim, however, was made, 
 and Professor Geelach was placed under arrest for resisting it. 
 But his colleagues made such representations to the provisional au- 
 thorities who had been put into office at Leipsic after tbe battle, as 
 had the effect of preventing the contemplated removal to Breslau. 
 And, within a few months, the course of political events enabled 
 Geelach to crown his honourable exertions by conveying what 
 remained of the Library back to its old abode at Wittenberg.* But 
 it had suffered so much in these forced removals that it returned, 
 little more, perhaps, than the half of what it had been, in real worth 
 and availability. 
 
 There it was destined to remain — as respects its most important 
 contents — only for a very brief period. In 1816 the Prussian Go- 
 A'ernment determined on the removal of the ancient University of 
 Wittenberg to Halle, there to be united with that younger Univer- 
 sity which had won for itself such distinction during the exciting 
 year that had preceded the 'War of Independence,' The best 
 part of the older Library of Wittenberg, and the whole of the \o:s 
 PoNicKAU Library, together with the University Eecords, f were 
 also transferred. A ' Seminary ' took the place of" the University at 
 Wittenberg, and was endowed with a portion of the books in the 
 classes of Theology and Philology. These continue in the Univer- 
 sity building, as before the transfer ; and some small provision is 
 made for augmentation. 
 
 The Libraries thus united at Halle probably contained, in 1850, 
 between 95,000 and 100,000 printed volumes, besides 934 MSS. 
 
 * Die Bettung der Wittenberger UniversitcHs-BibliotheJc durch deren ersten 
 Ciistos M. Gottloh Wilhelm Geelach. Corap. Bohmer, GeschicMe der Von 
 PonicTcauiscTien BihViotliele (Halle, 1867, 4to). 
 
 t Gerlach, Die Rettung, &c., as above. " Man disponirte," he adds, "iiber die 
 litterarischen Sehatze Wittenbergs und benutzte sie, ohne zn wissen wie oft 
 an der Erhaltung derselbcn mein Leben gegangen hatte." 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [IG.S] 
 
 The annual increase is estimated at about GOO volumes, and tlie 
 present number of printed volumes (ISOS) as nearly 110,000. The 
 sum allotted to purchases (according to the ofTicial returns sent to 
 the Foreign OlVice in 1S50) averages £375 yearly, besides a small 
 separate fund transferred froni "Wittenberg with the books. 
 
 Nevertheless, the line Collection of Von Pomck'ai' is, as I have 
 said, little more than a wreck of what it was before isi;}. 
 
 The original extent of the specially " Sa.von' Library {i.e. histo- 
 rical works relating to Saxony, and the various appendages to them) 
 was about 12,000 volumes. It is, at this moment (18GS), only 
 about G.")0() volumes. The miscellaneous books, and the vast col- 
 lection of tracts, ma}', together, be taken as originally GOOO volumes ; 
 they now do not much exceed 500 volumes.* 
 
 Tliis statement is based on an actual counting, book by book, 
 effected in 1SG3. 
 
 (77:2) Alexandci- Pope, ►!< 30 May, 1744. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. \_A[SS.'\ 
 
 Part of the MS. Correspondence of Pope was purchased in the 
 year 1864, by the Trustees of the British Museum. 
 
 (77:i) Riclianl Porson, ^ 20 September, 1808. 
 
 Cambridge : — Trinity Colleye Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 I*(ius(in's Library was dispersed after his death. Part of it 
 wa.s purchased for Trinity College. Other selections from it were 
 made, I think, for the London Institution, of which PousoN 
 was the first Librarian; but the great scholar was not so ex- 
 emplary in librarianship as he was in scholarship. " We should 
 scarcely know, Mr. Pokson," — said a Member of the Committee to 
 him, on one occasion, — " that we have the honour to possess you, as 
 our Librarian, but that we see your name on the quarterly 
 cheques." There is no mention of any purehast-s from Pouson's 
 Library in the preface to Mr. Itichard "Thomsox's very able Cata- 
 logue of the Institution Library, but that Collection is rich in 
 Classics — some of which, in all probability, were acquired when the 
 major part of Pouso.v's books went to Cambridge. 
 
 (774) John Pory, ^ 1()3:j. 
 
 London : — Britinh Museum Library. \_MS. Correspondence.'] 
 
 The PiMiv MSS. were purchased by the Trustees of the British 
 Museum. They now form part of tlio Collection known as " Aout- 
 TION.U, MSS." 
 
 • Bfihmer, flfsrhirhlKhr Vox Ponirknuixrhen Bihiintlwk ( Hallp. JKC?, 4t.)). 
 
[164] BOOK Jr.— HISTORICAL i 
 
 (775) William Hickling PreSCOtt, ^ 28 Jan., 1859. ' 
 
 Cambridge {Massachusetts) : — Harvard College Library. 
 [Spanish MSS. and Printed Books. '\ 
 
 In his last "Will, this eminent Historian bequeathed a valuable 
 portion of his Library to Harvard in these words : — " I bequeath to , 
 Harvard College my Collection of books and manuscripts relating to | 
 the reigns of Feedinand and Isabella." \ 
 
 (776) William PresCOtt, ^ 1845. | 
 
 Cambridge (Massachusetts) : — Harvard College Library, i 
 [Printed Books.'] 
 
 (777) Samuel Preston, ^ 1804. i 
 
 Philadelphia : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] , 
 
 By his last AVill, Mr. Pkeston bequeathed his Library to Phila- li 
 
 delphia as an augmentation of the Collection which had been founded j 
 
 by Feanklin. j 
 
 (778) Humphrey Prideaux, >i* 1 November, 1724. I 
 
 Cambridge : — Library of Clare Hall. [Oriental MSS. and \ 
 Printed Books.] i 
 
 Dr. PEiDEAtrx gave his Oriental Collections to Clare Hall in his 1 
 lifetime. ! 
 
 (779) John Protzer, *i^ 1495? i 
 
 Nordlingen : — Church Library. [MSS., ^-c] 
 The Library of Peotzer was, I believe, given to the Church at 
 Nordlingen by the Collector's Will. 
 
 (780) William PrOUSteau, ^ 1705. 
 
 Orleans : — Town library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Peousteau bequeathed his Library to the Benedictines of Or- 
 leans. After the suppression of the Monastic Orders, it passed 
 into the possession of the Town. 
 
 (781) Count Joseph de Puisaye, ^ 13 Sept., 1827. 
 
 London: — British JIuseutn Library. [3ISS.] 
 
 The ' PuiSATE Correspondence ' is of the highest importance for 
 that part of tbe recent history of France which deals with the plans 
 and doings of the French Eoyalists between the first Eevolution 
 and the Eestoration of Lewis XYIII. 
 
NOTICES OF rOLLECTOHS. [165] 
 
 Q. 
 
 (7se) Stephen Quatremere, * 1^57. 
 
 Munich: — Royal Library. [^MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 This tine Library, ricli especially in Oriental Literature, was 
 bou£;lit. in iso^, I'or the Koyal Library of ^Munich. It is yaid to 
 extend to la.scX) printed volumes, and to about 1200 MSS. It cost 
 the King of Bavaria more than £12,000 sterling. 
 
 (7^3) John Man- Querard, ^ 1807. 
 
 Bordeaux: — Library of 'Mr. Gustavus Bruxet. 
 
 The bibliot:raphioal ^ISS. and printed Library of Qukrard were 
 purchased, after the deatli of that eminent labourer in an ill-rewarded 
 field, by Mr. G. Buuxkt, a scholar well able to turn to public profit 
 whatever of valuable and unused material the Collector may have 
 left behind him. 
 
 (784) Cardinal kx\gQ\o Mary Querini, ^ 1759. 
 
 Rome : — Vatican Library. [3/S5. and Printed Books.] 
 Brescia : — Town Library. [3/55. and Printed Books.] 
 
 Cardinal Qcerim formed two successive Libraries, both of which 
 are extensive and valuable. The first he gave to the Pope for the 
 augmentation of the Vatican Library. The second he gave to the 
 Town of Brescia. 
 
 (7Sr)) llcnrv John Quin, ^ 23 September, 1794. 
 
 Dublin : — Trinity Col ley e Library. 
 
 A Library, collected by !Mr. QriN, and containing many curious 
 and valuable books, both printed and MS., was bequeathed by the 
 Collector to the Dublin University. The bequest, however, was 
 hampered by many restrictions as to the use to be made of the 
 boukti ; and some of these seem scarcely more reasonable in their 
 character than complimentary to the community intended to be bene- 
 fited. (" My books," said the Testator, in his Will, being " /jaW« 
 to be stolen. If placed in a situation easy of access.") 
 
[166] BOOK IV. — HISTOEICAL 
 
 R. 
 
 (786) Mary de Rabutin, Marchioness of Sevigne, 
 ^ April, 1696. 
 
 The late M. Charles Francis Alliot de Musset had collected 
 many Autographs of Madame de Seyigxe, and the fac-similes of 
 many more, but they were dispersed before the Collector's death. 
 A portion of them came into England. Others are now in the hands 
 
 of M. MONMEKQIJE. 
 
 (787) John Racine, ^ 22 April, 1699. 
 
 Troves : — Town Library. [^Correspondence and other MSS."] 
 Part of the MSS. of the great tragic poet of France are still at 
 
 Troyes, and some, I believe, are preserved in the Imperial Library 
 
 at Paris. 
 
 (788) Count Y.. Raczynski, ^ 20 January, 1845. 
 
 Posen : — Eacztxski Public Library. 
 
 The noble Public Library at Posen which bears the Raczynski 
 name was founded by the gift of the Collector's private Library, 
 together with an endowment fund. 
 
 (789) Radzivil Family. 
 
 St. Petersburgh : — Library of the Academy of Sciences. 
 [Printed Books.^ 
 
 The Library of the princely House of Eadziyil was seized, more 
 Russico, in the year 1772. It formed the groundwork of the Aca- 
 demy Library at St. Petersburgh. 
 
 (790) John Rainolds, ^ 21 May, 1607. 
 
 Oxford : — Library of Corjms Christi College. [Printed Boohs.'] 
 Dr. Eainolds gave part of his Library to Corpus. Another and 
 a considerable portion of his Library was distributed, by gift, 
 amongst meritorious students in the different Colleges of Oxford, 
 shortly before the Collector's death. 
 
 (791) 6'e;?er«/ Charles Rainsford, ^ 1808? 
 
 London ; — British Museum Library. [MSS.'] 
 An extensive series of the Political and Military Papers of 
 General Eainsfobd was acquired by the British Museum, in the 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [1(57] 
 
 year ISOO. In date, they range from 1702 to 1808, and ibrm part 
 "of the series known as ' Additional MSS.' 
 
 (;:);J) .S7;- WaltLM- Ralegh, ^ '29 October, KUS. 
 
 Hatfield House {llfrf/,»;/s/ure) .— LordSxiAsnvnYS Library. 
 \_Lfttfis ,nul Reiiuiant of MSS.']. 
 
 London : — A'<>//« nou.<)e [Letters and Remnant of MSS.] ; British 
 Museum Library [Part of MS. Correspondence]. 
 
 Of the circumstances attendant upon the dit^persion of the fine 
 Library \vhich Kalkoh had collected I have given some brief 
 account in Lif<- and Letters of Sir JTaltrr Jialer/h (ISOS) ; and also 
 of the still more remarkable dispersion of his Correspondence and 
 other papers. (See, more especially, the Introduction to Vol. II, and 
 the letter printed at p. 41 1 of that volume.) 
 
 (793) Coiaif Henry Rantzau, ^ I Jainiaiy, 1598. 
 
 Copenhagen : — lioyal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 (794) Vincent RanUZZi, ^ . . . 
 
 Middle Hill {JJ'crcesters/iire) .- — Library of Sir Thomas 
 Pini.i.iri's. 
 
 Part of the (MSS. chiefly Italian) of the Ea>uzzi Collection were 
 purchased by Sir Thomas Puillipps for the Library at Middle 
 iliU. 
 
 (79."j) Amploiiins Ratink (or Rattingen), ^ . . . 
 
 Erfurt '.—Royal Pu/dic Library. [MSS.] 
 ^^See IJook II, chap. 2.] 
 
 (79G) llichard Rawlinson, *i* 1755. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library [MSS. and Part of Printed Books] ; 
 Library (f St. John's Colleye [Part of Printed Books]. 
 
 [Sec Memoirs of Libraries, Vol. II, p. 127 (1859).] 
 
 (797) John Raynham {Fdloio of Merton), ^ . . . 
 
 O'XloX^'. — ^lerton Colleye Library. [MSS.] 
 
 (79^) William Reod, liishoj) of Chichester, >^ 13S5. 
 
 Oxford :—-V''"' C<dleye Library [Part of MSS.]; Merton College 
 Library J' art of MSS.]. 
 
 Bishop Rekd's yery valuable MSS. were divided, at his death, 
 
[168] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 between New College and Merton, with both of which he was 
 (.'ounectcd. 
 
 I 
 [Rehdiger. See Rhediger.] | 
 
 (799) Thomas Reid, >b 1624. ' 
 
 Aberdeen: — Marischal College Library. [^Printed BooJcs.'] 
 
 Reid's Library came to Marischal College, in 1624, by thej 
 Collector's bequest. '. 
 
 (800) Thomas Reinesius, ^ 17 January, 1G67. | 
 
 NaTlinburg' : — Zeits Library. \ 
 
 The Library of Reinesius was purchased by Duke Matjrieb of i 
 
 Saxony from the heirs of the Collector, and now forms part of the ' 
 
 ' Naumburg-Zeitz ' Library in the Town of Zeitz. 
 
 (801 ) Cliiistian Reitzer, >i< . . . 
 
 Co^Qrih2i%QYl.'.— Royal Library. 
 
 Both the Czar Petee 'the Great' and our own eminent Col- 
 lector Charles Spencer, Earl of Sunderland (founder of the Library 
 at Blenheim) were rival bidders for the large and valuable Library 
 of Reitzer, when the owner's wish to dispose of it came to be pub- 
 licly kuown ; but the patriotic owner preferred to sell it to his own 
 Government, for a smaller sum than that offered either by the wealthy 
 English Statesman or by the Emperor of Russia, that so it might 
 remain in Denmark, and continue to assist the studies of his fellow- 
 countrymen. 
 
 (802) Eusebius Renaudot, ^ 1720. 
 
 Paris : — Lnperial Library. [Printed Books.l 
 
 Renaudot bequeathed his Library to the Abbey of St. Germain 
 des Pres, at Paris. It suffered the usual injuries during the Revo- 
 lution, but part of it survives, I believe, in the great National 
 Library at Paris. 
 
 (803) John Reuchlin, ^ 1455. 
 
 Carlsruhe : — Grand Ducal Library. [Printed Books andMSS.] 
 The Library of Reuchiin — or what survived of it — was eventu- 
 ally purchased by the Grand Duke of Hesse for the Library at 
 Carlsruhe. 
 
NOTICES OV COLLECTORS. [169] 
 
 (SOI) John D. ReuSS, ^ 1S3S. 
 
 Tubingen :—i'niversiti/ LUimnj. [MSS. and Printed Booka.] 
 Professor Rkiss bequeatlu'd his Library to the University of 
 Tubingen. 
 
 (S05) CliarKs Eniamiel Alexander Revlczky, 
 *it Angnst, 1793. 
 
 ' AlthorpC House (Northamptonshire): — Lord Spencer's 
 Library. Printed Books.^ 
 
 Kkvic/.ky's Collection was especially rich in the first printed 
 editions o( tlie Greek and Konian Classics, and in the choice pro- 
 ductions of famous printers. This tine Library was bought by 
 Lord SpEXCEU, just three years before its Collector's death. The 
 yeudor had chosen to take great part of the price by way of annuity. 
 
 (806) .James Reynolds (of Cambridge), ^ 1868. 
 
 Cambridge : — f^ree Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 A Collection of 2720 volumes of books was given to the Cam- 
 bridge Free Library bv Mr. Retxolds in his lifetime. And to the 
 gift he added, by his last Will, a beipiest of the sum of £200 for 
 the further augmentation of the Library. 
 
 ^*^07) Thomas von Rhediger, ^ 1576. 
 
 Breslau: — MuY.xncY.MandTonn Libranj formerly in the Church 
 of St. Elizabeth. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 Thoma« von Hiiedioek was a wealthy townsman of Breslau, bom 
 in 1541, whose love of learning showed itself almost from the cradle. 
 During a very whort life he made himself con.spicuous both for 
 literary attainments and for an intimate acquaintance with the most 
 civilised parts of Europe — reformed and unreformed — as well as for 
 his zealous and successful pursuits as a Collector of books and anti- 
 quities. Having studied both at Wittenberg and at the Sorbonne, 
 having explored Italy and the Netherlands, he died in 157(3, from 
 the consequences of the overturn of a carriage whilst on his way to 
 Hroslau. He had already, it is said, expended no less a sum than 
 17,00<) gulden in the purcliase of his Library and its appendant 
 Collections. i 
 
 These Collections — both of books and of antiquities— he be- 
 queathed, in trust, to be maintained as a public institution of Hres- 
 lau. — " ut ilia bibliotheca, cum siiis ornamcntix, non tan/ inn It/irdi- 
 yrtana faniilite (penen fjuam cam pcrpcttio ckhc volo), vrrum e/iain 
 nliiM u-Jtui et voluptuti case possit." Despite these earnest expressions 
 in his last Will, advantage, it seems, was taken of the circumstances 
 
[170] 
 
 BOOK IF. — HISTOKICAL 
 
 1 Sdieibel, 
 Kachrichien 
 von den 
 31erkwurdlg- 
 l-eiten der 
 Bhedigeris- 
 chen Biblio- 
 thek (179i). 
 
 and suddenness of his death both to delay the execution of his pur- 
 pose, and to deprive the town of some portion of its inheritance. 
 And then came, as a cause of further delay, the calamities of the,j 
 Thirty Years' War. ; 
 
 The Library, indeed, was brought to St. Elizabeth's Church, and . 
 deposited (but not arranged) in its present abode, as early as in the' 
 year 15S9 — thirteen years after the Tounder's death. Fifty -five ; 
 years had still to elapse before the community entered into its full ' 
 possession. Before the Library was thoroughly organized and made 
 fully accessible to public use, the Founder had been dead for almost' 
 a century.^ : 
 
 But when once fairly established, augmentations were not long i 
 wanting. Albert von Sebtsch, for example, bequeathed, in 1689, a I 
 Collection of more than 15,000 prints, including not a few of great ; 
 value. Other important accessions have since accrued. j 
 
 In 186J=, the Library (which had then grown to nearly 80,000 j 
 volumes) was united with two other Breslau Libraries — the Ber- ■ 
 nardine, and that of the Church of St. Mary Magdalen. The 
 aggregated Collections now form a truly magnificent Town Library. 
 
 (808) John de Ribeira, ArchbisJioj) of Valencia, 
 ^ 6 January, 1611. 
 
 Palace of the EsCOrial :— -Roj/^^ Lihranj of Spain. 3ISS. 
 and Printed Books.] 
 
 Archbishop Juan de Eibeiea bequeathed his Collection of books '. 
 to the King of Spain, for the augmentation of the Eoyal Library at ' 
 the Escorial. 
 
 (809) Richard Romolo Riccardi, ^ 1G12. 
 
 (810) Francis Riccardi, ^ . . . 
 
 (811) Vincent Riccardi, >i< . • • 
 
 (812) Gabriel Riccardi, ^ 1799? 
 
 Florence : — Eiccardian Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'\ 
 The extensive and fine Library which had been formed by the 
 successive Collections of the Riccardi Family was purchased by the 
 Commonalty of Florence, in the year 1813, and was made a Pubhc 
 Library in ISlo. 
 
 But it had, in fact, and by the munificence of Gabriel Kiccabdi, ' 
 been made accessible to learned Florentines long before ; and to 
 that end he had placed his Library under the management of John 
 Lami, whose personal Collection of MSS. — one of great value — it 
 eventually included. By the Marquess Francis Eiccaedi, who bad 
 married Cassandra Cappoxi, the original Eiccaedi Collection bad 
 been augmented by a Cappo^i Library, which hnd formed part of 
 her dowry. 
 
NOTICKS OF COLLECTOKS. [171] 
 
 (<\:]) M:uv Rich, J^n(fy JFanoick, * 1074. 
 
 London: — Hritish Museum Library. [3/55.] 
 
 The Papors of Lady Wauwkk have recently been acquired by the 
 Trustees of the British Musciini. They form Nos. 27,351 to 27,358 
 of the 'Additional M.ss.' 
 
 (S14) Claiuliiis James Rich, ^ 1^25, 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [^Oriental MSS.] 
 The very valuable Collection of Oriental INISS. formed by Mr. 
 Rich, durinj; a lonp rei^idence in India and in Per8ia, was purchased 
 by the Trustees of the British ^Museum, after the Collector's death. 
 
 (815) William Richards, ZL.D., ^ 1S18. 
 
 Providence {Rhode Island) : — Library of Brown University. 
 [Bruited iinohs.] 
 
 Dr. liicnAUDS bequeathed his Library to Brown University, in 
 1818. 
 
 (816) Cardinal Aimaiid .luliiis dc RicheliCU, ^ 1()42. 
 
 Paris: — imperial Library [MSS. and Stale Papers]; Library 
 of the Foreign Office [Part of State Papers']. 
 
 Cardinal de Kichei.ieu bequeathed his Library, then including 588 
 valuable MSS. — about half of which were Hebrew — to the Doctors 
 of the Sorbonne. After the dispersion of the old Library of the 
 8orbonne, much of the Kichelieu CollectionB came to the Imperial 
 Library. 
 
 (^17) Gloucester Ridley, *i* November, 1774. 
 
 Oxford :— AVjr Colleye Library. [Biblical MSS.] 
 
 Dr. (iloucester Kidlev bequeathed his MSS. to JN'ew College. 
 
 (818) John Godfrey Riemer, ^ 1728. 
 
 Breslau :— RiiEDiOEii Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 A valuable Historical Library which had been formed by KiEiiEU 
 
 was bequeathed, by way of augmentation, to the llhediger Library 
 
 [sec No. 807], on the Collector's death. 
 
 (819) Fubricius Rilli-Orsini, ^ . . • 
 
 Poppi ("« Tuscany) : — Kill J Library. 
 
 The KiLLi Public Library at Poppi, in the province of Arezzo, 
 KM founded, by gift, in December, 1H25, as a municipal institution. 
 The Founder gave also an endowment fund. The Collection lian 
 
[172] BOOK JF— HISTORICAL 
 
 been augmented by subsequent benefactors. [See hereafter, under 
 
 ' SOLDANI.'] 
 
 (820) Robartes Family. I 
 
 L^/nhydrOCh {Cornwall) : — Robahtes Library. I 
 
 A curious old Family Library is still preserved at Lanhydroch, 
 and a very interesting notice of its contents appeared, some years 
 ago, in the Quarterly/ Review. I 
 
 (821) Robert of Sorbonne, ^ 15 August, 1274. i 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Lihranj . [Remnant of MS S.'] \ 
 
 EoBEET, Founder of the Sorbonne, bequeathed his MSS. to the 
 Faculty. On the dispersion of the ancient Library, part of the sur- . 
 viving MSS. came to the Imperial Library. ' 
 
 (822) Thomas Robinson, First Lord Grantham, 
 >i< 1770. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Diplomatic Correspondence 
 and other MSS.'] 
 
 (828) Thomas RobinSOn, Second Lord Grantham, 
 ^ 1786. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Diplomatic Correspondence 
 and other MSS.] 
 
 The papers of the first and second Lords GtKANTham — forming 
 together an important series (very valuable for our political history) 
 of 122 volumes — came to the British Museum, in the year 1860, by 
 the gift of Lady Cowpee, their descendant. They now form Nos. 
 23,780 to 23,878, and Nos. 24,157 to 24,179, of the ' AnDiTioifAL 
 MSS.' 
 
 (824) 3Lr. Justice RobinSOn {one of the Justices of 
 
 Kings Bench in Ireland), "^ 1787. 
 Dublin : — King's Inns Library. 
 
 The Library left by Judge Eobinson was purchased for the 
 augmentation of that of the King's Inns. 
 
 (825) Richard RobinSOn, Lord Itokeby, Archbishop of 
 Armagh, ^ October, 1794. 
 
 Armagh : — Public Library. 
 
 Archbisho]) Robinson bequeathed his Library to liis Diocesan 
 Town, as the foundation of a Public Library. 
 
 
NOTICKS OF ("OI. MX Tons, [17.'5J 
 
 (820) Cardi/ia/ AivreUi^ RoCCa, ^ S April, 1 020. 
 
 Home : — Angelica Library. [Printed lioQksP\ 
 Cardinal Kocc\ bequeathed hia Collectiou for the fouiulatiou of a 
 new I'ublic Library iu Eome. 
 
 (827) Pinion dclla RoCCa, »i< 1747. 
 
 SaVOna : — Hoccv Library. [Printed JiooAs.} 
 Tlie small Collection of books, bequeathed to Savona by the Canon 
 DELLA BoccA, is still maintained as a separate Public Library. 
 
 (82S) Cardinal Francis T)e La RochefOUCaiQd, 
 
 ^ 14 February, 104.J. 
 
 Paris : — Library of St. Genevieve. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Part of the Library of the Cardinal De La EocHEFOUCArLD 
 became, by the Collector's gift, the foundation of that of St. 
 Genevieve. 
 
 i (S29) Sir Thomas Roe, ^ November, 1644. 
 
 0-Kior^\— Bodleian Library. [3/5S.] 
 
 .Sir Tlu.mas Roe's MSS. were given to the L^niversity of Oxford in 
 [ 1G2S. They had been collected during his Embassies to India and 
 to Constantinople, between the year IGI-i and the date of their gift 
 ' to Oxford. 
 
 (s.KJ) J. II. Reeding, ^ . . . 
 
 Hamburgh : — Commercial Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 An ciieii.-ivc' Collection of books on the art of Navigation, and on 
 ^ >me cognate subjects, formed by RoEi)i.v(;, was purchased by the 
 Directors of the Commercial Library of Hamburgh. 
 
 (831) Daniel Rogers, ^ 11 February, I r)90. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 i)aniel INjoeks was one of the Clerks of the Privy Council in the 
 [earlier years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was afterwards 
 jemployed upon several embassies to the Continent. Many of his 
 
 Diplomatic M.SS. pa-ssed into the hands of Sir Kobert Cottox, and so 
 
 c.ime, eventually, to the British Museum. 
 
 (^32j Paul Anthony Rolli, * 1707. 
 
 Lucera : — ^0M7n or Communal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 RoLLi's Library wa.«« sold shortly after his death. The bulk of it 
 
[174] BOOK IV. — HISTOEICAL i 
 
 came then, by purchase, to the Marquess Joseph Scossa, of LuceraJ 
 and by his heir. Paschal de JSTicastei, it was given to the Munici-- 
 pality of Lucera in the year 1817, 
 
 (833) Mark Roncioni, ^ 167G. i 
 
 PratO : — Roncioni Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 The EoNciONi Library at Prato was founded by the Executors and 
 Representatives of Marco Roncioni, who bequeathed the bulk of his 
 small property in trust for that purpose. The funds so inherited' 
 were put out at interest for a considerable period. In 1722, the 
 Library — still a very small Collection — was first opened to the public' 
 in an apartment of the old Episcopal Palace. Thirty years after-^ 
 wards, the present Library was built, but the books were not trans- 
 ferred to it until 1766. In 1865, the Collection consisted of about; 
 12,000 printed volumes, of which 150 were incunabula. | 
 
 (834) E. F. C. Rosenmueller, >h 1835. 
 
 Leipsic: — University Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 The most important part of the fine Library of Professor Rosen- 
 mueller was purchased by the University of Leipsic after the. 
 Collector's death. I 
 
 (835) John Rosewell, >h . . . ' 
 
 Oxford: — Christ Church College Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Part of Rosewell's Library was bequeathed by the Collector to 
 his College. 
 
 (836) J. G. A. Rosner, ^ . . . 
 
 Augsburff : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Rosner's Library was bequeathed to the Grymnasium of St. Anne, 
 
 at Augsburg. It was incorporated with the Town Library at tlie 
 
 commencement of the present century. 
 
 (837) Dominick de Rossetti, ^ . . . 
 
 Trieste :—Town Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 The Town Library of Trieste {Billioteca Civica) is of a date so 
 recent as 1795. But it possesses already more than 26,000 volumes, 
 and is yet more conspicuous for intrinsic worth than for numerical 
 extent. It comprises three distinct departments, of which the first 
 contains the General Library {'Civica ' proper)' in all classes of litera- 
 ture. In 1855, this section comprised 22,316 registered volumes. 
 The second department {^Erariale ) comprises the small, but valuable, 
 
 i 
 
NOTICES OF C0LLK(;T0RS. [175] 
 
 Collection which formerly belonged to the Mathematico-Nuutical 
 School, toumled in 1754; and abo the ' copyrii^ht ' books, or books 
 printed within 'the Littoral,' and claimable by law. Collectively, 
 i'lose amonnted, at the same date, to IGl'-i volumes. The third and — 
 1 some points of view — the most valuable ile|iartment embraces the 
 -i'lendid Petrarchian (' Pelrarchcsca ') and Piccolominoan {'Piccolo- 
 minea ') Collections, which formed part of tlie bequest of Dominick de 
 RossETTi. The volumes of Petrarch are in number 772 ; those of 
 Popo Pirs II (.Eneas Sylvius PrccoLOMiNi) 1'23; those illustrative 
 of both authors, 7oO ; in all. Kilo volumes. These are the numbers 
 officially reported in iS-jo. There is also appended to this Collection 
 another Kossktti series — that of books on maritime law — comprising 
 135 volumes, and including some of great rarity. 
 
 The bulk of RossETTi's noble gift was, with his own sanction, 
 amalgamatetl. for utility's sake, with the General Collection. That 
 gift contained in all 7000 volumes ; but these special and famous 
 groups of books (that on Petrarch has, on the whole, no rival) are, 
 not less wisely, kept apart, both in honour of the donor and of the 
 
 inoua Italian, all the known editions of whose works it was 
 UossETTi's ambition — and is now the ambition of the guardians of 
 his Collection — ultimately to gather together. 
 
 It would be very tallacious to regard such an aim as the merely 
 curious solicitude of a bibliomaniac, or as an elaborate Collection of 
 the mere tools of his craft made by a bibliographer. Some such 
 thought, however, is apt to arise in many, and not uncultivated, minds. 
 It once chanced to the present writer to show to a man of some 
 education, and of eminent social position, a remarkable series of 
 certain early and choice editions of Shakespeare. — 'What can be 
 the use of so many Shakespeares ? Is not one enougli ?' These 
 wf-re the only remarks which the sight suggested, notwithstanding 
 
 o notoriety, in these days, of much of that wonderful literary 
 
 -tory, of which the successive editions and successive translations of 
 J.' world's dramatist are the speaking memorials. As with Shake- 
 .KAUE, so (although in lesser degree) with Petrarch. A mere 
 i-cries of the editions and translations, in the order of their appear- 
 ance, suggests a chapter — and not the least instructive chapter — in 
 the History of Civilisation. And, like pictures in mediaeval cliurches, 
 such a series may bo made to give food for thought even to men 
 debarred from reading — whether so debarred by engrossing labour or 
 by sheer ignorance. 
 
 Jlvery year adds something to the Petrarchian Collection at Trieste, 
 and not a few foreigners have helped to augment it by gifts, from 
 ^•mote places, of books so rare as to have escaped the eager search 
 of llossETTi. When will any like Special Collection be set apart for 
 public view, in honour of Shakespeare, in our British ^luseum ? As 
 jret. the Free Town Library of Birmingham is the only Public 
 Library, I believe, in the empire which has formed such a separate 
 Collection, on any adequate scale. 
 
[176] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (838) William de Rossi, ^ 1816? 
 
 Parma: — National [^ formerly University'] Library. \_MSS. and 
 Printed Books.'] 
 
 The splendid Library of De Rossi, acquired by the Parmesan 
 GrOvernmentinl816, is composed of 1621 MSS and 1112 volumes of 
 printed books. Of the MSS., 1430 are Hebrew, Chaldee, and 
 Rabbinical. There are also six Syriac, thirty-four Arabic, and 
 eight Persian MSS. Of the 146 MSS. in European languages, ten 
 are Greek, eighty-six Latin, thirty-one Italian, and seven Spanish. 
 The entire MS. Collection comprises 1550 separate works. The 
 number of MSS. on vellum is 1070. The printed Collection contains 
 1460 separate works in 1442 volumes. Both Collections abound in 
 works notable ahke for rarity and for intrinsic value. 
 
 (839) Canon RoSSi (of Treviso), ^ . . . 
 
 TrevisO : — Town Library. 
 
 The Library of Canon Rossi was purchased by the Municipality of 
 Treviso, after the Collector's death. 
 
 (840) Frederick Rostgaard, ^ 1745. 
 
 Copenhagen : — Royal Library. [_MSS.] 
 
 The MSS. of RosTaAARD were acquired for the Danish Royal 
 Library by purchase. 
 
 (841) Stephen Roth, >^ 1546. 
 
 Zwickau: — Council Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 The Literary Collections of Stephen Roth now form part of the 
 Municipal Library at Zwickau. 
 
 (84.2) Paul Roth, ^ 1793. 
 
 Gronstadt (in Transylvania) : — Gymnasial Library. 
 Paul Roth bequeathed his Library to the Cronstadt Gymua- 
 sium. 
 
 (843) John James Rousseau, "^ 3 July, 1778. 
 
 Paris : — Library oj the Legislature. [MSS.] 
 
 Neufchatel : -Town Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Portions of the Autograph IMSS. and of the Correspondence of 
 Rousseau are preserved in the Town Library of Neufchatel. Another 
 portion is at Paris, having been purchased for the Library of the 
 ' Corps Legislatif.'' 
 
^'OTlCl•:s or collectoks. [177] 
 
 (^11) David Ruhnken, ^ 1 4 May, i79S. 
 
 Leyden:— ^''">^''*'/y Libmnj. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 The Literary Collections of this emiuent Philologist were given to 
 the Uuiversity of Leydeu during his lifetime. 
 
 (^t.")) CW///// Nicholas Rumiantsov, >I< . . . 
 
 St. Petersburgli:— ■^'^''«'"i/ 0/ the 1Umia>'tsov Museum. 
 
 The line Library and other Collections of Count Eumiantsov 
 were organized, as a public institution of the liussiau capital, in 
 IS27. 
 
 (^ l(i) Jolin Baptist Rusca, ^ • ■ • 
 
 Mila.II : — Ambrosian Libranj. [J/,b'<!>'.] 
 
 (^47) Peter Martyr RuSCOni, *i^ 1S56. 
 
 Sondrio («« Lombard)/) : — Town Library. [Printed Boo/is.] 
 In tlie year ISGl, P. M. Eusconi became the Founder, eon- 
 joinily with the Municipality, of the present Town Library of 
 Sondrio. Six years before, he had bequeathed to the town his own 
 ( "•)lIection, of about 2000 volumes, together with a small fund for main- 
 nance, in the event of adequate steps being taken by the authorities 
 ■r ensuring the permanence of the institution. The Collection is 
 .'ready almost thrice as large as when it was first opened, — scarcely 
 • ght years since. 
 
 (84b) Thomas Rymer, ^ 14 December, 1713. 
 
 London : — British Museum Libranj. \_MSS.'] 
 
 '\'\\v -MS. Collections on British llistory of the Editor of the 
 I'xdtra are preserved in the British Museum. 
 
 s. 
 
 (s41)) Sir Ralpli Sadler, ^ 30 March, 1587. 
 
 Edinburgh : — Advocates' Library. [MSS.'] 
 I'iiri (if tiic MSS. of Sir Ralph Sadler were acquired for the 
 Library of the Faculty of Advocates, by purchase. 
 
 f^.")0) PaiiiJoseph Safarik, ^ isoi. 
 
 St. Petcrsburgh : Library of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. 
 Printed Buvks. \ 
 
 Part of this Library of this eminent Sclavonic Philologist was 
 
 [12J 
 
[178] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 purchased of his heirs by the St. Petersburgh Academy of Sciences 
 in the year 1863. 
 
