m
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 O TAG E 
 
 TO THE 
 
 EAST INDIES; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 AUTHENTIC Accounts of the MOGUL Government in 
 general, the Viceroyalties of the DECAN and BENGAL, 
 with their feveral fubordinate Dependances. 
 
 O F 
 ANGRIA, tbeMORATTOES.andTANJOREANS. 
 
 OF THE 
 MAHOMETAN, GENTOO, and PARSEE RELIGIONS. 
 
 OF THEIR 
 CUSTOMS AND ANTIQUITIES, 
 
 With general Refleftions on the 
 
 TRADE OF INDIA. 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EUROPEAN Settlements, particularly thofe belonging to the 
 ENGLISH ; their refpeclive Factories, Governments, 
 Trade, Fortifications and Public Buildings ; The Hiftoryof 
 the War with the FRENCH from 1754 to the Conclufion of 
 the general Peace in 1763. 
 
 By Mr. GROSE. 
 VOL. II. 
 
 A NEW EDITION. 
 
 Illulbatedwith Views and feveral Plans, not in the former Edition. 
 To which is added, 
 
 A Journey from ALEPPO to BUSSERAH, over the 
 Defert, by Mr. CHARMICHAEL. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for S. HOOPER, at No. 25, Ludgate Hill. 
 
 MDCCLXX1I.
 
 DSr 
 
 
 \ff
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SECTION. I. 
 
 An abridgment of the hiflory, &c. Page i 
 
 S E C T -I O N II. 
 Account of ANAVERDY CAWN, &c. xvii 
 
 S E C T I ON III. 
 Thejlrength of the FRENCH at PONOICHERRY, &c. xxx'vii 
 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 The Rife of tbe WAR in INDIA between tbe ENGLISH 
 and FRENCH in 1754. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 General Remarks, &c. 49 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 The Nabobs of CUDAPAH, &c. 62 
 
 CHAP. HI. 
 MAHOMED ALLEE CAWN, &c. - * 75 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 RAJAH SAIB plunders the country* &c. 04 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 The FRENCH ejtablijh SALABATZING, &c. 114 
 
 C H A P. VI. 
 The Campaign of 1753, &c. 132 
 
 CHAP. VII, 
 The continuation of the Campaign in 1753, &c. 143 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 The Campaign of 1754, &c. - 159 
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 The incidental war in INDIA, carried on by tbe ENG- 
 LISH, both by land and fea, in tbe years 17 55 and 
 
 *75 6 - 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The FRENCH views, &c. : 185 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 The ENGLISH company projeft an expedition, &c. 2OO 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 The expedition again/I ANGRI A, &c. . .. . 211 
 C H A P. IV. 
 
 AitA.BATZiKG. &c. 228 
 BOOK 
 
 839819
 
 CONTENTS. 
 BOOK. VIII. 
 
 The Hat* of affairs in the kingdom of BENGAL, in the 
 years 1756, and 17 57. 
 
 C HA P. I. 
 jf de&ription of BENGAL, &c. .. p. 2?? 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Admiral WATSON and colonel CLIVE /?/*/, &c. 254 
 
 - B O O K IX. 
 
 The military and naval operations in INDIA, between the 
 ENGLISH, FRENCH, and DUTCH, in the years 1757* 
 1758, i/59 and 1760, until the departure of admiral 
 POCOCK. and colonel CLIVE, from BENGAL, to ENG- 
 LAND. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 Reinforcements fevt from ENGLAND and FRANCE, &c. 26$ 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 The BRITISH parliament grant, &c. - - 27? 
 
 CHAP, III. 
 
 The fie ft of MADRASS, &c. 206 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 The reduction of SURAT, &c. 320 
 
 g/H A P. V, 
 Naval operations in 1750, &c, 732 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 rf continuation of the military tranfaftions on the coajl of 
 COROMANDEL in I75Q* &C. 34? 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 Colonel FORDE obtains advantages over the FRENCH in 
 
 GOLCONDA, &c. 360 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 The DUTCH invafion of BENGAL from BATAVIA in 
 
 1760, &c. ' 364 
 
 BOOK X. 
 
 jf/airs in INDIA/TOOT 1760, until the GENERAL PEACE 
 in EUROPE in 1763. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 Theficge and reduflion of CARICAL, and other places, 
 
 by tnajor MONSON, &c. 390 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 T&e reduction of MIHIE, a FRENCH fetilementy. &c. 408 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 Yoefectnd Revolution in BENGAL, in 1760. 449 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 The conduft of the new SOUB AH COSSIM ALLEE CAWN, 
 &c. 4 6 7
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 An abridgment of the hijtcry of the emperors of IN- 
 DOST AN, from TAMERLANE in 1398, to his defcen- 
 dant MAHOMED SHAH in 1730. The power of 
 NIZAM AL MULUCK, viceroy of the DECKAN j 
 with remarks on the inhabitants, the title of 
 Soubahdar, and the authority of the Nabobs under 
 him. The ccnqueft of INDOSTAN, by NADIR 
 SHAH, in 1738 ; and the dedenfion of the GREAT 
 MOGUL'S power. Of the CARNATIC, and its Na- 
 bobs, from SUDET ALLEE CAWN in 1732,10 ANA- 
 VERDY CAWN in 1743. The attacks made by the 
 Nabobs on the GEN TOO princes, till the invajion 
 of the MORATTOES in 1740: account of thefe in- 
 vaders ; their conquefts and devajlations in the Car- 
 natic and Trichinopoli : their expulfwn by NIZAM 
 AL MULUCK ; and bis appointment of AN AVERDY 
 CAWN to be Nabob of the CARNATIC, in 1744, 
 which gave rife to the WAR in INDIA between the 
 ENGLISH and FRENCH. 
 
 THE Mahometan princes had eftabliftied them- 
 felves in feveral parts of India, long before 
 Tamerlane, the Tartar prince of Samarcand, pene- 
 trated there in 1398, when he dethroned the Sultan 
 Mahmoud, and left the empire of Indoftan to his 
 own pofterity. Tamerlane died in 1404, and his def- 
 cendants erected the new Dynafty of Mahometan 
 B emperors,
 
 ii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 emperors, called the Great Moguls, one of whom,- 
 named Shah Gehan, was depofed by his Ton Au- 
 rengzebe, and died in 1666. Aurengzebe main- 
 tained himfelf in the throne near fifty years, con- 
 quered many provinces, and died in 1707. He 
 was fucceeded by his fon Bahadar Shah, and the 
 blood of Tamerlane continued to be held in too 
 great veneration throughout the empire, to permit 
 any others than his defcendants to entertain the 
 thoughts of afcending the throne with impunity : 
 but iome of them only accomplifhed the ceremony 
 of being placed on the throne of Delli, to entitte 
 them to be ranked in the lift: of its monarchs. By 
 that dependence on the great men of the empire, to 
 which their contefts for the crown had reduced the 
 defcendants of Aurengzebe, the emperors elected, 
 although defpotic with the multitude, afcended the 
 throne in bonds, and were in reality only the flaves 
 of their minifters, who ruled the empire as they 
 pleafed ; while the people faw the glare of a fove- 
 reign, whole commands extended no farther than 
 among the women of his feraglio. Thefe mini- 
 fters depofed and murdered Furruckmir in 1719 v 
 after which, they placed on the throne his coufin- 
 german Raffeih Al Dirjat, whom they alfo mur- 
 dered, after he had reigned only three months. 
 His brother Raffeih Al Dowlet was the fuccefFor i 
 but died foon after, and it is fufpected he was poi- 
 foned. This paved the way for Mahomed Shah * 
 to the imperial dignity. He was fon of Jehan Shah, 
 one of the three princes whoperifhed in contending 
 for the crown with their brother Jehandar Shah ; 
 fo that a fon of each of thefe three unfortunate 
 princes became emperor only to be as unfortunate 
 as his father ; but the greateft humiliation, if not 
 
 Or Shah Hamet. 
 
 the
 
 INTRODUCTION. Hi 
 
 the moft tragical exit, was referved for Mahomed 
 ^vhah, the great- grandfon of Aurengzebe. 
 
 AT this time, in 1730, the government of the 
 Deck an was inverted in the viceroy Nizam A I 
 Muluck, who was bred under the eye of Aureng- 
 zebe, and without rebellion had rendered himfelf 
 almoft independent of the emperor, though a 
 fourth part of the empire was under his jurifdic- 
 tion ; having feven large territories, extending from 
 Balafore to Cape Comorin, to which he had the 
 indubitable right of nominating feven Nabobs, or 
 governors of provinces. Befides, in all parts of 
 India, there are (till extenfive diftricts which have 
 preferved ; with the Gentoo religion, the old form 
 of government under Indian kings, called Rajah's: 
 fuch are Maifibre*, whofe capital is Seringapatnam ; 
 and Tanjore f, whofe capital is of the fame name. 
 There are alfo, among the woods and mountainous 
 parts of the country, feveral petty princes or heads 
 of clans, diftinguimed by the name of Polygars. 
 Thefe are all tributary to the Nabobs, and thofe to 
 the viceroys, whofe capital is Aurengabad in the 
 kingdom of Golconda. 
 
 THE fundamental laws of the government were, 
 to acknowledge the Grand Mogul for firft fove- 
 reign , the governor-general of the Deckan for his 
 reprefentative in that country ; and the particular 
 governors appointed by that viceroy, as holding 
 their authority from him. Thefe princes are by 
 cuftom proud, and have a contempt for other na- 
 tions. They are generally called Moors, as are all 
 the governing people of India : but it is a great im- 
 propriety to call thefe Mahometan ufurpers by that 
 name ; and yet, as the writers of all nations have 
 given them that appellation, it would now be a 
 
 Or Myfore. f Or Tanjaour. 
 
 B 2 greater
 
 iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 greater impropriety to deviate from that ufage, 
 Their attachment is fo ftrict to ancient manners, 
 that they never change their modes of life or fafhions. 
 There is no character thefe Afiatic princes are fo 
 fond of as that of a warrior j and, as they have no 
 other notion of government, they have been con- 
 tinually at war with one another. They talk in a 
 high ftrain of their pafiion for military glory ; and 
 as the word Zing, in their language, fignifies a 
 foldier, it appears, by the frequency of that termi- 
 nation to molt of their Nabobs, how generally they 
 affect the honor of that title. 
 
 HOWEVER, it has been obferved, that all the 
 Mahometans eftablimed in India acquire, in the 
 third generation, the indolence and pufillanimity of 
 the original inhabitants, and at the fame time a 
 cruelty of character to which the Indians are at pre- 
 fent happily ftrangers. Hence we are almoft in- 
 duced to give afTent to the opinion, that the prohi- 
 bition of fhedding blood of any kind, inculcated 
 by the Indian religion, was a political inftitution, 
 wifely calculated to change into gentler manners 
 the fanguinary difpofition, which is faid to have 
 characteriled all the inhabitants of Indoftan, before 
 the religion of Brama was introduced among them. 
 
 THE Deckan*, is fo called from its fouthern 
 fituation 5 and the word Soubah fignifies a province; 
 fo that the viceroy of this territory is called Sou- 
 bahdar, and by Europeans, improperly, Soubah. 
 The Moorifh governors, dependent on the Soubah- 
 dar, aflume the title of Nabob f, which fignifies 
 deputy, who ought to hold his commiflion from 
 Delli , and if at his death a fuccefibr has not been 
 previoufly appointed by the Great Mogul, the 
 Soubahdar has the right of nominating a perfon to 
 
 * Or Decan. f Or Navab. 
 
 adminifter
 
 INTRODUCTION. r 
 
 adminifter the nabobfhip until the will of the fo- 
 vereign is known : but a Nabob thus appointed is 
 not deemed authentically eftabliflied until he is con- 
 firmed from Delli. The Soubahdar receives from 
 the feveral Nabobs the annual revenues of the 
 crown, and remits them to the treafury of the em- 
 pire. The Nabobs are obliged to accompany him 
 in all military expeditions within the extent of his 
 viceroyalry ; but not in any without that extent. 
 Thefe regulations were intended to place them in 
 fuch a ftate of dependence on the Soubahdar, as 
 mould render them fubfervient to the interefts of 
 the empire , and at the fame time leave them fuch 
 independence, as to render it difficult for the Sou- 
 bahdar to make ufe of them to difturb the throne. 
 
 AMONG other inftances of contempt with which 
 the majefty of the emperor was treated of late 
 years, the governors of provinces not only counter- 
 feited letters, orders, and patents from the court 
 of Delli ; but even hired men to act the part of 
 officers inverted by the Great Mogul, with power 
 to confer with them on the affairs of their govern- 
 ment. Thefe minifterial impoftors were pompoufly 
 received in the capital, where the Viceroy or Na- 
 bob humbled himfelf before the pretended repre- 
 fentative, who delivered in public his credentials, 
 and the fictitious orders he had been inftructed to 
 enforce. Thefe meafures were practifed to appeafe 
 the minds of the people, who ftill retained fo much 
 veneration for the blood of Tamerlane, that a 
 viceroy always thought it neceflary to create an 
 opinion among them, that he was a favorite of rhe 
 emperor, even if he was in arms againft his au- 
 thority. 
 
 I HAVE mentioned this, to mew the power with 
 
 which Nizam Al Muluck was invefted in the year 
 
 1738, when he was no lefs than ninety-four years 
 
 B 3 of
 
 TI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of age, fo that he was in the prime of life at the 
 death of Aurengzebe. His eldeit fon, Gauzedy 
 Cawn, was buclhee, or paymafter-general, the fe- 
 cond man in power, next to the Vizir, in this 
 mighty empire. 
 
 THE removal of two dangerous enemies to the 
 throne, placed Mahomed Shah in pofieffion of it, 
 with a fecurity unknown to his precedeflbrs fince 
 the reign of Aurengzebe ; but his greateil danger 
 lay in this fecurity. He was weak, fenfual, indo- 
 lent, and irrefolute ; conferring greater power on 
 his own favorites, than had been afihmed by for- 
 mer minifters. Thofe favorites offended Nizam Al 
 Muluck, who loudly cenfured their adminiitration : 
 but as he was fo far advanced in years, he thought 
 himfelf unable to bring about a neceflary reforma- 
 tion ; or pretending that there could be no other re- 
 medy in fuch defperate evils than a total revolu- 
 tion of the empire, he fent to Nadir Shah, com- 
 monly called Thamas Kouli Khan, who had ufurped 
 the throne of Perfia, and advifed him to come and 
 take poffefiion of that of Indoftan, The confe- 
 quence was this, his advice was eagerly purfued, 
 and the brave ambitious Perfian eafily dethroned the 
 timid difiblute Mogul. 
 
 THE fatal hour approached, in which a Perfian 
 adventurer was to have it in his power to exter- 
 minate the race of Tamerlane, and annex the richeft 
 empire of the world to his own. Nadir Shah en- 
 tered India from Kandahar in the beginning of the 
 year 1738; and a flight battle decided the fate of 
 the Great Mogul, who laid his regalia at the foot 
 of the conqueror, faw his capital plundered, and a 
 hundred thoufand of its inhabitants maflacred. 
 
 IT was imagined, that after fo eafy a conqueft, 
 Nadir Shah would have declared himfelf fovereign 
 of the empire, and have detached fome of his Per- 
 fian generals as viceroys over the diftant provinces, 
 
 where
 
 INTRODUCTION. vii 
 
 where they would have raifed great contributions 
 from the natives, and obliged the European fettle- 
 ments to pay largely for their liberty of trade, and 
 the confirmation of thofe privileges, which they had 
 obtained of the former lords and governors of thofe 
 countries. But the conqueror only referved to him- 
 felf fome of the weflern provinces, and reftored all 
 the reit to the unhappy Mogul, whom he formally 
 reinftated in the throne of his anceftors. Nadir 
 Shah then returned to Perfia at the end of the 
 year 1739, with an immenfe treafure. Generous 
 to an avowed enemy, he was foon after mafTacred 
 by his pretended friends. The effects of his con- 
 queft were not felt till fomc years after in the fou- 
 thern provinces, and were then of a different kind 
 from what was at firft apprehended. The conlti- 
 tution of the Mogul empire began to lofe its vigor 
 immediately after the death of Aurengzebe, the 
 ableft monarch that ever reigned over Indoftan : 
 but fince the dreadful incurfion of the Perfians, it 
 has declined fo much, that Soubahdars have main- 
 tained thcmfelves in their governments againft the 
 will of the fovereign, and have appointed Nabobs 
 under them with as little regard to his authority. 
 Nabobs have alfo kept poffefiion of their go- 
 vernments, in oppofition both to the Soubahdar and 
 the Mogul : but what is more extraordinary, in the 
 offices of a defpotic ftate, both Soubahdars and 
 Nabobs have appointed their .fucceffors, who have 
 frequently fucceeded with as little oppofition, as if 
 they had been the heirs apparent of an hereditary 
 dominion. 
 
 THE Carnatic, or province of Arcot, is one of 
 the moft confiderable governments dependent on 
 the Soubahdar of the Deckan, and comprehends 
 the principal lettlements of the European?, Madrafs 
 and Pondicherry, as alfo the capital city called 
 Arcot. It was not before the beginning of the 
 B 4 prefent
 
 viii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 prefent century, that this province was entirely re 
 duced by the Moors : but its limits now are greatly 
 inferior to thofe which bounded the ancient Carna- 
 tic ; for the Nabobs of Arcot have never extended 
 their authority beyond the river Gondegama to the 
 north ; the great chain of mountains to the weft ; 
 and the borders of the kingdoms of Trichinopoli *, 
 Tanjore, and MaifTbre to the fouth ; the fea bounds 
 it to the eaft. 
 
 SUDET ALLEECAWN-|- was aregular andacknow- 
 kdged Nabob of the Carnatic, and governed that 
 province from the year 1710 to 1732, when he 
 died. As he had no ififue, he adopted the two ions 
 of his brother ; appointing the elder, Deuft Alice 
 Cawn J, to fucceed in the nabobrtiip j and confer- 
 ring the government of Velore on the younger, who 
 was named Boker Alice Cawn. He alfo directed 
 that Gulam HafTein, the nephew of his favorite 
 wife, mould be Duan, or prime minifter, to his 
 fuccefibr. The difpofitions he had made were ful- 
 filled without oppofition or difficulty : but the Sou- 
 bahdar, Nizam Al Muluck, beheld the fucceflion 
 of the new Nabob with averfion, fince it took effect 
 without that deference to his authority, which he 
 was determined to eftablifh throughout all the go- 
 vernments under his jurifdicTion. 
 
 DE u STALLEE CAWN married one of his daughters 
 to Chunda Saib, a man of no family nor riches; 
 but endowed by nature with talents, and a capacity, 
 that made ample amends for what fortune had de- 
 nied him. This lord gave his own daughter, by a 
 former wife, in marriage to Gulam Haflein, who 
 was incapable of adminiftring the office of Duan, 
 
 * Or Tritchanopoly ; fometimes called Trichenapaly. 
 t By fome called Sadatulla. J Or Daouft Aly Kan. 
 
 Sometimes called Chunda-Saheb, and Sander-Saheb. 
 
 which
 
 INTRODUCTION. ix 
 
 which was therefore conferred upon his father- 
 in-law. 
 
 THE kingdoms of Trichinopoli, Tanjore, Ma- 
 dura, Maifibre, and Marava were governed by 
 Gentoo princes, fubjefted to pay a yearly tribute to 
 the Mogul ; which was not punctually performed ; 
 and the new Nabob laid hold of this circumftance 
 to make war upon them, and obtain their domi- 
 nions for his own family. He aflembled a nu- 
 merous army, confiding of about thirty thoufand 
 horfe, with a proportionable number of foot, the 
 command of which he gave to his eldeft fon Sub- 
 der Alice * and Chunda Saib, who began their war- 
 like operations by advancing towards the territories 
 of Trichinopoli : but to prevent fufpicions, the 
 collection of the tribute was given out as the only 
 intention of the expedition, and the army was or- 
 dered to move leifurely down to the fea coaft, be- 
 fore they proceeded to the fouth. Accordingly, 
 they came to Madrafs, where they remained fome 
 days ; then marched to Pondicherry, and continu- 
 ed there a longer time. Here Chunda Saib laid the 
 firft foundation of his connexions with the French 
 government in that city, from whence he advanced 
 towards the capital of Trichinopoli, a large popu- 
 lous place, about thirty-five leagues fouth-weft of 
 Pondicherry. It was completely inverted by the 
 Moorifh army on the fixth of March 1736, and 
 taken by afiault the twenty-fixth of April following. 
 Subder Allee eftablimed Chunda Saib in the go- 
 vernment of Trichinopoli, where he afiumed the 
 title of Nabob. After making themfelves matters 
 of all the country, they invaded the kingdom of 
 Tanjore, and befieged the capital, where Sahagy 
 the king had fhut himfelf up with all the troops he 
 
 * Or Sabder Aly Cawn. 
 
 could
 
 x INTRODUCTION. 
 
 could aflfemble together. That place was well for- 
 tified in their manner j fo that the Moorifh princes 
 turned the fiege into a blockade, after having at- 
 tacked it in vain for fix months. 
 
 WHILE Chunda Saib commanded at the fiege, his 
 brother Bara Saib advanced towards the fouth with 
 a detachment of fifteen thoufand horfe, and made 
 himfelf mafter of Marava, Madura, and the coun- 
 try about cape Comorin. Then afcending along 
 the coaft of Malabar, he puflied his conquefts into 
 the province of Travancour. In thefe circum- 
 ilances, Chunda Saib put the French in pofieffion 
 of Karical; while Subder Alice returned to his fa- 
 ther at Arcot, who appointed Meer-Affud to fuc- 
 ceed Chunda Saib in the office of Duan, and the 
 latter refolved to fecure his new conquered dominU 
 ens as an independent government for himfelf. 
 
 THE Gentoo princes were greatly alarmed at 
 thefe conquefts, and difpatched meflengers to Maha 
 Raja the king of the Morattoes *, reprefenting to 
 him, that if they were not fpeedily affifted, their 
 religion muft be fubverted, as well as their domi- 
 nions deftroyed, by the Mahometans. The chief 
 minifters of that prince, moft of whom were Bra- 
 mins, perfuaded him it was an indifpenfible article 
 of his duty to comply with their requeft ; and he 
 at laft determined to fend them an army of fixty 
 thoufand horfe, and a hundred and fifty thoufand 
 foot, under the command of his eldeft fon Ragogi 
 Boufola f Sena Saib Soula, who began his march, 
 with thefe numerous forces in October 1739. 
 
 IF it be matter of aftonifhment, that fuch num- 
 bers of fighting men are frequently brought into the 
 field, how will it appear, when it is added to the 
 
 * Or Marattas ; fometimes called Marattes, and Morattaes. 
 f Or Ragojee Bonfala., 
 
 account,
 
 INTRODUCTION. xi 
 
 account, that every horfeman has two fervants ; 
 one to take care of his horfe, the other to procure 
 him forage -, and that all thefe are accompanied by 
 their wives and children ! 
 
 THE Viceroy Nizam Al Muluck was obliged 
 to keep his arms turned towards Delli, which pre- 
 vented him from marching into the Carnatic ; fo 
 that he permitted the Morattoes to attack the Nabob, 
 which they were eager to do, with the defire of 
 pillaging a country, that had been long enriched by 
 the gold and filver which mod nations in the world 
 had carried there for the purchafe of Indian com- 
 modities. The Morattoes were now confidered as 
 the mod enterprifing foldiers of Indoftan, and as the 
 only nation of Indians, which feem to make war 
 an occupation by choice i for the Rajpouts are fol- 
 diers by birth. Of late years they had frequently 
 been at the gates of Delli j fometimes in arms a- 
 gainft the throne ; at others, in defence of it againft 
 the Affghans or Patans. The ftrength of their ar- 
 mies confifts in their numerous cavalry, which is 
 more capable of refilling fatigue than any in India, 
 and large bodies of them have been known to 
 march fifty miles in a day. They avoid general 
 engagements, and feem to have no other idea in 
 making war, but that of doing as much mifchief 
 as pofTible to the enemy's country , which they ef- 
 fect by driving off the cattle, deftroying the har- 
 vefts, burning the villages, and by exercifing fuch 
 cruelties, as induce the people of the open country 
 to take flight on the firft rumors of their approach. 
 The celerity of their motions prevents any method 
 of refiftance againft their main body, or even of 
 effectually attacking any of their detachments : 
 therefore, the expence of maintaining an army in 
 the field, with little probability of fighting fuch an 
 enemy, and the greater detriment arifing from the 
 devaluations they commit, generally incline the go- 
 vernments
 
 adi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vernments they attack to purchafe their retreat with 
 money *. 
 
 BEFORE the Carnatic was conquered by the 
 Great Mogul, the Morattoes were in poffeffion of 
 feveral forts and territories in the country, which 
 the Moors obliged them to abandon ; with a ftipu- 
 lation that they fhould annually receive a portion 
 of the revenues, as a recompence for the pofleffions 
 which they relinquifhed, and as an encouragement 
 to refrain from their ufual predatory incurfions into 
 the province. The Nabobs of Arcot had many 
 years neglected to pay this kind of tribute, and the 
 Morattoes had defifted from their accuftomed me- 
 thod of obtaining reparation, from their great fear 
 of Nizam Al Muluck : but this reftraint was now- 
 removed, by the encouragement which they receiv- 
 ed from him to invade the Carnatic. 
 
