UC-NRLF 
 
 D 2 SS^ 671 
 
 CRANIA 
 
 
 1?'^ 
 
 FROM TliE 
 
 Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida. 
 
 UDY MADE IN CONNECTION WITH CRANIA FROM OTHER PARTS 
 OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 By HARRISON ALLEN, M.D. 
 
 From the Jo It nial of the Acaa'emv of Natural Sciences of Philadelf>hia, New Series, Vol. X. No. 4. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIE^■CF!^, 
 
 LOGAN SO'!'^"*-" 
 
 1 8yf 1 
 
CRANIA 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida. ^t^ 
 
 A STUDY MADE IN CONNECTION WITH CRANIA FROM OTHER PARTS 
 
 OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 ■1 
 
 By HARRISON ALLEN, M.D. 
 
 From the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, New Series, Vol. X, No. 4. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 
 
 LOGAN SQUARE. 
 
 1896. 
 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 h'ttp://vvww.archive.org/details/craniafrommoundsOOallerich 
 
/ i/s^- 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER, FLORIDA : 
 
 A STUDY MADE IN CONNECTION WITH CRANIA FROM 
 
 OTHER PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 Bv Harrison- Allkx, M. D. 
 
 IXTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 Out of thirty-three crania collected by Mr. Clarence B. Moore from prehist<^)ric 
 Indian graves in Fk)rida and presented by him to the Academy, five were found in 
 sufficiently good condition to describe.' The numbers of these skulls in the cata- 
 logue are as follows: 1,784, ba.it> of mound at Ginn's Grove; 1,781 and 1,782, 
 Thursby Mound; 1,783, base of mound near Tar Landing; and 1,789, mound at 
 Hitchen's Ci-eek, Volusia County. These numbers will be used to designate the 
 ' specimens in this essay. 
 
 The specimens were almost entirely without animal matter, if one could so 
 conclude by their fragility, peculiar lightness and pot-like resonance. Mr. Moore 
 had carefully coated the skulls with shellac varnish, which, while serving to protect 
 them, concealed the texture in some degree. 
 
 I propose in the first place to describe these skulls ; in the second place to 
 compare them with others from remote parts of Norfli America ; in the third place 
 to draw sucli conclusions as the subject admits and to explain the novel terms 
 which have been used in the descriptions. 
 
 While the section last named follows those which deal with descriptions it is 
 well, by way of introduction, to make a few remarks upon the subject of the 
 technical words themselves. No one can deplore more than myself the necessity 
 of introducing new terms in anatomy; yet I could not with justice to my 
 own convictions continue the use of words which have ceased to be accurate, or 
 confine myself to inaducpiate phraseology from mere dread of innovation. An 
 adequate term strengthens the sentence in which it is employed ; obscurities of 
 expression are thus avoided and definitions more easily framed. 
 
 Notwithstanding the length of time that human craniology has been a well 
 defined field of study, the methods enii)loyed have not appended to the judgment of 
 all students. Respecting the taking of measurements as at present interpreted, I 
 
 ' For information regarding tiie graves the reader is referred to Mr. Moore's i)aj)er ou Certain 
 Sand Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida, Jour. Acad. >'at. .Sei., Phila., Vol. X (^1), 1894. 
 
 46 JOURN. A. N. S., PHILA., VOL. X. 
 
308 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 hiivt' round that suggestions come to tlie mind in studying the results of sums total 
 that are not apt to arise from obser\ation alone ; and while one must acknowledge 
 that the nundjer ot* these suggestions is not so great or the importance of the 
 results obtained ahvavs commensurate with the labor implied, still it is difticult to 
 suggest a method which can readily l)e substituted for it. The value of taking 
 measurements can be seen in the i'ollowing: In studying the " Seminole" skulls it 
 was found that two out of twehe skulls, namely Nos. 450 and 720, possessed un- 
 usually prominent foreheads and the impression \\-as received that measurement 
 would show the minimum frontal diameter to be far alcove the average. This 
 average in ten skulls is 94 mm., but that of the exceptional skulls is 98 mm. and 
 95 nnn., respectively, a diflference in reality very slight. — In No. 450 the trans- 
 verse frontal arc is 310 mm. In No. 725 the same arc is 300 mm. This com- 
 pai'ison is of interest since it shows the difference in a general Avay in the sizes of 
 the frontal bones themselves. It is seen (Table IV) that the specimens Nos. 450 
 and 720 have the minimum frontal diameters greater than any of the facial dia- 
 meters, and it is not surprising to see the transverse fnjntal arcs of these specimens 
 measure 310 mm. and 300 nnn., respectively, while the average arc measurement is 
 292, the minimum being 209 mm. Meigs, while classifying No. 450 as a sphaero- 
 cephalic skull and No. 725 as an archencephalic, acknowledges that the former 
 is a transitional form from the latter. — That the length of the pyramidal process of 
 the palatal bone can be measured with advantage is evident from the epitome here- 
 with given. In all the skulls from the westei'n portion of North America including 
 tht)se from the Santa Barbara Islands, the process measured l)ut 4 nnn. ; in the 
 Seminole skulls, 5 mm. ; in the Moore series, 9 mm. ; in fifteen Escjuinuiux skulls 
 the same; while in forty-one Sandwich Island crania it measured 13 nnn. Thus 
 in fifty crania of North American Indians it measured but 8 mm., and each of 
 the localities was distinct. The average was nearly one-half less than the length 
 of the process in the Sandwich Island skulls. — Interesting correlations of measure- 
 ments are sometimes noted. Thus in the Seminole skulls we liave the basi-nasal 
 length averaging 101 mm., the mininuim frontal 94 mm., the bimalar 97 mm., and 
 the least facial diameter 99 mm. The mean of the last three measurements is 
 but slightly less than the basi-nasal length. The value of such a conclusion in 
 studying fragments of the skull nmst be conceded. 
 
 But in nuiny particulars a skull when exhaustively measured remains unde- 
 scribed, and the measurements themselves are arbitrary numbers, which, no matter 
 how valuable they may be in the study of race, may have slight value in increasing 
 our knowledge of the skull itself. The rates of change which take place in the 
 skull of the adult as compared to that of the child; the ecjuivalent rates which go 
 on from the time of nuiturity to old age ; the harmonies which are established 
 between the different parts of the skull in all the great divisions of life, are unnoted 
 by the mere taking of measurements. Even the variations of the forms of skulls 
 Avhen due to exceptional conditions of development and of sex are neglected. Thus 
 we are told that the skulls of the immature and of the aged, of women, those with 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 309 
 
 per.sistent Iroiital sutuiv. or e.\liil)itiii-i- preinatuiv union of the hirjivr suturi-s. and 
 specimens showing the conseciuences of artilioial comin-ession, nuist Ije excluded 
 from the series on which ethnic measurements are l)ased.* The result is that 
 elaborate memoirs embracing results which are conclusive so far as mere measure- 
 ments are concerned, are inconclusive, for the thoughtful anatomist, of many 
 interesting facts. 
 
 The ratio of variation expressed in an iijdex may be exact, so lar as race 
 peculiarities are concerned, but tell us nothing of the value of the s2)ecimenH at the 
 extremes of measin-ement. It will be noted (Appendix III) in what degree these 
 extremes in the skulls of North American Indians suggest I'orms absolutely unlike 
 those which make up the bulk of the proportions of the external nose. The most 
 careful analysis, by measm-eiuent of the skull of Australians, does not prepare us for 
 the small and apparently weak malar bones. 
 
 As a consequence I have thought it important to descril)e the specimens in the 
 Moore series as well as to measure them ; and to include tlierein the skulls of two 
 females. 1 have endea^■ored to frame a definition of each skull as though the object 
 in view were to identity thereby the specimen itself. The terms employed by 
 J. Aitken Meigs (see Appendix II) in outlining the general shapes of .skulls have 
 been preferred to others. 
 
 In taking measurements a conformity to number and kind as established by 
 authors has not l)een attempted. I have followed in the main those in use by 
 English craniologists ; but in some instances I have ventured upon a number of 
 my own, the reasons of attempting which are given at their appropriate jilaces. 
 
 1. — TiiK MooKE Sekies of Ckaxia. 
 
 1,784' s (Pis. XLIX. L. LI. LI I). Aged 45 year^ — subglobular, archencephalic, 
 phoxoeephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge marked, 6 mm. Forehead low, broad, ample ; 
 outer part of orbital arch scarcely inclined downward, 80°. — Nasal bones synostosed, 
 acutely arched, slightly concave above downward; frontal jjortion o mm.; 
 maxillary and preniaxillarv porticms 20 mm.; radix 7 mm.; salient 16 nnn. — 
 Alveolar line marked. — Nasal vestibule microlophic, prenasal fossa laintly defined 
 (7 mm. wide) ; incisor crest and spine marked ; inferior tui-binal ledge near floor of 
 the nose; alveolus high (21 mm.); teeth vertical. — Hard palate hyperbolic nearly 
 U-shaped, deep ; high alveolus (22 mm.), no anterior declivity ; pre-torus present. 
 — Pterygo-spinous unit)n on , both sides; spinous process enormous, Init not over- 
 lapping petrospiienoidal fissure. — No interruption of temporal ridge at stephahion ; 
 temporal ridge at hnnlidoidal suture heavily moulded, harmonic near asterion ; deep 
 groove on temporal bone between post-squamosal and ectt)-petrosaI portions.- Slight 
 
 ' Burial iri-ound Ginn's Grove, 21 feet down, partially iii'beddod in shell base. 
 '' This groove is of great interest since it indicates the line of union between tiie wjuaniosal and 
 petrosal elements. 
 
370 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 break only between pre-sqnaniosal and ])ost-squanu)sal jwrtions. — Scarcely any 
 flange at end of temporal ridge. — Occi])ut not ])rotnl)erant. inion marked; no hreak 
 in occipito-parietal flu've, z. e.. curve of obeliou continiuju-s with that of .snpra-inion. 
 The skull rests on the posterior border of the foramen magnum, i. e.^ the concep- 
 tacula cerebelli are small. — Malar bone with conspicu(jus marginal process and 
 suture-trace. — Sconce smooth, scarcely pitted, 122 mm. wide: highest point back of 
 bregnni; obelion with foramina. 
 
 Lower Jaw. The ccjndyloid process inflated, scarcely angulated, the lateral 
 facet two-thirds inclined downward, the median facet one-third. Third molar in 
 advance of coronoid ; high alveolus, no trace of bicuspid hyperostosis. Masseteric 
 impression concave, the angle scarcely inclined outward. w\ right side ; mental 
 foramen between second premolar and first molar, on left side on line of second 
 premolar; genio-glossus spine single, prominent, crest small but defined. Teeth 
 much worn. Upper third molar in position. 
 
 No. 1,784 bears a close resemblance to No. 1,782. • 
 
 1,782' i (Pis. LIII, LIV, LV, LVI. LVII). Aged -31 1,— sutures closed, excepting 
 about squamosa; globular, archencephalic inclined to phoxocephalic. Greatest 
 transverse diameter bi-squamosal. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridges marked, 6 mm.; upper half of frontal Ijone 
 showing median elevation ; forehead Ijroad, ample ; sutures closed in outer wall of 
 orbit.; outer part orbital arch scarcely inclined downward, 25°. — Nasal bones 
 synostosed, abrujjtly arched, projecting, concave from above downward ; frontal 
 part «/■/; nnixillary part 2o mm.; premaxillarv part 2 mm.; radix (5 mm., 80° ; 
 salient 10 nnu., 20°. Nasal vestibule microlophic with incisor eminence small, 
 oblique ridge to spine present ; alveolar line produced slightly beyond the ridge but 
 inconspicuous ; spine single and incisor crest marked ; prenasal fossa? rudimental. 
 — Alveolus high ; inter-premaxillary suture not produced. Small pretorus. — Hard 
 palate U-shaped, almost parabolic, no anterior inclination, alveolar height 13 mm. — 
 Spinous process overlapping petro-sphenoidal fissure ; petrosa inflated ; ala? of vomer 
 below plane of presphenoid ; foramen lacerum medium open. Temporal ridge every- 
 where distinct, interrupted at stephanion 26 mm. ; no trace of coronal, fronto-sphe- 
 noidal or parieto-sphenoidal sutures; parieto-temporal crest heavily moulded, 
 projecting posteriorly making parieto-occipital suture harmonic near asterion ; no 
 break between post-sqnamosa and ecto-petrosa. Occiput abruptly narrowed from 
 the side; supra-occipital thickened, but no break in the occipito-parietal curve; 
 skull rests on posterior border of foramen magnum. — Sconce rugose, much pitted, 
 100 mm. wide; sagitta carinate at bregma. 
 
 Lower Jaw massive; third molar in advance of base of coronoid process; 
 masseteric impression scarcely concave, angle but slightly inclined outward ; pre- 
 gonial tubercle large; condyloid process thick, everywhere inflated, no division 
 into facets, tlie inner part inclined downward; on the left side mental foramen 
 
 ' From base of Thur.sl)y's Jlound. 
 
c 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 871 
 
 * 
 between premularj^, on right side between second premolar and iirst molar; jienio- 
 glo.ssal spine double; geniu-liyoid ci'est scarcely seen. — Teeth much worn, cus])i- 
 dation lost; upper incisors vertical; third molar al)sent ; flie lir.st molar with 
 lateral roots projecting from the sockets. 
 
 1.78P S (Pis. LVlll. LiX, LX. LXl, LXII). Aged 35 years.— sutures open ; 
 subgloljular. plat ycephal ic. 
 
 Glabella and su[)ra-()rl)ital ridge small. '2 mm.; outer part ot" orbital arches 
 scarcely inclined downward. 25 mm. ; forehead ample yet frontal eminences apj)roxi- 
 mate ; interfrontal suture persistent ; symmetrical vascular grooves near temporal 
 ridge. — Nasal bones low arched, synostosed ; markedly concave from above down- 
 ward ; riidix 30° ; salient 20° ; ascending process maxilla nearly at right angles to 
 inner wall of orbit. Nasal vestibule microlophic with incisor, eminence small, 
 alveolar line indistinct; crest high; inter-premaxillarv suture of alveolus carinate; 
 alveokis high; inferior tiu'binal crest near floor. — Hard palate U-shaped, hyberbolic, 
 no declivity in front, high alveolus. — Vomer depressed below plane of basisphenoid ; 
 choana? with base wider than apex ; spinous process overlapping petro-sphenoidal 
 fissiu'e ; petrosa inflated ; middle meatus concave at ])alatal bone; pterygoid pro- 
 cess narrow.-^Malar bone witji scarcely any marginal process on right side, Ijut 
 quite large on left ; suture-trace present ; tubei-osity marked ; the bone enters into 
 the fonnation of the spheno-maxillary fissure. — Temporal crest faint, interrupted at 
 stephanion 22 mm. ; at occipito-i)arietal union temporal crest is heavily moulded ; 
 suture near asterion almost harmonic ; abrupt break between post-squamosa and ecto- 
 petrosal right, but noiu' on left ; at upper parieto-temporal union, the linea semi-circu- 
 laris. is not visiljle on the right, but the upper part defined m\ the left, and occupied 
 on both sides by vessel-grooves. — Lachrymal bone small ; bulke ethmoidales large. — 
 Arcs of longitiidinal curve as follows : inio-opisthonic ; inio-intertul)eral ; intertubero- 
 nasion. The supra-occipital jjrojects slightly beyond hunbda. — Sconce rugose in 
 inio-intertuberal part, 114 mm. wide. — Occiput broad rounded. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Line of coronoid intersects condyloid at outer third ; the external 
 facet of condyloid process one-third of the articular surface, — the downward inclined 
 internal facet two-thirds not angulated ; the left external pterygoid impression the 
 least defined. Third molar well in advance of base of coronoid process; the 
 masseteric and internal i)terygoid impressions about equal, the angle not deflected ; 
 mental foramen symmetrical between the second premolar and first molar ; molar 
 ridge scarcely reaching first molar; tubercle in advance of pregonial fossa; genio- 
 glossus spine single ; genio-hyoid crest nil. 
 
 1,783- $ (Pis. LXIII, LXIV, LXV, LXVI). Aged 25 years,— globular, 
 fragmentary; sutures o[)en. 
 
 Glal)ella none; supra-orbital ridge none.— Hard palate U-shaped; high alveolar 
 
 ' Thur.sbv'.s Mound, Vulusia Co., original burial on liaso. 
 "- Mound near Tar Landing. 
 
372 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 proces8 !•") luiii. ; no dee'livity. — Aliv of vomer depre,s8ed helow k-wl of basi- 
 hipheiioiil ; spinous process not overlapping' petro-splienoidal fissure ; foramen laeei'um 
 mediuHi open, both* media nly and laterally; petrosa inflated; ehoamv small, 
 paxlomorphic. The tympanic l)one opposite spinous ])rocess, on the right is large 
 (6 mm.), but on the left side is almost ////. The tegmen t^-mpani on the right large ; 
 left almost «z7. The oval foramen on the right is large; on the left small and 
 nearly round. The jugnlar foramen on the right is small, on the left large. The 
 left ecto-petrosal portion of the temporal l)one is intact; on left side a venou.s 
 foramen is seen in exoccipital at the lambdoidal suture; the right ecto-petrosal 
 portion with large mastoid foramen ; upper part right and left ecto-petrosal ser- 
 piginous. — Temporal impression feeble, no posterior moulding; surface of temporal 
 fossa between tuber and ecto-petrosal tiat, high, inclined ; skull resting on occiput. 
 Artgle and parts of sagitta to intertuberal vertical. Occiput pa^domorphic. Mus- 
 cular impressions faint, yet the supnvinial convexity marked. Upper half of 
 occipital squamosa and the interval between parietal tubera vertical. . 
 
 Lower Jaw. Condyloid process with facets, — the median aljruptly declined ; 
 third molar in part concealed by the base of the coronoid process; angle inclined 
 inward; mental foramen right and left l^etween the premolars; coronoid line inter- 
 secting outer border of the condyloid process; molar ridge to anterioi- border of 
 first molar; mentum scarcely projecting; genial spine and crest almost tiil. 
 
 The latitudinal index less than altitudinal. This confirms Weisbach's opinion^ 
 that the female skull, in proportion to its length, is much narrower than the male. 
 
 1,789^ 9 (Pis. LXVII, LXVIII, LXIX, LXX). Aged 45 years,— fragmen- 
 tary ; sutures open ; glolndar tending to subangular. 
 
 Glabella and supra orbital ridges small ; outer part orbital arch nuich inclined, 
 50 mm. Metopic carination ; vascular groove on right side frontal bone. Ala3 
 of vomer depressed from jilane of presphenoid. — Spinous process overlapping 
 petro-sphenoidal fissure ; petrosa inflated ; foramen lacerum medium very small on 
 right, closed on left. — Tem]X)ral ridge faint ; aljrupt change in level of post-scpia- 
 mosal and ectopetrosal parts ; bregma elevated. Malar bone enters spheno-maxillary 
 fissure ; marginal process small. Skull rests on posterior border foramen magnum. 
 Conceptacula well developed. Occiput broad, rotund ; inion marked ; no break 
 in occipito-parietal curve ; five large occipito-parietal Wormian Ixmes ; depression 
 at obelion marked. General outline rhondioid with narrow anterior segment.^ 
 
 Lower Jaw. Fragmentary without teeth in molar range ; genioglossal spine 
 double ; genio-hyoid crest double ; all parts well defined. Inner side of ramus 
 beneath molar ridge occupied by an oblong convex eminence ; angle absorbed, body 
 much inclined ; condyloid articular surface not faceted, inner part inclined upward. 
 
 1 Archiv. f. Anthrop., 1808, III. 
 
 2 Burial mound Hitclien's Creek, Volusia Co., original burial from base. 
 
 ■' Skull well filled, no interruption in curves from highest point of sagitta to lowest points of 
 eonceptaeula. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 373 
 
 All the craniii gavo the impression of beloniiing to a vigorous nice. The 
 alveolar height was oonspieuous and in the three males, at least, the nasal hones 
 were synostosecl. The contrasts between the male and female were great and al)Out 
 what is mentioned by travellers (see next section). In these respects the Moore 
 skulls differ widely from those marked Seminole. 
 
 Resume. — Dolichocephalic, female, one. Brachycephalic, male, three; female, 
 one. — Orthognathous, female, one. Mesognathous, male, tw^o. — Leptorhine, male, 
 three. — Mesoseme, male, one. Megaseme, male, two ; female, — one. — Microcephalic, 
 female, two. Megacephalic, male, two. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mea.sl'kemexts, 
 
 Table 
 
 No 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Transverse 
 Diameters of 
 
 
 
 
 f. 
 
 Transverse 
 Arcs. 
 
 Longitudinal 
 Ares. 
 
 i i 
 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 a 
 
 Cranium. 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 £ s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 .a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 C 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 _2 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 'H. 
 1 
 
 
 Maximum trans- 
 . verse diameter. 
 
 Index of Brcadtli. 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 £ 
 ■= 
 < 
 
 a. 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 .S: 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 c 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 ■5. 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 (2 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 .2 
 
 1 
 
 1,784,? 
 
 181181 
 
 105 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 1.55 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 129 
 
 540 
 
 332 
 
 345 
 
 340 
 
 130120 
 
 130 
 
 0' 
 
 
 
 1,782 c? 
 
 1475 177 179,145 
 
 105 
 
 101 
 
 134 146 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 140 
 
 510 
 
 310 
 
 319 
 
 328128,118 
 
 120 33 30 106 98'107|10192 
 
 1,781 $ 
 
 1495 177 179 137 
 
 98 
 
 101:129 147 
 
 83 
 
 77 
 
 1.32 
 
 510 
 
 300:!orj:!25,125 120 
 
 110 36 30 10l|90 
 
 104103 86 
 
 1,783? 
 
 1270 1531.33438 
 
 
 
 99 101 lOOp G5 
 
 90 
 
 127 
 
 470 
 
 28o29o:'!l5 
 
 120 135 
 
 105] 9081 
 
 8S! 98 92 
 
 1,789 ? 
 
 1010161jl61 
 
 130 
 
 92 
 
 106 
 
 119 140s 
 
 87 
 
 81 
 
 128 
 
 480 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 322 
 
 118110 
 
 1 
 
 120 3229 94 
 
 1 i 1 
 
 U 
 
 Aver. 
 
 1312|170171 
 
 137 
 
 100 
 
 106 
 
 121 138 
 
 81 
 
 82 131 
 
 502 
 
 307 
 
 314 
 
 326 
 
 1 
 124121 
 
 II7J34 3oj 98 90J1OO IOIJ9O 
 
 ;j Bi-parietal. 
 
 s Bi-squamosal. 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 2. 
 
 
 Diameters 
 of Face. 
 
 
 
 
 Of Orbit. 
 
 Of External 
 Nose. 
 
 Malar Lines. 
 
 Width 1 Height 
 Lower Jaw Lower Jaw 
 
 1 
 
 
 t 
 
 Of 
 Bamus. 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •s 
 
 ■ c 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 tr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 s. 
 
 .1 
 
 •3 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 ''5 
 
 t— 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 S 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 Cm 
 
 'S 
 K 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 IS 
 
 
 ■5 
 
 1—1 
 
 Nasi-Malar Line, 
 steel tajie. 
 
 ►5 i£ 
 
 i 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 •i 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 ■3 
 
 33 
 
 13 
 ■3 
 
 68 
 
 1 
 
 (.^ 
 
 .a 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 *s 
 
 
 
 
 105 
 
 •a 
 .■5. 
 
 *s 
 
 X 
 72 
 
 1 
 
 .a 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 1,784^ 
 
 1,782^ 
 1,781 S 
 
 100 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 36 
 
 90 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 46 
 
 115 
 
 105 
 
 90 
 
 99 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 150 
 
 105 
 
 27 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 21 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 90 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 118 
 
 102 
 
 84 
 
 96 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 73 
 
 101 
 
 71 
 
 38 
 
 150 
 
 10ft 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 57 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 33 
 
 87 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 110 
 
 102 
 
 85 
 
 93 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 69 
 
 101 
 
 68 
 
 34 
 
 1,783 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 71 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 57 
 
 82 
 
 64 
 
 33 
 
 1,789 9 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 Aver. 
 
 103 
 
 .5 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 92 
 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 114 
 
 103 
 
 81 
 
 90 
 
 33 
 
 30 
 
 67 
 
 97 
 
 35 
 
 • 
 
374 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 Measuremexts. Taiu-e No. 3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C. 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CI4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ,3 
 
 'iJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 :s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M* 
 
 J 
 
 !-> 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 J 
 
 .1 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 ,2 
 1 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 .a 
 
 c 
 
 ■5 
 1 
 
 (5 
 
 1 
 
 )2 
 
 Ml 
 
 "3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 S 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 ■a 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 J 
 
 1,784^ 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 90 
 
 49 
 
 109 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1,782^ 
 
 45 
 
 59 
 
 51 
 
 130 
 
 77 
 
 91 
 
 47 
 
 119 
 
 30 
 
 38 
 
 57 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 1,781^ 
 
 77 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 136 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 51 
 
 110 
 
 34 
 
 43 
 
 61 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 1,783? 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 40 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 83 
 
 42 
 
 100 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 1,789$ 
 
 25 
 51 
 
 50 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 48 
 
 105 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 44 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aver. 
 
 122 
 
 77 
 
 85 
 
 47 
 
 108 
 
 32 
 
 38 
 
 55 
 
 26 
 
 9 
 
 II. A Comparison of the Skulls fro.m the Florida Graves with {a) those 
 Marked Semixole in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences; 
 {b), those from North America (mainland) "West of the Rocky Mountains; 
 
 AND {c) THOSE FOUND ON THE SaXTA BaRBARA IsLANDS. 
 
 [a) Seminole Skulls. — It is desirable to compare the skulls obtained by Mr. 
 Moore with those of the Indians inhabiting Florida during the historic period. 
 
 The Indians named Seminole were proljably not of a pure stock, if we can 
 rely upon the statements of Chas. C. Jones Jr.' This writer states that " of the 
 Indian nations east of the Mississippi River, occupying and living adjacent to this 
 territory about the beginning of the eighteenth century tlie dominant people were 
 the Uchees, Lower, Middle and Upper Creeks., — constituting the formidable Muscogee 
 Confederacy, — the Yamasees, the Cherokees, the Chickasaws, the Ch,octaws, the 
 Natthez and the Seminoles. East of the Savannah River resided the Catawbas, 
 the Savannahs and the Westoes'" (p. 1). '"The Yamasees and their Confederates 
 were in 1715 routed by Governor Craven and driven across the Savannah River into 
 the arms of the Spaniards of Florida. — The Uchees also contented themselves after 
 this signal discomforture with a residence in Florida (p. 3). 
 
 " Of the Creek Confederac}' by far the most numerous and powerful nation was 
 the Muscogee. The Hitchittees, who resided on the Chattahoochee and Flint 
 Rivers, although a distinct tribe, spoke a dialect of the Muscogee. The Seminoles, 
 or Isty-semole (wild men) inhabiting the peninsula of Florida, were pure Muscogees, 
 
 ' Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particularly of the (ieorgia Tribes. New York, D. 
 Appleton & Co., 1873. 
 
CRANLV FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 375 
 
 and received that name because they suhsisted principally by Inuitiufr and devoted 
 but little attention to agriculture" (p. 4). 
 
 Bartrani, in his travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, etc., Lon- 
 don, 1792. .states that the Muscogulgee women, " though remarkably short of stature, 
 are well formed ; they are .seldom above five feet high, yet the men are of gigantic 
 stature, many of them above six feet." This description will, 1 believe, comprehend 
 the Muscogulges, except some bands of the Seminoles, LTches and Savannucas 
 (p. 481). 
 
 It will l)e thus seen that at least some of the Indians of Florida, after the 
 settlement of the Atlantic coast Ijy Europeans, embraced the Seminoles and rem- 
 nants of tribes of (reorgia which had been driven into the penhisula by conquest of 
 their lands above the Savannah River by the whites, and also that the Seminoles 
 were of the same stock with the Indians who occupied elsewhere the land between 
 the Mississippi River and the sea-coast. 
 
 It is probable,. therefore, that the skulls of the Moore series were of the same 
 stock called by Jones '' Muscogee," a probability which is strengthened by the state- 
 ment of Bartram regarding the large stature of the males and the small stature of 
 the females of the Muscogee people. The most casual observer of the Moore series 
 will be struck with the disparity in the size of the male and female skulls. 
 
 Of the skulls in the Morton collection marked " Seminole " little is known 
 beyond the fact tliat they were for the most part collected in Florida during or about 
 the time of the Seminole war. Some of them may l)e from distinct tribes which 
 had been driven South, but it is improbable that they l)elong to other than members 
 of the Muscogee group. That the Moore series differ notably from the skulls 
 marked Seminole is of considerable interest. But the entire number of sjjecimens 
 examined is too small to make any Ijroad deduction. 
 
 In Plate IV, fig. 1, of Jones' Antiquities^ etc., a skull of a Creek Indian 
 exhibits characters which closely resemble No. 1,784 and No. 1,782 of the M(X)re 
 series. The prominent glabella and supraorbital ridges, the coalescent nasal bones, 
 and the high incisor crest are here present. The skull is sul>globular. 
 
 Twelve "'Seminole" skulls are available for study. 
 
 733^ 9^ aged 40, — cymbecephalic. 
 
 Glabella moderate ; no supra-orbital ridge ; forehead pa^domorphic ; outer part of 
 orbital arch inclined 40°. Nasal bones arched, narrow ; ascending process of maxilla 
 compressed; the frontal portion nil; maxillary portion 22 mm.; premaxillary 
 2 mm. — Nasal vestibule analophic, but with a ridge extending from spine to ascend- 
 ing limb of the premaxilla; alveolus 19 mm. high. — Hard palate hyperlxJic ; 
 choana^ and pterygoid processes pjedomorphic. Foramen lacerum medium almost 
 obliterated ; spinous process not overlapping petroso-sphenoidal fissure. — Temporal 
 crest not interrupted at stephanion ; lambdoidal suture serrate near asterion. Malar 
 bone with small marginal process ; suture-trace present, — interval between zygomatic 
 
 ' The sutures are unusually open, but the jaws show signs of middle life. 
 
 47 JOUEN. A. N. S., PHILA.,.VOL. X. 
 
370 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 pnx'L'ss ami maxilla 1(1 nun. loii.u ; bono in s[)lieii()-iiiaxillai'y fissure. — Sconce 112 
 mm. wide. 
 
 Lower Jazc. Prejioiiium' lai;ae; coiulyloicl facets e<jual. internal half inclined. 
 ]\Iental foramen between .second i)i'emolar and first molar on the rij:lit side, and on 
 line of st'cond |)remolar on the left side; the ^uenial spine and i^enial crest equal, but 
 almost nil. 
 
 Skull ivsts on basion and oiiistliion. a curve of low convexity from opisthioii to 
 inioii ; a .second from inion to intertubera. without depression at the hunbda or 
 ol)elion. The ty})e so far as the ])arietal bone is concerned, therefore, is as in the 
 •• cut-oil"" variety, but no intt'rrujjtion exists at the lambda because of the constricted 
 ]))'oj)ortions of the occipital bone. 
 
 (11)S<?. aged 4(1. — ])lioxocephalic. 
 
 Glabella rudimentary 4 nnn.; supra-orbital margin 40^. — Nasal bones arched; 
 fnmtal i)ortion o nun.: maxillary poi'tion 20 mm.; premaxillary portion o mm.; radix 
 7 mm.. 00°; salient 24 nnn., 80°; ascending process maxilla compressed. — Nasal 
 vestibule niicrolophic ; incisor eminence high, with ridges reaching to the simple 
 spine; alveolar line defining conspicuous fossa, 4 mm. wide; hamular process (right 
 and left) rudimentarw not (Concealing bulla; on right side almost nil ; on left side 
 larger, l)ut laminar. — Hard palate parabolic; alveolar process 15 mm. high; choauiv 
 j)a'domorphic. — The left petrosa inflated; spinous process enormous and overlap- 
 ping fissure on right, pa'domorphic on left; fvmpanic process small; tegmen 
 ])rojecting as an inde[)en(leut spine overlapping fissure on left. — Temjioral ridge 
 interrupted at stephaniou 15 mm., the land)doidal suture harmonic near the asterion ; 
 crest of inferior turl)imd extended almost to the internal pterygoid plate ; foramen 
 lacci'um medium o])en medianly, closed laterally-. — Left laclirymal bone with Ijroad 
 hanudo-maxillary union; bulla ethmoidalis rudimental. — Malar bone with large 
 marginal process; not in spheno-maxillary fissure; suture-trace present; ecto-petrosal 
 porticm of tempoi'al bone suudl right and let"t. — Occiput moderately pa-domoi'ijliic. — 
 Sconce loO mm. wide. — Skull rests on opisthion ; first cm-ve from opisthion to inion, 
 second from inion to lamiKla. third from lambda to intertuljera. 
 
 Loiver Jaw. Body short, third molar partly concealed by coronoid jn'ocess ; 
 teeth nnich worn : mental foramen on line of second premolar on the right and 
 between this tocjth and the first molar on the left. Genio-giossal spine double ; genio- 
 hyoid crest marked ; condyloid lateral facet two-thirds, median facet one-third ; the 
 left with nuich the smaller extermil pterygoid impression: angle of jaw inflected. — 
 Upper molars 4-4-? ; lower molars \°\°'l 
 
 l.lOo <?. aged 40. — phoxocephalic. 
 
 Glabella not prominent. — Nasal l)ones arched; frontal portion 4 mm.; maxillarv 
 ])ortion 22 nun.: premaxillary portion 2 nnn.; radix 7 nnn. long. 80° ; salient 18 nmi.; 
 
 ' Tilt' " prcaonuiin '' i# a term proixi^ed Iw the autlidr to denote the reces.-: on hjwer margin of the 
 boily in advance of tiie an,irle. (Toner Lecture, Smith.sonian Li.<titution, ]8'S9j. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 3 
 
 1 1 
 
 40° ; ascending process of maxilla compressed. — Nasal vestilnile maorolophic ; ri-rht 
 incisor eminence small, — with ridge reaching simple, large spine ; incisor eminence 
 «z7 on left with ridge. Alveolar line marked on both sides defining small prenasal 
 fossa, 3 mm. ; incisor crest high, complete. — Alveolus short (15 mm.) with con- 
 spicuously carinate suture. — Hard palate parabolic; high alveolar i)roces8 16 mm.; 
 choanal panhjuiorphic. — Spinous process on right side mutilated and extends 
 betw^een squamosa and the tympanica ; on left it is enormous and articulates with 
 the tegmen. — Petrosa inflated. — Foramen lacerum medium open. — Temporal ridge 
 interrupted at stephanion 17 mm. ; lambdoidal suture serrate almost to asterion on the 
 right, l>ut nearly harmonic on the left. — Malar bone with enormous marginal process ; 
 suture-trace present. — Sconce 110 mm. wide. — Lachrynud bone ample, haniular 
 process uniting with maxilla. Upper molars 4-3-(l. — Ethmoid disease on left side; 
 ascending plate of the palatal bone convex toward the nasal chambers in the middle 
 meatus. — Skull rests on opisthion ; a continuous curve from opisthion to lambda ; 
 skull much depressed from lambda to intertubera. 
 