 (851) John Saibante, ^ . . . j 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Librarij. [_MSS.'\ j 
 
 Saibante's G-reekMSS. were bought by the University of Oxford, ■{ 
 
 for 56500, in the year 1820. I 
 
 (852) James Saint- Amand, *b 5 September, 1754. \ 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library [^Printed BooJcs] ; Lincoln College \ 
 Library [Pri7ited Books], 
 
 James Saint-Amand bequeathed to Bodley's Library all the 
 books in his possession of which copies were not already there. 
 The residue he gave to Lincoln College. j 
 
 (853) Saint Genis Family. 
 
 Paris '. — Louvre Library. \JMSS. and Printed Boo'ks.'] 
 The Juridical Collections of several generations of eminent 
 lawyers of this family are now preserved in the Library of the 
 Louvre. ' 
 
 (854) Sir Richard Saint George, >J< . . . \ 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 The Genealogical MSS. of this eminent Member of the Heralds' 
 College, together with those of his brother and colleague, Sir 
 Thomas Saint G-eoege, were purchased by Eichard Eawlixson, 
 and formed part of the vast MS. Collection which he bequeathed 
 to Bodlet's Library. 
 
 ! 
 
 (855) OHver Saint John, ^ . . . \ 
 
 London : — British Museum lAbrary. \_MSS.'] \ 
 
 A portion of the MSS. left by Oliver Saint John, relating 
 
 mainly to Theology and Jurisprudence, was purchased by the 
 
 Trustees of the British Museum, in 1863. 
 
 (856) John Baptist de La Curne de Saint Palaye, 
 ^ 1 March, 1781. 
 
 Paris \ — Imperial Library. [ili»S5'.] 
 
 Part of the MS. Collections, on Archaeological subjects, of M.de 
 Saint Palate are now in the National Library of Prance ; having 
 been acquired, as it seems, by purchase after the Collector's death. 
 
 
 i 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [179] 
 
 (857) Coit/if Claud Ifcnrv de Saint Simon, 
 ^ 19 May, IbOo. 
 
 Flers (Orne) : — Chateau Library. 
 
 Part of the papers of this ^vould-be reformer of modern society 
 Sive preserved (in company witli many ancient family muniments 
 belonging to a period saliently in contrast with the age of ' St. 
 Sinionianism ') in the Chateau of Flers. 
 
 (85S) John Francis F.u ris de Saint Vincent, 
 
 >b 22 October, i79s. 
 Aix '.—Town Library. [3/SS.] 
 
 The MSS. of Saixt YiscENT, preserved at Aix, relate to Proven9al 
 History and Literature. 
 
 (S59) John Sambucns, >i< 1531. 
 
 Vienna: — imperial Library. \^MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 The Library of S.vmbucus was purchased, after his death, for the 
 augmentation of the Imperial Collection at Vienna. 
 
 (860) Roderick Sanchez, Bis/iop of Valencia, 
 ^ 1 Oct(^l)cr, 1 170. 
 
 Rome: — Vatican Library. [J/.S'6'.] 
 
 Part of the ^ISS. of Sancuez are now in the Vatican Library. 
 
 (^C^\) William SanCTOft, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 ^ 21 xXoveniber, 1G93. 
 
 Oxford: — /^«^^/<?'«/^ Library. [MSS.] 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [MS. Correspondence and 
 I'lirt of MS. Collecliona.] 
 
 Cambridge \~Emanuel College Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Part of the Library of Archbishop SAXcnoFT passed, by his gift, 
 to the College of which he was, in so many ways, an eminent 
 benefactor; but hia precious MSS. have been widely dispersed. 
 Some of them came, by successive purchases, as it seems, to the 
 founder of the Harleian Library ; others were bought by Bishop 
 Tannkr (from one of the Arclibishop's nephews), and eventually 
 f»)rmed part of his noble gift to the University of Oxford. To Arch- 
 bishop Bancroft's deep and life-long interest in our national history 
 and antiquities we owe the preservation of mauy historical muni- 
 ments of great value. 
 
[180] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL ; 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 (862) Eelino Sandei, Archbishojj of Lucca, ^ 1503. ' 
 
 Lucca: — Library of St. Frediano [formerlt/ 'Chapter Lihrarij]. 
 \_MSS. and Printed Books.l 
 
 Archbishop Sandei bequeathed his Library to the Canons of St. 
 Prediano. On their dissolution, in the year 17S0, the Chapter 
 Library became public property, but it was not definitively organized 
 for public use until 1791. Thirty years afterwards, it suffered severe 
 injury by fire, but by the liberality of the Government of Lucca it' 
 received many accessions. It has now, under the financial circum- 
 stances of the Italian monarchy, a less generous support than 
 formerly, but it has become a large and important Library, and it 
 includes many ]MSS. w^hich have great value for the local history. 
 
 (863) Joseph Sandford, ^ . . . ■ 
 
 Oxford '.—Exeter College Librarrj. [_MSS.'] 
 Among the MSS. in the Library of Exeter College are some which 
 were bequeathed by SAis'DroED. 
 
 (864) Paul Sarpi, ^ 14 January, 1623. | 
 
 Holkliani (-^^oj/oW-) ; — io;-^? Leicestee's //i6?-a?-y. [JZS'.S'.] 
 Venice : — Saint Mark's Library. \^ISS?\ 
 
 Some MSS. of Sakpi are now preserved in the fine Library at 
 Holkham (Norfolk), having been collected by Thomas Coke, Lord 
 Level (afterwards Earl of Leicester) during his travels in Italy. 
 Others of them are in the Library of St. Mark at Venice. 
 
 (865) Leo von Saraval, ^ 1853. 
 
 BreslaU : — Library of the Jewish Seminary. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Saeaval's Library of Hebrew and Oriental Literature, formed at 
 Trieste, and comprising 1373 volumes, was purchased, in 1853 (for a 
 sum equal to about £750), for the Jewish Seminary of Breslau. 
 
 (866) M. Sautereau, *^ . . . \ 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [MSS.] > 
 
 (867) Francis Savary de Breves, ^ 1627. 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [Oriental 3ISS.] 
 
 The MSS. collected by Sayaet de Beeves, during his travels and 
 mission in the East, were purchased for the National Library of 
 France. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [181] 
 
 (<()^) Sir ITcnrv Savile, ^ 10 February, ^Cy2•2. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian LiLranj. [^MSS. and Printed Books.'\ 
 London: — British Museum Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 Sir lloiiry Savile presented part of his fine Library to the Bod- 
 leian during his litVtimc. lie also formed at Oxford a special 
 Mathematical Collection for the use of the Saviliun professors. 
 
 Some of his hooks and 3ISS. were dispersed after his death, and, 
 of the latter, part heeaiiie, eventually, national property, by the 
 public ac«|uisition of the Ilarleian MSS. 
 
 (SG9) Count Savioli, ^ . . . 
 
 Bologna : — University Library. ^Prints.'] 
 
 A Collection of Prints of considerable value, formed by Count 
 Savioli, passed to the University of Bologna, by purchase, in the 
 year 1789. 
 
 (S70) Bf^/^-cs of Savoy. 
 
 Turin : — University Library. [MSS. and Printed Bools.'] 
 
 The valuable Library which had been formed by many generations 
 of the Dukes of Savoy — but which had suffered considerable injury, 
 by fire, in the year 1GG7 — was given to Turin by A'ictok Amadeus 
 II, in 1723. The gift was for the benefit both of Town and Univer- 
 sity, but the Collection bears the name of ' University Library,' as 
 l>eing more especially intended to meet the requirements of the 
 professors and students. Despite the losses of 1G07, it contains 
 many precious treasures, both in printed books and in MSS. Amongst 
 the latter are palimpsests of Cicero, ascribed to the third century ; 
 a Sedulius jVlS. (Carmen PascJiale), said to be of the fifth century; 
 and the famous ' Arona Codex,' containing De Imilatione Chrisli. 
 There are aLso several valuable Oriental MSS.' Among the printed 
 rarities are the Jtalionale Divinoruni OJJiciorum of John Fust, and 
 also his Cicero De Oj/jciis ; and a copy of the Antwerp Btblia 
 polyglolta, which was given by Philip the Second to Duko 
 Emaxuel Philidert. The Library is liberally maintained and 
 liberally managed. 
 
 (871) Frank Sayers, MJ)., ^ . . . 
 
 Norwich :— Cathedral Library. [ Printed Books.'] 
 
 Dr. Sayebs bequcati)ed his Library to the Dean and CIiai)ter of 
 Norwich, as Trustees for the Public 
 
[183] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (872) Joseph Justus Scaliger, ^21 January, 1609. 
 
 Lcyden: — Universiti/ Library/. [Part of 3ISS. and Printed 
 Books.'] 
 
 London: — British Museum Lib. [Part of MS. Correspondence.'] 
 
 Part of the Library of Scaliger came, in 1609, to the University 
 of Leyden, by his bequest. Another portion was dispersed. That 
 portion of his Correspondence which is now iu the British Museum 
 came thither as part of the Burxey jMSS. The terms of the bequest 
 to Leyden seem to have been these : — The IJniversity was to take all 
 his Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic books, whether MS. or printed, 
 together with all books (iu whatsoever language) which treated of or 
 related to Oriental Literature, and also all his Greek and Latin MSS. 
 A few special bequests of books to friends, as memorials, followed. 
 The rest of the Library he directed to be sold. The number of works 
 so sold was 1382. The English books were exactly four iu number. 
 
 (873) Schomberg ramily. 
 
 Chartres ; — Tovm Library. [MS. Correspondence.] 
 
 (874) Count A. C. F. von der Scliulenburg, 
 ^ 1833. 
 
 NeUStrelitz : — Ducal Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Count ScHULEJiBiJEG's Library was purchased by the Duke of 
 Neustkelitz, and was added to the previously existing, but till then 
 unimportant, Ducal Library there, in the year 1796. 
 
 (875) Peter Scavenius, ^ . . . 
 
 Copenhagen : — Royal Library. [Printed Books, ^-c] 
 
 The Literary Collections of Scavenius now form part of theEoyal 
 
 Public Library of Denmark ; apparently by purchase after tlie 
 
 Collector's death. 
 
 (876) E. Schad (of Mittelbiberacb), ^ . . . 
 Tubingen : — V^iiversity Library. 
 
 Schad's Library was given to the University of Tubingen after 
 the Collector's death. 
 
 (877) Henry Scharbau, >J< . . . 
 
 Lubeck: — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 The Library of Henry Schaebau (the contents of which were 
 chiefly theological) came to Lubeck by the Collector's gift. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [183] 
 
 (87S) Henry Schedel, ^ . . . 
 
 Municll '. — liot/al Lihranj. [^Printed BooJiS.'] 
 
 (570) John Christian von Scheres-Zieritz, ^ 1704. 
 
 Cobui'gh : — ScHEKES-ZlEKlTZ Lib. [Printed Book/t and MSS.'] 
 
 Tlie Collections — partly gathered and partly inherited by the first 
 founder — known as the ' Sciieres-Zikuitz Library,' are maintained iu 
 execution of a testamentary trust of 1701. 
 
 (^^0) C. W. 0. A. von Schindel, ^ 1830. 
 
 SchOCnbrunn {near Goerlitz) ; — Scni>'DEL Library. [Printed 
 Books.~\ 
 
 SciiiKDEL bequeathed his Library in trust for public use in 
 ls3(>. 
 
 (SSI) Augustus William von Schlegel, ^12 May, 
 1S45. 
 
 "RQxMn',— Royal Library. [MSS.'\ 
 Bonn: — University Library. [MSS.^ 
 
 Tl)c valuable MSS. and MS. Collections of A. "W". von Schlegel 
 — rich in the Oriental and in other departments of Philology — were 
 divided, after his death, between the Eoyal Library of Berlin and the 
 University Library of I3onn, having been purchased by the Prussian 
 Government. , 
 
 (8S2) B. Schmid, * 1840? 
 
 Jena : — I'niversity Library. [Printed Boo7is.'} 
 
 Sliimid"s Collection was more especially rich in Theology and in 
 the History of Eeligious Missions. It came to Jena by the Collec- 
 tor's gift. 
 
 (883) R. J. F. Schmidt, ^ I7r,i. 
 
 Hamburgh: — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 A curious Collection of alchemical and astrological books — chiefly 
 valuable as materials for the history of human error, but casting 
 many nide-lights on the growth of true science — had been formed 
 by bcuMiDT towards the middle of the last century. After his death, 
 it was purchaaed by the Municipal Authorities of Hamburgh. 
 
[184] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (884) Christian von Schnurrer, ^ . . . 
 
 Stuttgart : — Eoyal Libmnj. [Printed BooJcs.'] 
 Part of the Library of Christian von Schntjeeek was acquired, 
 after the Collector's death, for the Eoyal Library of Wirtemberg. 
 
 (885) John Daniel Schoepflein, ^ 7 Angust, 1771. 
 
 Strasburgh : — Toivn Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 ScHOEPrLEiN's Library came to Strasburgh by the Collector's 
 gift. 
 
 (88G) Luke Schroeckh, ^ 1730. 
 
 Augsburgh : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 SCHEOECK.H bequeathed his Library to Augsburgh in 17-30. 
 
 (887) . . . Schroeder=Kulant, ^ . . . 
 
 Hamburgh : — Record House Library. [Printed Books, ^c.] 
 
 This Collector had addressed himself specially to the task of 
 acquiring books illustrative of the history of Hamburgh and of the 
 Hanseatic League. He provided for their preservation, for public 
 use, by gift, in his lifetime. 
 
 (888) J. J. Schuetz, ^ . . . 
 
 Laubach: — Solms Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 (889) Peter Schultz, ^ 1705. 
 
 Hamburgh: — Saint Catharine's Church Library. [Printed 
 Books.] 
 
 P. Schultz (or ' Scultetus ') bequeathed his Library to St. 
 Catharine's Chiu'ch at Hamburgh. 
 
 (890) Chrysostom Schultz, ^ 1663? 
 
 BreslaU : — TJnited Town Libraries. [Printed Books.] 
 Schultz bequeathed his Library as an augmentation of the Public 
 Collection founded by Thomas von Ehedigee, and which, by many 
 successive additions and amalgamations, has at length grown into the 
 magnificent Library which now fills eighteen rooms in the ancient 
 (fourteenth-century) Town Hall of Breslau. 
 
 (891) Prince ^o\\w Prederick von Schwarzburg- 
 
 Rudolstadt, ^ . . . 
 
 Rudolstadt : — Schwaezbukg-Eudolstadt Library. [M8S. 
 and Printed Books.] 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [ISjJ 
 
 (892) Thomas Scott, Archhhhop of York and Lord 
 Chancellor of En (jl and, >^ 29 May, 1500. 
 
 Caillbridg'e ! — VniversUy and Piibl'tc Library. \_MSS. and 
 Printed JJoo/iS.] 
 
 This eminent prelate and statesman became the real Founder of 
 the c;reat Library of Cambridge, although, many years before his 
 benefaction of 117.'), the rudiments of a small Scholastic Library had 
 existed there. Archbishop Scott (known in contemporary docu- 
 ments as Thom^iS' of liofli era III) built a Library, and furnished it with 
 a choice Collection of books, both printed and iMS. His building 
 was the abode of the Public Collection of the L'niversity until the 
 vear 175o. ^Liny of his books may be seen and used almost four 
 centuries after their gift. 
 
 (■^93) Sir Walter Scott, ^ 21 September, 1832. 
 Abbotsford : — Scott Libranj. [Printed Books and MSS."] 
 London ; — British Museum Library. [Autograph MSS."] 
 
 The Abbotsford Library, together with the entire contents of the 
 house, were restored to Sir AValter Scott, in 1S30, by his trustees 
 and creditors. The restoration was agreed to at a meeting of the 
 persons concerned in the trusteeship of Sir Walter's property (after 
 the commercial failures of 182G), "as the best means the creditors 
 have of expressing their very high sense of his most honourable con- 
 iluct, and in grateful acknowledgment of the unparalleled and most 
 uccessful exertions he has made, and continues to make, for them." 
 
 Among the printed books at Abbotsford are ballads which Scott 
 follected in early boyhood. Among the Autograph MSS. are notes 
 < f law lectures made during his years of studentship, and a considerable 
 -cries of MSS. of the Poems and AVavcrley Novels. 
 
 In LSG7, Mr. Cadell's Executors sold, by public auction in London, 
 a Collection of Scott's Autograph ]NLSS., Avhich produced £i;}17. 
 Those of Rokeby, of The Lord of the lalcs, aiul of uinne of Geicrslein, 
 were then added to the Abbotsford Collection, being purchased by 
 >[r. Hope Scott. 
 
 Among the Scott MSS. treasured up in the British Museum is 
 that of Kenihcorth (bought, in 1S55, for £11). In the sale of lsG7 
 a few fragments of Waverley sold for 130 guineas. 
 
 (^94) James Scott, ^ . . • 
 
 Edinburgh: — Advocates' Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 MS. Collections on Perthshire, formed by James Scott early in 
 the last century, were purchased by the Faculty of Advocates after 
 the Collector'H death. 
 
[186] BOOK jr.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (895) Jerome Scripandi, >J< . . . 
 
 Vienna : — Imperial Library. [Part of Library.'] 
 If aples : — National [formerly Royal] Library. [Printed Booh 
 and MSS.] 
 
 ScEiPAKDi bequeathed bis Library to the Neapolitan Monks of 
 St. John Carbonaro. By those monks a A'aluable portion of it was i 
 given to the Imperial Library of Vienna in the year 1729. The ' 
 remainder of it appears to have merged iu the National Library of , 
 Naples. i 
 
 [Scnltetus, see Schultz.] | 
 
 (896): Albert von Sebisch, ^ 1689 ? ! 
 
 Breslau : — United Toivn Library. [Printed Books, MSS., and i 
 
 Prints.] 
 
 Sebisch bequeathed his Literary Collections and his Prints as an 
 augmentation of the Public Library of Breslau, founded by Ehedigeb, 
 and now united with the other Public Collections of the town. 
 
 (897) Thomas Secker, ArchbisJiop of Canterhury, \ 
 ^ 1768. ' 1 
 
 London ; — Lambeth Palace Library. [Printed Books, ^'C.] j 
 
 Arcbbishop Secker bequeathed his Library to his successors at 
 
 Lambeth. It included extensive Collections of printed sermons and 
 
 of political and historical tracts. 
 
 (898) Peter Seguier, Chancellor of France, ^ 
 
 >^ 28 January, 167.2. j 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [MSSP\ \ 
 
 An extensive Collection of MSS. which had been formed by the • 
 Chancellor Seguier was purchased by Eobert Harlet, Earl of ■ 
 Oxford, in the year 1720, and came eventually to the British Museum 
 as part of the Harleian MSS. It includes State Papers of the 
 fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries ; Chronicles and other 
 historical compilations, chiefly— but not exclusively — French ; and a 
 large series of literary miscellanies in various languages. Part of the 
 Collections of Lomenie de Beienne [See No. 558] had passed into 
 the Seguier Library. 
 
 (899) John Seidell, >¥ 30 November, 1654. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [MSS. arid Printed Books.] 
 London : — Lincoln's Lin Library. [Juridical MSS. and Printed 
 Books.] 
 
 It was, perhaps, owing in part to the political circumstances of the 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [187] 
 
 lime that Selden* made no precise disposition of his largo and pre- 
 I cious Library, but left to his Executors a very wide discretion as to 
 I its appropriation, simply instructing them to provide for its perma- 
 I nent j)reservation, either "in some convenient Public Library, or in 
 I some College iu one of the Universities." The first ofter seems to 
 I have been made to the Society of the Lnier Temjilc, but that offer 
 j failed of result, owing, as it seems, to differences of opinion about the 
 •erection of ft suitable building to receive the Library. The delay had 
 le unhappy consequence, in the destruction of a valuable series of 
 listorical MSS. by fire, whilst they remained in the Executors' 
 ssession. But the bulk of the Library was saved, and came, even- 
 ally, to the Bodleian; the juridical portion of it being given to 
 ,i' Society of Lincoln's Inn. The Bodleian received about 8000 
 lumes. including a rich series of Oriental and other i\LSS. The 
 Executors covenanted with the University of Oxford that their gift 
 lould "be placed, and for ever hereafter continued, in the new-built 
 est end of the Public Library, in some manner and with such dis- 
 ' unction from the other parts of the Library," as they should deem 
 I appropriate for " the perpetual memory and honour of the said John 
 Seldex." 
 
 (900) Bartholomew Selvatico, *h 1030. 
 
 Padua; — Universifij Libra)'}/. {^Printed BooJis, i^r.] 
 Selvatico bequeathed his Library to Padua. 
 
 (901) John Christian Senckenberg, ^ 1772. 
 
 Frankfort-On-Maine : — Sekckenbekg Library. [Printed 
 
 II. ,1.-, and MSSr^ 
 
 The Library bequeathed, with other and Scientific Collections, to 
 i'rankfort, by John Christian Senckenberg, was ultimately united 
 • :lh that of the Katurforscliende-GcsclJschaJt. 
 
 902) Renatus Charles von Senckenberg, ^ 1800. 
 
 I GieSSen : — University Library. [Printed Boohs.'\ 
 I E. C. von SEycKEXBEiiG bequeathed his Library to the University 
 of Gie.'^sen, in the year 1800, together with a fund for its augmenta- 
 n. The Library contains nearly 15,000 volumes, and is maintained 
 - a Beparate Collection. 
 
 (903) M. SeriUy, ^ . 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [3/5.9.] 
 
[188] BOOK /r.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (904) Anthony SertoriO, >b 1814? 
 
 Pieve di TeCO : — Toion Library. [^Printed Books.'] I 
 
 Seetoeio became, bj bis gift made iu 1814, tbe rounder of the' 
 small Library {Bihlioteca Civica) of Pieve di Teco. 
 
 (905) Peter Anthony SertoriO, ^ 1827. 
 
 Eormio: — Seutorio Library. ^Printed Books.'] 
 P. A. Seetoeio bequeathed his Library to Bormio, as the ground- 
 work of a Public Collection, and he gave also an endowment fund.i 
 Until 1855, his Trustees carried out his intentions ; but in that year! 
 the fund was withdrawn, and applied to the restoration of a church' 
 which had been burned. ; 
 
 i 
 (906) Edward SeymOUr, 2)id'e of Somerset, \ 
 
 ^2:2 Jannaiy, 155.2. 
 
 London: — British 3Iiisemn Library. [Part of IIS. Correspond- 
 ence.] ] 
 
 Cambridge : — Jesus College Library. [Pari of MS. Corre- \ 
 spondence.] \ 
 
 (907) Frances SeymOUr, Diicliess of Somersef, I 
 ^ 1672. i 
 
 Lichfield: — Cathedral Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Prances, Duchess of Somerset, bequeathed her Library to the 
 Dean and Chapter of Lichfield. 
 
 (908) Claude de SeySSel, Jrchbishoj) of Turin, 
 ^ 31 May, 1520. 
 
 Turin: — University Library. [Autograph MSS.] , 
 
 (909) John Sharpe, Archbishop of York, ^ 2 FebruaiT, 
 1714. 
 
 Bamburgh (Northanberland) : — Castle Library. [Printed 
 Books, ^-c] 
 
 Archbishop Shaepe bequeathed his Library to his family. By the 
 bequest, made in 1792, of Dr. John Shaepe, the Archbishop's grand- 
 son, it came as an augmentation to the Public Collection at Bam- 
 burgh Castle, which had been founded, in 1778, under trusts created 
 by the last "Will of Nathaniel, Lord Ceewe, Bishop of Durham. 
 The Archbishop's Collection had been considerably augmented by 
 
NOTICES OF COLLKCrOKS. [18'JJ 
 
 Pr. John SiivnPE, the donor, uho liad also boon a benofai'tor to the 
 Hamburgh Library by various gifts made uurinj; his litetiine. 
 
 Tlie gruiiiidwork of the Bamburgh Collection itself had been laid by 
 the purchase (by Lord Ckewe's Trustees) of the Library of another 
 member of the same family — the Kevereud Thomas Suaepe, Curate 
 of Bam burgh. 
 
 (910) Granville Sharpe, ^ (i July, iM3. 
 
 London: — Library of the Bible Society. [Collection of Bibles.} 
 
 A remarkable series of Bibles, formed by Granville Siiakve, was 
 added to the Library of the Bible Society, in 1S13, by the Col- 
 lector's bequest. The rest of his Library — which was of consider- 
 able extent and value — was sold by auction. 
 
 (911) John Sheepshanks, ^ October, 1S63. 
 
 London : — British Museum. [Prints.] 
 
 An extensive Collection of Dutch Drawings and Etchings, formed 
 by Mr. Sueepshaxks, was purchased for the Print Eoom of the 
 British Museum, in the year 1S3G. 
 
 (912) Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Cantcrburi/, 
 ^ 9 November, 1G77. 
 
 Oxford :— Bodleian Library. [MSS. ] 
 
 Part of Archbishop Sheldox's Collection of Original State 
 Tapers was sold by one of his great- nephews, Sir John English 
 DoLBEX, to the University of Oxford, in the year 1S24. The Arch- 
 Mshop, in his lifetime, had been a benefactor to the Library at 
 Lambeth. 
 
 (913) Ralph Sheldon, >b U June, 1084. 
 
 Compton Verney (Jfandchshire) .-—Library of Lord "Wii.- 
 loronnY de Bboke. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 Part of the Library of Ealph Siieldox — an Anti([uary anil Col- 
 • ('tor of considerable note in his generation — passed, eventually, 
 .ito that of Lord Wielougiiby de Bhokk, at Compton Verney. 
 
 (914) Richard Shepherd, ^ 1 /<>!. 
 
 Preston (Lancashire) : — Town Library. [Printed Boo/cs.] 
 
 The Town Library of Preston was founded by the beijuest of a 
 Collection of books formed by ^Ir. Shepueui>. 
 
[190] BOOK i^.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 (915) William Sherard, ^ 12 August, 1728. 
 
 Oxford : — Library of the Botanic Garden [^Botanical Library] 
 St. Johns College Library [Remainder of Library']. 
 
 Sheraud bequeathed all the Botanical Books, MSS., and Drawing! 
 in his Library, to the University of Oxford, towards the foundatif" 
 of the Botanic Garden and Museum. The rest of his Collections ' 
 bequeathed to St. John's College. 
 
 (916) Thomas Sherlock, Bishop of London, >^ \ 
 ^ 18 July, 1761. 
 
 Cambridge : — Library of Catharine Hall. [Printed Boohs m 
 
 MSS.-] ^ 
 
 Bishop Sheblock's Library came to Catharine Hall by h 
 bequest. 
 
 (917) Sir Robert Sibbald, ^ 1712. i 
 
 Edinburgh: — Advocates' Library. [3ISS., ^c] 
 
 The MSS. of this eminent Scottish Antiquary, together with pai 
 
 of his printed Library, are preserved in the Library of the Facult 
 
 of Advocates. 
 
 (918) John Sibthorp, ^ 8 February, 1796. 
 
 Oxford: — Library of the Botanic Garden. [MSS., Brawingi 
 and Printed Books.] 
 
 Dr. SiBTHOEP bequeathed to the University of Oxford the wbol 
 of his Library and of his Scientific Collections, together with a cou 
 siderable endowment fund for the Chair of Botany and for th; 
 increase of the Collections. , 
 
 (919) J. G. Simon, ^ 1696. I 
 
 Halle: — University Library. [Printed Boohs, ^c.] 
 
 Simon's Library was purchased by the University of Halle, aftej! 
 the Collector's death. j 
 
 (920) Richard Sillion, ^ April, 1712. ' 
 
 Hoiien: — Cathedral Library. 
 
 The Library of Eichard Simon, rich in theological literature, and 
 especially in tliat polemical department in which he was himself sc; 
 eminently skilled, ^^as bequeathed to Eouen Cathedral. ' 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [191] 
 
 (921) Victor Siri, * 1083. 
 
 P a rill a : — X a Honal Library. [3/S, Correspondence.'] 
 
 Tart of the ^ISS. of Sibi appear to have passed into the pos- 
 
 sessioa of the Benedictines of Parma, and eventually into the 
 
 National Library. 
 
 (922) "William Sirleto, successively Bishop of S. Marco 
 (in Calabria) and of Squill ad, ^'S October, 1585. 
 
 Rome : — Vatican Library. \^MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 The Library of Bishop Sirleto was bouglit, after his death, by 
 
 Cardinal Asoonius Colonxa. Eventually, it was added to the great 
 
 I Collection of the Vatican, of which Sirleto had been for many 
 
 ] years the zealous Librarian. His devotion to the practical duties of 
 
 I that office led him, at length, to resign his bishopric. 
 
 (923) Sir Hans Sloane, ^ 11 January, 1752. 
 
 London : — British ^luseum Library. [3/55., Printed Books, 
 and other Collections.] 
 
 [See Lives of the Founders and Benefactors of the British Museum, 
 BookL] 
 
 (924) Andrew von Slommow, *b 1 113. 
 
 Dantzic '.—^f- Mary's Church Library. [MSS.] 
 Von Slommow was a member of the Teutonic Order, as well as 
 Priest of St. Mary's Church at Dantzic and Founder of its Library. , ,, , , 
 In a contemporary record it is declared that his object in the founda- Handuch 
 tion was to enable his successors the better "to teach and show to ^"u"!'i% 
 the People the way of truth and of eternal salvatiou."i pp. 78,79.' 
 
 (925) ,SV;- Thomas Smith, ^ 12 August, 1577. 
 
 Cambridge : — Queen s Culleye Library. [^Printed Books and 
 Part ff MS.S.^ 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [Part of MSS.] 
 Sir Thomas Smith bequeathed the bulk of his Library to Queen's, 
 at Cambridge ; but part of his MSS. passed, eventually, to the 
 ILiBLBTS, Earls of Oxford, and so came to the British ^Museum. 
 
 (92G) Josei)li Smith, Brifis/i Consul at Venice, 
 ^ . . . 
 
 London '.—British Museum Library. [Printed Books, ^c] 
 Blenheim Palace {Oxfordshire) : — Library of the Duke of 
 MABLlJoiioioit. Jireek and other MSS.^ 
 The first of the succcs.-.ivc Libraries gathered by Consul Smitu, 
 
[192] BOOK IF. — HISTORICAL 
 
 during his residence at Venice, was purchased — in block — for King \ 
 George III, and became the groundwork of the ' Eoyal Collection' i 
 now at the Museum. A valuable portion of his MSS. is preserved j 
 at Blenheim. According to Humphry Wanlet's Biari/, Lord . 
 Sunderland gave £1500 for these MSS. (Lansd. MS. 771, folio 3-1). 
 Lord Oxford was anxious to procure them for the Harleian Library, 
 but, whilst he was haggling for a cheaper bargain, the MSS. were 
 eagerly secured by Lord Sunderland, always much less solicitous 
 about the precise cost of his acquisitions than was his chief rival in 
 Collectorship. 
 
 (927) William Smith, D.D., ^ 12 January, 1787? 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [^Printed Books.'] 
 
 Dr. William Smith bequeathed to the University of Oxford a 
 curious and extensive Collection of printed Tracts on the Roinanist 
 Controversy. 
 
 (928) William Smith, ^ . . . 
 
 London ; — British Museum Library. [_Prints.'] 
 
 An extensive Collection of ' Gillray Caricatures,' formed by Mr. 
 William Smith, came, by his gift, in 1851, to the British Museum. 
 
 (929) John Solera, ^ 1854. 
 
 Crema : — Town Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 Solera bequeathed a Library to the Municipality of Crema (in 
 Lombardy), in 1854. It consisted of about 10,000 volumes. 
 
 (930) Rudolph Solger, ^ 1766. 
 
 Nuremberg : — Town Library. [Printed Books, ^-c] 
 The Library of Solger came to Nuremberg by the Collector's 
 bequest. 
 
 (931) John SomerS, Lord Somers, ^ 26 April, 1716. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Part of the large MS. Collections of Lord Somers were acquired 
 by liichard Eawlinson, and eventually formed part of his bequest 
 to the University of Oxford. 
 
 (932) William Somner, ^ 30 March, 1669. 
 
 Canterbury':— C'«^^e6?/'«^ Library. [Printed Books and MSS?\ 
 Somner's Library was purchased for Canterbury Cathedral 
 after his death. It is rich in works of history and topography. 
 
 1 
 
 '.1 
 
 J 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [193] 
 
 (0.S3) John Lewis Giuaud Soulavie, >b 1^1'3. 
 
 Munich: — Library of the Leuchfenhery Pulafi\ [MSS., Prints, 
 ami JJraiciiiffs.] 
 
 A very curious archaeological Collection, illustrative of French 
 History, which had been formed by M. Gihaud Soula.tie, was 
 acquired by Prince EuiiKNE Bkavii.vuxais, and is now preserved at 
 Munich. It is said to comprise nearly 1S,000 pieces. 
 
 (934) Cff/w/i SozZOmenO (of Pistoia), ^ 1458. 
 
 Pistoia; — Town or Forteyuerri Library. [3/55.] 
 80Z/.0MENO was the companion of Poooio BiJ.vcciOLiNr, and of 
 Bkum, in the famous cxhuuiations of MSS. at St. Gall and else- 
 where. Some of the MSS. brought from Switzerland are still at 
 Pistoia, and part of them bear the MS. notes and glosses of 
 SozzoMENO and of other distinguished restorers of learning in Italy. 
 
 (935) Lazarus Spallanzani, ^ 12 February, 1799. 
 
 Reggio : — Town or Communal Library. lAutogruph MSS.^ 
 
 The valuable MSS. of Spallaxzani — published and unpublished 
 —were bought, in 1801, for the Communal Library of Keggio. 
 
 (930) Ezckiel Spanheim, ^ 7 November, 1710. 
 
 Berlin : — Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 Si'anheim's Collection, acquired by purchase, in the^jear 1701, 
 contained about 0000 volumes. It was at first placed in the " Consis- 
 torialgebiiude " at Berlin, and was not removed — apparently for want 
 of room — to the Royal Library until 1735. At that date, a large 
 selection of works on the Mathematical Sciences and on Medicine 
 liaJ been made from the lioyal Library and given to the Academy of 
 Sciences of Berlin. The Spanheim books served to till up "the 
 vacancy thus created. 
 
 (937) J. G. Sparvenfeldt, ^ 1727. 
 
 Stockholm :— Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 ^ The ( )rieiital Collections of SPAUVENiELDT were given by tlie 
 Collector to the Swedish J{oyal Library. 
 
 (938) slrUcmy Spelman, ^ 10 IL 
 
 Oxford :— Bodleian Library. [Part of MSS.] 
 London :— British Museum Library. [Part of MSS. ] 
 s.r Henry Si-ki-man's extensive historical and miscellaneous Coi- 
 
 [13] 
 
[101] BOOK /r.— HISTOIUCAL jl 
 
 lectiou desceudetl to his son, Sir John Spelmax, who died withii! ■ 
 about two years of his father's death. They then passed to Si 
 Henry's son-in-law, Sir Ealph AVhitj?ield, and several of then 
 were subsequently used by the Editors of Sir Henry Spelma^' 
 works. Eventually they "became dispersed. Some of them hav 
 passed to the Bodleian by the gifts of various donors. Others ar 
 now to be found in the British Museum, as well in the Harleian a 
 iu other MS. Collections. 
 
 (930) Spencer Family (of Wornileighton, Altliorp, anci 
 ^Yimbledoii). ; 
 
 Althorpe {Northamptonshire) : — Lord Spexceh's Library\ 
 
 [Printed Boo As and MSS.] ' 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. '\_MSS.']- | 
 
 A group of papers formerly belonging to the Spexcee Famil;| 
 was purchased by tlie Trustees of the British Museum iu 1863. 0! 
 the magnificeut Library formed by George John, Earl Spence:| 
 (»J< 1834), I have given a brief history, heretofore, in ' Libraries an,, 
 Founders of Libraries' (1864). ' 
 
 The Spencer Papers now in the Museum form Additional MSS; 
 25,079 to 25,083. 
 