 THE Morattoe army approached the Carnatic in 
 May 1740, pillaging and ravaging all the country 
 through which they pafled. The Nabob marched 
 from Arcot with what troops he could affemble, 
 which were only four thoufand horfe and fix thoufand 
 foot, to defend the pafles of Damal-cherri, until 
 he could receive frem fuccours from his fon Sub- 
 der Allee and Chunda Saib : but he was betrayed by 
 one of his Indian officers, who fuffered the Morat- 
 toes to pafs the ftation whore he commanded. The 
 confequence was, that the Nabob was furioufly at- 
 tacked in the rear of his fmall army, which was 
 not guarded by intrenchments. His men refolute- 
 ly defended themfelves, until they faw him, and 
 his fon Haflan Allee, fall dead from their elephants. 
 The rout was then general ; mod of the Nabob's 
 
 * For a more particular account of the Morattoes ; their 
 difpofition ; the nature of their troops j their arms, perfons, 
 and urefc, fee my firil volume. 
 
 officers
 
 INTRODUCTION. xiii 
 
 Officers were flain; and Meer-Afiud was taken 
 prilbner. This happened on the 2Oth of May* 
 when the ground was extremely wet by the rains 
 which fell the night before, fo that many fugitives 
 were trod under foot by the elephants, which funk 
 down to the middle of the leg in mud. It is faid, 
 that never was a fight more mocking to humanity 
 than what this battle prefented, of horfes, camels, and 
 elephants, wounded and furious, mingled and over- 
 whelmed, together with officers and foldiers, fending 
 forth hideous cries, making vain efforts to efcape 
 from the floughs full of blood wherein they were 
 plunged, and itifling and cruming to pieces thofe 
 wounded foldiers who wanted ftrength to rife. The 
 conquerors plundered the camp, carried off the mi- 
 litary cheft, and took the ftandard of Mahomer, 
 as alfo that of the Mogul, above forty elephants, 
 and a great number of horfes. The body of Deuft 
 Allee Cawn was found among the dead ; but that 
 of his fon could not be diftinguilhed. 
 
 THE Morauoes fent detachments to plunder and 
 levy contributions into every part of the province ; 
 while Subder Allee fled to Velore, and Chunda Saib 
 returned to Trichinopoli. The Morattoes wrote from 
 Arcot to the governor of Madrafs, that they had large 
 demands on the company, which they would fettle at 
 leifure : but in the mean time, they demanded 
 three hundred thoufand pagodas in part towards the 
 pay of their army. As this letter was only fent by 
 two horfemen, it was not difficult for the governor 
 to return an anfwer : but he would not have found 
 it fo eafy, in the circumftances the place then was, 
 to avoid parting with a capital fum, if they had fup- 
 ported their demand, by marching onepait of their 
 army againftthe town ; and that they neglecled ir, 
 was owing to other caufes, more than any opinion 
 that his power was fufficient to refill them. 
 
 THE
 
 3rtv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE fortifications of Pondicherry were at this 
 time in fuch reputation, among a people who had 
 never before feen any thing equal to them, that the 
 late Nabob and his children had fent their families 
 and treafures to remain there during the war ; 
 while the opulent inhabitants of Arcot removed all 
 their valuable effects into the ftrong holds with 
 which the province abounds. The Morattoe ge- 
 neral alfo threatened to attack Pondicherry with all 
 his forces, unlefs he had immediate fatisfa&ion 
 made by the payment of confiderable fums. He far- 
 ther demanded a yearly tribute to be paid, and the 
 family and treafure of the Nabob to be delivered 
 up to him. Several letters paffed between him and 
 M. Dumas, the French governor, who mewed, by 
 his anfwers to the Morattoe, that he was not to be 
 terrified at his menaces. 
 
 THE Morattoes, thus difappointed, readily lif- 
 tened to the propofals of their prifoner Meer Afiud, 
 who was impowered by Subder Alice to treat with 
 them i and it was agreed, they fhould be paid, at 
 different periods, ten millions of rupees, equal to 
 one year's revenue o'f the province, on condition 
 that they quitted it immediately. This was made 
 public ; but another article was kept fecret, where- 
 by the Morattoes had liberty to attack Chunda 
 Saib, and feize his dominions for themfelves. As 
 foon as the treaty was ratified, Subder Allee af- 
 fumed the title and authority of Nabob; while 
 Chunda Saib put Trichinopoli in the beft pofture of 
 defence, as apprehenfive of what had been tranf- 
 adted againft him. 
 
 THE Morattoes accordingly quitted the province, 
 and returned in December ; invaded the country of 
 Trichinopoli, inverted the capital, cut off all fup- 
 plies, and obliged Chunda Saib to furrender the 
 place, on the 26th of March 1741, after he had 
 bravely defended it three months. The Morattoes 
 
 put
 
 INTRODUCTI ON. xv 
 
 pt him, with his fon, and their principal officers, 
 under the ftricteft confinement ; and having drained 
 Trichinopoli, they appointed Morarow *, one of 
 their generals, viceroy of the kingdom, leaving 
 fourteen thoufand of their troops under his com- 
 mand. During the fiege, the Morattoe general 
 fent a detachment of eight thoufand horfe, and a 
 ftrong body of foot, to the fea coaft, who attacked 
 Porto Novo, about fix leagues to the fouth of Pon- 
 dicherry, and eafily made themfelves mailers of an 
 open indefenfible place, which they plundered, and 
 carried off all the merchandizes found in the ma- 
 gazines of the Englifh, French, and Dutch. The 
 lame detachment marched from Porto Novo to 
 Goudelour, an Englifh fettlement four leagues 
 fouth of Pondicherry, which they pillaged. After 
 this, they encamped at Archiouac, a league and 
 half from Pondicherry , from whence they march- 
 ed to attack Congymer and Ladras, two eftablifh- 
 ments belonging to the Dutch, whofe magazines 
 they entirely plundered. 
 
 SUBDER ALLEE was thus confirmed Nabob by the 
 Morattoes, and Chunda Saib w?.s removed from 
 exciting inteftine commotions: but the refentment 
 of Nizam Al Muluck ftill remained to be appeafed. 
 The late calamities fo much affected the new Na- 
 bob, that he removed his court from the open and 
 defencelefs city of Arcot, and took up his refidencc 
 at Velore, which was well fortified, and had a ftrong 
 citadel formerly built by the Morattoes. With 
 the fame fpirit of precaution he fent his wives and 
 children with his treafures to Madrafs , becaufe he 
 fufpected the connections which fubfifted between 
 Chunda Saib and M. Dupleix, the governor of 
 Pondicherry. The Nabob made feveral vifns from 
 Velore to his family at Madrafs ; and thefe journies 
 
 * Of Morari-row. 
 
 were
 
 xvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 were reported to Nizam Al Muluck, as proofs of 
 his intention to proceed from thence by fea to 
 Mecca, to fpend the remainder of his days in acts 
 of devotion at the tomb of Mahomet. 
 
 MORTIZ ALLEE, who had married the Nabob's 
 fifter, was now governor of Velore, and was un- 
 willing to pay his contingent for the Morattoes ; in 
 which he was joined by other governors, who repre- 
 fented to him, that the Soubahdar would be pleafed 
 with any violent meafures that might be taken by 
 the officers of the Carnatic, againit a Nabob who 
 paid little deference to his authority. A confpiracy 
 was formed, and Subder Alice was aflaflinated by 
 fome Abyflinian (laves ; after which Mortiz Alice 
 influenced the army to proclaim him Nabob ; but 
 they as foon dethroned him, and Seid Mahomed 
 Cawn, the young fon of Subder Alice, was declared 
 lawful fuccefibr to the government of the Carnatic. 
 
 THE Soubahdar Nizam Al Muluck had no dan- 
 ger to apprehend from the court of Delli, and 
 marched in the fpring from Golconda to Arcot, at 
 the head of his army, which was compofed of 
 eighty thoufand horfe, and two hundred thoufand 
 foot. Such a force could meet with no refiftance : 
 he fettled the government at Arcot, which he con- 
 ferr?d on Coja Abdullah Cawn, and took the young 
 prince whom he had depofed under his own care. He 
 alfo expelled the Morattoes from Trichinopoli ; and 
 returned to Golconda, where he was attended by 
 the new Nabob, who was poifoned on the road, 
 and was fucceeded in his government by Anaverdy 
 Cawn *, through the favor of Nizam Al Muluck. 
 
 THE new Nabob arrived at Arcot in April , and 
 the introduction of this ftranger into the Carnatic 
 was the fource of thofe events, which gave rife to 
 the war in India between the Englifli and French. 
 
 * Or An'war-adean Khan. . 
 
 SECTION
 
 ( xvii ) 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 Account of ANAVERDY CAWN : be is confirmed in tbe 
 government of the CARNATIC : The War between 
 GREAT BRITAIN and FRANCE in 1744: /'/ ex- 
 tends to their fcttlements in the EAST INDIES. 
 Commodore BAR NET fent there with a fquadron 
 from England in i 745 : his capture offome French 
 foips in the Indian/^zj ; and his arrival at Madrafs. 
 M. DE LA BouRDONNAisTft?/ with a French/7rf- 
 dronto reinforce Pondicherry. Commodore Barnec 
 dies in 1746, and is fuccteded in the command by 
 Captain PEYTON. An engagement between the two 
 fquadrons 0/f Negapatnam. Thejlate 0/ Madrafs 
 under governor MORSE : it is befieged by the French 
 army and fquadron from Pondicherry, under the 
 command of M. de la Bourdonnais. The Jlrengtb 
 cf the Befiegers, and the Befieged : the town capi- 
 tulates and furrenders. The French Governor of 
 Pondicherry revokes the treaty ef ranfom : the 
 Englifh Governor and Council are fent prifoners 
 of war to Pondicherry: and M. DE PARADIS is 
 appointed governor of Madrafs. Amount of the 
 French booty there \ and of the Englifti lofs. Com- 
 modore de la Bourdonnais reinforced by jome Jhips 
 of war from France : bis fquadron dejlroytd by a 
 florm. He quits the French fervice ; is taken in a 
 Dutch Jhip-, and brought prifoner to England, in 
 1747 : his removal to France, confinement in the 
 Baftile, and honorable difcharge. 
 
 ANAVERDY CAWN was the fon of Anawar, who 
 was made by the Great Mogul Aureng- 
 zebe, on account of his great erudition and know- 
 ledge of the Koran, one or thcfe religious officers ap- 
 pointed to offer up daily prayers for the health and 
 profperity of the fovereign i who allb ennobled him 
 C with
 
 xviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 with the rank as a commander of 250 horfe. He 
 retired to Gopee-mahoo, and there finifhed his 
 days. His fon Anaverdy was raifed to a higher 
 degree of nobility, by being ranked a commander 
 of 500 horfe, and was appointed governor of a 
 diftricl: called Coorah Gehanabad, from whence he 
 went to Amedabad, where Gazi O'din Cawn, the 
 Soubahdar of the fouthern provinces, gave him an 
 honorable poft in the city of Surat ; and when Nizam 
 Al Muluck fucceeded his father Gazi O'din in the 
 Deckan, he appointed Anaverdy Cawn Nabob of 
 theYalowand Raja-mundrum countries, which he 
 governed feveral years, till he was promoted to the 
 government of the Carnatic on the death of Coja 
 Abdullah Cawn. 
 
 BEFORE this time, the Carnatic had been govern- 
 ed by three fuccefiive Nabobs of the fame family, 
 who confidered that government as a kind of in- 
 heritance, which they ruled with all the good ef- 
 fects of a mild and generous adminiftration , fo 
 that their fubjects beheld with regret the transfer- 
 ing of the government into the hands of any 
 Itranger, and were defirous of having for their 
 Nabob the depofed fon of Subder Alice Cawn. 
 The Soubahdar committed the care of the young 
 prince to the new Nabob, with the authority of a 
 guardian, till he came of age, when it was pre- 
 tended he mould be inverted with the power of 
 Nabob , and he was treated by his guardian in a 
 fplendor adequate to his birth : but he was foon 
 afiaffinated in his palace at Arcot by a defperate 
 band of difcontented Patans, whofe cruelty was 
 imputed to be the refult of a confederacy between 
 the regent Nabob and the governor of Veloor, both 
 of whom disavowed the fact. Anaverdy Cawn 
 proved his innocence to Nizam Al Muluck, who 
 fent him a full and regular commifiion of the na- 
 
 bobfhip
 
 INTRODUCTION. xix 
 
 bobfhip of Arcot, foon after the death of Seid Ma- 
 homed. 
 
 WAR had been declared between Great Britain 
 and France in March 1 744 ; but neither party took 
 any public notice of the fituation of affairs in the 
 Eaft Indies : however, the French India company, 
 in 1742, offered the Englifh a neutrality for the 
 Eaft Indies, which was imprudently rejected -, and 
 the war was carried into thefe remote regions, where 
 the Nabobs were foon made fenfible, it was their 
 intereft to lupply one party or other with their mer- 
 cenary troops. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY on the declaration of the French 
 war, the Englifh Eaft India company perceived the 
 necefllty of fending a fquadron to India > becaufe 
 it might effectually prevent the French from in- 
 juring the Britifli commerce there, and would pro- 
 bably ruin the French company. This was the 
 more neceflary to be done, as the Englifli com- 
 pany had not only fuffered by their competition with 
 the French in trade ; but alfo by the great encou- 
 ragement which had been given the French, to 
 fmuggle their India goods into the Britifli domi- 
 nions. In point of intereft, indeed, the Dutch 
 were more concerned to ruin the French com- 
 merce, in thofe parts, than the crown of Great 
 Britain : but as the Dutch had not declared war a- 
 gainft France, nothing of that kind was to be ex- 
 pected from them , while Great Britain was lefr, 
 in this bufmefs, to attend the concerns of Holland 
 equally with her own ; and, by attacking the 
 French in the Indian feas, ferve both interefts, at 
 her own expence. 
 
 THE affairs of the French company were in a 
 better condition than ever in India ; which occa- 
 fioned apprehenfions that the Britim. commerce 
 would be greatly incommoded. This promoted an 
 application from the Englifh company to the lords 
 
 C 2 Of
 
 xx INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of the admiralty, for a fquadron to be fent for the 
 protection of their trade and fettlements, and to 
 annoy thofe of the French in India. Accordingly, 
 a fquadron was appointed for the fervice, under 
 the command of commodore Barnet, confilling of 
 four (hips*, with which he let fail from Portf- 
 mouth on the 5th of May. This fquadron did not 
 proceed immediately to the Englifh fettlements in 
 India : but palled beyond them, and cruized in two 
 divifions in the Straits of Sunda and Malacca, with 
 a defign to interrupt the French company (hips, 
 then expeded to be on their return to Europe, 
 without any convoy. The commodore and lord 
 Northefk difguifed their mips, by painting and 
 rigging them in the Dutch manner, and in this 
 condition arrived in the Straits of Banca, where they 
 continued at anchor, till the 2 5th of January 1745, 
 when they faw three large French (hips coming 
 down, which they attacked and took, after a fmart 
 engagement of about three glafles. The French 
 fhips belonged to the company, and were laden 
 from Canton to Europe : the one was called the 
 Dauphin, commanded by captain Butler j another 
 was the Hercules, commanded by captain Dufrein ; 
 and the third was the Jafon, commanded by captain 
 Delametrie : they were about- 700 ton, with 30 
 guns, and 150 men, each; very deeply and richly 
 laden, chiefly with tea, china-ware, and filk ; with 
 which the, commodore proceeded to Batavia, where 
 
 This fquadron was as follows : 
 
 Ships. Commanders. Men. Guns. 
 
 Deptford, Commodore Barnet, 400 60 
 
 Medway, Captain Peyton, 400 60 
 
 Prefton, Lord Northeflc, 300 50 
 
 Diamond, Captain Moore, 120 20 
 
 Total 1220 190 
 the
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxi 
 
 the whole fquadron was to rendezvous, and from 
 thence fall down to the coaft of Coromandel. The 
 two other men of war, were alfo difguifed like 
 Dutchmen, and took a French privateer at Achen 
 in Sumatra, which was fitted out from Fondicherry 
 to cruize in the China feas. They alfo took a 
 French fhip from Manilla, richly laden j and then 
 joined the commodore atBatavia, from whence the 
 whole fquadron fee fail, and appeared on the coaft 
 of Coromandel in the month of July ; at which 
 time the garrifon of Pondicherry confilted of no 
 more than 436 Europeans, its fortifications were 
 not completed, and no French marine force had 
 appeared in India fince the declaration of war. 
 
 M. DUPLEIX now prefided at Pondicherry, the 
 government of which had been refigned to him by 
 M. Dumas in October 1 741, together with the title 
 and privilege of Nabob, which had been confer- 
 red on the late governor by the reigning Mogul, 
 whereby he was made Manfoubdar, with the com- 
 mand of 4500 Mogul cavalry, being the firft 
 honor of that kind ever conferred upon any Eu- 
 ropean in Indoftan. M. Dupleix was not bred a 
 foldier, and the appearance of the Britifh fquadron 
 alarmed him, for the fafety of Pondicherry. He 
 therefore prevailed on Anaverdy Cawn to infift 
 with the Englifh government of Madrafs, that the 
 mips of war mould not commit any hoftilities by 
 land againlt the French pofleffions in the territories 
 of Arcot: but the Nabob alfo affured the Englifh, 
 that he would oblige the French toobferve the fame 
 neutrality. This made fo much impreflion upon 
 the government of Madrafs, that they requefted 
 and prevailed on commodore Barnet to confine the 
 operations of his fquadron to the fea. 
 
 THE French were not only intent on defeating 
 
 the expedition of commodore Barnec i but had even 
 
 C 3 put
 
 xxii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 put into execution a fcheme for expelling the Eng- 
 lifh company from all their fettlements on the 
 coafts of Coromandel. M. Mahe de la Bourdon- 
 nais, the governor of the ifles of France and Bour- 
 bon, two fettlements belonging to the French in 
 the Indian ocean, about thirty-four leagues to the 
 eaftward of Madagafcar, was fent, in 1739, with 
 a fquadron of large ihips and 1500 men, to rein- 
 force Pondicherry, which arrived there in 1741. 
 As the Englifh had refufed the neutrality offered 
 by the French, the latter came to the refolution of 
 giving a vigorous exertion to their force in India : 
 and accordingly, on the nth of April 1745, the 
 French monarch granted M. de la Bourdonnais a 
 commifiion, whereby it was ordered, "That all 
 captains and officers of the India company's fhips, 
 ihould acknowledge him for their commander, and 
 to obey him as fuch ; whether he fhould go on board 
 any of thofe fhips, or might judge proper to fend 
 them on any particular expedition." This com- 
 miflion was received at Pondicherry, on the 6th of 
 January following, by M. de la Bourdonnais, who 
 was, like the Du Quenes, the Baits, and the Du 
 Gue-Trouins, a man qualified for doing great 
 things with a fmall force ; and one who under- 
 flood commerce as well as fighting. He inftantly 
 applied his whole attention how to diftrefs the 
 Engiifh company ; and, as the moft effectual way, 
 determined to attempt the reduction of Madrafs, 
 with its fubordinate fettlements, rather than lofe his 
 time in uncertain cruizes, by endeavouring to in- 
 tercept the fhips belonging to the Englifh com- 
 pany. 
 
 COMMODORE Barnet died at Fort St. David's in 
 April, 1 746, and was fucceeded in the command by 
 captain Peyton, who fent home two mips, and was 
 reinforced by three other men of war from Eng- 
 land,
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxiii 
 his fquadron confided of feven fliips * 
 
 M. de la Bourdonnais had alfo a fquadron confift- 
 ing of eight fliips, the largeft of which belonged to 
 the king, and the other feven were fitted out by 
 the company as men of war f. 
 
 THE two fquadrons met on the 25th of June, 
 and came to an engagement off Negapatnam. The 
 French had much the fuperiority in number pf 
 men ; but the Englifh had greatly the advantage 
 in weight of metal, by which the fortune of battle 
 is now generally decided at fea : the Englifh alfo 
 failed better than the French, and were worked 
 with greater (kill. The action began at half an 
 hour paft four in the afternoon, and continued till 
 feven, when it grew dark, and occafioned the ie- 
 paration of both the fquadrons, with little lofs on 
 either fide. J Commodore Peyton made fail for 
 
 * Thefe were as 
 
 follows : 
 
 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Commanders. 
 
 Men 
 
 Guns. 
 
 Medway, 
 
 Commodore Peyton, 
 
 400 
 
 60 
 
 Prefton, 
 
 Lord Northefe, 
 
 300 
 
 * 
 
 Harwich, 
 
 Captain Carteret, 
 
 300 
 
 5 
 
 Winchefter, 
 
 Lord Thomas Bertie, 
 
 300 
 
 S 
 
 Medway's Prize, 
 
 Captain Griffith, 
 
 240 
 
 40 
 
 Lively, 
 
 Captain Stevens, 
 
 120 
 
 20 
 
 
 Total 
 
 J660 
 
 270 
 
 t Thefe were : 
 
 
 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Guns. 
 
 
 Men. 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 7OO 
 
 Due d'Orleans, 
 
 - - - - r6 - 
 
 
 /*~HJ 
 A on 
 
 
 r6 
 
 _ _ 
 
 ^.U<J 
 
 400 
 
 
 
 TVT 
 
 
 - 
 
 400 
 
 
 - - 54 ' 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 St T mm 
 
 54 
 
 
 * 
 
 T vs 
 
 44 
 
 . . 
 
 - 3<> 
 
 j_.ys, 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 250 
 
 
 
 
 398 
 
 
 32CO 
 
 t The Englifh had 
 
 14 men killed, and 46 
 
 wounded.' The 
 
 French had 27 killed, 
 
 and 53 wounded. 
 
 C 4 
 
 
 Trin-
 
 xxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Trincanomaly bay in the ifland of Ceylon ; and the 
 French commodore returned to Pondicherry : the 
 former afterwards difappeared, and failed for the 
 bay of Bengal ; while the latter made preparations 
 for befieging Madrafs. 
 
 THE Englim called on the Nabob Anaverdy 
 Cawn to fulfil his promife of reftraining the French 
 from committing hoftilities againft them by land : 
 but they omitted to employ the moft certain means 
 of obtaining his protection, by negledting to ac- 
 company their application for his afiiftance with a 
 prefent of money j which imprudent parfimony 
 left the Nabob unconcerned about their interefts. 
 
 NICHOLAS MORS t , Efq; was at this time governor 
 of Madrafs, which had been raifed to a degree of 
 opulence and reputation, that rendered it inferior 
 to none of the European eftablimments in India, ex- 
 cepting Goa and Batavia : but the place had been 
 in a bad ftate of defence for fome years, and ftill 
 continued To, notwithftanding commodore Barnet 
 had apprized the company, and particularly their 
 fecret committee, of the infecurity of their fettle - 
 rnent, by a letter, dated on board the Deptford in 
 Madrafs road, on the 24th of September 1745, 
 wherein that experienced and judicious commander 
 reprefented, " That he muft fpeak his furprize, to 
 find a place of fuch confequence as this was to the 
 company, in foch a condition : the works feemed 
 rather built by chance than defign -, the baftions 
 were placed contrary to all rules, and the curtain 
 was no better than a long unfianked garden-wall ; 
 and the garrifon was fo weak, that, if he was go- 
 vernor, he mould never fleep found in a French 
 war, if there were 500 Europeans in Pondicherry : 
 that he had feen, and confidered the plan of the 
 works propofed ; thought it a very good one ; and, 
 when it was completed, the town would be fuffi- 
 ciently fortified on that fide : but then, that fome- 
 
 thing
 
 INTRODUCTION. xxt 
 
 thing muft be done towards the fea, where there 
 were embrafures for form, not ufe, there being 
 no rampart to mount guns upon : that the diftance 
 between the baftions was very great, and there was 
 again a long weak wall without flank or defence ; 
 fo that two fixty gun {hips would, in two hours 
 time, make an entire breach from baftion to baf- 
 tion." Governor Morfe, as the company had fo 
 long neglected to fend a fkilful engineer, did all 
 that lay in his power for the fecurity of the place, 
 and fent for the beft he could get from Bombay in 
 1 745 : but had the fortifications been in the beft 
 order, they would have been of little ufe, without 
 a fufficient number of men to defend them ; and 
 this was theprefent cafe. 
 
 M. DE LA BOURDONNAIS was well acquainted 
 with the fituation of Madrafs, the nature of the 
 works, and the ftrength of the garrifon ; fo that he 
 neglecled nothing that could contribute to make 
 his advantage of any defects in the fortifications of 
 the place. On the 3d of September, the French 
 fquadron anchored four leagues to the fouth of Ma- 
 drafs, having on board the troops, artillery, and 
 flores intended for thefiege. Here fome of the troops 
 were landed, and marched to St. Thome, about 
 three miles to the fouthward of Madrafs : there 
 they fecured the landing of another part of their 
 men on the 4th, without any interruption from the 
 garrifon, which was incapable of fending a de- 
 tachment fufScient to make any material oppofi- 
 tion. The town was immediately inverted on the 
 Jand fide, where the French made their grand camp 
 at Chindadre Pettah ; while the fquadron prevent- 
 ed any relief by fea. 
 
 THE French army confided of noo Europe- 
 ans, 400 CafFres, and 400 fepoys, difciplined in 
 the European manner. On board the fquadron 
 there remained 1800 European mariners-, and this 
 
 force
 
 xxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 force was too formidable to be refitted. Long be- 
 fore the war with France, the Englifh company 
 had promifed to augment the gafriibn of Madrafs 
 to 600 Europeans, exclufive of the gun-room 
 crew ; yet the recruits were fo few, that when the 
 French inverted it, the whole garrifon confided 
 only of 300 Europeans, twenty-three of which 
 were Portugueze deferters from Goa, thirty-four 
 were in the hofpital, and there were fuch numbers 
 incapable of fervice, that all the effective Europe- 
 ans to be depended upon did not exceed 200 : to 
 which may be added, the crew of the princefs 
 Mary, being eighty men ; and about 200 TopafTes, 
 a black, degenerate, wretched race of the ancient 
 Portugueze, and little to be depended upon, as 
 there was not one in ten pofiefied of any of the ne- 
 ceflary requifites for a foidier. The principal of- 
 ficer among the garrifon was one Peter Eckman, 
 an ignorant fuperannuated Swede, who had been a 
 common foidier, and now bore the rank of a firft 
 lieutenant : he was afllfted by two other lieutenants, 
 and feven enfigns. To all which may be farther ad- 
 ded, that though the garrifon had near 200 pieces of 
 cannon, yet they wanted men that were capable of 
 playing them ; befides that, the want of military 
 (lores was equal to the paucity of military men. 
 