 1,286 ^, aged 30, — archencephalic. 
 
 Glaljella and supra-(jrljital arches scarcely discernible ; outer part of orbital arches 
 much inclined, 50. ° — Nasal bones arched ; frontal portion 3 mm. ; maxillary portion 
 22 mm.; premaxillary portion 2 mm.; radix 13 mm., 90°; salient 15 mm., 50°. — 
 Nasal vestibule analoi)hic ; incisor eminence none ; alveolar line trenchant. Incisor . 
 crest rudimental ; confined to posterior part ; nasal spine produced, simple.^Hard 
 palate hyperboHc, shallow ; alveolar process height 13 mm. Choana? wider at 
 base than at apex 15 mm. diameter. — Spinous process and tympanic process small, 
 subequal, no overlapping ; foramen lacerum medium open. — The temporal ridges 
 faintly marked and not interrupted, while the lambdoidal suture near the asterion 
 is f\iintly serrate. — Marginal process of malar bone is rudimental ; suture-trace 9 mm. 
 long. — Posterior-infei'ior angle of parietal rests in part on the occipital bone. — Skull 
 rests on opisthion. — The condyloid facets are marked, the median abruptly declining. 
 — Occiput with inion prominent. — The cui-A^e of the occipital squamosa (suprarinial 
 jiortion) not continuous with the intertubero-lambdal, but a distinct depression is 
 noted at the obelion, thus constituting the "cut-off" skull of Cleland. — The 
 squamosa is convex on right ; flat on left. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Third molar back of base of coronoid ; condyloid process small, 
 compressed. — The mental foramen on line of second premolar on right side, but 
 between the premolars on the left ; the genial spine and crest rudimentary. A 
 modern looking, though *• ill-filled " skull. 
 
 732 S , aged 40, — phoxocephalic. 
 
 Glabella and sujira^jrhital ridge rudimental, 3 mm. ; outer part orbital arch 
 scarcely inclined, 30.° — Nasal bones arched, not depressed ; frontal portion 2 mm. ; 
 maxillary portion 25 mm. ; premaxillary portion 3 mm. ; radix 5 mm., 60° ; salient 
 
378 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 7 nun., 4(1°. — Nasal vestibule analophic with iiici«)r eminence raised nearly to the 
 top of the small incisor crest. The sjjine is connected with the incisor eminence by 
 trenchant ridges, alveolar line rudinientai'v. — Alve(jlus IS mm. — Hard palate hyper- 
 bolic, alveolar process 15 mm. ; choaniv, base wider tlum a})ex. — Foramen lacerum 
 medium open ; spinous process enormous, overlapping sphencjido-tyiiipanic suture ; 
 petrosa inflated. — The temporal ridge interrupted at the stephanion 10 mm. ; laml> 
 doidal suture near asterion harmonic. — Malar bone with marginal process ; sutui'e- 
 trace present. — Sconce 86 mm. wide. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Third molar in advance of base of coronoid process. Lateral 
 focet of condyloid process mucli Avorn, median scarcely inclined ; mental foramen 
 on line of second premolar right and left. Genial spine and genial crest slightly 
 developed. The skull rests on basion and opistliion ; the cur\-e from opisthifm to 
 transverse occijiital torus unbroken ; a second curve from the torus to tlie inter- 
 tubera is entire, though the obelioh is slightly depressed. — Upper molars 4-4-3 ; 
 lower molars 2° ? ? 
 
 1,840 ^, aged 40, — phoxocephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge faint not measurable ; supra-orbital margin 
 40°. Nasal vestibule macrolophic, alveolar line subtrenchant ; crest ending on 
 simple produced spine. — Alveolus short, 15 mm. — Hard palate parabolic deep, 
 alveolar height 13 mm. — Spinous process large; but scarcely overlapping fissure; 
 tegmen enormous. — Foramen lacerum medium open. — Malar l)one \\'\\\\ large mar- 
 ginal process ; suture-trace present. — Temporal crest not interrupted at stephanion, 
 while the lambdoidal suture is harmonic near asterion. — Upper molar 4-4-0. — 
 Skull rests on the conceptacula. The curves of the Ijrain-case disjunct, the 
 opisthio-inion, the supra-inion and the lamljdo-intertuberal being separate. The 
 lambda and obelion are depressed, thus constituting the "cut-off" skull. 
 
 604 <?, aged 45, — coronal and sagittal sutures obliterated, — phoxocephalic. 
 Slightly deformed, the right parietal bone being more convex than the left. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital i-idge, 3 nnn. ; outer part orbital arch, 40.° — Nasal 
 bones scarcely convex, depressed ; frontal portion nil ; maxillary portion 25 nnn. ; 
 premaxillar}' portion 5 mm. ; radix 9 mm., 80° ; salient 21 mm., 30° ; ascending 
 process of maxilla transverse to plane of inner wall of orbit. Nasal vestibule analo- 
 phic ; incisor eminence discernible with faint alveolar line and fossa ; spine simple, 
 crest none ; the entire vestibule, therefore, paedomorphic ; alveolus small, 15 mm. 
 — Hard palate hyperbolic ; clioanae, base broader than apex. — Foramen lacerum 
 medium almost closed. — Pterygo-spinosal junction. — Enormous spinous process 
 uniting with tegmen and overlapping sphenoido-tympanic suture. — Petrosa inflated. 
 — Malar bone with large marginal pi-ocess, and marked suture-trace ; bone enters 
 spheno-maxillary fissure. — Lachrymal bone sutures between os planum and maxilla 
 obliterated. — Temporal ridge well developed ; no interruption at stephanion, Init the 
 second stadium of the ridge as well developed on the frontal as on the temporal 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 379 
 
 bone. This arrangeiueut is unusual. The lamlxloidul suture harmonic near aste- 
 rion with Wormian bone. Upper mohn-s 4-4-0. — Sconce 14U mm. wide. — Skull 
 rests on conceptacula. yet is nearly platybasic. — Curves three in number : first, 
 opisthio-inion ; second, inio-lambdal ; third, lambdo-intertuberal. Skull markedly 
 " cut-ofr." 
 
 456 3 , aged 40, — spha;rocephalic. 
 
 Glabella full, supraorbitals, 2 mm. ; supra-orbital margin much inclined, 40°. — 
 Nasal bones convex, scarcely depressed; frontal portion ml; maxillar}' portion 21 
 mm. ; premaxillarv portion mm. ; radix 7 mm., 90° ; salient 20 mm., 40° ; 
 ascending process of maxilla nearly on plane of inner wall of orbit. Nasal vestibule 
 microlophic ; alveolar line ti'enchant, incisor crest and nasal spine moderately 
 developed ; alveolus 12 mm. — Hard palate hyperbolic ; alveolar height 12 mm. ; 
 choanal 15 mm., broadly oval. — Foramen lacerum medium open ; spinous process 
 overlapping sphenoido-tympanic suture ; attempt at pterygo-spinosal union. — Tem- 
 poral ridge without interruption at stephanion ; lambdoidal suture serrate near 
 asterion. — Malar bone with small marginal, but marked suture-trace.— Sconce 
 128 mm. wide. — Skull rests on conceptacula. — An almost continuous curve from 
 intertubera to opisthion, a slight depression only occurring at the lambda and at the 
 occipital torus. 
 
 708 ^, aged 30, — archencephalic. 
 
 Glabella and suprivorbital ridge m7 ; outer part of orbital arch greatly inclined, 
 50° . — Nasal bones convex; frontal portion 2 mm.; maxillary portion 20 mm.; 
 ascending process of maxilla on plane with inner wall of orbit. — Nasal vestibule 
 microlophic ; incisor eminence small, ridge extending to bifid spine ; alveolar line 
 rudimentarv. yet yielding a small fossa. — Alveolus small, 15 nun. — Hard palate 
 parabolic right, hyperbolic left. — Large over^ipping spinous process; projecting 
 teo-men on left. — Foramen lacerum medium small, but open Ixjth medianly and 
 laterally. — Petrosa inflated. — Temporal ridge interrupted at stephanion ; lambdoidal 
 suture serrate near asterion. — Ecto-petrosal portion of temporal bone serpiginous, 
 with several small AVormian bones. — Malar bone with marked marginal process; 
 suture-trace present ; maxillo-zygomatic interval 5 mm. long. — Lachrymal bone large ; 
 hamulo-maxillary union.— Os planum large; bulla small.— Upper molars 4-3 i-3. — 
 Skull rests on conceptacula ; large transverse occipital torus. — The brain-case well- 
 filled ; a continuous curve from bregma to opisthion. Width of sconce 130 mm. 
 
 726 ? , aged 35, — archencephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge m7 ; forehead ptedomorphic, outer part of orbital 
 arch inclined 40°. Nasal bones low, arched, concave ; frontal portion ml; maxillary 
 portion 17 mm.; premaxillary portion 1 mm.; radix S nun., 80° ; salient 12 mm., 
 40° ; ascending process of maxilla nearly transverse to inner wall of orbit. — Nasal 
 vestibule analophic ; alveolar line m7. Alveolus 17 mm. high.— Hard palate hyper- 
 
380 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 bolic left, parabolic, right; alveolar process 13 mm. high; choana? with produced 
 basal angle. — Foramen lacerum medium open. Spinous process not overlapping 
 sphenoido-tynipanic fissure. — Petrosa intlated. — Epipteric bone on right side; a 
 Wormian bone on right side in lambdoidal suture near. asterion and at mid-lambda. 
 — Temporal ridge without interruption at stephanion. the lambdoidal suture serrate 
 to asterion. Upper molars 4-o-U. — Sconce 158 mm. — Malar bone with marginal 
 process almost nil. Suture-trace evident, 5 mm. long. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Third molar almost concealed by the coronoid process ; mental fora- 
 men opposite second premolar ; condyloid process angulated. the facets about equal, 
 the internal inclined downward ; angle deflected ; genio-glossus spine dou])le ; genio- 
 hyoid crest distinct. — Skull rests on opisthion ; occipital curves continuous, but inter- 
 ruption at lambda between the occipital and the parietal back of the intex'tubera, 
 thus constituting a "cut-off." — Entire skull remarkably pjedomorphic. 
 
 707 ^, aged 30, — archencephalic, slightly deformed, — the left parietal bone 
 being flattened. 
 
 Glabella small, supra-orbital ridge slight ; outer part of orbital arch inclined, 40 
 mm. — Nasal bones convex ; frontal jjortion 3 mm.; ascending process of maxilla nearly 
 on plane of inner wall of orbit. Nasal vestibule mutilated ; incisor eminence, alve- 
 olar line marked, prenasal fossa 5 mm. Alveolus small, 12 mm. — Hard palate left 
 side hyperbolic, right side parabolic; alveolar height 17 mm.; choana? with base 
 wider than apex. — Spinous process not overlapping sphenoido-tympanic fissure. 
 Foramen lacerum medium open, medianly and laterally ; left petrosa inflated. — 
 Temporal ridge with interruption at stephanion of 21 mm. ; lambdoidal suture 
 harmonic near asterion. — Left side of head the smaller. — Epipteric bone present on 
 left side. — Upper molars 4-3 J-3. — The sconce 94 mm. wide, coarsely porose on 
 either side near the temporal ridge. — Malar bone with large marginal process ; not 
 in spheno-maxillary fissure. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Third molar not concealed by the coronoid process. — Molars 
 l°-l-l; genio-glossus spine double; genio-hyoid crest ni7 ; mental tubercles large. — 
 Mental foramen on line with second premolar on right side, between j^remolars on 
 left. — Skull rests on conceptacula, thus the curve from opisthion to inion is distinct. 
 The curve from the inion to tlie bregma uninterrupted at the lambda or obelion. 
 
CKANIA FROxM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 381 
 
 Measukemexts, Table No. 4. 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 t 
 
 .s 
 
 1 
 
 •1 
 
 e 
 
 Transverse 
 
 Diameters of 
 
 Crauium. 
 
 ^ 
 » 
 
 X 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 Transverse Longitudinal 
 Arcs. I Arcs. 
 
 E 
 
 H 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 U 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 t 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 II 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 I 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 ii 
 
 1 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 •E 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 Ci 
 
 3 
 e 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 •< 
 
 a 
 
 Seminole 
 
 733 9 1160 
 
 1 1 
 
 172 172 124 
 
 83 
 
 75 
 
 117 
 
 126/j 
 
 73 
 
 72 121 
 
 ' 1 t 
 
 479 269 272 283 
 
 120 
 
 120108 33 26 94 
 
 85 
 
 94 
 
 100 90 
 
 
 
 698?!l435178 178139' 89 
 
 110!120 
 
 137.S 
 
 77 
 
 78 131 
 
 503 285 295 310 
 
 130 114124 35 31 93 
 
 93101 
 
 108 92 
 
 
 ' 1,105 ?:i320 174,1741361 94 
 
 100 
 
 113 
 
 13.5p 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 136 
 
 490 285 294 303 
 
 113 122 115 38 30103 
 
 96101 
 
 98 95 
 
 
 
 730' 
 
 1275177178 130 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 121 
 
 140i( 
 
 79 
 
 73 
 
 127 
 
 505 280 290 300 
 
 115 120115 33 26 102 
 
 97,101 
 
 99 96 
 
 
 ' 1 
 
 ,286? 
 
 1220I169,16<I136 
 
 90 
 
 94101 
 
 126.s|75 
 
 80 
 
 128 
 
 478 280;293:300 
 
 122130 105 34 28104 
 
 93 100 
 
 96 93 
 
 
 
 732? 
 
 1275J180183 133 
 
 99110 
 
 124 
 
 136a I 76 
 
 74 134 
 
 510 1300 .300|310 
 
 130 120 110 39 30105 
 
 96104 
 
 99 92 
 
 
 ' 1,840 ? 
 
 1415 
 
 182,182,140 
 
 95103 
 
 130 
 
 136« ! 75 
 
 77 133 
 
 510 295 
 
 303310 
 
 118 137113 40 20103|95 100 
 
 97:95 
 
 
 
 604? 
 
 1555 
 
 180 180 145 
 
 95105 
 
 125 
 
 148« 82 
 
 81 !139 
 
 520 310 
 
 332,340 
 
 130135 120t33 29 101 
 
 98,104 
 
 103,94 
 
 
 
 456? 
 
 1525 
 
 172 172'145 
 
 98112 
 
 130 
 
 145« 84 
 
 84 141 
 
 512 310 
 
 3201325 
 
 125115116136 30105 
 
 88' 93 
 
 89:95 
 
 
 
 708? 
 
 1460 
 
 176176 
 
 135 
 
 93: 99 
 
 116 
 
 138« : 78 
 
 77 133 
 
 505 290 
 
 310 
 
 320 
 
 130 108140 34 30100 
 
 94,102 
 
 10292 
 
 
 
 726 9 
 
 1285 
 
 165165 
 
 132 
 
 95105 
 
 115 
 
 140« : 85 
 
 80 130 
 
 480 300:310 
 
 310 
 
 125120100 
 
 34j28| 95 
 
 89 
 
 95 
 
 100 94 
 
 
 
 707? 
 
 1510177177 
 
 138 
 
 95100 
 
 122 
 
 145« 
 
 82 
 
 78132 
 
 512 300 
 
 i 
 
 315 
 
 325 
 
 130120112 
 
 i 1 
 
 3229101 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 97 
 
 93 
 
 
 A\ 
 
 •er. 
 
 1370 
 
 175 
 
 175 
 
 136 
 
 94 
 
 101 
 
 120 
 
 138 
 
 79 
 
 78 132 
 
 500 292 
 
 303 
 
 311 
 
 1 
 124122 
 
 115 
 
 35 29J101 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 93 
 
 p Bi-parietal. 
 
 a Bi-squamosal. 
 
 ' See Section III on ^letopism. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Measurements, 
 
 Table ] 
 
 S^O. 5 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Diameters 
 of Face. 
 
 Cm 
 
 O 
 
 .a 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 (M 
 
 o 
 
 Hi 
 
 "S 
 
 Of Orbit. 
 
 Of External 
 Nose. 
 
 Malar Lines. 
 
 Width 
 Lower Jaw 
 
 Height 
 Lower Jaw 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 6 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 ■1 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 Of 
 Ramus. 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 la 
 
 u 
 
 s. 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 -2 
 
 3 
 i 
 I 
 
 & 
 
 a 
 
 .a 
 1 
 
 .s 
 
 *s 
 
 O 
 1— « 
 
 .a 
 1 
 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 It 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 -a 
 
 a 
 
 § 
 
 s 
 
 "a 
 
 is 
 
 *s 
 
 .s 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .a 
 
 t 
 
 S 
 < 
 
 733 9 
 
 698? 
 1,105? 
 730 
 
 1,286 ? 
 
 732? 
 1,840 ? 
 
 604? 
 
 456? 
 
 708? 
 
 726 9 
 
 707? 
 
 127 
 130 
 133 
 138 
 126 
 140 
 142 
 135 
 140 
 128 
 124 
 133 
 
 93 
 
 97 
 
 103 
 
 100 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 104 
 
 101 
 
 97 
 
 105 
 
 93 
 
 95 
 
 20 
 20 
 24 
 27 
 21 
 27 
 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 25 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 48 
 45 
 45 
 43 
 42 
 47 
 46 
 48 
 44 
 40 
 44 
 
 47 
 57 
 55 
 55 
 47 
 52 
 55 
 54 
 57 
 43 
 45 
 53 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 18 
 22 
 18 
 17 
 19 
 15 
 18 
 14 
 20 
 16 
 
 34 
 37 
 
 38 
 38 
 38 
 36 
 84 
 37 
 38 
 35 
 34 
 29 
 
 25 
 32 
 25 
 35 
 86 
 33 
 36 
 32 
 34 
 33 
 30 
 27 
 
 74 
 
 87 
 66 
 92 
 95 
 92 
 94 
 87 
 90 
 94 
 88 
 93 
 
 47 
 54 
 52 
 54 
 49 
 50 
 52 
 56 
 52 
 52 
 44 
 53 
 
 24 
 26 
 24 
 27 
 24 
 24 
 26 
 26 
 25 
 26 
 24 
 26 
 
 51 
 
 48 
 46 
 50 
 49 
 48 
 50 
 46 
 48 
 50 
 55 
 49 
 
 49 
 
 100 
 105 
 110 
 
 105 
 110 
 108 
 107 
 108 
 108 
 103 
 108 
 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 103 
 
 94 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 97 
 
 96 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 86 
 
 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 97 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 88 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 31 
 
 24 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 93 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 85 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 35 
 
 Aver. 
 
 133 
 
 99 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 88 
 
 51 
 
 25 
 
 1^6 
 
 97 
 
 81 
 
 91 
 
 30 
 
 27 
 
 62 
 
 89 
 
 63 
 
 34 
 
882 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 6. 
 
 3 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 50 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 ■3 
 S 
 
 V 
 
 "a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 'V 
 
 •r 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 g 
 
 I- 
 
 Catalogue 
 
 ^2 
 
 'a 
 
 1 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 it 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 "it. 
 
 1 . 
 
 5 
 •5 
 
 I 
 
 s. 
 D 
 
 14 
 
 i 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 733? 
 
 65 
 
 124 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 40 
 
 96 
 
 31 
 
 35 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 698^ 
 
 67 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 122 
 
 66 
 
 86 
 
 44 
 
 102 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 59 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 1,105^ 
 
 62 
 
 58 
 
 53 
 
 118 
 
 74 
 
 85 
 
 41 
 
 103 
 
 40 
 
 34 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 730 
 
 63 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 115 
 
 76 
 
 85 
 
 44 
 
 100 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 57 
 
 .30 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,286 $ 
 
 60 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 119 
 
 63 
 
 86 
 
 40 
 
 102 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 55 
 
 28 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 732 S 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 121 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 49 
 
 110 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 62 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 1,840^ 
 
 61 
 
 61 
 
 51 
 
 118 
 
 75 
 
 88 
 
 49 
 
 113 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 604 ^ 
 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 50 
 
 130 
 
 85 
 
 85 
 
 47 
 
 112 
 
 37 
 
 45 
 
 53 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 456^ 
 
 50 
 
 GO 
 
 54 
 
 126 
 
 81 
 
 89 
 
 51 
 
 113 
 
 32 
 
 39 . 
 
 52 
 
 27 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 T08f 
 
 61 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 120 
 
 75 
 
 81 
 
 45 
 
 103 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 55 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14- 
 
 10 
 
 726$ 
 
 66 
 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 115 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 46 
 
 92 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 53 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 707 J 
 
 44 
 59 
 
 55 
 56 
 
 51 
 52 
 
 119 
 
 75 
 
 88 
 
 42 
 
 100 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 55 
 56 
 
 27 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 Aver. 
 
 120 
 
 75 
 
 84 
 
 45 
 
 104 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 In reviewing the Seminole crania it is observed that all were males but two. 
 This disparity is probably explained by the fact that the specimens were in the 
 main obtained from battle-fields. The glabella and supra-orbital ridge were faintly 
 developed, the maximum being 4 mm. and six being «z7. An average of five speci- 
 mens (in which the parts were measurable) was 3 mm., in this regard they are con- 
 trastable with the Moore crania. The degree of inclination of the sujjrivorbital 
 margin is about 40°. — The nasal bones showed but slight disposition to project above 
 the level of the fronto-maxillary suture — namely 3 mm.; while in five it did not 
 project at all. "In nine specimens the maxillary portion of the bone was 21 mm. 
 long, being about the same as in the Moore series. The length of the nasal radix 
 was about 8 mm. and the angle 80°, while the salient was 18 mm., and subtended 
 an angle of 40°, nearly. — The nasal vestibule was macrolophic in two; microlophic 
 in three, showing a small fossa; while five were analophic. The alveolus was 15 
 mm. high, thus being about the same as in the Moore series. — The hard palate was 
 for the most part hyperbolic, ther^ being but two examples of the parabolic form, 
 though in three other specimens (Nos. 708, 726, 707) right side was paral)olic, while 
 the left was hyperbolic. — The height of the alveolar process was 10 mm. — In four 
 specimens the choanae was paedomorphie, all the others exhibiting a base which was 
 wider than the apex. — The foramen lacerum medium was open in all, but two showed 
 closure along the line of the groove for the Eustachian tube. — In six specimens the 
 spinous process of the sphenoid bone was large and overlapped the sphenoido- 
 tympanic suture. , 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 8S8 
 
 In the region of the origin of the temporal muscle the temporal ridge was 
 interrupted in seven examples, and not interrupted in three ; two of these being 
 females. In this series, therefore, the interruption at the stephanion in the 
 curve of the temporal ridge was a good sex character; indeed, better than the mar- 
 ginal process of the malar l)one, which, while present in one female, was al)sent in 
 the other and was almost absent in two males (Nos. 45G, 1,280). — The lambdoidal 
 suture as it approached the asterion became harmonic in seven (all males) and 
 serrate in five, two of which were females. — The interval between the temporal 
 ridges at the sconce had a minimum of 86 mm. and a maximum of 158 mm., an 
 average of 122 ; omitting the two females the average Avas 112 mm., which is greater 
 than that of the Moore series. — A remarkable feature in which the Seminoles 
 agree with the Moere skulls is the horizontal groove on the inner side of the malar 
 bone, which was present in all the sjjecimens. In six crania the malar bone entered 
 the spheno-maxillary fissure ; in four it did not. 
 
 The lower jaw was present in seven of the skulls. The condyloid process was 
 angulated in all, the median facet being inclined. The base of the coracoid process 
 concealed the third molar in whole or in part in three; one of these (No. 1,286) 
 was a female. The mental foramen opened between the premolars in four on both 
 sides, in one as above on the left side, but opposite the second premolar on the right 
 side. In two specimens only (Nos. 733, 698) the foramen lay between the second 
 premolar and the first molar. The teeth were well developed, only two specimens 
 showing the second upper molar with less than four cusps, and the second lower 
 molar with less than five. 
 
 Resume. — Dolichocephalic, female, one. Mesaticephalic, male, seven. Brachy- 
 cephalic, male, three ; female, one. — Orthognathous, male, four. Mesognathous, 
 male, five ; female, two. Prognathous, male, one. — Leptorhine, male, two. Meso- 
 rhine, male, eight; female, one. Platyrhine, female, one. — Microseme, male, 
 one; female, one. Mesoseme, male, two; female, one. Megaseme, male, seven. 
 — Microcephalic, male, four; female, two. Mesocephalic, male, two. Mega- 
 cephalic, male, four. ♦ 
 
 {b) Description- of a Series of Skulls of North American- Ixdiaxs Collected 
 West of the Rocky Mountains (mainland). After the Florida crania had been 
 studied it was determined to compare them with a group as remote as possible both 
 in geographical and ethnographical range. For this purpose the skulls of Indians 
 from the Pacific Coast were included with those collected from localities as far east 
 as the Rocky Mountains. While this enormous, territory is occupied by tribes dif- 
 fering greatly among themselves, it is true, that in the California -'Digger," the 
 Shoshoni and the Pawnee the lowest point in skull conformation in the Indian 
 is reached, while the variations in structuml details throughout are more striking 
 than in skulls from other parts of North America. Unless specially stated the 
 specimens are to be found in the collection of the Academy. 
 
 48 JOURN. A. N. S., PHILA.. VOL. X. 
 
384 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Yakatat S. Princeton College.^ Aged 40 years, — platycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra<)r})ital ridge faint ; supra-orljital margin, 40°. — Nasal bones 
 concave scarcely narrowed at bridge; frontal portion 2 nun., maxillary portion 15 
 mm.; radix 5 mm., 90°; salient 20 mm., 40°. Nasal vestibule niicrolophic ; incisor 
 eminence m7. ; spine double, pa^domorpliic, with marked ridges ; alveolar line 
 discernible. — Alveolus high. — Hard palate parabolic 10 nnn. ; choana? pajdomorphic ; 
 spinous process scarcely overlapping petroso-sphenoidal fissure. — Foramen lacerum 
 medium open. Petrosa inflated. — Temporal ridges not marked ; parietal Ijone with 
 mortise at post-scjuamosa ; occipital squamosa projecting slightly beyond lambda. — 
 Sconce 60 mm. 
 
 Lower Jaw. The third molar in advance of base of coronoid process ; mental 
 foramen between second bicuspid and first molar ; angle everted" ; genial spine and 
 ridge both rudimental ; condyloid process massive, angulated ; hyperostosis on inside 
 of lower jaw at premolars. Teeth are much worn, cuspidation obscure. 
 
 Sitka 9 . Princeton College. Aged 60 years, — sph^erocephalic ; slightly 
 deformed, much mutilated. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge riil. — Palate hyperbolic ; outer half of the 
 supraorbital border slightly inclined. — Spinous process not overlapping sphenoido- 
 tympanic fissure. Skull "cut-off." 
 
 562 ^, Kodiak, Alaska. Columbia University, New York.^ Aged 50 jears, — 
 globicephalic ; ai'tificially deformed. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge rather prominent. — Nasal bones coalesced ; 
 frontal part 3 mm.; maxillary part 15 mm. Narrow saddle moderately depressed. 
 — Nasal vestibule narrow, small, analojjhic. No nasal eminence or alveolar line. 
 Spine single, prominent, with sharp ridge extending into the chamljer ; alveolus 
 high. — Anterior wall of maxillary sinus greatly depressed. — Hard palate hyperbolic. 
 — Sphenoido-tymjDanic fissure greatly overlapped ; petrosa not inflated ; occiput 
 deformed by softening. Occipital condyles small. — Marginal process of malar 
 moderately developed. Sutui'e-trace marked ; bone enters into spheno-maxillary 
 fissure. The fronto-temporal crest well defined, interrupted from the parieto tem- 
 poral at the stephanion. The parieto-presquamosal suture falls off sharply to near 
 posterior end, where it forms a long mortise on the parietal ; parieto-post-squamosal 
 well defined; post squamoso-ecto-petrosal suture discernible. — Lambda oblitei-ated ; 
 muscular impression weak ; occiput artificially flattened ; obelial foramina open. 
 — Lachrymal bone small ; lachrymo-planal suture irregular. Hamular process 
 unites with maxilla in orbit ; an ossicle intercalated on right. Skull platybasic, rests 
 on opisthion. 
 
 1 This skull and the next in order were kindly loaned by Prof. Wm. Libbey. 
 Permission to examine this and other specimens from Columbia University was courteously 
 extended by Prof Geo. S. Huntington. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 385 
 
 Lower Jaw. Deflected angle ; condyle process angidated ; jienial spine and 
 ridge present ; hyperostosis of molar and premolar region conspicuous ; m\U)h void 
 ridge lost in it. 
 
 2.154 ^ S , Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, Dr. Benjamin Sharp. Aged 5U years,^ — 
 ooidocephalic, cymbecephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridges rudimental, 2 nun.; supra-orbital margin 
 .slightly inclined 10°. Frontal portion nasal bone 4 mm. long ; maxillary portion 
 15 mm.; premaxillary portion 2 nun.; radix 12 mm., 80°; salient 1:! mm., 50°. — 
 Nasal vestibule analophic. — Alveolus 22 mm. high. — Hard palate U-shaped. Torus 
 palatinus present. — Choanae ptedomorphic. Pyramidal jirocess 18 mm. Spinous 
 process overlapping sphenoidotympanic fissure on right side. — Foramen lacerum 
 medium nearly closed. — Temporal ridge with fault at stephanion. Mortise on right 
 side. — Malar bone with marginal process; suture-trace evident. Skull rests on 
 conceptacula. 
 
 659 ■? , Assinaboin. Aged 40 years, — eurycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge marked, 4 mm. — Nasal bones narrow at bridge; 
 frontal portion expanded, 5 mm. ; maxillary jjortion narrow, 25 mm. ; premaxillary 
 portion 4 mm.; outer half orbital margin greatly inclined. Nasal vestibule micro- 
 lophic ; incisor and eminence and crest high, compressed ; spine mutilated, prominent. 
 Alveolar line discernible, defining fossas between it and the incisor eminence. — 
 Alveolus high, scarcely inclined. The premaxilla small in horizontal limb, teeth 
 vertical. — Hard palate parabolic, deep ; external pterygoid plate very wide. — Sphe- 
 noido-tympanic fissure not overlapped by the spinous process. — Petrosa scarcely 
 inflated. — Symmetrical Wormian bones at asterion. Parietal slightly mortised at 
 post-squamosa. — Skull rests on conceptacula. Platybasic. Tapeinocephalic. 
 
 1.2-30 9 , Assinaboin. Aged 24 years, — eurycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and suj)ra-orbital ridge almost nil ; supra-orbital margin scarcely 
 inclined. — Nasal bone 24 mm. long; moderately depressed at bridge, not narrowed; 
 frontal portion 3 mm.; maxillary portion 18 mm.; premaxillary 5 mm. Nasal 
 vestibule macrolophic ; incisor eminence nil ; spine marked, simple, with small 
 ridges ; alveolar line defined ; incisor crest high. — Hard palate parabolic shallow ; 
 sphenoido-tympanic fissure not crossed by spinous process. Petrosa inflated; 
 tapeinocephalic. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Third molar partially concealed by the base of the coronoid 
 process; genial spine and crest nil. Upper molars 4-4-0. lower molars \°-\°^. 
 
 649 ^, Arickaree, — cymbecephalic. 
 
 Glabella aiid supra-orbital ridge faint; supra-orbital margin, 40°. — Nasal bones 
 25 mm. long; frontal portion 3 mm. long; maxillary portion 19 nun.; premaxillary 
 
 ' This skull was received after the table of measurements was finished. 
 
386 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 3 mm.; radix 8mm., 80° ; j^alient 30°. — Nasal vestibule analophic ; iuci.sor eminence 
 rudimental ; incisor crest almost nil ; small posterior process and conspicuous spine. 
 Spinal crest conspicuous not trenchant. Alveolar line nil. — Hard palate with pro- 
 nounced alveolar process 20 mm.; choana^ pa>domorpliic. Lanibdoidal suture serrate 
 near asterion. — Marginal proces.s of malar bone conspicuous ; Ijone in spheno-maxil- 
 lary fissure ; suture-trace evident. — Epipteric bone on right side ; fronto-sphenoidal 
 and other sutui-es clo.sed in left temporal fossa, but open on right. Many parieto- 
 . occipital Wormian bones. — Lachrymal Ijone confined entirely to plane of os planum 
 and has small part in lachrymal duct. This is a hylobatean feature. The hamular 
 process united to maxilla ; lachrymo-planal suture (1 mm. long. 
 
 748 9, Arickaree. Aged 45 years, — cymbecephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge rudimental ; sui)erior orbital margin inclined, 
 40°. — Nasal bones compressed; mutilated; frontal jjart 4 nnn. Nasal vestibule 
 analophic ; incisor eminence none, spinal crest salient, alveolar border trenchant. 
 Alveolar line not extending beyond canine eminence. Spine single conspicuous. — 
 Alveolar process everywhere produced, parabolic. — Foramen lacerum medium, small 
 6 mm.; sphenoido-tympanic suture not overlapped. — Upper margin alisphenoid pro- 
 cess 40 mm. long ; mortise present at post-squamosa ; occipito-squamosal suture 
 obliterated ; platybasic ; greatest transverse diameter bi-squamosal. Malar bone 
 marginal process marked ; not in spheno-maxillary fissure ; suture-trace present. 
 