 (940) Alexander Bperelli, Bi-s//oj) of Guhhio, , 
 ^1666? I 
 
 Gubbio : — Speeelli Ziirory. [Printed Boohs.l 
 Speeelli founded the existing Library of Gubbio by the gift o 
 his own Collection, during his episcopate. • 
 
 (941) L. T. Spittler, ^ isio. ! 
 
 Tubingen: — University Librari/. [Printed Books.] I 
 
 Spittlee bequeathed his Library to Tubingen. It comprised] 
 
 more especially, works of theology and of ecclesiastical history. | 
 
 (9 1:2) Stanislaus I, X% 0/ Folaml, ^ 23 February;} 
 
 1766. I 
 
 \ 
 
 Nancy: — To-nm Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 (943) Ralph Starkey, ^ . . . | 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The jNIS. Collections of Ealph Staeket relate chiefly to Englisl 
 History and Topography, and were acquired by Eobert H.vrlev 
 Earl of OxFOED. They now form part of the Harleian Collection. 
 
NOTICES OF OOLLI<XT()i:s. [105] 
 
 (\)[\) .loscph Stearne, BUhop of Bromorc, ►!< 171"). 
 
 Dublin: — Trinity Colleqe Lihrury [iV^S.] ; Archbishop Marsh's 
 ;"£ Ubrary [Printed JMs.] 
 
 Bishop Steakne boqueatlicd liis MSS. to Ihc University of Dub- 
 lin, lie bad previously tjivoi part of bis printed books to IMarsh's 
 Library. 
 
 (91.")) George Stepney, *h l 707. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [MSS.I 
 
 The Diplomatic Correspondence of Mr. Stkpxey, durin;j, liis em- 
 bassies abroad, is preserved in tlie I^ritisb ISIuseuni, amongst the 
 
 • ADDITrONAI. jMSS.' 
 
 (940) Count Caspar von Sternberg, ^ . . . 
 
 Prague: — Xational Museum Library. [Printed Boo As.] 
 
 The Library of Count von Sterxbehg was added to the National 
 Collection at Prague by gift made in tlie year ISIS. 
 
 (947) Edward StiUingfleet, Bis/mjj of IForccsfcr, 
 ^ lOIJO. 
 
 Dublin: — Archbishop ^Mausii's Library. [Printed Boohs and 
 MSS. I 
 
 , I Bishop Stilltngfleet's Library was purchased, after his death, 
 ■ ! by Archbishop Mabsii, and became part of that Prelate's muin"- 
 
 ficent gift to Dublin by his erection of the Library at St. Patrick's 
 
 in 1707. 
 
 Die STii.T.ivr.Fi.EET Collection amounted to nearly 10.000 volumes. 
 
 (94s) Walter Stirling, ^ 171)9. 
 
 Glasgow: — Stirlixo's lAbrary. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Walter STini.ixn berpieathed to the Public of Glasgow his own 
 Hinall Collection of books, together with an endowment fund for its 
 maintenance and increase. It baa now grown to be a valuable Town 
 Library of between 10,000 and 12.000 volumes. 
 
 (949) Lotiisa dc Stolberg, f'oini/rss of Alhani/, 
 ^ ■!'.) Jamiarv, ls:?4. 
 
 Montpellier '.—Town Library. [Printed B.>o/,-s and MSS. ' 
 
 The Counters of At.raxy had inherited a largo portion of tlio 
 iitorary Collections of Ai.riEnT, and also a portion of the Sttart 
 
[196J BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 Papers ; from her they descended to Fabbe, and eventually, by his 
 gift, to the town of Montpellier. 
 
 (950) Joseph Story, Cli'u'f Justice of the United States 
 of America, ^ \i) September, 1S45. 
 
 Cambridge {Massachusetts) : — Harvard College Lihrury. 
 [^Printed Books.'] 
 
 The Law Library of Mr. Justice Stoet was purchased for Har- 
 vard College after his death. 
 
 (951) Baron Philip von StOSCll, ^ 7 November, 1757. 
 
 Home '.—Vatican Library. [J/SS., Printed Books, ^-c] 
 Vienna : — imperial Library. [Geographical Collections.'] 
 
 The Library and some other Collections of Baron yon Stosch 
 were purchased for the Vatican, by Pope Benedict XIV, during 
 the Collector's lifetime. 
 
 (952) John Stowe, ^ 5 April, 1G05. 
 
 London ; — British Museum Library. \_MSS.] 
 
 Part of the MS. Collections of John Stowe have been dispersed 
 far and wide. Other portions have passed to the British Museum, 
 and are included in the Harleian, Lansdowne, and other Collections. 
 
 (953) . . . Strobel, ^ . . . 
 
 Nuremberg : — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 
 Stkocel's literary Collections are now in the Public Library of 
 the Town of Nuremberg, having, intermediately, formed part of the 
 Ebneb Collection. 
 
 (954) Gardiner Stroubridge, ^ . . . 
 
 Dublin '.—Trinity College Library. [MSS.] 
 
 (955) StrOZSi Family. 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Florence '.—Magliabechiun Library. [_MSS.] 
 
 Several of the Steozzi appear to have been Collectors of MSS., 
 but the most eminent in that way was Lorenzo degli Stbozzi, the 
 bulk of whose Collection passed into the hands of Catherine of 
 jNledicis, and so, eventually, into tlie Great National Library of 
 Prance. Many choice MSS., however, remained in Italy, some of 
 
NOTICES UF COLLECTOR'S. [197] 
 
 vliich are now in the JlaqliahecJiiana, whilst others havi' boon dis- 
 , rsicl. Amongst the latter were beautiful copies of the Jiiine of 
 I'ktk.vhch, and of the Can^^oni of Dantk. They were sold in 
 London at the Libri sale of l!S5U. 
 
 (9 .')()) John Strype, ^ l l Dcccmljer, 1 7:i7. 
 
 London: — British Museum Lihrar>j. \_MS. Collections.] 
 
 In the MS. Diary of Humphrey AVanley there is an amusing and 
 verv characteristic passage, which shows how eagerly the wi'iter 
 watched the lengthening years and (as he thought) the fast declining 
 health of Strype, his fellow antiquary — and a far more productive 
 labourer in the field than WA>r,EY — in the hope of seeing Strype's 
 larize MS. Collections gathered into the Harleian garner. 
 
 '•1 went to Mr. AVint, the bookseller" (writes Wanley, in 
 1720), "and engaged him to watch upon Mr. Strype (who is above 
 Hcventy-six years old, and has lately had an apoplectic fit) -, telling 
 him that if he would buy in time Mr. Strype's MS. books, papers, 
 and parchments, my Lord will buy the same of him, and allow him 
 a reasonable profit." 
 
 When this passage was written its subject was almost thirty years 
 
 "Ider than was its writer. But the worthy parson of Low Layton 
 
 ~ irvived the diarist eleven years, — dying at the age of ninety-four. 
 
 Iter having written almost as many books (if we count the small 
 
 \\ ith the large) as the years he had lived. 
 
 Eventually his large Collections came into the hands of the first 
 Manjuess of La>sdou>-e, and so passed into the same great reser- 
 voir into which they would have merged, half a century earlier, had 
 Wakley attained his wish. 
 
 (957) Stuart Family. 
 
 "Windsor Castle \— Royal Library. \_MSS.] 
 Montpellier: — Tou-n Library. yMSS.'] 
 
 King James the Second, during his exile at St. Gennains, gave 
 his MS. memoirs and some other papers into the custody of Lewis 
 Innes, then Principal of the Scottish College at Paris. Of the fate 
 of these papers, or of part of them, conflicting stories have been 
 told. But it seems to be established that some of James' MSS. 
 were destroyed during the troubles of the French Bevolution. 
 
 Of the subsequent Stuart Papers, illustrative of the negotiations 
 md history of the Pretenders and their adherents, some came to 
 Montpellier as part of the Faure bequest [See No. 019]. _A more 
 important series passed, eventually, into the hands of James 
 Waters, a member of the Commutiify of JOiiglish Boiiedictines at 
 liome. Tiiese wit\i some other portions of the Stuart pajjors, were 
 purchased by King George the Fourth, and are now in the Koyal 
 Library at Windsor. 
 
[198] BOOK IV. — HISTORICAL 
 
 (958) Coimt Peter Suhm, ^ 1798. 
 
 Copenhagen : — Royal Library. [Printed Books.l 
 The valuable literary Collections of Count Sumi were added to the 
 Eoyal Danish Library, by purchase, at the close of the last century. 
 
 (959) Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of Sully, 
 ^ 22 December, 1641. 
 
 Paris : — imperial Library. \_State Papers and other MSS.'] 
 
 Of the curious history of the Sully MSS., only part of which are 
 now preserved in the Imperial Library at Paris, I quote tlie follow- 
 ing account from the recently-published book of M. Peuillet de 
 Conches, entitled Causeries d'un Curieitx. After speaking of the 
 way in which Family Documents and State Papers often come to be 
 mixed up together (a matter which has been much illustrated in this 
 volume already) M. Peuillet proceeds thus : — 
 
 " Parallement, s' accroissait le Chartrier de Sully, si fort avant 
 dans les grandes affaires politiques et financieres, et qui avait su 
 attirer a lui et conserver des documents pour la redaction de ses 
 (Economies Royales. Ce Cartulaire, depose dans le Chateau de 
 Villebon, — ou le Due avait fini ses jours, — s'y trouvait intact, 
 quand le mariage de la derniere heriticre des Sully, Magde- 
 leine-Henriette-Maximilienne de Bethune-Sully, avec le petit 
 neveu du grand negociateur L'Aubespine, Abbe de Bassefontaine, 
 Charles Prangois, Comte de L'Aubespine, fit passer, en I7i3, ce 
 Cartulaire dans les domaines du Comte, qui y re'uuit ses propres 
 archives. Encore cinquante annees, et la roue de fortune avait 
 ecrase la famille de I'Aulespine ; le mobilier du Chateau de Ville- 
 bon etait dissipe piece a piece, et le Chateau lui meme avait passe, en 
 1811, dans les mains etrangeres, sans que le vendeur ni I'acheteur 
 eussent soup^on de la valeur des archives que le premier abandon- 
 nait avec le manoir feodal du grand Sully. Encore vingt-cinq 
 ans de plus, et un curieux de documents historiques, qui avait puise 
 dans I'etude le respect des grandes families, M. de Salvandy, depuis 
 Ministre de I'lnstruction Publique, ctait conduit a I'echoppe d'un 
 'JeuiUet ouvrier-charron, oil des orphelins, demiers descendants des I'Aube- 
 asabove.tom. SPINE et des SuLLY, acceptaieut de la pitie de Partisan Teducation 
 u, 4iG, 7. d'apprentis menuisiers.'" 
 
 The eminent publicist came also upon the track of part of the 
 surviving Sully MSS. 
 
 Nearly at the time of the acquisition, by M. de Salvandy,* of 
 
 * As I venture to infer from the somewhat vague .statement of M. Feuillet 
 DE Conches. His book is one of much interest. And, when a book calls itself 
 ' Causeries,' its readers are perhaps scarcely entitled to coiflplain of its ntter want 
 of system. Still the observation may be permitted that these four large volumes 
 of Causeries contain a great number of historical assertions, and that the want 
 of precision and clearness of statement in regard to them is marvellous. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOKS. [I9i)] 
 
 Iho papers tluis referred to, the present writer was in Normandy, 
 and wa3 iutormod that Stlly's Chateau of Kosny was tlien in tho 
 market for sale. It was said, also, that it still contained some portion 
 of his Library. That portion, I believe, was soon afterwards sold 
 and dispersed. 
 
 (900) Alcxaiuk'r Ilendras Sutherland, '/./>., 
 ^ .01 May, ISOO. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [Prints ami Illustrated Boohs.'] 
 Dr. Sl'therlaxd's large and valuable Collections of Prints, hislo- 
 rical and topographical, were oontinuoil, after the Collector's death, 
 by his widow, and were by her presented to the University of Oxford 
 iu 1837. 
 
 (OGl) Gerard van Swieten, ^ IS June, 17 7.0. 
 
 Vienna J — imperial Library. [Printed Books, ^•c.'\ 
 The literary Collections of Gerard Van Swieten were purchased 
 tor the Imperial Library after his death. 
 
 (9()0) Godfrey van Swleten, ^ March, 1803. 
 
 Vienna: — Unirersity Library. [Printed BooAs, ^r.] 
 Godfrey Van Swieten bequeathed his library to the University of 
 \'ienna. 
 
 (903) Coit/if Francis Szechenyi, ►!<... 
 
 Pesth : — Library of the Ilunyariun Xational Museum. [Printed 
 ll'.ohs and MSS.] 
 
 Count Francis Szecoenyi gave his magnificent Collections of 
 MSS. and of Printed JJooksto his fellow-countrymen as the founda- 
 tion of a Hungarian jVIuseum, which he also endowed with a fund 
 for augmentations. To this gift Count Lewis Sz£( iii:>' vr made a 
 large addition by settling a sum of money for the special ac(|uisition 
 of Hungarian books and of books illustrative of Hungarian history. 
 
 T. 
 
 (9(i I) Talbot I'aiuily. 
 
 London : — Library of t lie Ilerald-H Colleye. [MSS.'] 
 An extensive Collection of TAi.iioi I'apcrs is preserved at the 
 Hl raids' College. 
 
[200] BOOK /r— HISTOEICAL \ 
 
 (965) Thomas Tanner, Bishop of St. Asajjh, ^ 1735. 
 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [_MSS. and Printed BooTcs.'] 
 Bisliop Tanner bequeathed to the University of Oxford his valu- 
 able Library, including the famous Collection of MSS. on British 
 History and Antiquities which he had gathered from many sources, 
 and to which not a few of our historical writers have been largely 
 indebted for their materials. 
 
 (960) Torqimto TaSSO, ^ 25 April, 1595. 
 
 HrOme : — Vatican Library {^Autograph 3/55'.] ; and Barberini 
 
 Library [^Autograph MSS. and Annotated Books] . 
 
 Ferrara: — Town Library. \_Autograph MSS.'] j 
 
 Venice : — St. Mark's Library. [Letters.] \ 
 
 PesarO : — Town Library. \1S1SS^ \ 
 
 "VieniiSi'.— Imperial Library. [Autograph MSS.] 
 Montpellier : — Town or Fabre Library. [Autograph MSS. aiid 
 
 Letters.] 
 
 London: — British Museum Library [Autograph MSS.]; and 
 Soa7ie's Museum Library [Autograph MSS.]. 
 
 Although the autograph MSS. of Tasso are very widely dispersed, 
 the most precious of them (at least, in a biographical point of view) 
 are still — as they should be — stored up in Italian Libraries. They 
 are not always to be found in the towns most closely connected with 
 the poet's eventful story, but the famous series at Ferrara possesses, 
 on many grounds, a higher interest for the student of literary history 
 than most of the others. \ 
 
 Those which are to be seen in the Vatican Library came chiefly 
 from Urbino, at the time when it was stripped of so many of its 
 choicest treasures in literature and art, for the aggrandisement of 
 Rome. The Barberini Collection contains, besides its autograph 
 MSS , a precious series of printed books from the Library, and 
 annotated in the hand, of Tasso. 
 
 Vienna owes the distinction of preserving in its Imperial Library 
 an autograph MS. of Gcrusalemme conquistata to the indolent care- 
 lessness of the monks of St. John Carbouaro at Naples, from whom 
 that MS. was either purchased or obtained as a gift (it is not quite 
 certain which statement is the true one) in the year 1729. 
 
 Among the Tasso MSS. which are to be seen in England, the 
 most valuable is that of the Gerusalemme liberata, belonging formerly 
 to Lord GuiLDFOED, and now in the Library attached to ' Sir 
 John Soane's Museum' in London. 
 
 A MS. of II Bogo di Corinna, with corrections in the Poet's 
 autograph, and with his signature, is now in the Library at Ash- 
 burnham Place, for which it was obtained at one of the Libei sales. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTOrvP. [:201] 
 
 The Letters now in the jNIiddle Hill Library were bought by Sir 
 Thomas I'niLi.iri's at Heuer's sale. 
 
 The Tasso ]MSS. at Moutpellier formed part of the Alfiebi Col- 
 lection, given to that town by Fabre. 
 
 Among the cliief places of deposit of some minor MSS., known 
 to exist in Italy in Collections not already mentioned, are (or lately 
 were) the Ghigi Library in Bome, the Trivulzio Library at INIilan, 
 and the Archiepiscopal Library of LUliue. Some Tasso MSS. are 
 said to be preserved also at ]\[odcna. 
 
 An autograph sonnet of Tasso, ■ftTittcu in a printed copy of the 
 Cortcgiano, has given a curious celebrity to that volume. Within a 
 quarter of a century it was sold by auction in England on five 
 several occasions, and at prices varying from £30 to £100. In 
 ISIS, it fetched £30 ; in 1S20, £100 ; in 1833, £68 ; in 1835, £41 ; 
 and in ISiO, £G4. 
 
 (907) Henry Tattam, ^ . . . 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. \_Srjriac MSS."] 
 
 An extensive Collection of Syriac MSS. formed by Dr. Tattam 
 
 during his travels in the East was purchased by the Trustees of the 
 
 British ^Euseum. 
 
 (Oils) Jolin Taylor, LL.D., ^ 14 April, 1706. 
 
 Shrewsbury : — Free School Library. [^Printed Books.'\ 
 
 Cambridge : — University Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The valuable Philological MSS. of Dr. John Taylok passed into 
 the Library of Askew, from whose Executors they were purchased, 
 by the L'niversity of Cambridge. 
 
 A portion of his printed Library was bequeathed, by Taylor 
 himselt', to Shrewsbury School. 
 
 (909) Count Joseph Teleki, ^ . . . 
 
 Pesth :— Teleki Public Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 
 A valuable Library — rich in Hungarian Literature and History — 
 was given to Pesth by Count Joseph Teleki. 
 
 (970) Count Sanuiel Teleki de Szek, ^ 7 August, 
 18. •2:2. 
 
 MarOS-Vasarhely ('» Transylvania) : — Tki.ekI Public Library. 
 Printed Itoolcs and MSS.] 
 
 Count Samuel Teleki de Szkk founded a Library at ^laro-s- 
 Va.Harhely, in the year 1S12, by the gift of a noble ("ollection of 
 books, extending to nearly GO.OOO volumes. It is still the most 
 
[20.2] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 valuable of the three great public Libraries of Transylvania (namely, 
 the ' Bathyauy ' at Carlsburgh ; the ' Teleki ' at Maros ; and the 
 ' Bruckenthal' at Hermannstadt). 
 
 (971) Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbiiri/, 
 ^ 14 December, 1715. 
 
 London : — Lambeth Palace Library \_MSS.'] ; British Museum 
 Library ; and St. Paul's Cathedral Library [Part of Printed Books]. 
 
 Archbishop Tenisox gave a considerable portion of his printed 
 Library — which included books of great value — and some of his MSS. 
 to the Parish of St. Martin in the Fields, as the foundation of a 
 Library for parochial and public use. This gift was made in 16S1. 
 The Library existed for almost two centuries, but eventually tbo 
 Vestry of St. Martin's obtained parliamentary sanction for the sale 
 of the books by public auction, and for an appropriation of the pro- 
 ceeds to the benefit of a School formerly connected with the Library 
 as part of the parochial institution of 16S4. By means of this sale 
 many of the choicest books passed to the British Museum. 
 
 Another and important series of MSS. was given by the Archbishop 
 to Lambeth Palace Library, and he was also a benefactor to that of 
 St. Paul's Cathedral. 
 
 (972) Francis Terriesi, ^ . . • . 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Teruiesi filled the office of Florentine Minister at the Court of 
 London between the years 1675 and 1G91. Transcripts of his 
 political correspondence (which is of considerable historical interest) 
 were acquired by the Trustees of the British Museum in 1863, 
 
 (973) Charles Philip Campion de Tersan, *¥ U May, 
 
 1S19. 
 
 London: — British jiluseum Library. [MSS.] 
 A Collection of MSS., formed by the Abbe de Tees an, is now 
 among the Egeeton MSS. 
 
 (974) Nicholas Melcliisedcc Thevenot, ^29 October, 
 
 1G92. 
 
 Paris: — Imperial Library. [Oriental MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 ■ Under Leavis XIV the office of Keeper of the Eoyal Library was, 
 for many years, filled by Thevenot, who had previously distinguished 
 himself as a Collector of choice books, as well as for many other 
 qualities. Before Thevexot's time tlic lioyal Library had received 
 great accessions, but his private library is said to have coutained 
 
Notices of collectors. [:203J 
 
 nbout iJOOO voluiiios wliioli were not to be Ibuiul in the roniici'. 
 His Oriental jNISS. and some of the ehoieest of his books in otiier 
 lie pjirtm cuts passed, eventually, to the Koyal Collection by pur- 
 ehase. 
 
 (975) Cliailcs Theyer, ^ . • • 
 (970) Joliii Theyer, *b . . . 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The valuable j\ISS. whieh had been colleeted by (he Tni: vers 
 {:a:!sed, after the death of the survivor, into the possession of a bot)l\- 
 seller, by whom they were sold to King Cuakles 11 for the Koyal 
 Library in 1G7S. 
 
 (977) Hugh Thomas, ^ 1720. 
 
 London t — British Museum Librarij. [MSS.'\ 
 
 A Collection of Heraldical MSS., relating more particularly to 
 AVelsh Genealogies, was bequeathed by Thomas to the then Earl of 
 Oxford. They passed to the British Museum as part of the llarleian 
 MSS. 
 
 (978) Isaiah ThOHiaS, ^ IS21. 
 
 Worcestershire {Massachusetts) : — Librunj of the Jmericnn 
 .i.ifiqiuiriait Suciely. [Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of Isaiah Thomas came by bequest to the American 
 Antiquarian Society, and is open to public use. 
 
 (979) George Thomason, ^ Ui()(). 
 
 London: — British Museum Librarij. [Printed Books and MS. 
 Political Tracts.'] 
 
 Tiiomason's remarkable Collection of the books and tracts 
 printed in England between the years IGIO and IGGO inclusive was 
 purchased by King Gkohgk 111 in 17G2 from the representatives of 
 a bookseller by whom they had been acquired from the Collector's 
 heirs in the reign of Cuakles IT. 
 
 M)^()) Grim Jonson Thorkelin, ^ t March, \^:\). 
 
 Edinburgh '. — ^ drocates' Librari/. [Printed Boohs and MSS.^ 
 This eminent Icelandic scholar had formed a remarkable Collection 
 of books on Northern literature and Archieology. After his denlh 
 it was purdiased bv the Faculty of Advocates. Another serie.'^ of 
 MSS., chiefly Icelaudic, whieli Tiioukki-IN had collected, was pur- 
 chased, ill his lifetime, bv the Trustees of the I'.iitish Museum. 
 
[204] BOOK 7/^— HISTOIUCAL 
 
 (981) Count Otlio de Thott, ^ 10 September, 1785. 
 
 Copenhagen ',— Royal Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 
 The Library of Count de Thott contained about 122,000 volumes 
 of Printed Books, and 4154 MSS. The choicest portion of it came 
 to the Eoyal Library of Copenhagen by the Collector's bequest ; and 
 the greater part of the remainder came thither also by subsequent 
 purchase. The Collection so acquired was the second Library which 
 Count TnoTT had gathered ; that formed in his early years having 
 been destroyed by the burning of his house at Copenhagen in 1728. 
 
 (982) William Francis Anthony Thouret, ^ 5 Julv, 
 
 1832. 
 
 Paris '.—City Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 M. Thoueet bequeathed to the City of Paris a series of Auto- 
 graph and other MSS. on historical and political subjects. 
 
 (983) John TlinrlOG, ^ 21 February, 1G68. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [_MSS.'\ 
 
 Tiiurloe's MS. Political Collections were chiefly formed during 
 his period of office as Secretary of State under the Protectorate of 
 Cromwell. Por many years after his death they remained in con- 
 cealment between the flooring timbers of a house in Lincoln's Inn 
 Fields, and their discovery was accidental. They were purchased by 
 Richard Rawlinson, and eventually formed part of his bequest to 
 the University of Oxford. 
 
 (984) Sebastian Le Nain de Tillemont, 
 ^10 January, 1G98. 
 
 Paris ! — Imperial Library. 
 
 Tillemont bequeathed his Library to the Abbey of St. Victor at 
 Paris for public use. In common with other portions of that Collec- 
 tion, heretofore mentioned, it suff"ered much injury and partial dis- 
 persion during the Revolution. But a remnant of it is preserved in 
 the Imperial Library. 
 
 (985) Jerome TirabOScM, ^ 3 June, 1794. 
 
 Modena : — Palatine Library. \_MS. Correspondence^^ 
 Twenty-seven volumes of the MS. Correspondence of Tikiboschi 
 are preserved in the Chief Library of Modena by his bequest. He 
 was himself Ducal Librarian from the year 1770 until his death. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. ['205] 
 
 (9S()) Fi'ederii'k Constaiitinc Tischendorf. 
 
 Leipsic : — Vniversity Library. [Orie/tta! JISS.] 
 
 Dresden : — Uoyaf Library . [^Oriental MSS.'] 
 
 St. Petersburgh : — imperial Library. [Oriental MSS.'] 
 
 Parts of the Collectioua of Oriental aiul, more particularly, of 
 Biblical ^ISS. made (at various ]ieriods ; cliiefly durinj^ successive 
 Oriental tours in Islt, in lSo;i,and again in is.")!)) by Tiscuendouf 
 have been purchased for the Libraries above named. 
 
 (9S7) John Toland, ►J* 11 March, 17:22. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 Some of the MSS. of Toland are now among the 'Additional 
 MSS.' at the British Museum. 
 
 (9^^) Dr. Tomlinson (of Newcastle), ^ 1745. 
 
 NeWCastle-On-Tyne : — Parochial Library. [Printed Jioo/cs.] 
 Dr. Tomlinson bequeathed his Library to his fellow-townsmen. 
 
 (989) Cuthbert Tonstal, Bis/iop of Durham, 
 ►i< lb Xovciiibcr, 1559. 
 
 Cambridge : — University Library. 
 
 Part of Bishop Tonstal's Library was given to the University of 
 Cambridge in his lifetime. 
 
 (990) Jerome Torini, ^ 1G02. 
 
 AreZZO : — Library of the ' Fraternittj, del Laid ' of Arezzo. 
 [Printed Books.] 
 
 By his last "Will, dated 31 January, 1G02, Torini bequeathed his 
 Collection of Books to tlie Fraternity above named, as Trustees for 
 the Public. It remained in the Testator's house, and was maintained 
 as a Public Library by his heirs, until the year IGiJl, wlien it was 
 removed to the ' Palazzo di Fraternita,' in which it is still preserved. 
 It was augmented by the incorporation of part of the Library of 
 Francis Hedi towards the close of the last century. 
 
 (991) Evangclista Torricelli, ^ 1(127. 
 
 Florence : — National [formerly Palatine] Library. [MSS.] 
 Part of the MSS. of TouuiCKLr.r are in the ' Palatine Section' of 
 
 the ^'ational Library of Florence,— formed, in lbU2, by the union of 
 
 the ' Mayliabechiana ' with the ' Palatina.' 
 
[200] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (99.2) Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, ^ 170S. 
 
 Paris : — Libranj of the Museum of Natural History. {^Botanical 
 
 (993) Francis Toumon, ^ . . . 
 Andrew Toiimon, ^ 1705. 
 
 Aix : — Town Library. [Printed BooJcs.] 
 
 Andrew Touexon, an Advocate, of Aix, had inherited the Library 
 of his brother Francis. That Collection, together with his own, he 
 bequeathed to his fellow-townsmen. He gave also an endowment 
 fund. 
 
 (994) Rapliael Tricliet du Fresne, ^ 4 June, 
 16G1. 
 
 Paris ; — imperial Library. [_MSS.'] 
 
 The MSS. of Teiciiet de Fres^ste were purchased for the tlien 
 Eoyal Library of Paris after his death. 
 
 (995) Uno de Troil, Archlmhop of Upsal, 
 ^ 27 July, 1803. 
 
 Linkoping: — Public Library, \_MSS.'] 
 
 (996) Francis Denis Tronchet, ^ 10 I\Tarch, 1800. 
 
 Paris: — Library of the ' Court of Cassation.' \_MSS.] 
 TnoifcnET bequeathed his Juridical MSS. to his friend and 
 colleague, Poieiee, by whose heir they were given, eventually, to the 
 Library of the Court of Cassation. These professional collections 
 comprise about three thousand documents, and extend over the 
 second half of the last century. 
 
 (997) William Turner, Beaj? of Wells, ^ 7 July, 1568. 
 
 Wells ' — Cathedral Library. [Printed Books and MSS.'] 
 
 Part of the Library of Dean Tfrxke was given to his Cathedral 
 in his lifetime. 
 
 (998) Cajjfain Samuel Turner, ^ 2 January, 1802. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 A Collection of Tibetan MSS., made by Captain Tl'exer during 
 his political mission to Thibet (undertaken by order of Warreu 
 
XoTICKS or COLMa'ToUS. [207] 
 
 ]lAsriN(is. thou {JoveriKU'-CJoiicral of India) was purclniscd by the 
 liiivorsity of Oxtord in tlie year ISOG. 
 
 (0!)9) Jolm Twyne, ^ :2i November, 1581. 
 
 Oxford : — Corpits C/u-i.^/i C<Jf(\f/e Lihranj. [M^S.] 
 .Sonic of the MSS. of John Twyxk wcmv givon to the liibrary of 
 Corpus by his grandson, liryan Twvne. 
 
 (lOnO) l^i-ymi Twyne, ^ 4 July, 10 11. 
 
 Oxford :—-Z?o<//<'w« Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 fill' ]\ISS. of Bryan Twtke, now in the Bodleian, cainc thitlier by 
 be(|nest. 
 
 (1001) Olaiis Gerard Tychsen, ^ 30 Dec., 1815. 
 
 KostOCk * — Vniversity Lihranj. Printed Bnolcs, ^'c.~\ 
 TwrsDKx's Library was purchased, in 1817, by the University of 
 liostock. 
 
 (100.0) Peter Tyrawley, ^ . . . 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. \^MSS.'] 
 A C'oileetiou of Tyrawley MSS. was purchased by the Trustees 
 of the iJritish Museum in the year 18G0. 
 
 (I (103) Thomas TyrwMtt, ^ 15 August, l/SO. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. [Printed Books, i^r.] 
 Tvuwiiitt's Library was bequeathed to tlie British j\[useuni l)y 
 the Collector. 
 
 u. 
 
 (1001) Zachary Conrad von Uflfenbach, 
 ►i^ () January, 1731. 
 
 Hamburgh:— ''o'O" Library. [MSS.'] 
 
 Tlie t-plciidid series of Uffenbach MSS., now in the Town 
 Library of Hamburgh, has accrued by suci-essive bequests of the 
 brothers John Cliristopher AVolk, and John Cliri.stian Woi.F. 
 L'ffemiacii's Hebrew :MSS. were accjuired by Christopher Woi.f in 
 1731, and his va.st series of autogra])h letters of celebrated men in 
 17:^5. The larger portion of what remained of Uffenhacu's MSS. 
 (some of whi(;h had been bequeathed to Scueliiohk) was purdiased 
 bv Christian Woi.r in 1719. In its integrity rFFKNiiACir's Library 
 
[208] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 was one of the choicest collections of its day. Its chief treasures 
 were described by himself in his Bihliotheca Manuscripta (1720) and 
 Bibliotheca TIJfenhacliiana Universalis (1729 — 1731). 
 
 (1005) Pojw Urban IV (MafFeo Barberini), 
 
 ^ 29 July, 1644. 
 
 Home ! — Barberini Library. \_MSS. and Printed Boo}is^^ 
 
 [Bukes o/UrbinO, see Nos. 329 and 333.] 
 
 (1006) James Usslier, Archbishoj) of Armagh, 
 
 ^ 21 March, 1656. 
 
 Dublin \ — Trinity College Library. [_MSS. and Printed Books.'\ 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. \_MSS.\ 
 
 "What remained of the noble Library formed by Archbishop Ussher, 
 — after many losses which it had variously suffered in Ireland, in 
 Wales, and in removals by sea, — was purchased, in March 1657, by 
 the subscriptions of the English army then employed in Ireland, and 
 was given to Trinity College. This remnant comprised about 
 6,400 printed volumes ; and 693 MSS. of great value. Among the 
 dispersed MSS., known to have once belonged to Ussuee, are some 
 Biblical codices now in the Bodleian, and also a fifteenth century 
 copy of William of Malmesbury's De Gestis Pontificum Anylormn. 
 The last-named MS. is placed with the ' Laudian MSS.' and numbered 
 598. 
 
 A detailed narrative of the singular adventures of the Archbishop's 
 Library amidst the distractions of the Civil Wars, with some notice 
 of his personal share in the foundation of that University Library, 
 into which the remnant of his own Collections finally passed, will be 
 found in Memoirs of Libraries, vol. ii. pp. 47-53. 
 
 (1007) M. d'Uxelles, ^ . . . . 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. \_Prints.'] 
 
 V. 
 [Joachim Vadianus, see Watte.] 
 
 (1008) Martm Vabl, ^ December, 1804. 
 
 Copeilliagen ; — Royal Library. \Printed Books and MSS.] 
 The Botanical Library of A-^aul was purchased for the Koyal 
 Collection at Copenhagen, after the Collector's death. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. ['209] 
 
 (100!)) Francis Le VaiUant, *h -2:2 November, 1824.. 
 
 BeaUVais : — Private Library of the Familij of Le Cahon du 
 Tboussures. [.V5.S.] 
 
 Part of the papers of this famous traveller and naturalist have been 
 dispersed — like his rich Collectious in natural history — but another 
 portion of them is still preserved at Bcauvais. Le Yaillant returned 
 to France just before the Eevolution. Even at that period the 
 importance of preserving his Collections for the public was perceived, 
 but negotiations about the terms of acquisition were still pending 
 in the days of the National Convention ; nor was an equitable 
 arrangement facilitated by the fact that the unfortunate traveller 
 was presently imprisoned as a man " suspected " of disliking a Keiga 
 of Terror. A Committee of the Convention bought part of his rare 
 specimens of exotic birds — probably rather on their own terms than 
 on those of the Collector, who, besides, had to content himself with 
 books, instead of payment in money. The books so assigned to 
 him were said, by the vendors, to be duplicates from the confiscated 
 Libraries. Another part of his Collections was afterwards disposed 
 of in Holland. Le Vaillaxt survived until 182-1', but lived, it seems, 
 in poverty ; after devoting the prime of his life, and much of his 
 private means, to the progress of the natural sciences. But his 
 name lives, and will live, as that of a public benefactor. 
 
 (1010) Thomas Valperga di Caluso, ^ i April, 
 
 isl.j. 
 
 Turin: — University Library. [Print ed Books, ^•c.'] 
 
 The Abbate Yalpebga m Caluso bequeathed his Library to the 
 University of Turin. 
 
 (1011) Leandcr Van EsS, *h ■ ■ ■ 
 
 Middle Hill (TForcesters/iire) : — Library of Sir Thomas 
 Piin.Lii'1'3. 
 
 :-tion 
 )f 
 
 ,, -; -■ . "y 
 
 Sir Thomas Piiillipps. 
 
 Yax Ess had brought together a valuable and extensive Collection 
 of ^rSS., most of which had originally belonged to the Libraries ot 
 German monasteries. The bulk of his Collection was purcliiiHi d by 
 
 (1012) J. U. \]. Van Praet, *i< 1^:57. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [Printed Put:)ks, i^-c. | 
 
 \'\v PiiAET bequeathed a selected portion of lils jirivateand choice 
 
 Collection to tlie great Librarv over wliicli he had so long and »o 
 
 hnnourablv presided. 
 
[210] BOOK ir.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (1013) Nicholas Vansittart, Lord Bexleij, >i^ 1851. 
 
 Manchester : — Free Public Library. [Printed Tracts.'] 
 
 A somewhat extensive and curious Collection of tracts ou political 
 subjects, whicli Lad been formed by Lord Bexlet, was purchased 
 (through the liberality of the late Sir John Potter) for the Free 
 Library of Manchester, in 1852. 
 