 MOST of the Afiatics immediately deferted the 
 place, and flew up into the country with their moil 
 valuable effects. The Nabob fent no afliftance to 
 the garrifon , for fuch was his avaricious temper, 
 that it could not refill the powerful policy of 
 French corruption, as he preferred the gold of 
 France before the ties of honour, and the fecurity 
 of that fettlemenr, which it was his own intereft to 
 prefervc. 
 
 THE French began to bombard the town on the 
 7th of September, which they continued till the 
 loth, when William Monfon, Efq-, and John 
 
 Rally-
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxvii 
 
 Hallyburton, Efq; were fent, as deputies, from 
 the governor to the French camp, to fee what 
 terms would be granted, and if it was pofllble to 
 procure the ranfom of the town. The deputies 
 were honorably treated by M. de la Bourdonnais, 
 who entered into a confultation with them, and of- 
 fered them the following conditions : " That the 
 town fhould be delivered up, and all the Englifh 
 remain prifoners of war : that the articles of capi- 
 tulation being fettled, thofe of the ranfom mould 
 be regulated amicably : that the garrifon fhould 
 be conducted to Fort St. David; and the failors 
 fent to Cuddalore." 
 
 As the inftru&ions of M. de la Bourdonnais 
 were, not to make any new fettlement, he had in 
 his power only this alternative, either to dellroy 
 fuch as he mould become mafter of, or treat for a 
 ranfom. The latter was more adapted to his 
 interefl : but, as he had only agreed it mould be 
 regulated in a friendly manner, the Englifh depu- 
 ties demanded of him a farther explanation j when 
 he made them this anfwer : " Gentlemen, I do not 
 fell honor : the flag of my king (hall fly over Ma- 
 drafs, or I will die at the foot of the walls. In re- 
 gard to the ranfom of the town, and in every thing 
 that is interefting, you mall be fatisned with me ; 
 (and, taking the hat of one of the deputies, he faid) 
 here is nearly the manner how we will regulate 
 matters : this hat is worth fix rupees, you (hall give 
 me three or four for it, and fo of the reft." 
 
 THESE articles were accepted and figned, upon 
 which the French took pofieffion of the town. The 
 magazines, warehoufes, and other places, were de- 
 livered over to the French officers and commifTa- 
 riesj and the Englifh foldiers and failors were car- 
 ried on board the French mips in the road j while 
 the governor and council fettled the price of the 
 ranfom with the French commodore at 1,100,000 
 
 pagodas,
 
 xxviii INTRODUCTION, 
 
 pagodas, or 421,666!. fterling ; befides a very va- 
 luable private prefent to the commodore, who was 
 willing to evacuate his conqueft upon thefe terms, 
 and leave the Englifh in full pofleffion of their pre- 
 fidency. 
 
 THERE was not a man killed in the French 
 camp during the fiege ; and only five Englimmen 
 were killed in the town by the explofion of the 
 bombs, which deftroyed three houfes. 
 
 THE fame day that Madrafs furrendered, a mcf- 
 fenger from the Nabob Anaverdy Cawn arrived at 
 Pondicherry, and delivered to M. Dnpleix a letter, 
 in which the Nabob exprefled great furprize at the 
 prefumption of the French in attacking Madrafs 
 without his permiflion, and threatened to fend his 
 army there if the fiege was not immediately raifed. 
 But M. Dupleix fent directions to his agent at Ar- 
 cot to pacify the Nabob, by promifing, that the 
 town mould be given up to him ; and by reprefent- 
 ing, that the Englifh would certainly be willing to 
 pay him a large fum of money for the reftitution of 
 fo valuable a pofiefiion. 
 
 THE French government at Pondicherry at firft 
 ratified the treaty of ranfom : but, on the 2Oth of 
 September, they declared it null and void j fo that 
 commodore De la Bourdonnais was obliged to re- 
 voke the terms of the ranfom, and leave Madrafs 
 under the government of M. de Paradis, a Swifs, 
 who was the favorite of M. Dupleix. The confe- 
 quence was, that the Britim governor and council, 
 on the 1 3th of November, were carried prifoners to 
 Pondicherry j while the reft of the Englifli inhabi- 
 tants were ordered to quit Madrafs ; upon which 
 they difperfed ro different places, and left' the 
 French in pofiefiion of all their effects. 
 
 THE promife of a ranfom was the principal in- 
 ducement that prevailed on governor Morfe to 
 make fo fpeedy a furrender ; and if the French had 
 
 not
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxix 
 
 not perfidioufly broke their engagement, the price 
 of the ranfom would have been a very favorable 
 circumftance to the Englifh company : for the 
 French obtained a booty of filver, woollen goods, 
 velvets, copper, iron, lead, and ftores for ufe and 
 fale, to the value of 73,000!. fterling ; in plate, 
 furniture, mint neceffaries, and other fmall articles, 
 12,000! ; 1600 bales of calicoes, 7000 bags of falt- 
 petre, and 800 landies of red wood, valued at 
 72,800!. prime coft -, in all, 157,800!. They allo 
 took the princefs Mary Indiaman , with two fnows, 
 called the Mermaid and Advice, employed in the 
 company's fervice : to this might be added a much 
 more confiderable fum, from the deprivation of fb 
 important a branch of commerce, and the lofs of 
 revenues j befides the expence of the public build- 
 ings, which coll upwards of 1 60,000! ; and which 
 the French intended to demolilh, if they had not 
 received frefh inftrufhons, in ccnfequence of the 
 Englifti having taken Cape Breton. That circum- 
 ftance cauied the French to alter their meafures, 
 with the view of exchanging one place for the 
 other : but though the Englifh afterwards, in pur- 
 fuance of the general treaty of peace, left Cape 
 Breton in a better condition than when it was taken-, 
 yet the French acled very differently at Madrafs, 
 where they deftroyed the fortifications, and prin- 
 cipal buildings, before they delivered it up. 
 
 COMMODORE de la Bourdonnais aimed at no- 
 thing lefs than the total extirpation o'f every Englifli 
 fettlement on the coaft of Coromandel, which he 
 was in a better condition of attempting, by the ar- 
 rival of three men of war * from France at Pondi- 
 
 ' Ships. Guns. 
 
 Centaur, - 74. - - 
 
 Mars, - - 56 - - 
 
 Brilliant, - - 50 - 
 
 Total 180 1520 
 
 cherry,
 
 xxx INTRODUCTION. 
 
 cherry, on the 2;th of September, with 1520 men 
 on board. 
 
 BUT in this he was prevented by a ftorm which 
 happened on the zd of October in the night, and 
 blew fo violently hard, as to render the greateit 
 part of the French fquadron, then riding in the 
 harbor of Madrafs, incapable of fervice. The Due 
 d'Orleans, Phoenix, and Lys, were foundered : as 
 alfo were the Advice and Mermaid prizes : the 
 Achilles loft all her mafts , and the other mips had 
 the greateft difficulty in difengaging themfelves 
 from the fury of the tempeft, in which 1 200 of 
 their men perifhed, with fixty of the Englifh garri - 
 fon of Madrafs, who were on board the Due 
 d'Orleans. About twenty other vefiels, belonging 
 to different nations, were either drove on more, or 
 perimed at fea : but the mips which were at anchor 
 in the road of Pondicherry felt no effect of the 
 itorm that raged at Madrafs. It is obferved, that 
 the violence of thefe hurricanes is generally confin- 
 ed to fixty or eighty miles in breadth , though in 
 their progrefs they frequently blow quite acrofs the 
 bay of Bengal. 
 
 THIS event was favorable to the Englim,~becaufe 
 the French were preparing for the reduction of 
 Fort St. David ; which this ftorm prevented. 
 
 THE French commodore left M. de Paradis in 
 pofieflion of Madrafs ; and then failed to Pondi- 
 cherry, from whence he took the difabled mips to 
 refit at the ifle of Bourbon, where he arrived in 
 December. He foon after left that ifland, which, 
 from a foreft, he had rendered a flourilhing colo- 
 ny, and the arfenal of all the military expeditions in 
 India that might be undertaken by the French. 
 The mifunderftanding between him and the coun- 
 cil of Pondicherry deprived France of the fruit of 
 his labor. He quitted the French fervice, and 
 went with the principal part of the plunder of Ma- 
 drafs
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxxi 
 
 drafs to Batavia, where he converted moft of it 
 into jewels, and embarked himfelf with two of his 
 officers, and fome of his trcafure, in a Dutch (hip, 
 for Holland ; which (hip was taken by an Knglilh 
 privateer, and carried into Falmouth in December 
 1747. Two other Dutch mips from Batavia, with 
 Madrafs goods on board, and two French officers, 
 were alfo taken by another privateer, and carried 
 into Milford. But the commodore's lady, with moft 
 of the jewels, arrived in a Portugueze (hip at Lifbon. 
 The commodore was confined fome days in Pen- 
 dennis cattle, from whence he was conducted to 
 London in the cuftody of two mefiengers. He was 
 treated with the utmoft politenefs, and afterwards 
 fent to France, where the friends of M. Dupleix had 
 influence enough to get him confined to the Baftile, 
 three years and a half, on account of a pretended debt 
 of a million of livres to the Indiacompany. Thus, this 
 gallant man, whofe name ought to be for ever dear 
 to the French nation, was treated at Paris like a 
 criminal : but at length the commiffaries appoint- 
 ed by the king, with an unanimous voice, pro- 
 nounced him innocent. France gave him another 
 title ; (he called him her Avenger. The decree by 
 which he was acquitted, met with as loud acclama- 
 tions at Paris, as the taking of the French prizes 
 had done at London. The commiflaries only re- 
 ftored him to his liberty -, but the nation in rap- 
 tures gave him his reward ; and if he had furvived 
 the fubfequent ill fuccefies of his country at fea, his 
 abilities would probably have raifed him to the 
 higheft commands in the navy of France. 
 
 SECTION
 
 ( Xxxii ) 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 Tbejlrength of the French at PONDICHERRY ; 
 
 is attacked by the NABOB^ troops, who are repul* 
 fed. Account of Fort St. DAVID, which is put in- 
 to a defenjible fttuaiion by governor HYND. It is 
 bejieged by the French army from Pondicherry, 
 commanded by M. BURY, in December 1746. The 
 ftrength of the befiegers and the befieged : the 
 Nabob fends troops to ajfift the Englifh ; and the 
 French are repulfed, with great lofs. The Britifh 
 fquadron reinforced by the arrival of commodore 
 GRIFFIN, at Fort St. David, in 1747. The 
 ftrength of his 'fquadron ; and of the Fort. The 
 
 ftrength of the French fquadron at Pondicherry. 
 The Britifh commodore burns the Neptune, a 
 French Jhip of war, in Madrafs road : and the 
 French governor of Madrais takes the Princefs 
 Amelia Indiaman. The French improve the forti- 
 fications at Pondicherry and Madrafs. Major 
 
 LAWRENCE returns from England to Fort St. 
 David in January 1748-, affumes the command of 
 all the forces in India belonging to the company ; 
 
 and puts the Fort into a good ft ate of defence. 
 
 The French fquadron, under M. Bo u VET, arrives 
 with troops at Madrafs, and returns to Mauritius. 
 Admiral BOSCAWEN arrives from England, 
 with his fquadrcn and troops, at Fort St. David, 
 in July 1 748 : the lift of his (hips, and the number 
 of his troops. The fiege of Pondicherry. The 
 ftrength of the town. Attack of Fort Ariancopang : 
 Major GOODERE killed, and Major LAWRENCE ta- 
 ken prifoner : the Fort deftroyed by the French, and 
 repaired by the Englifli. The fiege began : a f ally 
 made, in which M. Paradis is wounded. Thefage 
 raifed. Lofs on both fides. Rejoicings at Pondi- 
 cherry on raifing the fiege. Advice arrives of a , 
 
 cfjfation
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxxiii 
 
 Cefiation of arms in Europe ; and of a GENERAL 
 
 PEACE. A ftorm deftroys a great fart of the 
 
 Britifh fquadron on the coaft of Coromandel. 
 Madrafs delivered to the Englifli in a ruinous con- 
 dition. Admiral Bofcawen takes poffejfion of it j 
 and alfo of St. Thome, which he fortifies. He 
 ajjifts Major Lawrence in his attack upon Devi- 
 Cotah, which the king of Tanjore cedes to the 
 Englifti for ever.** The Admiral returns to Eng- 
 land. The recommencement of commotions in the 
 
 CARNATIC. 
 
 THE Nabob of Arcot was ordered by the 
 viceroy Nizam Al Muluck to reinftate the 
 Englifli in their prefidency of Madrafs ; in which at- 
 tempt he was unfuccefsful ; becaufe the French were 
 too powerful to be intimidated by any Afiatic force. 
 The ftorm to which the French fquadron had been 
 expofed, ruined the marine force of that nation in 
 India, and preferved the Englifli eftablifliments from 
 imminent danger : yet this difafter gave fuch an 
 addition of ftrength to the French eftablifliments in 
 the Carnatic, that the events which afterwards hap- 
 pened on the coaft of Coromandel, feem to have 
 been the confequence of that augmentation of 
 troops, which Pondicherry acquired after the French 
 fquadron was reduced to the incapacity of attemp- 
 ting any farther expeditions. M. de la Bourdon- 
 nais had left behind him 1200 difciplined men ; 
 450 more were Unded out of the three (hips which 
 came laft from India , and about 900 failors were 
 taken out of the (hips that remained on the coaft. 
 By this addition, the whole body of the French 
 troops, on the coaft of Coromandel, amounted to 
 near 3000 men. 
 
 THE Nabob Anaverdy Cawn fufpec~led that M. 
 Dupleix had no intention to put him in pofleffion 
 of Madrafs, and fent a body of ten thoufand men, 
 
 VOL. II. D under
 
 xxxiv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 under the command of his eldeft fon Maphuzc 
 Cawn, to inveft the town : but, on the 22dof Octo- 
 her 1746, a body of 400 men, with two field pieces, 
 marched out of the town, to attack the befiegers, 
 who had never feen fuch artillery employed againft 
 them , and had no conception, that it was poflible 
 to fire the fame piece of cannon five or fix times 
 in a minute with execution j for, in the aukward 
 management of their own clumfy artillery, they 
 think it well done if they fire once in a quarter of 
 an hour. The French detachment concealed their 
 two field pieces behind their line, until the enemy's 
 cavalry approached near enough to feel the full 
 effect of them, which immediately put their whole 
 body into confufion, and occafioned a precipitate 
 flight. The French killed about feventy Moors 
 in the attack, and returned into the town without 
 lofing a man. Maphuze Cawn then took poflefiion 
 of SL Thome, from whence he was eafily expelled, 
 with confiderable lols, and obliged to feek for fafety 
 in Arcot. 
 
 IT was more than a century fince any of the Eu- 
 ropean nations had obtained a decifive advantage in 
 war againft the officers of the Great Mogul. The 
 experience of former unfuccefsful enterprizes had 
 perfuaded the Europeans that the Moors were brave 
 and formidable ; but that opinion was now remov- 
 ed, when it was found, that the French under M. 
 Paradis had defeated a whole army with a fingle 
 battalion. 
 
 THE reduction of Madrafs gave the Englifh at 
 Fort St. David, Bombay, and Bengal, an oppor- 
 tunity of putting themfelves in a more defenfible fi- 
 tuation; which governor Hynd very diligently ob- 
 ferved at Fort St. David, by ftrengthening the for- 
 tifications, and taking a confiderable number of the 
 Indian militia into his pay. The government of 
 this place depended on that of Madrafs, to which 
 
 it
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxxv 
 
 k was immediately the next in rank : but on the 
 breach of the treaty of ranfom, the company's 
 agents at Fort St. David, regarding thofe of Ma- 
 drafs as prifoners to the French, took upon them- 
 felves the general adminiliration of affairs on the 
 coaft of Coromandel. They began by applying to 
 the Nabob of Arcot for his afliftance againft the 
 French, which was readily granted, and another 
 army fent for that purpofe under the command of 
 Maphuze Cawn, and his brother Mahomed Allee 
 Cawn. 
 
 THE troops deftined to attack Fort St. David 
 afiembled at Ariancopang, about two miles fouth- 
 weft of Pondicherry. They confided of 1700 men, 
 chiefly Europeans, of which fifty were cavalry : 
 they had alfo two companies of Caffre- flaves, na- 
 tives of Madagafcar, and of the eaftern coaft of 
 Africa, difciplined and brought into India by M. 
 de la Bourdonnais : they had fix field pieces, and 
 fix mortars: the whole commanded by M. Bury, 
 the oldeft officer of the French troops in India. 
 They marched on the 8th of December at night, 
 and arrived the next morning at the river Panna, 
 which runs into the fea about a mile and half of 
 Fort St. David. The garrifon of that place, with 
 the addition of the officers and foldiers who had 
 efcaped from Madrafs, confided of no more than 
 200 Europeans, and 100 TopafTes, which were in- 
 tended to defend the fort ; while the defence of 
 Cuddalore was entrufted to 2000 hired Peons , for 
 at this time the Englifti had not adopted the idea 
 of training the Indian natives in the European clif- 
 cipline, though the French had fet the example, 
 by raifing fome companies of fepoys at Pondi- 
 cherry. 
 
 ABOUT a mile and naif to the north-weft of Fort 
 
 St. David was a country-houfe appointed for the refi- 
 
 dence of the governor, behind which was a large 
 
 D 2 garden
 
 xxxvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 garden inclofed with a brick wall; and before the 
 houfe, a court with buildings on each fide of it. 
 The French pafied the river at a ford about a 
 quarter of a mile from the garden, and advanced 
 to take pofTeflion of it j in which they met with 
 little refinance from the Peons, and then laid down 
 their arms to reft- themfelves after their fatigue. 
 While they were in this diforder, they were attacked 
 by Maphuze Cawn and Mahomed Alice with 6000 
 horfe and 3000 foot, which arrived the preceding 
 day on the plain of Chimondalum, four miles wett 
 of the fort. The French ran to their arms in con- 
 fufion, rufhed out of the garden into the plain, and 
 endeavoured to re-crofs the river before they could 
 be attacked : but the Nabob's troops came up with 
 them before they arrived there, and feveral times 
 advanced fwor.d in hand upon their main body, 
 which -were protected by their artillery. 1 he En- 
 glifh garrifon fallied out as foon as they perceived 
 the French retreating ; but did not come up in 
 time to affift in interrupting their paffage over the 
 river, which was not effected without confiderable 
 lofs. The Englifh and Moors advanced in purfuit 
 of the French; but could not overtake them, until 
 they had marched fix miles on the other fide of the 
 river ; by which time the troops were recovered 
 from their pannic, and were drawn up in fuch good 
 order, that it was not thought prudent to attack 
 them ; fo that they returned to Ariancopang at 
 fevcn in the evening, having been in motion almoft 
 twenty-four hours. They loft four of their beft 
 officers, and near 200 men killed and wounded ; 
 with all their tents, ammunition, fix camels, two 
 mortars, two chefts of arms, four drums, and all 
 their provifions. 
 
 M. Dupleix foon after made an unfuccefsful at- 
 tempt upon Cuddalore, and then ravaged fome 
 part of the province of Arcot ; which exafperated 
 
 the
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxxvii 
 
 the Nabob more than ever ; yet the French go- 
 vernor prevailed on the Nabob to recal his army 
 from Fort St. David, at a time when it had received 
 no fupplies either from Europe or the fetilements 
 in India. 
 
 THE French renewed their preparations in March 
 1747, for another attempt on Fort St. David; 
 in which they were alfo difappointed by the arrival 
 of commodore Griffin, with three fhips of fixty 
 guns, one of fifty, and another of forty, to reinforce 
 the Britifh fquadron, which then confifted of eleven 
 fliips*. The commodore landed 150 marines, and 
 500 iailors, at Fort St. David, as a temporary aug- 
 mentation of the garrifon ; which was farther rein- 
 forced in June, by 100 Europeans, 200 topafies, 
 and 100 fepoys, from Bombay* with 400 fepoy* 
 from Tellicherry ; and 150 foldiers came likewife 
 in the company's mips from Europe in the conrfe 
 of the year. The French fquadron was alfo rein- 
 forced, and confifted of eight (hips -f- ; which had 
 been refitted, but were never brought out to en- 
 counter commodore Griffin, though he blocked up 
 Pondicherry during all the month of Auguft ; and, 
 by his difpofitions, prevented them from receiving 
 any manner of fupplies for a confiderable time af 
 
 Thefe were as following : 
 
 Ships. Guns. Ships. Guns. 
 
 York 60 Winchefter - 50 
 
 Princefs Mary 60 Eltham - - - 40 
 
 Exeter - 60 Pearl - - - 40 
 
 Medway - - - 60 Medway's Prize 40 
 
 Harwich - - - 50 Lively - - - 20 
 
 Prefton - - 50 
 
 f Achilles - - - 74 Neptune - - 54 
 
 Centaur - - - 74 Brilliant 50 
 
 Bourbon - 56 Lacrime - - 50 
 
 Mary - - 56 St. Louis 44 
 
 D 3 terwards
 
 xxxviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 terwards : he alfo burnt the Neptune man of war 
 in Madrafs road, on the 2gd of September. The 
 French took the princefs Amelia, one of the mips 
 belonging to the company, who put in at Madrafs, 
 imagining it had been poffefTed by the Englilh ; for 
 the French kept the Britifh colours fiying at Fore 
 St. George, and this ftratagem had like to have de- 
 ceived more of the Englifli commanders in the fer- 
 vice of the India company. The Britannia efcaped 
 only through the mifconduct of the French : the 
 Exeter might have met with the fame fate as the A- 
 melia, had me not been forewarned of her danger by 
 a Britifh man of war, who happened to be cruizing 
 off the place, juft as me was coming to an anchor : 
 and the Oxford too was faved, by fortunately having 
 a perfon on board capable of difcourfing in the 
 country language* and by that means learnt of a 
 Catamaran, who was riming off the Fort, that the 
 place was in pofleffion of the French. 
 
 THE force under commodore Griffin was infuffi- 
 cient either to reduce Pondicherry, or recover Ma- 
 drafs ; becaufe the French had repaired the fortifi- 
 cations of the former, where they had mounted 180 
 pieces of heavy cannon, and erected fix additional 
 forts to flank their exterior works ; the magazine* 
 and arfenal were well provided ; and the garrifon, 
 with the military Indians, formed a body of near 
 5000 men. Madrafs was alfo put into a def en fible 
 fituation : and the miniftry of Delli, initead of af- 
 fifting the Englifh in the re-pofTeflion of their In- 
 dian prefidency, profefled a neutrality j nor could 
 the Nabob be farther induced to interfere in the 
 quarrel between the two nations ; which occafioned 
 the Britifh commodore to relinquifh all his expecta- 
 tions of retrieving the honor and character of his 
 ' country, till the arrival of a proper reinforcement, 
 which was fpeedily expected under rear admiral 
 
 Bofcawen,
 
 INTRODUCTION, xxxix 
 
 Bofcawen, when Pondicherry was to be threatened 
 with a fiege. 
 
 IN January 1748, major Lawrence arrived from 
 England at Fort St. David, with a commiflion to 
 command all the forces in India belonging to the 
 company , and he made all the neceflary prepara- 
 tions for the defence of Fort St. David and Cudda- 
 lore. The French attempted again to furprize the 
 latter: but the major gave them an unexpected recep- 
 tion, and obliged them to a precipitate retreat, with 
 the lofs of many men. While Mr. Griffin lay at an- 
 chor under the walls of Fort St. David, the French 
 iquadron, commanded by M. Bouvet, was difcover- 
 ed, on the 9th of June, off Negapatnam, by the 
 captain of the Lively man of war, who immediately 
 proceeded to Fort St. David, and gave intelligence 
 thereof to the commodore : but the French arrived 
 without interruption at Madrafs, where they land- 
 ed their men, money, and iiores ; after which, they 
 returned to Mauritius *. 
 
 As the French were thought to have the fupe- 
 riority of mips in the Eaft Indies, rear-admiral Bof- 
 cawen was ordered there in 1747, with a fquadron 
 of fix mips of the line j a frigate, (loop, bomb-fhip, 
 hofpital-fhip, and a tender ; having two thoufand 
 marines on board, to reinforce commodore Griffin, 
 and return the vifit of Madrafs, by an invafion at 
 Pondicherry. But this fquadron did not depart 
 from Portfmouth till the ift of November, when 
 the admiral fet fail with fifteen India mips under his 
 convoy. They arrived at Madeira on the i4th of 
 December, from whence they departed on the 2 6th, 
 and anchored at the Cape of Good Hope on the 
 
 * They landed 400 foldiers, with 200,000 1. in filver, which 
 had been fent from France to the iiland of Mauritius for the 
 fcrvice of Pondicherry, 
 
 D 4 28th
 
 xl INTRODUCTION. 
 
 28th of March 1748. They left the Cape on the 
 8th of May ; and, after making an unfuccefsful at- 
 tempt againft the French at the ifland of Mauritius, 
 400 miles eaft of Madagafcar, the whole fquadron 
 arrived at Fort St. David on the 2pth of July, when 
 admiral Bofcawen affumed the command, while com- 
 modore Griffin was preparing to return to England. 
 
 THIS junction of the two fquadrons formed the 
 greateft marine force belonging to any one Eu- 
 ropean nation that ever had been ieen together in 
 the Ealt Indies , for it confifted of nine mips of the 
 line, two frigates, a (loop, and two tenders -, be- 
 fides fourteen of the company's mips; having 
 3580 failors on board i fo that it was determined 
 immediately to undertake the fiege of Pondicherry, 
 for which purpofe the necefiary preparations had 
 been made at Fort St. David. The admiral landed 
 the troops, and formed a camp about a mile from 
 the fort, where he was reinforced by the marines on 
 board commodore Griffin's mips, and by the com- 
 pany's men under major Lawrence. 
 