 213 9, Nasqua (Naas), Fort Simpson. Aged 40 years, — eurycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orl)ital ridge marked, 3 mm.; orbital margin scarcely 
 inclined ; supra-orbital canal tar above orbital margin. — Nasal bones 28 mm.; frontal 
 part 6 mm., remaining portion 29 nnn., acutely arched; radix 11 mm., 90° ; salient 
 14 mm., 50°. Nasal vestibule analophic; incisor eminence and alveolar line none. 
 Spinal ridge sub-trenchant, limiting spine conspicuously ; alveolus high. — Lachrymal 
 bone with hamular process joining maxilla. — Hard palate hyperbolic ; choanal scarcely 
 wide at base. Spinous processes enormous, overlapping the 25*itro.so-sphenoidal 
 fissure. Petroi^a markedly asymmetrical, the left being the larger. Fronto- 
 tenqjoral crest prominent. Parieto-temporal ridge and transverse occipital torus 
 unite for 20 mm. at asterion to form a nearly harmonic suture. — Malar Ijone widely 
 flanging ; suture-trace on outer side left, marked on inner side right and left ; 
 marginal process conspicuous. — Sconce 56 mm. only ; the smallest oljserved in the 
 series. Phajnozygomous. — Skull rests on conceptacula. The torus transversus 
 occipitalis well developed, reaching within 47 mm. of asterion ; inion prominent. 
 
 This heav}-, large skull with prominent glabella and supra-orbital ridge, 
 narrow nasal aperture, high alveolus, large spinous processes, enormous hard palate 
 and strong, closely approximated temporal ridges apppears strangely out of place 
 with the smaller, smoother browed specimens elsewhere from the Pacific Coast. 
 The shape of the nose recalls the Alaskan forms, while the broad low post-tuberal 
 region of the occipital norma is the same as the other skulls of the series. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 387 
 
 :214 ^, Nasqua (Naa.s), Fort Simpson. Aged 20 years, — i^teiioceplialic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridges faint, outer part of upper Ijorder of orbit almost . 
 straight. — Nasal bones 27 nun. long, no frontal portion, greatly narrowed at the low- 
 arched bridge, frontal bone carinated ; radix 11 mm., 80° ; salient 13 mm., oO^. 
 Nasal vestibule microlophic ; small inei.sor eminence ; nasal spine simple, large. 
 Spinal ridge subtrenchant, limiting. — Hard palate pa^domorphic. — Choaiiiv with Ijase 
 wider than apex. Petrosa asymmetrical, the left the larger. — The sphenoido-tym panic 
 fissure overlapped by the enormous spinous process. — Temporal crests faintly- defined, 
 mortise at post-squamosa conspicuous. — Malar bone with large marginal process on 
 right side 7 mm. — Lachrymal bone with hamular process joining maxilla. — Skull 
 rests on conceptacula, phoenozygomous. 
 
 The skull is l^arely mature. The third upper molar is just erupted. Hence 
 the muscular impressions are weak, but the marginal j)rocess of the malar bone 
 enormous, as are also the spinous processes. The occipital norma is moderately 
 ptedomorphic and slightly "cut off." 
 
 457 9 , Chinook, Columbia River. Aged GO years, — eurycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-<irbital ridge, 1 mm. Supra-cjrbital margin scarcely inclined, 
 50°. — Nasal bones 25 mm. long; frontal part 4 mm. long; radix 8 nun. long, 90° ; 
 salient 18 mm., 40°. — Nasal vestibule microlophic ; incisor eminence of alveolar line 
 rudimentary- ; spinal line present on left only. Incisor crest inconspicuous. — Septal 
 foramen large. — Alveolus high. — Hard palate shallow, indeterminate ; wider at l)ase 
 than apex. Spinous process overlapping sphenoido-tympanic suture left. Foramen 
 lacerum medium nearly closed. — Malar bone marginal process nil ; suture-trace 
 none ; bone enters into spheno-maxillary fissure. — Skull rests on conceptacula ; 
 pluvnozygomous. 
 
 This is a good example of a skull of a female passed middle life. The jaw is 
 nearly edentulcjus. The muscular power was low for the temixn-al impressions ai-e 
 weak and the parieto-temporal crest not raised near the lambdoidal suture.' A 
 continuous eur^•e passes from the post^bregma to the opisthon, hence the skull is 
 "well-filled." 
 
 578 $ , Chinook slave. Aged 35 years, — eurycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge, 3 ram. ; supra-orbital margin, 40°. — Nasal 
 bones mutilated. — Nasal vestibule analophic Avith .slightly raised alveolar line. 
 Alveolus 16 mm. — Hard palate hyperbolic. — Alveolar process 13 nun. liigh. — Choante 
 wide, pajdomorphic. — Foramen lacerum meduim nearly closed; spinous process 
 overlapping sphenoido-tympanic suture. — Temporal ridge interrupted at stephanion ; 
 parieto-temporal ridge raised at lamlnloidal suture, Avhich is harmonic near asterion ; 
 transverse occipital torus well devehjped. — Malar ))one with large nuirginal process ; 
 it is lodged in the spheno-maxillary fissure ; suture-trace conspicuous. — Sconce 130 
 
 mm. Skull rests on opisthion ; curves in occipital norma two, — tjne from opisthion 
 
 to inion and another from inion to intertubera ; yet the skull is " cut-<jff." 
 
388 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 The skull with its small glabella ■would appear to be a female, Init the temporal 
 ridge is well developed, and the marginal process of the malar bone large. The 
 st\loid process is also neai'ly emljraced by the tympanic bone. The post torus 
 is very lai-ge. A small parieto-occi})ital process is seen on the left side ; the right 
 side at the same place is mutilated. The serpiginous part of the ecto-petrosal portion 
 of the temporal is conspicuous. 
 
 557 9 , Pawnee, Columbia University. Aged 35 years, — artificially deformed. 
 
 Glalx-Ua and supra-orbital ridge almost nil. — Nasal bone long, 26 mm.; frontal 
 portion 3 mm.; maxillary portion 20 mm.; premaxillary portion o mm. — Nasal 
 vestibule microlophic ; incisor eminence none, very high trenchant alveolar ridges, 
 nasal spines double. — Hard palate hyperbolic. — Alveolar process 11 mm. high. — 
 Choanae with base much wider than apex. — Spinous process small, not overlapping 
 sphenoido-tympanic suture. — Foramen lacerum medium closed laterally. — Temporal 
 crest faintly marked, but interrupted at stephanion. A Wormian bone in left 
 stephanion. A right K-suture. Two epactal bones on the left side. Mortise sym- 
 metrical. — Malar bone small, weak ; rudimental marginal process ; suture-trace 
 evident on inner side. — Lachrymo-planal suture small, 7 mm. — Rudimental bulla 
 ethmoidalis on- both sides.- — Sconce 110 mm. wide. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Condyloid process without angulation. Mental foramen on line 
 of second premolar. Teeth much decayed, many lost and point to modern 
 influence, as also do the deep canine fossse. — Skull rests on opisthion ; two curves 
 present, — one from opisthion to inion, one from inion to intertubera. 
 
 The skull is remarkable for the modern character of the external nose and 
 palate, the presence of a Wormian bone at stephanion and K-suture on the right 
 side, and two epactal bones (one of them indeed a fronto-sphenoidal), and the lamb- 
 doidal suture maintaining its serrate character to the asterion notwithstanding the 
 well marked temporal ridges. The lower jaw is weak and the condyloid process 
 without facets. 
 
 556 $ , Pawnee, Columbia University. Aged 60 years, — eurycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge well marked, 4 mm.; suiDra-orljital margin, 
 50°; frontal portion of nasal bones 3 nnn. — Nasal vestibule microlophic; incisor 
 crest high. Nasal spine prominent ; high trenchant alveolar line ; high ah-eolus 
 18 mm. — Hard palate parabolic. — Choanal large, pa^domorphic. — Spinous process 
 enormous, overlapping sphenoido-tympanic suture. Foramen lacerum medium 
 clo.sed. — Malar bone with large marginal process ; extends in spheno-maxillary 
 fissure ; no suture-trace. — Lachrymal bone with large pre-dacyral surface. — Sconce, 
 108 mm. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Condyloid process worn on lateral third, and median two-thirds 
 not inclined downward. Coronoid process not concealing third molar. Genial spine 
 enormous. Genial crest nil, but foramen in its site. Mental foramen opposite 
 second premolar. Skull platybasic. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 389 
 
 The union of nasal bones with the maxilla, the frontal Iwne, and with one 
 another, and the closed foramen lacerum medium, are remarkable. The styloid 
 process is 40 mm. long. Extensive disease of ethmoid bone is present. 
 
 1,04.3 S , Pawnee, Fort Wolla, Arkansas. Aged 25 years, — cymbecephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-or))ital ridges rudimentary, 1 mm.; outer half of superior 
 orbital margin slightly inclined 40°. — Nasal bones 24 mm.; frontal portion 1 mm.; 
 maxilla, premaxillary portion 25 mm.; bone narrowed and low arched at bridge. 
 — Nasal vestibule microlophic ; alveolar line defined, and is in plane of highest posi- 
 tion of the palatal aspect of the premaxilla ; spine single, conspicuous, as is also the 
 nasal crest. — Hard palate hyperbolic, shallow, 10 mm. high. — Choana; much wider at 
 base than apex. — Foramen lacerum medium open. Petrosa inflated. — Sphenoido- 
 tympanic suture overlapped by enormous spinous process. Rudimental paramastoid 
 processes present. The lachrymal bone with hamular process articulating with an 
 ossicle which intervenes between the process named and the maxilla. — Sconce 6,9 
 mm. — Temporal ridge with interruption at stephanion. The cymbecephalic is of high 
 grade. The skull rests on the opisthion ; the most posterior part of the skull is the 
 transverse occipital torus. • 
 
 540 9 , Pawnee. Aged 25 years, — eurycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge small, 1 mm.; supra-orbital margin 40°. — Nasal 
 bones mutilated. — Nasal vestibule microlophic. — Alveolus short, 11 mm. — The hai-d 
 palate hyperbolic on left side and slightly parabolic on the right. — The temporal 
 crest is interrupted, and the lambdoidal suture is harmonic within 10 mm. of the 
 asterion. — A mortise is present on line (jf the post-squamosal portion of the temporal 
 bone. — Sconce 106 nnn. wide. — The skull rests on the opisthion and conceptacula. — 
 Malar bone with a small marginal process ; it enters into the spheno-maxillary fissure ; 
 a suture-trace is evident on inner side of the bone. — The teeth are absent from the 
 jaw. — The skull is prognathic. 
 
 ,1,447 ?, Shoshoni. Aged 40 years, — angularly oblong. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge moderate; supra-orbital margin, 50°. — Nasal 
 bone, frontal portion o mm.; maxillary portion 17 mm.; premaxillary portion 3 mm.; 
 radix 8 mm., 90° ; salient 9 mm., 30°. — Nasal vestibule analophic ; incisor crest none. 
 Nasal spine small. Alveolus 16 mm. high. — Hard palate parabolic. Alveolar pro- 
 cess 12 mm. high. — Choanal small, pajdomorphic ; the left slightly the smaller. — 
 Foramen lacerum medium closed. — Spinous process notably overlapping sphenoido 
 tympanic suture. Small parieto-sphenoidal suture. Morti.se present. Temporal 
 ridge interrupted at stephanion. Lambdoidal and sagittal sutures closed. — Malar 
 bone narrow, small marginal process bone enters into the spheno-maxillary fissure ; 
 suture-trace present. — Lachrymal bone small, reaches maxilla through hanuilar 
 process. — Rudiment of a transverse occipital suture present. — Skull rests on the 
 
390 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 conceptacula. — Sconce 88 mm. wide. — Teeth were all in position during life. They 
 closely resemble those of No. 1,783, Moore series. Upper molars 4-oi-o. 
 
 The skull is exceptional for the obliteration of the sutures of the vertex, yet 
 the teeth are but little worn. Skull prognathic 1 o mm. Middle turbinated bone with 
 marked sulci visible from in front. The narrow malar bone recalls No. 557, Pawnee. 
 
 1.448 ^, Shoshoni. Aged 50 years, — archencephalic. Fragmentary. 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge prominent. — Nasal bones mutilated; frontal 
 
 part projecting o nnn. above the maxillar}-. — Nasal vestibule anali)phic. — Hard 
 palate hyperbolic. — Sphenoido-tympanic fissure not overlapped by the spinous process. 
 — Foramen lacerum medium nearly closed laterally', open medianly. — Sagitta carinate. 
 — Malar bone witlk large marginal process ; the bone enters the splieno-maxillary 
 fissure ; distinct suture-trace. — Skull rests on conceptacula. — Sconce U'J mm. — The 
 skull is very heavy and massive. 
 
 1.449 9 , Sho.shoni. Aged 30 years, — stenocephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridges small. 2 mm.; outer half of orbital margin much 
 inclined. — Nastl hemes 26 mm. long; frontal portion nil ; maxillopremaxillary jjor- 
 lion 26 mm.; radix 5 mm., 40° ; salient 21 mm., 41°. Nasal vestibule macrolophic ; 
 spine simple, marked, spinal ridge trenchant limiting margin of anterior nasal aper- 
 ture ; vomer overriding incisor-crest. No incisor eminence or alveolar line. 
 Septum markedly defected to the left. — Hard palate parabolic. — Foramen lacerum 
 medium open. — Petrosa not infiated. Sjiinous process enormous, overlapping sphe- 
 noido-tympanic process. — The temporal ridge markedly interrupted at stephanion. 
 The lambdoidal suture near asteiaon, harmonic. Malar bone without marginal pro- 
 cess ; the bone not in the very narrow sphenomaxillary fissui'e ; no suture-trace. — 
 Skull rests on the conceptacula. — Sconce 110 mm. — Teeth, excepting one molar, have 
 been lost posthumously. The permanent canines and lateral incisors ha^'e never 
 been erupted. Two teeth are encysted in the hard palate back of the incisor range. 
 
 The lambda occupied by a Wormian (interparietal) bone. The skull is very 
 small and ovoid, yet well filled. The modern characters of this interesting skull are 
 everywhere evident. 
 
 1,837 9, Moqui. Aged 60 years, — subglol)ular. Occiput artificially deformed. 
 
 Glabella none, supra-orbital ridge rudimentary ; orbital border at outer half 
 scarcely inclined. — Nasal bone, 23 nnn. long ; frontal part, 3 mm. long ; maxillary 
 part 16 mm.; premaxillary part 3 mm. — Nasal vestibule microlophic ; incisor emi- 
 nence small. Alveolar line tr,enchant, limiting the anterior nasal aperture inferiorly ; 
 alveolus 12 mm. — Hard palate hyperbolic ; clioana? with base scarcely broader than 
 apex. — Spinous foramen imperfect. — Sphenoido-t>nipanic fissure overlapped. Petrosa 
 inflated, left most marked. — Foramen lacerum medium open. — Temporal ridge 
 faint. Lambdoidal harmonic near asterion. — Malar bone marginal process none ; 
 bone enters into spheno-maxillary fissure ; suture-trace present. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 891 
 
 Lower Jaw. Coiulyloid proct-^.s ihir'Ii wider on rij-ht than It'lt. wlu-iv it is not 
 angiilatfd. The left angle is also the weaker and more delleeteil. Spines doulile 
 almost nil. no genial erest. The space above the genial spines is pitted ; between 
 this pit and the alveolns the boue is convex, thus forming an exceptional variation 
 and recalling the primitive form of the Ijone. Teetli much worn, jaws nearlv 
 eilentnlous. A characteristic small skull. The forehead unusually convex. Slight 
 artificial deformation of the parietal bone back of intertubera. 
 
 1.833 $ , Apache. Pecos River. New Mexico. Aged 50 years,— archeucephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supraorbital ridge scarcely discernible. Supra-orl)ital margin 
 inclined, 30°. — Nasal bones nearly co-ossified; frontal portion 4 mm.; maxillarv 
 portion 21 nnu. ; prennxxillary portion 3 nun. ; radix 8 nun., 80° ; salient 19 mm"!. 
 •J^'"- — Nasal vestibule macrolophic. — Hard palate hyperbolic, left most oblique. 
 Alveolar process 11 nun. — Spinous process not overlapping sphenotNinpanic fissure. 
 — Choan;v Avider at base than at apex. — Petrosa inflated. — Temporal crest without 
 break at steplianion. — Parieto-tempoi-al porcellaneous near asterion, harmonic. — 
 Malar 1 >one with marginal process moderate ; open in sphenoido-maxillary fissui-e ; 
 no suture-trace. — Sconce lOG nnn. — Skull rests on opisthion. Tlie «ivull is modern 
 in appearance, and is unusually heavy. 
 
 565 S , Shasta Co.. California.^ Aged 30 years, — cymbecephalic. 
 
 Glabella small. supra-<jrljital ridges faintly marked, yet n^easures from ophr\on 
 4 nnn.. owing to the receding type of forehead. — Nasal Ixmes depressed at middle 
 tiiird; frontal portion 4 mm.; maxillary portion 20 mm.; premaxillary portion 2 
 unn. ; radix 9 nnn., 70°; salient 13 mm., 40°.,— Nasal vestibule analophic; the 
 incisor eminence «z7, alveolar line faint ; the spine obtuse. — Hard palate parabolic ; 
 choana' wider at Ijase than apex. The pyramidal process small ; the foramen 
 lacerum medium ol^literated ; the spheno-petrosal fissure not overlapped by the 
 spinous process ; the petrosa not inflated. — The foramen magnum small. General 
 appearance of the occipital bone irregular, narrow and asymmetrical. — Fi-onto-tem- 
 poral I'idge faint, an enonnous break at stephanion ; pari^to-temporal also fixint, l)ut 
 posterior part heavily moulded. Parieto-postsquamosal suture diflerentiated from 
 the parieto-presquamosal. Serpiginous poi'tion of ectopetrosal with numerous groo\es. 
 Most prominent part of the occiput the large transverse occipital torus. — Sconce 120 
 mm. — The skull i-ests on conceptacula. — Malar bone intact only on the riglit side. 
 No marginal process, bone enters into spheno-maxillary fissure ; suture-trace present. 
 Laclirymal Ijones are small, synnnetricid. — Hamular process uniting with maxilla. 
 — Middle turbinals inflated, symmetrical. Bulla etlimoidalis rudimental ; palatal 
 bone in nasal chamber inflated. 
 
 Lower Jaiu. Condyloid jirocess pifsent only on right ; it is well worn on 
 lateral half. Single large genial spine and small genial crest. Mental foramen 
 
 ' Coliunbia Univ. Med. Dept. The left condyloid process, riglit nminoid process mid tlie 
 right zygomatic arch wanting. 
 
 4!) JOURX. A. X. S. PHILA.. VOL. X. 
 
392 CRANIA FROM THf] MOrXDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 opposite second pi-enioliir: aiiule iiieiirveil. Sliglit alveolar hyperostosis opposite 
 premolar ami molar. Third molar in advance of corontjid ])rocess. 
 
 This is a remarkat)le skull in many respects. The closed ibi-iimen lacerum 
 medium, the level ])alatal aspect of the premaxilla, the rudimental incisor crest, the 
 parabolic hard palate and the occiput at the transverse tcjrus projecting Ijevond the 
 inion. are all pa'domorphic characters. The skidl is also very flat and slightly 
 artificially deformed on the left side of the occiput. The absence of the marginal 
 process of the malar bone and of the vaginal process about base of the styloid 
 process would denote the sex to be female, yet the forehead is not lounded. and the 
 temporal fossa is unusually prominently marked at the stepliani(jn and near the 
 lambdoidal suture. 
 
 566 S, "• Diggei'," California.^ Aged 4-3 years. — archencephalic. 
 
 Glabella and suiii'a-orbital ridge prominent, o mm. ; outer half superior t)rbital 
 margin inclined outward and downward. External angular process of the frontal 
 bone thickened, but this thickening is independent of the supra-ijrbital ridge. — Fore- 
 head ample, with metopic elevation. — Nasal bones mutilated, but anterior nasal 
 aperture narrow. Nasal vestibule microlophic ; incisor eminence and alveolar line 
 almost m7. Spine single, prominent, with lines extending into chamljer to incisor 
 eminence. — Alveolus 13 mm. — Hai'd palatt; hyperbolic. Alveolar process 10 mm. — 
 Pretorus present ; jjyramidal process small. Sphenoidot^jnipanic fissure overlapped 
 by spinous process on right side only. — Petrosa moderatel}- inflated. — Fronto-temporal 
 ridge foint. Crest between it and the parieto-temporal at stephanion. The posterior 
 part at lambdoidal suture pnmounced and heavily moulded. Sagitta carinate. 
 Auditory passage with exostosis, most marked on the left. — The malar bone with 
 large marginal process ; the bone enters spheno-maxillary fissure ; the suture-trace 
 present. In the lachrymal bone the hamulo-maxillary union present. The skidl 
 rests on the ojiisthion. — Sconce 92 mm. 
 
 The /ozaer jaw is massive ; condyles mutilated ; third molar in advance of the 
 base of coronoid process ; the mental foramen between the pi-emolars. Genial 
 spine double and, together with the genial crest, x'udimentary. 
 
 It would be difficult to accept this skull as a member of the same group with 
 No. 565 if a similar contrast had not been noted in the Shoshoni. In the narrow, 
 yet prognathic premaxilla (10 mm.) a resemblance is seen between it and the skull 
 just named, while the general character of the bone is distinct. 
 
 1,835 $, California. Presented by George Davidson. Aged 40 years. — 
 stenocephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge very large, 4 mm. — Nasal bones mutilated ; 
 
 frontal poi-tion nil; bridge narrowed; radix 6 nnn., 80°; salient 15 mm.. 40°, 
 
 slightly carinate. — Nasal vestibule micrcjlophic ; nasal eminence nil; spine mutilated ; 
 
 spinal crest sharply limited with small fossa. — Alveolus 18 nnn. high. — Hard palate 
 
 ' Coluiiil>ia Universitj-, ]\Iedical Department. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 393 
 
 highly hyperbolic; alveolar process 13 luiu. high; external pterygoid plate wide. 
 Spinous foramen imperfect. Spinous process not overlapping' spheno-tNiupanic 
 suture. — Choan* very l)r()ad at l)ase. — Malar hoiw mutilated, hut enters spheno 
 maxillary suture; suture-trace pi-esent. — Lachrymal bone co-ossified with the 
 maxilla on both sides. Temporal ridge marked, not interrupted at stephanion ; 
 heavily moulded posteriorly. Sagitta carinated. — Sconce 1I(J mm.— Skull rests on 
 opi.sthion ; it is of low grade if one can judge by tlie narrow high occiput. The 
 hyperbolic hard palate and the high alveolar processes are modern characters. 
 
 1,838 9, Mare Island, California. Aged 40 years, — suljglobular. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridges ?ti7; outer half orbital margin scarcely inclined ; 
 forehead rounded. — Nasal bones mutilated, the frontal part marked, 4 mm., bridge 
 concave, moderately arched. — Nasal Acstibule analopliie. — Hard palate h3per])olic. 
 — Alveolar process 10°. — Choantv much wider at Ijase than apex. — Foramen spino- 
 sum im[)erfect on left side. Foramen lacerum medium open. — Petrosa moderately 
 iuHated ; sphenoido-tympanic suture not overlapped by the spinous i)rocess. — Malar 
 bone with no marginal process ; bone entei's into sphencnnaxillary fissure ; suture- 
 trace present. — Skull rests on conceptacula. — Sconce 122 mm. 
 
 Marked male, this rounded female skull resembles No. 1,783 of Moore series. 
 Rudimentary paramastoids present. The occiput is rt)tund. 
 
 1,836 <?, California. Presented by Wm. M. Gabb. Aged 25 years, — steno- 
 cephalic, platycephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-oi'bital ridges prominent, 3 mm. ; outer part of orbital mar- 
 gin moderately inclined, 40°. — Nasal bones, mutilated, co-ossified. Length of outer 
 margin 29 mm. ; frontal 4 mm. — Nasal vestibule macrolophic ; incisor eminence 
 small ; incisor crest high ; nasal spine m7. Alveolar line discernible. — Hard palate 
 parabolic. — Alveolar process high. — Petroso-sphenoidal fissure overlapped by long 
 spinous process. Small exosto.ses in both auditory meatus. — Foramen lacerum 
 medium open, large. Scarcel}^ any parietal mortise at post-squamosa. — Temporal crest 
 marked, greatly interru|)ted at .stephanion. A small epipteric on left side. Skull 
 rests on conceptacula. — Sconce 82 nun., niarkedh^ porose*. 
 
 The skull closely resembles the foregoing, but is flatter. The width of sconce 
 is the narrowest in tlive series. The alve6lar process is remarkably high. 
 
 In these Indians the glabella was small, measuring between 2 nnn. and 3 nun. 
 — The nasal bones Avere large, measuring 26 mm. ; the radix longest of the series 
 being 9 mm., and the salient, the shortest, 14 mm. ; the degree of the radix was the 
 lowest of any of the series, being 73° ; while that of the salient was the highest, being 
 45°. — The types of nasal vestibule were as follows : 5 macrolophic,' 11 microlophic, 
 and 9 analophic, thus differing conspicuously from the Seminole and the natives of 
 the Santa Barbara Islands. — The average height of the alveolus was 16 mm. 
 — The hvperlx)lic variation was greatly in excess of the other forms of the hard 
 palate. There were 3 U-shaped palates, which is novel, and 5 parabolic. — The 
 ' The California skulls were on the border between line maci'olophic aiurniicrolophic. 
 
394 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOL'NDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 pivdomorpliio form of choaiuv is nluiost tniual to tlie wide-based foniu thus markedly 
 differing from hotli Seminole and Santa Barbara varieties. — The foramen lacerum 
 medium was closed in 7 and open in IS examples. — The sphenoido-tympanie suture 
 was not t)verlapped by the spincnis process in 12 (quite one-half), both of the aliove 
 furnished good characters when c<mipared with those of the other series. — The 
 malar bone lacked the suture-trace in 7 examples as against nil of the other groups. 
 Tiie bone enters the spheno-maxillary fissure in all Init 0, and the marginal process 
 was large in 0. — The temi)oral ridge was interrupted in al)out half the specimens 
 and the lambdoidal suture was harmonic near asterion in 17. a much larger propor- 
 tion than in the Santa Barbara skulls, liut al)out the same as in the Florida. — The 
 average width of the sconce is the lowest of the series, l)eing l)ut od ; the maximum 
 loU and the minimum 94. — An unusually large number (12) of the lachrymal Ijc^nes 
 effect a junction between the hamular process and the maxilla. This is a character 
 of reversion to many lower primatean genera. The seven examples retaining entire 
 lachrymal bones showed an average measurement of 10 mm. long by 9 mm. wide. 
 — The third molar of the lower jaw was in advance of the base of the eoronoid 
 process in four bones examined. The mental foramen was not in advance of the 
 second premolar in a single instance. 
 
 Resume. — Dolicocephalic, male 4, female 1. — Mesaticephalic, male 4, female 7. — 
 Brachycephalic, male 5, female 4. — Orthognathous, male 3, female 9. — Mesognathous, 
 male 7, female -3. — Prognathous, male o. — Leptorhine, male 0. female -3. — Mesorhine, 
 male 6, female 0. — Platyrhine, male 2, female 3, — Mesoseme, male 1, female 1. — 
 Megaseme, male 13, female 11. — Microcephalic, male 7, female 9. — Mesocephalic, 
 male 1, female 1. — Megacephalic, male 5, female 1. . 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 7. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Trausverse 
 Diameters of 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Trausverse 
 
 Longitudinal 
 ■ Arcs. 
 
 o S 
 
 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 
 % 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 .2 
 
 Cranium. j 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 z 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 .1" 
 
 V 
 
 *5 
 
 1 
 
 "S. 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 ■« 
 
 ■5, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 % 
 .2f 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 £ 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 *c 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 S.I 
 
 li 
 
 3 
 g 
 
 O 
 
 <:> 
 
 w 
 
 Cm 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 < 
 
 z 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 % 
 
 
 ^- 
 1—. 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1. 
 I 
 
 i. 
 
 c 
 Z 
 
 3 
 
 "3 
 
 % 
 C 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 I 
 1 
 
 J 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 <M 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Yakatat, Alaska $ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Princeton Col.) 
 
 1450 
 
 182 
 
 185 
 
 123 
 
 90115 
 
 126149 
 
 82 
 
 68 
 
 126 530 
 
 282290 305 
 
 125125 
 
 115 
 
 35 30 
 
 102102 111109 
 
 92 
 
 Sitka, Alaska, 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 (Princeton Col.) 
 
 1235 
 
 166 
 
 166 
 
 125 
 
 92;i01 
 
 115 
 
 145 
 
 87 
 
 75 
 
 130 490 
 
 305 308 320 
 
 120 
 
 110 
 
 105 
 
 35 30 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 90 95 
 
 
 
 Alaska, 562 $ (Co- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 hmibia Univ.) 
 
 1470 
 
 168 
 
 169 
 
 132 
 
 92 
 
 04.38 
 
 155 
 
 92 
 
 79 
 
 13.3' 510 
 
 300 330 
 
 340130 
 
 104 
 
 120 
 
 35'35 
 
 98 
 
 90405407 
 
 86 
 
 Assinaboin 659 $ 
 
 1G20 
 
 191 
 
 il92 
 
 130 
 
 97 
 
 108 
 
 133 
 
 148.* 
 
 77 
 
 68 
 
 128 540 
 
 308 310 320430 
 
 125120:36 31 
 
 105 
 
 90 100 
 
 95 
 
 90 
 
 1,230 9 
 
 1280 
 
 175 
 
 |174 
 
 136 
 
 90 
 
 105 119 
 
 1.36;j; 78 
 
 78 
 
 1211492 
 
 280 285 3051120 
 
 105 123 33 27 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 95 
 
 Arickaree 949 ' 
 
 1290 
 
 172 
 
 172 
 
 ,129 
 
 95 
 
 105 112 
 
 \1^, 75 
 
 75 
 
 125 492 
 
 288,290 300; 120 
 
 120 115 33 2S 
 
 95 
 
 85 
 
 89! 94 
 
 95 
 
 649 $ 
 
 
 
 171 
 
 ,171 
 
 125 
 
 94 
 
 102 117 
 
 131»i77 
 
 73 
 
 123! 500 
 
 280,285 3001125 
 
 125 100 36 28' 93 
 
 88 
 
 95 102 
 
 !t3 
 
 748 9 
 
 
 
 175 
 
 475 
 
 1 
 
 122 
 
 90 
 
 114 
 
 115 
 
 135« 
 
 1 77 
 
 70 
 
 120 
 
 j503 
 
 290 
 
 290 
 
 295 
 
 129 
 
 115 
 
 115 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 95 
 
 1 
 
 91 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 101 
 
 ;) Bi-parietal. 
 
 .See Section III on Metopism. 
 
 « Bi-squamosal. 
 
CKAXIA FROM THE xMOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 895 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 8. 
 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 
 
 Of Orbit. i 
 
 Of External 
 
 
 Width j 
 
 Height 
 
 
 
 Of 
 
 
 
 ot Face. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nose. 
 
 
 
 Lower Jaw, 
 
 Lower Jaw 
 
 
 X 
 
 BamuH. 
 
 
 '.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 '5 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 rr: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 
 a 
 .s 
 
 1 
 
 ^2 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 = 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 1 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 "«■ 
 '3 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 
 s 
 
 51 
 
 i 
 
 20 
 
 ■a 
 n 
 
 39 
 
 u 
 
 ill 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 o 
 
 n 
 
 .1 
 
 s 
 
 .s 
 c. 
 S 
 
 & 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 'S 
 
 69 
 
 & 
 
 c 
 o 
 
 a 
 100 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 72 
 
 .a 
 
 I 
 
 •.J 
 
 s 
 < 
 
 Yakatat, 
 
 S 
 
 149 
 
 103 
 
 25 48 
 
 65 
 
 24 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 84 
 
 103 
 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 39 
 
 Sitka, 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 i43 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 31 
 
 86 
 
 46 
 
 20 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 49 
 
 28 
 
 562 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 104 
 
 24 154 
 
 56 
 
 22 
 
 41 
 
 38 
 
 93 
 
 55 
 
 21 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 43 
 
 99 
 
 65 
 
 39 
 
 65!1 
 
 ^ 
 
 142 
 
 103 
 
 25 50 
 
 54 
 
 25 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 98 
 
 55 
 
 28 
 
 51 
 
 113 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,230 
 
 9 
 
 125 
 
 95 
 
 0!42 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 105 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 949 
 
 
 124 
 
 89 
 
 Ol41 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 97 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 100 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 649 
 
 S 
 
 124 
 
 90 
 
 25 46 
 
 52 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 86 
 
 45 
 
 23 
 
 51 
 
 103 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 748 9 
 
 127 
 
 97 
 
 is; 41 
 
 4Y 
 
 23 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 95 
 
 48 
 
 24 
 
 50 
 
 103 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 9. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 =" c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trausvei-se 
 Diameters of 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 Transvei-se 
 Arcs. 
 
 Longitudinal 
 Arcs. 
 
 3 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 S 
 
 iS 
 
 V 
 
 Crauium. 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 £ 
 
 
 
 £ S 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 '5 
 
 .1 
 
 j 
 
 B. 
 1 
 
 
 II 
 
 11 
 1" 
 
 o 
 >^ 
 
 ■c 
 s 
 
 *3 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 a 
 
 E 
 s 
 
 •g 
 
 ■ 3 
 
 .2 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 (5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 "2 
 
 .Si 
 
 s 
 
 be 
 
 1 
 
 "a 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 130 
 
 1 
 118 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 110 
 
 i, 
 
 32 
 
 t 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 106 
 
 J 
 
 .s 
 
 .! 
 