 (1014) Caspar Ventura d'Este, ^ 1063. 
 
 Venice : — ^S*^- Mark's Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 
 The Library of Caspar YE^fTTTEA. (or an important part of it) is 
 preserved in the Marciana. 
 
 (1015) AbbateYentViTi (of A^erona), ^ 1841. 
 
 Verona: — Town Library. [Printed Books.] 
 About 6000 volumes of printed books were bequeathed to the 
 Town Library of Verona by the Abbate Ventuei. 
 
 (1016) George Vertue, ^ 24 July, 1756. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Part of the MS. Collections of YEETrE on subjects of art and 
 archseology were purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum, 
 in 1859. They were formerly part of the Library of Horace AValpole, 
 Earl of Orford ; and are now ' MSS. Addit., 23,068 ' to ' 23,098.' 
 
 (1017) Anthony de' VesCOVi, ^ 1734. 
 
 Venice : — St. Mark's lAbrary. [Printed Books.] 
 
 (1018) N. VioUet Le Due, ^ . . . 
 
 Paris : — Library of the Louvre. [Dramatic Books.] 
 
 A series of dramatic works relating to or illustrative of the first 
 French Eevolution, and of works relating to the History of the 
 French Stage during tlie same period, formed by Viollet Le Due, 
 was purchased for the Library of the Louvre. 
 
 (1019) Vincent Vivianl, ^ 22 September, 1703. 
 
 Florence : — National [fonnerly Palatine] Library. [MSS.] 
 
 The MSS. of ViviANi belong to the Palatine section of the 
 National Library of- Florence. They are included in what is known 
 as the ' Collezione di Galileo e della sua Scuola.' 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [211] 
 
 (10:20) Z.Vogel, ^ . . . 
 
 Hamburgh: — Town LiOrari/. [Printed Jiuol-s.'] 
 
 A Collection of works on the Medical Sciences (and chielly those 
 of Creek, lionian, and Arabic writers), which had been formed by 
 Yor.Ei,. and had passed into the possession of Burgomaster Amsmck, 
 of Hamburgh, was given by the possessor to the Town Library in 
 the year ISOO. 
 
 {10:21) John Philip Vogt, ^ 1783. 
 
 Erlangen: — University Library. {Printed Books, i^'r.] 
 
 The Library of Dr. J. P. Yoot now forms part of that of the Univer- 
 sity of Erlangen, by his bequest. 
 
 (10.C.:2) Francis :\Iarv Arouet de Voltaire, ^ 30 Mav, 
 177S. 
 
 St. Petersburg'h {^rhe Hermitage Palace) : —Imperial Private 
 Library. [Printed Books and MSS.} 
 
 The Library of Yoltairk, and the MSS. which were in his posses- 
 eion at the time of his death, were (in October of the same year) 
 purchased by the Empress Catherine II from his niece and heiress, 
 Madame Dkxis. They are now in the Library of the imperial resi- 
 dence called 'The Hermitage.' Some of A^oltaire's letters to 
 Frederick the Great are in the University Library of liologna. 
 His Correspondence with Bettinelli is preserved in the Town 
 Library of Mantua. 
 
 In the University Library at Bologna there is also a presentation 
 copy of Yoltaire's Alahomet,vi\i\\ an autograph letter, addressed by 
 the author to Pope Benedict XLY. The mere colhjcation of the 
 names of author, subject, and donatee, is a curiosity. When it is 
 called to mind that the performance of the piece was suppressed, in 
 Paris, as " otfeusive to religion," the piquancy of this literary relic 
 is enhanced. 
 
 A recent traveller in Russia — M. Leouzon Lk Die — enys of the 
 Collection at the Hermitage — " Yoetairk's Library is compo.sed of 
 about 7oOO volumes in philosophy, history, and literature... Many 
 volumes are covered with ^IS, notes in lii.s auto'.,'r;i|ih, but most of 
 them are either insignilicant or unworthy . Of his .MS.S., one section 
 relates to Kussian history under Peter the Great. The otlier section Hue. hujr\ 
 comprises a large number of works, partly unpublished, and a mags p"^/'"" 
 of MS. materials."' 
 
 Uoll-nnT: 
 
[212] BOOK IV. — HISTOKTCAL 
 
 (1023) Gerard John Vossius, ^ 5 April, 1G49. 
 
 JaOlldOJl'. — Bntish Museum Library. [_MS. Correspondence.'] 
 
 Fart of the Correspondence of J. G. Vossius was pui'cliased by the 
 Earl of Oxford, and is now among the Harleian MSS. 
 
 (10.24) Mark Antliony Rene Voyer d'ArgenSOn, 
 
 Marquess of Faulmy, "^ 1787. 
 
 Paris : — Arsenal Library. [Printed Hooks and ^ISS.] 
 
 The fine Library of the Marquess of Paulmt was sold to the Count 
 of Artois, in 1785, on condition that the vendor should retain the use 
 of it during his life. It became the foundation of the existing Public 
 Library at 'the Arsenal.' 
 
 w. 
 
 (1025) A. C. von Wackerbarth, ^ . . . 
 
 Dresden : — Library of the JRoyal Military College. 
 The Library of the Military College was founded by Field Marshal 
 von "Wackeubarth in 1718. 
 
 (1020) Luke Wadding, ^ 18 November, 1657. 
 
 Rome : — Library of St. Isidore's College. [Printed Books and 
 
 MSS.] 
 
 Wadding's Library was given to St. Isidore's College in the 
 Collector's lifetime. 
 
 (1027) John Christopher Wagenseil, ^ 9 October, 
 1705. 
 
 Leipsic : — Town Library. [Printed Boohs.'] 
 
 (1028) William Wake, Archhisliop of Canterbury, 
 "^ 24 January, 1737. 
 
 Oxford: — Christ Church College Library. [Printed Books, ^"c] 
 Archbishop Wake bequeathed his Library to Christ Church. 
 
 (1029) J. M. Waldschmid, ^ 1721. 
 
 Frankfort-On-Maine '.—Town Library. [Printed Boohs.] 
 
NOTICES OF COLl.KCroUS. [2i;jj 
 
 (lO.SO) Henry William Wales, *i* l^:)(;. 
 
 Cambridge (Mdssac/ittsrff.s) .• — Ilan-unl Colleije Lihranj. 
 
 A small, but very choice, Collection of printed books— iiiclinllnp; 
 many on Oriental literature — waa beqvieatlied by the Collector ty 
 Harvard Library. It comprised about 1500 volumes. 
 
 (1031) Briz/f/dicr-Gcficn// \\c\nm\cv Walker, ^ . . 
 
 Oxford : —Bodleian Lihranj. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The Arabic, Persian, and Sanscrit 1\ISS. of General \Vai,ki:ii were 
 given, by the Collector's son, Sir William Walkeh, to the Univer- 
 sity of Oxford, in the year 1815. 
 
 (103.0) John Walker, D.D. (of l-xetcr), ^ 1730. 
 
 OlXoxdi'.— Bodleian Library, [il/^5.] 
 
 The extensive ]\IS. Collections on the Church History of Kn^'land 
 of the eminent author of The Suff'erings of the Clcrf/i/,' were j^ivcn to 
 the University of Oxford, in the year 1751, by his son, William 
 Walkeu. 
 
 (1033) Thomas Walker, Master of U/i'fver.nfi/ Cullrf/c, 
 Odford, ^ . . . 
 Oxford: — University Colleye Library. [MSS.'] 
 r>c(jiieathed, by the Collector, to University College. 
 
 (1031) Frederick Y. Wallraff, ^ 1^.0 1. 
 
 ColO"'ne : — Town Library. [Priiiterl Booh and MSS.'\ 
 IVofessor Wallraff bequeathed his Tiibrary to Colofi;ne, for 
 
 public use; together with large and valuable Collections of works 
 
 of art. 
 
 (103.')) Tzanck Walton, ^ lo Deccmhcr, 10^3. 
 
 Winchester: — C«//<e7/Y// Library. [Printed BooLs, vjv.] 
 
 S^hshnr J '. — Cathedral Library. [Printed Boo/iS.] 
 
 Tart ( f I/aack Walton's books cnmc to Salisbury by the gift of 
 
 I/.aaik Wamcjn-, a Canon of Saruin, son of llic Collector. 
 
 'I"he portion now preserved at Winchister was lH<pi.-aihfd to tin' 
 
 Dean and Chapter of tliat Cathedral by another .l.srcndant. 
 
[214] BOOK jr.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (103G) John Michael Wansleb, ^ June, 1679. 
 
 Paris : — Imperial Library. [^Oriental MSS.'] 
 
 Waivtsleb's Oriental MSS. were purchased for the Eoyal Library 
 of France, during his travels, under commission from Colbebt, in the 
 Jjevaut. 
 
 (1037) John Warburton, ^ ll May, 1759. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 Most of "Waeburton's MSS. came to the British Museum as part 
 of the Harleian Collection. Of the manner of their acquisition by 
 Lord OxFOED, "Wanlet, his librarian, has given this characteristic 
 notice :— " Mr. Waebuetox came to me, at the ' Genoa Arms,' and 
 then took me to another tavern and kept me up all the night, think- 
 ing to muddle me, aud so to gain upon me in selling his MSS. But 
 the contrary happened... He took just what was oflered." The sum 
 asked by Waebueton was three hundred guineas ; that offered by 
 Wanlet, one hundred. (Wanlet's Diary, MS. Lansd. 771, f 2b*, 
 verso.) Another portion of "Waebueton's Collection is among the 
 Laksdowne MSS. 
 
 (1038) D. B. Warden, ^ 18.23? 
 
 Cambridge {Massachusetts) : — Harvard College Library. 
 {Printed Books, ^-c] 
 
 New York: — state Library. [^Printed Books, Charts, ^-c] 
 
 AVaeden's Collection was formed, for the most part, during his 
 residence at Paris (as Consul for the United States). It consisted 
 of European literature relating to America ; comprised about 1200 
 printed volumes, and a considerable series of maps, charts, and 
 prints ; and was purchased by Mr. Samuel Eliot, from whom it 
 passed to Harvard by gift. 
 
 (1039) /SV/- James Ware, >J< 1 December, 1666. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. \_MSS.'] 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. ^MSS.'] 
 
 Part of Sir James Wake's extensive MS. Collections on Irish 
 History and Archaeology passed into the possession of Dean Milnes. 
 These are now in the British Museum. Another part of his MSS, 
 came into the hands of Richard Eawlinso^-, and, with the rest of the 
 Rawli>-son MSS.. passed eventually, and by bequest, to the Univer- 
 i^ity of Oxford. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLHCTOIJS. [^15] 
 
 (101-0) William Warhani, Archhixhop of ('(Uttrrhiin/, 
 ^ 153:2. 
 
 Oxford: — -'^Z' Souls' Cof/e</e Lihranj \_Theoh)(jical liuo/is, i^r. 1 ; 
 \eir Cii//ff/c Lif)ranj ^Juriilical Books']. 
 
 Wi'ichester : — ^f- Mmi/s College Liljfunj. [^Collection of 
 Church Music] 
 
 III addition to the books on the Civil and Canon Law which 
 Ari'libishop AVarham bequeathed to New College, he also gave to 
 that Society his Collection of Greek MSS., most of which had been 
 brought from Constantinople by the refugees of the iiftccnlh 
 century. 
 
 (1041) John Warner, Bis/wp of Rochester, 
 ^ 11 October, !()()(). 
 Oxford: — Magdalen College Library. [Printed Books, Sf-c.] 
 
 (104-2) Richard Warner, >h 11 April, 1775. 
 
 Oxford: — Wadham College Lihrarij. [Prinfed Books, i^-c] 
 
 (1013) Christopher Wase, ^ 29 August, IGDO. 
 
 Oxford:— C'o;7^«« College Library. [MSS.] 
 
 (10 Ml George Washington, ^ 14 December, 1 709. 
 
 Boston {Massachusetts) : — Athenceiim Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Washington : — Congress Library. [MSS.] 
 
 "Wasiiinuton's Library remained intact at Mount Vernon until 
 after the death of his nephew, Bushrod "VVasuinoton. It was then 
 divided between the co-heirs, and that part of it which was removed 
 was eventually sold. Congress bought the State Papers. The 
 printed books — including an extensive scries of pam|)lilets— were 
 bought, by subscription, for the Boston Athcna'uni. Two thirds of 
 the bound volumes are naid to contain his autograph, beginning with 
 one written when he was about nine years old. Many books contain 
 also his M.S. notes. 
 
 (1045) John Watts de Peyster, ^ • . . 
 
 New York : — Library of the Ilistorirul Society. Printed lioukn.] 
 r>V gift of the Collector. The books relate chidly to Holland aixl 
 to Dutch History. 
 
[216] BOOK 7F.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (104G) Joachim von Watte, ^ 6 April, 1551. 
 
 St. Gall '.—Town Library. {Printed Books and MSS.I 
 
 A few \A-eeks before Lis death, Von Watte (better known, per- 
 haps, as Vadianus) called the chief magistrates and clergy of St. 
 Gall around his bed, and made a formal donation of his Library to 
 the Town, with the words — "Here, dear friends, you have my 
 treasure — the best books on all the sciences and arts;" adding 
 many injunctions for their fullest accessibility, consistent with safe- 
 keeping. 
 
 (1047) Philip Carteret Webb, ^ 22 June, 1770. 
 
 London: — British Museum Library. \_MS8P\ 
 
 Webb's MSS. form part of the 'Lansdowne Collection,' acqviired 
 in 1807. 
 
 (1048) . . . Weizel (of Geneva), ^ . . . 
 
 Geneva: — Weizel Library {attached to that of the Tuwn). 
 [Pritited Boolcs.'] 
 
 An excellent Collection of modern German literature — of about 
 8000 volumes — was given to Geneva by Tutor Weizel, in 1852. 
 
 (1049) Richard Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley, ^1842. 
 
 London : — British Museutn Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The State Papers and Correspondence of Lord Wellesley, as 
 Governor- General of British India (1798—1805), were given to the 
 Public by his Executors. 
 
 (1050) Mark Welser, ^ 1614. 
 
 Augsburgh : — Town Library. {Printed Books.] 
 A Collection of printed books, comprising 2266 volumes, was 
 bequeathed by Welsee to Augsburgh. 
 
 (1051) Abraham Gottlob Werner, ^ 30 June, 1817. 
 
 Freiberg: — Mining College Library. {Printed Books, ($'C.] 
 The valuable Library left by this famous mineralogist was acquired 
 by the Preiberg College, in 1826. 
 
 (1052) James West, ^ 7 July 1772. 
 
 London : — British Museum Library. {MSS.] 
 AVkst's i\ISS. were purchased by Lord Lansdowne, and came to 
 the Public, with the other Lansdowne MSS., in 1807. 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [217] 
 
 (1053) Baron Westreenen de Tiellandt, 
 
 ^ 0(» i\ovi.'nil)oi-, I Sis. 
 
 Hague : — Tikllandx Museum Lihranj. [^Printed Boo/cs aud lilork 
 liouks.\ 
 
 A oousiderable series of early printed books, xylograplis, &c., was 
 bequeathed by Baron Westkeknkx as a Public Collection. 
 
 (1054) Henry Wharton, ^ 5 March, 1G95. 
 
 London : — Lambeth Palace Library. [J/55.] 
 Whakton's MSS. were purchased by Archbishop Tekisok for the 
 Lambeth Library. 
 
 (1055) Charles Wheatley, ^ 13 May, 1742. 
 
 Oxford: — St. John''s College Library. [Printed Boo/iS.'\ 
 WuEATi.Kv's Library was bequeathed to St. John's College. 
 
 (105(1) >S'/> George Wheler, ^ 18 February, 172 1. 
 
 Oxford: — Lincoln College Library. \_MSS.'] 
 
 The WiiELEE MSS. were given to Lincoln College in 1683. They 
 iiad been chiefly gathered during the Collector's travels in Eastern 
 countries. 
 
 f 1057) Jolin White (of Southwark), ^ . . . 
 
 Oxford: — St. JoJais College Library. [3/55.] 
 
 (105^) Thomas White, D-l>. {Founder of Sion Co/lrfjc, 
 Loud on), *^ 1 March, 1024. 
 
 Windsor: — Collegiate or Chapter lAbrnry. [Printed lioohs and 
 MSS] 
 
 Dr. White bequeathed his Library to the Dean and Canou.s of 
 "Windsor. 
 
 (1050) Henry A. WhitllOy, ^ ■ • • 
 
 Cambridge {Massachusetts) : — llarrard College Library. 
 [Pnuird JlooAs.] 
 By gift, in 18.32. 
 
II 
 
 [218] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (1060) John A. Widmannstadt, ^ 1558. 
 
 Munich: — Royal Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 
 (1061) Co?/;^^ Wielhorski, ^ 1856. ' 
 
 St. Petersburgh : — Imperial Library. [^Books on Magic ana 
 Alchemy .] 
 
 Acquired by purchase, from the Collector's heirs. 
 
 (1062) Osborne Wight, M.A., ^ 6 February, 1800. 
 
 Oxford: — Bodleian Library. [Musical Collections, Printed and^ 
 
 MS.] 
 
 Mr, Wight bequeathed to the University of Oxford his large 
 Collections of Music and Musical "Works, Printed and MS. They 
 were added to the Bodleian in 1801. 
 
 (1063) Beverend Thomas Wilkinson (of Lawrence- 
 
 Waltham, Berks), ^ . . . 
 
 Oxford:— Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Wilkinson's Genealogical MSS. were acquired by Richard 
 Rawlinson, and formed part of the bequest made by him to Oxford 
 in 1755. 
 
 (1064) G. A. Will (of Altdorf), ^ 18 Sept., 1798. 
 
 Nuremberg : — Town Library. [Printed Books, MSS., ^-c] 
 
 Professor Will had formed a Library, specially devoted to the 
 History and affairs of Nuremberg and its neighbourhood. On its 
 purchase by the Senate, it was for some years maintained as a sepa- 
 rate Collection (' BibliothecaJVorica-Williana'), but ultimately incor- 
 porated with the Town Library. 
 
 i 
 
 (1065) William of Wykeham, Bishp of 
 
 Winchester, ^27 September, 1404. 
 
 Oxioxdi'.— New College Library. [MSS.] \ 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [219] 
 
 (10()()) Jolui Williams, ArMhhop of York, 
 ^ 'i:^ March, l()5(). 
 
 London \ — Library of IVestiuinsler Abbey. [Printed Books.] 
 Ciimbridge : — St. Ju/tns College Library. [Printed Boohs and 
 
 MSS.] 
 
 Archbishop "Williams bequeathed part of his Library to St. John's 
 
 CoHegc, Cambridge. Another part he had given, in his lifetime, 
 
 towards the foundation of a Library in Westminister Abbey for 
 
 public use. 
 
 (1007) Daniel Williams, D.D., ^ 20 January, 1716. 
 
 London : — L>r. AVilliams's Library. [Printed Books and MSS.} 
 Dr. Williams's Library'- was founded, under the trusts created by 
 his Will, for public use, and more especially for the use of the Non- 
 conformist Clergy of the Metropolis ; his ])rivate Collection being its 
 groundwork. It was opened, in 1720, in Eod Cross Street, Cripple- 
 gate, and remained there for more than a century. Recently it has 
 been removed to Queen Square, in Bloomsbury, the original site 
 having been acquired for railway purposes. 
 
 (IOCS) >S'/;- Joseph Williamson, ^ 1701. 
 
 Oxford: — Queen s College Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.'] 
 London : — Rolls House. [MS. Collections.'] 
 
 Sir Joseph "Williamson bequeathed his IMS. Collections on 
 political affairs — extending, when fully bound, to more tlian 400 
 volumes — to the State Paper Office, whence they passed to their 
 present repository in the new Rolls House. His other MSS., toge- 
 ther with his Printed Library, he bequeathed to Queen's. 
 
 (1009) Browne Willis, ^ 5 February, 1700. 
 
 Oxford '.—Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 Acquired by gift, in the Collector's lifetime. 
 
 (1070) Henry Winder, ^ IJ August, 1752. 
 
 Liverpool: — Congregational Library. [Printed Books.] 
 Founded by Winder's bequest. 
 
 (1071) George Benedict Winer, ^ 12 May, 1S5S. 
 
 Leipsic : — University Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 
 I he greater part of Winer's Library tame to Leipsic by his 
 bequest. 
 
[220] BOOK /r.— HISTORICAL 
 
 (1072) John Winthrop, ^ 1649. 
 
 New York : — Society Library. [Printed Books, ^^c] 
 
 The Library — small, but precious for its historical associations — ' 
 
 of the FouBder of Connecticut came to New York by the gift of a 
 
 descendant, in 1812. 
 
 (1073) Robert Wodrow, ^ 21 March, 1734. ' 
 
 Edinburgh : — Advocates'' Library. [Historical ^ISS.I ' 
 
 "WoDEOw's MSS. were purchased by the Faculty of Advocates. 
 
 (1074) John Cluistopher Wolf, ^ 25 July, 1789. 
 
 Hamburgh.: — Town Library. [Printed Books and MSS.] 
 The magnificent Library of Christopher "Woli" — including portions 
 of the several Collections of Uffenbach, of Schroedter, and of . 
 Ungee — was given to Hamburgh on the condition that his brother, 
 Christian WoLP [See No. 1075], should enjoy the use and possession 
 of it for his life. Eventually the Collection comprised about 25,000 
 volumes.* The deed of donation was executed seven weeks before the 
 donor's death. An able account, both of its formation and of its 
 principal contents, has been printed by Dr. F. L. Hoffmann, in the 
 24th volume of Serapeum. 
 
 (1075) John Christian Wolf, ^ 9 February, 1770. 
 
 Hamburgh: — Town Library. [Printed Books and 3ISS.] 
 Christian Wolf made considerable additions, both of MSS. and of 
 printed books, to his brother's Library, which remained entirely in ; 
 his possession until his appointment, in 1746, to the Librarianship of 
 the Town Library. Portions of it were then from time to time traus- ' 
 ferred to the latter. In 176G he, too, executed a formal deed of • 
 endowment, by wliich he gave to the Town Library the residue of his ' 
 property after payment of certain legacies and debts. The Literary . 
 Collections of the brothers have been so incorporated as not easily 
 to be identified apart. Christian Wolf devoted the small salary of 
 his ofiice, as well as much of his private income, to the augmentation 
 of the Library, which is a noble monument of public spirit, and is still ; 
 administered with a liberality that accords with its past history. 
 
 (1070) Anthony Wood, ^ 29 November, 1G95. | 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [MSS. and Printed Books.] 
 Wood bequeathed his MSS., together with a small number of 
 
 * Iloffinann, Hnmburgisdie Bibliophilen, Bihliocfraplieir, niid LUlerarhislonkei- 
 (Sercip., xxiv, pp. 321—360), 
 
 i 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [221] 
 
 printed books, to the Ashmoloan Museum, whence they bavo 
 rcct'utly been removed to the Bodlciau. 
 
 (1077) Thomas Wood, *i* . . . 
 
 London ; — ^^on Colleye Library. [Pri/iU'il lioohs and MSS.] 
 Wood's bequest was, substantially, the foundation of Sion College 
 Library. 
 
 (107S) Daniel Wray, ^ :29 December, 17S3. 
 
 London: — Libranj of the Charter Ilouse. 
 
 Daniel AVeay's Library was given, by his Widow, to the Charter 
 Ilouse. 
 
 (1070) Sir AVilliam Wynne, ^ . . . 
 
 Cambridge : — Trinity Hall Library. [Printed Books.'] 
 Bequeathed to Trinity Hall by the Collector. 
 
 Y. 
 
 riO^O) Thomas Young, ^ 10 May, 1829. 
 
 London l — British Museum Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Part of the MS Collections on Egyptology of Dr. Thomas Yorxo 
 were purchased by the Trustees of the British Museum. They form 
 ' MSS. Addit. 27,283 ' to ' 27,285.' 
 
 (1051) Phihp Yorke, First Far/ of Jlardfcic/ce, 
 
 *it (I March, 1764. 
 
 Hardwicke (Gloucestershire) : — Lord Hahdwicke's Library. 
 Jlistorical AlSS. and Printed Books.] 
 
 The Library of the first Earl of Haedwicke is rich in materials of 
 British History, of which the series published under the title of 
 'Haruwicke iifate Papers' comprises but a small portion. 
 
 (1052) John de Yriarte, ^ 2S August, 1771. 
 
 Madrid \—Iioyal Library. [MSS.] 
 Oxford : — Bodleian Library. [MSS.] 
 
 Middle Hill (ITorcestershire) .—Library of Sir Thomas Piiii,- 
 Lii'i-s. .U.V.V 
 
 (1083) 3faJor-Ge?ic'ra/ YulCy ^ • • • 
 
 London '.—British Museum Library. [.Vif.S.J 
 
 A f ullection of Persian MSS., formed by General Yii.E, was given 
 
[222] BOOK /F.— HISTOEICAL 
 
 to the British Museum by the Collector's heirs, in 1847. They are 
 245 in number. 
 
 (1084) Joseph Andrew Junosza-Thabasz, Count of 
 Zaluski, and Bishop of Kief , >h 1774. 
 
 (1085) Andrew Stanislaus Kostka, Cou?it o/ Zaluski, 
 and BisJioj) of Cracow, ^ 1750? 
 
 St. Petersburgh ; — imperial Library. [Printed Books and 
 
 MSS.] 
 
 The famous ' Zaluski Library,' at Warsaw, comprised the Collec- 
 tions of several members of that family, and its first beginnings may 
 be traced to the seventeenth century. It was opened in 1747, for 
 public use, in the ancient Warsaw residence of the Da>-ilotitch 
 family (then the property of Andrew Zaluski, Bishop of Cracow), 
 and was largely augmented by Count Joseph Zaluski, who, by a 
 Will made in 1761, bequeathed it to the Jesuit College at AYarsaw, 
 as Trustees for the Public. He, however, survived the Trustees 
 nominated in his Will. Eor the Jesuits were suppressed in 1773, 
 and Count Joseph Zaluski lived until the following year. The 
 Library and its endowment then passed to the supervision of a 
 Board of Management nominated by the Polish Government. 
 
 It had been Count Joseph Zaluski's ardent desire to make his 
 Library a complete repository both of Polish literature and of the 
 materials of Polish history in every department. It has been said 
 that, in 1770, he had really succeeded in bringing under one roof all 
 that was then known to exist in print about Poland. A large number 
 of the choicest and rarest books contain the MS. notes of the 
 Collector. 
 
 For twenty years longer the Library remained at Warsaw. But 
 in 1795 (after the third partition), although Warsaw was assigned to 
 Prussia, its literary treasures became the spoil of the Empress of 
 Hussia. SuwAROF carried the Zaluski Library to St. Petersburgh 
 in 1796. Before its removal it had sustained some losses by pillage. 
 There is little doubt that the depredations were considerable ; and, 
 perhaps, as little that, in spite of them, the Zaluski Library stood 
 first — in point of mere number of volumes — among the great Libra- 
 ries of the world. Several famous Collections must have largely sur- 
 passed it in intrinsic value ; but it cannot be shown that, in 
 1795, even the Imperial Library at Vienna equalled it in mere extent. 
 According to the official Hussiau returns, made as the work of 
 transmission proceeded, 262,640 Zaluski volumes were actually 
 received, and counted, at St. Petersburgh.* The foundation of the 
 
 * Mr. Watts, in his excellent article 'Libraries,' published in 1860, in the 
 
 ff 
 
NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. [223] 
 
 Imperial Library had been already laid, but this was ita first impnr- 
 taut aoquisition. 
 
 (los(;) Cou/if Yyhucis Zambeccari, *i* .01 Sept., 1S12. 
 
 Boloffna: — Unicersifi/ Library. \_Pri71ted Books.] 
 V,\ gift to the L^niversity. 
 
 (1087) J.J. Zamboni, ^ . . . 
 
 Oxford:— ^iorlleian Lihrarij. [J/.S\S'.] 
 
 Zamiu)>-i -was Yeuetian Eesident in England during the earlier 
 part of the eighteenth century. His MSS. were purchased by 
 Kawli>'so>', and formed part of the bequest of that Collector to the 
 University of Oxford in 1755. 
 
 (1088) Ubaklo Zanetti, ^ il(^()'? ^ 
 
 Sologna: — University Library. [^Printed Books.'] 
 Acquired, by purchase, in 1776. 
 
 (1089) z. Zapp, * . . . 
 
 Dantzic : — Town Library. [^Printed Buoks.] 
 liy the Collector's bequest. 
 
 (1090) Philip Zeisold, ^ . . . 
 
 Altenburgh : — Gymnasium Library. [^Printed Books.] 
 Acquired in 1G95. 
 
 (1091) Dominick Zoppetti, ^ . . . 
 
 Venice ; — Library of the Correr Museum. [Printed Books and 
 
 This laborious inquirer into Italian antiquities, and more espe- 
 cially into those of Venice, bequeathed to the Municipality of that 
 City, in addition to his other Archieological Collections, a small, but 
 
 English Cyclopadia, has carefully examined the Russian accounts of the transport 
 of the Zalu»ki Library. He has shown that, after (h>e allowance for the i)o.s.sil)lc 
 niisreckoning of mere painphlets as ' volumes,' the appregate number of the hitter 
 (which are given in classes and with much detail) can hardly be reduced below 
 235,0<X). He thin adds : — " If this number be cornet, and it is as well vouched 
 for as the census of most Libraries, it will not only follow that the Collection of 
 books made in his lifetime by one I'oliah bishoj), with the as-istance of another, 
 wat the largest Collection ever made at private expense, but that it actually .-ur- 
 jia^sed in numbers the magnificent Library of the Kings of France, and wim at 
 tl»e head, in that point, of all the Collections in Europe, some of which iiad been 
 gathering for centuries at the expense of nations." — EnglUh Ci/clop. (I)iv. 'Arts 
 and Sciences'), vol. v, p. 206. 
 
[224] BOOK IV. — NOTICES OF COLLECTORS. 
 
 valuable, Library, relating chiefly to Yenetian History. It has been 
 placed in the Correr Museum, and contains about 2000 volumes. 
 
 (1092) Jerome Zurita, ^ 3 November, 1581. 
 
 Palace of the EsCOrial : — Royal Library. [Printed Booh 
 and MSS.'] 
 
 The Library of the Spanish historian Zckita was purchased for 
 the Escorial by Philip the Secoki . 
 
 [Zurlauben. See Latour Chatillon de 
 
 ZURLAUBEN.] 
 
 (1093) Ulrich Zwingli, ^ 11 October, 1531. 
 
 Zurich.; — Library of the Cantonal Schools. 
 
 The Canton of Zurich acquired the Library of Zwikgli by the 
 incorporation with the old University Library of an earlier (sixteenth 
 century) Collection, which appears to have been chiefly formed out 
 of the "books of Zwingli and Pellicants. 
 
 P 
 
 ! ^ 
 
[22-)] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 •»• The figures within brackets refer to the NOTICES OF COLLKCTORS. 
 
 Aaran, Public Library of the Canton of 
 
 Aargan, at, [104] 
 Abbate, Hannibal Olivieri degli, [139] 
 Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 [3] 
 jAbbot, Robert, Bishop of Salisbury, [3] 
 lAbbotsford, Library at, [185] 
 kberdeen, Mariscbal ("nllege ],ibrary at, 
 
 [109]; [168] 
 lAcciajoIi Family, |"3] 
 lAdami, Leonard, r3] 
 jAdamoli, Peter, Gift to Lyons of, [i] 
 kdauis, Fitzherbert, [4] 
 'Aflclung, John Christopher, [t] 
 ■ Til, Arthur, [4] 
 
 chi. Count Alexander, Gift to Bologna 
 ;. 219 
 
 ,^i\n, Anthony, Archbishop of Tar- 
 .<»'0na, [4] 
 nardt, Peter, [5] 
 riRiK, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation, Rules, and Statistics, 
 Table Jacinff page 292 
 •Airoldi, Cip^ar, Gift to Palermo of. 2oO 
 JAIX, Town Library of— 
 
 Foundation and Statistics, 201.; 
 
 [15 r 
 
 acquires the MSS. of Le\vi« de 
 
 Boisgelin, [21] 
 arquires the Library of A. .1. A. 
 
 Fauris de St. Vincent, [61] 
 and that of Andrew Tournon, [206] 
 
 Albani, Alexander, [5] 
 
 Albany, State Library of New York at, 278 
 
 Albert, Prince Consort, gives a series of 
 
 choice books to ilanchester, 71 
 Albicini, Marquess Anthony, founds n 
 
 Town Library at Forli, 251 
 Albizi, Professor degli, [5] 
 Albornoz, Gilts Alvarez Carillo dc. Arch- 
 
 bishop of Toledo, [5] 
 i Aldini, John, Gift to Bologna of. '1 tO 
 
 Aldrich, Henry, [5] 
 I Aldrovandi, I'lyssts, [5] 
 Aleandro, Cardinal Jerome, {(^'] 
 Alexander Vn, Pope, removes to Rome the 
 
 Town Libraries of Crbino and I'rbania, 
 
 2C2; founds the Ghigi Library at Rome, 
 
 [6] 
 Alfieri, Victor, [6] 
 Alissac, Family of Pajs d', [145] 
 Allan, George, [6] 
 Alloyn, Edward, [6] 
 
 All Souls' College, Oxford, Library of, [ft] 
 Almanzi, Joseph, [fi] 
 Almeloveen, Theodore Jan«>.on van. [7] 
 Alnwick Castle (Northumberland). Lil.mry 
 
 at, [MS] 
 Alphonso V. King of Armgon. [7] 
 Altenburgh, Gymnaiiial Libniry at [110";; 
 
 [223] 
 Althorpe Houie (Northainptonthir*). L«. 
 
 braryat. [36]; [169]; [I94J 
 Altona, GyMuianiBl Library at, [101] 
 Alvarez Carillo de \\U>rnnt. GWv*, Arrb. 
 
 bi»b<.p of Toledo. [R] 
 
 [15] 
 
[226] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 I 
 
 Ambrosial! Library at Milan, [18] ; [2±] ; 
 [25] ; [27] ; [62] ; [107] ; [153] ; [154] ; 
 [177] 
 America, early Town Libraries of tbe 
 United States of, 269; the Society or 
 Proprietary Libraries, and their results, 
 274; 327; 336; the Collegiate Libra- 
 ries, 275 ; the Libraries of School-Dis- 
 tricts and of Townships, 276; 302; 307 ; 
 327; the State and Legislative Libra- 
 ries, and their use as Free Town Collec- 
 tions, 277; 325; Town Libraries of re- 
 cent origin, under State Legislation, 
 281 ; 303 ; 30-4 ; 306 ; 307 ; the System of 
 School-District Libraries, its Merits and 
 Defects, 329 ; Comparison of it with that 
 of Canada and Xew Brunswick, 345; 
 Book-hawking in America, 329; 333 
 American Antiqiiarian Society, Library of 
 
 the, [2G3] 
 Amerbach, John, [7] 
 Amiens, Town Library of-:- 
 
 Foundation and Statistics, 204 
 average number of readers, 210 
 regulation of public access, ib. 
 Ancillon, David, [7] 
 Anco'a, Town Library of — 
 
 Bequest of Lewis Benincasa to the, 
 
 [18] 
 and that of Menciforte, [124] 
 Anderson, James, [7] 
 
 Anderten, Volkman von, founds a Town 
 
 Library at Hanover, Table facing page22Q 
 
 Andrews, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, 
 
 [7] 
 Angelica Library at Kome, [144] ; [154] 
 Anstis, John, [8] 
 
 Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick, [8] 
 Anton, Charles Theophilus von, [8] 
 AXTWEEP, Town Library of — 
 Foundation of, 266 
 number of volumes in the, ib. 
 not a Lending Library, ih. 
 Albert Le Mire's bequest to [106] 
 Anville, John Baptist Bourguignon d', [8] 
 Appony, Count George, [8] 
 
 Apprentices' Fi-ee Libraries in the Stal 
 of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, 33 
 341; 342 
 Aprosio, Angelico, [8] 
 Arderne, John, [8] 
 Arezzo, Library of the Lay Fraternity i 
 
 [205] 
 Argenson, Mark Anthony Rene Voyer < 
 
 Marquess of Paulmy, [212] 
 Arias Montanus, Benedict, [9] 
 Ariosto, Lewis, [9] 
 Aeion, Town Library of — 
 Statistics of, 266 
 
 regulations of acce>:s to, 26S ; 
 
 Armagh, Public Library of, [172] I 
 
 Arouet de Voltaire, Francis Mary, [211] ^ 
 Arsenal Library at Paris, [101] ; [212] • 
 Asch, George Thomas d', [9] 
 AsCHAFFENBFRGH, Town Library of— 
 Gift of Archbishop Charles vc 
 Dalberg to the, [51] j 
 
 MSS. of Philip Melanchthon in th ; 
 [123] 
 Aschbausen, John Godfrey von. Prim 
 
 Bishop of Bamberg [9] 
 
 Ashburnham Place (Sussex), Library a 
 
 [3]; [4]; [10]; [77]; [91]; [109]^ 
 
 [112]; [123]; [130]; [134]; [138j 
 
 [152] i 
 
 Ashley, Robert, [9] \ 
 
 Ashmole, Elias, [9] j 
 
 Astley, Thomas, [10] 1 
 
 AsTOE Feee Libeaey at New Yoee-j 
 
 History and growth of, 313 
 
 character of the Library building 
 
 315 
 extent and cost of the original boo 
 
 purchases, 317 
 Technological Collection purchase 
 
 for, ib. 
 composition of the original Library] 
 318 I 
 
 includes the Mathematical Librar; 
 of Samuel Ward, with portion 
 of the Libraries of Legendre am 
 Halley, 319 
 
GENERAL TXDKX. 
 