 TWELVE independent companies of 100 men 
 each, 800 marines, and 80 artillery men, compofed 
 the regular troops in the king's fervice. The com- 
 pany's troops confifted of a battalion of 750 men, 
 of which 200 were Topafles, together with 70 ar- 
 tillery men. The Dutch, at Negapatnam, lent a 
 reinforcement of 120 Europeans. There were alfo 
 noo feamen on board the mips ready to be land- 
 ed, who had been taught the manual exercife at 
 fea. All thefe formed a body of 4120 Europeans: 
 to which were joined noo fepoys, paid by the 
 company; and 2000 horfe fent by the Nabob 
 Anaverdy Cawn, who frill changed fides as he 
 found the Englifh or French officers gained the ad- 
 vantage. The heavy cannon and cumbrous floras 
 were laden on board the mips under the command 
 of captain Lifle, who had orders to anchor, with 
 
 the
 
 INTRODUCTION. xli 
 
 the whole fquadron, two miles to the fouthvvard of 
 Pondicherry, and remain there till farther orders. 
 Captain Pawlet, of the Exeter, was fent before to 
 anchor off the town , and was followed by three 
 other mips, with directions to take the foundings all 
 about, and to cut off all communication, upon 
 that fide, from the French fquadron, which was 
 then cruizing in the ftreights of Malacca. 
 
 EVERY thing being prepared, the army began to 
 march, on the 8th of Auguft, towards Pondicherry, 
 from which they were at the diftance of about twenty 
 four miles. They continued their march on the 
 9th and loth, without any appearance of an ene- 
 my : but, on the nth, the French made a mew 
 of about 300 foot and fome horfe, at an entrench- 
 ment they had thrown up, about four miles from 
 the town, which they abandoned at the approach of 
 the army. 
 
 THE garrifon of Pondicherry confided of 2000 
 Europeans, and 3000 Indians. Governor Dnpleix, 
 with the afliftance of M. Paradis, had creeled feve- 
 ral additional fortifications about the town, put the 
 fort of Ariancopang in a defenfible fituation, and 
 apprehended no danger from a fiege, of which 
 they had intelligence long before the arrival of ad- 
 miral Bofcawen on the coaft. 
 
 THE company's agents at Fort St. David had 
 gained very little intelligence neceffary to dire<5b the 
 admiral in his operations ^ and when the army ap- 
 proached the Fort of Ariancopang, there was no 
 perfon who could give a defcription of the place. 
 However, the admiral was informed, by a deferter, 
 that the garrifon confided only of too men, white 
 and blacks -, therefore it was refolved, to make an 
 attempt with the grenadiers and piquets, confiding 
 of 700 men, under the command of major Goodere, 
 to gain a lodgment in the village contiguous to it, 
 and to raife a bomb battery there. The engineers 
 
 were
 
 xlii INTRODUCTION. 
 were ordered to reconnoitre it, and reported that 
 the body of the place was of little ftrength ; but 
 that ihe enemy had thrown up an entrenchment 
 in front, which muft be firft ftormed, and the fort 
 might eafiiy be taken aftewards. 
 
 ACCORDINGLY, on the mh, early in the morn- 
 ing, this detachment, accompanied by a body of 
 Moors, marched up to the village, when they dif- 
 covered that this fuppofed entrenchment was only a 
 heap of ruins, and that at a few yards behind it lay 
 the fort, not with fuch {lender defences as had been 
 reported, but fortified with a cavalier at each of 
 the angles, a deep dry ditch, and a covered way. 
 Thefe works rendered it impoffible to take the place 
 by a coup de main, efpecially as the Moors were 
 afraid to advance with the intrenching tools, while 
 the French flanked the detachment from two bat- 
 teries they had ratfed on the other fide of the river, 
 whereby about 150 men were killed or wounded. 
 Among the (lain was major Goodere, the com- 
 manding officer of the artillery, who was wounded 
 in the leg by a cannon ball ; which was the mod 
 fenfible lofs they could have fuftained, as he was a 
 very able and experienced officer, on whofe fkill 
 the admiral principally relied for conducting the 
 capital fiege. However, it was determined to re- 
 duce the fort, and the French were refolved to 
 defend it. The difciplined failors, with eight pieces 
 of battering cannon, were landed from the mips : 
 and the garrifon in the fort were increafed to 460 
 men. A battery was opened, on the i8th, with 
 great fuccefs againfl the fort : but the garrifon 
 made a bold lally, and took major Lawrence pri- 
 foner, who commanded in the entrenchments, and 
 was deferted by his men. Soon after one of the 
 French batteries blew up, and deftroyed about 120 
 men ; upon which the befiegers immediately got 
 fome royals into the village, and began to bombard 
 
 the
 
 INTRODUCTION. xliii 
 
 the fort, which was alfo blown up by the garrifon, 
 who retreated to Pondicherry, and the befiegers 
 took pofieffion of Ariancopang, where they remain- 
 ed five days in repairing the fort, in which a garri- 
 fon was placed. The army then crofted the river, 
 and got poffefiion of a ftrong pod in the bound- 
 hedge of Pondicherry, about a mile from the walls. 
 This poft being to the north-weft of the town, the 
 admiral ordered the mips down to the northward 
 of it ; where he opened a communication that way 
 on the 28th, and began to break ground before the 
 place on the 3Oth at night, about 1 500 yards from 
 the walls, which was at too great a diftance ; for 
 it is the general practice in fieges, to make the firft 
 parallel within 800 yards of the covered way. 
 
 BEFORE morning, two trenches were flung up 
 at the diftance of 100 yards from each other; and 
 about noon a body of 500 Europeans, with 700 
 lepoys, fallied from the town *, but were repulfed by 
 the advanced guard of 100 men, with confiderable 
 lofs, having about a hundred men killed and 
 wounded, and among the latter was M. Paradis, 
 the principal commander. The Englifh loft captain 
 Brown, who defended the fecond trench, till he was 
 mortally wounded j after which, his poft was gal- 
 lantly fuftained by enfign CLIVE, who afterwards 
 made a glorious figure in India. 
 
 THE befieging batteries were not completed till 
 the 25th of September, when they began to play, 
 confiding of one of eight guns, and one of four 
 guns , with one bomb battery of five large mortars 
 and fifteen royals, befides another of fifteen cohorns. 
 The French were alfo very active and induftrious 
 on their part; having raifed three fafcir.e batteries 
 to play upon the trenches of the befiegers j befides, 
 they formed an inundation in the front of their 
 works, fo as to render it impoflible to carry them 
 on any farther. 
 
 THE
 
 xliv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE bomb-ketch could do no execution againft 
 the citadel , nor could the battering (hips approach 
 within 1000 yards of the town, and point blank 
 fhot is lefs than half that diftance. Only two per- 
 fons were killed on board the fleet, one of whom 
 was captain Adams, commander of the Harwich, 
 a fifty gun mip, whofe thigh was taken off by a 
 cannon ball. The French afierted, that the fire 
 from the (hips had done no other execution than 
 that of killing a poor old Malabar woman in the 
 flreet. 
 
 THE fire from the batteries continued three days 
 longer, during which, that from the town increaf- 
 ed, and difmounted nine pieces of cannon. The 
 befiegers were (topped in their approaches by the 
 inundation, and their men were not able to carry 
 on the fiege. The fuperiority of the French bat- 
 teries made it impracticable to make a breach in 
 the curtain : therefore, the admiral affembled a 
 council of war, on the 3oth, where the ftate of af- 
 fairs being taken into confideration, and it appear- 
 ing, that the flrength of the army was greatly re- 
 duced, and daily lefTening by ficknefs, occafioned 
 by their fatigue -, that the mips of war could be of 
 no fervice againft the town, having cannonaded a 
 whole day without apparent effect ; that the mon- 
 foons and rainy feafon were daily expected, which 
 would not only oblige them to raife the fiege with 
 the lofs of the artillery and ftores, but render the 
 rivers impaflable, deftroy the roads, and cut off the 
 retreat of the army to Fort St. David ; befides the 
 rifk of the fhips being driven off the coafts : for 
 thefe reafons it was unanimoufly refolved, " to em- 
 bark the ftores and cannon, and raife the fiege." 
 
 FIVE days were employed in (hipping the cannon 
 and heavy ftores, deftroying the batteries, and re- 
 imbarking the failors: On the 6th of October, in 
 
 the
 
 INTRODUCTION. xlv 
 
 the morning, the troops began to march on their 
 return to Fort St. David; but halted at Arianco- 
 pang, and blew up the Fort. They arrived the 
 next evening at Fort St. David, unmolefted by the 
 French. 
 
 THUS terminated this expedition, with the lofs of 
 757 foldiers, 43 artillery men, and 265 Teamen, in 
 all 1065 Europeans, to the befiegers. The French 
 loft about half that number during the fiege ; 
 though they denied their lofs was fo great. 
 
 WHILE a particular war was thus carried on in 
 Afia, a general peace was concluded in Europe, 
 which was definitively figned at Aix-la-Chapelle, 
 on the 7th of October, by the Britifh, French, and 
 Dutch plenipotentiaries, whereby it was agreed, 
 <c That there fhould be achriftian, univerfal, and 
 perpetual peace, as well by fea as land ; and a fin- 
 cere and inviolable friendmip preferved between 
 the high contrading powers, their heirs, fuccefibrs, 
 kingdoms, dates, provinces, countries, fubjefts, 
 and vaflals, of what rank and condition foever they 
 might be, without any exception either of places 
 or perfons. That there mould be a general oblivion 
 of whatever was paft during the war : and that 
 each party mould be put into the pofiefilon of all 
 his effects, honors, and revenues, which they either 
 actually enjoyed, or ought to have enjoyed, at the 
 commencement of the war ; notwithftanding all 
 difpofals, feizures, or confifcations, occafioned by 
 the war. That all prifoners and hoftages mould 
 be reftored without ranfom. And that all the con- 
 quefts that had been made fince the commencement 
 of the war in the Haft Indies, or any other part of 
 the world, mould be reftored." 
 
 THE French at Pondicherry fung Te Deunru as 
 foon as the fiege was raifed, and gave as many de- 
 monftrations of joy, as if the place had been reliev- 
 ed from the greateft calamities of war. M. Du- 
 
 pleix
 
 xlvi INTRODUCTION. 
 
 pleix fent letters to all the princes of Coromandel, 
 and even to the Great Mogul himfelf, acquainting 
 them, that he had repulfed the mod formidable at- 
 tack that ever had been made in India. In return, 
 he received from them the higheft compliments on 
 his own prowefs, and on the military character of 
 his nation, which was now regarded as greatly fu- 
 perior to that of the Englifti throughout Indoflan. 
 
 ADMIRAL Bofcawen lent fome of his mips to 
 Achin, and others to Trinconomaly, to avoid the 
 ftormy monfoon , but he remained himfelf with the 
 land forces at Fort St. David. In November ad- 
 vices were received, that a ceffation of arms be- 
 tween Great Britain and France had been proclaim- 
 ed on the 5th of May : however, the admiral was 
 inftructed to remain in India, until he mould re- 
 ceive intelligence that the general peace was con- 
 cluded. 
 
 IN the beginning of January 1749, the Britifh 
 fquadron returned to Fort St. David; and M. Bouvet 
 came again from Mauritius to Madrafs, with the 
 fame (hips that had eluded commodore Griffin. 
 The French commander landed a large fum of mo- 
 ney, and 200 foldiers. 
 
 THE northern monfoon changed on the i3th of 
 April, and the fouthern fet in with a hurricane, 
 which committed great ravages at fea, very fatal to 
 the Englilh fquadron. The Namur, of 74 guns, in 
 which admiral Bofcawn hoifted his flag, perimed, 
 with 700 men : the Pembroke, of 60 guns, was 
 wrecked, and only fix of the crew faved : the A- 
 pollo hofpital-mip was loft with all her crew : and 
 two of the company's mips were ftranded between 
 Fort St. David and Cuddalore. Fortunately the 
 adntiral was on fhore, and moft of the other (hips 
 were either at Trincanomaly, or in parts of the 
 coaft, to which the greateft violence of the hurricane 
 did not extend. 
 
 THB
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE fword was fheathed, and it depended on 
 the agents of the two companies to re-afiume their 
 mercantile occupations in tranquility ; for, by the 
 fifth article of the definitive treaty of peace, which 
 was figned on the feventh of October 1 748, it was 
 agreed, " That all the conquefts made fince the 
 commencement of the war, or which fince the con- 
 clufion of the preliminaries figned the i9th of Aprif, 
 might have been, or were made, either in Europe, 
 or the Eait or Weft Indies, or in any other part of 
 the world whatfoever, mould be reftored without 
 exception, in conformity to what was ftinulated bj 
 the preliminary articles, and by the declarations 
 that had been fince figned." His Britannic Majefty 
 fent two noblemen to Paris, to remain there as 
 hoftages for the reftitution of Cape Breton, which. 
 was furrcndered to the French on the 23d of July, 
 in a better condition than when they left it : but as 
 for Madrafs, the French had no hoftages in Eng- 
 land, which left this feat of the Britifh prefidency 
 in the Eaft Indies entirely at their mercy, and af- 
 forded a remarkable inftance of the generofity of 
 the French, who left fort St. George in a defolate 
 and ruinous condition. Admiral Bofcawen failed 
 thither to take pofTefilon of the town, which was 
 evacuated in Auguft, and reftored to the Englifh. 
 The French had utterly deftroyed that part of the 
 Black Town, which lay within three hundred yards 
 from the White, where the buildings belonging to 
 the moft opulent Indian and Armenian merchants 
 ftood : with the ruins they had formed an excellent 
 glacis, which covered the north fide of the White 
 Town -, and they had alfo flung up another to the 
 fouth fide. 
 
 ADMIRAL Bofcawen took pofieflion of St. Thome, 
 to prevent the French from fettling there ; and a 
 fmall redoubt was railed at the mouth of the river, 
 capable of containing thirty men. He alfo affifted 
 
 the
 
 xlviii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the company in obtaining a fettlement from the 
 king of Tanjore at Devi Cotah *, which was at- 
 tacked by a ftrong body of troops under the com- 
 mand of major Lawrence, who carried the fort by 
 ftorm, and afterwards took pofieffipn of the pagoda 
 of Acheveram. The king of Tanjore made propo- 
 fals of accommodation, and agreed that the fort of 
 Devi-Cotah, with fome land adjoining to it, fhould 
 be ceded to the Englifti Eaft India company for 
 ever : but this compliance did not proceed fo much 
 from his dread of the Englifh arms, as from his 
 fenfe of the danger with which his kingdom was 
 threatened, in confequence of events that happened 
 in the Carnatic, and ftruck with confternation the 
 whole coaft of Coromandel. 
 
 ADMIRAL Bofcawen declared, he would remain 
 in India, if the prefidency requefted him not to de- 
 part at that critical conjuncture : but they fuffered 
 him to return with the fleet and troops to England, 
 while the French were making new commotions in 
 the Carnatic : fo that, on the 2ift of October, the 
 fleet failed from Fort St. David, leaving 300 men 
 behind, to reinforce the garrifon. 
 
 * Or Devi-Cottah, between Fort St. David and Tranqu* 
 bar. In fome maps it is called Tiru-kottey. 
 
 A VOYAGE
 
 VOYAGE 
 
 T O T H E 
 
 EAST- INDIES. 
 
 *#*##*##***#####*#**##* 
 BOOK VI. 
 
 Rife of the WAR / INDIA between the 
 ENGLISH and FRENCH in 1754. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 General remarks. M. DUPLEIX releafes CHUNDA 
 SAIB /rcw /?w imprifonment among the MORAT- 
 TOES, in 1748. 'The Great Mogul, MAHOMED 
 SHAH, is murdered, andfucceededbybisfonHAMET 
 SHAH The death of NIZAM AL MULUCK. He 
 is fucceeded by his fon NAZIRZING, who is oppofed 
 by his nephew MUZAPHERZING. Nazirzing con- 
 firms ANAVERDY CAWN in the government of the 
 CARNATIC , ^ChundaSaib unites with Muza- 
 pherzing : they are joined by the FRENCH under 
 M. D'AUTEUIL; andoppojedby Anaverdy Cawn, 
 who is defeated and Jlain^ at the battle of AMOUR, 
 in 1749. The viftors take the city of ARCOT; 
 VOL. II. E and
 
 50 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 ani Muzapherzing appoints Chunda Saib the 
 Nabob of that province. They are a/ifled by the 
 French, commanded by M. LAW; and invade 
 TANJORE , which they evacuate in 1750, retreat 
 to PONDICHERRV, and are reinforced by 2000 
 French under M. d'Auteuil. Nazirzing marches 
 into the Carnatic, and appoints MAHOMED ALLEE 
 CAWN the Nabob of Arcot and Trichinopoli. 
 He is joined by the ENGLISH troops commanded by 
 major L.AWRENCE : they engage the enemy , and 
 Muzapherzing fur renders bimfelf prifoner. 
 
 ^ H E late war had brought to Pondi- 
 ft* cherry and Fort St. David a number of 
 troops, greatly fuperior to any which 
 either of the two nations had aflembled 
 in India before : and the two fettlements, when no 
 longer authorized to fight againft each other, took 
 the refolution of employing their arms in the con- 
 tefts between the princes of the country. 
 
 AT this time, the Englifh and French companies 
 were in polTeflion of their refpective prefidencies and 
 factories, as well on the coalts of Malabar and Co- 
 romandel, as alfo on that of Orixa and in Bengal. 
 They attempted, from 1749 to 1754, to oppofe 
 each other only as auxiliaries to the Indian princes. 
 A truce was then agreed upon between both na- 
 tions ; after which they recommenced hoftilities, 
 when war was declared between Great Britain and 
 France in 1756, and continued them till the general 
 peace was concluded in 1763. This war was glo- 
 rioufly conducted by the Englilh forces in India, of 
 which the following is an authentic account. 
 
 CHUNDA SAIB, who was made prifoner by the 
 Morattoes, when they took the city of Trichino- 
 poli in 1741, was efteemed by them a prize of fo 
 much importance, that they not only kept him 
 under the ftricteft confinement, but rejected all the 
 
 offers
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 51 
 
 offers he had made for his ranfom, as much infe- 
 rior to what they imagined his wealth enabled him 
 to pay. He remained in that confinement about 
 fix years, during which time he correfponded with 
 his friends in different provinces, and fuggefted to 
 them the means of inducing the Morattoes to fee 
 him at liberty for a moderate fum. 
 
 THE chiefs of the Carnatic were (till attached to 
 the former fucceffion of Nabobs, and were unwil- 
 ling to pay obedience to Anaverdy Cawn. After 
 the aflaflination of the young Seid Mahomed, they 
 fixed their attention on Chunda Saib for their go- 
 vernor j but this teftimony of their deference for 
 fome time, only ferved to rivet his fetters more 
 ftrongly ; for the Morattoes increafed their de- 
 mands, in proportion as they found the character 
 of their prifoner rifing in importance. 
 
 THE manufactures of India proper for European 
 markets were advanced much in price, and greatly 
 declined in goodnefs, which was principally attri- 
 buted ro a long fucceflion of importations of filver. 
 Thefe difadvantages convinced M. Dupleix, that 
 the trade of Indoftan was no longer worth the at- 
 tention of France : but as he difcovered the unmi- 
 litary character of the natives, and the perpetual 
 diflentions of their governors, he conceived, that 
 by joining fome of thefe competitors, he might 
 gain by conqueft more advantages than any other 
 European nation had derived from trade : therefore 
 he determined to profecute this plan, by giving af- 
 filtance to Chunda Saib, whofe family he had treated 
 at Pondicherry with all imaginable refpect, and held 
 a conftant correfpondence with him in his imprifon- 
 ment, till he obtained his releafe, by guaranteeing' 
 the engagement to the Morattoes, who were at laft 
 fatisfied with 700,000 rupees, and confented to fur- 
 nifh him with 3000 of their own troops. 
 
 E 2 WITH
 
 52 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 WITH this force, Chunda Saib left Sattarah in 
 the beginning of the year 1748, intending to pufti 
 his fortune wherever the opportunity prefented, 
 until he fhould acquire treafure and force fufficient 
 to attack the province of Arcot. He affifted the 
 Rajah of Chitterdourg againft the Raja of Bedrour, 
 and foon after faw himfelf at the head of 6oco 
 men : but this force being ftill inefficient to attempt 
 the conqueft of the Carnatic, he four.d refources in 
 the confequence of other events, which had lately 
 happened at Belli, and in the government of the 
 Soubahdarfhip of the fouthern provinces. 
 
 THE Great Mogul, Mahomed Shah, continued 
 to govern the empire in fo feeble a manner, that 
 the principal officers acted in their feveral depart- 
 ments without controul, and became a terror to 
 their fovereign. In March 1748, the Patans ad- 
 vanced towards Delli with a numerous army j and 
 the Mogul fent an army againft them, commanded 
 by his Ton Harriet Shah *, during whofe abfence, 
 the vizir, with feveral omrahs, took poffeffion of 
 the palace, and murdered the emperor. His fon 
 returned victorious over the Patans, and affected to 
 abdicate his right to the throne, until he had got 
 the principal confpirators into his power, whom he 
 put to death, and afcended the throne with all the 
 appearance of a foldier and a monarch. He ap- 
 pointed Ghazi Odin Cawn -{-, the eldeft fon of 
 Nizam A\ Mulack, captain-general of all his forces ; 
 though he fufpected that Soubahdar, as the principal 
 fource of the enormities practifed by the omrahs at 
 Delli. However, he was foon delivered from the 
 terror of fuch apprehenfions, by the death of Nizam 
 Al Muluck, which happened the fame year. It 
 was reported, that the Soubahdar poifoned himfelf 
 
 * Or Shaw Ahmed. f Or Gauzedy Khan. 
 
 through
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 53 
 
 through fear of the Mogul's refentment : but he 
 was 104 years of age at the time of his death. 
 
 THE Soubahdar left five fons ; the eldeft com- 
 manded at Delli, and refufed the viceroyaky of the 
 Deckan, which was conferred on his next brother 
 Nazirzing *, who feized his father's treafures, and 
 kept pofleflion of the fovereignty: in which he 
 was oppofed by his nephew Eradmoodin Cawn -f, 
 the foa of his fitter, who was the favorite daughter 
 of Nizam Al Muluck ; upon whofe death a report 
 prevailed, that he had appointed this grandfon his 
 heir and fucceffor. As a feudatory to the Mogul 
 empire, Nizam Al Mnluck had no right to be- 
 queath even his treafures, much lefs his fovereignty: 
 but it was then many years that the fundamental 
 regulations of the empire had been infringed with 
 impunity by the Soubahdars. 
 
 BOTH of the contending princes aflrrted their 
 right of government, under the appointment of 
 the Mogul ; and Eradmoodin Cawn afTumed the 
 title of Muzapherzing J, by which he was after- 
 wards known, and pretended that he was thus dig- 
 nified by the emperor. But the wealth which Na- 
 zirzing had poffefled, enabled him to keep his fa- 
 ther's army in pay ; nor could Muzapherzing op- 
 pofe him with any probability of fucceis ; therefore 
 he kept an army of 25,000 men in the countries 
 weft of Golconda, in expectation of fome favora- 
 ble event to attack his uncle, and difpute his right, 
 in a more formidable manner. 
 
 NAZIRZIXG confirmed Anaverdy Cawn in the 
 government of the Carnatic -, and Chunda Saib 
 united with Muzapherzing to fupplant both the 
 
 * Or Nazir-jing ; which fignifies victorious in war. 
 f Or Hydayet\V!ohy Odin. 
 
 t Or Murzafa-jing, which implies, " the invincible." He 
 is alfo called Muzepner'-jing. 
 
 E 3 viceroy
 
 54 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 viceroy and the Nabob , in which they fucceeded 
 by the afliftance of M. Dupleix, to whom Chunda 
 Saib promifed to make a ceffion of the town of 
 Vilanure*, in the neighbourhood of Pondicherry, 
 with its dependencies, confifting of forty-five vil- 
 lages. This may account for the conduct of the 
 French ; who, after obtaining fo many favors from 
 the court, for protecting the lawful governor of 
 Arcot in 1741, mould now fly in its face, and fup- 
 port a rebel. , 
 
 CHUNDA SAIB prevailed on Muzapherzing to 
 attack the Carnatic firft, which would furnifh fuch 
 refources both of men and money, as might enable 
 him to return and attack Nazirzing with equal 
 force. They were determined to conquer, or pe- 
 rifh in the attempt ; for the young prince was na- 
 turally brave, and looked upon Chunda Saib as his 
 protector, whofe military reputation rendered him 
 of great confequence , and M. Dupleix readily 
 came into the triumphirate, as nothing could be 
 more conformable to his views, than fuch an oppor- 
 tunity of aggrandizing at once his own reputation, 
 and the interefts of his nation in India. 
 
 WHEN the army commanded by Muzapher- 
 zing approached the confines of the Carnatic, the 
 French governor ordered 400 Europeans and 2000 
 fepoys, with a train of artillery, to march and join 
 them, under the command of M. d'Auteuil, ac- 
 companied by Raja Saib, the fon of Chunda Saib, 
 who had refided at Pondicherry during the whole 
 time of his father's imprifonment. But M. Dupleix 
 acted in open violence to the fundamental laws of the 
 country, in rebelling againil the Nabob Anaverdy 
 Cawn, the legal governor of the province, holding 
 his authority from Nazirzing, the governor gene- 
 
 Vilcnoor, or Villanore. 
 
 ral
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 55 
 
 ral of the Deckan, the reprefentative of the Great 
 Mogul. 
 
 ANAVERDY CAWN regulated his army, which, 
 like thofe of mod Indian princes in times of peace, 
 was compofed of an undiiciplined multitude. He 
 inliited none but the bed men and horfes, of which 
 he formed a well appointed army, confiding of 
 1 2,000 horfe, and 8000 foot. With this force he 
 determined to defend the entrance of the Carnatic 
 to the laft extremity : but he made no application to 
 the Englifh for their affiPcance ; who were equally 
 blind to their real intereft, in neglecting to join the 
 Nabob, when they found his rival fupported by the 
 French. 
 
 WHEN Muzapherzing and Chunda Saib were 
 joined by the French, their army amounted to 
 40,000 men ; with which they advanced to attack 
 the Nabob, who was encamped with 20,000 men 
 under the fort of Amour, fifty miles weft of the 
 city of Arcot, and thirty fouth of Damalcherri, 
 where Deuft Allee Cawn was killed fighting agsinft 
 the Morattoes in 1741. 
 