 95 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 k 
 
 a 
 1 
 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Naas 213 
 
 9 
 
 1490186 186135 
 
 89 113 
 
 1 
 
 137146 
 
 78 
 
 73 
 
 128 
 
 530 
 
 292 
 
 298J300 
 
 94; 95 
 
 214 
 
 ^ 
 
 1275 175 175128 
 
 87 107:130 134.* 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 
 
 496 
 
 275 
 
 278:290 
 
 118 
 
 11811035 
 
 26 
 
 100 
 
 93 
 
 98 
 
 98, 95 
 
 Chinook 457 
 
 V 
 
 1365170 172 130 
 
 91 1109129 144*1 85 
 
 76 
 
 125 
 
 500 
 
 300 
 
 305325 
 
 125 
 
 125110 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 100 
 
 94 
 
 102 
 
 102j 92 
 
 578 
 
 .T 
 
 1190169109 
 
 133 
 
 90 103 
 
 119137:* 181 
 
 79 
 
 120 
 
 490 
 
 285 
 
 29(i;300 
 
 125 
 
 120'l05 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 .96 
 
 87 
 
 94 
 
 98 92 
 
 Pawnee 557 
 
 9 
 
 1135163163 
 
 118 
 
 85 109 
 
 105101* 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 
 108 
 
 475 
 
 260 
 
 275 
 
 282 
 
 115 
 
 105 120 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 89 
 
 556 
 
 X 
 
 1425:172,173 
 
 123 
 
 97 109 
 
 1171152 
 
 88 
 
 71 
 
 127 
 
 513 
 
 300 
 
 310 
 
 318 
 
 120 
 
 95120 
 
 35 
 
 28 
 
 106 
 
 92 
 
 104 
 
 98 
 
 98 
 
 " 1,043 
 
 X 
 
 1195181181 
 
 124 
 
 90 
 
 104 
 
 120 125 
 
 69 
 
 68 
 
 120 
 
 502 
 
 270 
 
 272 
 
 285 
 
 120 
 
 110- 98 
 
 38 
 
 35 
 
 100 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 99 
 
 95 
 
 540 
 
 9 
 
 1250 166 166 
 
 123 
 
 95 
 
 1 
 
 105 
 
 124 139 
 
 84 
 
 74 
 
 125 
 
 485 
 
 280:285 
 
 1 
 
 300 
 
 115'110:i03 
 
 1 1 
 
 32 
 
 26 
 
 99 
 
 90 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 a Bi-squamosal. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Measuremexts, Table No. 10. 
 
 
 Diameters 
 of Face. 
 
 
 
 
 Of Orbit. 
 
 Of External 
 1 Nose. 
 
 1 Malar Lines. 
 
 1 
 
 Width Heiglit 
 Lower Jaw Lower Jaw 
 
 
 
 Of 
 Ramus. 
 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 _2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 JB 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 .a 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 .s 
 
 O 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 ■s 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 (4-1 
 
 .a 
 
 u 
 
 J 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 '5 
 
 33 
 
 5 
 
 .Si- 
 's 
 
 
 u 
 'S 
 
 X 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 u 
 
 •— < 
 
 67 
 
 ft 
 
 s — 
 
 z 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 .a 
 ■1 
 
 C 
 
 1 
 
 ■3 
 1 
 6 
 
 "E 
 .1 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 2 
 '33 
 
 a 
 
 
 ♦3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 213 9 
 
 149 
 
 105 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 65 
 
 23 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 92 
 
 115 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 214^ 
 
 138 
 
 105 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 60 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 34 
 
 97 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 108 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 457 9 
 
 135 
 
 98 
 
 20 
 
 49 
 
 55 
 
 21 
 
 41 
 
 39 
 
 95 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 578^ 
 
 
 
 90 
 
 20 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 94 
 
 46 
 
 23 
 
 50 
 
 108 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 557. 9 
 
 106 
 
 93 
 
 19 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 100 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 95 
 
 85 
 
 117 
 
 102 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 36 
 
 95 
 
 55 
 
 30 
 
 55(1^ 
 
 138 
 
 104 
 
 25 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 21 1 
 
 36 
 
 36 
 
 100 
 
 55 
 
 26 
 
 47 
 
 108 
 
 97 
 
 123 
 
 105 
 
 35 
 
 26 
 
 44 
 
 91 
 
 55 
 
 37 
 
 1,043 i 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 25 
 
 47 1 
 
 50 
 
 21 j 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 100 
 
 47 1 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 540 9 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 25 
 
 «| 
 
 '\ 
 
 16 1 
 
 36 [ 
 
 35 
 
 97 
 
 48 1 
 
 26 
 
 54 
 
 108 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 11. 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 z 
 
 S 
 
 o 
 
 Shoshoni 1,447 9 
 
 Shoshoni 1,448 S 
 
 Bho.«honi 1,449 9 
 
 Moqui 1,837 9 
 
 Apache 1,833 $ 
 
 Shasta Co., Cal 565 ,? 
 
 Aroj-o Grande, Cal 566 S 
 
 California 1,835 S 
 
 Mare Wand, Cal. 1,838 9 
 California 1,836 $ 
 
 1255173 
 (1565183 
 |1165162 
 1100161 
 
 1260{ 
 1200179 
 
 1540 
 1325 
 1150 
 
 183 
 181 
 150 
 
 1175175 
 
 Aver. 
 
 1267,177 
 
 Transverse 
 
 Diameters of 
 
 Cranium. 
 
 1731201 91 
 
 111 
 
 83 
 90 
 95 
 
 183 
 162 
 161 
 175 
 
 182 
 187 
 
 182 
 
 
 178 
 
 175 
 
 142 
 127 
 128 
 132 
 116 
 129 
 130 
 127 
 116 
 
 127 
 
 90 
 91 
 88 
 90 
 
 2| 
 
 .5 © 
 
 s 
 
 5 
 
 a : 'Z 
 
 Transverse Longitudinal 
 Arcs. Arcs. 
 
 92 
 
 109125 
 
 114128 
 
 1001119 
 
 99 115 
 
 99I123 
 
 105117 
 
 109 125 
 
 110|l25 
 
 98,112 
 
 108116 
 
 10612: 
 
 130« 
 
 149 
 
 121 
 
 129 
 
 139 
 
 130;> 
 
 139^} 
 
 131j9 
 
 125 
 130 
 
 135 
 
 to 
 
 81 
 75 
 80 
 
 73 
 76 
 72 
 83 
 74 
 
 69 115 
 
 77 137 
 
 78 115 
 79:120 
 
 124 
 
 65 118 
 
 70 130 
 72 120 
 85|115 
 
 66 1122 
 
 78 
 
 73 
 
 123 
 
 49-2 255 
 540 325 
 465 265 
 475 ^287 
 510 305 
 505 250 
 515 280 
 510 1270 
 468 ,265 
 
 275275110 
 
 328'335 134 
 
 271 
 
 290 
 
 .308 
 
 275 
 
 315 
 
 285 115 
 295 120 
 310135 
 300 110 
 330 130 
 
 282|309 120 
 268 285110 
 495^275 270 293,118 
 
 501 1284 292 
 
 110 120 
 125 123 
 105 115 
 100110 
 120 117 
 120 120 
 110 130 
 130 120 
 100 120 
 110 115 
 
 £ - 
 o j; 
 
 .a 
 
 ■6 
 
 35:28 
 35'27 
 36 30 
 
 36127 
 3530 
 .3531 
 
 304 122 114115 34 
 
 98 92 
 
 106' 98 
 
 94186 
 
 93:85 
 
 102|71 
 
 93' 91 
 
 105i 93 
 
 103, 97 
 
 92:82 
 
 96:88 
 
 102104 
 
 96 
 91 
 50 
 
 88 
 
 I 
 
 91 
 
 97 
 
 54: 
 
 86 
 
 104'112! 
 
 104i 991 
 
 107104 
 
 60 65136 
 
 99 103 89 
 
 90 
 102 
 94 
 170 
 81 
 88 
 89 
 91 
 
 29 98, 90 1 95 95 
 
 97 
 
 p Bi-parietal. 
 
 s Bi-squamosal. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 Measuee-mexts, Table No. 12. 
 
 3Ui 
 
 
 Diameters 
 of Face. 
 
 
 
 
 Of Orbit. 
 
 Of External 
 Xose. 
 
 Malar Lines. 
 
 Width Ilei^lit 
 Lower Jaw Ix)wer Jaw 
 
 
 ji 
 
 Of 
 
 Bamua. 
 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ' £ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JZ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = ' s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s ' z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 J2 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i i ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 JS 
 
 s 
 
 r 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 i 
 
 "a; 
 E 
 
 ,s 
 
 hi 
 
 I 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 
 w 
 
 <*- 
 
 z 
 
 < 
 
 *^ 
 'S 
 
 1 
 
 ■5 
 
 M 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 .B 
 
 s 
 
 '5 
 
 
 Binialar Line, 
 calipers. 
 
 i 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 
 
 '0 
 
 0. 
 
 ■3 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 •i 
 s 
 
 'a 
 
 
 
 NT" 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 I 
 
 a 
 
 1,447 9 
 
 128 
 
 96 
 
 26 
 
 43 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 95 
 
 44 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 108 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,448 ^ 
 
 
 
 110 
 
 26 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 36 
 
 92 
 
 51 
 
 24 
 
 47 
 
 118 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,449 9 
 
 122 
 
 92 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 94 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 98 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,837 9 
 
 123 
 
 95 
 
 20 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 35 34 
 
 97 
 
 46 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 
 100 
 
 92 
 
 74 
 
 90 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 86 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 1,883 $ 
 
 128 
 
 90 
 
 26 
 
 47 
 
 53 
 
 17 
 
 38 35 
 
 92 
 
 51 
 
 28 
 
 55 
 
 110 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 505 $ 
 
 
 
 92 25 
 
 46 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 35 33 
 
 94 
 
 50 
 
 24 
 
 48- 
 
 103 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 35 
 
 84 
 
 62 
 
 32 
 
 506 ^ 
 
 144 
 
 105 i 25 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 22 
 
 39! 35 
 
 90 
 
 51 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 112 
 
 105 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 43 
 
 94 
 
 75 
 
 35 
 
 1,835 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 HI 
 
 49 
 
 25 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,838 9 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 91 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 100 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,836 3" 
 
 
 131 
 
 100 
 
 25 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 37 
 
 36 
 
 97 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 46 
 
 108 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 
 
 Aver. 
 
 98 
 
 24 
 
 47 
 
 53 
 
 20 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 95 
 
 49 24 
 
 49 
 
 106 
 
 97 
 
 99 
 
 94 
 
 31 
 
 27 
 
 46 
 
 92 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 Measu 
 
 RE.MI 
 
 :nts, Tab 
 
 LE No. 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Yakatat (Princeton Col.). $ 
 
 Sitka (Princeton Col.) 9 
 
 Alaska (Col. Univ.). 562 $ 
 
 Assinaboin 659 S 
 
 1,230 9 
 
 Arickaree' 949 
 
 649 S 
 
 748 9 
 
 Naas 213 9 
 
 " 214 S 
 
 Chinook 578 $ 
 
 457 9 
 
 Chiinakuni 987 
 
 Pawnee (Col. Univ.) 557 9 
 " 556 S 
 
 1,043 S 
 
 540 9 
 
 Shoshoni 1,447 9 
 
 1,448 $ 
 
 1,449 9 
 
 Moqui 1,837 9 
 
 Apache 1,833 S 
 
 California 565 S 
 
 560 S 
 
 1,835 S 
 
 " 1,838 9 
 
 " 1,836 S 
 
 85 
 80 
 85 
 94 
 79 
 
 75 
 
 84 
 90 
 77 
 76 
 75 
 95 
 53 
 72 
 80 
 79 
 
 55 
 
 
 58 
 62 
 59 
 
 57 
 
 56 
 65 
 61 
 62 
 60 
 60 
 47 
 61 
 57 
 58 
 
 76 1 63 
 
 Aver. 
 
 76 
 79 
 79 
 83 
 84 
 87 
 80 
 77 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 65 
 60 
 55 
 60 
 49 
 65 
 63 
 54 
 53 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 27 
 25 
 
 45 
 44 
 42 
 41 
 41 
 45 
 41 
 48 
 48 
 40 
 45 
 44 
 47 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 114 
 110 
 135 
 1.13 
 113 
 
 112 
 112 
 119 
 112 
 117 
 115 
 115 
 105 
 111 
 110 
 109 
 1*5 
 128 
 
 59 
 
 45 
 
 110 
 
 44 
 
 113 
 
 49 
 
 117 
 
 40 
 
 106 
 
 47 
 
 125 
 
 47 
 
 112 
 
 40 
 
 109 
 
 44 
 
 107 
 
 43 
 
 114 
 
 82 
 70 
 83 
 
 77 
 74 
 
 68 
 70 
 95 
 79 
 78 
 73 
 75 
 
 82 
 69 
 82 
 69 
 85 
 71 
 75 
 
 c 
 
 80 
 65 
 
 85 
 86 
 
 77 
 
 83 
 70 
 92 
 81 
 80 
 76 
 82 
 75 
 75 
 73 
 77 
 78 
 85 
 83 
 74 
 
 70 84 
 
 68 
 80 
 76 
 66 
 67 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 84 
 83 
 
 81 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 50 
 41 
 42 
 51 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 58 
 47 
 48 
 46 
 48 
 40 
 42 
 48 
 44 
 41 
 49 
 40 
 40 
 43 
 45 
 52 
 51 
 42 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 108 
 93 
 100 
 105 
 105 
 
 97 
 
 90 
 109 
 103 
 103 
 102 
 
 97 
 105 
 100 
 100 
 103 
 
 96 
 103 
 105 
 100 
 106 
 
 90 
 106 
 103 
 
 93 
 
 99 
 
 101 
 
 36 
 31 
 33 
 29 
 29 
 
 25 
 25 
 40 
 31 
 32 
 29 
 27 
 27 
 31 
 29 
 26 
 24 
 30 
 25 
 29 
 29 
 29 
 27 
 30 
 27 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 41 
 35 
 35 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 36 
 32 
 41 
 40 
 40 
 40 
 35 
 40 
 39 
 30 
 35 
 37 
 44 
 35 
 38 
 36 
 41 
 38 
 40 
 34 
 41 
 
 37 
 
 
 rt 
 
 ti 
 
 i 
 
 B 
 
 
 ,2 
 
 S 
 
 
 •s 
 
 £ 
 
 » 
 
 60 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 62 
 
 25 
 
 59 
 
 29 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 57 
 
 23 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 57 
 
 25 
 
 53 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 23 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 51 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 23 
 
 58 
 
 29 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 
 53 
 
 22 
 
 67 
 
 20 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 
 25 
 
 60 
 
 '22 
 
 53 
 
 2.3 
 
 59 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 21 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 12 
 14 
 14 
 12 
 
 I 
 
 e. 
 
 15 
 17 
 11 
 15 
 15 
 
 13 i 17 
 
 12 i 15 
 
 13 - 16 
 
 14 1 14 
 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 14 
 12 
 12 
 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 16 
 15 
 28 
 11 
 
 11 I 46 
 14 I 
 
 I 
 
 12 ! 15 
 14 i 17 
 
 11 16 
 
 12 1 14 
 14 12 
 12 13 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 u 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 a. 
 ■« 
 
 S 
 
 15 
 19 
 12 
 21 
 18 
 
 18 
 20 
 18 
 15 
 18 
 18 
 16 
 20 
 21 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 15 
 17 
 12 
 15 I 19 
 17 n 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 
 .3 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 G 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 »0 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 16 10 
 
 TTT f\i\ Affitni^iftni 
 
398 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 (c) Desckiptiox of Skulls Collected ox the Santa Barbara Islands. The 
 skulls collected from the Santa Barbara Islands of!" the .southern part of the coast 
 of California have been carefully studied by L. Carr (U. S. Geological Survey 
 (Wheeler). 1870, 277). who analyzed olO examples ; 178 of these were male and lo7 
 were female. 
 
 This group is well Avorthy of being seiKirately considered. It is higldy proba- 
 ble that the people were insulated for a time sufficient to have actjuired some 
 distinctive peculiarities, though their relationship to the mainland tribes is exact. 
 
 1,818 ' I?, aged 45 years. — .stenocephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge prominent, 3 mm. The supra-orbital margin 
 inclined 40°. — Nasal bone 24 mm. ;^ frontal part almost nz7 ; radix 4 nun.. 90°; 
 salient 17 mm., 30°. — Nasal vestibule analophic ; nasal spine pa^domorphic, with 
 sharp spinal crest. Alveolus small. — Choanai pa^domorplnc. — Foramen lacerum 
 medium open. — Petroso-sphenoidal suture not overlapped. — Sagitta at post-bregina 
 carinated. — Malar bone with marginal process almost m'/ ; not in spheno-maxil- 
 lary fissure; suture-trace present. — Sconce 110 mm. — Skull rests on opisthion. 
 It retains paroccipital processes 12 mm. on right, mm. on left. — It bears a close 
 resemblance to skulls from the South seas.- 
 
 Lower Jaw. Genial spine double, crest nil ; lemurine process present; inner 
 half condyloid process inclined. 
 
 1,823 ^, aged 40 years, — archencephalic ; high and narroAv. 
 
 Glabella and suj^ra-orbital ridges, 4 mm. ; superior orljital border scarcely)- 
 inclined, 40 mm. — Nasal bone 23 mm. long; fiat very low arch; frontal portion, 2 
 mm. long; maxillary 17 mm. ; premaxillary 4 mm. — Nasal vestibule microlophic. 
 — Hard palate hyperbolic, alveolar height 12 mm. — Sphenoido-tympanic suture not 
 overlapped. — Foramen lacerum medium almost closed ; petrosa not inflated. — Skull 
 rests on opisthion. ^Sconce 122 mm. — Lambdoidal suture serrated througlujut. 
 Phaenozgomous. — Malar bone small, 20 mm. wide ; marginal pi'ocess small ; not in 
 spheno-maxillary fissure ; suture-trace present. Lachrymal bones absent ; ossa 
 plana small.^ — Conspicuous ethmoidal bulla. 
 
 The resemblance already noted between some Santa Barbara skulls and the 
 Polynesian tyjie is conspicuous. in this example. The nasal sahent unusually low 
 20°. 
 
 1,822 9, aged 00 years, — c^nnbecephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge rudimental ; outer part superior orbital margin 
 scarcely inclined, 40°. Nasal bones flat; radix 6 mm., 90°. — Nasal vestibule 
 microlophic ; incisor eminence and alveolar line trenchant. — Haiti palate paralx)lic ; 
 choanoB widely divergent; sphenoido-tympanic suture not overlapped. — Petrosa 
 inflated. — Foramen lacerum medium scarcely open. — Temporal crest rudimental ; 
 parieto sphenoidal suture small 10 nun. Lambdoidal suture serrate at asterion ; 
 
 ' All the specimens examined are in the museum of the Acailemy. 
 L. Carr (1. e.) notes the Santa Barbara skulls to be " i^of-shaped along the sagittal suture." 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 80!) 
 
 large parietal foramen on right 8ide. Interior of na^al olnunl)er with large trans- 
 vei-.se uncinate process and ethmoidal l)ulla. Middle turhinal laminate. 
 
 1,826 ^, aged 40 years, — angularly oblong. 
 
 Glal^ella and supra-orbital ridges faintly expressed ; superior orl)ital border 
 scarcely inclined. 40°. — Nasal bones coossitied ; I)road low arch, frontal part small, 
 2 mm., rest mutilated. — Nasal vestibule analophic ; alveolus 13 mm. — Hard palate 
 parabolic; alveolar process 15 nun. — Choanal remarkably broad at base 25 mm. 
 — Foramen lacerum medium closed. — Sphenoido-tympanic suture not overlapped. — 
 Petrosa inflated ; malar bone narrow, 20 mm. ; small marginal process ; bone enters 
 fissure ; suture-trace jiresent. — Hamular process of lachrymal bone joining maxilla. 
 Mortise at post-squamosa. ^ 
 
 Lower Ja-dJ. Lenuirine process faintly marked and scarcely deflected. Cond}-- 
 . loid process worn on outer half, inflated, scarcely inclined on inner half. Mental fora- 
 men on line of second premolar. Spines double, crest nil. Ui)per molars 4-3-1 ; 
 lower molars ; 1°. Skull rests on opisthion ; phfenozygomous. A light form but 
 again recalling the South Sea type. 
 
 1,817 ^, aged 40 years, — platyce^jhalic ; angularly oblong. 
 
 Glabella over supraorbital ridges fiiintly expressed. Superior orbital margin 
 slightly inclined, 20°. — Nasal bones long, 22 mm., low arch. Fnmtal portion long, 
 15 mm., remainder of bone 20 mm.; radix mm., 00°; salient 12 mm., 40°. — 
 Nasal vestibule analophic ; spine simple, acute with spinal ridge. Alveolus 20 nnn. 
 — Hard palate paraljolic, 14 mm. higji ; choana? subonal ; petroso-sphenoidal fissure 
 not overlapped. — Foramen lacerum medium not opened on left, scarcely open on 
 right. — Lachrymal Ijone small with rudimental hamular process and crest. — Malar 
 bone with small marginal process, narrow, 10 mm. ; suture-trace present. Phajnozy- 
 gomous. — Skull rests on opisthion. — Sconce 124 mm. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Third molar scarcely in advance of coronoid. Condyloid moder- 
 ately inclined, facets fiiintly ex^wessed ; spine double, rudimental, ci'est nil. Mental 
 foramen on line with second premolar. — Teeth, upper molars 4-3-3 ; lower molars 
 
 2 2 20 
 2 2 2- 
 
 1,825 ■?, aged 40 years, — angularly oblong. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge large, 3 mm. ; superior orbital margin inclined. 
 40 nnn. — Nasal bone 23 mm. ; maxillary portion 18 mm. ; premaxillary portion 
 4 mm. ; radix 5 mm., 70° ; salient 12 mm., 20°. All parts of nasal vestibule 
 analophic ; spine conspicuous and single, a ridge extends to it fi-om the incisor 
 eminence. — Hard palate hyperbolic ; alveolar process 20 nmi. Choanal with parallel 
 sides and l)ase wider than apex. — Spheno-vomerine union thickened. — Spiienoido- 
 tvmpanic suture not overlapped. — Foramen lacerum medium small, almost closed 
 on right side. — Skull rests on opisthion; phfenozygomous. — Sconce 114 mm. — An 
 enormous transverse occipital torus. Lambdoidal suture harmonic near asterion ; 
 
 50 JOURX. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. X. 
 
400 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA, 
 
 • . ■ 
 
 mortise at post-squamosa ; .squamosa 40 mm. hiuli ; sauitta carinatc. — Small lachry- 
 mal hone, hamular j)rocess unitiiiji with maxilla; small posterior marginal process, 
 OS planum 8 mm. high. 
 
 Lower Jaw. Angle slightly deflected; condyloid process angulat^d ; third 
 uiolar in advance of the coronoid process. Spine prominent, crest nil. Mental 
 foramen on line of second premolar. A powerful form of jaw. The entire skull 
 massive and recalling forcihly the South Sea type. Upper molars 4-4-3 ; lower 
 molars o°i°i 
 
 1,815 9, aged 35 years, — cymhecephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridges nil. Superior orbital margin slightly inclined, 
 40°. — Nasal bone broad low arch, dep|^ssed radix 5 mm.. 90° ; salient 13 miji.. 50°. 
 Nasal vestibule microlophic without classifiable characters ; incisor eminence high, 
 alveolar line faint, obscuring small fossa. — Hard palate scarcely parabolic, shallow, 
 11 mm. — Sphenoido-tympanic fissure not overlapped by the spinous procvss. — 
 Petrosa not inflated. — Sides of choanae greatly inclined, 80° ; wider at ba.se than 
 apex. — Lambdoidal suture serrate near asterion. — Malar bone with small marginal 
 process ; enters spheno-maxillary fissure ; suture-trace ]iresent. Bone narrow for- 
 ward. — The hanmlar process of the lachrymal bone joins the maxilla. — Skull rests 
 on opisthion ; phamozygomous. — Sconce 110 mm. 
 
 1,819 ^, aged 45 years, — archencephalic ; oval, well filled. 
 
 Glabella with trace of metopism, supra-orbital ridge very large, 3 mm. — )itisal 
 bones 25 mm. ; frontal part 2 mm. ; bridge low ; radix (3 mm., 90° ; salient 16 nnn., 
 20°. — Nasal vestibule microlophic; incisor eminence and spinal crest rudimentary; 
 alveolar sHm, line discernible. — Hard palate parabolic, alveolar process 15 mm. ; 
 choana' pa^domorphic ; pyramidal process produced ; ])etroso-sphenoidal fissure 
 greatly overlapped. — Petrosum on left side inflated. — Post-bregma carinate, bregma 
 elevated. — Temporal impression nnirkedly developed. Lambdoidal suture .serrate 
 near asterion. — Malar bone small, 20 mm. wide at narrowest part. Innei- surface 
 Avith suture-trace ; marginal process conspicuous ; bone does not enter into spheno- 
 maxillary fissure. Skull rests on conceptacula ; phajnozygomous. 
 
 Glaljella and supra^jrhital ridge conspicuous, especially at the beginning of 
 the last named, but the actual projection of the first named small. The prominence 
 on the malar bone extraordinarily developed. The nasal salient of remarkably low 
 degree, 20°. The parieto-sphenoidal suture but 5 mm. long. 
 
 1,824 ^. iiged 45 years, — archencephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supraorbital ridge moderate ; superior orbital margin greatly 
 inclined, 30° — Na^^d bones asymmetrical, broad 9 mm., long 20 nnn. ; frontal por- 
 tion 2 mm.; maxillary portion 15 nnn.; premaxillary portion 6 nnn. — Nasal vestibule 
 analophic ; incisor eminence moderate ; spine and spinal line w ell defined ; alveolar 
 line nil ; alveolus moderate, 14 nnn. — Hard palate hyperbolic, alveolar height 20 
 
CRANLV FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 401 
 
 111111 ; choaiuv pa'doinorphic— Sphoiiuiilo-tviiiimiiio suture scarcely (ivi-rlappcd. F(.ra- 
 
 iiicu laceruin niediuin scarcely open.— Temporal crest weak, parieto-spheiioidal 
 suture obliterated.— Skull rests on conceptacula.— Sconce 104 iniii.— Malar without 
 niarsrinal process ; not in sphenomaxillary iissures ; suture-trace present.— Lachry- 
 mal bone rudimental.— MidiUe turbinals laminate.— Rudimeiital paroccipital 
 pi*ocesses. 
 
 L81G 9. aged ^o years, — eurycei)halic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital vid'^ji faint. Nasal hones broad depressed, mutilated ; 
 frontal portion m7. — Nasal vestibule analophic; alveolus high, 22 mm. — Hard i>alate 
 hyperbolic; alveolar process 15 mm.; choaiiie with base wider than apex. — Sphe- 
 iioido-t^inpanic suture not overlapped by tl^e spinous process. Foramen lacerum 
 medium cbsed laterally. — Temiioral ridge not interrupted at stei)haiiion ; lainb- 
 doidal suture harmonic near asterion. Skull rests on conceptacula. 
 
 Loiuer Jaw. Condyloid process much angulated, lateral facet much worn. 
 Coronoid process not concealing third molar ; mental ibramen on line of the second 
 premolar; genial spine single pi-ominent; genial crest almost nil. set in a fossa. 
 Upper molars 4-8-0 ; lower molars If. 
 
 1.S20 9, aged 35 years, — cymbecephalic. 
 
 (ilabella and supra-orbital ridge faint; superior orbital border slightly inclined, 
 ■40°. — Nasal bone 26 mm. long; frontal portion 2 mm.; maxillary portion 20 mm.; 
 premaxillary portion 2 mm.; radix 7 mm., 80°; salient 10 mm., 50°, low arch, 
 asymmetrical. Nasal vestibule analophic; alveolus 18 mm. — Hard palate hyper- 
 bolic ; alveolar process 12 nnn. — Sphenoido-tymjianic suture not overlajiped. — Petrosa 
 moderately intlated. — Foramen lacerum medium scarcely defined. — Lachrymal Iwnes 
 rudimental. Hamular process not touching the maxilla. — Malar bone with small 
 marginal process ; bone enters sphemj-maxillary fissure ; suture-trace present. — 
 Parieto-sphenoid junction small, 10°. — Small mortise. — Sconce 118 mm. — Skull rests 
 on opistliion. Phamozygomous. The nasal bone creeps in a little between the 
 ascending process of the maxilla and the frontal bone. This is a character of Cer- 
 copithecus. Right side of occiput with large exostosis. Small transverse occipital 
 torus present. 
 
 1.821 ^ , aged 40 years', — archencephalic. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge moderate, 3 mm. ; superior orbital nifirgin 
 much inclined, 50°. — Nasal bone high arched. Frontal portion 2 mm. long; max- 
 illar}- portion 16 mm.; radix o mm., 90°; salient mutilated. Nasal vestilaile 
 microlophic, with ridge extending forward from incisor eminence. — Hard palate 
 hyperbolic; alveolar process. 17 mm. — Foramen lacerum medium almost closed; 
 petrososphenoidal fissure greatly overlapped. Malar small, ft mm. wide with 
 large tuberosity ; marginal pi'ocess enormous. The bone does not enter into the 
 sphenomaxillary fissure ; suture-trace present ; external sui'face at beginning of 
 bipartite suture evident. Skull rests on opistliion. 
 
4i)-I (KAMA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 A Woniiiaii hone lies in asterion on Itotli si(U's : exostoses in Imtli anditorv 
 iiieati ; lamlxloiilal sntuiv oecuiiicd liv numerous coarse Woi'niians. like No. l.TS'.l, 
 Moore series. Ti'ace of niet()i)ic suture just aliove nasion. .Sli,i;'ht exostosis on 
 either siile of tile oeeipital hone near i'oranien uuigiuun. — SnuiU ])an)ceii)ital processes 
 present. 
 
 In these twelvi' skulls from the Santa Bai'hara Islands v'vAit were male and 
 I'our fenuile. — The t^lahella and su]ira-orhital ridue are of moijerate de\elopnient. 
 till- ma.ximum h^'iiin 4 mm., si.x heini: ir//. and an a\"era.<:e of six specimens hein,u a 
 little over •'! mm. The degree of inclination of the supru-orhital mar!.;in is about 
 4<l''. — The a\"ei'a,L;e of the sizes of the misal hone, measured from without, are frontal 
 portion '2 nnn.. maxillary part Hi nun., and the ])renutxillary part 4 miu- Tin- 
 U'niith of the I'adix is (i mm., heinu suudler than in any other series. ^\vhile the 
 salient is the same as in the Semiuoles. but Ioniser than in the western continental 
 tribes. — The nasal vestibule sIiouhhI no exam])le which was macrolopliic ; five 
 weri' microlophic. and seven were analophic (some of the last named were transi- 
 tional forms to the second), thus demonstratin^ii' a lower Ibi'iii ol' the parts as com- 
 pared with tlu' other _i:roups. Thi'ee retained a small so-called ])renasal fossa. — The 
 aheolus was 17 mm. high, being thus higher than in the Seminoles. — The shape oi' 
 the hard palate was noti'd in eleven exain[)les. ten oi' these were liypei'ljolic ami 
 one parabolic. The same proportions oljtaiii in the Seminoles. — The shapes of the 
 choan;i> are also the same : four \\ liicli are pa'domorphic and se\'en ^vliicli ai'e 
 br()a<ler at the liase than at the a])ex. — The foramen hu'erum medium is remarkable 
 for l)eiiig closed in two. nearly closed in si.x and distinctly o^jeii in three only. — 
 The spinous process of the sphenoid bone is also strikingly diflereiit from this i)ro- 
 cess in the other gr(.)in)s. since it ox'erlaps the splieiioido-tympanic fissure in two 
 iiist;inces only. — .Ml the malar bones [lossess a sutui'e-trace on the posterior surface. 
 The bone enters into the spheno-maxillary fissure in live e.xami)les. The marginal 
 process is large in two specimens only. — The temp>oral ridge is interrupted at the 
 stc[)lianioii in two examples. The lambdoidal suture near the asterion is harmonic 
 in three inst;inces, — The sconce had a minimum width oi' Hl4 mm., a maximum 
 width of lotl mm., and an avei'age of 117 mm. — The laclir_\nial bone is small in 
 all (14 mm. x S mm.), and absent in two: it joins the maxilla by the hamular 
 pi'ocess in three instances only. — In no e.xam])le oi' the lowei' jaw did the third 
 molai' lie back oi' the anterior contour of the l)ase of the corouoid proci'ss. The 
 mental foramen was nevei' in advance of the second premolar, thus presenting a 
 contrast to the Si'iuinoles. The condyloid proct'ss was faceted in all examples. 
 
 Resii7uc. — Dolitdiocephalic. male two. i'emale one. — Mesatice])lialic. male one. 
 i'emale six. — Hrachycephalic. male one. — Ortliognathous. male two. — Mesognathous. 
 male li\e. I'emale tjt'o. — Prognathous, male t^vo. i'emale one. — Lcptorhine. male live.' 
 i'emale one. — MesorhiiU'. male two. female three. — Platyrhine. male two. — Meso- 
 s.'iiie. male two. — Megaseme. male se^eii. i'emale two. — Microce[»halic. male three, 
 female three. — .Mesocephalic. male i'our. i'emale one. — Megaceplialic. male one. 
 I., ('an- ■ 1. c tViiin a iariicr luinilur fdiuid tlu' " nasal (ipi'iiiiiL: " nf nic-iliuni size. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 403 
 
 III. — MeTOI'IS.M. 
 
 The liict thiit spt'ciiiK'ii No. 1,781 presents a persistent iiiterfVoiitiil suture lead.s 
 to a comparison with otlier specimens of skulls of North American Indians slunving 
 a like peculiarity. Authorities agree that this suture is extremely rare in the skulls 
 of modern savages. Rolleston (British Barrows, 1877, 69-1) refers to the examples 
 known to him at this time, one of an Andaman Islander (W(X)d Mason), one oi an 
 Abyssinian (Zuckerkandl), one from an ancient burial place in Eastern Tennessee 
 (Busk). From among four hundred and sixteen North American crania examined 
 by myself, but three examples (No. 929 Arickaree, No. 730 Seminole, No. 1,264 
 Lenape) retained the suture.' and in all the specirnois no artificial defonnation 
 existed. - 
 
 In marked contrast with the al)ove the suture is much more common in the 
 criminal of modern Europe. Ferraz (Arch. d. Psichi. e d'Anthrop. crimiuale, Torino, 
 1889) claims that in ci'iminals the persistent interfrontal suture is found in 11 \ier 
 cent of the males and in 9 per cent of the females ; yet Ottolenghi and Roncoi-oni 
 found in one hundred autopsies of criminals the open suture twice onl}-. Lombroso 
 and Ferrero (Das Weib, 286) found in sixtj-six female criminals the open frontal 
 suture in twelve instances. According to Corre the character appears in brachy- 
 cephaly. and may be regarded as indicating inferiority of grade. 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 14. 
 
 1 
 
 
 Transverse 
 
 Diameters of 
 
 Cranium.- 
 
 s 
 
 ■^ s 
 
 "a .5 
 
 C S 
 
 8 5 
 
 el 
 
 
 Santa Barbara, 1,818 S 
 
 1.823 S 
 1,822 9 
 1,82(1 S 
 1.817 S 
 1,825 S 
 1,815 9 
 
 1.819 S 
 
 1.824 S 
 1,81(5 9 
 
 1.820 9 
 
 1.821 S 
 
 UIO, 
 1530 
 1248, 
 1280 
 1150| 
 1350 
 1275 
 1315 
 1425 
 1265i 
 1380: 
 1445 
 
 175 
 
 185| 
 173, 
 170i 
 167! 
 176 
 
 166 
 177 
 173 
 170 
 171 
 
 I 
 176' 
 185 
 176 
 170 
 167 
 178 
 168 
 166 
 177 
 I74i 
 170; 
 1721 
 
 133 
 
 140 
 127 
 128 
 124 
 130 
 125 
 135 
 132 
 126 
 
 133 
 
 Avef. 
 