 [2271 
 
 A8T0B Frkk LmnAKY AT New York 
 (eontiniied) — 
 
 repulntions of iniblio access to, 
 
 320 
 ojiciiiug of, 321 
 statistics of use by the Public, 
 
 322 
 reports of 1863 and IStvl, 323 
 rotireuiont of Dr. Cogswell, :ind 
 testimony borne to bis services, 
 321 
 \<;or, Jolm Jacob, emigrates to America, 
 309; his deteution in Chesapeake Bay 
 and its results, ib.; his early mercantile 
 ' :ireor, 310; embarks largely in the fur 
 trade, and founds the American Fur 
 Company, 311 ; his attempted coloniza- 
 tion at the mouth of the Oregon, 312; 
 liis building enterprises, 312; nego- 
 tiates for the purchase of the Bontourlin 
 Collection as a basis for his intended 
 Library to be given to the City of New 
 York, 313; his death, 314; terms of 
 l;is ^Vi]l, 312; incorporation of his Trus- 
 tees, 31 1 
 A«t ir, NVilliam B., gives a valuable Tech- 
 nological Collection of books to the 
 Library founded by his father, 317 
 A in. Town Library of— 
 
 Statistics of the, 200 
 A'kinson, W. (i.. 178 
 
 \uljigne, P' ranees d', ifarchioncss of Main- 
 tenon, [111] 
 I Aubrey, John, [10] 
 I ArofiBrRon, Town Library of— 
 
 Foundation and History of the, 23i 
 
 Transfer to Munich of part of its 
 
 rare M8S. and printed books, 235 
 
 is nugniented from other Bavarian 
 
 Libraries, 230 
 statistics of extent, and use by the 
 
 Public, Tahle facing patje 220 
 acquires the Rosner Collection, 
 
 [174] 
 Mark Welser's bequest to the, 
 [216] 
 
 AuMay-les-Hondy, 301 
 Aurifaber Library, [Itt] 
 AUTUN, Town Library of, 210 
 AuxKRBE, Town Library of, 210 
 Avignon, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation of the, 200 
 
 statistics of extent and public use, 
 201. 
 
 MSS. of Cliarlier de Oorson in the, 
 . [4-1] 
 Avogadro, Kambold degli Azzoni, [10] 
 Azzoni, Joseph, [10] 
 Azzoni Avogadro, I?iimbi)ld degli, [10] 
 
 ! 
 
 1 Babington, Gervase, Bishop of Worcester, 
 
 i [11] 
 Bacon, Sir Nicholas, [11] 
 Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans, [11] 
 B.icon, Anthony, [11] 
 Bagford, John, [11] 
 B.VGNERES, Town Library of, 209 
 Baker, David. [11] 
 Baker, Thomas, [12] 
 j Baldinger, Ernest Godfrey, [12] 
 1 Balfour, Sir James, [12] 
 j Ballard, George, [12] 
 
 Balthasar, Joseph Anthony, [12] 
 i Baluze, Stephen, [13] 
 ' B-VMBEUO, Royal Town Library of — 
 
 Origin and History of the, Tabh 
 
 facing page 226 
 acquires the C)llection« of Binhop 
 John Godfrey von Af<chbBUM»n, 
 
 [0]) 
 and those of Chorlen, Duko of 
 
 Zvveibruek. [11] 
 and of Biithop V. L. too Krtlwt. 
 [59] 
 Bamberg, Chnpti-r Librery «t. [2ft] 
 Hamburgh Ca«tle (XortliurolierUnil). PuH- 
 
 lie Lihrnr>- ot. [188] 
 Bancroft. Kiehard. Arrhbislu.p of Canter, 
 bnry. [13] 
 
[228] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Bandini, Sallust, bequeaths a Collection 
 wliich afterwards becomes the basis of 
 the Town Library of Siena, 251 ; [13] 
 
 Banks, Sir Joseph, [13] 
 
 Barberini Library at Rome, [14] ; [17] ; 
 [208] 
 
 Barberini, Francis, [14] 
 
 Barbie du Bocage, John Denis, [14] 
 
 Barchusen, J. C, [14] 
 
 Barlow, Thomas, [14] 
 
 Barnard, Henry (Commissioner of Educa- 
 tion of the State of Rhode Island, opi- 
 nions of, on tlie Townsliip Library 
 system of Wisconsin, 335 ; and on that 
 of Canada, 355 
 
 Baroche, M. (Senator of France), on the 
 formation of Limitary Catalogues for 
 Popular Libraries, 215 
 
 Baronius, Csesar, [14] 
 
 Barozzi, Francis, [14] 
 
 Basei, Town Library of — 
 
 Gift of Jobn Amerbach to tbe, [7] 
 acquires the Library of John Bux- 
 
 torf, [30] 
 and part of the Literary Collections 
 of Erasmus and of John Lascki, 
 [58] ; [104] 
 
 Bast, John Frederick, [15] 
 
 Bastia, Town Library of, 207 
 
 Bates, Joshua (of Loudon), gives £10,000, 
 in 1852, towards the establishment of a 
 Free Town Library for Boston (Massa- 
 chusetts), 282 ; and doubles the gift, in 
 1856, 285. 
 
 Bates, William, [15] 
 
 Batt, G. A., [15] 
 
 Baume Le Blarfc, Lewis Charles de la, 
 Duke of La Valliere, [101] 
 
 Baume-les-Dames, Town Library of, 209 
 
 Baudelot de Dairval, C. C, [16] 
 
 Bauza, Philip, [16] 
 
 Baylis, William, [16] 
 
 Beauvais, Le Caron Library at, [209] 
 
 Beck, Christian Daniel, [16] 
 
 Bccklngton, Thomas, Bishop of Bath and 
 AVells, [16] 
 
 Bedell, William, Bishop of Kilmore, [16] 
 Beigel, George W. S., [17] 
 Belgium, Free Town Libraries of, 265 
 examples of their extent and annuii. 
 growth, 266; and of their use as Frc 
 Lending C(jllections, 207 ; regulations Gs 
 their Public Reading Rooms, 268 
 Bell, John, [17] j 
 
 Bell, Beaupre, [17] { 
 
 Bellarmiuo, Robert, Cardiual, [17] j 
 
 Bellori, John Peter, [17] 
 Bembo, Peter, Cardinal, [17] 
 Bembridge, John, [18] | 
 
 Benedict XI I, Pope, [18] 
 Benedict XIV, Pope, [18] | 
 
 Benincasa, Lewis, [18] 
 Bentivoglio, Cornelius, Cardinal, [18] 
 Bentley, Richard, [18] j 
 
 Benzi, Francis, founds the Town Librarj 
 of Como, 256 ! 
 
 BERaAMO, Town Library of— ' 
 
 Statistics of the, 2 18 I 
 
 foundation and chief accessions, 25(! 
 Berio, Charles L. J. Vespasian, forms ;' 
 Library which becomes, eventually 
 the foundation Collection of the Towi 
 Library of Genoa, 253 ; [19] j 
 
 Berkeley, George, Bishop of Cloyne, [19] '| 
 Berlin, Royal Library of, [16] ; [41] '< 
 [53] ; [80] ; [94] ; [123] ; [151] ' 
 [183]; [193] 
 Berlin. Popular Libraries of, 238 
 Bernard, Edward, [19] 
 Beene, Town Library of— i 
 
 Foundation of the, 2 lO ; 
 
 acquires the Bongars MSS., 240/! 
 [24] • 
 
 gift of Thomas Hollis to the, [89] 
 Beethoud, Town Library of, 241 
 Bertolo, John Mary, [19] 
 Besan^ON, Town Library of— 
 Extent of the, 204 
 its average number of readers, 210 
 Granvelle MSS. at the, [149] 
 •ion, John, [20] 
 Frederick William, [20] 
 
GKNKKAL IXDKX. 
 
 [-".)] 
 
 B,-8StT, John von, [20] 
 Betham, S^ir Williiini, [21] 
 Bethune, Maxiniiliun do, Duke of Sully, 
 I [198J 
 
 I Bethune, Count Pliilij) dc, [21] 
 ( Bettinelli, Xavier. [21 ] 
 ' Beveridge, William, Hisliop of St. Asapli, 
 ■ [21] 
 
 j Beyerlinrk, Lawrence, [21] 
 I BUnchini, Francis, [21] 
 ; Biener, — , [21] 
 : BiBKNE, Town Library of, 2 11 
 Bigelow, John, oricjinates a Public Sub- I 
 ■cription for the Hoston City Library, iu 
 Mtssachusetts, 281 
 
 Bigot, Emery, [22] j 
 
 Biparfond, Stephen Gabrieau de, [6] 
 Birch, Thomas, [22] 
 I BlBKlNHEAD, Town Library of— 
 
 Foundation and Statistiesof the, 12-4 
 its expenditure, 126 
 j Baia>-GHAM, Town Libraries of— 
 I Rejection of the first proposal to 
 
 introduce the Libraries Act into 
 Birniingliam, iu 1852, 139 
 adoption of the Act in 1860. ib. 
 formation of Branch Libraries, 
 
 140 
 extent and classification of the Con- j 
 8>dting and Lending Libraries, 
 and of their issues, 141 ; 155 
 foundation of a Shakespeare Collec- 
 tion, 153 
 the new buildinjr, and its cost, 154 
 extracts from the Reports of Mr. 
 J. D. MuHins on the cliaracter of 
 tlie reading in the, 1 15 
 comparisonof theworkingof theBir- 
 niingiiam Free Libraries with those 
 of Miinchester and Liverpool, 148 
 Xi -.vg l{,«„ns of the, 1 lli 
 expenditure of llie, 156 
 further Statistics of the, Tali/e 
 facing page 192 
 I Birminghani, the ohl Proprietary Library 
 I of, its foundation and history, 150 
 
 Biscioni, .Vntliony Mary, [_--] 
 BlaCKBIKN, Town Library of. I'aHe 
 
 f'lchiij page 192 
 Blair, William, [22] 
 Blakeway, John Brickdalo, [22] 
 Blayney, Bonjamin, [22] 
 Blcecker, Ilannan [22] 
 Blenlieim Palaco, Library at, [2Sj ; [42] ; 
 
 [191] 
 Blois, Town Lil)rary of, 207 
 Bocage, John Denis Barbie du, [1 1] 
 Boccaccio, John, [23] 
 Bocchi, — (of Adria), [23] 
 Bochart, Samuel, [23] 
 Bodley's Library at Oxford, [3] ; [9] ; 
 
 [10]; [12]; [14]; [15]; [17]; [19]; 
 
 [22]; [33]; [35]; [41]; [54]; [55]; 
 
 [56] ; [62] ; [64] ; [67] ; [70] ; [76] ; 
 
 [85] ; [89] ; [93] ; [97] ; [99] ; [105] ; 
 
 [106]; [115]; [117]; [124]; [126]; 
 
 [128]; [132]; [139]; [140]; [141]; 
 
 [147]; [158]; [167]; [173]; [178]; 
 
 [179]; [181]; [192]; [193]; [199]; 
 
 [200] ; [204] ; [206] ; [2vW] ; [213] ; 
 
 [214]; [218]; [219]; [220]; [223] 
 Bodmer, John Jacob, augments the Town 
 
 Library of Zurich, 243 
 Boeckel, — , [23] 
 Boehl von Fal)er, J. N , betiueaths a 
 
 Spanish Libniry to the City of Ham- 
 burgh, 230 
 Boerner, Caspar, [23] 
 Boineburg, Philip William von, [23] 
 Boisgelin, Lewis de, [2 J] 
 BOLOO.NA, Town Lilirary of — 
 
 Foundation and .'^laliiitii'i of the, 
 
 2 IS 
 yearly aggre(;ate of it* reniliTu, lA. 
 Bologna, Library of the fonncr Spaniili 
 
 College at. [5] 
 Bologna, Library of the rnivpnity «if, 
 
 [5]; [l«j; [09]: [117]; [125]; [134.]; 
 
 [142]; [181]: [223] 
 BoLioN (Lanj-««hire). Town Library of— 
 Foundation and eaxU ••xjKrioMce of 
 the, 156 
 
[230] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Bolton (Laucashii-e), Towu Library of 
 (continued) — 
 
 union of Subscription Library with 
 
 Free Library, 58 ; 166 
 statistics of the Consulting and 
 Lending Departments, during 
 first five years, 160 
 recent decline in the issues of books 
 
 to borrowers, and its cause, 166 
 statistics of the last five years, 
 
 166—168 
 expenditure, 170 
 Bond, Francis T. (Curator of Hartley 
 Institute at Southampton), on the need 
 for the introduction of the Libraries Act 
 into Southampton, 192 
 Bongars, James, [2i] 
 Bonn, Library of the University of, [83] ; 
 
 [183] 
 Bonnet, Charles, 363 
 Bonnivard, Francis, [24] 
 Books for Town Libraries, remarks on the 
 selection and cost of, 37; 45; Table 
 facing jpage 193 ; classification and ar- 
 rangement of, 48 ; Table facing page 
 193; rules laid down for the choice of 
 books for Free Township and School- 
 District Libraries in Canada, 350; 
 and in New Brunswick, 351; and in 
 some of the United States of America, 
 328; 331 
 Books printed at public cost, and then- dis- 
 tribution, 66, 191 
 BoEDEAUX, Town Library of— 
 
 Foundation and Statistics of the, 204 
 average number of readers, 210 
 BOBMIO, Town Library of— 
 
 acquires the Collection of P. A. 
 Sertorio, [188] 
 Borromeo, St. Charles, Archbishop of Milan, 
 
 [24] 
 Borromeo, Frederick, Archbishop of Milan, 
 
 [25] 
 Boston (Massachusetts) Town Library of— 
 Early steps towardstheformation of a 
 Free City Library for Boston, 280 
 
 Boston (Massachusetts), Town Library o \ 
 {continued) — - 
 
 report of the Council Committee oi 
 1847, 281 j 
 
 gift of Edward Everett, ib. 
 commencement of a public subscrip- 
 tion in aid of, 281 I 
 report of first Board of Trustees.. 
 282 1 
 the first gift of Mr. Joshua Bates,: 
 and his letter to the mayor, 283 ! 
 projected union of the Library oi> 
 the Boston Athenaeum with the, 
 284 
 erection and cost of a new building i 
 for the City Library, 285 , 
 second gift of Mr. Bates, ib. ; [15] ■ 
 acquisition of the Bowditch Library, 
 
 286; 363 
 bequest of Theodore Parker, il. ; 
 
 369 
 transfer of the Prince Library from i 
 the old South Church, 370 j 
 
 gift to the, of a Collection of books 1 
 
 on South America, 288 
 public opening of the City Library, 
 
 285 
 its extent and classification, 289 
 classification and general character . 
 
 of its issues, 297 
 defects in the early regulations of the 
 issues to borrowers, and their 
 amendment, 291 ; 299 , 
 
 excellent rule as to books in the list i 
 of ' Desiderata,' 295 ' 
 
 the fortnightly Bulletin, 296 
 character and services of C. C 
 
 Jewett, the first Librarian, 300 
 example and specimen page of the 
 Index-Catalogue prepared by him, 
 Table facing page 193 
 Boston (Massachusetts) Apprentices' Free 
 
 Library at, 338 
 Boston (Massachusetts), Library of the 
 
 Athenaeum at, 284; [215] 
 Boucher, Jonathan, 363 
 
 f 
 
f 
 
 gem: HAL IXDKX. 
 
 [.J.il 
 
 1! uicliet do Bounion villi', Henry Dn, be- 
 queaths his Library to the Moulis of St. 
 \'iotor, for the free use of the Public of 
 Paris. 107; [55] 
 1 ! uliier, President de, [2G] 
 r. 'TLOGXE, Town Library of, 210 
 n .iirbon, Charles de, Duke of Hourbon, 
 
 [26] 
 BorsBorKG, Town Library of, 209 
 I BOCBGES, Town Library of, 207; 208 
 15 >iirguiarnon d'Auville, John Baptist, [26] 
 II iirnonville, Henry Du Bouchet de, 197; 
 .-,5] 
 
 itourliu, Demetrius Petrowioz, [26] 
 , ; utourlin Library at Florence, 313 
 1". iwditch, Nathaniel, bequeaths a Mathe- 
 matical Library for public use in Boston 
 (Massachusetts), 280 
 1! .yd, James, Bishop of Glasgow, [20] 
 . Boyd, Zachary, [27] 
 I Boyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, [27] 
 j Boylston, W. N., [27] 
 Bracciolini, Poggio, [27] 
 Brahe. Tycho, [27] 
 Braaca, John Baptist, [27] 
 Brancaccia, F. M., Cardinal, [27] 
 Brandes, G. F., [27] 
 Bray, Tlioraas, and the ' Parochial Libraries 
 
 Act' of 1709, 4 
 Bksmex, Town Library of— 
 
 Foundation, Uules, and Statistics of 
 
 the, Table facing page 220 
 acquires the Library of George Bux- 
 
 torf, [30] 
 and also part of the Literary Callec- 
 tions of Melchior Goldast, [75] 
 r.-cra Library at Milan, [56]; [82]; 
 
 lIdO] 
 Bebscia, Town Library of— 
 
 acquires the Library of Cardinal 
 Querini, [1G5] 
 Bbbslau, Town Liljrary of — 
 
 Foundation Collections of the, 232 ; 
 
 [169]; [171]; [181]; [ISO] 
 union of the Rhediger, Bernardin, 
 and other Libraries, in 1864, 201 
 
 Bkkslai , Town Librnry of (co»i/in«r,/) - 
 statistics of their extent nnd jiublic 
 use, Tahh facing j'liflr 220 
 
 Breslau, Library of the Jewish Seminary at, 
 [180] 
 
 Bridjiewatcr Mouse Library, [58 ; [103] 
 
 Hrioiuie, Henrv Augustus LoKuuie df. 
 [HI] 
 
 Bristol, Town Lil.rary of— 
 
 Gift of John Ueyliu to the, 
 
 [87] 
 and that of Archbisho]! Matlli.-w, 
 [119] 
 
 Bristol, Library of the Baptist Academy at, 
 [72] 
 
 Brooke, Robert, and his gift of books to the 
 Parish of Whitchurch, Hants, 11 
 
 Brotherton, Joseph, founds the Free 
 Borough Library and Museum of Sal- 
 ford, 105 ; notice of his public and i)ar- 
 liamcntary career, 105; 107 
 
 Brougham, Henry, Lord Broucliam, speech 
 of, at the re-opening of the Town Library 
 of Liverpool, 118 
 
 Brown, Sir William (of Liveri>ool), Bart., 
 mercantile and public career of, 1 10 ; hit 
 local services to Liverpool, 111; liit par- 
 liamentary labour-, 112; build- a Town 
 Library for Liverpool, 113 ; his r.niark* 
 on the choice of books, 117 
 
 Brown University at Providence, Uliodu 
 I.-lind, Library of the, 301 ; [171] 
 
 Browne, Simon, [2.sj 
 
 Bruce, James, 363 
 
 Bruce, James, K.irl of Kl/iu nnd Kinrar- 
 dine, promotes tlie eHtal.liBhnient of Free 
 Township Libraries in Canada, 351 ; his 
 testimony to their value, when re.iKMiiiii; 
 the government of Cnnailn, S.'O 
 
 Bruchl, Count Henry von. '2M] 
 
 BncoES, Town Library of. 2«w; ; 207 
 
 Bruni, Anthony, founds in IWil. nl Pmto 
 (near Florence), the (Iml of llio PopuUr 
 Lending Libnirien of ll«l\. »W ; rapid 
 iipread of hi« e»umpIo, 2«*».'. 
 
 Brunqucll. Pliilip. [»*] 
 
[232] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Brunswick, fouudation, in 1495, of a Public 
 Library in St. Andrew's Churcb at, [82] 
 
 Brunswick, Anthony Ulrich, Duke of, [8] 
 
 Brunswick, Library of the Carolinian Col- 
 lege at, [8] 
 
 Bryant, Jacob, [28] 
 
 Bude, William, [28] 
 
 Buder, Christian Theophllus, [28] 
 
 Buelow, John Henry von, [29] 
 
 Buettner, Christian William, [29] 
 
 Buenau, Count Henry von, [29] 
 
 Bugenhagen, John, organizes a Town 
 Library for Hamburgh, 227 
 
 Buildings for Town Libraries, structural 
 and other requirements of, 35 ; arrange- 
 ments for warmth and ventilation, 42 ; 
 examples of, 44 ; 118 j 154; 285; 315 
 
 Buonarotti, Michael Angelo, [29] 
 
 Burgh, William, [29] 
 
 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, [38] 
 
 Burlington (Vermont), Library of the Ver- 
 mont College at, 116 
 
 Burney, Charles, [29] 
 
 Burrell, Sir William, [30] 
 
 Busbech, Auger Ghislen von, [30] 
 
 Busche, Hermann von der, [30] 
 
 Buxtorf, George, [30] 
 
 Buxtorf, John, [30] 
 
 Byrom, John, [30] 
 
 Byron, George Gordon, Lord Byron, [31] 
 
 C. 
 
 Caen, Town Library of — 
 
 acquires part of the Library of 
 Francis Martin, Abbot of the 
 Cordeliers, [118] 
 
 and the Library of Bochart, [23] 
 
 statistics of the, 210 
 Cffisar, Sir Julius, [31] 
 Cahoes, Town Library of, 210 
 Calcagnini, Ca^lius, [31] 
 Calmet, Augustine, [32] 
 Caluso, Thomas Valperga di, [209] 
 Calverley Family, [32] 
 Calvin, John, [32] 
 
 Calvoli Ciaelli, [32] 
 
 Camboust, Henry Charles de, Duke o: 
 Coislin, [44] 
 
 Cambray, MSS. formerly in a Monastic 
 Library at, [11] 
 
 Cambridge, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation and working of the, 
 
 172 
 statistics of, Table facing 'page 192. 
 bequest to, [169] j 
 
 Cambridge, Public Library of the Univer-! 
 sityof, [11]; [12]; [36]; [81]; [88];; 
 [129] ; [131] ; [143] ; [185] ; [201] ; 
 [205]. Botanic Library, [118]. Fitz- 
 william Library, [63]. 1 
 
 Cambridge, Collegiate Libraries of, [17] ;' 
 [28]; [34]; [37]; [49]; [68]; [80];! 
 [83] ; [96] ; [114] ; [136] ; [143] ; ■ 
 [144]; [147]; [163]; [164]; [179] ; 1 
 [188] ; [190] ; [221]. j 
 
 Cambridge (Massachusetts), Library of| 
 Harvard College at, [27]; [142]; [196];; 
 [213]; [214]; [217] 
 
 Cambridge, Adolphus, Duke of, gives to 
 the Town Library of Hanover the dupli- 
 cate books of the Royal Cellection, 
 Table facing page 226. 
 
 Camden, William, [33] ; 
 
 Campe, George, [33] i 
 
 Campion de Tersan, Charles Philip, [202] ■ 
 
 Canada, Free Township and School-District 
 Library system of, 344 ; its origin, 345 ; 
 the reports and labours of Dr. George 
 Ryerson, 348 ; 352 ; Canadian Libraries 
 Act of 1850, audits results, 347; history 
 and statistics of the Canadian Free Libra- 
 ries, 352 ; introduction of the system into 
 New Brunswick, 351 ; Lord Elgin's 
 testimony to its value, 356; compa- 
 rison of it with the Township Library 
 system of some of the American States, 
 355 ; causes of the opposition to it of 
 some Canadian booksellers, ib. 
 \ Canale's report on the Town Library of 
 
 Genoa, 248, note 
 j Cange, M. Iinbert de, [94] 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 [233] 
 
 Caiineti, Peter, founds the Town Library 
 
 of Ravenna, 251 ; [33] 
 Cannivari, David, [33] 
 Oanonici Collect ion, [33] 
 Canterbury, Library of the Cathedral 
 (luireh of. [192] 
 ■oil, Edw;.rd, [31] 
 \.uji|)oni, Alexander Gregory. [34] 
 Caprariis, Peter Mitte von, [12S] 
 Ciiraffa, Anthony, [3 1] 
 '.(Ian, Jerome, [31] 
 viiDiFF, Town Library of — 
 
 Statistics of the, Tulle facing page 
 192 
 rdona, John Baptist, Arclibishop of 
 \ ulencia, [31] 
 LArew, George, Earl of Totnes, [35] 
 Carleton, Dudley, Lord Dorchester, [35] 
 Carlsburg, Public Library of, [15] 
 ' rpenter, John, gift of books to the Town 
 Library in the Guildhall of London 
 y, 4 
 
 iiPEXTRAS, Town Library of — 
 Statistics of the, 207 
 acquires the Mazaupues Library, by 
 the gift of Bishop d'lnguimbert, 
 [120] 
 contains part of the ilSS. of Peiresc, 
 [M6] 
 rrari, Vincent, MSS. of, in the Town 
 Library of Ravenna, 25 1 
 Carte, Thomas, [35] 
 Casanata, Jerome, Cardinal, [36] 
 Caaanbon, Isaac, [36] 
 Caasano-Serra, Duke of, [36] 
 Aj-sEL, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics of the, 
 Tithle facing page 226 
 >-tell, Edmund, [36] 
 I'tigliono, Bnlthasar, [37] 
 ' italoguesof Town Libraries, 51 ; 95 ; ex- 
 ample* of. Table facing page 193 
 tberine de Medicis, Queen Consort of 
 France, [37] 
 herinc Parr, Queen Consort of England, 
 
 tlio 
 
 207; 
 
 Caulet, John de, [38 , 
 
 Cavendish Family, [JtH] 
 
 Cecil, William, Lord Burghley, [3H] 
 
 Cecil, Robert, Earl of S.di.nbury, [10] 
 
 Cecil, Brownlow, Earl of Exeter, [ilj 
 
 Celtes, Conrad, [II] 
 
 Cenaculo, Manuel do. Archbishop of Evora, 
 [41] 
 
 Ce3BNA, Town Libraries of — 
 
 Foundation of the ancient Mala- 
 
 testa Collection, 258; [114] 
 its augmentation by Masini, 259 
 its choice MSS., ib. 
 foundation and statistics of 
 Communal Library, 218, 258 
 
 Chalmers, George, 364 
 
 Chambers, Sir Robert, [41] 
 
 Charles, Duke of Zweibruck, [11] 
 
 CiiARLEViLLE, Towu Library of, 
 208 
 
 Charlier de Gcrson, John, [U] 
 
 CilAROLLES, Town Library of, [209] 
 
 Charterhouse Library in Lomlon, [: 
 
 Chahtues, Town Library of— 
 
 Schomberg MS.S. in the, [182] 
 
 CHATEAr-GoSTiEK, Town Library of, 209 
 
 Chatillon de Zurlaubcn, I{e;itus F. A. J. D. 
 Latour de, [101] 
 
 Chatillon- scu-Seine, Town Library of, 
 210 
 
 Chatsworth (Derbyshire). Library at, [38] 
 
 Chelli, Joseph, founds the Town Library of 
 Grosseto, 361 
 
 Cherry, Francis, [11] 
 
 Chester, Cathedral and Town Libniry <>f, i« 
 founded by Dean ArdernoV br.|iu»t. [H] 
 
 Chetham, Humphrey, found* n Town Li- 
 brary at ManilieKter by a betjuwt to 
 feoffees, i;>9; circuniHtanceii which have 
 checked the growth of hi* Library. 361 
 
 Chiabrera, (Jabriel. [42] 
 
 Christiania. bcqueitt of Ciiarle* Uiichi 
 to the Town of. [52] 
 
 CiiriHtiania, I'niver.ity Library of, [15] 
 
 Christina, Queen of SwwU-n. [ 12] 
 
 Chorltv. John Ituttcr, i 42; 
 
 !1] 
 
[234] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Churcliill, Jolin, Duke of Marlborougli, 
 
 [42] ^ 
 Ciaccheri, Joseph, augments the Town 
 
 Library of Sieua, 251 
 Cicoguara, Count Leopold, [42] 
 Ciguani, Count Charles, augments the 
 
 Town Library of Forli, 251 
 Cincinnati, Ohio School- District Library at, 
 
 333 
 Clarke, George, [43] 
 Classen, John, [43] 
 Classification of books in Town Libraries, 
 
 48; examples of, Table facinrj "page 
 
 193 
 ClATJDE (in the Jura), Town Library of, 
 
 209 
 Claymond, John, [43] 
 Clement XI, Pope, [43] 
 Clement, — , [43] 
 Cleemont, Town Library of— 
 Statistics of the, 210 
 acquires part of the Library of Mas- 
 siUon, [119] 
 Clinton, George, [43] 
 Cobham, Thomas, Bishop of Worcester, 
 
 [44] 
 CoBLENTZ, Town Library of— 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics of the, 
 Tahle facing 'page 226 
 Coburgh, Scheres-Zieritz Library at, [183] 
 Codrington, Christopher, [41] 
 Cogswell, Joseph G., first Librarian of the 
 
 Astor Free Library at New York, 316; 
 
 gives a Bibliographical Collection to that 
 
 Library, 317; testimony of the trustees 
 
 to his public services on his retirement, 
 
 324 
 Coictier, James, 3G4 
 Coislin, Henry Charles de Camhoust, Duke 
 
 of, [44] 
 Coke, Sir Edward, [44] ; [45] 
 Coke, Thomas, Earl of Leicester, [45] 
 Colbert, John Baptist, [45] 
 Colchester, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by a bequest of Arch- 
 bishop Harsnet, [84] 
 
 Colchester, Town Library o^ {continued) — 
 foundation of another Public Li- 
 
 brary at Colchester, [98] 
 and its subsequent destruction, ib. 
 Cole, Robert, [45] 
 Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, [45] 
 Colfe, Abraham (of Lewisham), [45] 
 Cologne, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics of the, 
 
 Table facing page 226 
 Gift of Professor Wallraf to the, 
 _ [213] 
 Columbia College, New York, Librarj- of) 
 the, [134] j 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, [45] 
 Columbus, Ferdinand, [45] j 
 
 Columbus, State Library of Ohio at, 27! 
 Commissioners of Patents, results of the I 
 liberal distribution of their piiblic docu- 
 ments by the, 101 ; 133 ; history and 
 working of the Free Public Library 
 established by them at the Great Seal 
 Patent Office, in London, 177 
 COMO, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation and history of the, 
 
 256 
 statistics of the, 248 
 Compton, Henry, Bishop of London, [46] 
 Compton Verney (Warwickshire), Library 
 
 at, [189] 
 Concord, State Library of New Hampshire 
 
 at, 273 
 Contarini, James, [46] 
 Contarini, Nicholas, [46] 
 Cooper, Charles Purton, [46] 
 Copenhagen, Public Libraries at, \_Q^^; 
 [88] ; [128] ; [167] ; [168] ; [176] ; 
 [182] ; [198] ; [204] ; [208] 
 Coquebert de Montbret, Eugene, [46] 
 Correr Museum at Venice, Library of the, 
 
 [47]; [223] 
 Cosin, John, Bishop of Durham, [46] 
 Costa, Solomon I'a, [47] 
 Coste, M., [47] 
 
 Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce, [47] 
 Cuurcclles, John Biiptist Julien de, [47] 
 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 [23.V 
 
 Court lie Gebelin, Anthony, [17 j 
 i Courtcn, Williiun, [18] 
 
 Cousin, President, [48] 
 
 . • usiu, Victor, [48] 
 
 . u per, William, [48] 
 xe, John, [IS] 
 AC, William, [48] 
 
 I ::icherodc, Clayton ilordaunt, [IS] 
 
 Cricow, University Library at, [9') 
 
 I'iMinuer, Thoniuj, Archbibhop of Canter- 
 bury, [49] 
 
 ' ranstoun, Andrew, [49] 
 
 e'loniwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex, [49] 
 
 CuEMA, Town Library of— 
 
 acquires the Library of John Solera, 
 [192] 
 
 Crcstadoro, A. (of Manchester), notice of a 
 Catalogue of the Free Town Library of 
 Manchester prepared by, 95 ; exertions 
 of, for the improvement of that Library, 
 96; specimen of an Index-Catalogue of 
 the Hulme Branch Library prepared by 
 him. Table facing pa/je 193 
 
 Cruix du Maine, Francis Crude de L:i, 
 
 CroustaJt, in Transylvania, Library of the 
 
 (iymnasium of, [176] 
 -une, William, [49] 
 
 1 Iworth, Ralph, [19] 
 
 ;reton, William, [50] 
 ' irio, Auf^stine, [oU] 
 ' iirio, Ca-'Hus Secundun, [5(lJ 
 Cusa, Public Library of the Hospital at, [50] 
 I Ciua, Nicholas de. Cardinal, [50] 
 Cuapiuian, John, [50] 
 < '/.artoriski. Prince Adam, [50] 
 
 D. 
 
 Daille, Adrian, [51] 
 
 DaiUe, John, [51] 
 
 Dalberg, John von, Bishoj) of Worms, [51] 
 
 Dairval, Charles Ciesar liaudelot de, [16] 
 
 Dalberg, Charles von. Archbishop of Ratis- 
 
 bon, [51] 
 I>ilrymple, Alexander, [51] 
 l»anicl, Peter, [51] 
 
 Dantzic, Town Library of - 
 
 Origin, Rules, ami Stiitiiitic^ of lli.-. 
 
 Table facing page 'I'M 
 acquires the Znj.p Collection, [223] 
 
 Dant^ic, ancient Library of the Church 
 of St. Mary at, [191] 
 
 Danteus, South (in Massachusetts), Town 
 Library of — 
 
 is founded by George IVabody, :jt>7 
 its growth, ib. 
 