 THIS fort of Amour was erected on the fummit 
 of a mountain, between which and a large lake was 
 one of the principal paffes that led into the pro- 
 vince. Acrofs the pafs the Nabob had thrown up 
 a llrong entrenchment defended by fome artillery, 
 which was ferved by about fifty fugitive Europeans. 
 The ditch of the entrenchment was filled by water 
 from the lake ; with which Anaverdy Cawn had 
 alfo caufed the ground in front to be overflowed. 
 
 M. D'AUTEUIL offered to ftorm the intrench- 
 ment with his own troops, which they accordingly 
 attempted , but were repulfed. They rallied, and 
 made a fecond attack, in which their principal com- 
 mander was wounded, and his men obliged to re- 
 tire again. However, they advanced a third time, 
 while the Moors, whom they afiifted, were only 
 E 4 fpedla-
 
 56 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 fpecbators of the repulfes they had fuftained. The 
 lad attack was fuccefsful, and the French gained 
 the intrenchment; after which, they formed, and 
 advanced towards the main body of the enemy, 
 where the ftandard of the Nabob was difplayed. He 
 was there in perfon, mounted on his elephant, and 
 furrounded by his bed cavalry, whom he animated 
 with great fpirit to ad like foldiers. The troops 
 under Chunda Saib joined the French, and now 
 advanced with them to the general attack, which 
 was fatal to the Nabob, who received a mufket fhot 
 in his bi eaft, and fell dead on the field. His troops 
 fled, many were taken, and more killed. Ma- 
 phuze Cawn, his eldeft fon, was among the prifo- 
 ners : but his other fon, Mahomed Alice Cawn, 
 faved himfelf by flight. Twelve of the French 
 battalion were killed, and fixty-three wounded : 
 about three hundred of their fepoys were deftroy- 
 ed ; but few men were loft among their Mooriih 
 allies. 
 
 THIS decifive battle was fought on the 23d of 
 July 1749 ; the victors were well rewarded by the 
 fpoil, of which the French had their (hare. The 
 next day, they matched for the city of Arcot, and 
 took pofTefllon of it without any oppofition. Here 
 Muzapherzing aflumed all the flate of a viceroy of 
 the Deckan, and appointed Chunda Saib Nabob 
 of the Carnatic, as alfo of all the other dominions 
 which had been under the jurifdiclion of Anaverdy 
 Cawn ; whofe fon, Mahomed Alice Cawn, efcaped 
 to his government of Trichinopoli, where he re- 
 mained in fecurity, and waited an opportuniry to 
 revenge the death of his father. 
 
 MUZAPHERZING and Chunda Saib raifed great 
 contributions in their new government , after which 
 th j y marched with the French to Pondicherry, 
 where they made a triumphal entry, and were re- 
 ceived with all the oftentatious ceremonies due to 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 57 
 
 the high rank they affumed, according to the ori- 
 ental marks of refpect. Chunda Saib prefented M. 
 Dupleix with the fovereignty of eighty -one villages 
 in the vicinity of Pondicherry : the plan of future 
 operations was fettled : the Moorifh princes again 
 took the field, and encamped about twenty miles to 
 the weft of the town. 
 
 THEY were afilfted by a body of French, command- 
 ed by M. Law, nephew of the famous Mifiiflippi 
 Law ; and then invaded the kingdom of Tanjore, where 
 they demanded forty millions of rupees, as the ar- 
 rears of tribute from the death of the Nabob Sub- 
 der Alice Cawn in 1741. The king fhut himfelf 
 up in his capital, and offered to pay a ranfom : 
 but, at the fame time, he correfponded with Ma- 
 homed Allee Cawn at Trichinopoli, and joined 
 with him in exhorting Nazirzing to come and fettle 
 the affairs of the Carnatic in perfon, after the ex- 
 ample of his late father Nizam Al Muluck. He allb 
 follicited affiftance from the Englifh, who fent him 
 twenty Europeans, and advifed him to make a vi- 
 gorous defence. The town was bombarded, and 
 the walls alTaulted j which terrified the king, who 
 agreed to pay Chunda Saib feven millions of ru- 
 rupees, as Nabob ; and two hundred thoufand im- 
 mediately in hand to the French troops : he alfo 
 ceded to the French company the fovereignty of 
 many villages granted them by Chunda Saib, which 
 had formerly depended on the town of ICarical. 
 
 THE treaty was ratified on the 21 ft of De- 
 cember : but the king of Tanjore had not com- 
 pleted the firft payment in January 1750, when 
 Chunda Saib was informed by M. Dupleix, that 
 Nazirzing was marching from Aurengabad rewards 
 Arcot ; which (truck Muzapherzing with ib much 
 terror, that he immediately broke up his camp, ancl 
 returned towards Pondicherry with great preci- 
 pitation. 
 
 NAZIRZING
 
 5 8 AVOYAGETO 
 
 NAZIRZING was on his route to Delli, when he 
 heard of the battle of Amour, which made him re- 
 turn to his capital, where he augmented his army, 
 and took 30,000 Morattoes into his pay. He 
 entered the Carnatic time enough for fome of his 
 light troops to harrafs his enemies, in their retreat 
 from Tanjore to Pondicherry, where they arrived 
 without any confiderable lofs, and encamped under 
 the walls in the beginning of March. M. Du- 
 pleix fent them 50,000!. to pay the army, and 
 augmented the French battalion to 2000 Euro- 
 peans, whom he fent, under the comm nd of 
 M. d'Auteuil, to encamp with the army of Muza- 
 pherzing. 
 
 THE prefident and council of Fort St. George 
 received information, that Chunda Saib and the 
 French intended to harrafs them in their own di- 
 ftricts ; which made them fend for a reinforcement 
 from Bengal, to replace a detachment they had fent 
 under captain Cope to aflift Mahomed Allee Cawn 
 at Trichinopoli. That prince joined Nazirzing in 
 his march, with 6000 horfe, and the Englifli de- 
 tachments at Waldore, a fort about fifteen miles 
 weft of Pondicherry. As it is cuftomary among all 
 caftern princes to make prefents on the firft vifit, 
 when the Nabob waited on Nazirzing, he afked 
 him what he had brought ? The Nabob took cap- 
 tain Cope by the hand, and prefenting him, faid, 
 *' He had brought that gentleman, and the aflift- 
 ance of the Englifli nation." The viceroy was 
 pleafed with the anfwer, and appointed Mahomed 
 Allee Cawn to fucceed his father as Nabob of Ar- 
 cot and Trichinopoli. 
 
 NAZIRZING was approaching his nephew at the 
 head of a very numerous army, which confided of 
 300,000 fighting men, one half whereof were 
 cavalry, with 800 pieces of cannon, and 1300 ele- 
 phants, This force of the viceroy, and the great 
 
 number
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 59 
 
 number of feudatory lords who followed his (land- 
 ard, convinced the Englilh that he was the real 
 Soubahdar of the Deckan ; and as he had earneftly 
 requefted a farther reinforcement of European 
 troops from them, an embaffy was refolved to be 
 fent him from Fort St. David : but before the pre- 
 fents neceffary to accompany it could be got ready, 
 upon a report that the whole garrifon of Pondicherry 
 were marched out to join Muzapherzing, a body of 
 600 Europeans was fent to join Nazirzing, under 
 the command of major Stringer Lawrence, accom- 
 panied by captain Dalton, and alfo by Mr. Weft- 
 cott, one of the council, by way of commuTary, 
 to fuperintend the company affairs. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence joined the viceroy at Vilanure, 
 and was very gracioufly received. Among other 
 oriental compliments, the viceroy defired the major 
 to take upon him the command of his whole army, 
 and propofed to attack the enemy immediately. The 
 major told him, " the attack might be attended 
 with great difficulty, as the enemy was ftrongly 
 pofted, and had a large train of artillery : though, 
 if he pleafed to march between them and Pondi- 
 cherry, he might cut off their communication, and 
 oblige them to fight at a greater difadvantage.** 
 The viceroy perfifted in his refolution : " What, 
 fays he, mall the great Nazirzing, the fon of Nizam 
 Al Muluck, even for an advantage, feem to retreat 
 before fo defpicable an enemy ? No : he would 
 march and attack them in front." Major Lawrence 
 told him, he might do as he pleafed j he was ready 
 to fupport him. 
 
 THE viceroy was inflexible, and the two armies, 
 on the 24th of March, approached fo near as to 
 cannonade, but at fuch a diftance as had no effect. 
 The French officers were difgufted with the nature 
 of the prefent fervice, in which they had fo much 
 danger to encounter j and M. d'Auteil had fuch 
 
 little
 
 60 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 little confidence in his troops, that he fent a mef- 
 fenger to acquaint major Lawrence, " that although 
 they were engaged in different caufes, it was not his 
 intention that any European blood fhould be fpilt ; 
 but as he did not know in what part of the army 
 the Englifh took poft, he could not be blamed it" 
 any of the French mot came .that way.'* The 
 major fent him for anfwer, that " the Englifh 
 colors were carried on the flag-gun of their artillery, 
 which the French might eafily perceive, and there- 
 by difcover where the Englim were pofted : and he 
 aflured him, he was alfo unwilling to fhed European 
 blood ; but if any (hot came that way, he would 
 return them." 
 
 To know if the Englim were in earneft, the 
 French fired a fhot over their heads ; which the En- 
 glim anfwered, with three guns well pointed. Se- 
 veral of the French officers deferted their troops, 
 which greatly intimidated them, and induced their 
 commander to retire immediately towards Pondi- 
 cherry, leaving Muzapherzing and Chunda Saib in 
 the utmoft aftonifhment. The French left eleven 
 cannon behind, and forty of their artillery men. 
 Chunda Saib accompanied M. d'Auteuil in his re- 
 treat ; but Muzapherzing, who difplayed the itand-; 
 ard of the empire as Soubahdar, was unwilling' to 
 expofe it to any difgrace, as it is fuppofed that en- 
 flgn never retreats. 
 
 FOR fome days before the cannonade, mefiengers 
 had pafled between the two camps, with overtures 
 of accommodation between Nazirzing and his ne- 
 phew, who was prevailed on to make a fubmiflion 
 to his uncle j and it is faid, that the latter fwore on 
 the alcoran, that he would not make the former a 
 prifoner, or deprive him of the governments which 
 he held under his grandfather Nizam Al Muluck. 
 However, when the young prince approached the 
 head-quarters of Nazirzing, he was arrefted, and 
 
 put
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 61 
 
 put in irons : foon after his camp was attacked, and 
 his troops eafily defeated, with a prodigious (laugh- 
 ter, as no quarter was given them. A party of 
 horfe fell in with the French gunners, and cut fome 
 of them to pieces : they would have flaughterecl the 
 whole, if the Englifli had not refcued them from 
 the fury of the Moors, from whom they took them 
 by force, got their wounds dreffed, and took all 
 the care of them that humanity required. In re- 
 turn, M. Dupleix wrote a long proteft againft ma- 
 jor Lawrence, for making French fubje&s prifoners 
 in time of peace : but the poor men, more ienfible 
 of the obligations they were under to the Englim, 
 very gratefully acknowledged their tender ufage ; 
 and confefled, it was entirely owing to them they 
 were faved. 
 
 THE Moratroes harrafled the French in their re- 
 treat, and killed nineteen of their men. In the 
 mean time, the Englim ambafiadors from Fort St. 
 David arrived at the camp of Nazirzing, who re- 
 ceived them wich great marks of refpec~l and profef- 
 fions of efteem tor the Englim nation, together 
 with large promifes of what he would do for them. 
 Part of their inftructions to the viceroy were, to ob- 
 tain an enlargement of the Englim bounds round 
 Madrafs, and for the grants of fome revenues to 
 defray their expences in aflifting the circan, or coun- 
 try government ; which the viceroy frequently pro- 
 mifed, and certainly intended to perform, had not 
 his minifter Shawnavas Cawn been wholly attached 
 to the intereft of his enemies, and of Muzapherzing-, 
 whofe fubmiffion was only politic, and artfully con- 
 trived, that he might be near at hand to concert 
 a fcheme, which in a few months was put in execu- 
 tion, at the expence of his uncle's -life-. 
 
 C II A P.
 
 62 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 The Nabobs of CUD AP A, CANOUL,^^CANDANORF, 
 confederate with the FRENCH againft NAZIRZING, 
 who fends part of bis army again/} them under MA- 
 HOMED ALLEE CAWN, in 1750. 'The Nabob 
 
 is joined by the ENGLISH, commanded by captain 
 COPE, who cannonades the French, and retires. The 
 Nabob defeated by the French, who attack GIN- 
 GEE, which they take by ftorm. Nazirzing 
 marches from ARCOT to Gingee. The French, 
 under M. DE LA TOUCH E, attack his camp, and 
 are joined by the rebel Nabobs, who affajjinaie the 
 viceroy. Muz APHER ZING is declared SOUBAH- 
 DAR : he is inaugurated at PONDICHERRY ; and 
 appoints CHCNDA SAIB Nabob of Arcot. Muza- 
 pherzing marches from Pondicherry towards Au- 
 RENGABAD, accompanied by the French troops* 
 commanded by M. BUSSY, in 1751 : but is attacked 
 by the rebel Nabobs, who affajjwated his uncle. The 
 viceroy is killed, and the Nabob defeated. SALA- 
 BATZING, the brother of Nazirzing, is appointed 
 Soubahdar : he confirms the grants made to the 
 French, who attend him to his capital. 
 
 TH E fuccefs of Nazirzing feemed to aflfure 
 him the peaceable pofleflion of his govern- 
 ment : but his capacity was unequal to the manage- 
 ment of fo important a truft, and treafon began to 
 infect his councils. The Nabobs of Cudapa, Ca- 
 noul, and Candanore, were the moft confiderable of 
 the feudatory lords who accompanied him into the 
 Carnatic. They were all Patans by birth, pofiefTed 
 of the daring fpirit which characterizes that nation, 
 and had many of thofe troops in their pay, who are 
 reckoned the beft foldiers among thefe eaftern 
 
 Moors;
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 63 
 
 Moors , and as the policy of this ill-governed em- 
 pire requires frequent aflfafiinations, thefe Patans 
 are efteemed very ufeful in that kind of villainy. 
 The confinement of Muzapherzing by his uncle as 
 a ftate-prifoner was their pretence of complaint, 
 and they confederated to pull the viceroy from the 
 throne. 
 
 M. DUPLE ix entered into a negotiation with 
 Nazirzing, and fent two of the council of Pondi- 
 cherry as ambafladors to the camp, one of whom 
 underftood the Indoftan andPerfic languages, which 
 are thofe only ufed in the Mahomedan courts. They 
 had an audience of ceremony, and demanded, that 
 the eftate of Muzapherzing mould be inverted in 
 his fon, until the viceroy was reconciled to the fa- 
 ther; and that Chunda Saib mould be appointed 
 Nabob of the Carnatic. Thefe demands were re- 
 jected, and the French deputies left the camp : but 
 if they failed in acquiring the apparent ends of 
 their million, they obtained the real advantages pro*- 
 pofed from it by M. Dupleix, who thereby became 
 acquainted with the ftate of Nazirzing's court, and 
 eftablifhed a correfpondence with the difcontented 
 Nabobs. He had put M. d'Auteuil under arreft, 
 for retreating from Muzapherzing, and reinfpirited 
 his troops by his own refolution : but on the return 
 of the deputies he permitted M. d'Auteil to re- 
 affume the command, and aflifted Chunda Saib to 
 levy new troops, which might convince the difaffec- 
 ted Nabob, that he was both prepared and deter- 
 mined to continue the war. 
 
 SUSPICIONS were entertained of the clandeftine 
 conduct of the French deputies, and major Law- 
 rence at an audience endeavoured to inform the 
 viceroy of what he had heard ; but his interpreter 
 had not courage to make fuch a declaration, and 
 mifreprefented the foci:. The confederate lords 
 prevailed on the viceroy to proceed to Arcor, upon 
 
 which
 
 64 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 which major Lawrence returned with his troops 
 Fort St. David, where he arrived on the 2oth of 
 April j and Toon after Nazirzing broke up his camp 
 at Waldore, which gave his enemies an opportunity 
 or recommencing hoftilities. 
 
 WHEN the viceroy arrived at Arcot, he fent orders 
 tofeize the houfesand effects belonging to the French 
 at Mafulipatnam and Yanam : but M. Dupliex, 
 in July, fent a detachment of 200 Europeans and 
 300 icpoys to attack the former place. They were 
 put on board two large mips, with feveral pieces of 
 battering cannon, and a quantity of military ftores, 
 which anchored in the road, after a pafiage of three 
 days. The troops landed in the nighc, attacked 
 the city by furprize, and took it with little lofs ; 
 after which they put it in a better pofture of defence. 
 
 THE viceroy fpent his time at Arcot in luxury 
 and indolence , while the confpiracy was carrying 
 on againft him at Pondicherry, and in his own 
 camp. . The Nabobs advifed M. Dupleix to pro- 
 ceed to action, and he ordered five hundred Euro- 
 peans to attack the pagoda of Trivadi *, about 
 eighteen miles weft of Fort St. David. This pa- 
 goda ferved as a citadel to a large Pettah, by which 
 ,name the Indians call every town contiguous to a 
 fort. The place made no refinance, and the French 
 garrifoned it with fifty Europeans and one hundred 
 fepoys. 
 
 THESE fuccefles alarmed Mahomed Allee Cawn, 
 who, with great difficulty, prevailed on Nazirzing 
 to permit him to take the field with twenty thou- 
 fand men. The Nabob alfo procured afTiftance 
 from the Englilh at Fort St. David, who ordered 
 a body of 400 Europeans, and 1500 fepoys, to 
 join him, under the command of captain Cope. 
 
 Trividi, or Trevedy. 
 
 Major
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 65 
 
 Major Lawrence would have taken the field him- 
 felf ; but the chair becoming vacant by the rcm< val 
 of Mr. Floyer, he was obliged to take the govern- 
 ment, till Mr. Saunders, who was appointed to 
 fucceed, could come from Vizagapatnam ; and foon 
 after his arrival, the major embarked for England, 
 on the 1 2th of September 1750. 
 
 CAPTAIN Cope joined the Nabob in July near 
 Gingee, when the army marched towards the French 
 near Trivadi. The garrifon refufed to furrendtr ; 
 and captain Cope propofed to the Nabob to make a 
 general afiault : the Nabob confented, but his troops 
 refufed to make the attempt. The army then ad- 
 vanced towards the French camp, and a cannonade 
 enfued on the zoth, which lafted from noon till 
 night, when the Englifli quitted their ground, with 
 the lofs of ten Europeans and fifty fepcys, bcfides 
 200 of the Nabob's troops. Captain Cope could 
 noc prevail upon the Nabob to march towards 
 Pondicherry, which muit have cut off the com- 
 munication between that place and the French camp; 
 whereupon the Englifh troops were ordered to leave 
 the Nabob, and return to Fort St. David, where 
 they arrived on the i9th of Auguft. 
 
 As foon as the Englifh withdrew, the French 
 united all their forces to attack the Nabob, who 
 imprudently retreated but a few miles from their 
 camp. The French army now confined of 1800 
 Europeans, 2500 fepoys, and 1000 horfe levied by 
 Chunda Saib, together with twelve field pieces. 
 The Nabob's army was compofed of 15000 hofe 
 and 5000 foot i which were encamped betwe< n two 
 villages that fccured the flanks ; the rear was de- 
 fended by a river ; and the infantry defended fome 
 intrenchments in front : the cavalry formed a fecond 
 line in the camp, when they mould have been 
 drawn out on the plain. In this abfurd difpofition, 
 the Nabob wa^ attackfd by the French on the 2 <ft, 
 
 VOL. II. . F who
 
 66 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 \vho entered his camp in the night, fet fire to it in 
 feveral quarters, and foon put his whole army to 
 the route. They killed about 1000 men, without 
 any lofs on their own fide. The Nabob fled to 
 Arcot with a few attendants, and the other fugitives 
 were totally difperfed. 
 
 NAZIRZING ftill fpent his time at Arcot in luxu- 
 rious indolence, while the French marched againtb 
 Gingee* with a refolution to take it. This place 
 is about thirty-four miles north-weft of Pondicherry^ 
 and was both large and ftrong. Jt was formerly 
 the refidence of a race of Morattoe kings, whofe 
 dominions extended from hence to the borders of 
 Tanjore : thefe princes were the anceftors of the 
 famous Sevajee, who became king over all the 
 Morattoe nations ; and it is faid, that Sevajee him- 
 felf was born at Gingee. The fortifications, as 
 well as thofe of Velore, bore the marks of the mi- 
 litary character of that nation to which they be- 
 longed. The fortrefs was about three miles in 
 compafs, and three times larger than the town. 
 The wall was irregularly built, being carried over 
 the tops of four mountains, which made fo many 
 diftincl fortrefles : the chief was that in the north- 
 weft angle, called Rajah Gadu, having a double 
 anclofure, part furnifhed by the rock itfelf. The 
 city was at the foot of the fortrefs, as alfo was the 
 palace of the ancient Rajahs, feparated from the 
 reft by an intrenchment. The Indians efteem no 
 fortifications very ftrong unlefs placed upon high 
 and difficult eminences, and always regarded Gin- 
 gee as the ftrongeft fortrefs in the Carnatic. 
 
 THE French troops eafily got pofieflion of the 
 town, where they were expofed to a continual fire 
 from the forts, which they bombarded, and itormed 
 
 Or Jin-ji. 
 
 fuc-
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 67 
 
 fucceffively in the night, till the whole were re- 
 duced fword in hand, with the lofs of only twenty 
 men in the different attacks. 
 
 THE lofs of this important place awakened Na- 
 zirzing, who afiembled his troops together at Ar- 
 cot, and advanced to Gingee. His army had been 
 greatly diminifhed by the return of feveral chiefs 
 to their own diftrifts : however, his camp confifted 
 of 50,000 horfe, 60,000 foot, 700 elephants, and 
 360 pieces of cannon, befides their numerous at- 
 tendants; fo that the whole contained a multitude 
 of about 300,000 men. This great body moved 
 fo (lowly, that they were fifteen days in marching 
 thirty miles. The rains fet in with great violence, 
 and overflowed the whole country. Provifions be- 
 came fcarce, and ficknefs began to fpread in the 
 camp, which continued till December, when the 
 rainy weather ceafed. Nazirzing renewed his cor- 
 refpondence with M. Dupleix, and offered him 
 very favorable terms of pacification : but the Patan 
 Nabobs were now ready to put their confpiracy into 
 execution, in which they had engaged fo many 
 other principal officers, that the greateft part of 
 the army was on their fide ; and M. Dupleix or- 
 dered the French troops at Gingee to march 
 againft the viceroy, and aGcomplilh the views of 
 the confpirators. 
 
 M. DE LA TOUCHE was the commander of the 
 French troops at Gingee, from whence he began 
 his march, on the 4th of December, at the head of 
 800 Europeans, 3000 fepoys, and ten cannon. The 
 plan was communicated to M. Buffy and fome other 
 officers, who gave hints to the foldiers fufficient to 
 infpire them with confidence ; and a guide was fent 
 by the confpirators to conduct the troops, where 
 they were to make the grand attack upon the 
 viceroy's head quarters, as he lay perfectly fecure 
 in his own imagination, and funk in all the effemi- 
 F 2 naey
 
 68 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 nacy of an Afiatic camp, which extended eighteen 
 miles, and formed a kind of blockade round the 
 town. 
 
 THE French attacked the camp, on the 5th, at 
 four in the morning. The advanced pofts were foon 
 difperfed, as were alfo 25,000 foot who fupported 
 the viceroy's artillery. The firing fpread an alarm to 
 the neareft commanders who were not in the confpi- 
 racy : one body fucceeded another, and all were 
 repulfed in turn. The French owed their prefer- 
 vation to their good management of their field 
 pieces, whole quick firing did wonderful execu- 
 tion, and kept off the furrounding cavalry. After 
 pafling the line of cannon, they gained their way 
 fo flowly, that they were three hours advancing 
 three miles into the camp, when they perceived a 
 numerous body of horfe and foot drawn up in or- 
 der, extending as far as the eye could reach. The 
 French were difmayed, till they perceived in the 
 center of that body an elephant with a large white 
 flag, which was the fignal of the confpirators for 
 the French, who were immediately informed of it 
 by their officers, and exprefied their joy by repeated 
 fhouts. 
 
 IT was fome time after day-light before Nazir- 
 zing could believe that his camp was attacked by rhe 
 French ; but when convinced of it, he rouzed thofe 
 majeflic ideas in which he had been educated. 
 Meflengers arrived every minute to inform him of 
 the progrefs of the French. He then enquired 
 what difpofitions were made by his own general?, 
 and was informed, that the troops of Cudapa, Ca- 
 noul, and Candanore, together with thofe of Maif- 
 fore, and 20,000 Morattoes, were ready drawn up, 
 but had not advanced againft the enemy. The 
 enraged prince then quitted his tent, mounted his 
 elephant, and attended by his body-guard, advan- 
 ced towards thofe troops. He foon met the Na- 
 bobs
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 6 9 
 
 bobs of Cudapa and Candanore, whom he re- 
 proached with neglect and cowardice, in not dar- 
 ing co defend the imperial ftandard againft the mod 
 contemptible of enemies. The traitors anfwered, 
 they knew no enemy but himfelf ; and Cudapa dif- 
 charged a carabine from his elephant, which lodged 
 two balls in the brealt of the unfortunate Nazir- 
 zing, who fell on the plain, and inftantly expired. 
 His guards were fo much terrified at this fudden 
 aflafii nation, that they were eafily difperfed or flain. 
 The Nabob ordered the head of the murdered 
 viceroy to be fevered from the body, and expofed 
 it on a fpear to the view of the whole army, through 
 which the news was fpread with great rapidity by 
 the elevation of little white banners, that ferved 
 equally as a fignal to the French, who lent M. Bufiy 
 to congratulate Muzapherzing on the death of his 
 uncle, to whom he was immediately declared fuc- 
 ceilbr by all the confpirators. 
 