 13391173173130 
 
 91J105 
 93 110 
 
 85; 99 
 91107 
 90103 
 95 113 
 89101 
 95!l04 
 lOOl 
 
 85 
 93 
 97 
 
 92 
 
 102 
 105 
 107 
 
 !115' 
 120 
 115 
 120 
 
 
 121 
 
 
 124 
 123 
 100 
 120 
 128 
 
 13% 
 
 135;j 
 
 126p 
 
 131;; 
 
 130 
 
 138;,, 
 
 132;, 
 
 135;, 
 
 132;, 
 
 
 131;; 
 135;, 
 
 76 
 73 
 73 
 
 77 
 78 
 78 
 
 
 81 
 75 
 
 
 77 
 79 
 
 105 118,133 77 
 
 3 
 
 0,500 
 130| 520 
 118; 490 
 120j 490 
 123 490 
 129j 510 
 
 0:490 
 125 485 
 
 Transverse 
 Arcs. 
 
 I .1 
 
 Longitudinal , s ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Arcs. 
 
 Fora 
 Mag 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ji 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -& 
 
 JS 
 
 i 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 H^ 
 
 
 "5 
 
 S 
 
 J 
 
 . 1 
 
 £ 
 
 > 
 
 <a 1 
 
 1 
 
 •1 
 
 (2 
 
 _o. 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 ? 
 
 S ! 
 < 
 
 126 
 
 118 
 
 
 
 133 
 
 510 
 
 
 
 486 
 
 515 
 
 294296i 
 300!325 
 
 70I28O: 
 284 290! 
 280^285' 
 300305 
 280:2831 
 295 300 
 300305 
 
 0| oi 
 
 273280 
 2951310; 
 
 0120 
 
 0124 
 
 270110 
 
 0118 
 
 250130 
 
 2751301 
 
 0118, 
 
 0120; 
 
 0120^ 
 
 ol oj 
 
 275|120 
 120 
 
 130 120,32 
 120 140 35 
 125 110 37 
 120115 30 
 100 113 35 
 12012032 
 110120 35 
 12011034 
 115125 36 
 
 
 115 
 120 
 
 4 125 499 288296 2(i7,121;118 
 
 33 
 10033 
 108137 30 101 
 
 27 98 
 
 27 100 
 30 95 
 30100 
 
 28 93 
 30 96 
 25 91i 
 27 96 
 30 96 
 27 97 
 30 100! 
 
 96 11041 
 93 103 
 
 90 
 
 91 I 
 
 83 
 
 95^ 
 
 8U' 
 
 85 I 
 87 
 
 98 
 98 
 89 
 104 
 91 
 99 
 94 
 
 = i o 
 
 106! 93 
 
 103 90 
 
 103 92 
 
 98j 93 
 
 96' 93 
 
 106 91 
 
 100 88 
 
 103 86 
 
 98, 93 
 
 10(5* 87 
 
 90 1103 
 
 91 I 90j 
 93 103il02; 91 
 
 90,101 
 
 I 
 
 116 34 29 971891 98101; 91 
 
 2> Bi-jiarietal. 
 
 ' L. Carr (U. 8. Geological Survey, Wiieeler, 1879, 283) found the suture in two jkt cent 
 of Santa Barbara crania. 
 
 ■' In view of the rarity of the interfrontal .suture in N. A. Indians, it is uitere.stnig to note that 
 an example i;' figured in one of the earliest contribution.- to craniology, namely Blunienhach'.< I^cades, 
 PI. IX, where the .■ijiecimen is named Indi- America' sejitentrionalis. 
 
404 
 
 CRANL\. FROM THP] MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 15. 
 
 
 Diameters 
 of Face. 
 
 
 
 
 Of Orbit. 
 
 Of E.Tteroal 
 Nose. 
 
 I Jfalai 
 
 Lines. 
 
 Width 
 Lower Jaw 
 
 Heiglit 
 Lower Jaw 
 
 
 J3 
 
 Of 
 
 Bamus. 
 
 
 '5' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 .a 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 £, 
 
 £, 
 
 
 U 
 
 U 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 S 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 ■s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 a — 
 
 u 5l 
 
 
 •i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 1 
 3. 
 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 S 
 
 ♦J 
 
 i 
 J 
 
 "S 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 ■3 
 
 •5 
 
 "3 
 
 a 
 
 
 ."§ 
 
 
 
 
 Binmla 
 cali 
 
 i 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 1 
 (1 
 
 S 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 'o 
 
 a 
 O 
 
 
 
 .a 
 s* 
 'S 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 1,818 3' 
 
 93 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 17 
 
 36 
 
 33 
 
 92 
 
 46 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 
 105 
 
 75 
 
 
 
 1,823 ^ 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 22 
 
 43 
 
 58 
 
 18 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 97 
 
 46 
 
 25 
 
 54 
 
 105 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,822? 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 18 
 
 33 
 
 39 
 
 118 
 
 48 
 
 24 
 
 50 
 
 110 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,826^ 
 
 128 
 
 91 
 
 24 
 
 42 
 
 51 
 
 15 
 
 35 32 
 
 91 
 
 48 
 
 21 
 
 44 
 
 102 
 
 93 
 
 68 
 
 85 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 
 62 
 
 83 
 
 51 
 
 35 
 
 1,817^ 
 
 124 
 
 87 
 
 20 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 91 
 
 45 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 102 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 60 
 
 85 
 
 66 
 
 32 
 
 1,825 S 
 
 138 
 
 100 
 
 25 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 97 
 
 48 
 
 23 
 
 48 
 
 103 
 
 94 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 65 
 
 89 
 
 66 
 
 40 
 
 1,815? 
 
 
 
 85 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 34 
 
 33 
 
 97 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 95 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,8U» ^ 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 25 
 
 41 
 
 55 
 
 22 
 
 40 ' 
 
 35 
 
 87 
 
 49 23 
 
 47 
 
 115 
 
 104 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,824 $ 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 23 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 20 : 
 
 35 
 
 35 
 
 100 
 
 49 ! 22 
 
 45 
 
 105 
 
 95 
 
 1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1,816 9 
 
 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 89 
 
 43 24 
 
 56 1 
 
 107 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 32 
 
 48 
 
 63 
 
 92 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 1,820 9 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o! 
 
 115 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,821 ^ 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 25 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 37 
 
 97 
 
 49 
 
 22 
 
 45 
 
 110 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aver. 
 
 130 
 
 95 
 
 23 
 
 43 
 
 52 
 
 19 
 
 36 
 
 34 
 
 96 j 
 
 47 
 
 22 
 
 48 
 
 106 
 
 93 
 
 64 
 
 87 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 62 
 
 87 
 
 62 
 
 36 
 
 Measurements, Table No. 1G. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .S 
 
 -■ii 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 .2 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .a' 
 
 J5 
 
 6< 
 •a 
 
 "a 
 
 Cm 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 § 
 1 
 
 S 
 H 
 tc 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 •a 
 ■§ 
 
 V 
 
 .2* 
 
 "a 
 
 1 
 
 (5 
 1 
 
 *S 
 
 w 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 '5 
 1 
 
 ■3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 •I 
 
 a 
 
 a' 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 • .'5' 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 "S 
 
 -a 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 1 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 s 
 
 S 
 
 & 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 n 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 < 
 
 (2 
 
 53 
 
 w 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 &^ 
 
 i 
 
 1,815 9 
 
 75 
 
 52 
 
 41 
 
 110 
 
 65 
 
 71 
 
 51 
 
 90 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 
 816 9 
 
 77 
 
 58 
 
 45 
 
 114 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 45 
 
 98 
 
 30 
 
 42 
 
 62 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 817 S 
 
 79 
 
 55 
 
 43 
 
 109 
 
 63 
 
 75 
 
 45 
 
 92 
 
 27 
 
 34 
 
 53 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 818 i 
 
 87 
 
 63 
 
 45 
 
 119 
 
 72 
 
 79 
 
 49 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 819 S 
 
 79 
 
 60 
 
 41 
 
 119 
 
 75 
 
 83 
 
 45 
 
 98 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 55 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 20 ' 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 
 820 9 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 67 
 
 77 
 
 38 
 
 93 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 56 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 
 821 S 
 
 60 
 
 62 
 
 45 
 
 118 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 105 
 
 32 
 
 43 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 *■ 
 
 822 9 
 
 81 
 
 56 
 
 45 
 
 110 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 37 
 
 57 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 
 823 i 
 
 80 
 
 (50 
 
 34 
 
 123 
 
 69 
 
 78 
 
 46 
 
 96 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 56 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 
 824 S 
 
 75 
 
 52 
 
 45 
 
 118 
 
 73 
 
 72 
 
 46 
 
 95 
 
 29 
 
 38 
 
 58 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 
 825 S 
 
 80 
 
 60 
 
 44 
 
 116 
 
 73 
 
 82 
 
 44 
 
 101 
 
 32 
 
 41 
 
 60 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 20 ; 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 
 826 S 
 
 66 
 
 59 
 
 47 
 
 114 
 
 70 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 48 
 
 90 
 
 29. 
 
 44 
 
 54 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 15 ! 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 
 Aver. 
 
 76 
 
 58 
 
 43 
 
 115 
 
 77 
 
 46 
 
 96 
 
 29 
 
 38 
 
 57 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 17 1 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 405 
 
 The (kwiiptions ol" North American metopic .skulls are herewith given : 
 
 949 9,Arickaree. Aged 21 years.— stenocephalic. Fijrurel. 
 
 Glabella and supra-orbital ridge not prominent; forehead rounded and full; 
 
 outer part orbital arch oblique, 40°._Nasal bones 25 mm. long, pa'domorphic^ 
 
 depressed: frontal portion 4 mm. long.— Nasal vestibule macrolophic ; incisor 
 
 eminence none; spinal line trenchant, above level of Hoor of nose; alveolar line 
 
 none ; premaxillary crest complete, high spine, sharply i)rojecting. Alveolus small. 
 
 — Hard palate parabolic, small, not tiat. 
 
 Alveolar process high. Spinous process long, 
 
 overlapping sphenoidt)-tympanic suture. 
 
 — Petrosa moderately intlated ; cerebellar 
 
 fossa lies below the plane of the t)cfcipital 
 
 cond\les. Foramen lacerum medium open. 
 
 — Malar bone enters into the spheno-maxil- 
 
 lar\- fissure ; marginal process small ; suture- 
 trace evident. Mortise seen at post-squii- 
 
 mosa. Lambdoidal suture serrated to 
 
 asterion ; small os inca\ Temporal ridge 
 
 scarcely interrupted at stephanion.. The 
 
 post-squamosal portion of the s(|uamosa is 
 
 open. From these appearances it is con- 
 cluded that the individual had suffered 
 
 from otitis media with purulent invasion of 
 
 the mastoid region. Vertical suture in 
 
 middle of lachrynuil process. The long 
 
 handle of the malleus fixed to jjosterior wall 
 
 of the tyiiipanum. 
 
 (A'ormu frmitnlh. ) 
 
 Fig. 1. — Arickaree, 949 9. showing persisteul inter- 
 frontal suture. 
 
 1,264 9, Lenape. Aged 30 years, — stenocephalic. Figure 2. 
 
 Glabella small ; forehead rounded, full ; outer part orbital arch scarcely inclined. 
 — Nasal bones depressed, pa'domorphic. Nasal \estil)ule analophic ; incisor emi- 
 nence rudimental ; ridge to spine discernible. Alveolar line .scarcely visible, not 
 marginal to anterior nasal aperture ; incisor crest developed j)osteriorly only p nasal 
 .spine single, inter-premaxillary suture carinate; alveolus small. — Hard palate para- 
 bolic. Spinous and tympanic processes co-equal, the former iKjt cn^ssing the petroso- 
 sphenoidal fi.ssure ; petrosa intlated. — Marginal process of malar bone and temporal 
 crests rudimentarv.-^Occiput pentagonal. — Skull rests on opisthion. Wormian 
 bones present in lambdoidal suture. — Ossa plana greatly deformed, uneven, with 
 ethmoid cells openhig into orbit; bulla ethmoidalis jjresent right and left. Lachry- 
 mal bone absent congenitally on right side ; lost on left. 
 
4(m; 
 
 rilAXIA F1!().M Till-: MOl'NDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 T-ln i . St'iiiinolc. Aiii'd '2') years. — stcnuccpiialic. Fiu'ure >!. 
 
 (ilahflla small: tori'luNid sli<:iitly ivccilin:^ : outer part orbital arch alu'upth" 
 iiu-liiK'il. — Nasal lioiies com'ex. Nasal xcstiliuk' luicrolijpliic ; incisor eiiiiuciice 
 conspicuous: aKcolar line dclcctivc: spine double. — Hard palate deep hyperbolic. — 
 Spinous process lai'iie with a wide interval between it and the snndler tympanic 
 ]irocess, — IVtrosa intlated. — Foramen lacerum nieilium nearly closed; pteryunid 
 fossa pa'domor[)liic. as also is the sphenoido-\-()nierine junction. P^)ramen spinosum 
 and foramen ovale almost continent. — .Spnnnoso-frontal suture ])resent. — Marginal 
 process of malar bone m;u'keil ; tlu' bone enters into the sj)lieno-nni.\illary fissure 
 
 {Xonivi frdiiliiVii:. i 
 
 Fii;. 'i. — Lfii;i|>i', l.'2ii-l 5' sli'iwiiiL' persistent iiiici'- 
 fruntiil -iiture. 
 
 [Xvrma froittnlh. ) 
 
 Fii;. :i. — SeiDiii'ile, T-'iO %. shciwiiiL' jiersisteut inter- 
 t'l'ulital suture. 
 
 synnnetrically. — Skull rests on the condyles. (.)s inca' and numerous Wormians 
 present. Fncinate pi'ocess in front of Avell delined bulla; lachrymal bones ossified 
 with#naxilla'. The ridit side of nose distinctly the .smaller. 
 
 In an Ai'aucanian. No. (104. a.i^ed lio years, a persistent interfrontal suture is 
 present. The skull is platycephalic, no.se depivssed : nasal inde.x -J") nnn. : skull 
 lenuth in'.l mm., liei-ht X'!'-) mm., breadth l:!-') nnn. Nasal vestibule analophic ; 
 pro-nathic. alveolar line trenchant: with shallow hyjjerbolic hard ])alate ; snndl 
 OS planum and bulla ethnioidalis ; Ca. l.^Cio. This skull differs from the North 
 American specimens in bein,u' [)latycephalic and pro.u'uathic : but agrees with Semi- 
 nole No. 7:;n and Moore series No. 1.7sl in havin.ii' a hyperbolic hard palate. On 
 the whole it is nearer Leni Lemipe. No. 1.2l')4 and Arickaree. No. '.I41J. 
 
 A\ hile the metopic suture is rarely oi)en. a well marked convexity in the middle 
 line of the frontal hone well uj) toward the bre,unia is not uncumnion. An example 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 407 
 
 is seen in As.sin;il)i)iut'. No. 0-39. It starts at the bivgiiiii aiul is the result of liyper- 
 ostosLs of the iiitertVontal suture diie to exceptional conditions at tlu; anterior 
 fontanelle, and is thus widely separated from typical metopisni. In a .second group 
 of variations snuill. tlat nodules are seen scattered along the line of the old inter- 
 frontal suture, or a ridge ma}' occupy the median line of the forehead in the middle 
 third, as in No. l.Ood. Tchutchi.' These may be of the same character as metopisni 
 so far as the primal character of the defect is concerned ; but exact infonnation is 
 lacking on the subject. A second feature of interest relates to the proportion of 
 cranial height to length. The low vertex is nt)table in all three of the metopic crania. 
 
 The i'rontal bone as it joins the nasal is often the seat of minute transverse, 
 fissure-like lines -which suggest that the interfrontal snture has closed under condi- 
 tions different from those in any other part of the skull. A good example is seen 
 in Tahitian, No. 1.021. 
 
 It is impossible to disassociate the ethmoid l)one from an active participation 
 in the etiology of metopisni. The marked abnormality in the orljital aspects, the 
 irregularity in tlie lachrymal bones, the wide intervals between the orbits are 
 evidences pointing to this end. The inflated middle turbinals in the Lenni Lenape 
 skull (female) is of no significance, since they are commonly present in the 
 skulls of women. 
 
 In all the crania the occiput was of uniform curvature with the sagittal suture ; 
 except in No. 1,781, in which sijecimen the occiput slightly projected from the 
 lambda, and in this respect showed itself to be kin with the other specimens. The 
 Arickaree and Lenape skulls were alike ; both of tlif se skulls were from female 
 subjects. The Seminole resembled the foregoing in the general shape of the head, 
 but was more like Floridian, No. 1,781, in the height of the alveolus, the degree 
 of depth of the hard palate, divergence of the dental arches and the bizygomatic 
 diameter. In Arickaree and Lenape the average was loO mm.: in Seminole and 
 Floridian, No. 1,781, it was 142 mm. The interorl)ital space was in like manner 23 
 mm. to 26 mm.; the malar height 40 mm. to 49 mm. Other contrasted measure- 
 ments suggested themselves, but they may be simply due to sexual peculiarities. 
 
 ' The so-called Pithecanthropm erecttts Dubois, exhibits this elevation in a marked degree. 
 
 51 JOURN. A. X. .S. PHILA.. VOL. X. , 
 
408 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Measurements of Metopic Crania. Table No. 17. 
 
 6 
 
 Arickaree 949 ? 
 
 Lenni Lenajie 1,264 9 
 
 Seminole 730 S 
 
 Florida 1,781 ' 
 
 Aver. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 s. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 J 
 
 J 
 
 >, 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bCi 
 
 ~ 
 
 ,c 
 
 i ■& 
 
 ■a, 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 = £ 
 
 W 
 
 Transverse 
 
 Diameters of 
 
 Cranium. 
 
 
 £ 
 
 "5 
 c 
 
 •c 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 Transverse 
 
 Arcs. 
 
 Longitadinal 
 Arcs. 
 
 S I 
 
 I I 
 
 1290i72|l72129 95 
 1300173il73|l32 92 
 1275177 178,130100 
 1495177179,137 98 
 
 105112129;> 
 100117130 
 100;121jl40;j 
 101129147 
 
 75 
 75 
 
 79 
 83 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 125' 
 130 
 
 127| 
 132 
 
 492 
 491 
 505 
 510 
 
 ! I I 
 288[290 300120'l20115 
 295 300 310120; 95140 
 280 290 300115120115 
 300 305 325125120 110 
 
 , I I I I I 
 1340175176 132, 96102120 136 
 
 75 129 499 
 
 291 
 
 296 309120114 
 
 120 
 
 
 3328; 95 
 40!30 95 
 3326 102 
 36 30101 
 
 I I I 
 35 29 98 90 
 
 89 
 
 90 
 
 101 
 
 104 
 
 96 
 
 94 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 103 
 
 95 
 
 97 
 96 
 
 86 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 ' Moore Collection. 
 
 p Bi-parietal. 
 
 Measurements of Metopic Crania, Table No. 18. 
 
 
 Diameters 
 
 
 
 
 Of Orhit 
 
 Of External 
 
 
 Width 
 
 Height 
 
 
 
 Of 
 
 
 of Face 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nose. 
 
 
 
 Lower Jaw Lowe 
 
 rJaw 
 
 
 ji 
 
 Ramus. 
 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 tc 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 rr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i; 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 s 
 « 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ■'9 
 
 
 B 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 ■& 
 
 be 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 C 
 l-l 
 
 1 
 
 •0 
 
 g 
 
 C 
 
 ^1 
 
 r 
 
 2' 
 
 |1 
 
 a 
 
 "?. 
 
 •a 
 s 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 'a 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 a 
 
 "E. 
 
 S 
 
 .1 
 1 
 
 
 
 "bi 
 'I 
 
 
 
 .a 
 
 e 
 -< 
 
 949 
 
 124 
 
 89 
 
 23 
 
 41 
 
 51 
 
 18 
 
 36 
 
 35 
 
 97 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 52 
 
 100 
 
 93 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,264 
 
 127 
 
 94 
 
 24 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 37 34 
 
 92 
 
 47 
 
 25 
 
 53 
 
 105 
 
 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 730 
 
 135 
 
 101 
 
 25 
 
 46 
 
 54 
 
 20 
 
 38^35 
 
 92 
 
 54 
 
 27 
 
 50 
 
 110 
 
 103 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,781 ' 
 
 150 
 
 105 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 57 
 
 23 
 
 38 133 
 
 87 
 
 50 
 
 22 
 
 44 
 
 110 
 
 102 
 
 85 
 
 93 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 69 
 
 101 
 101 
 
 68 
 68 
 
 34 
 
 Aver. 
 
 134 
 
 97 
 
 25 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 
 19 
 
 37 
 
 34 
 
 92 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 106 
 
 98 
 
 85 
 
 93 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 69 
 
 34 
 
 ' Moore Collection. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 Measurements 
 
 OF 
 
 Met 
 
 one 
 
 Ckaxia, 
 
 Table : 
 
 S^o. 
 
 19. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 JS 
 
 .c 
 
 h 
 
 5 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 % 
 
 s 
 (—1 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 e 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 *3 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 "a 
 
 5 
 S 
 
 n 
 
 J3 
 
 1 
 s 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 g ■ 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 -3 
 
 1 
 
 .■H 
 Si 
 
 M 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 949 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 127 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 46 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 1,264 
 
 55 
 
 51 
 
 49 
 
 115 
 
 68 
 
 78 
 
 46 
 
 190 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 48 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 730 
 
 63 
 
 55 
 
 52 
 
 115 
 
 76 
 
 85 
 
 45 
 
 100 
 
 33 
 
 40 
 
 57 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,7811 
 
 77 
 
 00 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 136 
 
 79 
 
 84 
 
 51 
 
 116 
 
 34 
 
 43 
 39 
 
 61 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 Aver. 
 
 63 
 
 50 
 
 123 
 
 74 
 
 82 
 
 47 
 
 103 
 
 32 
 
 54 ! 28 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 IV. General Considerations : Remarks on the Manner herein Employed of 
 Describing Skulls, together avith an Explanation of Terms. 
 
 In this section will be einbraced : 
 
 1. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 0. 
 
 6. 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 Novel or unusual measurements. 
 The prominence of the supra-orbital 
 
 ridge and of chama?prosopy. 
 The orbit. 
 The nasal bones. 
 The nasal chambers. 
 The hard palate. 
 The guttur.al region. 
 The temporal fossa. 
 
 9. The malar bone. 
 
 10. The lower jaw. 
 
 11. The norma verticalis. 
 
 12. The norma occipitalis. 
 
 13. Ontogeny and psedomorphism. 
 
 14. The texture of the skull. 
 
 15. The functions determining the form 
 
 of the skull. 
 Having proposed certain measure- 
 
 (1). Novel or unusual measurements. 
 ments embraced in the tables, it is incumbent upon me to explain them. 
 
 Inio-opisihionr I have. conceived that to take the distance from the opisthion 
 to the inion, or posterior point of the occiput, is useful since it is a more accurate 
 measurement than the transverse occipital arc (which is omitted) and expresses the 
 important fact of the amount of occipital projection quite as well. It is an approxi- 
 mation to the length of the base of the brain in the posterior cerebral fossa. It is 
 of course variable, the maximum in Seminole skulls being 67 nun. and the 
 minimum 44 mm. 
 
 ' Moore Collection. 
 
 ^ The nieasurenieiits of the occipital projection have been taken by craniologi.sts irrespective of 
 attempting to correlate the figure? with the length of the posterior cerebral fos.-<a. 8ee Wynian, Cleland, 
 Carr and Turner. The latter writer measures a " jmrpentlicular radius " drawn upward from the 
 auditory meatus and adopts this as a base line. 
 
410 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Basio-opticon. This is the distance from the basiyn to the optic foramen. It 
 is ail a})i)roximation to the length of the ]:)ase of the brain in the middle cerebral 
 fossa; the maximum in Seminole skulls being 61 mm. and the minimum 40 mm. 
 
 Opiico-nasion} This is the distance from the posterior border of the optic 
 foramen to the nasion, and is an approximation to the base of the brain in the 
 anterior cerebral fossa, and also io the antero-posterior diameter of the face-region 
 at the level of the nasion. Taken with sliding rule it Avill be ob.served to be 
 a fairly c<mstant measurement, the maximum in Seminole skulls being 54 mm. 
 and the minimum 49 mm. 
 
 Vomero-bregynatic. This is taken Ijetween the union of the vomer and Ijasi- 
 sphenoid bones and the bregma. It indicates the point of union of the anterior and 
 posterior frontal segments. When contrasted with the basio-ljregmatic it would also 
 show the degree of inclination of the basilar process if it were not that it is a 
 vertical measurement, while the one last named is oblique. Nevertheless the two 
 are naturally to Ije contrasted, and are thus placed here in parallel columns since 
 they ai'e widely separated in the table. 
 
 733 
 698 
 
 1,105 
 730 
 
 1,286 
 .732 
 753 
 
 Basi-bregmatic. 
 
 Vomerobregmatic . 
 
 
 . 124 
 
 124 
 
 604 . 
 
 . 139 
 
 122 
 
 456 . 
 
 . 136 
 
 118 
 
 708 . 
 
 . 130 
 
 115 
 
 726 . 
 
 . 136 
 
 119 
 
 • 707 . 
 
 . 133 
 
 . 140 
 
 121 
 
 118 
 
 Average 
 
 Basi-bregmatic. Vomero bregmatic. 
 
 145 
 
 145 
 135 
 132 
 138 
 
 "136 
 
 130 
 126 
 120 
 115 
 119 
 
 T2I 
 
 Least alisphenoid and bi-exoccipital diameters. These are contrasted in an 
 attempt to place the narrowest part of the norma basilaris alongside of the widest. 
 I exclude here the bi-mastoid diameter as being less exact. The least alisphenoid 
 diameter is taken between the alispheuoids at the union of the ascending with the 
 horizontal limb of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone ; the bi-exoccipital between 
 the suture lines uniting the exoccipital with the ectopetrosal direct to the inner 
 side of -the base of the mastoid process. The differences between these measure- 
 ments vary reinarkaljly. 
 
 Squamosal height. The height of the squamosa is taken from the auricular 
 jwint to the top of the squamosa in order to contrast the Seminole crania with 
 the Moore crania, in which group the squamosa was of low dimensions. 
 
 Bi-m&stoid diameter. Taken between the tips of the mastoid processes. An 
 unimportant measurement here introduced, not because it is essential, but because 
 it has in a sense become conventionalized. 
 
 Palatal measurements. The manner of taking these measurements and the 
 reasons thereon are stated in Section 6. 
 
 ' The basio-opticon is the same as the " forainino-optic line " of Cleland. The optieo-nasion is 
 the " orbital length " or " frontal depth " of the same writer (see J. Cleland, Phil. Trans., 18(59, 117). 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 411 
 
 Choanal vicasnrement^. These are taken with the slidin^r rule. I have 
 placed importance upon them from the foct that they are found to l)e exceedingly 
 variable. 
 
 Malar widths. 'The upi)er malar width is the lenirth of the malo-frontal 
 union in the orl)it, the lower is the distance from the free liorder of the orhit to the 
 spheno-maxillary fissure. They are taken with the sliding rule. Malar w.idths 
 indicate the gi-eat variation in the degree that the hone enters into the composition 
 of the orbito-temporal septum (outer wall of orbit). 
 
 Width of external pterygoid plate. This is taken with sliding rule from the 
 border of the plate to the bottom of the pterygoid fossa. The measurement is 
 valuable in recording the extraoi'dinary differences in the size of the plate. 
 
 Length of pyramidal process. This is taken from the union of the pi-ocess 
 with the internal pterygoid plate to the tip of the process. The contrasts in the 
 length are striking (.>*ee p. 068.) 
 
 (2). The prominence of the supra-orbital ridge and of chamoeprosopy. In Blu- 
 menbach Decades (markedly in PI. XXXVIII, America, Illinois, and in' less degree 
 PI. IX, Indi-Americfe), one notes the prominence of the glabella and the superciliary 
 ridges. — Wilson ^ claims to have been the first to observe this prominence of the 
 superciliary ridges in the crania of North American Indians. It is not mentioned 
 by Morton.^ From a list of seven skulls in Meig's catalogue exhibiting the peculi- 
 arity, one only is that of a North American Indian,^ namely, the skull (No. 1,512) 
 from the Scioto Mound cited by Wil.spi (1. c). — G. Busk* refers to a skull of a 
 Tennessee aborigine in which the '•supra-orbital prominence" is "most marked." 
 The skull is note-worthy also for the retention of the interfrontal suture. — -R. Vh'- 
 chow,^ out of eleven skulls from North America, describes the swelling in two only. 
 The reference is scant and occurs in the text without comment. — Thus, while Wilson 
 detects the prominent ridge as not infrequent in North American crania, Morton is 
 silent on the subject, and Meigs alludes to it incidentally only and finds it at least 
 as frequent in other races. Wilson's attitude is probably due to the discovery of 
 the Neanderthal skull in 1857, in which the supra-orbital ridges are of enormous size," 
 and led craniologists to identity the character in extant varieties of man. Scliaaf- 
 hausen," after describing the Neanderthal specimen, sought for this ridge in other 
 crania. Wilson and Busk were probably led to make similar observations. Schaaf- 
 hausen concludes, since the " prominence qf the supra-orbital region occurs most 
 frecpiently in the crania of barbarous and especially of northern races, to some of 
 which a high antiquity nuist be assigned, it may be fiiirly suppoj^ed that a conforma- 
 tion of this kind represents the faint vestiges of a primitive type." The" occurrence 
 of the prominent ridges in the crania of North American Indians is much more fi-e- 
 quent than one would suppose from the abne statements. It is indeed a common 
 
 1 Prehi-storic Man, 1862, II, 2Qfi. 
 
 ^ Crania Americana. 
 
 ' Tiie other.* are as folli)\v.s : Celt, Norweaian, Finn, Calnuick, Esquimaux. 
 
 * Nat. Hi.<t. Rev., I, 18fi2, 174, PI. V., fig. 1. ' 
 
 ° Crania Ethnica Americana, 18!:)2. 
 
 '■Miiller's Archiv, 18.58, 453. 
 
41: 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 cliarai'ttT. It is present in all the male skulls of the Moore series. Nos. 45G, 1.55(), 
 ~>\2 of the Seminole series exhiliit it. and it is tyi)icall_v seen in No. 15. Huron, 
 (fi-s. Ill and 11. ji. 414). In the eoUeetion of North American crania in the College 
 of Physicians and Surueons. N\nv York, it exists in the skull of a Pawnee, a 
 Sioux, an Ontario Mound Indian, an Ahsaroka, a Californian •' Diguer" and an 
 Alaskan. It is more prevalent in the Mound .specimens than in those derived from 
 other soinves. and. in so far as this character is concerned, the Moore .series crania 
 resemble the.-je Indians. 
 
 The svmmetrical swellings over the brow in the Neanderthal skull are as 
 marked at the outer j)art cA' the curve of tlie superior margin of the orbit as they 
 are at the inner. In the skulls of North American Indians, on the other hand, the 
 swelling is continuous with the pi-ominent glabella and ends abruptly at the position 
 
 ( Xonii't fronfftlis. ) 
 
 Fig. 1. — Assinaboinc, 1.2.311, .sIiuwiiiK rciumlud fore- 
 iiead ami nidinientary .^iipra-urhila] ridge. 
 
 Fia 
 
 {Xoriiin liiteritUs.) 
 Sautii Barliara, l.rl.5. Ibid. 
 
 of the sn[)ra-orbital notch. The appearance is distinctly seen in PI. LllI of this essay, 
 and PI. LA'llI. and less distinctly in PI. XLIX. A i)ecidiar frowning expression is 
 given to the front of the skull in such specimens. 
 
 The prominent ridge, in examples already cited from the Moore series, is 
 associated with depressed, rather Ijroad nasal bones. In this respect they are 
 stroiiiily contrasted with the nasals in some other Indian skulls. I note in this 
 coiniection No. 1"). Huron, which closeh' resembles No. 1.7S1. Moore series (see 
 fills. Id and 11). the supra-()vl)ital ridge, the depres.-^ed nose-hridge. the binnilar 
 diameter and the least facial diameter being essentially the same. The Ilvu'on skull 
 is iiari'ower at the mininnnn frontal diameter, and tlu' hasi-nasal length is givater, 
 .'^o the usual harmony between the basi-iuisal length and the otliei' measurement 
 here givi'ii is not noticeable. The nasal index is practically the same, being 44 
 for the Floridian and 4o for the Huron. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 413 
 
 In marked contrast to the foregoing are the skulls which exhilnt rounded lore- 
 heads and scarcely discernible frontal ridges. Together with this peculiarity the 
 face is inclined to chamajproscopy. Thus in an Assinaboine (%. 4) the alveolar 
 height measures but 15 mm. The incisor eminence is small, but the ridge to the 
 nasal spine is marked, as is also the alveolar line. The hard palate is paralxjlic 
 and shallow. The foramen lacerum medium is almost closed, and the .sphenoido- 
 tympanic fissure is not overlapped by the spinous process. 
 
 In No. 1,815, Santa Barbara (fig. 5), a striking example is seen of a cymlje- 
 cephalic skull with convex forehead without prominent ridges, small narrow malar 
 bone and rudimental lachrymal bones. The nasals are sharply arched, the margins 
 of the anterior nasal aperture not expanded and the alveolus small. 
 
 {Xorma frontalis.) 
 Fig. 6.— Lenni Lenape. 40, showing chamseprospy. 
 
 {Nonna frontalis.) 
 Fig. 7. — Lenui Lenape, 418, Ibid. 
 
 Chamajproscopy is rare in North American Indians. For this reason three 
 examples are shown for comparison with the prevalent t\pe of leptoproscopy as illus- 
 trated in the Moore series. Remarkable contrasts are seen between the Moore 
 series and all of the four crania. — No. 40, fig. 6, 418 Lenape, fig. 7, and 1,002 
 Otomie, figs. 8 and 9. Each of these specimens exhibits a depressed nasal bridge, 
 ascending process of the maxilla nearly at right angles with the inner wall of the 
 orbits, an expanded anterior nasal aperture, a rudimental alveolar line ; the spine, 
 incisor crest and eminence are small (analophic). The glabella and supra-orbital 
 ridges vary, being almost absent in No. 40, but prominent in Nos. 418 and 1,002. 
 