 D'Argenson, Mark Anthony Rene Vovcr, 
 Marquess of Paulmy, [51] 
 
 Daj-mstadt, Ducal Library of, [12] ; [91] 
 
 D'Aubignc, Frances, Marchioness of Main- 
 tenon, [114] 
 
 Davy, D. E., [51] 
 
 Dee* John, [52] 
 
 Deichmann, Charles, [52] 
 
 IXlins, Christian Henry, [52] 
 
 Demidotr, Count Paul, [52] 
 
 Derby, causes of the failure of the pro- 
 posal to introduce the Libraries Act 
 into, 32 
 
 Derby Museum at Liverpool, 116 
 
 Derry, Cler^'y Library at, [100] 
 
 Des Cordis, John, [52] 
 
 Dcvereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, [52] 
 
 D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, [53 | 
 
 Dezialynski, Count, [53 
 
 Dickens, Charles, 72 
 
 Diez, Henry Frederick von, .'.3 
 
 Diez von Liesberg, Count Christian Ema- 
 nuel, [53] 
 
 Dijon, Town Library of— 
 
 receives, in 1H(»3. jmrt of liic ImkA* 
 of the Town Library of Tn»y««, 
 199 
 statistics of tlie, 210 
 
 Dilherr, J. M.. [53] 
 
 Dilleniut, John Jnme«, [54] 
 
 Dionisi, Paul, [54] 
 
 Disteluicyer, Lantlwrt, [84] 
 
 Dix, John E.. j.ropo^ei., in IS-'iS. « »y»tcm 
 of ratenupportcd S. lioolDUlrict, or 
 Township, Libmrics. f.r the Slate of 
 New York, 327 
 
[236J 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Dobrowski, John, [5-i] 
 
 Dodsvvorth, Roger, [54] 
 
 Dolgorouki, Prince, [5-i] 
 
 Dorpat, University Library at, [100] 
 
 Douce, Francis, [55] 
 
 Douglas, Lord George, [55] 
 
 Draper, J. (of Wisconsin), on the work- 
 ing of the School- District and Township 
 Library enactments of the State of Wis- 
 consin, 335 
 
 Dresden, Public Libraries at, [4] ; [17] ; 
 [20] ; [28] ; [29] ; [57] ; [64] ; [87] ; 
 [205]; [212] 
 
 Dreyer, Henry, [55] 
 
 Drummond, William, [55] 
 
 Dublin, Public Libraries at, [18]; [21] 
 [73]; [83]; [100]; [116]; [142] 
 [152]; [165]; [172]; [195]; [196] 
 [208] 
 
 Du Bocage, John Denis Barbie, [14] 
 
 Da Bouchet de Bournonville, Henry, be- 
 queaths his Library to the Public of 
 Paris, 197 ; [55] 
 
 Ducarel, Andrew Coltee, [56] 
 
 Du Chesne, Andrew, [56] 
 
 Du Fresne Du Cange, Charles, [56] 
 
 Du Fresne, Raphael Trichet, [206] 
 
 Dugdale, Sir William, [56] 
 
 Du Jon, Francis, [9] 
 
 Dulwich College, Library of, [6] 
 
 Dunblane, Public Library at, [106] 
 
 Du Plessis, Armaud John, Duke of Riche- 
 lieu, and Cardhial, [171] 
 
 Duport, James, [56] 
 
 Dupuy, Peter, [56] 
 
 Dupuy, John, [56] 
 
 Durazzo, Marquess, bequeaths a Collec- 
 tion of Drawings to the Town Library 
 of Genoa, 254 
 
 Durini, Cardinal, [56] 
 
 Dutens, Lewis, [57] 
 
 Ebeling, Christopher Daniel, [57] 
 Ebert, Frederick A., [57] 
 • Erasmus, [57] 
 
 Edwards, Arthur, [57] 
 Edwards, Jonathan, [57] 
 Edinburgh, Public Libraries at, [7] ; [12] ; 
 [55]; [110]; [114]; [177]; [185]; 
 [203] ; [220] 
 Egerton, Francis Henry, Earl of Bridge- 
 water, [58] 
 Egerton, John, Viscount Brackley, [58] 
 I Elbing, Town Library of — 
 I Origin, Rules, and Statistics of the, 
 
 j Table facing page 226 
 
 I acquires the Library of George 
 
 Mund, [133] 
 I Elci, Count A. M. d', [58] 
 Emden, Town Library of, [33] 
 Engelstoft, — , [58] 
 Epinal, Town Library of, [32] 
 Erasmus, Desiderius, [58] 
 Eefxjrt, Royal Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation, Rules, and Statistics of 
 
 the. Table facing page 226 
 Von Boineburg Collection now in 
 the, [23] 
 , Erfurt, Synodal Library at, [101] 
 I Erlangen, University Library at, [211] 
 Ernesti, John Augustus, [59] 
 Erskine, M. (of St. Petersburgh), [59] 
 Erskine, William, [59] 
 Erthal, Francis Lewis von. Bishop of Bam- 
 berg, [59] 
 I Escorial, Library of the, [4] ; [7] ; [9] ; 
 [93]; [103]; [104]; [145]; [148]} 
 [160]; [170]; [224] 
 Ess, Leander van, 209 
 EssLiNGEN, Town Library of — 
 i Origin, Rules, and Statistics of the, 
 
 j " Table facing page 227 
 
 Este, Caspar Ventura d', [210] 
 ; Eugene of Savoy, Prince, [59] 
 Evelyn, John, [60] 
 
 Everett, Edward, gives a valuable Collec- 
 tion of Public Documents to the City 
 Library of Boston, 281 
 ! EVORA, Town Library of, bequest of Arch- 
 j bishop Michael do Cenaculo to the, [41] 
 I EVKEUX, Town Library of, 210 
 
GKNKKAL INDKX. 
 
 [287] 
 
 Ewart, \ViIli:im. labours of, for tlu' pr.i- 
 motion of Five Town Lil)r:nics, 13, seqi]. 
 
 Ewart's Act of I80O, and the subsequent 
 Acts for its aiueniiuient and extension, 
 13; 18; 19; 21 ; 25 ; 190 
 
 Fabre, Francis Xiivier, [G] ; [60] ; [196] ; 
 
 [197] 
 Cabricius, George, [60] 
 r;il)ri de Peiresc, Nicholas Claude, 208 ; 
 
 [IW] 
 Fabroni, Angdo, [60] 
 Fabroiii, Cardinal C. A., [60] 
 Fnccio de Duilier, Nicholas, [61] 
 1 aiiel, Henry, [61] 
 Fairholt, William O., [61] 
 Falconet, Caniille, [fil] 
 Farnese, Cardinal Alexander, [61] 
 Faure, Anthony, [CI] 
 
 Fauris de St. Vincens bequeaths his Li- 
 brary to the Town of Aix, [61] 
 Ferey, M., ]G2] 
 Fekkara, Town Library of — 
 
 MSS. and choice editions of Ariosto 
 
 in the, [9] 
 bequest of C.irdinal Bentivoglio to 
 
 the, [18] 
 Tasso MSS. in the, [200] 
 Ffvre d'Ormesson de Noyseau, Anne 
 
 Lewis Francis-de-Paule Le, [106] 
 i • vret, Charles, ]G2] 
 i evret de Fontelte, Charles Mary, [62] 
 I Ficino, Marsilius, [62] 
 Filelfo, Francis, [62] 
 Finn Magnusson, [62] 
 lirraian, Count, [62] 
 Fitzalan, Henry, Earl of Arundel, [63] 
 Fitzwilliain, William Weiitworth, Earl of 
 I Fitzwilliain, [63] 
 
 I I Flacciua, Matthew, [63] 
 I Flamsteed, John, [63] 
 
 Ilers (in the Department of the Orme), 
 
 Library at, [179] 
 Fleury, William Franci« Joly de, [96] 
 Florence, Libraries at, [6]; [22]; [23]; 
 
 ^27j; ,29]; [32]; [58;; [G2] ; [G8' t 
 [102]; [1121; [113J; [116]; [lls]. 
 [123]; [138]; [196]; [205]; [210 
 
 Fontanieu, (i. M., [63] 
 
 Fontanini, Justus, Archbishop of Ancym, 
 [63] 
 
 Fontette, Charles Mary Fevrct de, [62] 
 
 Forell, Philip von, [G i] 
 
 FouLi, Town Library of— 
 
 is founded ujion a bequest made by 
 
 Anthony Albicini, 251 
 accessions to the, ib. 
 statistics of its extent and public 
 use, 218 
 
 Forman, Stephen, [6t] 
 
 Forster, John Reinhold, [6tJ 
 
 Fort, John Giles Le, [105] 
 
 Fort, John Henry Le, [105] 
 
 Forteguevri Library at Pistoia, [103] 
 
 Fortia d'Urban, Marquess, [Glj 
 
 Foscolo, Hugh, 3()5 
 
 Fothergill, Marmaduke, [6i] 
 
 Foucault, Nicholas, [6J] 
 
 Fuuquet, Nicholas, [61] 
 
 Fournier, James, [18] 
 
 Foxe, John, [65] 
 
 France, Town, Communal, and Popular 
 Libraries of, 195; 210; ofticiul returns 
 relating to them, published between 
 1857 and 1859, 200; 20i; 207; 209; 
 statistics of thein, publi>hed in Uidot'n 
 Annuaire, 196, note ; estalJithnient of 
 Primary School Lil)rarie« in, as Public 
 Libraries for the inhabitants of .Sch<x>l- 
 Districts and of Communes, 211 ; other 
 Popular Libraries, 214; debote in the 
 French Senate on the selection of b<»«»kf 
 for the Popular LibraricH, 215 
 
 Francis Mary II, Duke of rrbino, funnd* « 
 Town Libn4ry at Cu«tol Dumnto (now 
 Urbaiiia). 2<;i ; Go] ; iK-qucath* MSS. to 
 the Town of I'rbino, 262 ; uhim«t<« f«t« 
 of his Collections, 263 
 
 Fkawkpokt-on. Maine, Town Libmry of— 
 is founded by I^«i« v«iii .Mar- 
 burg. 2 ; 236 
 
[238] 
 
 GENEEAL INDEX. 
 
 1 
 
 Feankfoet-on-jMaine, Towu Library of 
 (continued) — 
 
 is increased, in 1867, by the incor- 
 poration of the Library of the 
 former National Assembly of Ger- 
 many, ib. 
 statistics of its extent and public 
 
 use. Table facing page 226 
 acquires the Waldschmid Collec- 
 tion, [212] 
 Frankfort-on-Maine, Senckenberg Public 
 
 Library at, [187] 
 Franklin, Benjamin, originates the system 
 of Social, or Subscription, Libraries in the 
 Xorth American States, 274; his own 
 account of its results, ih.; subsequent 
 rapid spread of Franklin's system 
 throughout America, 327 ; 336 
 Frederick II, King of Prussia, [65] 
 Frederick I, King of Sweden, [65] 
 Frederick, Duke of Urbino, [65] 
 Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth, [66] 
 Free Libraries Acts of 1850-1866, 13 ,• 18; 
 19; 20; 21; 25; brief summary of their 
 general results, 190, and Table facing 
 page 192 
 Freher, Marquard, [66] 
 Freiberg, Library of the Mining College at, 
 
 [216] 
 Fresne, Raphael Trichet Du, [206] 
 Fresne Du Cange, Charles, [56] 
 Fugger, Ulrich, [6G] 
 Fugger, H. J., [66] 
 Fugger, P. E., [66] 
 Fiiiren, Henry, [66] 
 Fuireu, Thomas, [66'] 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabreja, Marquess, [67] 
 
 Gabrieau de Biparfond, Stephen, [67] 
 
 Gaignieres, Francis Roger de, [67] 
 
 Gale, Thomas, [68] 
 
 Gale, Roger, [68] 
 
 Galilei, Galileo, [68] 
 
 Gambalunga, Count Alexander, fonnds the 
 i Town Library of Rimini, 255 ; [68] 
 ' Garampi, Cardinal, augments the Town 
 j Library of Rimini, 255 ; [68] 
 I Garatoni, Gaspar, MSS. of, in the Town 
 I Library of Ravenna, 254 
 j Garelli, Philip N., [68] 
 i Garrick, David, [69] 
 Garzoni, John, [69] 
 I Gassendi, Peter, [69] 
 Gattola, Erasmus, [69] 
 Gaulmin, Gilbert, [69] 
 Gauss, Charles Frederick, [70] 
 Gebelin, Anthony Court de, [47] 
 Gehler, John K., [70] 
 Geiler, John, [70] 
 Gell, Sir William, [70] 
 Geneva, Town Library of, — 
 
 Origin, extent, and annual issues, 
 
 241 
 acquires the Collection of Francis 
 
 Bonnivard, [24] 
 MSS. of Calvin in the, [32] 
 acquires the Collections of David 
 
 Cannivari, [33] 
 MSS. of Court de Gebelin in the, [47] 
 bequest of Ami Lullin, [111] 
 purchase of the Library of Peter 
 
 Martyr for the, [118] 
 MSS. of Petau in the, [150] 
 gift of Weizel to the, [216] 
 Genoa, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin and extent, 246; 248 
 acquires the Libraiy of Bishop 
 Augustine Giustiniani of Nebbio, 
 [74] 
 other accessions, 253 
 bequest of Marquess Durazzo, 254 
 Genoa, Franzonian Library at, 365 ; [65] 
 Gent, William, [70] 
 George III, King of Great Britain, [70] 
 Germany, origin and early characteristics of 
 the Town Libraries of, 224; best sources 
 of statistical information concerning 
 them, 226 ; Tables containing examples, 
 in groups, of their extent, funds for 
 
C.EXEUAL INDKX. 
 
 [-:v.)] 
 
 mninteii'.iiice, reutiUitioiis, luul ixiUlir 
 iicoessibility, Table facing pnge 22(5; 
 I'opuliir Libraries of, 238 ; 239 
 
 ■ rhanl, John E., [71] 
 
 . rsdorf, A. T. von, [71] 
 
 ison, John Charlicr lU-. [11] 
 • -sner, Solomon, aufjiujnts the Town 
 
 Library of Zurich, 2 l;3 
 . uast, Kdninnd, Bishop of Salisbury, [71] 
 ' II EST, Town Library of, 265 ; 2G6 
 iiliii^i Library at Koiue, [OJ 
 I iiiigi, Angdo, bequeaths a Library to tho 
 Town of Siena, [72] 
 islen von Bnsbech, Auger, [30] 
 iintilippi. Marquess do [72] 
 
 ■ M)on, Edward, [72] 
 
 "ibson, Edmund, Bishop of London, [72] 
 I Gifibrd, Andrew, [72] 
 ' Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, [73] 
 '.ill.ert, William, [73] 
 
 iiguene, Peter Lewis, [73] 
 'liorgi, Domiuick, [73] 
 Giorgio, Francis di, [73] 
 (liovamlli. Count B., [73] 
 
 s.iud Soulavie, John Lewis, [193] 
 . i:OENTi, Town Library of — 
 
 Bequest of Andrew Lucchese to the, 
 [111] 
 ulandiui, Melchior, [73] 
 istiniani. Bishop of Padua, [73] 
 istiniani, Augustus, Bishop of Nebbio, 
 7t] 
 '■iustiniani, Julius, [71] 
 I Giustiniani Family, [74] 
 I Ol-ABGOW, Town Library of— 
 
 is founded by Walter Stirling, 
 [195] 
 Glasgow, Library of the Hunterian Museum 
 I Of. [92] 
 Glasgow, Lihrarv of the University of, 
 
 ■^y, [27] 
 
 >nn, Henrj-, 306 
 I Gnocchi, — , [74] 
 Godefroy, Denis, [74] 
 Oodefroy, Theodore, [74] 
 Godefroy, James, [74] 
 
 (iodulpliin. Sir William, 71 
 GOEKMTZ, Town Library of— 
 
 Origin, Hules, and Stati.tim, TalU 
 
 facing page 22(> 
 bequest of John George Milich to 
 the, [120] 
 Goettingen, University Library of, [9] • 
 
 [29] 
 Goethe, John Wolfgang von, [74] 
 Goeze, John M., [75] 
 Goldast von Hemingsfuld, Melchior, ; 75] 
 Golius, James, [76] 
 Gonzaga Family, [76] 
 Goschitz, JL J.", [76] 
 Gough, Richard, [76] 
 Graetz, Library of the Johannonni at, 
 
 [97] 
 Graevius, John George, [77] 
 Graudi, Guy, [77] 
 Granvelle, Anthony Pcrronet de, Cardinal, 
 
 [149] 
 Grantiiam (Lincolnshire). Town Library 
 
 of, [136] 
 Greaves, John, [77] 
 Greifswald, University Library of, [5] 
 Grempp, Lewis, [77] 
 Gkenoble, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by a jiublic subscription 
 
 of the citizens, 201:; 
 reccivi'S large accessions from tho 
 Monastery of the Grande Char- 
 treuse, ih. 
 its average number of readers, 210 
 Granville- Brydgcs-Chandos, Hichurd, Duke 
 
 of Buckingham and ('liando!i, [77] 
 Grenville, Thomas, [ 7Hj 
 Grey, William, Bishop of Ely. [70] 
 Gresham, Sir Thomas, 4 
 Grimani, George, [79] 
 Groot, Hugh de, [79] 
 Grosse, Ulrich, [79] 
 GnossKMiAix, Town Library of 
 
 Origin, Uulcn. and StntiUics TaLh 
 facing page 227 
 GnoHHETO, Town Libmrj- of— 
 
 id founded by Jo«eph Chelli, 364 
 
[210] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 
 Grude, Francis, Sieur de la Croix du 
 
 Maine, [101] 
 Gruter, John, [79] 
 Gruthuyse, Lewis de Bruges de, [79] 
 Gualterio Family, [79] 
 Guariui, Count Peter, augments the Town 
 
 Library of Forli, 251 
 Guarnacci, Mario, founds the Town Library 
 
 of Volterra, 260 ; [80] 
 Guarnerio founds tlie Town Library of S. 
 
 Daniele (in the Friuli), 3 
 GuBBio, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by Bishop Alexander 
 Sperelli, [194] 
 Gude, Marquard, [80] 
 Guild, William, [80] 
 
 Guildhall Library, in London, 4 ; 5 ; 6 ; 360 
 Guenther, J. A., [80] 
 Guischardt, Charles Theophilus, [80] 
 Guise, Samuel, [80] 
 Gunning, Peter, Bishop of Ely, [80] 
 Gusman, Ferdinand Xunez de, [138] 
 
 H. 
 
 Haeket, John, Bishop of Lichfield, [81] 
 
 Haeberlin (of Calcutta), [81] 
 
 Hague, Library of the Tiellandt Museum at 
 
 the, [217] 
 Haguenau, Town Library of, 210 
 Hale, Sir Matthew, [81] 
 Hales, John, [81] 
 
 Halle, University Library of, [161] ; [190] 
 Halle, St. Mary's Library at, [54] 
 Haller, Albert von, [82] 
 Hamburgh, Town Library of — 
 
 is organized, by Bugenhagen, out 
 of previous Monastic Collections, 
 227 
 and re-organized by S. von Bergen, 
 
 228 
 subsequent progress and growth, 
 
 229 
 acquires the Biblical Collection of J. 
 M. Goeze, [75] 
 
 Hamburgh, Town Library o{{co)ifinue(!) — 
 gift of N. H. Julius to the, [97] 
 acquires the Langermann Library 
 
 [103] 
 bequest to, of Vincent Placcius,i 
 
 [157] ; 
 
 acquires the Schmidt Collection,; 
 
 [183] 
 and a part of the Uffenbach MSS., i 
 
 [207] ; 
 
 and the Literary Collections of Z. , 
 
 Vogel, [211] ; 
 and the combined Libraries of the 
 brothers J. G. and J. H. Wolf,. 
 [220] I 
 
 MSS. of Luke Holstein in the, 229 , 
 notices of recent acquisitions, 231 i 
 ' Schiller Collection ' formed in the, , 
 
 230 
 Statistics of its extent and public ! 
 use, 231, and Tahle facing page ' 
 226 i 
 
 income and aggregate issues of ] 
 books, 232 
 Hamburgh, Town Archives of, [128] ; 
 
 [184] _ ■_ 
 
 Hamburgh, Commercial Library of, [173] 
 Hamburgh, St. Catherine's Church Libiary 
 
 at, [184] 
 Hamburgh, Popular Libraries of, 238 
 Hameln, Gerwin von [82] 
 Hammer Purgstall, Baron Joseph von, 
 
 [82] 
 Hancock, John, [82] 
 Hanotee, Town Library of— 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics, Table 
 
 facing page 226 
 addition of the Church Library of 
 
 St. Giles to the, ih. ; [111] 
 receives the duplicate books of the 
 Pioyal Library, Table facing page 
 226 
 Harcourt, Simon, [82] 
 Hardwicke Hall (Gloucestershire), Library 
 
 at, [221] 
 Hare, Julius Charles, [83] 
 
r.KXKirM- IXOKX. 
 
 I'lW 
 
 II:ir:;r.ive, Fnir.ci!;, [83] 
 
 Harlfss, 'riu-oiiliilns Christopher, [83] 
 
 !( irloy, PvohiTt, EiU-1 of Oxford, [83] 
 '..•y, VAwutA, E:irl of Oxford, [83] 
 mU. WiHiiim, [S3 J 
 
 ILirns, Walter, [S3 J 
 
 llirrisburg. State Library of Pennsylvania 
 at, 278 
 
 Harsnct, Samuel, Archbishop of York, [81] 
 
 Hartley, Henry RoViinson, bequest of, to 
 the Town of Southampton, 187 ; terms of 
 his Will, and causes of the litijration con- 
 cerning it, 188 ; the suit compromised, 
 l'^9; erection of a Town Mnseum and 
 Library, 190 ; the public opening in 18G2, 
 (''. ; necessity of the introduction of the 
 Libraries Act in order to the efficient 
 working of the Hartley Institution, 192 
 
 Harvard College (Massttchusctts), Library 
 of. [196] ; [213] ; [214] ; [217] 
 
 Harvey, William, [81] 
 
 lUasenburg, William von, [81] 
 
 I Haasenstein Lobkowitz, Bohuslaus von, [84] 
 
 ;Ha8t«d, Edward, [84] 
 
 I Hatfield House (Hertfordshire), Library at, 
 ^33]; [19]; [52]; [167] 
 
 H wrk-de-Gbace, Town Library nf, 207; 
 208; 210 
 
 iHayne, Thomas, [84] 
 
 |Hearne, Thomas, [85] 
 
 iHeercn, Arnold Herman Lewis, [85] 
 
 IHeidegger, John Conrad, augments the 
 
 j Town Library of Zurich, 213 
 
 Heidelberg, University Library at, [15] ; 
 
 I [77] ; [119] 
 
 iHeinsiuB, Daniel, [85] 
 
 lUcinsiiis, Nicholas, [85] 
 
 JHelmstadt, Univer.«ity Library at, [63] 
 
 jHelsingfors, University Library at, [160] 
 
 llemingsfeld, Xlelchior Goldast von, [75] 
 
 Henderson, Ebenezer, [85] 
 
 Hennequin, James, founds the Town Li- 
 brary of Troy es, 197; [86] 
 
 Henry, Robert, [86] 
 
 Heralds' College, in Lonlon, Library at 
 
 i the, [190] 
 
 Heil)er8tfin, I-'. K. von. S6 
 
 Herbert, Edward. Lord MiTlwrt of t'lu-r- 
 
 bury, [S(iJ 
 Hermann, John 0.>dlrey Jacob. [87] 
 Heuclser, John Henry von, [87] 
 Heuschreck, John, [87] 
 Heylin, John. [87] 
 Hildesheim. Conrad von. [S8] 
 Hjelstj.rn Koscnkra, John. [H8] 
 Historical Society of New York, Libr.iry 
 
 the, [215] 
 Hoare, Sir Richard Colt. [881 
 Hohendorff, Haron (leorge William von. 
 
 [88] 
 Hohenlohe Lnngenburg, Lewis Ciiri.»ti.iM 
 
 Augustine. Prince of. [881 
 Holkham House (Norfolk), Library at, 
 
 [45]; [180] 
 Hollis. Thomas, [89] 
 Holmes, Robert, [89] 
 HoLSTEiN, Town Library of — 
 
 acquires the Library of Adam Oobl- 
 schlager, [138] 
 Holstein. Luke, part of the Library of. in 
 
 added to the Barberini Collection nt 
 
 Home, [89] ; and part to the Town 
 
 Library of Hamburgh, 229 
 Honywood. Michael. [90] 
 Hope, Frederick William, [90] 
 Horviith, Stoiihcn von, [91] 
 Houghton. Richard Moiickton Milue*, 
 
 Lord, 93 
 Howard, Thomas, Earl of Arundel. IM J 
 Hozier, Charles d'. [ 91 ] 
 Hucpsch, Baron von, ,91] 
 Huet, Peter Daniel, B'shop of AvntncliM, 
 
 [91] 
 Hugh, Archdeacon of Leiro«tcr, [92] 
 Hull, John Fowler, [92] 
 Hultheai, Ciiarl. b J. E. v..n, '^02' 
 Huiignrinn National Mum-um nt Pr»l1i, 
 
 Library of the, [ 199] 
 Hunter, William. [92' 
 Huntington, Robert, H «b.ip of Rupb"*". 
 
 [93] 
 Hurault, Philip. Hi-hop of Clmrtrw. 1«] 
 
 110] 
 
[242] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Hurault de Boistaille, John, [93] 
 Hurstbourne Park (Hants), Library at, 
 
 [136] 
 Hurtado de Mendoza, James, [93] 
 Hyde, Thomas, [93] 
 Hyndman, Edward, [94] 
 
 Imbert de Cange, M., [94] 
 
 Imola, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by Bishop Lippi of Cava, 
 
 257 
 statistics of the, 218 
 
 Imperial!, Joseph Renatus, Cardinal, be- 
 queaths his Library at Rome for public 
 use, [94] 
 
 Imperiali Library at Rome, [94] ; MSS. of 
 L. Adami in the, [3] 
 
 India Office at London, Library of the, 
 [80] J [140] 
 
 Indiaua, Township and School-District Li- 
 braries of the State of, 331 ; character 
 and results of the Library legislation of, 
 332 
 
 Inguimbert, Joseph Domini ck d'. Bishop 
 of Carpentras, founds a Town Library at 
 Carpentras, [94] 
 
 Institute of France, Library of the, [16] ; 
 [131] 
 
 Italinski, Andrew d', [94] 
 
 Italy, Public Libraries of the Kingdom of, 
 245 ; notice of the report concerning 
 them submitted to King Victor Ema- 
 nuel by the Minister of Public Instruc- 
 tion in 1865, 246; examples of their 
 statistics, 248 ; 260 
 
 Italy, Popular Lending Libraries of, their 
 foundation, working, and results, 263 ; 
 265 
 
 Jacobi, Francis Henry, [94] 
 Jacobsen, John, augments the Town Li- 
 brary of Zurich, 243 
 
 Jaeck, Henry Joachim, [95] 
 
 Jagellon Family, [95] 
 
 Jancke, John Christopher, [95] 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, [95] 
 
 Jena, University Library at, [28]; [29] j 
 [183] 
 
 Jenkins, Su- Lionel, [95] 
 
 Jewett, Charles Coffin, organizes the Free 
 City Library of Boston, 300 ; his death 
 and character, 301 ; specimen of the In- 
 dex-Catalogue prepared by him for the 
 Boston Library, Table facing page 193 
 
 John Sobieski, King of Poland, [95] 
 
 John Adolplius, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, 
 [95] 
 
 Joly de Fleury, William Fr.mcis, [96] 
 
 Jones, luigo, [96] 
 
 Jones, John, [96] 
 
 Jones, William, [96] 
 
 Jones, Sir William, [96] 
 
 Jonson, Benjamin, [96] 
 
 Joseph, Archduke of Austria, [97] 
 
 Joursanvault Family, [97] 
 
 Julieu, Stanislaus, [97] 
 
 Julius, N. H., [97] 
 
 Julius, Duke of Brunswick, [97] 
 
 Jungius, Joachim, Library of, is added to 
 the Town Library of Hamburgh, 229 
 
 Junius, Francis, [97] 
 
 Jungmann, Joseph, [98] 
 
 K, 
 
 Kaiseeslantebjt, Town Library of— 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics, Table 
 facing page 226 
 Kaysersberg, John Geiler von, [70] 
 Keble, Joseph, [98] 
 Keller, Balthasar, and Felix, found the 
 
 Town Library of Zurich, 243 
 Kendall, John, [98] 
 Kennett, White, Bishop of Peterborough, 
 
 [99] 
 Kennicott, Benjamin, [99] 
 Keppler, John, [99] 
 
 I ^-3 
 
OKNKKAL TXDi:x. 
 
 ;2W] 
 
 Kersal Cell (iieai- Muiuhcster), Library at, 
 
 [30] 
 Kilkenny, Diocesan Lil>rary at, [120] 
 Eint^. William, Arclibisli»p of Dublin, 
 
 [100] 
 King's Inns at Dublin, Library of tlic, [172] 
 Kinsky, John, [100] 
 Kkisky, Count. [100] 
 Kirwan, Richanl, [100] 
 Klinger, Frederick M;ixiniilian von, [100] 
 •,1, J. P., 101] 
 KN'iGSBERG, Town Library of — 
 
 Oriyrin, Rules, and Statistics, Table 
 
 facing page 226 
 acquires the Library of John Poli- 
 ander, [160] 
 K.ieniijsbcrg, University Library of, [20] 
 Kolowrat, Count Joseph Krawkowski von, 
 
 [101] 
 iKortueni, Theodore. [101] 
 iKraftl, Ulrich, [101] 
 Krawkowski von Kolowrat, Count Joseph, 
 
 101] 
 Kuenhaus, G. F. A., [101] 
 Kucstner, Cliarlcs Theodore von, [366]. 
 Knlinhoefer, Conrad, founds the Town Li- 
 brary of Nuremberg, 2 
 
 I.:i Baume Le Blanc, Lewis Charles de, 
 , Duke of La Vallicre, [101] 
 • [Laborde, Marquess Loon de, on a proposed 
 reorganization of the Public Libraries of 
 Paris, 217 
 I I Bredc, Montesquieu Library at, [130] 
 1 <'roix Dn Maine, Francis Grude, [101] 
 .'omarsini, Jerome, [102] 
 , .Lake, Arthuf, Bishop of Bttli and Wells, 
 I I [102] 
 
 I 'Lambech, Peter, [102] 
 ' Lambertini, Prosper, [18] 
 
 I. nmbcth Palace, Library at, [3]; [11]; 
 13] ; [16] ; [35]; [72] ; [105] ; [136] ; 
 186]; [202] 
 Lanii, John Baptist, [102] 
 Lanr.-lot. Claude, [102] 
 
 Lancisi, J.ihii Mary, [102] 
 Landi, Marquess V., [103] 
 Langford, J. A., loO 
 Langcruninii, Jolm, [ lO.'iJ 
 LaniJworthy. K. H., In.'j 
 Laon, Town Library of— 
 
 acquires part of the Lii>r.iry "f 
 John de Launoi, [Id.'i] 
 Lappenbcrg, J. M., 230 
 La Uociii:r.i.i:, Town Library of, 'J(i7; :iOH 
 Larpent, John, [103] 
 Lascaris, Constantine, [103] 
 Lascki. John, [101^] 
 Laterrade, M., [lOt] 
 Latham, John, [lOl] 
 Latini, Latinius, i lot] 
 Latour Chatillon de Zurlaubon, B.-rttu< 
 
 F. A. J. D., [lOlJ 
 Laubacb, Solms Library at, [18 1- J 
 LAiBiN, Town Library of— 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistic"*, Tiil>lf 
 facing page 226 
 Laud, William, Archbisliop of Canterlmrv, 
 
 [105] 
 Laiinoi, John de, [105] 
 La Vallicre, Lewis Charles de La Bauiiic 
 
 Le Blanc, Duke of, [101] 
 Lawrence, Abbott, makes a bequest for llie 
 
 augmentation of the Free City Libniry 
 
 of Boston (Massachusetts), 2H5 
 Leamingtox, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation and Statistics, Tulih 
 facing page 1 'J2 
 Leber, Charles, purchase of the Library of. 
 
 by the City of Riuen, 205 ; ( 105 j 
 Le Caron Library at Beauvnis, '20») 
 Le Due, \. Viollet, i21uj 
 Le Fort, John Gileu, [105] 
 Le Fort, John Henry. [106] 
 Le Fevrc d'Onnesson de Noyw-.m, Ann.- 
 
 Lewis Francis-de-Pnide, i 108) 
 Legendro, A<lrian Mary, 313 
 Leibnitz, George William ron, [106] 
 Leicesteu, Town Library of— 
 
 Hcquat of Thoma« IlnyiK- !'» «b«'. 
 [81] 
 
[2U-] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Leicester, Town Lihrixry of {co7if.inuea\— 
 its subsequent neglect by the Cor- 
 poration, [85] 
 Leigbton, Robert, Arcbbisbop of Glasgot^', 
 
 [106] 
 Leipsic, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics, Table 
 
 facing 'page 226 
 is founded by the bequest of U. 
 
 Grosse, [79] 
 acquires the Library of John Au- 
 gustus Ernesti, [59] 
 and that of J. W. Neuhaus, [135] 
 and that of Von Poelitz, [160] 
 Leipsie, University Library of, [16] ; [21] ; 
 
 [23]; [70]; [95]; [174]; [219] 
 Leland, John, [106] 
 LEMBERa, Town Library of — 
 
 Ossoliuski Collection in the, [140] 
 Le Mire, Albert, [106] 
 Le Nain de Tillemont, Sebastian, [204] 
 Le Neve, Peter, [107] 
 Leunard, Sampson, [107] 
 Leonai'd of Vinci, [107] 
 Ijetellier, Charles Mary, Archbishop of 
 
 Rheims, [108] 
 Leuchtenberg Palace at Munich, Library 
 
 of the, [108] 
 Le Vaillant, Francis, [209] 
 Lewisham, Parochial Library at, [45] 
 Lewis of Bourbon, Duke of Orleans, [108] 
 Leyden, John, [109] 
 Leyden, University Library of, [76] ; 
 
 [149] ; [182] 
 Lhwyd, Edward, [109] 
 Library buildings, 39; 118; 154; 283; 
 
 315 
 Library Committees, composition of, under 
 the British Free Libraries Acts, 28; and 
 Table facing page 192 
 Libri, William, [109] 
 LiCHEiELD, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation and Statistics, Tahle 
 facing page 192 
 Lichfield, Cathedral Library at, [188] 
 Lichfield, William, [4] 
 
 Liddel, Duncan, [109] 
 
 Liebegg, Jacob von, gives the Bongars 
 
 MSS. to the Town of Berne, 240 
 ^jiege. Town Archives of, [105] 
 Liignamine, Baptist de, [109] 
 Li^orio, Peter, [109] 
 LiNDATJ, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics, Tahle 
 facing page 226 
 Lindenau, — von, [110] 
 Lindenbrog, Francis, bequeaths a Library to 
 
 the Town of Hamburgh, 228 
 Lindsay, John, Lord Menmuir, [110] 
 Linkoeping, Public Library of, [206] 
 Linlithgow, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by Dr. Robert Henrj', 
 [86] 
 Linnaeus, Charles, [110] 
 Lippi, Francis, Bishop of Cava, founds the 
 
 Town Library of Iraola, 257 
 Lisle, Joseph Nicholas de, [110] 
 Littill, Clement, [110] 
 Little, Josiah, founds a Town Library for 
 
 Newburyport in Massachusetts, 306 
 Liverpool, Town Library of— 
 
 Efforts of Mr. J. A. Picton, in 
 1850, towards the foundation of, 
 114 
 establishment of, in 1852, 116 
 erection of a new building for, at the 
 
 cost of Sir William Brown, 117 
 extent, classification, and issues, at 
 various periods, 119-123 ; and 
 Table facing page 192 
 details of the annual expenditure, 
 
 124 
 character of the popular reading in 
 the, compared with that of the 
 Free Libraries of Manchester, 80 
 and with that of the Birmingham 
 Libraries, 142 
 Liverpool, bequest of a Museum of Natu- 
 ral History to the Town of, by Edward, 
 Earl of Derby, 116 
 Liverpool, Congregational Library at, [219] 
 Llanhydroch (Cornwall), Library at, [172] 
 
 I(ill;oir.t; 
 
 [lllVt 
 into lii 
 
 Wso,D' 
 fePlii 
 
 fck 
 
 n 
 
 "A 
 
 110] 
 
 '^ 
 
 ; n 
 
 : ;ijji 
 \ [i\ 
 
G10NER..L INUKX. 
 
 l^»-'i 
 
 Lobkowitz, rLTclinaml von, [110] 
 la LocuES, Town Library of, 200 
 
 Loevensen, J. D., beqiiealbs n library to 
 tlie Church of St. Giles at Hanover, 
 [111] ; his Collection merges, eventiiallyj 
 into the Town Library at IIunov^T, 
 Table faviti;/ puge 22G 
 'aso, Dnuiniek, Dukeof Scrradifalco.ai.g- 
 ments the Town Library of I'alernio, 250 
 
 Logan, James, plans a Free Town Library 
 for Philadelphia, 273, 3 12 ; bestows his 
 books on the town by deed of gift, but 
 dies before the docd is perfected, ib. ; 
 foundation of the Library by his repre- 
 sentatives, and incorporation of trustees, 
 ib. ; its subsequent transfer to the Li- 
 brary Company of Philadelphia, 274 
 
 I. >j:\\n, William, augments the Library 
 llanned by James Logan for Philadel- 
 lliia, 312 
 
 1. -anian Library, 274; 312 
 
 LonieniedeBrieniie, Henry Augustus, [111] 
 
 London, City of, failure of the attempt to 
 introduce the Libraries Act into the, and 
 its causes, 184 
 
 London, Public and Proprietary Libraries 
 at, [3]; [4]; [6] j [9]j [10]; [11]; 
 [12]; [13]; [15]; [19]; [21]; [22]; 
 [28]; [29]; [30]; [31]; [33]; [35]; 
 [36]; [38]; [41]; [-14]; [45]; [46]; 
 [47]; [48]; [49]; [50]; [51]; [52]; 
 
 I [53]; [57]; [58]; [59]; [61]; [69]; 
 
 ; [70]; [72]; [73]; [78]; [79]; [80]; 
 [81] ; [82] ; [83] ; [86] ; [91] ; [92] ; 
 [93]; [95]; [96]; [97]; [98]; [99]; 
 [10-1]; [105]; [106]; [107]; [109]; 
 [110]; [111]; [112]; [113]; [115]; 
 [116]; [1191; [121]; [126]; [127]; 
 [128]; [129]; [130]; [131]; [132]; 
 [134]; [136]; [138]; [139]; [1^]; 
 [142]; [145]; [146]; [147]; [151]; 
 [152]; [155]; [157]; [163]; [164]; 
 ■ I [171]; [172]; [173]; [177]; [178]; 
 
 : [179]; [182]; [183]; [IB-t]; [185]; 
 
 ; [186]; [188]; [189]; [191]; [193]; 
 [200]; [201]; [202]; [203]; [205]; 
 li 
 
 1 L-'>7J: [210]; [214]: -iJw; ; ••i; 
 L2iy]; [221] 
 Lorenzo de' Medici, [123] 
 Ljuvain, University Library at, illlj 
 Lou vols. Abbe de, [111] 
 Lowe, Sir Hudson, | 111 ] 
 LuBECK, Town Library of— 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistic*. Tuhle 
 
 facitig page 220 
 aciiuires the Dreyer Collection, [55] 
 acquires the Scharbau ColUt-tion, 
 [182] 
 Lucca, Library of St. Frcdiano at, [180j 
 Lucchese, Andrew, [111] 
 Lucerne, Cantonal Library of, [12] 
 LrcEHA, Town Library of, [173] 
 LuUin, Ami, [111] 
 
 Lumley, John de. Lord Lumley, [112] 
 Ltjnebuhgu, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Itules, and Statistics, Table 
 facing page 226 
 Luther, Martin, [112] 
 Lyons, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation, and subseqiiont neglect 
 
 and losses, 196 
 its restoration under Xapoleon, ib. 
 statistics of its extent and public 
 
 use, 204; 210 
 Adam' ' - bcciuest to it, [4] 
 and tiiat of Cosle, ;^47] 
 and that of Archbishop do Ncuville, 
 [136] 
 Lysons, Daniel, [112] 
 Lyttleton, Charles, [112] 
 Lytton, Edward 0. E. L. Uulwir. I^>nl 
 Lytton, 73 
 
 M. 
 