 THIS unexpected event mud have caufed great 
 confufion in the camp : but what may appear very 
 extraordinary in Europe, though common in Afia, 
 every thing was quiet in a few hours, as if nothing 
 had happened. The death of Nazirzing was no 
 (boner known among his troops, than the greateft 
 part of them came in crowds to range themfelves 
 under the banner of his fucceflbr, who, after being 
 a prifoner feven months, was faluted Soubahdar 6f 
 the Deckan ; and by nine in the morning every 
 fword was meathed, notwithftanding that three 
 brothers of the murdered prince were in the camp. 
 The new viceroy proceeded to the tent of ftate, 
 where he received homage from the principal of- 
 ficers, who had paid it to his uncle the day before : 
 but Mahomed Alice Cawn, and the prime minifter 
 Shanavas Cawn, made their efcape from the camp ; 
 the former fled to his fortrefs of Trichinopoli j and 
 the latter to Chittaput. 
 
 F 3 M. D
 
 ;6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 M. DE LA TOUCHE, accompanied by all his of- 
 ficers, went in the evening with great ceremony to 
 pay their refpeds to Muzapherzing, who received 
 them with dignity and gratitude. The news of this 
 important revolution was known in the afternoon at 
 Pondicherry, where Chunda Saib was the firft who 
 announced it to M. Dupleix, who proclaimed it to 
 the town by a general difcharge of the artillery, and 
 in the evening he received the complimems of the 
 principal inhabitants. The next day a Te Deum 
 was fung, and deputies were fent to congratulate 
 the Soubahdar on his acceffion to the throne, who 
 had entrufted the guard of his perfon, and the care 
 of his trealures, to the French j which difgufted 
 the confederate Nabobs, who made exorbitant de- 
 mands on the prince for their fervices in contribut- 
 ing to his elevation ; but were prevailed on to ac- 
 company him to Pondicherry, where every thing 
 would be fettled to their fatisfa&ion by M. Dupleix. 
 
 ON the 1 5th, the viceroy entered the gates of 
 Pondicherry in a triumphal manner, attended by a 
 numerous and fplerjdid train, among whom were 
 moft of the principal lords of his court, who were 
 magnificently received by M. Dupleix and Chunda 
 Saib. The viceroy had a private conference with 
 the governor, in which he explained the difficulties 
 he lay under 'from the pretenfions of the Nabobs, 
 who demanded, that their arrears of tribute mould 
 b remitted, their territories enlarged, and half of 
 the late viceroy's treafury be given up to them. 
 M. Dupleix told the Nabobs, that if fuch concef- 
 fions were extorted, the Soubahdar would be un- 
 able to fupport the dignity he had acquired : upon 
 which they agreed to accept of half the money 
 found in the treafury of Nazirzing ; and that agree- 
 ment was ratified by their oath of allegiance on the 
 alcoran to Muzapherzing, who afterwards retired 
 to the houfe appointed for his reception, where he 
 
 had
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 71 
 
 had the tendered of all fenfations, the pleafure of 
 embracing his mother, wife, and fon. 
 
 THE next day the Soubahdar's inauguration in 
 the throne of the Deckan was very pompoufly per- 
 formed, in which M. Dupleix ac\ed a principal 
 part, and appeared in the habit of a Mahomedan 
 lord of Indodan. He was the firft that paid ho- 
 mage to the viceroy, who declared him governor 
 for the Mogul of all the countries fouth of the 
 river Kriftna, comprehending a territory almoft as 
 large as the whole kingdom of France. He like- 
 wile received the command of 7000 horfe ; and it 
 was ordered, that .no money fhould be current in 
 the Carnatic, but fuch as was coined at Pondi- 
 cherry. 
 
 THE immediate advantages arifing to the French 
 Eaft India company by thefe conceflions, were the 
 pofleflions of a territory near Pondicherry producing 
 annually 96,000 rupees; of that near Karical in 
 the kingdom of Tanjore, valued at 106,000; and 
 the city of Mafulipatnam with its dependencies, of 
 which the yearly income amounted to 144,000 ru- 
 pees ; in all, a revenue of 43,250 1. fterling, ac- 
 cording to the French account ; but thefe ad van - 
 tage3 were fmall, in comparifon of thofe which M 
 Dupleix expected to maintain from his extenfive 
 authority, though it was not conftitutionally con- 
 firmed by the Mogul. Chunda Saib was alfo de- 
 clared Nabob of Arcot, and its dependences, under 
 the authority of M. Dupleix. 
 
 THE treafures of Nazirzing were computed at 
 two millions fterling, and the jewels at half a mil- 
 lion, of which M. Dupleix engrofled the greateft 
 part. The viceroy gave 50,000 1. to the French 
 officers, 50,000!. to their troops, and as much to 
 the company. On this, M. Dupleix affumed the 
 ftate and formalities of an eaftern prince. He held 
 his durbar, or court, in his palace at Pondicherry, 
 F 4 and
 
 72 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 and fuffered neither the natives, nor his own coun- 
 trymen, to approach him, without a prefent, after 
 the eaftern manner. He alfo mounted his elephant, 
 and was publickly proclaimed Nabob. 
 
 THIS defperate ftroke againft Nazirzing was a 
 matter of fuch great confequence to the French, that 
 M. Dupleix deftgned to have built a town, called 
 Fateabat, or place of victory, on the fpot where the 
 viceioy was murdered. He laid out the plan of 
 it in a regular manner \ erected two fine choultries, 
 cr rpen houfes like the Turkish caravanferais, for 
 the reception of travellers -, gave 3000 rupees to be 
 diftributed among fettlers-, and, as lord proprietor, 
 granted ihem great immunities for a term of years. 
 To diftinguifh the (hare which the French had in 
 this affair, called by them a victory fuperior to any 
 thing of the kind recorded in hiftory, a pillar was 
 to be erected in the market-place of this new rown, 
 with a pompous infcription in the French, Arabic, 
 Per fian, and Indoftan languages, fignifying, that 
 " this town was built in memory of a victory ob- 
 tained by the French, commanded by M de la 
 Touche, ^ver the army of Nazirzing, on the 5th of 
 December 1750, in the 361!"! year of the reign of 
 Louis XV. and the 3d of Hamet Shah, during the 
 government of M. Jofeph Francis Dupleix, of the 
 order of St. Louis, knight of St. Michael, and com- 
 mandant-general of the French Nation in India, 
 and in the 8th year of his government." Unluckily 
 for him, future ages will not be the wifer for it - y for 
 captain Clive, a year after, in re-taking the Arcot 
 country, burnt the town, and deftroyed the monu- 
 ment on which the pillar was to have been erected. 
 NOTHING now retarded the departure of Muza- 
 pherzing to his capital city Aurengabad, for which 
 he began his march from Pondicherry at the head 
 of his army : but as his government might not be 
 free from commotions, he was accompanied by 
 
 M. Butty,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 73 
 
 M. Butty, at the head of 600 French, 3000 fepoys, 
 and a large train or artillery, to eftablifh him in his 
 dignity. The army departed from Pondicherry on 
 the 4th of January 1751, and marched till the lat- 
 ter end of the month, when they arrived in the ter- 
 ritory of Cudapa, about fixty leagues from Pondi- 
 cherry. Here Ibme of his troops were attacked by 
 thofe of the Nabob, who, together with the Nabob 
 of Candanore, fomented this quarrel to depofe the 
 Soubahdar, as they thought he had not fufficiently 
 rewarded them. M. BufTy interfered-, but the 
 viceroy told him, that every Patan in his army was 
 a traitor, and the truth of this aflertion was foon 
 confirmed. 
 
 THE three Nabobs had united all their force?, 
 and pofted them to defend a defile which lay in the 
 rout of the army. The viceroy was no fooner ap- 
 prized of their revolt, than he hurried away to at- 
 tack them at the head of his cavalry, without waiting 
 for the French. The rebels were repulfed ; the Na- 
 bob of Candanore was killed ; and the Nabob of 
 Cudapa fled out of the field delperately wounded. 
 The enraged viceroy purfued the Nabob of Canoul, 
 who ftood on his defence, with a fmall body of 
 troops, and advanced towards his enemy. Exat- 
 perated by this defiance, the young prince made a 
 fign for his troops to leave the perfon of the Nabob 
 to be attacked by himfelf. The two elephants were 
 directed to meet each other j they approached fide 
 to fidej and Muzapherzing raifed his fword to 
 ftrike his enemy down : but the Nabob ftruck his 
 javelin into the brain of his antagonift, who fell 
 back dead. Inftantly, the Nabob was mortally 
 wounded, his troops attacked, overpowered, and 
 cut to pieces, 
 
 THE French troops were (truck with the deepeft 
 confirmation when they heard of the fate of Muza- 
 pherzing, whereby all the advantages were deftroyed 
 
 which
 
 74 AVOYAGETO 
 
 which they had acquired by the death of Nazirzing, 
 and M. Bufly was left without pretenfions to inter- 
 fere any farther in the concerns of the Deckan. lie 
 convened the principal officers, fome of whom were 
 for placing the fon of the late viceroy in the go- 
 vernment : but as he was an infant, and three of 
 his uncles were prifoners in the camp, it was agreed, 
 that the vacant dignity of Soubahdar, mould be 
 conferred on Salabatzing, the eldeft of the brothers 
 of Nazirzing. The three princes were rehaied 
 from their confinement, and Sahbatzing was pro- 
 claimed Soubahdar of the Deckan, with the univer- 
 fal confent of the army, who looked upon the fall 
 of the three confpirators as a retribution qf the 
 divine juftice, which is a creed implanted among 
 the Mahometans. 
 
 SALABATZING confirmed every thing that had 
 been granted by his nephew to the French, who ac- 
 knowledged his right to the government, and at- 
 tended him to his capital 
 
 CHAP.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 75 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 MAHOMED ALLEE CAWN is joined by the Englifh 
 under captain COPE, at TRICHINOPOLI, in 1751. 
 CHUNDA SAIB is cjfifted by the French under M. 
 D'AUTEUIL , who is oppofed by another body of 
 Englifti under captain GINGIN. Some forts taken 
 by botb parties. Chunda Saib encamps near VOL- 
 CONDA: a defcription of that fort. The Engli'fli 
 are defeated there, and retreat to Trichinopoli: 
 
 that city defcribed *Tbe charafter of captain 
 
 CLIVE : He is fent with a detachment to reinforce 
 captain Gingin at Trichinopoli, and returns to Fort 
 St. DAVID ; from whence he is fent with fume troops 
 to reduce the province of ARCOT : be takes the Ca- 
 pital ; and defeats the enemy at TIMERY. RAJAH 
 SAIB is fent with an army from Trichinopoli to op- 
 pofe captain Clive, whom bebejieges at Arcot : ac- 
 count of that fort : thejiege raifed. Captain Clive 
 is joined by a detachment from Trichinopoli : he 
 takes Timer y ; is joined by the Morattoes under 
 BOSINROW ; and obtains a viffory over tht French 
 And Rajah Saib at ARANI. He befieges and takes 
 CONJEVERAM, and returns to Fort St. David.- 
 The French and Chunda Saib form the fiegc of 
 Trichinopoli. 
 
 MAHOMED ALLEE CAWN hadefcaped with great 
 difficulty to Trichinopoli, where captain 
 Cope was fent to fupport him, with 200 Europeans 
 and 3Oofepoys, at the beginning of the year 1751 ; 
 for a treaty of alliance was concluded between ih.e 
 Englifh and the Nabob, who figned the grants to 
 them, and they engaged to afTilr him to the utmoft 
 of their power. Chunda Saib raifed 8000 troops, 
 and took the field, aflifted by a French battalion 
 of 800 men under M. d'Aureui* : and the Englifh 
 
 fent
 
 76 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 fent 500 Europeans, and 1 200 fepoys, commanded 
 by captain Gingin, a Switzer, to obferve their mo- 
 tions. 
 
 THE Englifh were determined not to appear as 
 principals in the war : they had been unfuccefsful 
 in aflifting Mahomed Alice Cawn in an expedition 
 againft Madura ; and captain Gingin was ordered 
 to remain near Fort St. David, till he was joined by 
 the troops from Trichinopoli. Chunda Saib took 
 the forts of Chittaput, Arani, and Veloor. He 
 threatened Trichinopoli ; but was clofely followed 
 by captain Gingin, who took the pagoda of 
 Verdachelum *, and was joined by 100 Europeans, 
 with 4000 of the Nabob's troops, commanded by 
 his brother Abdul-wahab Cawn. 
 
 CHUNDA SAIB was encamped near Volconda -f-, 
 a ftrong fortrefs, about feventy miles well of St. 
 David, and forty-five from Trichinopoli, in the 
 road to Arcot. Its principal defence was a rock 
 200 feet in height, and about a mile in circum- 
 ference at the bottom, where it was inclofed by a 
 high and ftrong wall, moftly cut out of the folid 
 rock. It was alfo inclofed by another wall near the 
 fummit, which was furrounded by a third. Ad- 
 joining to the eaft fide of the rock was a Hone fort 
 built on the plain; and contiguous to it was a town 
 (lightly fortified with a mud wall. Captain Gingin 
 encamped in a large grove about a mile and a half 
 fouth-weft of Volconda, and was in fight of Chunda 
 Saib's camp, who had prevailed on the governor of 
 the town to admit his troops. This brought on an 
 engagement between the two armies, in which 
 Chunda Saib had the advantage. The Englifh bat- 
 talion was feized with a panic ; their officers, par- 
 ticularly captain Dalton and lieutenant Clive, en- 
 
 Or Vardafhelam. f Or Vcl-kondah. 
 
 deavourcd
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 77 
 
 deavoured to rally them ; but in vain. They re- 
 treated to the (heights of Utatoor *, about twenty- 
 five miles from Trichinopoli : Chunda Saib fol- 
 lowed, and encamped within five miles of them. 
 He made an attack upon the Englifh advanced 
 guard, commanded by captain Dalton, who re- 
 pulfed the French ; after which, the Englifh were 
 deferted by many of the Nabob's troops, and 
 marched to Trichinopoli, where they encamped 
 under the walls. The enemy ftill followed, and 
 encamped on the plain, on the eaft fide of the town, 
 from whence they cannonaded the Englifh, but at 
 too great a diftance. 
 
 THE city of Trichinopoli is about ninety miles 
 inland from the coaft, and (lands on a plain which 
 runs in length from eaft to weft about nineteen 
 miles, and once was crouded with rich villages and 
 plantations of trees; but fince the war, hardly a 
 trace of either was left. The town was in form of 
 an oblong fquare, the longeft fides of which were 
 eaft and weft. On the north runs the river Cavery f, 
 kfs than half a mile from the fort. The town was 
 near four miles in circumference, with a double cir- 
 cuit of walls, and round towers at equal diftances, 
 according to the eaftern method of fortification. 
 The outward wall was eighteen feet high, and five 
 feet thick, without rampart or parapet : the inward 
 was much ftronger, being thirty feet high, with a 
 rampart of (lone, decreafing by large fteps from- 
 the ground to the top, where it was ten feet broad, 
 and had a thin ftone parapet about (even feet high, 
 in which were loop holes to fire through. There 
 was an interval between the two walls of twenty-five 
 feet ; and before the outward, a ditch thirty feet 
 
 * Utatur, or Outatoore : fometimes called Pallikonda. 
 f Kaveri, or Cauvery. 
 
 widi
 
 78 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 wide and twelve deep, unequally fupplied with water 
 at different feafons, but never quite dry. A molt 
 extraordinary rock, about 250 leet high, ftands in 
 the middle of the old town to the north, from 
 which the adjacent country is difcovered for many 
 miles round : and on the top of this rock was a pa- 
 goda, which was of fingular ufe to the Englifh 
 during the whole war. Here was conftantly fta- 
 tioned a man, with a. telefcope, who gave them, 
 by fignals and writing, an account of ail the ene- 
 my's motions. 
 
 THE Englifh battalion was now reduced to 400 
 men, who encamped on the weft fide of the city, 
 and the Nabob's troops on the fouth fide : but 
 captain Cope, with 100 Europeans fent there in the 
 beginning of the year, remained within the walls. 
 Chunda i>aib and the French took poffemon of Se- 
 ringham, which had been evacuated by the Nabob: 
 it was a poft occupied by the French all the war, 
 and was excellent as fuch, for an army that would 
 keep their communication open. 
 
 THE ifland of Seringham * is formed about fix 
 mites north-weft of Trichinopoli by the river 
 Cavery, which divides itfelf into two branches : 
 that to the northward takes the name of the Cole- 
 roon -j- j and that to the fouthward preferves its old 
 name, the Cavery: Each of thefe rivers, after a 
 courfe of about ninety miles, empty themfelves into 
 the fea; the Coleroon at Devi-cottah, and the 
 Cavery near Tranquebar, at about twenty miles 
 diftance from each other. In this ifland, facing 
 Trichinopoli, and about a mile from it, flood the 
 famous pagoda of Seringham, furrounded by feven 
 fquare walls of ftone, twenty-five feet high, and 
 
 Sfcirangam, or Syrringham. f Kolloram, or Colderon. 
 
 four
 
 
 
 P
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 79 
 
 four thick. The fpace between the outward and 
 fecond walls meafured 310 feet, and fo proportion- 
 ably of the reft. Each inclofure had four large 
 gates, with a high tower ; which were placed, one 
 in the middle of each fide of the inclofure, and op- 
 pofite to the four cardinal points. The outward 
 wall was about four miles in circumference, and its 
 gateway, to the fouth, was ornamented with pillars, 
 Ibme of which, were fingle ftones thirty-three feet 
 long, and five in diameter , but thofe which formed 
 the roof were Hill larger ; and in the inmoft inclo- 
 fure were the chapels. About half a mile to the 
 eaft of Seringham was another large pagoda, called 
 Jumbikiftna, which had but one inclofure. The 
 great veneration in which Seringham was held, 
 arofe from a belief, that it contained the identical 
 image of the god Wiftchnu, worfhipped by Brama; 
 and pilgrims from all parts of India came here, 
 with an offering of money, to obtain abfolution. 
 A large part of the revenue of the ifland was allot- 
 ted for the maintenance of the bramins , who in- 
 habited the pagoda ; and thefe, with their families, 
 formerly compofed a multitude not lefs than 40,000 
 fouls, maintained without labor, by the liberality of 
 fuperftitidn : but their repofe was now doomed to 
 be difturbed, and their temple polluted, by the 
 violence of arms. 
 
 IN the beginning of Auguft, the French fent a 
 ftrong detachment to attack Coilady, a mud fort, 
 about a mile to the eaft of the great bank which 
 terminates the ifland of Seringham, and fifteen miles 
 eaft of Trichinopoli. As this was the only pod 
 which ftjll held out for the Nabob, captain Gingin, 
 fent enfign Trufler, with 20 Europeans and 100 fe- 
 poys, to reinforce the garrifon : but he was obliged 
 to abandon the fort, after he had gallantly defended 
 it feveral days. This fuccefs deterfriihed ChCirfd* 
 
 Saib
 
 So AVOYAGETO 
 
 Saib to crofs the Cavery : he left a garrifon in Se- 
 ringham , and encamped with the reft of his army 
 to the eaft of Trichinopoli -, which his forces were 
 not fufficient to befiege, and both parties continued 
 inactive the remainder of the campaign ; while the 
 Englilh collected another army, and invaded Arcot, 
 in which expedition the prefent lord Clive nobly di- 
 ftinguimed himfelf. 
 
 THE prefidency of Fort St. David were con- 
 cerned at the progrefs of the French and Chunda 
 Saib, who had drove Mahomed Allee Cawn en- 
 tirely out of the Carnatic, and in a manner invefted 
 him before the walls of Trichinopoli, where they 
 daily augmented their army, and collected warlike 
 (lores. The mips from England, being arrived 
 with fome recruits, a detachment of eighty Euro- 
 peans, and 300 fepoys, with a large convoy of 
 ftores, were lent from Fort St. David in the middle 
 of July, to relieve Verdachellum, which was the 
 only fort north of the Coleroon that acknowledged 
 the Nabob, and was then invefted by the troops of 
 a neighbouring Polygar. This party was command- 
 ed by lieutenant Clive, a young gentleman, the 
 fon of Richard Clive of Styche, near Drayton, in 
 the county of Salop, Efq-, and nearly related to Sir 
 Edward Clive, one of the judges of the court of 
 common pleas. Colonel Lawrence, fpeaking of 
 Mr. Clive, calls him, " A man of undaunted re- 
 folution, of a cool temper and a prefence of mind, 
 which never left him in the greateft danger. Born 
 a foldier ; for, without a military education of any 
 fort, or much converfing with any of the profeffion, 
 from his judgment and good fenfe, he led an army 
 like an experienced officer, and brave foldier, with 
 a prudence that warranted fuccefs. This young 
 man's early genius, continues the colonel, furprizcd 
 and engaged my attention, as well before, as at the 
 
 fiege
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 81 
 
 Jlege of Dawcortah*, where he behaved, in courage 
 and judgment, much beyond what could be expected 
 from his years ; and his fuccefs afterwards, con- 
 firmed what I had faid to many people concerning 
 him." 
 
 MR. Clive, foon after the reduction of Devi- 
 Cotah, reafTumed the mercantile fervice of the 
 company in which he firft went to India, and now 
 acted as commilTary of the army, which he had ac- 
 companied to Volconda, from whence he returned 
 to Fort St. David, while the Englim troops marched 
 to Trichinopoli. He defeated the Polygar's troops, 
 and entered Verdachelum without any lofs. From 
 thence he fent his detachment through the country 
 of Tanjore to reinforce the battalion at Trichino- 
 poli, which they joined without interruption before 
 the French had pafled the Cavery : but Mr. Clive 
 returned to Fort St. David, attended by twelve fe- 
 poys, and fome fervants, who were furrounded by 
 the Polygar's troops, which killed feven of the fe- 
 poys : the others difperfed for wane of ammunition, 
 and Mr. Clive faved himfelf by the fpeed of his 
 horfe from a party of cavalry, who purfued him fe- 
 veral miles. 
 
 THE French were ftill fuperior to the Englim be- 
 fore Trichinopoli, where the prefidency fent ano- 
 ther reinforcement under Mr. Clive, who had a 
 captain's commiffion given him on this occafion. 
 His detachment confifted of 100 Europeans, and 
 50 fepoys, with which he entered the Tanjore 
 country, whofe king fuffered both the Englim and 
 French troops to march through it to I richinopoli. 
 The French detached 30 Europeans, and 500 fe- 
 poys, from Coilady, to intercept captain Clive, 
 who came in fight of them near the village of Con- 
 
 * Devi-Cotah. 
 
 VOL, II. G dour *,
 
 82 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 dour*, about ten miles north of Tanjore. Both 
 parties attempted to get pofTefnon of the village, 
 and a fkirmifli enfued, in which the Englifh had fo 
 much the advantage, that they arrived fafe at Tri- 
 chinopoli, where their battalion was now augment- 
 ed to 600 men ; but the French had 900, and the 
 troops of Chunda Saib were ten times the number 
 of thofe un Jer the Nabob, whofe treafures were ex- 
 haufted, and his revenues daily cut off or exacted 
 by the enemy. 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive returned from Trichinopoli to 
 Fort St. David, where he reprefented this fituation 
 of affairs to the prefidency, and propofed to attack 
 Arcot, as the only means to draw off Chunda Saib 
 from Trichinopoli. He offered to lead the expe- 
 dition, and it was immediately undertaken. Colo- 
 nel Lawrence fays, that tc this expedition was at- 
 tended with uncommon fuccefs, which fome peo- 
 ple were pleafed to term fortunate and lucky : but 
 in his opinion, from the knowledge he had of the 
 gentleman, he deferved, and might expect from 
 his conduct, every thing as it fell out." 
 
 THE captain, on the 2ift of Auguft, embarked 
 from Fort St. David for Fort St. George, in the 
 Wager Indiaman, with 130 Europeans, and 200 
 fepoys : but, on his arrival at Madrafs, he was re- 
 inforced by 80 Europeans, and 300 fepoys ; fo that 
 he found himfelf at the head of 210 Europeans, and 
 500 fepoys, with only eight officers, fix of whom 
 had never experienced military fervice before ; and 
 yet with this little army, and three field-pieces for 
 their artillery, he undertook and effected the con- 
 queft of a large province. 
 
 THEY marched from Madrafs on the 2 6th, and 
 arrived on the 2pth at Conjeveram, a large city, 
 
 Kandur. 
 
 with
 
 THE EAST- IN DIES. 83 
 
 with a fortified pagoda, about forty-five miles from 
 Madrafs. On the 31 ft, they halted within ten 
 miles of Arcot, the capital of the province, fixty 
 miles from the coaft ; a populous city, but defended 
 only by a large defpicable citadel built with earth. 
 The garrifon confifted of 1 100 men, who were ter- 
 rified at this fudden approach of an enemy, and 
 immediately abandoned the fort. The Englifh, on 
 the lit of September, entered the city, which had 
 no walls, and quietly took poffcfllon of the citadel, 
 in the Tight of 100,000 of the inhabitants, who 
 gazed on them with admiration and refpect. 
 
 IN the fort were eight pieces of cannon, with 
 a large quantity of lead and gun -powder ; as alfo 
 effects to the value of 50,000!. depofited there for 
 fecurity by the country merchants, to whom they 
 were punctually reftored. They had offered cap- 
 tain Clive a large fum of money, on his entering 
 the fort, to prevent the place from being plundered, 
 which he refuted : but caufed a proclamation to be 
 made, that fuch as were willing to flay, mould re- 
 ceive no injury; and thofe that were unwilling might 
 depart, with their effects of all kinds, grain and 
 provifion excepted, for which they mould be paid 
 the full value immediately. The fort was inhabited 
 by near 4000 perfons, who were permitted to re- 
 main in their habitations. This judicious genero- 
 lity conciliated moft of the principal inhabitants to 
 the Englifh intereft ; and gained the good opinion 
 and affection of the country people in fuch a manner, 
 as afterwards contributed to fave the place i for 
 thofe that did not chufe to ftay in the fort, 
 when the Englifh came to be inverted there, gave 
 captain Clive the moft exaft intelligence of all the 
 defigns and motions of the enemy ; io that they 
 never attempted any thing that he was not prepared 
 n the beft manner to receive and oppofe. 
 