4U 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 The alveolus is liigh in No. 40, but medium in No. 418 and No. 1,002. In the 
 specimen last named, which is the most interesting skull of the series, the nasal 
 bones do not reach the line of the anterior nasal spine. Nos. 40 and 1,002 are 
 cymbecephalic, while No. 418 is stenocephalic. 
 
 (.Norma lateralis.) 
 Fig. 8. — Otomie, 1.00-2, showing chamieprosopy. 
 
 (.Voci«<i froHtnlix.) 
 Fig. 9.— Otomie, 1.00-2. Ibid. 
 
 {Norma lateralis.) 
 Fig. 10. — Huron, No. 1,5, which resembles the 
 type seen in Pis. liii, Iviii, xlix. 
 
 {Normd frontalis.) 
 Fig. 11. — Huron, Xo. 15. 
 
(yormu lateralis.) 
 P"ig. 12.— Absaroka, 1,228. 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 410 
 
 The e.Ktenial nose in a skull oi" a Crow Indian, No. 1,228, Alwaroka, fifi. 12, 
 is extraordinarily diflerent from those of the Moore series. Tlie areii of tlie nasal 
 hones is high and compressed. The ascending process of the ma.xilla is parallel to 
 
 the inner wall of the orhit. The dis- 
 tal part of the fi<rure of the (Conjoined 
 nasal lx)nes is convex, in firm contiict 
 with the perioendicnlar plate of the 
 ethmoid bone, which projects beyond 
 tlie lumen of the anterior nasal aper- 
 ture. Tlie glabella and supra-orbital 
 ridges are as in specimens Nos. 
 1,781, 1,782, 1,784, -Mcjpre series. 
 The incisor eminence, the alveolar 
 line, the incisor crest and anterior 
 nasal spine are marked. The skull 
 is platycephalic with moderately 
 pa^domorphic occiput and enonnous 
 tran.sverse torus. Tlie contrast l)e- 
 tween No. 1,227 Blackfoot, Kootenay 
 
 fig. 1 3, and any of the Moore series is seen in the rudimental glabellar, con- 
 vexity at the nasal salient. The distal end projects beyond the line of the 
 
 anterior nasal spine, though in less degree than in No. 1,228, Absaroka. The 
 
 incisor eminence is marked, the 
 
 alveolar line mV. The incisor crest 
 
 and spine large. The skull is phox- 
 
 ocephalic. 
 
 (o). T/ze orbit. The superior 
 
 margin of the orbit is described 
 
 as the orbital arch in text books. 
 
 In truth it is rarely an arch. In 
 
 this essay it will be assumed that an 
 
 oblique line is present, which extends 
 
 from the supra-orbital notch to the 
 
 end of the external lateral process, 
 
 and which v(.mfi\A{\\ie» t/ie outer part 
 
 of the orbital arch., and that the 
 
 curved surface answering to the s[)ace 
 
 from the same notch to the end of 
 
 the internal angular process is the 
 
 inner part of the orbital arch. The two parts are di.stinct in range of variation 
 
 and in morphological signiticance. The inner jmrt is found in all mammals, while 
 
 the outer part is confined to the relatively few genei*a in which the orbit is limited, . 
 
 52 JOURN. .\. X. S. PHILA., VOL, X, 
 
 (-Vor)mi Uiifraiji^ 
 Fi|i. 13,— Kootenay, 1,227, 
 
11(1 (RAMA FROM TIIK MOFXDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 ill the iiin'm. Ii\ ;i process of tlie IVoiital Ikhh' (cxU'riial lateral process), and wliicli 
 seiiaiates the orliit Iroiii the temporal lossa. The outer ]iart oi' tlie oihital arch is 
 much inclined dow nward and outwanl in leptoprosojiic. and is nearlv horizontal in 
 chama'prosopic <'raiiia. The shades of distinction in specimens are so nuinerous. 
 however, that the\ should constitute ])art of the (h'scri])tioii in inaiiv skulls. 
 
 The theorem ol' a stout supraMirliital ridge heing associated with a high 
 degree of muscular power in the individual has been maintained ]>\ Scliaafhausen. 
 Hut I ha\c iiil'eired that no direct corndation can exist lietwH-en factors so i'ar 
 iemo\('d from one another. 
 
 The inner oi-hital wall relates to the etlimoid hone, the lachrymal lioiii' and 
 thus directh to the nasal chamlier; tiie outer wall to the tempoi'al fossa, wliik' the 
 lower is descrihed with the ma.villa. The dilliculties acknowledged in "nieasuring 
 the orhit arise from the slight moi-phological \aliu' oi" the region itself. 
 
 ().) 7/ie nasal bones when seen in situ will lie treated as thougli tliev were 
 composed of three jiarts : the frontal, the maxiilarv and the |)remaxillai y. As the 
 names indicati', tiiese are d<'lined hy the bonc.s with whicli tlie\ are in association. 
 The frontal [)art is measured I'roni a ])oint on the lateral inargin answering to the 
 tip of the ascending })rocess of the maxilla to the j)r<)ximal end (jf the nasal hone; 
 the maxillary, from the ti|) of the ascending process of tlie maxilla to tiu' hegiiiiiing 
 of the premaxillary portion ; and the jiai't last named, to the lateral margin of 
 the nasal hone as it lies in contact with the ascending liinh of the ])reniaxilla (see 
 next section). The suturt' at tlie lateral margin ol' tin- nasal hone is abruptly 
 changed in (diaracter as it aiiproaidu's the distal end. It is ol'ten marked in nodosi- 
 ties: and the ascending linil) ol' the jiremaxilla is distinguished liy the arrangement 
 oi' \essel-groo\cs. which in all probal)ilit_\ are in liiicjil'tlie ])rinial niaxillo-jii'ema.xillai'y 
 suture. 
 
 The nasal liones can also be di\ided. for the jiurjxise of olitaiiiing degrees of 
 deviation. I'rom the \ertical. into two j)arts. the radix and the salient. Tlie radix 
 is that })ortion not in contact with the nasal mucous membrane, but in articulation 
 with the i'roiital and ethmoid bones. The salient is in contact w ith the nasal mucous 
 memlirane. and extends from the ethmoidal ala' to the i'ree margin. The distiiu;- 
 tioii between the two parts can be easily determined by inspection oi' the nasal 
 chamber, and liy the change in the internasal suture line, on the extei'ior. The 
 lengths of both radix and salient are recorded in the descriptions, together with 
 deviations taken tiy a protractor in degrees from the vertical. 
 
 The asctaiding process of the maxilla, as a rule, is inclined ; that is to say, with 
 anterior suri'aces which are diagonal iK-tween a jilane answei'ing nearly to the 
 production of the inner wall of tlii' orbit, and one whicdi is at right angles to it. 
 .\s variations we find the process <juite in the same line with the innei' wall ol" the 
 orl)it. The nasal l)()nes aix' acutely arched, and the nose is leptorhine. When 
 the process is at right angles to tlie inner wall of tlu' orbit the nasal boni-s are not 
 acut(dy arched but are Hat. the nose is |)latyrhine. In the group last named the 
 nose is (dianged in shape, as though (the parts iK'ing easil_\ moulded) a rounded 
 
CRANIA FROM TIIP: MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 417 
 
 l)()(ly, which wus sHghtly hirgor tlian the anterior nasal aperture, had l)een drawn 
 forward, and had pulled the margins of the aperture after it. The distal ends of 
 the nasal bones appear to be tilted, and on this account the bridge of the nose 
 to be depressed. 
 
 {■}}. The nasal chambers. It is convenient to si^eak of the preniaxillarv, max- 
 illary and palatal portions of the nasal chambers. The palatal portion of the middle 
 meatus is often bulged in such a manner as actually to narrow the nasal passage. 
 A corresponding increase of diameter of the maxillary sinus is noted. This 
 character has been noted in examples used for comparison with the Moore series. 
 
 It is interesting to find the nasal chambers occasionally asynunetrical when the 
 septum is straight. 1 have detected out of 1,904 crania, 51 examples of such 
 asymmetr^. In 29 specimens, the left side was the smaller, and the right in 22. 
 Of race peculiarities it is noted that 27 out of 1,750 specimens were from savage 
 or semi-civilized peojjle not Fiuropean, while 24 out of 150 specimens were of 
 European origin. It is thus seen that asymmetry without septal deviation is more 
 frecpient in civilized than in aboriginal races. 
 
 It is important to note variations in the details of the ethmoid and lachrymal 
 bones since these are numerous and appear to constitute a group independent of 
 those which are met with elsewhere in the face.^ 
 
 Owing to the fact that the interior of the nose is oft<?n mutilated in crania 
 selected for examination, the ethmoid and lachrymal bones arc in practice of 
 restricted value. But they should, when practicable, be included in the descrip- 
 tion of every skull. The ethmoid cells doubtless correlate with the disposition for 
 the bones of the face, including the sphenoid bone and the zygomatic process of the 
 temporal bone, to become intlated.. The bulla ethmoidalis represents the amount of 
 downward inflation of the anterior ethmoid cells. The position of the bulla is largely 
 determined by the size of the lachrymal bones. When the bones are small the cells 
 are' apt to occupy a position nearer the front of the nasal chamber than when they 
 are large. An interesting harmony exists between the size and position of the 
 bulla, the lachrymal bones, and the width between the eyes. — In specimen No. 556, 
 Mexico, the parts appear to be of large size as the result of an injury. 'Hie 
 lower part of the forehead (including the glabella and supra-orbital ridges), the 
 nasal bones, and the ascending processed of the maxilla had been driven in by 
 a blow. The parts were firmly healed and probably were independent of the 
 cause of death, since the skull had been picked up on the battle-field of San 
 Jacinto. The lachrymal bones were reduced to rudiments and the bulla' were large. 
 The immense increase of the inter-orbital space had in this instance been followed 
 by compensatory expansion of the anterior ethmoid cells. The association of the 
 small lachrymal bones with the other factors is most likely coincidental. It is diffi- 
 
 ' The interorbital space may be said to agree in a measure witli the (levelopment of the eth- 
 moiti bone. In iMan the interorbital width being 30 mm., and tiie length of the skull 178 nini., gives 
 an index of 32 mm. In Hyieria the width being 55 mm., and the length of skull being 245 mm., gives 
 an index of 22 mm. 
 
418 CRANIA FROM THE MOrXDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 cult to accinmt for the abs^^rption of the bones as a result of the accident. After 
 notinir the iucre:usetl width Ix'tween the orbits and the depression of the nasal l>one.s, 
 the nasal chamU'i-s should be insjiecttnl through the chtmnsv. As a rule the middle 
 turbinal will then be seen to be set well off on the outer side of the chanilxr and 
 to retain a larjn» bulla. 
 
 The redon of the anterior nasjil aperture demands a few words. I shall name 
 it in this esssay the nasal vestibule, since it entei-s into the comixisition of the floor. 
 1 projKKse calling the rounded elevation on the floor in advance of the incisor fora- 
 mina the incisor eminence. The continuation of the lateral margin of the anterior 
 naisal aperture to the anterior ua^al spine becomes the basal manrinal line, but since 
 it always defines the alveolus superiorly, I have ventured to call it the alveolar 
 line. Should a so-called prenasal fossa be present it lies between the i/icisor emi- 
 nence and the alveolar line. Both the incisor eminence and alveolar line are, as a 
 rule, complementary of one another. Extending from each to the incisor crest or 
 anterior nasal spine delicate ridges are often found ' 
 
 The measurvnients of the siscending and horizontal limbs at the nasal vestibule 
 afford interestmg characterj. In Man * and the apes the ascending limb is early 
 united with the maxilla. Yet its position can be closely approximated by meitsuring 
 the height of the side of the anterior nasal aperture. The horizontal limb is the 
 inferior border of the aperture, and when the skull is seen in profile the forward 
 extension of the crest of the premaxilla can be measured by the degree that it pro- 
 jects from this line. As is known, this region of the skull is exceedingly variable 
 and accurate method is needed by which it can be studied. 
 
 Topinard* rec<^nires three t^•pes of conformation of the anterior na.sal aper- 
 ture (here called the nasal vestibule) : one in the form of the figure of the heart 
 on the pla\-ing card, instanced in European races; one with blunt border, base 
 spread out and with absence of nasal spine, instanced in African races ; one with 
 two digital depressions, instanced in the Chinese. Welcker proposes the term 
 pteleiform (elm-leaf like) opening for extreme variations of No. 1 of Topinard. 
 The word is peculiarly apt. for the as_>Tnmetr\' of the anterior nasal aperture as seen 
 in*knany modem European skulls and thoee of ancient Etniria. b precisely like 
 
 ' That the inrisiTe portioa of the sapoior maxilla is homologoas with the premaxilla of qnad- 
 n^ede k a ^atwiifwt ao well soatained that it often comes eonvenient to vat the term in deacriptioii. 
 IW tadaor ereit ■vht become witboot ijoknee tfe Bramaxiilan erat, the margin of the resdbiile that 
 Ges bdov the naad Doaes is aid to be compoeBd of die ptymaxifla, and the premaxilla may be mid to 
 have aa a wrarf yiy or wmb/ limb, and a koriatmlal or imattr ItaiA. These tenw are available in deacrip- 
 tnoB of Ae hniMHi ckaU. 
 
 ' In Sana the floor of the vestibak is flat ; in Gorilfa it is greatlj raised at the indeor eminenoe 
 aad iacfine ^ladnliy timaid the alreolos, «hidi is withoot a fignting line; in AiUkivpopilkeau the 
 mamir cwneaee is n aCmm tal, bat the highest point of the floor is anteriorij near the small alveolar 
 hme aad decfiges abnqidT downward and hoKkwaid to die iaarire foiamina ; in HmMala the floor is 
 ■ ■e h the suae w in tihe last-named genus, bat the sides form oUiqne thickened faonleis, giving clianc- 
 *ets which are qiDtediSjuit in fciad fiom those aeesi in odier apes of the groap. In do ape is the nine 
 r cnst derdoped. bat so &r as the other features of the floor are eoocenied the variatioa of the 
 ' can be eoMdered to be aiaristie. 
 
 ' L'Anthnpokei^ lf<76. 07. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 419 
 
 that of a leaf of Ulmns montana. even in the detail of ine<jualitv of the hiisal 
 curves. G. Mingazzini ' terms the first type of Topinard the forma anthropina ; 
 the second, the forma infantilis ; and the third, the forma prenasalis. A fourth 
 t\-pe is suggested also bv him. namely \\\e: forma nasoalveolaris, which an.«wers to 
 the characters noted in Gorilla, i.e.! one in which the highest pt>int of the flofir of 
 the nasal chamber in advance of the anterior palatal foramen is also the one which 
 is most ix)sterior. the alveolar line being absent. This author gives the name of 
 margo limilans to the line called by myself the alveolar line. I have often noted 
 that a margo limit ans is composed of symmetrical ridges extending obliquelv for- 
 wanl from the incisor eminence. As to the so<*alled fossji prenivstilis. I Ijelieve that 
 there is nothing to show that this fossa is ever in advance of the na^\l chsunber. 
 The depression invariably lies between the incisor eminence and the alveolar line. 
 The alvettlar height is always low when the fossa is well defined. T. Dwight' 
 accepts the iierm fossa prenasalis. but observes in the description of an example in 
 a Sandwich Island cranium that the " anterior lines are distinctly the continuations 
 of the lateral borders of the nasal opening." 
 
 I venture to propose yet another classification of the varieties of the anterior 
 nasal aperture. It is based upon the extent to which the incisor crest is developed. 
 If the crest is conspicuously high the alveolar line is always trenchant : if the 
 crest is low the alveolar line is never trenchant ; indeed, is often absent. A 
 thin! variety is met with (a retention of the infantile form) in which the crest is 
 confined to the posterior part of the tloor of the nares. when it is fixed to the 
 vomer. The terms macrolophic. microlopliic and analophic are available in naming 
 these groups. While the macrolophic is synonymous with heartshape form of Topi- 
 nartl. the pteleiform of Welcker, or the forma anthropina of Miugjizzini ; and the 
 analophic with the forma infantilis of the author hist named, no word is at hand 
 for the group of the microlophic unless we use the awkward term No. 2 of Topinard. 
 No attempts at chk>sification have yieldeti adjectives which are of a common origin 
 and which can be uniformly employed. Besides it is highly probable that the 
 variations in the shape of the floor of the nares are dependant upon the degree of 
 development of the incisor crest, and it is accepted that the crest itself is of genA"ic 
 significance since none of the anthropoid apes possess a like structure. The varia- 
 tions in a generic character, it is justly assumed, may be of value in studying and 
 naming juiatomical varieties. The classification is based on ontogeny, but it must 
 not be forgotten that while the analophic variety is also patlomorphic. it embraces 
 the phylogenetic variety for the reason already given, viz.: that no anthropoid form 
 |X)ssesses an incisor crest. This consideration di.>es not in itself give us a strong 
 ft>othold on atavism since the man-like apes are thefliselves highly specialized! and. 
 in ptnnt of fact, the nasal vestibule in Gorilla alone resembles a variety met with 
 in the group of the analophi. 
 
 The microlophic group is the most complex since it embraces those with a high 
 
 ' Arch. f. .\uthrop.. 1891, 176. 
 ' Am. Jouni. Med. Sci., 1892. 
 
420 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 i\n well as tlioso with a low incisor omiiionce. If the former eondition persists the 
 variety with the so-ealled preiiasal fossa is defined : if the latter, oblique ridges ex- 
 tend forward from the low incisor eminence 
 to the anterior nasal spine :ind in varying 
 degrees characterize the floor of the vesti- 
 bule. In an ethnic .sense it is noted how 
 predominantly the macrolophi appear in the 
 higher, especially the European form, and 
 the niicrolo])hi in the American Indian.' 
 
 (tl). T/te hard palate. All things 
 remaining the same the U-shaped hard 
 palate is the most efficient. The curving 
 in of the posterior ends, or the diverging 
 of the sides of the arch are without i)er- 
 ceptible advantage. Broca in claiming that 
 this divergent, or hyperbolic \ariation is 
 highest, doubtless means that it is found in 
 the highest people (i. e. the most intellec- 
 tually advanced races), and not that it con- 
 stitutes the best mechanical arrangement. 
 
 Fig. 14.-Santa Barbara, 1.H1.5. In marked contntst to ^ «"" ^^"^ ^ ^^''^'^ ^WO transVCr.SC 
 
 the hard palate a^ fiKure<i in PI. ijv. f, i^xi. diameters of the hard palate, one between 
 
 where the .sides diverge posteriorly, and in PI. i 
 
 LXiv, where they are paniiiei, is tiie view in this ^hc premolars, and oHc opposite the second 
 
 ligure where the sides converge posteriorly. i ^^ 
 
 moliir. Duckworth ^ takes the anterior 
 width at a point between the canine and the first premolar. It is commonly so 
 taken. I prefer estimating the anterior diameter at a point between the premolars. 
 Where two premolars are alone present in a given dental series the second tooth 
 tends to remtiin in close mechanical relation with the first molar ; this throws the 
 first premolar in almost ecjual apposititm to the canine. The interval between the 
 premolars appears to be a good neutral space, furnishing a favorable point for 
 mensuration. The inclination downward and forward of the hard palate begins 
 at a line which, drawn transversely, will intersect the dental arch between the 
 premolars, and not between the first premolar and the canine. In the lo\ver jaw 
 the inclination of the two premolars is often opposed, — the first tooth being directed 
 obliquely inward and forward and the second inward and backward. 
 
 ' The details of the na.sal vestibule as seen in figures of Blumenbach's Decades are worthy of 
 being noted at this place. Incisor eminence with alveolar crest and bifid nasal spine, PI. Ill, A.siatic. 
 Large nasal .spine profile, PI. VIII, Aethiop ; PI. XII, Tatar. No nasal spine, high, convex alveolus, 
 PI. X, ("arih. Carinated inter-premaxillarj' suture at alveolus, PI. XVII, Aethiop; PI. XXXIV, 
 Ind; PI. XXXVII, Greenlander ?; PI. XLIII, Lapp 9 ; PI. LX, Btdi boy; PI. LXII, Kamt- 
 schada. High premaxillary crest, large spine, high maxillary spine, PI. XL VI, Atur. Perpendic- 
 ular plate produced so tis to divide anterior nasal aperture into two parts, PI. LVI, Mulatto. Alveolar 
 line produced as in modern skulls, alveolar suture open, premaxillary crest high, PI. LVII, Croat 9 . 
 High alveolus, PI. LVIIJ, Botocudi. Alveolar produced, PI. LIX, Macassar boy. 
 
 » Journ. Anthropolog. Inst. 1894, Vol. XXIII, 287. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 421 
 
 Great difterences are noted between the alveolar arches in respei.-t of the 
 depth of the transverse areh oi' the palate. As a rule the hyperbolie form is 
 assoeiated with high alveolar arches; and a disposition in the preniaxillarv por- 
 tion of the palate U) be thickened so that the depth of the alveolus back of the 
 incisor and canine teeth is not much less than it is at the premolars and the molars. 
 The palate being deep directly behind the incisors, compels these teeth to Ix-come 
 vertical ; on the other hand, the palate being shallow back of the incisors compels 
 them to assume an oblicpie position (outward and downward). Thus phases of 
 orthognathism and prognathism are estalilished, and a reason sustained for measur- 
 ing the height of the alveolar processes. 
 
 The palate exhibits in the middle line a tendency in the bones to be 
 hyperostosed. This eminence has received the name ol' the /orus palalinus. 1 
 have ventured to define two of these ridges which I name i\w, pre-torus and the' 
 post-torus. The pre-torus is confined to the hard palate midway between the point 
 of the premolars and the incisive foramen. The post-torus answers to the ridge as 
 named by anatomists and is seen on the hard palate from a point midway between 
 the premolars to the end or near the end of the horizontal palatine processes. In 
 No. 1,201, New Hollander, the two ridges are fused, but this is infrequently the 
 case. The pre-torus is more commonly absent than the post-torus, and lx)th are 
 more common in females than in males. The torus palatinus is often seen in 
 Escpiimaux crania, is frequent in Sandwich Islanders, while not rare in Nortli 
 American Indians. 
 
 (7). The guttural region. The main points of interest of the ttorma basilaris 
 relate to the guttural region, namely, that at the pterygoid processes and extending 
 thence backward to include i\\e pars petrosa. 
 
 Four subjects are here presented for consideration : [a) the pterygoid and pvra- 
 midal processes ; (b) the degree of inflation of the petrosa ; (c) the foramen laceruni 
 medium ; (d) the line of the petrosphenoidal fissure and squamosotympanic suture. 
 
 (a). The pterygoid and pyramidal processes are of in,terest from the fact that 
 the degree of depth of the pterygoid fossa, the length of the external pterygoid 
 plat-e, the length of the pyramidal process of the palatal bone are exceedingly 
 variable.* The assumption is made that since these characters are of value in tax- 
 onomy that the variations seen to take place in man may be useful. Two main 
 types can be distinguished, namely, one in which the fossa is shallow, the pterygoid 
 plates not extending and the pyramidal process small and blunt. This is the 
 phase seen in immature skulls and is doubtless, when met with in mature forms, an 
 example of pa^domorphism (see p. 368) for lengths of pyramidal processes. The 
 other type of fossa, in opposition to the foregoing, is deep, with a wide external ptery- 
 goid plate and a long p3Tamidal process. In its nuirked form it leads to the junction 
 of the external ])terygoid plate and the spinous process, and to the creation of the 
 pterygo-spinosal forafnen) The s))in(nis process, as a rule, uniting in a (conspicuous 
 
 ' The pterygo-spinosal is the same as spheno-pterygoid foramen of wnters. The term spheiio- 
 ptervfroid is without sitrnificance. A figure in iUustration is given by W. Matthews, " Tiie Human 
 Bones of the Hemenway Collection in the U. S. A. Jled. Mas., Memoirs Nat. Acad, of Sciences, 7th 
 Memoir. 
 
422 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 maimer with the legmen tympania gives tlie impression that the whole constitutes 
 an important osseous septum which separates the temporal and zygomatic fossae 
 from the pharynx and is morphologically of a significance similar to that hy 
 which the outer wall of the orbit becomes a septum separating the orbit from 
 the temporal fossa.' 
 
 {b). The degree of inflation of \\w pars petrosa on the posterior surfaces where 
 they abut against the basilar process is always noted since it does not exist in the 
 skulls of the anthropoid apes, and is often absent in the skull of the lower tyi)es of 
 man. Whenever it t)ccurs it may be said to be an abrupt departure from pa'domor- 
 phic conditions. The inflated petrosa signifies that as the skull increases in trans- 
 verse diameter (especially at its base) the petrosa tends to separate from the 
 basi-occipital and the basi-sphenoid bones, the inflation in a degree representing the 
 compensatory effort to occupy the space which would be thereby created. Infla- 
 tions are^apt to })e found in skulls in which the foramina lacera media are wide. 
 It must be remembered that the petrosa are never organically associated with either 
 the occipital or sphenoid bones, and if it were not for the union with the squamosal 
 and tympanic elements, would fall away from the skull in maceration as in the 
 Cetiicea and in many genera of Chiroptera. 
 
 {c). The foramen lacerum medium in Simia is closed between the petrosa and 
 the sphenoid, at a point answering to the Eustachian groove (lateral portion), but 
 open between the petrosa and the side of the basi-sphenoid (median portion). In 
 Anthropopithecus^ Gorilla and Hylobates the foramen is closed throughout. Hence 
 the opening is clearly composed of a median and a lateral part. Its peculiarities 
 should be noted in the description of every skull. 
 
 {d). The sphenoido-tympanic fissure and suture. The line indicated in the 
 above title is nearly straight, with a disposition to be interrupted by the sjjinous 
 process of the sphenoid bone, and for the oval and spinous foramina to approach 
 or be merged in the fissure. When the process crosses the line it is described 
 as overlapping. When^the spinous process is large it is apt to be associated with 
 the pterygo-spinosal union. In all examples it evinces a disposition to extend 
 outward and effect a junction with the tegmen tympani at or near the end of the 
 sphenoido-squamosal suture.^ * 
 
 ' The significance of the external pterygoid plate is that of an ossified iTiterinuseidar septum 
 between the pter^-goid muscles. It answers, in a way, to the power of these muscles since they can act 
 with better advantage having origin from a bony septum than from a fibrous one. We expect also to 
 find that a large external pterygoid process harmonizes with a high, wide a.scending ramus to the lower 
 jaw. In the description of the lower jaw and of the pterygoid processes these two factors should be 
 associated. In like manner the pyramidal process of the palate bone extends a variable distance along 
 the inferior border of the external pterygoid plate. The extent of this process harmonizes with the 
 width of the plate. 
 
 ■* It is of interest to ascertain the changes which these characters undergo in the anthropoid aj)es. 
 In Simvi the spinous j)rocess is absent and the oval foramen is almost in the sphenoido-j>etrosal 
 fissure ; the squaraoso-tympanic suture is without visible tegmen in the adult ; in the young, however, 
 the tegmen is seen. The inner border of the glenoid cavity is not produced below "the level (jf the 
 sphenoid bone. No trace of an opening answering to the foramen spinosum is Jweseut, the middle 
 meningeal artery probably passing through the large oval foramen. In Anthropopithems spinous the 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 423 
 
 (8). The teniporal fossa is of iinportanee in (leteniiiiiin,<;- tla- sliapf of the skull. 
 I venture to divide the crest answering to tlie limits of the temporal muscle impres- 
 sion into two parts. — the fronto-temporal and the parieto-temporal. Tlie fronto- 
 temporal part lies on the frontal bone, and extends from the end of the external 
 angular i)rocess to the stephanion. The parieto-temporal part lies on the parietal hone 
 and extends from the stephanion backward, curving down to or near the asterion. 
 In muscular individuals, particularly in males, both parts are well defined. The 
 frontoparietal part is rugose and even spinose, when the t)ther is faintly expressed. 
 Sometimes a sharp spicule of bone is directed downward. The crest is often abruptly 
 united Avith the parieto-temporal at the stephanion, — the beginning of the last-named 
 curve being high on the side of the cranium as though separated from the fronto- 
 temporal Ijy a •■ fault," to use a term borrowed from geology. — The surface of tlie 
 postej-ior part of the temporal fossa exhibits a peculiar texture. The l^one is smooth 
 and often porcellaneous. It is apt to be raised above the level of the l^mbdoidal 
 suture, which shows for a short distance from the asterion a serrated appearance 
 where the superior curved occipital line comes in contact with that region of the 
 human skull which is comparable to the occipital crest of the lower mammals. 
 The lambdoidal suture as it approaches the asterion becomes harmonic in manv 
 examples. The frequency with which this change is correlated with interruptions 
 Ijetween the frontal and temporal portions of the temporal crest is noted, and consti- 
 tutes an essential feature in the descriptions of skulls in this essay. The parieto- 
 temporal crest as it approaches the lambdoidal suture is often defined by a Wor- 
 mian Ijone, thus suggesting in an interesting manner that these structures are 
 associated with the boundary lines of muscle-impressions. The Wormians appear 
 to represent the consequences of compensation in rates of growth of bones. They 
 are fiijes imposed by nature for neglect. I infer that these results of neglect may be 
 exemplified in aborted or delayed rates of gi-oAvth of the more important elements. 
 
 The s(piamosa and the so-called mastoid poi'tion of tlie temporal bone (as seen in 
 articulation with the sphenoid, parietal and occipital bonegs), have been the subject 
 of special consideration. The pars squamosa is divided into the pre-squamosal and 
 the post-squamosal portions.' 'Y^\w pre-squamosal ^ov\\m\ includes all of the temporal 
 bone whith is seen in the norma lateralis in advance of the posterior border of the 
 auditory meatus. The post-squamosal portion is here reserved for that part of the 
 
 process is present l)iit in a nidinientary form and is exceeded in size by tlie tubercle answering to the 
 inner border of the glenoid cavity. The sj)in(ius process lies to the inner border of the tympanic bone. 
 The tegnien tyrapani is distinctly seen in the adult. A small opening in the position of the foramen 
 spinosuin is evident, the foramen ovale being small and round. In GoriUn the j)arts are as in Anthropn- 
 piihecus ; the foramen spinosum, however, being larger. In Hylohaies the jjarts are the same as in paxlo- 
 morphic forms in Man. The inner border of the glenoid cavity is without tubercle. The foramen 
 spinosum is evident. Thus Hi/lobafes more closely resembles ilan at the jietrosal part of the guttural 
 region than does any other anthropoid ape. ^ 
 
 ' The author is not unmindful of Albrecht's proposition to divide the squamosa on the norma 
 basilaris into pre-tympanic and post-tympanic portions. The above division is thought to be preferable, 
 since the parts are of the squamosa alone,— thus being independent of other cranial elements, Iwsides 
 which the parts directly over the tympanic bone remain liy .A.!brecht's scheme unaccounted for. 
 
 153 .TOURX. A. N. S. PHILA.. VOL. X. 
 
424 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 squaniO!<a wliich lie« back of the aurlitorv meatus. Tlie temporal bone l)ack of the 
 post-scjuamosa is here denoniinated the ecto-petrosal portion.' 
 
 The mastoid region as usually outlined thus disappears and in its place two 
 subregions are named for the temporal bone back of the auditory meatus, namely, 
 the post-squamosal and the ecto-petrosal portions. The remains of the suture 
 between the two is often defined. — In the ecto-petrosal portion near the line of 
 union with the parietal, the temporal bone is relatively thin and resembles that else- 
 where seen in the cranial vault. The outer surface is distinguished bj- grooves for 
 veins, the intervals between them being often spiculate. These vein-tracks are 
 deep, closely aggregated and since they present an appearance as though the 
 surface was worm-eaten, I have used the woi'd serpiginous in describing this porti(jn 
 of the skull. The entire region lies well on the norma lateralis in the dolicocephalic, 
 but is carried round to the norma occipitalis in the brachycephalic skulls. Tlie 
 suture Ijetween the post-squamosal and the ecto-petrosal portions reaches the upjjcr 
 border of the bone. 
 
 In a genei-al way it may be said that the line of junction of the temporal 
 elements with the posterior-inferior angle of the parietal bone is made up as follows : 
 the anterior one-fourth is post-squamosal and the posterior three-fourths are ecto- 
 petrosal. The divisions of the pars squamosa, as a rule, unite abruptly, but they 
 may pass into one another without '• break "' when the squamosa is said to be inclined. 
 
 Since the line of junction of the post-squamosal portion with the parietal bone 
 is also the crest of the endo-petrosal portion as it abuts against the base of the cranial 
 vault (a correlation which can be easily determined by the finger passed within the 
 foramen magnum), the precise relations of the post-squamosal with the ecto-petrosal 
 can be determined in the skull at anv age. It is occasionalh' indicated b\' a Ixjld 
 process of the parietal which in this essay is called the juortise. I have ascei^ained 
 that in a fragment of any skull in which the zygoma, the post-squamosal and the 
 ecto-petrosal are destroyed, the horizontal plane of the skull can 1)e estal)lished by 
 taking the point above named as one factor and the line of the impression of the 
 external pterygoid muscle on the angle of union between the ascending and hori- 
 zontal limb of the alisphenoid (infra-temporal crest), as the other.^ 
 
 The variations in the squamosa, especially those seen in the transition from 
 childhood to maturity, are sometimes marked. I have, therefore, measured the 
 height, taking t^ie distance from the post-zygomatic ridge at the mid-point (jve^* the 
 external auditory meatus to the highest part of the parieto-squamosal suture. 
 
 ' Huxley proposed a scheme of i)eriotic bones for vertebrates in which he identified a pre-otic, an 
 epi-otic and an opisthotic element. These identifications have not been sustained (see H. C. Chapman, 
 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1894). The word periotic is definite enough and is synon3-mous with pftn 
 pefrosu, since it is found tiiat this element in tlie immature bone reaches the jieripherv in the lower part 
 of the squamoso-oceipital interval. But in human anatomy the bony cochlea and semi-circular canals 
 become invested with a specially compact bone of pyramidal form whose base is adjusted to the side of 
 the skull in an abrupt and definite manner. The peripheral extension is here calleil the ecto-petro.sal, 
 .since a name is needed in an attempt to displace, at least in morphological studies, the incongruous 
 " mastoid." 
 