 MaCEKATA, Town Library <>f - 
 
 Ikquent of Mozai to the, [133 J 
 Machiavelli, Xichola*. [112] 
 Mackenzie, Sir GeorK'c, [113] 
 Maclur.-, William. 1 113] 
 MacmulK-n, J. ('if New York). 273 
 Madox, Thomas [ILr 
 
[246] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Magdeburgd, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics, Table 
 facing page 226 
 Mageiis, Nicholas, 69 ; [113] 
 Magliabechi, Anthony, [113] 
 Magliabechian [now National] Library at 
 Florence, [58]; [68] j [113]; [115]; 
 [210] 
 Magnani, Anthony, bequest of, to the 
 
 Town Library of Bologna, 249 
 Magnusson, Finn, [62] 
 Mai, Cardinal Angelo, [113] 
 Maine, Francis Grudede La Croix du, [101] 
 Maintenon, Frances d'Aubigne, Marchio- 
 ness of, [114] 
 Maitland, Sir Richard, [114] 
 Majoli, CiBsar, augments the Town Library 
 
 of Forli, 251 
 Malatesta, Dominick, Prince of Cesena, 
 
 258; [114] 
 Malcolm, Sir John, [115] 
 Maldon (Essex), Church Library at, [157] 
 Malebranche, Nicholas, [115] 
 Malone, Edmund, [115] 
 Manchester, Town Libraries of — 
 
 are founded by the exertions of Sir 
 
 John Potter, 62 
 public subscription to meet the 
 
 preliminary expenses of, 65 
 early book-purchases for, 66; and 
 
 Table facing page 193 
 correspondence on behalf of, with 
 public departments, respecting 
 the distribution of books printed 
 at national charge, 67 
 special eiforts on behalf of, for col- 
 lecting the literature of Politics 
 and of Social Science, 68 ; [157] ; 
 [210] 
 Historical Collections in the, 70 
 the poll of burgesses on the question 
 of adopting the Libraries Act of 
 1850, 70 
 gift of the Prince Consort to, 71 
 proceedings at the public opening 
 of the, 72 
 
 Manchestee, Town Libraries of (co 
 tinned) — 
 
 statistics of the issues 
 
 readers and to borrowers, 
 classification of the chief 
 
 the early years, 77 
 establishment of Branch Librarie 
 
 es of (coj' 
 
 of books K 
 ivers, 75 | 
 ief issues '■ 
 
 ,^m 
 
 
 examples of the primary cost 
 
 annual expenditure of the BrancpH'':'^ 
 Libraries, 83; 94; and Tabi> 
 facing page 193 | 
 
 classification of the borrowers ( 
 books, and proceedings of tb 
 City Council respecting an ai ( i 
 temjjted classification of th 
 readers in the Consulting Li 
 brary, 86, seqq. 
 
 methods of working of the Branc'i : 
 Libraries, 95 
 
 specimen page of an Index-Cata 
 logue of one of the Branch Li > 
 braries (prepared by Dr. A. Cre 
 stadoro). Table facing page 193 
 
 Crestadoro's Catalogue of the Con 
 suiting Library, its merits ant 
 defects, 95 
 
 his exertions for the improvemem 
 of the Libraries, 96 
 
 comparative classification of thcj 
 issues in the Consulting Library 
 for the five years ending in 1857j 
 and the five years ending in 1868 ; 
 respectively, 100 
 
 details of the annual expenditure 
 124 ; and Table facing page 193 
 
 report on the character of the popu- 
 lar reading from the Lending Li- 
 braries (drawn up by Mr. T. 
 Baker), 144 
 
 comparison of the reading in thel 
 
 Manchester Town Libraries withj 
 
 that in the Libraries of Liverpoolj 
 
 and Birmingham, 80 ; 122 ; 145 \ 
 
 Manchester, Chetham Library at, 199 i 
 
 Manfredini, Marquess Frederick, [115] ; 
 
GENEKAL INDEX. 
 
 [247] 
 
 Manni, Anthony M:iry, ,115 
 Mansil, William Lort, [115 J 
 Mansill, Thomas, Lord Mansell of M;irg:uti, 
 
 lltJJ 
 .MANxr.v. Town Library of — 
 
 Bequest of Xuvier Bottinelli to tLe, 
 [21] 
 Mantua, Gonzaga MSS. in the Uecord 
 
 Office at, [76] 
 .M.pletoft, Robert, [116] 
 '; ilmrg, Lewis von, founds the Town lii- 
 
 i'Hiry of I'rankfoit-on-JIiiiiii', 2; uiul 
 
 T(if>/e fachig page 226 
 Marchand, Prosper, [116] 
 Mari, Augustine Mary di, B'.shop of Su- 
 
 vona, founds the Town Library of Sa- 
 
 vona, 261 
 M .rischal College at Aberdeen, Library of 
 
 the, [109] ; [168] 
 Maros-Vasarhcly, Public Library at, [201] 
 Marsand, Anthony, [116] 
 Marsdeu, William, [116] 
 Marsh, George P., [116] 
 Marsh, Narcissus, Archbishop of Dublin, 
 
 116] ; Library of, [195] 
 Marshall, Thomas, [117] 
 iMarsigli, Lewis Ferdinand, [117] 
 MaroUes, Michael de, [117] 
 Martin, Francis, [118] 
 Martyn, Jolm, [118] 
 Martyn, Peter, [118] 
 Marucelli, Francis, [118] 
 Marucellian Library at Florence, [102] j 
 
 [112] 
 Masiui, Nicholas, angmenttt the Malatesta 
 
 Town Library at Cesena, 259 
 Mason, Henry, ;^11H] 
 Mason, Robert, [118] 
 M issachusetts, State of, legislation on 
 
 behalf of Township and School- District 
 
 Libraries of the, 302 ; and on behalf of 
 
 the City Library of Boston, 281 ; and 
 
 for the erection of Free Town LibraricH, 
 
 generally, ;j<»3 
 Maasillon, John Ba|>ti>t, [119] 
 Massimi, Camillo de', [119] 
 
 Mather, Increase, [119] 
 
 M:ither, Cotton, [119) 
 
 :\Iatthew, Bishop of Worms, [119] 
 
 Matthew, Tobias, Archbishop of York, 
 
 [119] 
 Maurice, Edward, Bishop of Ossory, [120] 
 Mayerue, Sir Theodore Tunjuut de, [120j 
 Mazaugues, M. de, [120] 
 Mazerot, Mark Anthony, [120] 
 Mazarine Library at Paris,197; [52] ; [121 ) 
 Muzzarini, Julius, Duke of Nivcrnois, and 
 
 Cardinal, [197]; [121] 
 Mkchlin, Town Library of, 266 
 Medici, Lorenzo de', [123] 
 Jledici, Catherine de', [37] 
 Medici Family, [123] 
 
 Medici, Michael, augments the Town Li- 
 brary of Bologna, 269 
 Meeruian, Gerard, [123] 
 Meennan, John, [123] 
 Mejan, Count, [123] 
 ilcjanes, John Baptist Piijuet, Marcjuet^sof, 
 
 [154] 
 Melanchthon, Philip, [123] 
 Memmingkn, Town Library of — 
 
 Bequest of Peter Mitte von Capnt- 
 riis to the, [128] 
 Menage, Giles, [121] 
 Menciforte, Nicholas, [12-tj 
 Mendhani, Joseph, [124] 
 Mentel, James, [125] 
 Mextz, Town Library of. Ttil>lf f<icii»;i 
 
 page 226 
 Mesmes, John de, 1-5J 
 Messina, Town library of — 
 
 Bequest of Constantine Lus«ari.s to 
 the, [103! 
 Metastasio, Peter, [I2.'il 
 Metz, Town Library of- 
 Stntislics of the, i:ll» 
 ac(|uirc« jiarl "f tin? Lilmiry <•! 
 Daviil Ancillon, 7 ; 
 Mens* ba.h. Cliurh-s llurtwig (Jretfory von, 
 character of the rcniarkuble Library 
 f..rineil by, , 367 : ; it« ocqui.itiou furtbo 
 Ituvnl LilTiirv of IJ.rlin, .16s 
 
[24S] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Meyer, John Jacob, founds a Town Library 
 
 at Winterthur, 242 
 Meyer, J. S., 230 
 Meyerbeer, James, 368 
 Mezzofanti, Joseph Gaspar, CarcViiial, 249 ; 
 [125] 
 
 Michael, H. J., [126] 
 
 Middle Hill (Worcestershire), Library at, 
 [109]; [125] J [167]; [209]; [221] 
 
 Milan, Libraries at, [18]; [24]; [25]; 
 [27]; [56]; [62]; [82]; [150]; [153]; 
 [154]; [177] 
 
 Milich, John George, founds a Town Li- 
 brary at Goerlitz, Table facing page 226 ; 
 and [126] 
 
 Mill, William Henry, [126] 
 
 Millin. Aubin Lewis, [126] 
 
 MillingtoD, John, bequeaths his Library to 
 a society in England, by whose mana- 
 gers it is given for the augmentation of 
 a Town Library at New York, 271; 
 [127] _ 
 
 Milnes, Richard Moncktou,Loi'd Houghton, 
 93 
 
 Miltitz, C. B. von, [127] 
 
 MiEANDE, Town Library of, [209] 
 
 Mire, Albert Le, [106] ' 
 
 Miron, M., [127] 
 
 Missy, Cii3sar de, [127] 
 
 Mitchell, Sir Andrew, [127] 
 
 Mitte von Caprariis, Peter, [128] 
 
 Modena, Palatine Library at, [201] 
 
 Moenckeberg, J. G., [128] 
 
 Moll, Baron von, [128] 
 
 Moltke, Joachim von, [128] 
 
 MoNS, Town Library of, 266; 268 
 
 Montagu, Edward, Earl of Sandwich, [128] 
 
 Montagu, Montagu, [128] 
 
 Montaigne, Michael de, [129] 
 
 Montanus, Benedict Arias, [9] 
 
 MoNTAUBAN, Town Library of, 210 
 
 MONTBELIABD, Town Library of, 210 
 
 Montbret, Eugene Coquebert de, [46] 
 
 Monte Cas;-;ino, Library at, [69] 
 
 Monteil, Henry, [129] 
 
 Montempuys, John Gabriel Petit de, [130] 
 
 Montesquieu, Charles de St. Bavon de,i 
 
 [130] 
 Monti, Philip, Cardinal, [130] 
 MONTITILIIEES, Town Library of, 210 
 MONTPEILIEE, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation of the, 199 ; [6] ; [66] 
 receives part of the books of the] 
 Town Library of Troyes, 199; 
 [156] 
 MSS. of Queen Christina of Sweden j 
 
 in the, [42] 
 acquires part of the Libi-ary of the \ 
 
 Countess of Albany, [195] 
 MSS. of Pithou in the, [156] 
 and of Tasso, [201] 
 and of Hugh Foscolo, 365 
 average number of readers »t the, 
 210 
 Moore, John, Bishop of Ely, [129] 
 Morant, Philip, [130] 
 Morel de Thoisy, [131] 
 Morelli, James, [131] 
 Morieau, M., [131] 
 Morland, Sir Samuel, [131] 
 Morley, George, Bishop of Winchester, 
 
 [131] 
 
 Morosone, John Baptist, founds a Public 
 Library in the Church of St. Agnes at 
 Vercelli, 261 ; [132] 
 Morosini, Peter, [132] 
 Morris, Lewis, [132] 
 Morris, William, [132] 
 Morrison, John Robert, 368 
 Morrison, Robert, 369 
 Mortara, Count, [132] 
 Morton Family, [132] 
 Motteley, John, [133] 
 Mozzi, Fr.ancis, [133] 
 Mueller, Henry, founds the Town Library 
 
 of Zurich, 243 
 Mueller, John von, [133] 
 Mueller, John von (Physiologist), [133] 
 Mueller, Sebastian, Bishop of Augsburgh, 
 
 [133] 
 Mugnoz, Joachim, augments the Town 
 Library of Bologna, [249] 
 
(fEXEKAL INDEX. 
 
 Mulliiis, J. I)., oil the iliar.utor of puimlar 
 
 ri'iuiiiig in the Free Libraries of Hiriuinj;- 
 
 han., 115 
 Maud, George, [133] 
 M uiiieipulCoriioratious and Parish Vestries, 
 
 in their comiectioii witli tlie working of 
 
 liie liiitish Libraries Aets, 22 
 Minister, Chapter Library at, [30] 
 Miiret, Mark Anthony, [133] 
 Murliard, Charles, and Frederick, found a 
 
 Town Library for Ciissel, 2\i(jle facing 
 
 page 227 
 Murray, Joseph, [134] 
 Mu^grave, Sir Wiliiitm, [134] 
 
 Nam UK, Town Library of, 266 
 NaxcV, Town Library of — 
 Statistics of the, 210 
 MSS. of King Stanislaus of Pohind 
 preserved in the, [195] 
 Naui, John Baptist, [134] 
 Naxtes, Town Library of, 210 
 Naktca, Town Library of, 209 
 Naples, Libraries at, [27] ; [186] 
 Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 
 
 [13;^] ^ 
 Napoli, Frederick, Prince of A'esultana, 
 augments the Town Library of Palermo, 
 250 
 Xaijm, Town Library of, 2G0 
 Nat oil's report on the Public Libraries of 
 
 the Kingdom of Italy, 245; 210, note 
 Nuude, Gabriel, [135] 
 NArMuricG, Town Library of— 
 
 is f(Ainded by the bequest of the 
 Lilnary of Bishop Julius Pllug, 
 [152] 
 ■iinliurg-Zeitz Library, at Zeitz, [168] 
 •xczeticz, A. von, [135] 
 Negrisoli, Julius Ca-sar, [135] 
 Ni-idhart, or Neithard, Uenry von, 2 ; 
 135] 
 
 Nkcfciiatkai-. Town Lbmry of, :ilo 
 Nkufcuatel, Town Library of— 
 
 Correspondence uiul MSS. of Uouh- 
 seau in the, [176] 
 Neuhaus, J. W., [135] 
 Neumann, — , [135] 
 Xeuville, Caiuille de. Archbishop of L\ ou.t, 
 
 [130] 
 Nevill, Thomas, [136] 
 New Beufoud (Massachusetts), Town Li- 
 brary of — 
 
 is founded under the Massachusetts 
 
 Libraries Act of 1851, 301 
 purchase of a Proprietary Library 
 
 for, ib. 
 subsequent growth and issues of 
 
 books, 305 
 cost of the Library, and annu.il 
 expenditure, 300 
 New Brunswick adopts, wiih a modifica- 
 tion, the Township Free Lil)rary system 
 originated in Upper Canada, 351 
 Newbuktpoet (Massachusetts), Town Li- 
 brary of — 
 
 Foundation and extent, 306 
 benefactions to the, ib. 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne, Parochial Library of, 
 is founded by a bequest of Dr. Toinlin- 
 sou, [205] 
 Newcome, William, Archbishop of .\riiiagh, 
 
 [136] 
 Newcome, Mr., [136] 
 New Hampshire, State Library i>f, 277 
 Newhaven (Connecticut), Library of Yale 
 
 College at, [I'J] 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, [136] 
 New Yoke, City of, foundation of the first 
 Town Library of, 271 
 its augmentation and sulisecjuent 
 
 neglect, 272; l^-'J 
 ia converted into a Proprietary 
 Library, 273 
 New York, Society Library at, 273 ; [127] ; 
 
 [220] 
 New York, State of, legislation for the 
 creation of School- Dittrict Libruiiet of 
 
[250] 
 
 GENEEAL ^DEX. 
 
 the, 327 i causes of the decline in its 
 efficient working, 328 
 New York, Public Library of the State of, 
 at Albany, 278 ; [22] ; [214] j is used as 
 a Free Town Library, ib. 
 Nicaise, Claude, [137] 
 Nicholas V, Pope, [137] 
 Nicoli, Nicholas, [138] 
 Nicosia, Town Library of, 260 
 NiOBT, Town Library of, 207 
 NiSMES, Town Library of— 
 
 contains part of the MSS. of Fabri 
 de Peiresc, [146] 
 NoaENT-iE-RoTHON-, Town Library of, 209 
 Norden, John, [138] 
 NoEDLiNGEN, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics, Table 
 facing page 226 
 North, Frederick, Earl of Guildford, 
 
 [138] 
 NOEWICH, Town Library of — 
 
 Is founded under the Libraries Act, 
 
 176 
 erection, by loan, of a new building 
 
 for the, ib. 
 causes of the slow progress of the 
 Library, 177 ; and Table facing 
 page 192 
 Norwich, Cathedral Library at, [181] 
 NoTO, Town Library of, 260 ; 261 
 Nottingham, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded under the Libraries Act, 
 Table facing page 192 
 Noyseau, Anne Lewis Francis-de-Paule Le 
 
 Fevre d'Ormesson de, [106] 
 Nunez de Gusman, Ferdinand, [138] 
 Ntjeeivibeeg, Town Library of — 
 Foundation of the, 2; 236 
 is rich in the materials of the local 
 and provincial history, 237 ; [218] 
 statistics of its extent and public 
 
 use. Table facing page 226 
 bequest of J. M. Dilherr to the, 
 
 [53] 
 acquires the Ebner Collection, [57] ; 
 [196] 
 
 XuREiTBEEG, Town Library of (con- 
 tinued) — 
 
 and that of Paumgartner, [145] 
 and also part of the Library oi 
 
 Willibald Pirckheimer, [155] 
 Rudolph Solger's bequest to the, 
 
 [192] 
 MSS. of Philin Melanchthon in the, 
 
 [123] 
 purcliase of the Will Library for thSj 
 
 [218] 
 
 0. 
 
 O'Conor of Belaganare, [138] 
 
 Oelschlager, Adam, [138] 
 
 Offor, George, [139] 
 
 Ohio, State Library of, 278 
 
 Ohio, State of, legislation for the creation 
 of Township and District Libraries of the, 
 and its results, 332 ; methods pursued iu 
 the selection of books, ib.; comparison 
 of the Ohio system with that of the 
 State of Wisconsin, 335 
 
 Ohio School-District Library, at Cincin- 
 nati, 333 
 
 Oldenburgh, Ducal Library of, [23] ; [27] 
 
 Oldys, Thomas, [139] 
 
 Olearius, Godfrey, [139] 
 
 Olekon, Town Library of, 209 
 
 Olivieri degli Abbate, Hannibal, [139] 
 
 Oneglia, Town Library of, 260 
 
 Ouorati, Onorato, Bishop of Urbauia, 
 bequeaths a Collection of books to his 
 diocesan town, 263 
 
 Oppenheimer, David, [139] 
 
 Orleans, Town Library of— 
 
 acquires the Collection which bad 
 been bequeathed to the Benedic- 
 tines of Orleans, by William 
 Prousteau, [164] 
 
 Orleans de Rothelin, Charles d', [139] 
 
 Orme, Robert, [140] 
 
 Ormesson de Noyseau, Anne Lewis Francis- 
 de-Paule Le Fevre d', [106] 
 
GKNEUAL INDKX 
 
 [2511 
 
 Orsini, Fulvio, [110] 
 
 Orsini, Fabrii-ius Uilli, [171] 
 
 Oivilh-, Janu's Philip d', [ItO] 
 
 ' i-iMO, Town Library of, 260 
 '~.irio, Jerome, liishoj) of Sylva, [140] 
 
 i i^sat, Arnold d'. Cardinal, [140] 
 
 1 1 solinski, — , ^1^^^] 
 
 OUoboui, Ptler, [111] 
 
 Ottoboni Family, [111] 
 
 Orway, Thomas, Bishop of Ossory, [1 tl] 
 
 ( )rDE>Ai{DE, Town Library of, 26G ; 268 
 
 (Mijrbtrcd, William, [111] 
 
 ( )nseley. Sir Gore, [1 U] 
 
 ( )useley. Sir William, [141] 
 
 OxFOBD, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation and Statistics, 174; and 
 Table facing page 192 
 
 Oxford, Library of the University of [see 
 under ' Bodlex's Library '] 
 
 Oxford, Collegiate Libraries of, [5] ; [8] 
 [27]; [-13]; [44]; [57]; [74]; [79] 
 [86]; [94]; [95]; [96]; [102]; [105] 
 [115]; [118]; [136]; [145]; [166] 
 [167]; [178]; [ISO]; [207]; [2l^] 
 [213]; [215]; [217]; [218]; [219] 
 
 Oxford, Library of the Botanic Museum at, 
 [54]; [190] 
 
 Oxford, Library of the Natural History 
 Museum at, [90] 
 
 Paciaudi, Paul Mary, [141] 
 
 Packer, — . [142] 
 
 Padua, St. John's Library at, [109] 
 
 Puesiello, — , [112] 
 
 Palagi, Pclagio, augments the Town Li- 
 
 brary of Bologna, 219 
 Paleotti, Gabriel, Cardinal, [ 1 12^ 
 Palliscr, William, Archbishop of Cushcl, 
 
 [142] 
 Palmer, Thomas, [142] 
 I'anvini, Onufrius, [142] 
 Panzer, (leorge Wolfgang, [142] 
 Paravia, Peter Alexander, [142] 
 
 Paris, City L'bnir^ „f. ^j^ 
 
 lU'cei.t fonnd.ilinn of ArnHMHwc 
 nient «r I)i«trict Librarii**. 2lU 
 
 Paris, Public Libriries of, U-on d.' Ltbor.la 
 on the need of re-or..'aiii/.ii,g und cUmW 
 fying the, 217; n-.tice.-* of CUectioM* 
 whicli have, at various piriLwlii, Wen in- 
 corporated into Public or Proprietary 
 Libraries at, [5]; [13]; [14]; [IG] j 
 [21]; [22]; [24]; [26] ; [28J;[31J5 
 [32]; [36]; [38]; [43]; [4rl] j [-15]; 
 [47]; [48]; [52]; [55]; [56] j [61 ]j 
 [62]; [63]; [64] ; [67]; [68]; [69]; 
 [74]; [79]; [91]; [93]; [94]; [96;; 
 [97]; [101]; [102]; [104J ; [108]; 
 [110]; [111]; [116]; [117]; [121J; 
 [124]; [125]; [126]; [127]; [129]; 
 [130]; [131]; [133]; [134]; [136] j 
 [137]; [IW]; [116]; [157]; [168] j 
 [171]; [172]; [1731; [176]; [178]; 
 [180]; [187]; [1U6J; [198] ; [202]; 
 [204]; [206]; [209]; [210] ; [212]; 
 [214] 
 
 Paris, transfer, in 1803, to, of part of the 
 books of the Town Library of Tropes, 
 199 
 
 Parisio, John Paul, [143] 
 
 Parker, Henry, [144] 
 
 Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, [113] 
 
 Parker, Thomas, Earl of MaccKHfieKI, 
 [1«J 
 
 Parker, Theodore, be(|ueatliH his Libmry 
 to the City of Boston, 2f*6 ; 367 
 
 Parma, National Library of, j 176] ; . 191 ] 
 
 Parsons, Robert, ' 144 
 
 Pasquali, Peter Paul, augm.iitH the To« n 
 Lil)rary of Forli, 251 
 
 Passerini, Peter Fnuicin. bf«ineiithi« to a 
 College at PiacenzH a Collection of bookn, 
 which iHJconie*, eventually, the roundu- 
 tion of a Town Library, 253; 367; 
 [141] 
 
 Passionci, Dominick. Curdinil, [!♦♦] 
 
 Paston Family, [ 145; 
 
 Patent Office (Great Seal) in London. 
 
[252] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 formation of a Free Library at the, 
 - 178; its growtli and extensive use 
 by the public, 180; 181; necessity of 
 a new building for the, 182; causes 
 of the failure of the propositions 
 which have been made respecting it, 
 183 
 Patent Office Publications, evidence of the 
 useful results which have attended the 
 liberal circulation by the Commissioners 
 of the, 101 ; 103 ; 179 
 
 Patrizzi, Francis, [145] 
 
 Patten, William, [145] 
 
 Pau, Town Library of, 207 ; 210 
 
 Paulmy, Mark Anthony Rene Voyer 
 d'Argenson, Marquess of, [212] 
 
 Paumgartner, Jerome, [145] 
 
 Paynell, Robert, [145] 
 
 Pays d'Alissac Family, [145] 
 
 Peabody, George, founds a Free Town Li- 
 brary and Lyceum at South Danvers, in 
 Massachusetts, 307 
 
 Pearce, Zachary, Bishop of Rochester, 
 [145] 
 
 Peck, Francis, [146] 
 
 Pecock, Reginald, Bishop of Chichester, 
 4 
 
 Peiresc, Nicholas Claude Fabri de, [146] 
 
 Pell, John, [147] 
 
 Pennsylvania, State Library of, 278 ; Pro- 
 prietary or Social Libraries iu, 327; 
 Apprentices' Free Libraries in, 339 
 
 Pepys, Samuel, [147] 
 
 Percy Family, [148] 
 
 Perez, Gonzalo, [148] 
 
 Perizonius, James, [149] 
 
 Perronet de Granvelle, Anthony, 206 ; 
 [149] 
 
 Pertusati, Count, [150] 
 
 Pekugia, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by Prosper Podiani, 
 
 [158] 
 accessions to it, 255 
 statistics of, 248 
 
 letters of Cardinal Mazzariui in the, 
 [121] 
 
 Pesaeo, Town Library of — 
 
 Bequest of Olivieri degli Abbate to 
 
 the, [139] 
 Tasso MSS. in the, [200] 
 Pesth, Library of the Hungarian National 
 Museum at, 199 ; Teleki Public Library 
 at, [201] 
 Petau, Dennis, [150] 
 Petau, Paul, [151] 
 Peter of Aylliaco, [151] 
 Petraeus, Theodore, [151] 
 Petrarch, Francis, [151] 
 Petrarch Collection at Trieste, [175] 
 Petrie, George, [152] 
 Petrie, Henry, [151] 
 Petty Fitzmaurice, William, Marquess of 
 
 Lansdowne, [152] 
 Pettyt, William, [152] 
 Petzholdt, Julius, 226; Tables facing 
 
 pages 226 and 227; 231 
 Pflug, Julius, Bishop of Naumbui'g, [152] 
 Phelps, Robert, [152] 
 Philadelphia, Apprentices' Free Library at, 
 
 339 
 Philadelphia, Loganian Library at, 274; 
 
 342; 364; [111]; [164] 
 Philadelphia, Library Company of, 274; 
 
 336; [164] 
 Philadelphia, Library of the Academy of 
 
 Natural Sciences at, [113] 
 Phillips, Jonathan, gilt and bequest of, to 
 
 the Free City Library of Boston, 285 
 Piazzini, Joseph, [152] 
 Piacenza, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by the transfer of a Li- 
 brary bequeathed and endowed 
 by P. F. Passerini, 253 ; [144] 
 statistics of extent and public use, 
 248 
 Piacenza, Landi Public Library at, [103] 
 Picciolpasso, Henry, [153] 
 Piccolomini, ^neas Sylvius, [156] ; [175] 
 Pichon, Thomas, [153] 
 Picton, J. A., [114] 
 
 Pierpoint, Gervase, Lord Pierpoiut, [154] 
 Pignoria, Lawrence, [154] 
 
0KNE1{.\L INDKX. 
 
 :2r,3] 
 
 Pinolli, .Tohn Vincent. l.M 
 
 Piquet, John Huptist, Marquess of Mcjanes, 
 [151] 
 
 Pirekheimer, Willibald, [155] 
 
 Pisa, Libraries at, [5] 
 
 PiSTOiA, Town Library of — 
 
 MSS. of Canon Sozzoiucno in the, 
 [193] 
 
 Pithou, Peter, [15G] 
 
 Pitt, G. F., bequest of a Town Library to 
 Southampton by, 187 ; 370 ; [156] 
 
 Pius II, Pope, [156]; [175] 
 
 riaccius, Vincent, [157] 
 
 Placeiitia, see Piaceuza 
 
 Place, Francis, [157] 
 
 Plukenet, Leonard, [157] 
 
 Phinier, Thomas, [157] 
 
 Phmiier, Charles, [157] 
 
 Pococke, Edward, [158] 
 
 Podiani, Prosper, gives a Library to the 
 Town of Perugia, [158] ; revokes the 
 gift, and makes conflicting bequests of it, 
 [159] 
 
 Poelitz, Lewis H. E., [160] 
 
 Pogodin, — , [160] 
 
 Pohto, Matthew, [160] 
 
 Poitiers, Town Library of, 207 
 
 Poliander, John, [160] 
 
 Ponce de Leon, Peter, Bishop of Piacenza, 
 [160] 
 
 Ponickau, John Augustus von, [161] 
 
 I'oxT DE VArx, Town Library of, 209 
 
 Pope, Alexander, [163] 
 
 Poppi, Town Library of, [171]. 
 
 PoRKENTZTJT, Town Library of, 241 
 
 Porson, Richard, [163] 
 
 Pory, John, [163] 
 
 Posen, Raczynski Public Library at, 
 [166] 
 
 Potsdam, Popular Libraries of, 238 
 
 Potter, Sir John, founds the Free Town 
 Libraries of Manchester, 62 ; his parlia- 
 mentary and other public services, 63 
 
 Praet, J. B. B. van, [209] 
 
 Phato, Town or Honcioni Library at, 
 "17i 
 
 I'lato, Foundation of the Popular L<Midin^ 
 Library of, 2(53 ; rsipid spread of the 
 example throughout Italy, 265 
 
 PuESBUBOn, Appony Public Library of 
 the Town of, [8] 
 
 Prescott, William Hickling, [164] 
 
 Prescott, William, [161] 
 
 Preston, Town Library of— 
 
 is founded by a beiiuest nf Iticliard 
 Shepherd, [189] 
 
 Preston, Samuel, [164] 
 
 Prideaux, Humphrey, [164] 
 
 Priestley, Joseph, and the Birmingham 
 Library of 1779, 151 
 
 Prince, Thomas, liequeaths to trustees a 
 Collection of books for public use in 
 Boston (Massachusetts), 286 ; 370 
 
 Protzer, John, [164] 
 
 Prousteau, William, [164] 
 
 Providence, Rhotlc Island, Library at, 
 [171] 
 
 Puisaye, Count Joseph de, [164] 
 
 Pulkowa, Library of the Russian Observa- 
 tory at, [99] 
 
 Quatremerc, Stephen, [165] 
 Querard, John Mary, [165] 
 Querini, Cardinal Ansjelo Mary, [165] 
 Quin, Henry John, [165] 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabutin, Mary de, Marchioness of Sevignc, 
 [166] 
 
 Racine, John, [166] 
 
 Raczynski, Count E., [166] 
 
 Radzivil Family, ri6«>j 
 
 Rainolds,John. [166] 
 
 Rainsford, General Charles, [ICC] 
 
 Ralegh, Sir Walter, [10]; [140]; [167] 
 
 Rambach, J. A., oiakeH an extensive Collec- 
 tion in German hymnology, which is 
 addi-d to the Town Library of Hmn- 
 burfch, 230 
 
[254] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Rantzau, Henry, [167] 
 Rauuzzi, Vincent, [167] 
 Rates for Free Public Libraries, 32; 36; 
 115; 281; 302; 303; 304; 328; 331; 
 332; 334; 335; 347; 349 
 Ratisbon, Town Library of— 
 
 Origin, Rules, and Statistics of the, 
 
 Table facing page 226 
 MSS. given to, by Conrad von Hil- 
 desheim, [88] 
 Raudnitz-on-Elbe, Lobkowitz Library at, 
 
 [84] ; [110] 
 Ravenna, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation and history, 254 
 statistics, 248 
 
 Caneti's bequest to the, [33] 
 Rawlinson, Richard, [167] 
 Raynham, John, [167] 
 Reed, William, Bishop of Chichester, [167] 
 Reggio, Town Library of — 
 Statistics of the, 248 
 history, 250 
 
 MSS. of Lazarus Spallanzani in the, 
 [193] 
 Regulations of access to Town Libraries, 
 [1, in Britain], 56; 59; Table facing 
 page 192 ; [2, on the Continent], 209 ; 
 210; 216; 219; 220; Tables facing 
 pages 226 and 227; 239; 241; 244; 
 246 ; 248 ; 256 ; 260 ; 267 ; 268 ; [3, in 
 Amebica], 290; 294; 305; 320; 322; 
 338 
 Reid, Thomas, [168] 
 
 Reigate (Surrey),Parochial Library at,[49] 
 Reinesius, Thomas, [168] 
 Reitzer, Christian, [168] 
 Renaudot, Eusebius, [168] 
 Rennes, Town Library of, 210 
 Reuss, John D., [169] 
 Reviczky, Charles Emanuel Alexander, 
 
 [169] 
 Reynolds, James, [169] 
 Rhediger, Thomas von, founds a Public 
 Library in the Church of St. Elizabeth 
 at Breslau, 232 ; [169] ; its growth, and 
 eventual incorporation with other Public 
 
 Collections as a Free Town Liljrary, 
 233; [170] 
 Ribiera, John de, Archbishop of Valencia, 
 
 [170] 
 Riccardi, Richard Romolo, [170] 
 Riccardi, Francis, [170] 
 Riccardi, Vincent, [170] 
 Riccardi, Gabriel, [170] 
 Rich, Mary, Lady Warwick, [171] 
 Rich, Claudius James, [171] 
 Richards, William, [171] 
 Richelieu, Armand John Du Plessis, Car- 
 
 dinal, and Duke of, [171] 
 Ridley, Gloucester, [171] 
 Riemer, John Godfrey, [171] 
 Rilli Orsini, Fabricius, [171] 
 Rimini, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation and History, 255 ; [68] j 
 removal of some of its MSS. to Forli, 
 
 256 
 acquires the MSS. of Cardinal 
 
 Garampi, [68] 
 statistics of extent and public use, 
 248 
 Rimini, MSS. in the Town Archives of, 
 
 256 
 Robartes Family, [172] 
 Robert of Sorbonne, [172] 
 Robinson, Thomas, Lord Grantham, [172] 
 Robinson, Mr. Justice, [172] 
 Robinson, Richard, Lord Rokeby, Arch- 
 bishop of Armagh, [172] 
 Rocca, Angelus, [173] 
 Rocea, Simon della, [173] 
 Rochefoucauld, Francis de La, Cardinal, 
 
 [173] 
 Roe, Sir Thomas, [173] 
 Reeding, J. H., [173] 
 Roemhild, Church Library at, [87] 
 Rogers, Daniel, 173 
 Rolli, Paul Anthony, [173] 
 Rome, Libraries at, [14]; [17]; [18]; 
 [24]; [34]; [36]; [42]; [51]; [65]; 
 [66] ; [73] ; [79] ; [89] ; [94] ; [102] ; 
 [123]; [125]; [133]; [137]; [140]; 
 [141]; [144]; [150]; [151]; [154]; 
 
GENKRAL IXDEX. 
 