 G 2 CAP-
 
 84 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive was apprehenfive that the enemy 
 would be reinforced, and return into the town, if 
 he confined himfelf to the fort : he therefore marched 
 out of it, on the 4th, with the greateft part of his 
 men and four field-pieces. The fame afternoon he 
 difcovered the fugitive garrifon, confiding of 600 
 horfe and 500 foot, drawn up near Timery*, a 
 fort fituated fix miles fouth-weft of the city : but 
 when they perceived the Englifh within mufket- 
 fhot, they retreated to the hills in their rear; where 
 it was difficult and dangerous to follow them ; upon 
 which captain Clive marched his men back to Ar- 
 cot. He marched out again on the 6th, and found 
 the enemy, who now appeared to be 2000, flrongly 
 pofted in a grove within gun-Ihot of Timery. 
 They had two field-pieces managed by fome French- 
 men, who fired fmartly as the Englifh advanced, and 
 killed three Europeans : but they fled as the troops 
 approached nearer, and left many men dead behind 
 them. Captain Clive then took pofiefiion of the 
 village under the walls of the fort, and fummoned 
 the governor, who refufed to furrender, as he found 
 the Englifh had no battering cannon ; upon which 
 the troops returned again to Arcot, where they re- 
 mained in the fort, and were diligently employed 
 in many neceflary works. 
 
 THE enemy were now increafed to 3000 men, 
 and encamped within three miles of the town : but, 
 on the Hth, captain Clive marched out of the fort 
 in the dead of night, with the greatell part of his 
 garrifon, who entered the camp by furprize while 
 the enemy were fleeping in their tents, many of 
 whom were killed, and the reft fled in the utmofl 
 confufion. This fuccefs was obtained without the 
 
 * Or Timary, 
 
 Jofs
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 8$ 
 
 Jofs of a man, and made the Englifh appear dill in 
 a more formidable light. 
 
 THE two eighteen pounders and (bme military 
 ftores were on the road from Madrafs, efcorted by 
 a few fepoys, who arrived fafe at Conjeveram, and 
 were joined by a large detachment from Arcot, 
 which the enemy then thought was left unguarded, 
 and marched up with their whole force to attack the 
 fort. This was bravely defended, and the inhabi- 
 tants mewed no figa of infurreclion during the at- 
 tack, which continued till the return of the detach- 
 ment with the convoy, when the enemy precipi- 
 tately abandoned the town. 
 
 THE French and Chunda Saib were fo much 
 mortified at the lofs of this important place, that 
 they fent all the force they could fpare from Trichi- 
 nopoli to retake it. This detachment was compofed 
 of 4000 horfe and foot, who were joined in their 
 route by 1 50 Europeans from Pondicherry, and alfo 
 by the troops already collected in the neighbour- 
 hood of Arcot. The whole body when united a- 
 mounted to about 8000 men, commanded by Ra- 
 jah Saib *, who entered the city of Arcot on the 
 23d of September, and fixed his head-quarters in 
 the palace of the Nabob. But he was followed 
 from Trichinopoli by a detachment under the com- 
 mand of captain Kilpatrick, to fupport captain 
 dive, who was inverted, and on the point of be- 
 ing clofely befieged, by a numerous army, com- 
 manded by a young fpirited prince, aflifted by the 
 French troops, and feveral European engineers. 
 
 THE Englifh garrifon had nothing but their own 
 viligance and bravery to fupport them in this fiege 
 of the fort of Arcot, which was above a mile in 
 circumference. The walls were ruinous ; the ram- 
 
 " The fon of Chunda Saib. 
 
 G 3 part
 
 S6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 part too narrow for artillery ; and the paraper 
 low and flightly builr. The towers were decayed i 
 and the ditch was dry in many places. Between 
 the foot of the walls, and the ditch was a ipace 
 about ten feet broad, intended for a faufie-braye i 
 but this had no parapet at the fcarp of the ditch. 
 The fort had two gates, one to the north-weft, the 
 other to the eaft : both of which were large piles of 
 mafonry projecting forty feet beyond the walls ; 
 and the pafiage from thefe gates, inftead of a draw- 
 bridge, was a large caufeway which crofled the 
 ditch. The houfes near the fort had little wood- 
 work in their conftruction, and could not be eafily 
 fet on fire, lo that the befiegers took poiTcfilon of 
 them, to fire upon the ramparts. 
 
 THUS fituated, captain Clive was determined to 
 make one vigorous effort to drive the enemy out 
 of the town ; and on the 24th, at noon, the greateft 
 part of the garriibn, wirh the four field pieces fal- 
 lied out of the north-weft gate, which faced a ftreet 
 that ran to the north, turned to the eaft, and formed 
 another ftreet where the palace was fituated. Cap- 
 tain Give intended to put the enemy between two 
 fires, and ordered a platoon under enlign Glals to 
 march up the ftreet on the eafiern fide of the fort, 
 which led up to the palace ; and advanced himfelf 
 with the main body along the north ftreet. The 
 French troops were drawn up in front of the palace, 
 with four field pieces ; and, as captain Clive ad- 
 vanced, a brifk cannonade began at the diftance of 
 only thirty yards. The French were drove from 
 their guns in a few minutes, and ran into tne pa- 
 lace ; while their Monrim troops got pofleffion of 
 all the houfes in the ftreet, from whence they fired 
 with fo much aim, that fourteen men, who attemp- 
 ted to carry off the French artillery, were all either 
 killed or wounded. Captain Clive found it was 
 impracticable to bring off their guns, and returned 
 
 to
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 87 
 
 to the fort, where he found the platoon under en- 
 fjgn Glafs, whofe march was retarded by 400 fe- 
 poys, whom he defeated j but this interruption 
 prevented him from arriving in time to render the 
 fervice for which his men were deftined. In this 
 fally, the garrifon had fifteen Europeans killed, 
 among whom was lieutenant Trenwitli, whofe death 
 was occafionetl by his nobly prefervip.g the life of his 
 commander, in this manner. A fepoy from a win- 
 dow was levelling his piece at captain Clive, as he 
 was encouraging his men in the ftreet : Mr. Tren- 
 with perceived the fepoy, and puiled the captain 
 afide , upon which the fepoy changed his aim, and 
 fhot the lieutenant dead. Licutcnaac tteveU the 
 only officer of artillery, was alfo dilabled, with fix- 
 teen other men. j 
 
 THE next day, Rajah Saib was joined by Mortiz 
 Alice, with 2000 men, from Veloor ; and at nighc 
 fome of their fepoys fired upon the ramparts from 
 the adjacent houfes. At midnight, enfign Glafs 
 was fent with ten men to blow up two of the houfes 
 which mod annoyed the fort ; but the enfign was 
 unfuccefsful in the attempt, and difabled from far- 
 ther action by a violent fall. 
 
 THUS, at the beginning of the fiege, captain 
 Clive was deprived of the fervice of half his officers 
 who accompanied him in the expedition -, for one 
 was killed, two wounded, and another returned to 
 Madrafs -, while the troops fit for duty were dimi- 
 nifhed to 120 Europeans, and 200 fepoys Thefe 
 were befieged by 150 Europeans, 3000 horfe, 2000 
 fepoys, and 5000 peons. 
 
 THE befiegers were not furnifhed with battering 
 cannon for fourteen days, during v^hich time they 
 kept firing their mufquetry from the houfes, and 
 bombarding from four mortars -, by which they 
 killed three ferjeants and fevera] men, who at dif- 
 ferent times accompanied capc.nn Clive in vifiring 
 G 4 the
 
 8g A VOYAGE TO 
 
 the works. The (lore of provision in the fort waj 
 only fufHcient to lupply the garrifon two months, 
 which made it necefTary to fend away all the inha- 
 bit jnts, whom the befiegers permitted to pafs their 
 guards. The French artillery arrived from Pondi- 
 cherry, confiding or' two eighteen pounders, and 
 feven fmal'kr pieces ; upon which they opened a 
 battery to the north-weft, and dismounted one of 
 the eighteen pounders in the fort. In fix days they 
 beat down all rhe wall lying between two towers, 
 and made a practicable breach of fifty feet. The 
 garrifon, boih officers and men, were extremely 
 alert and indefatigable in making works to defend 
 it : trenches were dug, and fcattered with crows- 
 feet ; palifadoes were carried on along the trench- 
 es, and continued up the rampart to the para- 
 pet. All thefe preparations intimidated the befieg- 
 ers from making an aflault, before they had made 
 another breach, which they attempted by a battery 
 credled to the fouth-weft. 
 
 LIEUTENANT Innis was fent from Madrafs, with. 
 100 Europeans and 200 fepoys, to relieve captain 
 Clive : but this party was furrounded at Trivatore 
 by 2000 of Rajah Saib's troops, who killed twenty 
 of the Englifh , which deterred the reft from con^ 
 tinuing their march, and they retreated to Pono- 
 maley, a fort belonging to the company, fifteen 
 miles weft of Madrafs. This retreat left the garri- 
 fon at Arcot little expectation of fuccour from the 
 fettlements : however, their fpirits were raifed by the 
 hopes of other refources. Morarow was encamped, 
 \vith 6000 Morattoes, about thirty miles from Ar- 
 cot, and offered his afliftance to fuch brave men as 
 the defenders of that fort : upon which, Rajah Saib 
 propofed very honorable terms to the garrifon, if 
 they would furrender; if not, he threatened to put 
 every man to the fword. Captain Clive treated 
 thefe propofals with contempt -, which exafperated 
 
 Rajah
 
 THE EAST-INDIES, 89 
 
 Rajah Saib, who had alfo made a breach to the 
 fouch-weft, and was determined to ftorm the fort. 
 
 CAPTAIN Kilpatrick had joined the party un- 
 der lieutenant Innis, and was advancing to Arcot, 
 before which fome of the Morattoes had appeared, 
 and attempted to enter the town. This determined 
 the befiegers to make their laft effort, and difpofi- 
 tions were made for the aflfault, of which captain 
 Clive was fo feafonably apprized, that he was well 
 prepared to receive them with ma{k batteries. He 
 knew the very hour of attack, which was to begin 
 at the dawn of day, by the fignal of three bombs. 
 After concerting the beft meafures of defence, and 
 being almoft exhaufted with fatigue, he lay down 
 to fleep, and ordered his attendants to awaken him 
 at the firft alarm. 
 
 As foon as the morning broke, on the i4th of 
 November, Rajah Saib led his troops to the attack, 
 in four principal divifions, two of which advanced 
 to the gates, and the other two to the breaches, 
 while others came with ladders to the walls. Cap- 
 tain Clive found his garrifon at their pods, accord- 
 ing to the difpofitions he had made. The aflailants 
 began the ftorm, by attacking both breaches and 
 one of the gates, which they attempted to force 
 open with elephants, that had large plates of iron. 
 fixed to their foreheads : but thefe animals turned 
 from the mufketry, and trampled on thofe who 
 conducted them. The ftorm to the north-weft was 
 carried on with a mad kind of intrepidity, heigh- 
 tened by the inebriation of eating Bang, a plant 
 which either ftupifies, or excites the moft defperate 
 excefTes of rage. The Moors pafled the breach, and 
 fome of them got over the firft trench before the 
 defenders gave fire ; but they were foon repulfed by 
 the mufketry and two pieces of cannon, which did 
 fuch execution, that the attack ceafed in a few mi- 
 r/utes. It was renewed by another body, and then 
 
 ano-
 
 9 o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 another fucceeded, who were drove back in the 
 fame manner. They were equally unfuccefsful in 
 attacking the fuuth-weft breach, where they em- 
 barked feventy men on a raft to crofs the ditch : 
 but captain Clive himfrlf fired one of the field- 
 pieces, which deftroyed the raft, and many of the 
 men were drowned. In thefe different attacks the 
 afTailants continued the ftorm almoft an hour, and 
 then fuddenly relinquished all their attempts ; foon 
 after which, they retreated and difappeared. The 
 French troops were drawn up at a diftance, and 
 were only fpectators of the attack by their allies, 
 who had about 400 men killed and wounded, and 
 among the flain was the commander of their fepoys, 
 who had diftinguifhed himfelf with great bravery. 
 Many of the garrifon were fick, fo that the number 
 which repulfed the ftorm was no more than eighty 
 Europeans, and 1 20 fepoys, officers included : thefe, 
 befides ferving five pieces of cannon, fired 12,000 
 rnufket cartridges during the attack ; in which they 
 had only four Europeans killed, and two fepoys 
 wounded : but during the time that the fort was 
 inverted, they had forty-five Europeans and thirty 
 fepoys killed, with a greater number of both wound- 
 ed, moft of whom fuffered by the fire of the enemy's 
 mufketry from the houfes, which was continued 
 till the next morning, when they precipitately a- 
 bandoned the town, where they left four pieces of 
 artillery, four mortars, and a large quantity of 
 ammunition. Thus ended a fiege, maintained fifty 
 days, under every difadvantage of fituation and 
 force by a fmall body of men in their firft cam- 
 paign, with a fpirit worthy of the moft able ve- 
 terans. 
 
 THE different chiefs who aflifted Rajah Saib re- 
 turned to their own diftricts, and he retired to Ve- 
 loor with the French and the troops from Trichi- 
 nopoli j while captain Kilpatrick joined captain 
 
 Clive,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 91 
 
 Clive, who left him with a garrifon in the fort, and 
 took the field on the i9th. His army confuted of 
 200 Europeans, 700 fepoys, and three field pieces, 
 with which he marched to Timery, and took that 
 fort, where he left a fmall garrifon. He was foon 
 after joined by 600 Morattoes under Bofinrow *, 
 the nephew of Morarow, whofe camp had been 
 attacked and plundered by the French and Rajah 
 Saib within a fliort march of Veloor, from whence 
 they decamped, and joined a reinforcement from 
 Pondicherry at Arani -j-, a ftrong fort about twenty 
 miles fouth of Arcot, when their army confifted of 
 300 Europeans, 2000 horfe, and 2500 fepoys, with 
 four field-pieces. 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive marched towards Rajah Saib, 
 and came up with him in the plains of Arani, 
 where both armies came to a general engagement, 
 on the 3d of December, about noon. Captain 
 Clive flationed his Morattoes in a grove of palms 
 to the left ; the fepoys in a village to the right ; 
 and the Europeans, with the field pieces, in the 
 center, in an open ground, which extended about 
 300 yards between the grove and the village : in 
 the front were rice- fields, which were fwampy ; and 
 the approach of the enemy's cannon would have 
 been impracticable, had there not been a caufeway 
 leading to the village on the right. The French 
 troops, with 1500 fepoys, and their artillery, 
 marched along the caufeway; while the horfe, with 
 1000 fepoys, attacked the Morattoes before the 
 other wing was engaged. The Morattoes behaved 
 with great fpirit, and fought in a manner peculiar 
 to themfelves ; they made five fucceffive charges, 
 in which they were always repulfed by the fuperi- 
 ority of numbers. The French were galled on the 
 
 Or Boznrow. f Aranie, Arnie, Arnee, or Ami. 
 
 other
 
 92 AVOYAGETO 
 
 other wing, as they advanced along the caufeway 
 to the village, and formed an extenfive front in the 
 adjacent fields, which reached almoft to the grove. 
 They were fpiritedly oppofed on all parts, and vi- 
 goroufly purfued in their retreat. About 50 of 
 the French, and 150 of their horfe and fepoys, 
 were either killed or wounded in the engagement, 
 which continued five hours. The Englifh had 20 
 Europeans, 8 iepoys, and 46 Morattoes, killed or 
 wounded. 
 
 RAJAH SAIB retreated to the town of Arani, and 
 from thence to Ginjee, leaving many tents, and a 
 large quantity of baggage behind. He was clofely 
 purfued by the Morattoes, who took his military 
 cheft, in which were 100,000 rupees; and they alfo 
 returned with 400 of his horfes. Many of his fe- 
 poys deferted, and offered their fervice to captain 
 Clive, who incorporated 600 of their bed men a- 
 mong his own troops, and compelled the governor 
 of Arani to take an oath of fubmiffion to Mahomed 
 Alice Cawn. 
 
 THE French had repofiefTed Conjeveram, and 
 placed a garrifon in its pagoda of 30 Europeans, 
 and 300 fepoys, who impeded the communication 
 between Arcot and Madrafs, and had furprized 3 
 party of difabled men returning from the fiege, 
 among whom, were the officers Revel and Glafs : 
 fome of the men were murdered, but the officers 
 were fpared. 
 
 BOSINROW proceeded with his Morattoes from 
 Arani to Trichinopoli, by order of his uncle Mo- 
 rarow : but captain Clive marched with his own 
 force to Conjeveram, where he arrived on the Hth, 
 and fummoned the French officer to furrender, which 
 he refufed, and threatened to expofe his captives on 
 the walls, if the pagoda was attacked. Two 18 
 pounders arrived from Madrafs, and the pagoda 
 was battered in breach at the diftance of 200 yards. 
 
 The
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 93 
 
 The French had no cannon , but fired fmartly with 
 their mufketry, which killed feveral men at the 
 battery: and lieutenant Bulkley' was (hot through 
 the head, as he reconnoitred the pagoda in company 
 with captain Clive, who flood clofe by his fide when 
 he fell. A breach was made after a fiege of three 
 days *, upon which, the garrifon abandoned the 
 place, and left the Englifh prifoners behind. 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive delinked the defences of Con- 
 jeveram ; fent 180 Europeans and 500 fepoys to 
 .Arcot; and returned with the remainder of his 
 troops to Madrafs , from whence he proceeded to 
 Fort St. David, and arrived there before the year 
 was expired. 
 
 WHILE the Englifli were thus fuccefsful in the 
 province of A rear, the French carried on their at- 
 tempts againft Trichinopoli ; for which they had 
 been fupplied with bartering artillery from Carical, 
 and had crofted three batteries, but all of them at 
 too great a diftance to perform any execution, fo as 
 to make the leait imprefllon on the walls, or among 
 the Englifh and their fepoys, who were encamped 
 clofe to the well fide of the town, while the Nabob's 
 cavalry encamped to the fouth. Some fkirrmmes 
 happened, of little confequence, during the month 
 of Oclober : but the befiegers fired fmartly every 
 day, and fupplied the befieged with a great number 
 of cannon-balls, all of which had the Englifh mark ; 
 being the fame that the fhips had fired againft Pon- 
 dicherry, with as litde e fife ft as they were now thrown 
 away againft Trichinopoli. 
 
 THE Nabob was promikd afllftance from the 
 king of Maiflfore, whofe fubjedts decefted Chunda 
 Saib. The French detached a party to terrify that 
 prince; and captain Cope was ftnt after them with 
 an Englifli detachment to drive them from the fort 
 of Kiftnavaram, thirty miles weft of Trichinopoli, 
 In the high road to MaifTjre. Captain Cop^ ..was 
 
 mortally
 
 94 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 mortally wounded in attacking the enemy j and cap* 
 tain Dalton was fent to take the command : but 
 both parties retired without coming to action, and 
 returned to Trichinopoli, where many powerful 
 allies were engaged on each fide. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 RAJAH SAIB plunders the country near MADRASS : 
 Captain CLIVE is fent from Fort St. DAVID to 
 command the army at Madrafs. He takes CON* 
 JEVERAM-, defeats the French- at COVREPAUK ; 
 and returns to St. David, from whence he is 
 fent with major LAWRENCE to reinforce the 
 troops at TRICHINOPOLI. The Nabob MAHO- 
 MED ALLEE CAWN is joined there by the MAIS- 
 SOREANS and their MORATTOES, the TANJO- 
 RINES d;^/ TONDEMAN : and CHUNDA SAIB is 
 joined by the troops under MORAWA and ALLUM 
 CAWN. Some account of thtfe different allies. 
 The French attack the Englifh in their march at 
 KOILADDY tftf^EuMisERUM ; but are defeated, a nd 
 Allum Cawn is killed. Major Lawrence takes 
 the command of the Nabob's army at Trichinopoli : 
 and M. LAW dw^Chunda Saib encamp at SER ING- 
 HAM. Captain Clive takes LALGOODY ; and Eli- 
 
 miferum furrenders to captain DALTON. M. 
 
 D'DAUTEUIL is fent with an army from PONDI- 
 CHERRY to reinforce Chunda Saib, and fuperfede 
 M. Law. Captain Clive fortifies SAMIAVARAM, 
 andmarches to intercept M. d'Auteuil at UTATOOR. 
 The French take Samiavaram , which is retaken 
 ly captain Clive. The Tanjorines take Koiladdy. 
 Captain Dalton attacks M. d'Auteuil, at Utatoor : 
 the French are repulfed, and retreat to VOLCONDA. 
 Captain Dalton joins captain Clive, who takes 
 
 PIT-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 95 
 
 PITCH AN DA. Chunda Saib is deferred by his al- 
 lies \ fur renders bimfelf to MONACKJEE, and is 
 murdered : his cbar after ^ and remarks on his death. 
 ; Captain Give makes M. D'Auteuil find all his 
 troops pri/onersatVolcondz: andM. Law furrenders 
 his whole army prif oners of war to major Lawrence 
 and the Nabob at Seringham. General remarks 
 on thefe tranfaftions. 
 
 WHILE captain Clive was at Fort St. David, 
 Rajah Saib collected a confiderable force at 
 Chettaput, from whence they marched towards 
 Madrafs, in the beginning of January 1752, ap- 
 proaching fo near as within nine miles, to a place 
 called St. Thomas's Mount, where the Englifli 
 gentlemen had their country feats, in the company's 
 territory of Ponomalee. The Moors plundered 
 thefe houfes of all their furniture, carried off all the 
 provifion they found, and fent the whole to Pondi- 
 cherry. After thefe hoftilities they returned to 
 Conjeveram, garrifoned its pagoda wi.h 300 fepoys, 
 and kept the field between this place and the fort 
 of Ponomalee, which they threatened to attack. 
 
 THE Englifli prefidency determined to make an 
 effort to reduce this enemy, before they fent a re- 
 inforcement to Trichinopoli ; and captain Clive 
 was fent to Madrafs, to take the command. A de- 
 tachment of 100 Europeans arrived there from Ben- 
 gal, and 80 more were taken from the garrifon of 
 Madrafs ; which were joined by 200 Europeans and 
 500 fepoys from the garrifon of Arcot. The whole 
 united force con filled of 380 Europeans, 1300 fe- 
 poys, and fix field-pieces ; with which captain 
 Clive took the field on the 2d of February. The 
 enemy had an army of 400 Europeans, 2500 horfe, 
 and 2000 fepoys, with a large train ot artillery : 
 but, notwithltanding this fuptriority, they were 
 afraid to meet captain Clive, and forcifisd th?m- 
 
 felves
 
 $6 AVOYAGETO 
 
 felves ftrongly in their camp at Vendaldre, a vil 
 lage about 24 miles fouth-weft of Madrafs. The 
 Englifh advanced to attack them in the rear j upon 
 which, they fuddenly quitted their camp, and re- 
 united their fcattered parties at Conjeveram, from 
 whence they marched towards Arcot, which they 
 expected to have found without a garrifon. Cap- 
 tain Clive, therefore, made a forced march of 20 
 miles to Conjeveram, where the garrifon of the pa- 
 goda furrendered on the firlt fummons. He fol- 
 lowed the enemy fo clofe, that they were obliged to 
 encamp near the fort of Covrepauk*, within eight 
 miles of Arcot, where they lay to receive him, 
 ported in a very advantageous manner. 
 
 THE Englifli army arrived in fight of Covrepauk, 
 on the i ft of March atfun-fet, when the van, march- 
 ing in the high road, were fired upon from the 
 right, by the French artillery, pofted in a thick 
 grove of mango-trees, which had a ditch and a 
 bank in front, within 250 yards of the Englifli 
 troops. Captain Clive had little hopes of forcing 
 the enemy in this ftrong fituation : however, ob- 
 ferving a water-courfe at a little diftance to the left, 
 he immediately ftruck out of the road, and threw 
 his men into it for melter ; while the baggage fell 
 back half a mile, with one of the field-pieces and a 
 platoon to defend it. The enemy, deceived by the 
 afifurance M. Dupleix had given of captain dive's 
 weaknefs, quitted their ports, and marched towards 
 him in a column of fix men in front. The Englifh 
 formed in the fame order, and a fire was kept up 
 on both fides for two hours : but when they came 
 to the pufh of their bayonets, the French retired 
 within their intrenchments. As it was then about 
 ten o'clock, and part of the Englifh troops raw, the 
 
 * Cauvery-Pauk, Kaveri-pakara, or Coveree-paute. 
 
 victory
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 97 
 
 victory remained doubtful, till captain Clive fent a 
 detachment under lieutenant Keene, to take a com- 
 pafs, and fall upon the rear of the French battery, 
 which was well executed. The detachment entered 
 the grove unperceived, and gave their fire in a gene- 
 ral volley at the diftance of 30 yards. The French 
 immediately abandoned their guns, and fled; but 
 many of them were taken prifoners. The other 
 part of their army foon received intelligence of this 
 difafter, on which tjiey immediately took flight, 
 and their horfe difperied at the fame time. The 
 Englifh troops re-united, and remained underarms 
 until day-break, when they found themfelves in 
 poffeffion of eight pieces of cannon, 200 ftand'of 
 arms, and a great quantity of ammunition. They 
 killed 50 Europeans, and made 60 more prifoners : 
 the French alfo loft about 300 fepoys. Of the Eng- 
 lifh, 40 Europeans and 30 fepoys were killed , be- 
 fides a greater number wounded. 
 