 '' Report of the Association of American Anatomists, 1893. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 42."i 
 
 It will lie observed that the word " mastoid "" is eliiuinated. lu a morpholojrical 
 sense this is consistent. But in the anatomy needed in practical medicine the 
 separation of the mastoid process, as above proposed, does not present advantages 
 which are sufficient for the desertion of old land marks. According to B. A. Ran- 
 dall ' it is true that the mastoid cells may be confined to what is here called the 
 post-sfpiamosal portion, while the ecto-petrosal remains diploetic, a condition which 
 harmonizes morphological with clinical considerations. But in many instances the 
 cells of the mastoid which communicate with the tympanic chamber are not ccm- 
 fined to the post-sfpiamosal part, but range freely into the ecto-petrosal and, 
 according to H}rtl, may reach even to the pneumatic cells of the occipital bone. 
 
 The clinician, however, acknowledges that the word " mastoid " and its sub- 
 divisions are not in all rejects satisfactory. The "mastoid region" and the "mas- 
 toid process" are vaguely defined : the mastoid regicm being an anatomical residuum 
 accounted for after-the conventional description of the scpiamosal and petrous por- 
 tions of the bone is completed. The word " petro-mastoid " is sometimes reserved 
 tor that which in this text is called ecto-petrosal. — In Quain's Anatom^^- it is stated 
 that the ridge limiting the temporal fossa inferiorly back and above the external 
 auditory meatus becomes the supra-mastoid ridge (linea temporalis, temporal ridge). 
 This attempt to define the upwai'd limit of the mastoid process is inadeciuate, 
 since it leaves the region called in this memoir the serpiginous portion still 
 undescribed. Maealister^ calls the entire mastoid region "the base of the petrous 
 portion." which again does not account for the serpiginous portion, for this is in the 
 cranial parieties al»ove \\w pars petrosa. 
 
 (!) ). The tnalar bone. The malar bone, serving as it does to separate the orbit 
 from the temporal fossa, is one of the most important elements of the primate skull. 
 Assuniing that the main object in creating an orbito-temporal sei^tum is to give 
 increased resistance to the upper molars in the attrition of ibod, the bone should be 
 considered as part of a group of appearances wdiich embrace the upper and lower 
 maxilL'v. The origin of tlie masseter muscle on the bone is the next most 
 important factor leading to variation along its lower border. The marginal process 
 varies exceedingly in form and size, and these peculiarities should lie noted ; it 
 presents one of the best characters for sex, being large in males and small or 
 alisent in females. — Tlie bi-partite malar is so infrequently present that each 
 instance wlien noted should be carefully I'ecorded. From tlie cgllection of the 
 Acadeni}- it would appear that the examples of bi-partite malar can be grouped as 
 foUoAvs : {a) An ossicle lying in the zygomatic arch at the malo-zygomatic suture. 
 Fig. 15, a, b, c, d. In the four examples (Nos. 1,556, 5, 1,305 and 1,442), three were 
 placed at the upper border of the arch and one at the lower, {b) An ossicle occu- 
 pying the lower part of the malar bone its entire length. Of this peculiarity two 
 examples are herewith given: Nos. So and 1.225. figs. lO and 17; also fig. 10, 
 Huron, p. 414. 
 
 ' WoodV Ref. Handbook. Suppleiuent, 1893. 
 
 » 10th Eel, 1890. 
 
 '' Human Anatoniv, 1889, 222. 
 
426 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Rudiments of a suture-line, which, if complete, woukl divide the bone, are 
 numerous. Kopernitzky. out of sixty-one Ainos skulls, found the traces of the 
 
 suture in fifty per cent. 
 Tarenetzky ^ states that in 
 a series of seventy-se\'en 
 Ainos skulls collated from 
 the papers (jf many writers, 
 three examples (4 percent) 
 of bi-partite malars and 
 thirty-nine (50 per centj 
 witli persistent inner 
 .4»ture-trace were seen. 
 DIniitz ^ found in Japanese 
 skulls a complete bi-parti- 
 tism in 9 per cent and the 
 suture-trace in 20 per cent. 
 Virchow ^ has examined 
 the crania of many races 
 with reference to the 
 suture-traces in the malar 
 bone. I have connnented 
 on the rarity oi' the l)i- 
 
 Fig. 15.— Examplesof supplemental ossiclesat the umlo-rs-gomaticsuture. (1, 1,556: nqrtite malar bolie in the 
 i. 5 : c, 1,305 ; rf, 1.442. i ' 
 
 North American Indian.'' 
 In fig. 18 a fissure is seen extending from tlie middle of the malo-zygomatic 
 suture forward toward the maxilla. This is figured as an illustration of a line 
 
 Fig. 10. — No. 1.225, showing 
 bi-partite malar bone. 
 
 Fig. 17. — No. S3, showing bi- 
 partite malar bone. 
 
 which on the whole is not rare. A yet more common 
 appearance and one which indicates the tendency for 
 lower part of the malar bone to separate from the upper 
 is seen by the inspection of the inner surface. Here 
 a groove is ordinaril}- seen in the American Indian passing from behind forward 
 
 Fig. 18. — No. 1.6t>9. malar bone, show- 
 ing a suture-trace extending for- 
 ward from the malo-zygomatic 
 suture. It is thought to represent 
 the first stage of the process 
 leading to the formation of the 
 bi-partite malar. 
 
 ' Mem. Acad. Imp. des Sci., St. Petersburg, VII .ser., XXXVII, 1890, 41. 
 ■' Mitth. d. deut. Ge.<ellsch. f. Natur u.'Volkerkunde Ostasien.s, Yokohama, 1S7.5, VIII, 39. See 
 A. Tareiietzkv, 1. c, p. 40. 
 
 ' MoiiAtsher. d. k. p. Akad. d. Wissensch., Berlin, 1881, 230. 
 < Toner Lecture, Smithsonian Inst., 1889. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 427 
 
 t'roiu the zygoma to the maxiUa exactly in the position of the suture in the true 
 bi-partite mahu-. It varies exceedingly in length owing to the degree which the 
 malar process of the maxilla and the zygomatic process of the temporal hones 
 approach each other. 
 
 The least height of tlie malar bone lies distinctly back of the malo-maxillarv 
 suture. A tendency exists in the bone to be low at this place (as compared with 
 the greatest height) in skulls which retain a lower jaw with broad ramus, a short 
 body and whose alveolar and basal borders are nearly parallel. 
 
 (10). The lower jaw. There is no bone in the body whose shape is so vari- 
 !lble in dift'erent periods of life, and which is so dependent upon the form, position 
 and number of the teeth, as is the k)wer jaw. It is impossible to harmonize these 
 variations with the important work assigned the bone. But the very intricacy of 
 the subject makes it of interest, and will, I trust, warrant the somewhat extended 
 comment I shall make. 
 
 The description of the bone will include in addition to the characters accepted 
 as useful the following : (a) The molar ridge and alveolar hyperostoses on the 
 lingual aspect of the ramus, {b) The parallelism between the alveolar and basal 
 borders of the I'amus. {c) The relation of the third molar to the base of the coro- 
 noid process, {d ) The deflection of the angle of the jaw, whether inwai'd or outward. 
 (<?) The shape of the condyloid process. (/) The position of the mental foramen 
 with reference to the teeth. 
 
 [a]. The mylo-hyoid ridge is described by Quain as "beginning below the 
 mental spines and passing backward and upward to the ramus." I note that a 
 prominent ridge begins oi^posite the first molar and ends a little back of the third 
 molar, and that the space between the mental spines and the first molar is marked 
 by a low smooth rounded eminence entirely distinct from the ridge. The tw(j 
 characters are not connected in any important way and certainly are not created 
 bv the mylo-hyoid muscle. In this essa}- the first-named ridge will be called the 
 molar ridge. — The free border of the alveolar process of the molars is often 
 thickened. This border is continuous with a similar appearance opposite the pre- 
 molars, but at this place it is not at the alveolar border but at a point below. It 
 shall hei-e receive the name of alveolar hyperostosis. I am in doubt of its value as 
 an osteological character, since it may be pathological, or (if physiological) the 
 result of eating coarse foods. In an essay on the Clinical Study of the Skull,' I 
 made the following statement : In the specimen of the lo.wer jaw of an Es([uimaux 
 in the Academy of Natural Sciences an elongated rounded outgrowth of bone was 
 noted lying on tlie lingual aspect of the ramus from the first molar to the canine 
 tooth. In the skull of a young adult the outgrowth was raanunilated, each nodule 
 answering to the socket of a tooth. In the remaining bones, three in number, it was 
 uniformly convex, and extended to a line which was nearly equal to that of the 
 bottom of the sockets. The bone was firm in consistence and did not appear to be 
 the result of inflammation. Out of thirty-four Esquimaux crania in the Army 
 
 ' Toner Lecture, Smithsonian Institution, 1889, 13. 
 
428 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Medical Museum at Washington the hyperostosis is absent in one example only. 
 Sinee this oljservation was nuule I have noted the outgrowth in a n\imber ot" lower 
 jaws of Noiih American Indians ; for example, in skulls from the Ohi(j mounds, in 
 the .skull of a Pawnee, of a Seminole and of a Penivian. In none of these speci- 
 mens, however, is it so conspicuous as in the Esr[uimaux. It appeared in all of its 
 varieties to he a nodular hypei'ostosis of the alveolar process, and to represent, in an 
 exaggerated fashion, the minute bead-like masses which are often met with on the 
 inner side of the sockets of the lower molars.* 
 
 {b). The great contrast noted between the alveolar and basal lines of the 
 ramus is one of the most conspicuous appearances in the majority- of lower jaw^ 
 examined : more particularly is this the case in the specimens obtained fi'om dissect- 
 ing rooms. The incisor region is apt to be elevated, the molar region depressed, wliile 
 an emargination (pregonium) is noted on the basal margin in advance of the nnisse- 
 teric impression. In the skulls of uncivilized peoples the lower jaw has a marked 
 tendency (modified by age and states of the teeth), to retain the alveolar and basal 
 lines parallel one to the other. 
 
 {c). The third molar is sometimes concealed by the base of the coronoid pro- 
 cess when seen in profile from without. This arrangement in a mechanical sense is 
 waak ; it modifies the alveolar process for the third molar to its disadvantage. The 
 typical plan is accepted to be that in which the tooth is seen clearly in advance 
 of the coronoid base. 
 
 {'d). The outward deflection of the angle is accepted as typical as opposed to 
 the inward deflection. The one last named is assumed by Falconer to be indicative 
 of low grade, jjince it is seen in marked degree in some of the most ancient bones, 
 namely the lower jaw of Moulin Quignon. Yet it is well marked in No. 1,783 of the 
 Moore series, where it is associated with no evidences of a primitive or degraded 
 character. It is a sign of a weak masseteric, as compared to an internal 
 pterygoid impression. — The question of outward or inward deflection should 
 be answered in connection witli the muscles inserted into the 
 angle, — the masseter tending to emphasize the outward and the 
 internal pterygoid the inward inclination. I have found the 
 inward deflection marked in twenty specimens in the Morton 
 cabinet. 
 
 '^"loui^proceaT li i^)- The variations in the form of the condyloid process have 
 
 X-AmrHctn! received but little attention. I have ventured in consequence to 
 angSon.'"^'""* insert in abridgement a special study of "the subject made by 
 myself.- 
 Out of four hundred examples in the Morton cabinet considered indepen- 
 dently of race, one hundred specimens exhibit the peculiarity shown in fig. 19, 
 namely, a marked angularity on the articular surface of the condyloid process 
 
 ' I have since met with this appearance in a gentlemen who can trace his lineage through many 
 generations of Anglo-Americans. 
 '' Dental Cosmos, 1867. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 420 
 
 Fig.20.— Rijibt ooudj-loui 
 process of lower jaw 
 of Nortli American 
 Indian. 1. Anterior 
 view. 2. View of 
 articular surface 
 from above.' 
 
 aiul thus (letiniiig two well marked planes, lu thirty only of the entire lour hundred 
 was this angularity absent. — The point at whicli the inequality originated was nearer 
 the external (eoniinonly at the outer third) than the internal lx)rder. The inner facet 
 was more convex than the other, generally less abrupt (sometimes 'really inclined 
 upward), and was either rounded upon the inner border of the ])ter.ygoid fossa, or 
 terminated more acutely in it ; on the other hand, the outer facet was smoother 
 and broader than the inner.. The surface was more compact and often eburnated. 
 In some specimens, namely, those with slight degree of angularit\'. it presented 
 insignificant proj)ortions, luit in others (fig. 20) it was by ^ir the most conspicuous 
 Feature in the condyle. 
 
 These points tend to show that the condyle, during the 
 motion of the jaws, is subject to more attrition upon its outer 
 than inner portion, a conclusion confirmed by the greatest 
 development of this facet being seen in the jaws of fully matured 
 individuals, and in its excessive obliquity in many jaws of the 
 aged. It will have been perceived that the inclination of the 
 condyle is by no means constant. Not only is variation observed 
 in transverse direction, but the articular surface may be inclined 
 either inward or outwai'd. as the external plane is slighth' or 
 much worn. These chai-acters give the articulating surfoce a 
 pyriform appearance, the base of the figure being outward. This 
 indeed may be taken to be a distinctive configuration of the 
 adult bone, only eight specimens being seen in which the inner portion was thicker, 
 or as thick as the outer. In the young bone, on the other hand, the proportions are 
 reversed. 
 
 Commonly conjoined with the thinning of the condyle internally was a com- 
 pression of the entire process antero-posteriorly. This was much more marked along 
 the inner than the outer aspect, and was at times associated witli a concavity on 
 posterior surface of the condyle, which was probably in relation during life with the 
 insertion of the capsular ligament. The concavity was markedly seen in twenty 
 instances. 
 
 The depth of the impression for the insertion of the external pterygoid nmscle 
 
 was subject to variation. In some 
 
 examples it was wide and deep, and 
 
 from this extreme every shade of 
 
 intermediate depression to the other 
 
 where the concavity was barely 
 
 evident. This form was united 
 
 generally with a condyle developed 
 
 in lieight rather than width and 
 
 gave the parts a " glolndar "' appear- 
 ance. This, I infer, is the variety described by Falconer as present in the 
 Abbeville jaw. 
 
 Fig. 21.— Right condy- 
 loid process of lower 
 jaw. showing large 
 tubercle. 
 
 Fig. 22. — Condyloid processes of lower 
 jaw of an Oneida Indian 1. 
 Right side inclined outward with 
 both degrees of angulation ob- 
 scure. 2. Left side, nearly level. 
 
430 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Fig. 23.— Condyloid processes of lower 
 jaw of Indian from nioiind in 
 Ohio. 1. Riv'lit side thirk. 2. 
 left side compressed, widened. 
 
 Fig. 24. — Condyloid pnices.'ies of 
 lowi-r jaw of Chinese. 1. 
 Right side compres-sed inter- 
 nally with deep pterygoid 
 fossa. 2. Left side thickened 
 internally with shallow fossa. 
 
 Upon the outt-r border of the neck, jui^t beneath the artiouhir surface jiiving 
 attachment to the external Lateral ligament, !.•< seen a small prcjmineiice known as 
 the tubercle (fig. 21). 
 
 It was not always necessary to compare the condyloid regions of two bones to de- 
 tect the difference above mentioned. They often differed on opposite .sides. Then 
 
 the right condyle ^Vould be' , ., 
 
 at times nearly level, wide, 
 
 compressed, with large tuber- 
 cle, while the left would be 
 
 angular and thick, with little 
 
 or no tubercle (fig. 24). From 
 
 one hundred and seventy- 
 
 one specimens examined 
 
 upon this point, forty-two 
 
 had the left condyle larger ; 
 fifty-four had the right the larger, and the remaining seventy-five were of about 
 equal areas. * 
 
 An interesting feature was seen in the manner in which the line of the sigmoid 
 notch joined the condyle. It ran into the articular surface at one of four ]i()ints. 
 varying from the middle of the area to its outer edge. Thus, from one hundred and 
 forty examples, in twenty-nine it joined it at its outer third, in thirty-two 
 at its outer fourth, in thirty-two at its outer fifth, in forty-six at its outer edge. As 
 a rule, the point of union was similar on the two sides, but in six marked instances 
 it varied, one .side having it at the outer third or fourth, the other at the edge. 
 In one specimen only was the junction directly in the middle. In no instance did it 
 appear to hold a relation to the site of angulation. 
 
 (/). The mental foramen in three instances was double on one side, two of these 
 being on the left. In six specimens the foramen Avas the size of a pea. though not 
 appearing to be the result of diseased action. The position of the foramen in three 
 hundred and twenty-one specimens was found as follows : on level of the first 
 premolar, six ; between first and second premolar, sixty-four ; on level of .second 
 premolar, eighty-six ; between second premolar and first molar, one hundred and 
 fifty-nine ; on level of first molar, five ; between first and second molar, one. — In a 
 few instances the foramen was placed differently on the two 'sides ; thus, between 
 first and second molar on the right, and on level of first molar on the left. 
 
 (11). The norma verticals. This region includes the intertemporal region 
 on the parietal bones ; the forehead at the level of the frontal eminence and the 
 occipital bone above the inion. All these surfaces are distinguished by a peculiar 
 texture. The surface of the intertemporal region is the ''sconced or ''crown" of 
 common language. It is usually rough, pitted with orifices {foramma Santorina) 
 for minute veins or variously tuberculated. So many are the individual peculiarities 
 of this region that it is well worthy of being noted in every desci-iption, and Ijeing 
 measured iij its diameter. In figure 25 the norma occipitalis of an Ancient Egyi> 
 
(12). The norma occipitalis. 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS QF FLORIDA. 431 
 
 tian (No. 1,2'JO) is shown. Two ilwp modian depressions are noted on the line of 
 the sagitta, oije at the post-obelion and the other at the intertubera ;' two are .seen 
 on either side of the sagitta, near the temporal ridges and two smaller ones on the 
 frontal bone on either side of the metopie line near the eminences. These depre.s- 
 sions being confined to the tiorma verticalis and found in a region in which indi- 
 vidual characters are often found, no doubt remains that they are anatomical variations 
 and not the result.s of diseasa 
 
 The various norma? of the skull derive their 
 names from tlie positions assumed in their 
 delineation. But in the norma frontalis 
 and norma occipitalis names accepted in 
 other senses are introduced. In the norma 
 frontalis more than the front of the head 
 is seen, for a foreshortened view of nearly 
 all of the temporal fossa is possible. In 
 the norma occipitalis the occipital bone 
 does not yield even the most important 
 area. Most of the surface of the occipital 
 l)one belongs to the norma basilaris. The 
 narrowest part of the occiput is nearest the 
 eye of the observer, and the anatomical 
 limitations of the occiput are not those parts 
 
 Fig. ih.— 'Sorma occipitiilis (if an Egyptian skull (No. wllicll are farthest tVom the CVC, tllCSC bciug 
 1.290) showing great deformation the result of i- i i 11 i- ,• " i • 
 
 absorjitive processes going on in the porose inter- part OI theSKuU aS far forward aS tile pai'l- 
 teniporal space (sconce). The abrupt interruption 111 
 
 in the curve of the lateral contour represents the etaf protubCrance, tile lllOSt COHVCX partS Of 
 
 position of the temporal ridge. ,, ji i- i' 1 1 
 
 tlie squama?, or even the line of tlie bregma. 
 In a word the norma occipitalis is not a view of parts seen nearly in the same plane 
 as are those of the other norma?, but is a view in perspective of the entire brain case 
 as seen from behind. In brachycephalic skulls the parieto ecto-petrosal suture is 
 seen in the norma occipitalis, but in dolichocephalic it lies on the norma lateralis. 
 In a graphic sense the distinction between these two important types can be thus 
 discerned without other definition or measurement. Wilson used the tenii " in- 
 termastoid arch "" for the limitations of the field of the norma occipitalis and repre- 
 sented it as the line fonned between the mastoid processes. When the term pen- 
 tagonal is employed in describing the norma, it means that the entire contour is 
 resohed into five f\icet-like lines; but two of these, namely, at the upper two-thirds, 
 are not part of the occiput at all, but are derived from the parietal bones. The 
 peculiarities of this norma occipitalis are so much more numerous and conspicuous 
 than those of the norma frontalis that special attention will be given them. 
 
 ' For definitions for tfie terms " post-obelion" and " intertubera" .see the author's Toner Lecture, 
 Smithsonian Institution, 1889. 
 
 ,54 JOURN. k. X. S. PHlLA.. VOL. X. 
 
432 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Beside observing on what part of the occipital region the skull rests on a 
 given plane, the curvatures of the several component parts ai-e to be noted. es]X'cially 
 the curve from the opisthion to the inion. the one from the inlon to tlie lambda, 
 and another from the lambda to tlie intertuberal. When these curves are incon- 
 spicuous, and a uniform curve, or one nearly so, extends from the opisthion to a 
 point directly back of the bi-egma, av(? have an example of a liigh form oi' cranium. 
 If, on the contrary, the curves as alwve defined are sharply indicated we have one 
 of low grade. 
 
 (18). Ontogeny atid pfsdoinorphisni. The ontogenj- of tlie skull does not 
 comprise a uniform series of stages. Many of the distinguishing signs are those 
 which suggest the characters commonly seen in the skull of the infant or adolescent.' 
 
 Since tlie classic studies of Gratiolet. many observers have made statements as 
 to the occasional resemblance between the skull of the child and of some adults. 
 Darwin ^ gives in part the literature of the subject. 
 
 Aeby * claims that a skull is of high* grade in proportion as it departs from the 
 foetal characteristics. 
 
 G. Rolleston* draws the conclusion that in "ill-filled" skulls the frontal tubera 
 may retain their infant-like prominence. He employs the term " retention of an 
 infantile type," though oddly enough denominates it a "metaphysical expression." 
 
 W. H. Flowei'.* in speaking of the Andainanese, says: "there is much that is 
 child-like in the physical charactei's, especially in those of the crania. The smootli- 
 ness of the brow, the high orbital index and the low alveolar index are infantile 
 characters." 
 
 Virchow" states that the sTvuUs of females of the Goajiros tribe of northern 
 Venezuela ai-e persistent forms of the children's skulls of the same people. While 
 in the skulls of Congo negroes it is the male type only which retains the child's 
 characters. 
 
 I have ventured to denominate this process of retardation a retention of 
 juvenile characters. I suggested' elsewhere the use of the word pa;dornorpliism 
 to express these peculiarities, whether they were confined to the skull or exhibited 
 in any other part of the economy. So far as the human skull is concerned I can 
 say that I have never examined a specimen which did not exhibit one or more 
 paedomorphic characters. 
 
 The changes incident to infancy and youth are of importance in determining 
 the shape of the skull. Among the more suggestive of these changes are those in 
 the brain case, and notably in the region of the alisphenoid and squamosa. Among 
 
 ' The study of the immature skull has been confined for the most part to attempts to define race 
 characters. Thi.s in a sense is a small matter as compared to the detection of child-like characters in the 
 skull of the adult ; for many of them, as observed in this essay, do not appear to have ethnic values. 
 
 •■' Descent of Man, H, 302, Am. Ed. 
 
 •' Verb. d. Natuif. Gesellsch. in Basel, 1861, III, 5.35. 
 
 * British Barrows, etc., 1877, 663, 664. 
 
 * Journ. Anthropolog. In.-tit., 1879, 131. 
 " Cran. "Eth. Amer., 1892, 32. 
 
 ' Proc. .^cad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 208. 
 
CRANIA FROM TIIP] MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 433 
 
 child-like features which can be detected in the adult skull are the relatively large 
 l)i-tul)eral diameter; the frontal hone as it enters into the composition of the tem- 
 poral fossa remaining convex; the frontal eminence determining the curve of the 
 forehead rather than the region of the interfrontal suture; the relatively large, flat 
 nasal bones ; the absence of the premaxillaiy crest and lack of union between the 
 projection of each premaxilla (the union of these projections usually constituting in 
 the adult the " anterior nasal spine") ; the occipital bone between the opisthion and 
 the inion remaining flat, or nearly so, instead of becoming convex ; the alisphenoido- 
 frontal suture remaining patent ; the great height of the orbital roof adjacent to the 
 external lateral process ; the persistence of the interfrontal suture ; the choanae 
 remaining oval and small ; the pterygoid foss* being deep and narrow ; the retention 
 of a straight, laminose middle turbinal ; the spinous process of the sphenoid bone 
 not overlapping the splienoido-tympanic fissure or suture ; the closure of \\.w foramen 
 laceriim medium ; the shape of the malar bone ; and the downward inclination of 
 the outer portion of the orbital arch. 
 
 It would be an error to assume that all infantile characters are capable of 
 persisting. The following changes are invariable : the development of the periph- 
 eral parts of the ecto-petrosal ; the extension backward and downward of the ])ost- 
 squamosal part of the temporal bone; the increase in the face height /ar//»a.s5?/ 
 with development of the teeth ; and the union between the maxilla and the ptery- 
 goid process for a distance nearly the entire length of the pterygoid. Other charac- 
 ters are peculiar to the immature skull, especially that of the new-born child. 
 Among these maj- be mentioned the tubercle ou the posterior surface of the frontal 
 process of the malar bone in the position of the mglo-alisphenoidal .suture, and the 
 horizontal .■^tritv on the anterior surface of the frontal bone above the orbit. 
 
 Excellent examples of pa'domorphism in adult skulls are met with in the 
 • Esquimaux, in natives of the Sandwich Islands and in nniny North American Indians. 
 A remarkable pa?domorphic skull, unfortunately without locality, is seen in the 
 Academy's collection. The parietals exhibit the proportions of the child at term. 
 The sconce is remarkaldy changed in texture as also are the malar bones. But it 
 is imposi^iljle to name all the pa'domorphic characters. I believe they should fox-m 
 a part of the description of every specimen. 
 
 (14). The texture of the skull. The skulls of the Moore series were very 
 brittle. In one specimen (No. 1.783) the outer layer of the flat bones was broken 
 in jjlaces in the diploe. Fine sand had filled the brain cases. Even after careful 
 cleaning the sand continued to come away in small quantities as the skull became 
 thoroughly dried. Most of the fragments from superficial burials were fairly 
 stuffed with the contorted roots of the palmetto, every foramen and fissure being 
 u.sed for transit of these vigorous outgrowths. Even in the specimens from the 
 deeper burials, which have been here used, peculiarities of texture are seen (notably 
 in Nos. 1.784. 1.781, 1,783) which are due to radicles lying close to the bones. 
 
 It is of some value in studying crania, such as those found in the Morton col- 
 lection, to determine the differences in the texture of the bones, the result of the 
 
4>54 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 varied experiences which tlie !?peciiiieiis have undergone. The protection ol' all 
 surfaces bv einl)ahnnient is widely contrasted with those Avhich had been exposed to 
 the air. In the one case the bones are of" normal texture though brittle, in the other 
 this has been modified by the disintegrating effect of frost, heat, moisture, etc. 
 Texture and color are often of value in identification. Skulls that are smoke-stained 
 have l>een shelved or hung over open fii-es ; those that are calcined have been acted 
 upon h\ int^^nse heat ; those that are at one place eatth-stained and at another 
 bleached, irtarked with conferva? or lichens, show scant burial ; those having the eth- 
 moid cells mutilated bv insects and filled with pupa cases have been laid on plat- 
 forms or in trees, some show groo\es from the teeth oi' rodents, the details often 
 denoting the species that have committed the ravages. The white appearance of 
 other specimens accompanied with a pitted effect on the surfaces demionstrates the 
 action of a tnjpical sun and of high winds long driving sand against the bones. 
 
 (15). The fundiotis determining the form of the skull. Among the mechani- 
 cal factors which modifv the shape of tUe skull are the tbllowing : 
 
 The growth of the brain. 
 
 The interstitial changes in the bones themselves leading to infiations, which 
 may receive the name of the ethmo-maxillarv. the fronto-ma.xillarv. the mastoid. 
 the petrosal and e.v-occipital infiations, respectively. 
 
 The action of the muscles attached to the skull. 
 
 Of the first and second of these subjects the general fact is alone appreciated, 
 but the difterences within the norm.il range of variation are imperfectly, if at all 
 known. What are the forces which determine the variations in the shape of the 
 frontal and occipital bones? Why are some skulls widest at the bi-tuberal and 
 others at the bi-squamosal diameter ? Why do some skulls exhibit the union ol" 
 the parietal with the alisphenoid bones, while others the union of the squamosal 
 with the frontal? In like manner one may ask what are the causes of variation 
 in the size of the sinuses ? As a rule the sinuses are most de\eloped in short laced 
 and least developed in the long faced skulls, but the connection between these states 
 is obscure. I refer in this connection to a communication by myself in the Proceed- 
 ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia., 1894, p. 181. Evidence 
 was educed from the Mammalia in support of the proposition that among the changes 
 that take place in the skull incident to shortening of the face axis the formation 
 of sinuses and pneumatic areas hold an important jjlace. 
 
 It is far different, however, with the muscular forces which are exerted on the 
 periphery of the skull. These doubtless correlate with the prominence of muscular 
 ridges and the deptli of fossa?. While the general statement is true that shapes of 
 bones are due in a measure to the muscles which are attached to them, it remains 
 also true that, in craniolog}- at least, we are needing precision of statement regard- 
 ing the exact infiuence exerted by the muscles upon the shajjc of the several bones. 
 Eight ol' the fourteen cranial bones (viz. : — the frontal, malar, inferior maxillarv, 
 palatal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid and occipital bones) yield origin or insertion to 
 muscles, and, without exception, the shapes of all these bones are so modified. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 435 
 
 It if*, perhapt<. owing to the exceedingl;>- wide nmgu ol" these modilicatioii.s that 
 anatoiuists have not availed themselves of characters thus afforded in the study of 
 the skull as an aid in the identification of race types. The muscles which are most 
 important are those that move the head on the vertebral colunni. The bones enter- 
 ing into the temporal zygomatic and pterygoid fossae are modified by the muscles of 
 mastication. The shape of the angle of the lower jaw appears to be due to the 
 action of the masseter and*internal pterygoid muscles, as is also the size of the 
 ascending ramus. 
 
 ^'I. A Study of the Teeth. 
 
 The manner in which teeth follow one another in a given series (here called 
 their alignment), the directions of their "wear" and displacement (the results of 
 mastication and age), are of interest. Tc a short account of the.se conditions a 
 plan of studying cusps is appended. The titles of sections will appear as follows : 
 (a) Alignment. "Avear" and displacement of the teeth; (d) The cuspidation of the 
 premolars and the molars together with a statement of the order of succession of 
 the cusps. 
 
 (a). Alignment, "wear" and displacement of the teeth. Two tendencies 
 of alignment are recognized in the teeth. — that of the molar and tliat of the incisor 
 line. The molar line is that to which the molars conform. When projected for- 
 ward the molar line always emliraces the second premolar (which appears to lie the. 
 rule in mammalian dentition), but the first premolar and the canine are often not 
 in the molar line as projected, but in a line which answers to that of the incisors.. 
 The incisor line in its simplest expression is confined to the incisors. If the enamel 
 is worn it is easy to align the transitional teeth, namely, the first premolar and the 
 canine, to the molar or incisor line i-espectively. The effect of these differences in 
 alignment upon the shape of the jaw has not been elaborated at this place, but 
 it caiHiot be ignored. 
 
 By the torsion of teeth is meant the change in the inclination of the crown 
 axis either forward or backward of the one which is normal. Examples of torsion 
 are seen in the first and second upper molars, and in the loAver premolars. In figure 
 oO, for example, the square crown-faces of the first molar and the third molar, figure 
 38, yield a medio-lateral axis, which forms- a right angle when intersected by the 
 line of the alveolar process. In figure 32 the oval crown face of the first molar 
 yields a medio-lateral axis which does not form a right angle with the line of the 
 alveolar ridge. 
 
 The torsion of an upper molar may be expressed by the disposition of the pro- 
 cone to touch the metacone to form the oblique ridge which is characteristic of the 
 tooth. If exaggerated, the tooth forms an elongated ellipsoidal crown. Now the 
 normal form is always in a series whose anterior and posterior walls toucli each 
 other, and the ellipsoidal is not apt to be in close contact with other teeth. 1 infer 
 
4. •'.(■. 
 
 CliAMA FliOM THE .MOlNDS OF FLOEIDA. 
 
 that tlic ilis|iii~itiini t'oi- a tootli to lie twistnl is an c'Xjuvssidii of its iiiahility to 
 i-(sist a liin-i' cniiiiiiL;- to it Iroin witliout. ami that tliis I'oivt' resides in the lowei' 
 jaw ami is a ih suit of its imitioii in mastication. — In the lower jaw the [ireinolars 
 are Mpt to nndeiyo torsion ijuite distinct IVoni that seen in the first ami second upper 
 molai's. The first premolar is inclined forward and the second ])reniolar hackward. 
 This disposition, as alread\' stated. |>laces tlie first premolar in harmony with tlie 
 canine and incisoi-s. and the second premolar in harnfonv witii the mohirs. The 
 lower premolars nia\' he said to occn|(y a position between two distinct st'ts 
 of tieth which aw functionally active, those at the anterior part of the dental 
 arch and tiiosc' at the sides far haclv. In the mannnaliaii orders tiiese teeth are 
 (.'xceeilinuh' \-arial)le in numhei' and foi'm. but the rule aliove iiiven is (piite con- 
 stanth adiiered to. and even in the human jaw where thei'e are hut two teeth of 
 the premolar serit's. it is found that they do not work toLiether so nnich. as the first 
 assists the canine and the second the first molar. 
 
 .Mastication tends to dis])lace the teeth from their aliiinments in a variety of ways. 
 In the upper jaw the atti'ition pushes the incisors foi'ward and the molars outward; 
 and in the lower jaw all the teeth inward. The least amount of de\iation i.s noted 
 in the third molai's of lioth upper and lowiu' jaws. 
 