 ['^'i0\ 
 
 [156]; [165]; [173]; [179]; [191]; 
 [196] ; [200] 
 Koncioni, Mark, [17i] 
 Rosenkra, John Hjelstjern, [88] 
 Eosemmieller, E. ¥. C, [174] 
 Rosewell, John, [17-i] 
 'Rosner, J. G. A., [174] 
 •Rosstftti, Dominick de, [174] 
 ;'Bossi, William de, [176] 
 
 ossi, Canon (of Treviso), [175] 
 itgaard, Frederick, [175] 
 itock, University Library at, [207] 
 Roth, Paul. [175] 
 Rotb, Stephen, [175] 
 Rothelln, Charles d'Orleans de, [139]; 
 Rouen, Town Library of — 
 
 Notice of the history of the. 204 
 bequest of Coquebert de Montbrct 
 
 to the, 205 ; [46] 
 acquires, by jnirchase, the Library 
 
 of Charles Leber, 205 ; [105] 
 statistics of its use by the public, 
 210 
 Rouen, Cathedral Library at, [190] 
 Rouland, M., establishes in France a new 
 system of Primary-School and Com- 
 munal Libraries, 213 ; its growth and 
 results, ib. 
 Eoussean, John James, [176] 
 Radolstadt, Schwarzburg-Kudolstadt Li- 
 brary at, [184] 
 Euhnken, David, [177] 
 " ,ulant, — Schroeder, [18-1-] 
 
 miantsov, Count Nicholas, [177] 
 a, John Baptist, [177] 
 oni, Peter Martyr, founds a Town 
 Library at Sondrio, 261 ; [177] 
 lyerson, Egcrton, plans a system of Free 
 Township and School-District Libraries 
 for Upper Canada, 341; his report to 
 the Governor-General on that subject, 
 345 ; procures the passing of the School 
 and Library Act of 1850. 347 ; his ar- 
 rangements for the supply of books to 
 the Township Libraries, 348; and for 
 procuring local assessments for their sup- 
 
 port. 319 ; oxtnicU from hi* r>'i>ort» on 
 the progress and rcmjltu of the Cttuadinn 
 Free Librarit-s, 352. stqij. 
 Hymer, Thomas, j 1 77 
 
 S. 
 
 Sadler, Sir Ralph, [177] 
 
 Safarik, Paul Joseph, [177] 
 
 Saibante, Jolin, [178] 
 
 Saint Amand, James, [178] 
 
 Saint Bavou de Montesquieu, Ciiailes di-, 
 
 [130] 
 Saint-Daniel (in the Friull), Town Li- 
 brary of — 
 
 Foundation of the, 3 
 acquires, by bequest, the Library of 
 Archbishop Fontanini, [63] 
 Saintes, Town Library of, 207 
 Saint Etienne, Town Library of, 210 
 Ssiiut Etienne Popular Libraries, 214; 
 notice of a recent debate in the French 
 Senate on the selection of books for 
 them, 215 
 Saint Gaxl, Town Library of, [216] 
 Saint Genis Family, [178] 
 Saint George, Sir Richard, [178] 
 Saint John, Oliver, [178] 
 Saint Piilaye, John Baptist de La Curne 
 
 de, [178j 
 Saint Petersburgh, Libraries at, [26] ; 
 [50] ; [53] ; [54] ; [59] ; [94] ; [93] ; 
 [166]; [205]; [211]; [222] 
 Saint Simon, Claud Henry dc. [179] 
 Saint Vincens, John Francis Fauri«de,[17U] 
 Salamanca, University Library at, [138] 
 Salem (Massachusetts), Town Library of, 
 
 [100] 
 Salfoud, Free Town Library of — 
 t The founder and hia public career, 
 
 I 104 
 
 1 formation of the Library, in con. 
 
 nection with a Muwum, under 
 1 the Act of laio, 10«> 
 
 I its growth and useful rciultn, 107; 
 
 uud Table facing pai/e 192 
 
rop 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Salisbury, Cathedral Library at, [213] 
 
 Sambucus, John, [179] 
 
 Sanchez, Roderick, Bishop of Palencia, 
 [179] 
 
 Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, [179] 
 
 Sandei, Felino, Archbishop of Lucca, [180] 
 
 Sandford, Joseph, [180] 
 
 Sarpi, Paul, [180] 
 
 Saraval, Leo von, [180] 
 
 Saeeeguimines, Town Library of, 210 
 
 Sautereau, M., [180] 
 
 Savary de Breves, Francis, [180] 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry, [181] 
 
 Savioli, Count, [181] 
 
 Satoh^a, Town Library of — 
 Foundation of the, 261 
 statistics, 260 
 
 Savona, Eocca Library at, [173] 
 
 Savoy, Dukes of, [181] 
 
 Sawyer, Matthew Plant, helps to found the 
 Town Library of Newburyport in Massa- 
 chusetts, 306 
 
 Sayers, Frank, [181] 
 
 Scaliger, Joseph Justus, [182] 
 
 Scaveuius, Peter, [182] 
 
 Schad, E., [182] 
 
 ScHAFFHAUSEN, Town Library of, [133] 
 
 Scharbau, Henry, [182] 
 
 Schedel, Henry, [183] 
 
 Scheres-Zieritz, John Christian von, [183] 
 
 Schiavo, Michael, Bishop of Mazara. aug- 
 ments the Town Library of Palermo, 
 250 
 
 Schiller Collection at Hamburgh, 230 
 
 Schindel, C. W. O. A. von, [183] 
 
 Schlegel, Augustus William von, [183] 
 
 Schmid, B., [183] 
 
 Schmidt, R. J. F., [183] 
 
 Schnurrer, Christian von, [184] 
 
 Schoenbrunn, Schindel Library at, [183] 
 
 Schoepflein, John Daniel, [184] 
 
 Schomberg Family, [182] 
 
 Schroeckh, Luke, [184] 
 
 Schroeder-Rulant, — , [184] 
 
 Schuetz, J. J., [184] 
 
 Schulenburg, Count A. C. F. von dcr, [182] 
 
 Schultz, Peter, [184] 
 
 Schultz, Chrysostom, [184] 
 
 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, John Frederick, 
 Prince of, [181] 
 
 Scott, Thomas, Archbishop of York, [185] 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, [185] 
 
 Scott, James, [185] 
 
 Scripandi, Jerome, [186] 
 
 Scultetus, Peter, [184] 
 
 Sebisch, Albert von, [186] 
 
 Seeker, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 [186] 
 
 Seguier, Peter, [186] 
 
 Selden, John, [186] 
 
 Sellius, Thomas, Musical Collections formed 
 by, are added to the Town Library of 
 Hamburgh, 229 
 
 Selvatico, Bartholomew, [187] 
 
 Senckenberg, John Christian, [187] 
 
 Senckenberg, Renatus Charles von, [187] 
 
 Senigallia, Town Library of, 260 
 
 Serilly, M., [187] 
 
 Sertorio, Anthony, [188] 
 
 Sertorio, Peter Anthony, [188] 
 
 Seville, Town, or Columbian, Library at, 
 [45] 
 
 Seville, St. James' Library at, [9] 
 
 Seville, Cathedral Library at, [151] 
 
 Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset, 5; 
 [188] 
 
 Seymour, Frances, Duchess of Somerset, 
 [188] 
 
 Seyssel, Claude de. Archbishop of Turin, 
 [188] 
 
 Shakespeare Collection at Birmingham, 153 
 
 Sharp, John, bequeaths a Library to the 
 City of New York, 271 
 
 Sharpe, John, Archbishop of York, be- 
 queaths a Library which is now pre- 
 served for public use (under the Will of 
 Nathaniel Crewe, Bishop of Durham) at 
 Bamburgh Castle, [188] 
 
 Sharpe, Granville, [189] 
 
 Sharpe, Tliomas, [189] 
 
 Sheepshanks, John, [189] 
 
C'.KNKIIAL INDEX. 
 
 Sheffielp, Town Liluary of — 
 
 is founded under the Libraries Act, 
 
 127 
 its growth and progress, 128 
 comparative statistics of its public 
 use in earlier and later years, 
 128; 132; 133; 136 
 classification of its aggregate is- 
 sues, 135 
 expenditure of, 138 
 present statistics of. Table facing 
 page 192 
 Sheldon, Gilbert, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, [189 J 
 Sheldon, Ralph, [189] 
 Shepherd, Richard, [189] 
 Sherard, William, [190] 
 Sherlock, Thomas, Bishop of London, [190] 
 Shirburn Castle (Oxfordshire), Lil>rary at, 
 [G3] ; [64] ; [96] ; [132] ; [136]; [143] 
 Shrewsbury, Library at, [201] 
 Sibbald, Sir Robert, [190] 
 Sibthorp, John, [190] 
 SlEXA, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded upon a Collection first 
 given to the University of Siena, 
 [13]; 251 
 its subsequent progress, 252 
 statistics of extent and public use, 
 
 2tS 
 Azzoni Collection in the, [10] 
 letters of Metastasio in the, [125] 
 acquires the Library of Angelo 
 
 Ghigi, [72] 
 and the autograph MSS. of Francis 
 di Giorgi, [73] 
 Siinler, John Jacob, Historical Collections 
 
 of, in the Town Library of Zurich, 2U 
 >imon, J. G., [190] 
 Simon, Richard, [190] 
 Sion College in London, Library of, [221] 
 Siri, Victor, [191] 
 
 Sirleto, William, Bishop of Sijuillaci, [191] 
 Sloane, Sir Hans, [191] 
 ^lommow, Andrew von, [191] 
 Miiith, Joseph, [191] 
 
 j Smith, Sir Thomas, [191] 
 
 Smith, William, [192] 
 
 Smith, William, D.D.. [192] 
 
 Sobieski. John, King of Toland. [95] 
 
 Solera, John, [192 J 
 
 Solger, Rudolidi. [192] 
 
 Solms Library at Laubach, [18i] 
 
 Somers, John, Lord Somers, [192] 
 
 Somner, William, [192] 
 
 SON'DHio, Town Library of— 
 
 is founded by P. M. Kusconi, 261 ; 
 
 [177] 
 statistics of the, 260 
 
 Soulavie, John Lewis (Jiraud, [193] 
 
 Southampton, Town Library of — 
 
 Bequest of a Collection (' 4000 ' 
 volumes, not ' 14,0(X1,' as printed) 
 to Southampton, by G. F. Pitt, 
 [156] 
 
 Southampton, Hartley Institute at, ami 
 its Library, 187 ; 192 
 
 Sozzomeno, Canon, of Pistoia, [193] 
 
 Spallanzani, Lazarus, [193] 
 
 Spanheim, Ezi'kiel, [193] 
 
 Sparvenfeldt, J. G., [193] 
 
 Speciale, Gregory, accjuisition of the Li- 
 brary of, as a foundation for tiie Town 
 Library of Nicosia, 260 
 
 Spelman, Sir Henry, ; 193] 
 
 Spencer Family, , 19t] 
 
 Sperelli, Ah xander, Bishop of Giibbin, 
 founds a Public Library at Gubliio, 
 [194] 
 
 Spittler, L. T., [194] 
 
 Squarzi, Luke, augments the Town Library 
 of Bologna, 249 
 
 Stanislaus I, King of IViland, [19H 
 
 Stanley, Edward, Karl of Derby, bequeath* 
 a Musi'um of Natural Hintory to Liver- 
 pool, 116 
 
 Stanley (of Alderley), Lord, 57 
 
 Starkey, Ralph. [191] 
 
 Staunton, Sir (Jeorge Leonanl, 37<» 
 
 Stearne, Joseph, Bi'^hnp of Uromore, ; 195] 
 
 Stepney, George, [195] 
 
 Sternberg. Count Cnnpnr von, [195) 
 
 [17] 
 
[258] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Stillingfleet, Edward, Bishop of Worcester, 
 
 [195] 
 Stirling, Walter, bequeaths a Library to 
 
 the Town of Glasgow, [195] 
 Stolberg, Louisa de. Countess of Albany, 
 
 [195] 
 Story, Joseph, [196] 
 Stosch, Barou Philip von, [196] 
 Stowe, John, [196] 
 Steasbfegh, Town Library of— 
 
 Foundation and increase of the, 204 
 
 statistics of the, 210 
 
 contains the Literary Collections of 
 
 Geiler von Kaysersberg, [70] 
 acquires the Library of J. D. 
 Schoepflein, [184] 
 Strobel, — , [196] 
 Stroubridge, Gardiner, [196] 
 Strozzi Family, [196] 
 Strype, John, [197] 
 Stuart Family, [197] 
 
 Subscription Libraries, union of, with Free 
 Town Libraries, 58; 162; 166; Table 
 facing page 226 ; 273 ; 274 
 Suhm, Count Peter, [198] 
 Sullj', Maximilian de Bethune, Duke of, 
 
 [198] 
 Sutherland, Alexander Hendras, [199] 
 Swieten, Gerard van, [199] 
 Swieten, Godfrey van, [199] 
 Switzerland, Town Libraries of, 240 
 Szechenyi, Count Francis, [199] 
 Szek, Samuel Teleki de, [201] 
 
 Talbot Family, [199] 
 
 Tanner, Thomas, Bishop of St. Asaph, 
 [200] 
 
 Tasso, Torquato, [200] 
 
 Tattam, Henry, [201] 
 
 Taylor, John, LL.D., [201] 
 
 Teleki, Count Joseph, [201] 
 
 Teleki de Szek, Count Samuel, [201] 
 
 Tenison, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, [202] 
 
 Terriesi, Francis, [202] 
 
 Tersan, Charles Philip Campion de, [202] 
 
 Thackeray, W. M., 72 
 
 Thevenot, Nicholas Melchisedec, [202] 
 
 Theyer, Charles, [203] 
 
 Theyer, John, [203] 
 
 Thomas, Hugh, [203] 
 
 Thomasou, George, 203 
 
 THoyyE, Town Library of, 241 
 
 Thorkelin, Grim Jonson, [203] 
 
 Thott, Count Otho de, [204] 
 
 Thouret, William Francis Anthony, [204] 
 
 Thurloe, John, [204] 
 
 Ticknor, George, augments the Free City 
 Library of Boston, Massachusetts, 286 ; 
 370 
 
 Tiellandt, Baron Westreenen de, [217] 
 
 Tiellandt Museum at the Hague, [217] 
 
 Tillemont, Sebastian Le Nain de, [204] 
 
 Tiraboschi, Jerome, [204] 
 
 Tischendorf, Frederick Constantine, [205] 
 
 Tolaud, John, [205] 
 
 Tomlinson, Dr., [205] 
 
 Tonstal, Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham, [205] 
 
 Toriui, Jerome, [205] 
 
 Torricelli, Evangelista, [205] 
 
 TouL, Town Library of, 210 
 
 ToFLOTiSE, Town Library of, 204 ; 209 
 
 TouENAY, Town Library of, 266 ; 267 
 
 Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, [206] 
 
 Tournon, Andrew, [206] 
 
 Touruon, Francis, [206] 
 
 Teent, Town Library of, [73] 
 
 Treves, Town Library of — 
 
 Origin, Eules, and Statistics of the, 
 TahJe facing page 226 
 Teetiso, Town Library of — 
 
 Bocchi's bequest to the, [23] 
 acquires, by purchase, the Library 
 
 of Canon Rossi, [176] 
 acquires the Literary Collections of 
 ^zzoni Avogadro, [10] 
 Trew, Christopher Jacob, 371 
 Trichet Du Fresne, Pvaphael, [206] 
 Troil, Uno de. Archbishop of Upsal, [206] 
 Tronchet, Francis Denis, [206] 
 
GENKKAL IXDKX 
 
 I59J 
 
 Thot^s, Town I>ilirary of — 
 
 is founded by Jiimcs Ilonnocinin, 
 
 197; [86] 
 
 receives large accessions from the 
 
 Libraries of dissolved Moiiaste- 
 
 rics, 198 
 
 1 acquires part of the MS. Collections 
 
 i of the President de Houhier, 
 
 I ^-^- 
 
 I MSS. of Pithou in the, [156] 
 
 * and of John Racine, [166] 
 
 loses part of its books by transfers 
 1^ to Paris, Moutpellier, and Dijon, 
 
 [ 190 
 
 statistics of extent and public use, 
 204; 210 
 Tubingen, Libraries at, [77] ; [81] ; [169] ; 
 
 [182]; [194] 
 Turner, Samuel, [206] 
 Turner, William, [206] 
 Turquet de Mayerne, Sir Theodore, [120] 
 Twyne, Bryan, [207] 
 Tvvyne, John, [207] 
 Tychsen, Olaus Gerard, [207] 
 Tyrawley, Peter, [207] 
 Tyrwhitt, Thomas, [207] 
 Tyrrel, Thomas, [153] 
 Tzerstede, Conrad von, founds a Town Li- 
 brary at Hanover, Tuf/le facing page 
 226 
 
 U, 
 
 Llialdini, Count Bernard, l)equeaths his 
 
 Literary Collections to Urbania, 263 
 lilenbach, Z-.ichary Conrad von, [207] 
 Ilm, Town Library of — 
 
 is founded by Henry Neidhart, 2 ; 
 
 [135] 
 and augmented by Ulrich KraflTt, 
 [101] 
 LlriL-h, John, founds the Town Library of 
 
 Zurich, 243 
 Urban IV, Pope, [208] 
 L'bbania, Town Library of, 262 ; [65] 
 Urbino, Dukes of, 261 ; [65] 
 
 I'hbino. Town Library of. 262 
 
 Ussher, James. Archbishop of Arin5>;h. 
 
 [18] ; [208] 
 Ustori, Leonard, augments the Town Li- 
 brary of Zurich, 243 
 Uteecht, Town Library of— 
 
 acquires, by bequest, part of the 
 Library of Theodore Janssen 
 van Ahnelovcen, [7| 
 Utrecht, University Library at, [14J 
 Uxelles, M. d', [208] 
 
 V. 
 
 Vadianns, Joachim, [216] 
 
 Vahl, Murtin, [208] 
 
 Vaillant, Francis Le, [209] 
 
 Valence, Town Library of, 210 
 
 Valencia, Towu Library of, [7j 
 
 Valliere, Lewis Cliarles, Duke of La, [lOl ] 
 
 Valperga di Caluso, Thomas, [209] 
 
 Valreas, Library at, [145] 
 
 Van Ess, Leander, [209] 
 
 Vannes, Town Library of, 210 
 
 Vauni, Alexander, founds the Town Library 
 
 of Palermo, 249 
 Van Praet, J. B, B. [209] 
 Vansittart, Nicholas, Lord Bexley, [210] 
 Venice, Public Libraries at, [6]; [20]; [46]; 
 
 [47]; [73]; [74]; [79]; [131]; [132]; 
 
 [134]; [151]; [154]; [180]; [200]; 
 
 [210]; [223] 
 Venice, Library of the Town or Corrcr 
 
 Museum at, [46] ; [47] ; [223] 
 Ventimiolia, Town Library of, [8J 
 Ventimiglia, Joseph Kmanuel, I'rince of 
 
 Belmonte, augments the Town Library 
 
 of Palermo, 250 
 Ventura d'Este, Caspar, [210] 
 Venturi, Abbate (of Verona). [210; 
 Ventnroli, Matthew, augmenUi the Town 
 
 Library of Bologna, 2 tU 
 Vebcelli, Town Library of — 
 
 Foundation aiul Statislicit of the, 
 
 260 
 beipiest of MoroHini to the. [132j 
 
[260] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Vercelli, other Libraries at, 126 
 Veedun, Town Library of, [156] 
 Vermont College Library at Burlington, 
 
 [116] 
 Veeona, Town Library of — 
 
 acquires, by purchase, the Gian- 
 
 filippi Collection, [72] 
 bequest of the Abbate Ventura to 
 the, [210] 
 Verona, Chapter Library at, [21] 
 Veesailles, Town Library of, 204 
 Vertue, George, [210] 
 Vescovi, Anthony cle', [210] 
 Vesoxil, Town Library of, 207 ; 208 j 210 
 ViCENZA, Town Library of [19] 
 Victor Emanuel, King of Sardinia, gives 
 
 the Berian Library to the City of Genoa, 
 
 253 
 Vienna, Libraries at, [30] ; [34] ; [41] 
 
 [50] ; [59] ; [66] ; [67] ; [88] ,• [99] 
 
 [100]; [102]; [143]; [146]; [179] 
 
 [186]; [199]; [200] 
 Vincenzi Benincasa, Eleanor, 371 
 Vinci, Lionardo da, [107] 
 Viollet Le Due, K, [210] 
 VlRE, Town Library of, [153] 
 Viterbo, Cathedral Library at, [104] 
 Viviani, Vincent, [210] 
 VizziNi, Town Library of, [260] 
 Vogel, Z., [211] 
 Vogt, John Philip, [211] 
 Voltaire, Francis Mary Arouet de, [211] 
 VoLTEEEA, Town Library of, 260; [80] 
 Vossius, Gerard John, [212] 
 Voyer d'Argenson, Mark Anthony Rene, 
 
 Marquess of Paulmy, [212] 
 
 W. 
 
 Wackerbarth, A. C. von, [212] 
 Wadding, Luke, [212] 
 Wagenseil, John Christopher, [212] 
 Wake, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 [212] 
 Waldschmid, J. M., [212] 
 
 Wales, Henry Wmiam, [213] 
 
 Walker, Alexander, [213] 
 
 Walker, John, [213] 
 
 Walker, Thomas, [213] 
 
 Wallraf, Frederick E., [213]; and Tahh 
 
 facing page 226 
 Walton, Izaack, [213] 
 Wansleb, John Michael, [214] 
 Warburton, John, [214j 
 Ward, Samuel, 319 
 Warden, D. B., [214] 
 Ware, Sir James, [214] 
 Warham, William, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, [215] 
 Warner, John, Bishop of Rochester, [215] 
 Warner, Richard, [215] 
 Warsaw, Zaluski Public Library at, 
 
 [222] 
 Wareington, Town Library of, Table 
 
 facing page 192 
 Wase, Christopher, [215] 
 Washington, George, [215] ; [253] 
 Washington, Congress Library at, 301; 
 
 [95]; [215] 
 Watts de Peyster, John, [215] 
 Watte, Joachim von, [216] 
 Webb, Philip Carteret, [216] 
 Weimar, Goethe Library at, [75] 
 Weizel, — (of Geneva), [216] 
 Wellesley, Richard, Marquess Wellesley, 
 
 [216] 
 Wells, Cathedral Library at, [206] 
 Welser, Mark, [216] 
 Werner, Abraham Gottlob, [216] 
 West, James, [216] 
 Westminster, Free Library of the Parishes 
 
 of St. Margaret and St. John, — 
 Foundation of the, 186 
 statistics of extent arid public use. 
 
 Table facing page 192 
 expenditure, ib. 
 Westminster Abbey Library, [33] ; [145]; 
 
 [219] 
 VVestreenen de Tiellandt, Baron, [217] 
 Wharton, Henry, [217] 
 Whcatley, CLarles, [217] 
 
 i 
 
OKXKKAL INDKX. 
 
 aoij 
 
 Wheelwright, WiUiani, pivosn C\>lKitiou of 
 books on the iill'uirs of the South Ameri- 
 can States to the City Librttr> of iio»ton, , 
 288 . " I 
 
 Wheler, Sir George, [217] 
 
 Whitchurch (Hants), Parish Lil)rary nt, 
 11 ' I 
 
 AVhite, John, [217] 
 
 White, Thomas, [217] 
 
 Whitney, Henry A., [217] 
 
 Whittington, Sir Kichanl, founds n Town 
 Library in the Guildhall of Loudon, 5 
 
 Widmaunstadt, John A., [218] 
 
 Wielhorski, Count, [218] 
 
 Wight, Osborne, [218] 
 
 Wilkinson, Thomas, [218] 
 
 Will, G. A., [218] 
 
 William of Wykeham, Bishop of Win- 
 chester, [218] 
 
 Williams, Daniel, [219] 
 
 Williams, John, Archbishop of York, [211)] 
 
 Williamson, Sir Joseph, [219] 
 
 Willis, Browne, [219] 
 
 Winchester, Cathedral Library at, [131] ; 
 [213] 
 
 Winchester, Library of St. Mary's College 
 at, [215] 
 
 Winder, Henry, [219] 
 
 Windsor Castle, Library at, [5]; [21]; 
 [107]; [197] I 
 
 Windsor, Library of the Collegiate Cliapel 
 at, [217] 
 
 Winer, George Benedict, [219] 
 
 Winthrop, John, [220] I 
 
 Wisconsin, Township and District Librariea } 
 of the State of, 333 ; 337 ; defects of the | 
 original Library law, and their amend- , 
 ment in 1859, 33 1; testimony of Henry | 
 Barnard to the working of the new nyi.- 
 tem, 335 
 
 Wittenberg, University Library at, [123] 
 
 Wodrow, Kobert, [220] 
 
 Wolf, John Christian, 229; [220] 
 
 Wolf, John Christopher, 229 ; [220] 
 
 Wolfenbuettel, Ducal Library at, [10]; 
 [50]; [66] ; [80]; [97]; [112] 
 
 \S\nH\, Anthony. 
 WihmI, Thoi.mv 
 \\\HMl.\Vllh,im.|.. u i. - 
 
 in MitMachuMtt*, i>l i 
 
 npprentifiMi and ban 1: 
 Woolton (Sum'T), Librmrr *t, liii^ 
 Worcctiter, Cathedral Library st, [II] j 
 
 [102] 
 Worcentor, in Mi%*Mrhu*«tt«, Library at 
 
 the Anii'ricMi Anti<|u«riu) Socirtj at. 
 
 i 119 ; 2tt3 
 Wr.iy, Daniel. 221 
 Wynne, Sir Williaui, .221 
 
 Y. 
 
 York, C«the<ln»l Library at, [29] 
 
 Yorke, I'hilip, I>Url of iiardwukr, £il 
 
 Young, Thumiu, . 221 ; 
 
 Yl-Hts. Town Library of. 22C; ittf 
 
 Yriurttf, John dt-. 221 ] 
 
 Yule, Mmjor-Ucuvral, ^221 J 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zaiuitki, JoM'ph Andrew Junoi 
 
 Count of, fiiunda a I'uUtr Library at 
 WarMW, [222] ; which it, rtmtoaUy. 
 c«rrie<l off to St. IVf-— ' ••• •' * 
 
 Zaluiki, Andrew Stain- ' •«»» 
 
 of, co-oiH'ratea in I! ' < th» 
 
 Zaluski I'ubhc Library at Waraaw, tflj 
 
 ZanjU-ccuri. Count KraDci*, v,22aj 
 
 Zamboni, J. J.. .223] 
 
 Zanctti. lUld-. ;22J; 
 
 Znpp, Z., ; 2:^'^ , 
 ZAJiA,T"W» Library of— 
 
 i« f.iund«l by I'. A. I'ara»u», ^lU* 
 Zaiiu*. L'lricb, 371 
 Zfi»ld. Hiilii.. '!?*'»• 
 Zfil«. N' l.ibrari at. IG^i 
 
 Zopi-^ll. -«, 
 
 Zi'iucu. »• "'1 ■..'••■•■. "^ 
 
 Origin and foooden atthe.SiS 
 
[262] 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Ztjeich, Town Library of (continued) — 
 
 establishment of, in the Water- 
 
 Clmrch, 243 
 its progress and growth, 244 
 its rich Collections on the civic and 
 
 cantonal history, ib. 
 statistics of extent and public use, 
 
 245 
 MSS. of Daille in the, [51] 
 Zwingli Collection in the, [224] 
 
 Zurita, Jerome, [224] 
 
 Zurlauben, Beatus F. A. J. D. Latour 
 Chatillon de, [104] 
 
 ZwiCKATT, Town or Council Library of, 
 [176] 
 
 Zwingli, Ulrich, Library of, is acquired by 
 the Canton of Zurich, [224] ; and passes, 
 eventually, into the Library of the Can- 
 tonal Schools, ib. 
 
 PEINTED BY J. E. ADLAED, BAETUOLOMEW CLOSE, LONDON. 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR 
 
 /// tivo 'volumes. Octavo, luiA Portrait rngra'VfJhf JeBN*, mmJ ti/iU 
 lil/iograp/iic FacsimiUs of l.ttlns, £f . . Prut \x$. 
 
 Tin: i.ii-E 
 
 or 
 
 SIR WALTER RAI.i;(. 
 
 BASED ON CONTEMPORARY DOCUMENTS 
 PRESERVED IN THE ROLLS HOl'SE, THE PRIVY COUNCIL 1>KKUE, 
 
 HATFIELD HOUSE, THE BRITISH MUSEUM, 
 AND OTHER MANUSCRIPT REPOSITORIES, BRITISH AND FOREIGN. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH HIS 
 
 LETTERS; 
 
 NOIV FIRST COLLECTED 
 
 From the MOBMXO Post (Xoveinbcr 12. Itilis): — 
 "Mr. Edwards has, both in the Hinprajdiy and thf r<)m>«iMm.l.ii.-.>. hro-iu'l.i . . . .... 
 
 many new facts respi-cting Huli-j^h'.s Lilo aiul Tiin.-n, nolwithntniuiiiiK' tho nua>cn>m 
 works which have already appeared respectinj? that great man, and the cm in which b« 
 lived." 
 
 From the MaxcUESTBH Examinbu (.NovcuiIxt 2.'). IHCM) :— 
 "These volumes form a l.rilliant contribution to Eli/.uhotlmii lii.t..ry Tho 
 
 Letters are, in truth, trea.sures in thcmHilvi-« -Mr. K.l«urd» hu j^rformrj 
 
 his work with great care. His volumes ought to be in the |>oiue«»ion of cvory lorcr •nJ 
 admirer of Elizabethan history." 
 
 From The Scotsman (December I, IMiSi : 
 " No worthy biography of Sir Walter Rjilegh exi-U-d, until .Mr. Kdw.nU prodacea 
 this." 
 
 From the Pai.i. Mall Gazittb (Dcccmlwr 5, ISIW) — 
 
 " Mr Edwards has written the ' Life of H degh ' fmtn fullor inf..rm»li..n lUn .iijr 
 
 previous biographer. He is intelligent, induntriom.. .ympnllu-tir ; .nd tho w.*W U. Jin 
 
 his two volumes, larger means of knowinir K-lcgh than it >'tvT p.-M«««l hcforf. Th« 
 
 new Letters and the newly edited old Letters are. in ihem^lvw. « »MK.n. Mr. 
 
Edwards handles well the whole concluding story ; — how Ralegh was released only to be 
 betrayed; how his very zeal for England was made the means of sacrificing him to her 
 enemies ; how he died, at last, a martyr to the old cause of Transatlantic discovery and 
 plantation ; and how nobly he met his end. The tale is a familiar one (aud well deserves 
 to be), but the career of which, in spite of all faults and errors, it was a worthy close, 
 has never been traced with so much knowledge and fulness as in the volumes which we 
 have passed under review." 
 
 From The Satueday Eeview (October 31, 1868) :— 
 
 " It is a great thing to get a complete collection of Ralegh's Letters ; and Mr. Edwards 
 has not merely added, largely, to the number already known, but he has doubled their 
 value as biographical material, by his accurate revision of the text of those which had 
 been printed before, and by the very careful and critical Notes and Introduction with 
 which he has accompanied them." 
 
 From The Nonconfoemist (November 11, 1868) : 
 
 . . . . " Until Mr. Edwards wrote the work which is now before us, no competent 
 biographer of Ralegh had appeared. Here his life is traced with a fulness which leaves 
 nothing lacking, with a breadth that should satisfy the most critical judgment, and in a 
 
 style that is as remarkable for its interest, as it is for its purity Mr. 
 
 Edwards' work is a romantic history, .... told by a man of eminent literary in- 
 dustry and acquirements, and of unusual critical skill. It is not more than enough to 
 say that he has filled a vacant space in the historical biography of England." 
 
 From the Edinbuegh Daily Review (October 26, 1868) :— 
 
 " A work national in its proportions, as well as in its interest ; and no one can say he 
 thoroughly understands the history of England, and our peculiar relations with Spain, 
 during the Elizabethan-Jacobite period, till he has made himself master of both the 
 narrative and the epistolary portions of this work." 
 
 From The GtTAEDiAN (November 9, 1868) : — 
 
 " Mr. Edwards is, as far as we can judge, a very honest and candid biographer. With 
 great and, as it seems to us, exaggerated admiration for Ralegh, he does not hide or 
 gloss over his defects. He tells them, when they come in his way, without flinching, 
 and leaves them to produce their effect ; even if it be an efl'ect against his own view. 
 . . , . This is considerable praise, in a writer who treats of this portion of our 
 history. Candour and courage are not common qualities ; but nowhere do they seem so 
 
 difficult as to historians and biographers of the Tudor and Stuart times 
 
 Ralegh's inconsistencies and failures do not aflect Mr. Edwards' general estimate of the 
 man as much, perhaps, as they do oursj but he gives them as he finds them, and makes 
 no attempt to disguise them." 
 
 From The Times (January 7, 1869) :— 
 
 " No one since the time of Oldys has bestowed such pains in searching for and examin- 
 ing all documents that concern the life of Sir Walter Ralegh He has 
 
 met with a success, owing to the improvements in the storage and ai-rangement of MSS. 
 and historical papers, such as no inquirer of a former generation could possibly have 
 
 reached Those chapters of Mr. Edwards' book which are devoted to the 
 
 attempted unravelment of this tangled web of mystery— the final expedition to Guiana- 
 are the most important and valuable of the whole work. He has brought forward a 
 large mass of additional evidence; .... and he has corrected the mistakes 
 admitted by former biographers, especially in the account of the Trial at Winchester." 
 
 ® 
 
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