 A casual examination will show that the teeth of the upper jaw "wear." for 
 the most piii't. on the jialatal aspect. It is far ditlerent in the teeth of the lower 
 jaw. lli're the incisors, canine and the first prt'Uiolar wear as a ruh.' across the 
 crown, the second prt'inolar. first and second molar wc'ar on tlii' buccal ])art of the 
 crown, while the third molar wears as do the incisors, canine and first premolar. — 
 In middle life a disposition exists for the teeth to he pushed out of theii" sockets. 
 This is notably the c;ise in skulls Xos. 1.7S1 and I.TSl!. With this tendency an 
 exa'jLicration of the molar-inclinations aiio\'e named is note(l. and the atti'itioii-eflects 
 ai'e especiallx' marked. — namely, on the palatal surface of the rnaxillai'y and on tln' 
 bui'cal aspect of the mandibulai' 'molars. In No. 1.7^1 the t(.'eth are worn but are 
 not displaced. 
 
 in Xo. l.T^li. by the constant im|iact on the palatal side tlie tooth is pushed 
 outwai'd. the ,i:i'indin,ii surl'act' bciiii:' ti'ansferi'i d from tlu' face of the ci'own to 
 the [lalatal side ol' the crown and the neck. The disposition to outAvard inclination 
 of the molars is nnich greater in some individuals than in others. Hroca uses the 
 term hyperbolic to t'.xpress the shape of the hard palate as iletermim.'d by the 
 dej:ree of di\-er,i;t'nce of the sides of the dental ai'ch (See Section b). I lielieve 
 that the divei'Licnce of the arches is t'ijui\alent to the outward inclination of the 
 molars and. all thinus remainin;:' the same, thi' greatest dej^ree of divergence will 
 be ibund to coires])ond to the disposition foi' the teeth to weal' on the [)alatal half 
 of the crown. 
 
 In Xo. I. "Mi. as already noti'd. the second molar on both sides is turned inward. 
 The lorcc III' attrition on the palatal aspect of the tnisps. wliiU' tending; to force the 
 tooth toward the b\iccal snrfaci'. has. by wearing' away the crown, so fai' disturbed the 
 e<piilibrium of the tooth in the j'aw as to turn the ci'own in the direction of the ^ui'ind- 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 4:57 
 
 ing surface and actually tilt the tooth from its socket. The teeth themselves are 
 worn down horizontally in Es(iuimaux and Patajionians. According to Topinard, 
 the incLsor teeth in North American Indians are disposed to be vertical, hut there 
 are numerous exceptions that can be made to this statement. 
 
 In the '• wear" of teeth, not only do the degrees of wear aid in the determina- 
 tion of age. and not only does^the amount of the loss of enamel and dentine give clues 
 (all things remaining e(jual) to the character of food consumed, but the details 
 in the patterns defined on the grinding surfoces themselves afford excellent charac- 
 ters in determining what the original arrangement of the cusps had been. 
 
 The difterence in the wear of teeth on the two sides of the jaw is conclusive 
 that the habit often favors certain parts of the enamel covering and throws undue 
 work upon other 2)arts. In the elephant the molar on the left side may be ah)ne 
 worn down.^ Sometimes the left tooth appears to have been used in the main.- In 
 the living human subject I have often seen the teeth of the left side worn while 
 those of the right remain as sharply cusped as when they were erupted. If I am 
 right in assuming that a disposition exists for the lower jaw to push the maxillary 
 front teeth forward and the side teeth outward, when the force is expended more on 
 the front teeth than the side teeth, the upper jaw and palate become parabolic and 
 the jaw prognathous ; but if it is expended more on the side teeth than the front 
 teeth the form of the palate becomes hyperbolic, and the jaw orthognathous. 
 
 {d). The ciispidation of the premolars and molars and the order of succession 
 of cusps. 
 
 (1). The lower premolars. The skull No. 1,783 posses.ses a pei'fect set of 
 teeth which were but little worn. I desire to call attention to these teeth, since it 
 is likely that they represent the peculiarities of a people as ancient as any of 
 which we have knowledge on the American continent. 
 
 The lower premolar exhibits a large outer and a smaller inner cusp. Indeed, 
 the term cusp for the elevation on the inner aspect of the crown is scarcely correct 
 since the enamel forms a mere lingule-like swelling about the base of the outer 
 cusp. Compare 1,060, Caucasian, and 430, Malay, p. 438. 
 
 After making these inspections I became interested in noting the peculiarities 
 of the lower premolars, and herewith invite attention to some of the variations of 
 these teeth. The inner simple ring may become relatively large as compared with 
 the outer cusp. Compare figs. 73 and 79 second premolar. Or the inner ring 
 becomes marked by one or more rounded swellings (beginnings of which are seen 
 in figs. 73 and 79) which appear in the depression between the outer and inner 
 parts of the tooth. Compare fig. 126, and the second premolar in fig. 76. Or the 
 inner margin of the tooth is cleft between the.se mammillations. Compare figs. 98 
 and 118. 
 
 A somewhat distinct class of variations is noted in the crown. The general 
 character is that, indeed, of a true premolarifonn variety. The imier border is dis- 
 
 ' Owen, Odontography, pi. 4. 
 ' Ibid, pi. 14. ■ 
 
438 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 tinctly accented in the middle and a wide interval is defined between the cnsps. 
 Compare fijr. 78 first tootli, 79 first tooth, 7S second tooth and 97. More distinct 
 mammillations so arranged as to make a tricuspidate form are also noted. Compare 
 
 fig. 98 second tooth and 93 second tooth. 
 
 b 
 
 c 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 m 
 
 Fig. 27. — Thirteen examples of lower premolars : a. Xo. 73 : i, No. 97 ; c. No. 126 ; d. No. 430 : e. No, 1060 ; 
 /, No. 98 ; <;, No. 118 ; A. No. 70 : i. No. 78 ; j, No. 79 ; it. No. 80 : I, No. 76 ; m, No. 93. 
 
 The commissures are feebly developed in all forms of lower premolars. Raised 
 anterior and posterior borders such as are met in many forms (compare figs. 98, 
 126) are not here alluded to. But in a smaller group of teeth these borders are 
 worthy of receiving a distinct name, e. £■., fig. 70 second premolar, and fig. 76 first 
 premolar. 
 
 The enumeration of the parts of the crowns of the lower premolars as cusps 
 and commissures appears to receive confinnation when these teeth are compared 
 with those of the lower mammals, especially with the genera of the anthropoid apes 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 439 
 
 and iiiaiiy genera of Chiroptera. In all the anthropoid apes the lower premolars 
 exhiljit two cusps an*?! a large heel. In pteropine and gloosophagine groups of bats the 
 same peculiarities are seen, with the exception that the heel is of enormous size. 
 The commisisural elements as a rule are marked, the post-commissure being larger 
 than the pre-commissure. The main contrast between the premolars of anthropoid 
 and those of Man consists in the fact that in the former the non-cuspidate portion is 
 larger than the cuspidate and the post-commissure is pushed back far from the cusps, 
 while in Man the non-cuspidate portion is nearly obliterated, the post-commissure 
 Vjeing brouglit up close to the cusps. 
 
 It is a fact C[uite unexpected that the highest type of premolar — that is to sa}-, 
 one in which the lingual cusp and the commissures attain the greatest development — 
 is found in the living subject and almost uniformly in low health conditions. 
 The best examples are met with in tuberculosis and congenital syphilis. 
 
 (2). Cuspidation of lower molars. The plan of jjroceeding in the study of 
 the cusps of the lower molars is distinct from that of the upper. The divisions 
 between the cusps of the buccal and lingual sides of the crowns, and the commis- 
 sui'es at the anterior and jjosterior borders are sharply defined. 
 
 I have found it convenient- in taking notes to use numerals which indicates not 
 only the numbers, but the position of the cusps. Thus, in the arrangement \ it is 
 implied that there are two cusps on either side of the tooth centre. The number 
 above the interspace represents the buccal cusps and that lielow the lingual cusps. 
 The small zero mark represents the position of a commissural or annectant cusp. 
 
 The number of examples of each kind of grouping is indicated in figures placed 
 above the fractions. We then have for fifty right first lower molars the following : 
 9 34 4 3 
 
 The freciuency with which molars are absent make it difficult to formulate 
 these cuspidations for equal numbers of teeth. 
 
 I have instituted an inquiry at the Eastern State Penitentiary upon the teeth of 
 convicts, — the arrangement of the cusps and commissural cuspules being as here- 
 with given. 
 
 ( Number of teeth 9 34 4 3. 
 
 First lower molar 
 
 •50 Right , t;, ^ e • 1 J.- ■> * 
 
 '^ ( I'ormula ot cuspidation ; 5 
 
 51 Left 
 
 ( 
 
 2 2° 2o 2° 
 20. 
 
 6 34 8 3. 
 
 2 2° 
 2 2 
 
 o 2°* 
 
 Second lower molar 
 
 59 Right 
 
 53 Left 
 
 35 5 14 5. 
 
 2 2° 2o 2° 
 2 2 2 2°' 
 
 ( 32 9 8 4. 
 
 ■\ 2 2° 2o 2° 
 
 I 2 2 2 2°' 
 
 Third loAver molar 
 
 30 Right ^ 
 
 32 Left 
 
 55 JOURN. A. N. S. PHILA.. VOL. X. 
 
 f 13 6 6 5. 
 
 2 2° 2o 2° 
 2 2 2 2°' 
 
 13 5 6 8. 
 
 2 2° 2o 2° 
 2 2 2 2®' 
 
440 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 It is seen from this table that in the lower molars the presence of four cusps 
 characterizes the majority of teeth in the second tooth only. In the first molar the 
 presence of a commissural cuspule toward the (niter side (making three cusps on the 
 outer side for two on the inner) is seen in over one-half The number is practically 
 the same on the two sides. The normal arrangement for the first molar charac- 
 terizes less than one-sixth of the whole ; while in the third molar the order is again 
 dift'erent. 
 
 (3). The cuspidation of the iipper molars. The cuspidation of the second 
 upper molar may be taken as the most important variable for the reason tliat the 
 fii'st molar is never possessed of less than four cusps or more than five, and the third 
 molar is so irregular that its characteristics are not likely to yield facts of 
 imjiortance. 
 
 The second molar is usually made up of four cusps, l)ut it may have three 
 cusps with a rudimental fourth, or have three cusps only. Observations on fifty 
 inmates of the Penitentiary resulted in the following : — Four cusps, 30 ; three cusps 
 and rudimental fourth, 7 ; three cusps, 13. 
 
 In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, one 
 hundred skulls were examined (all modern Europeans being excluded) with the 
 following result : — Four cusps, 2G ; three cusps and rudiments of a fourth, 29 ; 
 three cusps, 45. It is thus seen that the rates of cuspidation differ in the series from 
 criminal subjects and those from specimens found in a miscellaneous collection 
 composed for the most part of uncivilized peoples. 
 
 Only one example of a second molar exhibited five cusps of which the supple- 
 mental cusp was in the form of a cingule to the paracone. The first molar in two 
 instances only possessed less than four cusps, while in four instances it possessed the 
 supplemental palatal cusps, thus making the entire number five. 
 
 The third molar is so A^ariable that it cannot well be' classified. In onl_>- three 
 instances did it possess four cusps ; in eight instances only did it retain three cusps, 
 while in the remaining ten instances it was irregular ; by which term is meant a 
 departure from a pohcuspidate form and exhibiting various ci'enulations and depres- 
 sions which do not admit of arrangement. Some of these closely resemble the plan 
 of a premolar; others are depressed in the centre and bordered by a folded hem, 
 this I have called in my notes the crater-like tooth ; some of the teeth have three 
 mammillations arranged in order from without inward. 
 
 The third molar infrequently retains the cuspidation of the first and second. 
 The protocone and paracone can be named as a rule ; the cingule, from which the 
 metacone and hypocone, arise often complete the tooth. As already shown occasion- 
 ally the metacojie will be developed at the expense of the hypocone ; sometimes 
 the contrary takes place, but in either event the division of the crown by the size 
 of the several parts rather than by homology results in the protocone and paracone 
 forming almost the entire crown. 
 
 (4). The order of succession of cusps. In 1875^ I announced that a true 
 development occurs fi-om the canine and incisor series toward the molar by means 
 
 ' Dental Cosmos. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 441 
 
 Fig. 27, '(. lateral maxil- 
 lary incisor; b.c. su- 
 I>ernumfrary teeth, 
 probably ma.tillary 
 incisors exhibiting 
 the beginning of an 
 additional cusp at 
 the base of the pala- 
 tal aspect of the 
 crown. 
 
 ;V' /'\'^^^ 
 
 of which tlR- ciiiguk- oi' the canine becomes the cu.sp (z. e. the pahital cu."*})) of the 
 
 premolar ; that should a new cingule be developed from the premolar it becomes in 
 
 the molar the third cusp ; and that should the molar possess 
 
 f'~ \^ r^ more than four tubercles, three of these Avill be cusps, the 
 Pf \m remainder will be cingules. The simplest e.xpi-ession of a cone 
 If \m '^^ exhibited in the incisors and canines, which may be said to be 
 U or the lowest of the series, and that the highest expression any- 
 
 c I a where seen is in the lower teeth. 
 
 In figure 27 the beginning of the 
 bicuspidate form of tooth is seen in the 
 manner by which the cingules are seen 
 to vary. 
 
 In figure 28 the basal cingules while 
 not so concrete are yet sufficiently well- 
 developed to retain distinctive names and are of the nature 
 
 of unusual variations in form in transition between the incisorial and the canini- 
 form shapes of monocuspidate teeth and those of the Vjicuspidate type. The canine 
 tooth exhibits on either side of the centre of the tooth a narrow depression or valley. 
 The folds of enamel at the side of the depressions just named are of importance 
 in describing the variations of the bicuspids. In this paper these folds will receive 
 the name of commissures. Figure 29 shows, in a conspicuous way, the distinctness 
 of these folds. 
 
 
 Fig. 28. — Two maxilliary in- 
 cisors and one canine ex- 
 liibiting well-developed 
 cingules. 
 
 Fig. 2!). — The iireniolars and molars of the 
 lowerjaw (l,b27 Morton Collection.) The 
 first premolar, fig. 29, retains depression 
 on either side of the basal con-vexity. 
 
 Fig. 30. — The folds of the upper premolar are 
 shown. The first tooth is actually larger 
 than the second and exhibits a large fold on 
 the posterior surface of the crown, back of 
 the posterior enamel fold. 
 
 Ill the molar series the succession of cusps from the monocuspidate to the poly- 
 cu.spidate is clearly shown. It is necessary here to distinguish between the forms 
 of the upper and lower molars. The lower molars resemble the lower premolars in 
 
 Fig. 31. — The lower teeth showing the 
 simple form of the second molar as 
 compared with the first and third. 
 
 Fig. 32.— The first and 
 second upjier molars. 
 
 Fig. 33.— The third upper 
 molar showing ellipti- 
 cal form of crown. 
 
 the disposition for the folds of enamel on the anterior and posterior parts of the 
 tooth to thicken. The second molar shows this tendency to a less degree than 
 either the first or the third, and the posterior fold to a greater degree than the 
 anterior. The posterior fold is apt to bear a distinct cusp developed in the middle 
 of the posterior commissure. 
 
442 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 In the upper jaw the cusps are not so symmetrically arranged as in the lower, 
 nor are the commissures so conspicuous. 
 
 In figure 32 the parts are typically disposed. The tiftli cusp in the second 
 molar is not an outgrowth of a commissure as in the lower jaw, but is a basal 
 cingule of the hypocone. The a.xis of the upper molar is disposed to be oblique. 
 The contact of the protocone and the niesocone forms an oblifpie line which has long 
 been noted. The greater length of the crown surface in the direction of the paracone 
 and the hypocone has escaped notice. It is marked in both of the te^>th in figure 32. 
 
 The obliquity in the tooth shown in figure 33 is marked. 
 
 Fig. :34. — Seven examples of variatious of the upjier umlars. 
 
 1. (No. 140). The elements of the hypocone are duplicated and appear as part 
 of an enamel fold (which is not commissural) on the posterior surface of the. crown. 
 A similar arr.angement is seen in figure 30, upper premolar. — 2. (No. 828). Two 
 elements of the value of cingules are here present. The first of these is the hypo- 
 cone ; the second lies directly to the palatal aspect of the protocone. — 3. (No. 1,488). 
 In the second molar the cingules are three in number and clasp the posterior and 
 palatal aspects of the crown, throwing in the paracone from the periphery. — 4. 
 (No. 828). The second molar exhibits two cingules, one the hypocone in its usual 
 position, the other placed directly back of the paracone. — 5. (No. 29). The first 
 molar showing an exceptional prominence of the enamel fold on the buccal aspect. 
 — 6. (No. 1,467). The presence of the enamel folds on either side of the protocone 
 and paracone is evident. In the valleys thus formed are seen two well-defined 
 eminences which do not receive names. — 7. (No. 760). A conspicuous nodule, 
 apparently anomalous, is seen on the buccal aspect of the first molar. — The anterior 
 
 Fig. 3o.-The third upper molar exhibit- 
 ing a disposition of the parts to 
 assume a tricuspidate form. 
 
 Fig. 36.-The parts uot obliquely dis- 
 posed and as a result the proto- 
 cone and mesocoue scarcely 
 touch and do not form an ob- 
 lique ridge. 
 
 Fig. 37.— The third lower molar. The 
 cusps are broken up into small 
 folds. Each cusp represent three 
 such folds and the entire tooth 
 is much higher on the borders 
 of the grinding surface than in 
 the centre. 
 
 commissure of the deciduous molars marked in the lower jaw extends forward to a 
 degree greater than is the case in the upper ; two examples are illustrated in the 
 above series. The anterior commissure of the first molar of No. 4 is produced and 
 forms a cone-like figure whose base is directed backward. Such a configuration is 
 seen in the last of the series of premolars in some mammals with long slender 
 jaws. It denotes absence of pressure on the anterior part of the tooth and a 
 resultant disposition in the tooth to advance in such direction. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 443 
 
 The crown, as shown in figure 37, is that of a tooth whose elements are 
 imperfectly defined by reason of the disposition of the grinding surfiiee of each 
 cusp to be split up into folds, and the middle of the tooth to lie everywhere 
 below the level of the borders. A tooth such as this is degenerating, and is on the 
 way to lose all its cusps and become a crater-like figure, whose elements cannot be 
 named and the walls of whose central depression are everywhere present. 
 
 Description of the teeth of the Moore Crania^ No. 1.784. Upper jaw. 
 Alignment disturlx^l bv attrition, incisor forced slighth' backward, worn transversely. 
 Lateral incisor m true alignment, tlie right moi'e Avorn than the left. Canine much 
 worn, the right ti'ansversely, the left obliquely on buccal side. First premolar wora 
 for most part on buccal side. On the right side the second premolar has been nearly 
 lost ; the crown has been Avoria ol)liquely from before backward through to the pulp • 
 chamber. The left tooth is worn evenly. The molars on the right ai-e all in posi- 
 tion. On the left they are absent. The first and second are much worn on the 
 palatal side, the first into the pulp chamber, the crown being tilted inward. The 
 third molar is worn evenly. Lower jaw. The incisor line confined to the incisorsj. 
 The molar line includes the molars, premolars and canine. Incisors and canine 
 trausvarsely worn. First premolar right transverselj- worn ; on left very ol>liquely 
 worn, buccal. Second premolar e\enly worn, more indeed than the first. First 
 and second molars much worn, buccal, but not into pulp chamber. Third molars 
 absent. 
 
 No. 1,781. Upper jaw. The incisor line including the first premolar; the 
 curved molar line including the second premolar. The right incisors in different 
 alignment from the 'left, probably from attrition or disease, those of the right are 
 normal, but those of the left are thrown well forward and are without alveolar sui> 
 port, labial. The left lateral has been lost posthumously, the right is much pro- 
 truded. All the teeth are evenly worn to moderate degree excepting the first 
 molar, which is slightly inclined, palatal. The first premolar is more woi'n than the 
 second. — Lower jaw. The incisor line includes the canine and first premolar. 
 The molar line includes the second premolar. All the teeth are evenly Avorn to a 
 less degree than the upper, and nowhere into the pulp chamber, nor is the alignment 
 disturbed by attrition. With the exception of the first molar, which is worn 
 obliquely, lingual ; all are transversely true. 
 
 No. 1,782. Upper jaw. The incisor line confined to the incisors. The molar 
 line includes the premolars and canine. The first molar is tilted palatal and the 
 buccal cusps are thrown from their sockets and have entered into the "wear." The 
 second molar is evenly worn ; the third molar is absent. — Lower jaw. The incisor 
 line includes the canines, the molar line includes the premolars. The first premolar 
 is more worn than the second. The first molar is much Avorn, buccal. The second 
 molar less evenly Avorn ; the third molar Avas small, but has been lost posthumously. 
 
 No. 1,783. Upper jaw. The incisor line includes the canine. The molar line 
 includes the premolars and canine and is curved. The teeth had been perfect and 
 little worn, but many of the premolars and first and second molars subject to pos- 
 
444 
 
 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 tluinious tiaking of the enamel. There is slight palatal wear on the first molars. 
 The formula for the molars is 4, 3i, 3. — Lower jaw. All teeth in beautiful align- 
 ment and perfect with the exception of posthumous flaking. The molar line includes 
 the premolar. The teeth show moderate wear except the third molar. The formula 
 for the molar series is , i !• 
 
 No. 1,789. The only teeth present are the right upper molars.. They are little 
 worn, but much broken, save the third molar, by posthumous flaking. 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 I. 
 
 The craniophore employed in these studies is simple in character (fig. 33.). 
 It answers a useful purpose. 
 
 An iron stand with adjusting screws, for leveling the base, supports an iron 
 upright, over which a brass canula with sci'ew for fixation is carried. A U-shaped 
 
 Figure 38. — Allen's Craniophore. 
 
 bar with two upright arms receives the skull, which is held in place by two brass 
 rods, each of which bears on inner ends a conical piece of vulcanite to fit in the 
 external auditory meatus. 
 
CRANIA FROxM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 44o 
 
 The rods are adjustable and can be fixed at any point by screws. Clamped to 
 the canula is a movable bracket for supporting the base of the skull. This 
 instrument was manufiictured by Richardson & Metzger, Philadelphia, and can be 
 now procured of Ferdinand Metzger of the same city. 
 
 A small instrument which I have devised for measuring the alveolo-basilar 
 length, the orbito-nasion length, the palatal length, choanal height, etc., is worth \ 
 of commendation. It is a simple rod niarked in centimeters and millimeters and a 
 sliding guide which is sufficiently long to serve as a support to the nasion in making 
 the orbital measurements and to the alveolar point in making the alveolo-nasion and 
 the palatal length. After many futile effi)rts to induce instrument makers to under- 
 take its manufacture, the little model I liave used was kindly made for me by Dr. 
 Milton J. Greenman of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biolog}-. 
 
 In taking nasal, orbital, transverse palatal measurements, etc., I have emplojed 
 a small instrument based on Flower's craniometer. It has proved to be invaluable. 
 
 II. 
 
 • 
 
 The Classification of Crania proposed by James Aitken Meigs. — I have em- 
 ployed this classification, and it is proper that it should be here copied in full, since 
 the original paper ^ has been overlooked by writers. Meigs does not state which of 
 the names are original with himself, though most of them are so. He knew that 
 Esquimaux crania had been described as "pyramidal" and that the word " prog- 
 nathic or negroid"' was in general use. The novelty of the term last quoted con- 
 sisted in its application to the North American Indian. 
 
 The cymljecephalic of Meigs is the same as the " kumbo-cephalic" of D. Wilson. 
 " In the primitive or elongated dolichokejjhalic type, for which the distinctive title of 
 kumbo-cephalic is here suggested, — the parietal diameter is remarkably small, being 
 frequently exceeded by the vertical diameters." ^ The same author describes a 
 skull ^ which " nearly agrees with the lengthened oval form described by Prof 
 Nillson {sic) as the second race of the Scandina^•ian tumuli. They have mostly a 
 singularly narrow and elongated occiput ; and with their comparatively low and 
 narrow forehead, might not inaptly be described by the familiar term boat^shaped." 
 Fig. 7 of Wilson is almost identical with the crania named cymbecephalic by Meigs. 
 — " Cymbo-cephalic " is held by Rolleston ^ to be equivalent to '• scapho-cephalic," ' 
 and to be the same as " birnformig." " keulenformig," "elongate-oval," and coffin- 
 shaped — cuneate oval — of various writers.* 
 
 ' " Observations upon the Cranial Forms of the American Aborigines, based upon specimens 
 contained in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia." Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18(>fi, 
 232. 
 
 ^ Archaeol. and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, 18.51, 177. 
 
 ' L. c. page 169. 
 
 * British Barrows, 615. 
 
 ^ The term scaphocephalic is used vaguely by writers. It might be discarded with advantage. 
 
 • Ibid, 651. 
 
446 CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Stenocephalic is said to have been used by Broca, but the original reference I 
 have not seen. The term is accepted by Aeby.' — J. C Pritchard - divides crania 
 into three jrroups. — the mesobregmate, stenobregmate and platylnvgniate. The 
 stenobregniate group is sufficiently near the stenocephalic of Meigs to be considered 
 the same, as, indeed, the platybregmate is similar to the platycephalic of the same 
 writer. 
 
 The " eurycephalic " of Meigs embraces skulls Avliich, while chiefly dolicho- 
 cejDhfilic, are of a broad, oval form and is doubtless intended to include the eury- 
 cephales of Broca.^ Huxley * used '• eurycephali " to define brachycephalic skulls 
 having a cephalic index VjeloAV 85 'and at or above 80. To.pinard* states that 
 '• eurycephalie " is the same as "crane large." C. Aeby^uses the term "eury- 
 cephale zone," and thereby expresses the broadest zone of brachycephalic crania. 
 Rolleston ' states that to " th^ brachycephalic British skull of the bronze-period 
 the application of such epithets as 'well-filled' 'eurycephalic,' 'sub-cubical' " might 
 be applied. — But Meigs doe* not anywhere imj^h- that his eurycephali are confined 
 to large skulls. 
 
 Classification of Aboriginal American Crania According to Their Ethnic 
 Forms. 
 
 (a). Pyramidal or pyraniidocephalic form. 
 
 General characters : Dolichocephalic ; calvaria carinated and pyramidal ; face 
 lozenge-shaped and broadest below the orbits. 
 
 {b). Oval or doidocepkalic form. 
 
 General characters. Chiefiy dolichocephalic ; vertex and base of skull more or 
 less oval in outline. This oval generally regular, sometimes rhomboidal or angular ; 
 sometimes long and narrow, sometimes rather short and broad. Occi25ital region 
 more or less full and prominent; occasionally very much elongated. Occipital 
 protuberance sometimes knob-like ; sometimes acuminated. Posterior portion of 
 the ossa parietalia shelving downward and backward like an inclined plane and 
 p<jrtion of the plane sometimes formed by the upper half of the occipital bone. 
 B'orehead moderately well developed in breadth and height. 
 
 Subdivisions. I. Cymbecephalic, or boat-shaped form, in which the occiput is 
 exceedingly protuberant. II. Narrow oval Form (Stenocephalic) III. Broad oval 
 Form (Eurycephalic) IV. Barrel-shaped or cylindrical Form (Cylindricephalic) 
 V. Angularly oblong Form. VI. Ai;tificially elongated Form. 
 
 {c). Arched or hypsicephalic form. 
 
 General characters. General dolichocephalic ; high or vertically elevated skulls. 
 
 ' Die Schadelforinen ties Menschen uud Afleii. Leipzig, 1867, 50. 
 
 * Researches into the Physical History of Mankind, 2nd Ed. London, 1826, 173 
 ' Bull, de la Soc. d' Anthropol. 1861, 645. 
 
 * Prehistoric Remains of Caithness. Lend, and Edin. 1866, 85. 
 '" L'Anthropologie. Paris, 1876, 192. 
 
 « L. c. 53. 
 
 ' British Barrows. Oxford, 1877, 645. 
 
CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 447 
 
 Forehead liigli, vertex or coronal region sometime curving from the ghibelhi to the 
 occipital protuberance so as to form a more or less regular arch, as in archen- 
 cephalie; or sometimes running up to an elevated point at the junction of the 
 coronal and sagittal sutures, as in phoxocephalic. T. Archencephalic. II. Phoxo- 
 cephalic. 
 
 {d). Wedge- shaped or slenocephalic form. * 
 
 General characters. Chietly mesocephalic or intermediate in length between 
 the dolichocephalic and brachycephalic. Forehead more or less receding; crown 
 triangular in shape, narrow at forehead and wide between the parietal protuberances. 
 Bq§k of the head more or less Hat and pressed in toward the foramen magnum. 
 Constitutes the transition to the square-headed brachycephalic. 
 
 {e). Flat or platycephalic form (iiub^o\m\?Lr). 
 
 General characters. Chiefly mesaticephalic like the preceding group, with flat 
 vertex and rounded occiput. Transitionary to the round-headed or globular 
 brachycephalic. * 
 
 (f). Globular or sphcericephalic form. 
 
 General characters. Brachycephalic ; vertex, occipital region and base rounded 
 and globular, occiput sometimes flat. 
 
 {g). Square, cuboidal or ciibicephalic form. 
 
 General characters. Brachycephalic ; occiput vertically flattened, or nearly so. 
 
 (//). Progttathic or negroid form. 
 
 III. 
 
 A careful study was made of the nasal index in 415 crania of North American 
 Indians in the collection of the Academy. 
 
 On the whole the platyrhine group constituted nearly one-fourth of the entire 
 number, while the mesorhine and lejjtorhine groups constituted a little over three- 
 fourths : platyrhine U8 ; mesorhine 170 ; leptorhine 157 ; total 425. 
 
 Broca divides the grades of nasal index as follows : between 53-88 platyrhine ; 
 between 48-52 mesorhine; between 42-47 leptorhine. — In our examination 16 
 examples were found where the nasal index was higher than 58 (ranging as high, 
 indeed, as 70) and an equal number found lower than 42 (ranging as low 87). These 
 have been included respectively in the groups of platyrhine and leptorhine. The 
 al)ove examinations were made before I concli^ded to measure the base of the nose 
 from the alveolar line. The distance between the top of the incisor eminence 
 (assuming that this may have been taken as the lower margin of the nasal aperture), 
 and the alveolar line is often notable to the eye. It is evident that the proportions 
 above gi\'en would Ije disturbed if the series were subjected to re-examination. — 
 W. Matthews, ' gives the average nasal index of forty-four skulls from Salado, 
 Arizona, as 51.66, though the range embraced measurements from 44.23 to 61.11. 
 
 ' Seventh Mem. Nat. Acad, of Science, Vol. VI, 1893, 196. 
 
4-lS CRANIA FROM THE MOUNDS OF FLORIDA. 
 
 and included examples extending from leptorhinian to extreme platyrhinian. In 
 the ci'Jinia from Cibola, in the same general locality with the foregoing, Matthews ' 
 found the index to be practically the same. 
 
 The nasal index gives no indication of the shapes or sizes of the nasal bones, 
 nor of the height of the nasal aperture. It is difficult to fonnulate impressions on 
 these subject? sinc<i the nasal bones are so often found mutilated in museum crania. 
 Still it must be acknowledged that the value of the nasal index is impaired on 
 account of the fact that the types of the external nose recognized in anatomy are 
 not therein expressed. 
 
 All measurements in tables and elsewhere are recorded in millimeters. ^ 
 Erratum. Fig. 7, p. 413 is out of the horizontal plane and gives an erroneous 
 impression of the height of the brain-case. 
 
 1 Seventh Men. Nat. Acad, of Science, Vol. VI, 1893, 233. 
 
JOURN, ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHI LAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE XLIX. 
 
 %>, 
 
 F. V. ITEHSON. DEL. CT LtTH. 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 RiaiN«L Bum*L. COIIECTION C a. MOORE 
 
JOUHNv ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. ZND SER. VOL. X 
 
 F. V. ITERSON. DfL. ET LITM 
 
 A.LLEN- INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORtGiNAL BURIAL. COLLECTION C B. MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LI. 
 
 v;j."?i;Sy.-yjt''3'^y.>~-'-''""'-^-'"'----^^^a^-'-^'^.-- .''^^;Vr-.;>iv: :^---' 
 
 F. V. ITEflSON, DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIGINAL BURIAL. COLLECTION C B. MOORE. 
 
JOURW- ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE HI. 
 
 F. V. ITERSON. DEL. ET LrTH. 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIGINAL BUfltAL. COLLtCTION C 8. MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER, VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LIU. 
 
 F. V. ITERSON. DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIGINAL BURIAL. COLLECTION C B.MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LIV, 
 
 f . V. ITEHSON. DEL. ET LiTH. 
 
 ALLEN- INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIGINAL BURIAL. COLLECTION C B. MOORE. 
 
JOUFJN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. SND SER. 
 
 VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LV. 
 
 F. V. ITERSON, DEL. ET LITH 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA 
 
 ORIGINAL BURlAL mi I frTinn r u unnni 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LVl. 
 
 ■%^ 
 
 w 
 
 r. V. ITERbON. Ptl. FT LITH, 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIQIHAL BURIAL. COllECTlON C U. MOOBE 
 
JOUBN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LVII. 
 
 F. V. ITERSON. DEL. ET LITM. 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LVIII. 
 
 F. V. ITEnSON. DEL. ET LITH 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIGINAL BURIAL. COLLECTION C. B. MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD, NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LIX. 
 
 F. V. 1TEHSON. DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 IINAL eyRtAL. COLLECTION C b MOORt. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LX 
 
 F. V. ITERSON, DEL. ET LITH, 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLOniDA. 
 
 rniifr.TxOHC. B. MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LXI. 
 
 f. V. ITERSON, DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA 
 
 ORIQIKAL BUBIAI. COLLECTION C 0. MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LXa. 
 
 ^ 
 
 F. V. ITERSON. DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIQrNAL BURtAL. COLLECTION C B. MOORE. 
 
JOUFiN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 f. V. ITEHSON. DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIGINAL BURIAL. COLLECTION C. B. MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL, X. 
 
 f. V. ITEBSON. DEL. fci LITM 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
 ORIGINAL BURIAL. COLLECTION C B. MOORE. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 C- 
 
 PLATE LXV. 
 
 ,^ 
 
 5,TO*i^ 
 
 ^^1^ 
 
 IV ^^"^^r^ 
 
 F. V. ITEflSON. DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X 
 
 PLATE LXVl. 
 
 F. V. ITERSON, DFL. ET LITH. 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
m 
 
r. V. ITER80H, DEL. ET LtTM. 
 
 ALLEN: INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORID:^- 
 
_J*<9*-^^f 
 
 \ 
 
JOURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER VOL. X 
 
 F. V. ITERSON. DEL. ET LPTH 
 
 ALLEN INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
ff 
 
j'oURN. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILAD. 2ND SER. VOL. X. 
 
 PLATE LXVIII 
 
 F. V. ITER80N, DEL. ET LITH. 
 
 .1 TRM INDIAN SKULLS FROM FLORIDA. 
 
^ 
 
 "x 
 
 ^ ) 
 
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