 THE fort of Covrepauk fubmitted to captain 
 Clive, who proceeded to Arcot, and marched 
 againft Veloor : but before his troops came in fight 
 of that place, he received an order from the prefi- 
 dency of Fort St. David, to repair thither with all his 
 force, which they had determined to fend to Trichi- 
 nopoli. He therefore changed his route, and came 
 to the fpot where Nazirzing had been killed, and 
 M. Dupleix had planned out his new town, which 
 captain Clive caufed to be entirely demolifhed, and 
 then continued his march to Fort St. David, with- 
 out interruption from the enemy, who were dif- 
 pirited by his fuccefs. Their horfe were disbanded; 
 and the French troops and fepoys were recalled 
 to Pondicherry, where M. Dupleix expreffed the 
 higheft refentment againil Rajah Saib. Thus the 
 valor and conduct of captain Clive in the Carnatic, 
 recovered to the Nabob Mahomed Alice Cawn an 
 extent of country 60 miles long, and 30 broad, the 
 
 VOL. II. H ' annual
 
 $g AVOYAGE TO 
 
 annual revenues of which, amounted to 400,000 
 pagodas, or 160,000!. fterling. 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive returned to St. David's on the 
 nth of March, and the troops were ready to take 
 the field again on the I5th, when the Dorrington 
 arrived from England with major Lawrence on 
 board, who refumed his command. The chief 
 fcene of the military operations was now to be at 
 Trichinopoli, for which place major Lawrence and 
 captain Clive marched on the i8th, with 400 Eu- 
 ropeans and 1100 fepoys : they had eight field- 
 pieces, and efcorted a large quantity of military 
 ftores and ammunition, through the king of Tan- 
 jore's country towards Trichinopoli, where the Na- 
 bob Mahommed Allee Cawn, and aMb Chunda 
 Saib, had been greatly reinforced by the country 
 troops. 
 
 THE onty prince in the peninfala, from whofe 
 fituation, power, and inclination, Mahomed Allee 
 Cawn could expect to be properly affifted, was the 
 king of Maiflbre*, whofe territory is bounded to 
 the eaft by the fouthern part of the Carnatic, and 
 the kingdom of Trichinopoli : to the weft it ex- 
 tends in fome parts, within 30 miles of the fea-coaft 
 of Malabar. The capital is Serirrgapatnam : and 
 his annual revenue is computed at twenty millions 
 of rupees, or 2,500,000!. iterling. The king was 
 then an infant, and the government was ruled by 
 his uncle Nanderauze, who was called the dallaway-f-, 
 or regent. He agreed to affift the Nabob on very 
 extravagant terms, afiembled an army, and took 
 6000 Morattoes into pay under the command of 
 Morarow. This army confided of 12,000 horfe, 
 and 8000 foot, which encamped in November at 
 
 OrMyfore. f Or dolaway. 
 
 Carour,
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 99 
 
 arour, 50 miles from Trichinopoli, upon the 
 banks of the Coleroon -, from whence 500 Morat- 
 toes were detached under Innis Cawn to Trichino- 
 poli in December; and another body of the fame 
 troops were fent to Arcot under Bofinrow. The 
 main army decamped at the beginning of the year, 
 and was led by Nanderauze, who wrote to the Na- 
 bob, defiring that a ftrong party of Europeans 
 might be immediately fent to his afliftance, as he 
 was utterly ignorant of the manner in which he 
 ought to conduct himfelf againft white men who 
 fought with mufketry and cannon. He was joined 
 on the ad of February by captain Dalton, with a 
 detachment from Trichinopoli, by which he was 
 conducted to that city, where he was aftonifhed at 
 the martial appearance and regularity of the En- 
 glim troops, whom he treated with great politenefs 
 and efteem. The Morattoes made war their pro- 
 feffion ; yet they had neither art nor difcipline : they 
 were only pillagers, and as fuch were formidable to 
 the Moors. They rode hardy horfes, , inured to fa- 
 tigue, and chiefly fed with (landing corn. The 
 common men had no cloathing but a turban on 
 the head, and a fafti round the waift ; and inftead 
 of a faddle, they ufed a kind of pad. Truly formi^ 
 dable with their fabres, they were fatal to troops 
 that were once broke. But the Morattoes, who 
 now joined the Englifli, under their chief Morarow, 
 were only a body of mercenary horfe, or roving 
 free-booters, that alternately took pay of the higheft 
 bidder. The junction of the Maiflbreans deter- 
 mined the king of Tanjore to declare for the Na- 
 bob. The kingdom of Tanjore adjoins to Trichi- 
 nopoli : its length from the weft to the fea is about 
 100 miles i and its breadth along die fea-coaft is 
 90 miles. This prince fent to Trichinopoli 3000 
 horfe and 2000 foot, under the command of his 
 H 2 general
 
 ioo A VOYAGE TO 
 
 general Mor.ack-jee*. The Polygar Tondeman, 
 whofe country lies between Tanjore and Madura, 
 alfo fent 400 borfe, and 3000 Colleries. Thefe laft 
 are a people almott iavage, who inhabit the woods 
 between Trichinopoli and cape Comorin : their 
 name, in their own language, fignifies thieves, and 
 juftly defcribes their character ; for they live on 
 plunder, and are particularly remarkable for ftealing 
 horfes. They creep along the woods with a fpear 
 eighteen or twenty feet long, trailing on the ground, 
 which they manage on occafion with great dexterity. 
 They are troubkfome in the field, by giving fre- 
 quent alarms, and in their woody country it is dan- 
 gerous to attack them. Thus the force of Ma- 
 homed Alice Cawn became fuddenly fuperior to 
 that of Chunda Saib j for the troops of his allies, 
 joined to his own, formed a body of 20,000 horfe, 
 and 20,000 foot. 
 
 THE army of Chunda Saib had alfo been aug- 
 mented to 15,000 horfe, and 20,000 foot, by the 
 junction of 4000 Peons and Colleries belonging to 
 Morawa, a polygar, whofe country lies to the iouth 
 of Tanjore: as alfo by 3000 horfe commanded by 
 Allum" Cawn f, the governor of Madura t an ex- 
 tenfive country, that lies between thofeof Trichino- 
 poli and Tinevelly. Allum Cawn was a man of 
 great intereft in the country, and a foldier of fortune, 
 who had formerly been in the fervice of Chunda 
 Saib, and afterwards in that of the king of Tanjore, 
 whom he left, and came to Madura, where his re- 
 putation as an excellent officer ibon gained him in- 
 fluence and refpect, which he employed to corrupt 
 the garrifon, and fucceeded fo well, that the troops 
 created him governor, and confented to maintain 
 
 Or Monagee. f Or Allam Khan. 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 101 
 
 the city under his authority for Chunda Saib, whom 
 he acknowledged as his fovereign. 
 
 THE regent of Maifibre, and Morarow, endea- 
 voured to prevail on captain Gingin to make a ge- 
 neral attack upon the enemy with the whole army : 
 but the Englifh captain knowing that thefe Indian 
 troops were incapable of rendering any material 
 fervice againft fortified pods defended by Europe- 
 ans, and that his own battalion muft fuftain the 
 principal attack, determined to wait until he was 
 reinforced by major Lawrence and captain Clive, 
 who arrived on the 26th of March, at Tiicatopoli*, 
 a fort belonging to the king of Tanjore, within 
 twenty miles of Trichinopoli ; where they depofited 
 a large part of their ftores. 
 
 BOTH armies were equally concerned for the fate 
 of the approaching reinforcement ; and M. Dupleix 
 fent repeated orders to M. Law, who commanded 
 the French battalion, to interrupt them at all events.- 
 M. Law reinforced the garrifon at Coilady ; and 
 major Lawrence, on the 27th, marched his troops 
 along the high road, within point blank mot of that 
 fort, from whence fix pieces of cannon fired upon 
 them acrofs the Cavery. This fire occafioned fome 
 confufion among the baggage, and was anfwered 
 from four guns in the rear, fupported by 100 Eu- 
 ropeans, commanded by captain Clive , while the 
 line marched on inclining to the left; which direc- 
 tion foon preferved them from the enemy's fire ; 
 but not before twenty Europeans were killed. 
 They then halted, and were joined by the rear di- 
 vifion; after which they continued their march 
 without farther interruption, and the fame evening 
 halted within ten miles of Trichinopoli. Captain 
 Gingin then detached 100 Europeans> and fifty 
 
 Or Tircalupalli. 
 
 H 3 dra-
 
 ,02 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 dragoons j who joined the reinforcement before 
 morning. Captain Dakon was alfo fent from the 
 city at day-break, with his own company of gre- 
 nadiers, and another of the battalion j in all 200 
 Europeans, 400 fepoys, and four field pieces : this 
 detachment was to take poft at a rock called the 
 Sugar-loaf, about three miles fouth of the French 
 rock, from whence they were to join the reinforce- 
 ment, when it came in fight. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence advanced towards Elimife- 
 rum *, three miles fouth-eatt of the French rock. 
 Here was a fortified pagoda on the fummit of a 
 rock, where the French had mounted cannon i and 
 between thefe two pofts they had drawn up the 
 main body of their army in order of battle, while 
 the other troops were in a line, which extended 
 from the French rock to the village of Chuckley- 
 pollam by the river- fide. However, the Englilh 
 commanders eluded this difpofition to furround 
 them : then they advanced j and a cannonade enfued, 
 vhich was the hotteft ever feen on the plains of In^ 
 doftanj for the French fired from twenty-two 
 pieces of cannon, and the Englifh from nine. The 
 French retreated in half an hour ; and the Englifh 
 artillery drew up : but Chunda Saib's cavalry, ani- 
 mated by the example of Allum Cawn, firmly fuf- 
 tained the cannonade, till that gallant officer was 
 killed. His head was taken off by a cannon-ball, 
 as he was encouraging his troops to advance , upon 
 which they fled. Major Lawrence was unwilling 
 to expofe his men to more fatigue under fuch a 
 burning fun, and ordered the purfuit to ceafe, when 
 captain Clive had followed them fo clofe, as to force 
 them into a great water courfe near the French 
 rock, where they were on the point of being en- 
 
 Qr Elmiftram. 
 
 filaded
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 103 
 
 filaded by a fire that would have made great havoc 
 among them. Seven Englim foldiers were ftruck 
 dead by the heat, and fourteen were killed or 
 wounded. The French had forty men killed or 
 wounded -, and more than 300 of Chunda Saib's 
 troops, with an elephant, and 285 horfes, were 
 found dead on the plain. The Morattoes never 
 attacked the enemy, which deterred the other In- 
 dian troops in the fervice of the Nabob from im- 
 proving the fuccefs of this day ; for they remained 
 idle fpeftators at a diftance, nor could be induced 
 to make a (ingle charge, not even to interrupt the 
 retreat. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence renewed his march, and arrived 
 that night at Trichinopoli, where he took the com- 
 mand of the whole united army ; which was com- 
 pofed of 1 200 Europeans and TopafTes in battalion, 
 with 1200 fepoys in Englim pay, and the Nabob's 
 troops, with thofe of his allies ; who were all con- 
 fulted by the major, to fettle the plan of operations 
 for the campaign. They concurred in opinion, that 
 a general attack mould be immediately made upon 
 the enemy's camp ; or, if they retreated to the 
 ifland, to cut off their communication with the 
 country : but when the time was to be fixed, the 
 major found both Moors and Indians fo fuperfti- 
 tiouOy devoted to fortunate and unfortunate days, 
 that many would be apparently loft before they 
 could agree in the notion of a favorable hour, with- 
 out which none of them thought it lafe to venture 
 an engagement. 
 
 THE enemy avoided any attack, by returning to 
 the ifland, where their army amounted to 600 Eu- 
 ropeans, TopalTes, and Caffres , 1800 fepoys in 
 French pay i and the troops of Chunda Saib, with 
 thofe of his confederates. M. Law took up his 
 head-quarters in the pagoda of Jumbakiftna : fome 
 of Chunda Saib's troops re-entered the pagoda of 
 H 4 Sering-
 
 104 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 Seringham, others encamped under the northern 
 wall, and the reft extended farther eaftward along the 
 bank of the Coleroon. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence endeavoured to cut ofF their 
 fupplies -, and, promifing himfelf great fuccefs from 
 the activity ar.d vigilance of caprain Clive, he de- 
 tached him with 400 of the beft Europeans, 1200 
 fepoys, and 4000 horfe, with eight pieces of can- 
 non, to take poft on the other fide of the ifland, 
 which he happily effected on the 7th of April, and 
 flormed Lalgoody *, a mud-fort, where the enemy 
 had a large magazine of grain, fufficient to main- 
 tain ten thoufand men for two months. 
 
 AT the fame time, captain Dalton was fent with 
 his company of grenadiers, fome Morattoes and fe- 
 poys, to attack Eiimiferurn. They had two pieces 
 of cannon, and a mortar ; which took up too much 
 time in conveying through broken roads: how- 
 ever, the enemy lurrendertd, when they found they 
 were to be bombarded. The Englifh had five Eu- 
 ropeans, and ten fepoys wounded j but they took 
 fifteen Europeans, thirty fepoys, and two pieces of 
 cannon, one of which was a fine eighteen pounder. 
 The fmaller piece was left with fome lepoys to garri- 
 fon this poft ; and the reft returned to Trichinopoli 
 with the large gun, which was prefented to the 
 Nabob, as the firft trophy that been taken during 
 the campaign. 
 
 TH E new activity which began to appear in the 
 Englifh battalion, induced Morarow to relinquifh 
 his correfpondence with Chunda Saib, and im- 
 prefied the enemy with terrors equal to thole which 
 they had fo merly created in their opponents. There 
 feemed to be no judgment in their councils, nor 
 fpirit in their actions : they were afraid to fight, and 
 amamed to retreat. 
 
 Or Lalguddy. 
 
 IT
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 105 
 
 IT was necefiary for the Nabob to reduce the 
 pofts of which the enemy were in pofleffion to the 
 north of Coleroon ; and to intercept the reinforce- 
 ments which might be fent from Pondicherry 
 through the (heights of Utatoor : therefore it was 
 determined, that captain Clive fhould chufe fuch a 
 central fituation between the ftreights of UtatoOr* 
 and the Coleroon, as would beft anfwer all thefe in- 
 tentions -, and particularly, that his divifion (hould 
 not be out of the reach of a forced march from 
 Trichinopoli, left the whole of the enemy's force 
 fhould fall upon him before major Lawrence could 
 move to his affiftance. 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive proceeded feven miles to the 
 north of the Coleroon, and took poflefilon of the 
 village of Samiavaram, about ten miles from Sering- 
 ham, and on the high road to Pondicherry, through 
 which the enemy's convoys muft pafs. In the vil- 
 lage were two pagodas, about a quarter of a mile 
 diftant from each other, one on each fide of the 
 high road leading to Utatoor, which was fifteen 
 miles from Samiavaram. Thefe pagodas were al- 
 lotted for the quarters of the Europeans and fepoys; 
 but the Morattoes and Tanjorines encamped with- 
 out. Ravelins were immediately flung up before 
 the gates, and a redoubt was conftructed to com- 
 mand the road to the north and fouth. 
 
 WHEN M. Dupleix was informed of this fituation 
 of affairs, he fent M. d'Auteuil to fuperfede M. 
 Law in the command. He took with him a rein- 
 forcement from Pondicherry, confiding of i 20 Eu- 
 ropeans, 500 fepoys, and tour field pieces, with a 
 large convoy of provifions and (lores. They arrived 
 at Ucatooron the i4th, and captain Clive marched 
 the fame night with the greateft part of his force to 
 
 * Or Outatoor; fometiraes called Pallikonda. *' 
 
 inter-
 
 io6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 intercept him. M. Law was apprized of this march, 
 and detached 80 Europeans, with 700 fepoys, to 
 attack the pagodas in the abfence or captain CJive, 
 who at the fame time was returning from Utatoor, 
 where M. d'Auteuil received advice of his approach, 
 and regained the fort. 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive arrived at Samiavaram about ele- 
 ven at nighr, when his men, fatigued with fo long a 
 inarch, went to reft in the camp, and he retired to 
 his palankeen in an adjacent choultry. The French 
 party arrived nar the camp at midnight, and were 
 challenged by the advanced guard of Englifli Tepoys, 
 who were deceived, and fent one of their body to 
 conduct the enemy to the head-quarters. Among 
 the French party were forty Englifh deierters, whofe 
 officer was an Irifliman, and told the fepoys, when 
 they challenged, that he was fent by major Law- 
 rence to reinforce captain Clive. They continued 
 their march through a part of the Morattoe camp, 
 without interruption, till they came to the lefler 
 pagoda, where they were challenged by the centi- 
 nels, and by others pofted in the choultry in which 
 captain Clive lay afleep. They returned the chal- 
 lenge by a volley into each place, attacked the pa- 
 goda about four in the morning, diflodged the Eng- 
 lift*, and put all they met to the fword. Captain 
 Clive darting out of his fleep, and alarmed at the 
 firing, ran immediately towards it i by which means 
 he joined the French fepoys, who were firing at 
 random, and pufhing into the pagoda : imagining 
 them his own troops, who endeavored to fcreen 
 themfelves from an attack, he began to reprimand 
 them in the country language angrily demanding 
 what they were firing at. The fepoys, in this time of 
 darknefs and confufion, paid little regard to him, till 
 one of their officers fufpecling him to be an Englifh- 
 man, drew his fword, and cut at him ; which he 
 parried, by advancing forward, and receiving the 
 
 blow
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 107 
 
 blow from near the hilc : but another officer of the 
 Englifli fepoys, accidently coming to his afiiftance, 
 cut the French fepoy down, and difengaged captain 
 Clive ; who, perceiving his miftake, and fortu- 
 nately efcaping, went and joined his own troops, 
 then under arms. Conceiving that the enemy 
 would not have attempted fo defperate an enter- 
 prize without fupporting it by their whole army, 
 he refolved to ftorm the pagoda before the troops 
 who were in it could receive any afiiftance. The 
 entrance of the gateway would admit only two men 
 a-breaft ; but the Englifh foldiers made the attack 
 with great refolution. The deferters within fought 
 defperately, and killed the officer who attempted 
 the ftorm and fifteen men ; upon which the attack 
 was fufpended until day-break, when ' the com- 
 manding officer of the French made a fally, but 
 was killed with twelve of his men. The reft ran 
 back into the pagoda, where captain Clive advan- 
 ced to parley with them, leaning on the moulders 
 of two ferjeants, as he was weak with the lofs of 
 blood. The Irifh officer prefented himfelf with 
 great infoknce, and fired his piece at the captain,, 
 whom the ball mified, but killed one of the fer- 
 jeants. The French difavowed fuch an aft, which 
 might exclude them from any pretenfions to quarter, 
 and feeing the Englifh cannon approach, they im- 
 mediately furrendered at difcretion, to the number 
 of 66 Europeans. The French fepoys without had 
 difcovered the danger of their fituation before the 
 pagoda was attacked, and marched quietly off out 
 of reach of the Europeans : but they were purfued 
 by the Morattoes, who came up with them on the 
 open plain before they could gain the bank of the 
 Coleroon, and inhumanly cut them all to pieces, fa 
 that not a fingle man out of 700 efcaped alive. A 
 bloody carnage ! in which cruel exploits the Morat- 
 toes
 
 io8 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 toes chiefly diftinguifh themfelves. The EngliHi 
 had only nine men killed and wounded. 
 
 PITCHANDA* and Utatoor were now the only 
 pods which the enemy held to the north of tha 
 Coleroon : but they ftill pofleffed Coilady, and 
 thereby commanded the caftern extremity of the 
 iftand. Major Lawrence detached the Tanjorines, 
 wnder Monackjee, to attack Coilady, which he 
 took on the 26th of April, whereby the enemy 
 were deprived of their laft magazine of provifions, 
 and became every day more and more diftrefifed ; 
 while M. d'Auteuil remained at Utatoor for a pro- 
 per opportunity to arrive at Seringham. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence fent captain Dalton, with a 
 party from his own divifion to attack M. d'Auteuih 
 It was compofed of 150 Europeans, 400 fepoys, 
 and 500 Morattoes, with four field pieces. They 
 inarched from Trichinopoli on the 9th of May, 
 halted at Samiavaram, and arrived the next evening 
 within two miles of Utatoor. A fkirmim enfued ; 
 but the French were repulfed, and retreated to Vol- 
 conda with fuch precipitation, that they left a great 
 quantity of military ftores behind in the fort, of 
 which the Englifh took pofiefiion. 
 
 CAPTAIN Dalton remained only two days at Uta- 
 toor, and then marched to join captain Clive, who 
 was preparing to attack Pitchanda, and on the i4th 
 moved the greateft part of his army down to the 
 Coleroon. Along the northern bank of this river, 
 from Pitchanda to the ground oppofite the great 
 pagoda of Seringham, was a large mound of earth 
 fifty feet broad at the top, thrown up by the coun- 
 try people to refift the current of the river, which 
 in this part fets ftrongly from the oppofite (here 
 whenever the waters rife. The enemy's camp on 
 
 Or Pitchunda. 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 109 
 
 the ifland lay oppofite to this mound, and within 
 cannon-mot; it was therefore determined to employ 
 the artillery againft them, until the battery againft 
 Pitchanda could be finifhed. On the i5th, at fun- 
 rife, fix pieces of cannon began to fire upon the 
 camp from embrafures cut through the top of the 
 mound, which flieltcred them from the guns of 
 Pitchanda. The camp was foon in the utmoft con- 
 fufion, and abandoned in two hours. The garri- 
 fon of Pitchanda made an unfuccefsful attempt to 
 interrupt the cannonade ; and the next morning rhe 
 fort was fo vigoroufly attacked, that the garrifon 
 beat the chamade, to furrender prifoners of war : 
 but the Englifh fepoys miftook this fignal for a de- 
 fiance, and fired a volley which killed feveral men, 
 and ftruck fuch a terror, that fifteen Frenchmen 
 jumped over the walls into the river, where they 
 were drowned. The reft, being 60 Europeans and 
 200 fepoys, furrendered to the Englifh, and were 
 fent to the Nabob at Trichinopoli. 
 
 BY the reduction of this fort, the communication 
 of the enemy was cut off from the other fide the 
 Coleroon, and their Indian camp was again expofed 
 to a cannonade ; which terrified the allies of Chunda 
 Saib, who had the mortification to fee moft of them 
 revolt, and join the Nabob, or return into their 
 own territories. There remained \vith Chunda 
 Saib no more than 2000 horfe, and 3000 foot, who 
 took flicker in the pagoda of Seringham : while 
 the French battalion, with 2000 fepoys, fnut them- 
 felves up in Jambakiftna, which they preferred to 
 the other pagoda, becaufe its outward wall was in a 
 better condition, and its fmalier extent more pro- 
 portioned to the number of their troops. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence fent fey a train of battering 
 cannon from Devi Cotah , and, on rhe i8th of" 
 May, pafTed the Cavery to the ifland, where he en- 
 camped oppofite Jumbakiftna. On the z;th, cap- 
 tain
 
 ito AVOYAGkTO 
 
 tain Clive was detached with 100 Europeans, lood 
 fepoys, and fix field pieces, to make another at- 
 tempt upon the French at Volconda. The next 
 day rhey arrived at Utatoor, and the French ad- 
 vanced within feven miles of it, but were then inti- 
 midated, and returned to Volconda, where they 
 were brifkly purfued by the Morattoes and fepcys. 
 The governor of the fort refufed to give any pro- 
 tection to the French, who were obliged to fur- 
 render upon terms that were foon fettled between 
 captain dive and M. d'Auteuil. It was agreed, 
 that the deferters fhould be pardoned j that the 
 French commiflioned officers fhould not ferve againft 
 the Nabob for twelve months, and the private men 
 remain prifoners of war at his difcretion. The whole 
 party confided of 100 Europeans, of whom thirty- 
 five were Englilh deferters, 400 fepoys, and 300 
 horfe. Captain Clive alfo took three pieces of 
 cannon, 3000 mufkets, and 800 barrels of gun- 
 powder, befides 50,000 rupees ; though the whole 
 booty made by his troops amounted to 1 0,000 1. 
 fterling at lead. The horfemen and fepoys were 
 difarmed and fet at liberty as ufual ; and captain 
 Clive returned to his camp with the other prifoners. 
 IN this fituation, Chunda Saib was difpirited, and 
 threw himfelf under the protection of Monackjee, 
 which coft him his life. He might have efcaped 
 to Pondicherry, but dreaded M. Dupleix. M. Law 
 fuggefted to him the neceflity of attempting to 
 make his efcape, by bribing fome chief of the con- 
 federate army to permit him to pafs through his 
 quarters. The application was made to the Tan- 
 jorine general, who received the overture, and car- 
 ried on the correfpondence with fo much addrefs as 
 induced Chunda Saib and M. Law to think they 
 had gained him over to their intereft. A large fum 
 of money was paid to him, and much more pro- 
 
 mifed,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. in 
 
 mifed, with every other advantage he thought pra- 
 per to ftipulate. 
 
 ON the 3 1 ft of May, the battering cannon ar- 
 rived from Devi Cotah, and M Law was fummoned 
 to furrender at difcretion ; while Monackjee sdvifed 
 Chunda Saib to come over to him that very night. 
 He took 'an oath, the moft facred of all to an In- 
 dian foldier, on his fabre and poniard, wifhing they 
 might be turned to his own deftrudlion if he failed 
 in his engagements, which were to fend Chunda Saib 
 with an efcort to Karical : but when the unfortu- 
 nate prince put himfelf into the power of the Tan- 
 jorine, he was fettered and confined as a prifoner, 
 till his fate was determined by the Nabob. 
 
 THE next day, the Nabob, the MaifiTore and 
 Morattoe generals, Monackjee, and major Lawrence 
 affembled, and debated how to difpofe of Chunda 
 Saib. They were of different opinions, and the 
 major propofed, that the Englifh mould have the 
 care of him ; which was by no means approved ; 
 and they parted, without coming to any refolution : 
 but Monackjee put an end to the difpute, by order- 
 ing the head of his prifoner to be (truck oft on the 
 3d of June. The executioner of this deed was a 
 Patan, who found the unhappy victim an aged 
 man, ftretched on the ground, where he (tabbed 
 him to the heart, and afterwards cut off his head ; 
 which was immediately fent to the Nabob, who 
 then for the firft time faw the face of his rival. Af- 
 ter he had gratified his courtiers with a fight of it, 
 they tied the head to the neck of a camel ; in which 
 manner it was carried five times round the wails of 
 Trichinopoli ; attended by 100,000 fpectators, who 
 infulted it with all the indecent invectives peculiar 
 to the cuftoms of their country. The military abi- 
 lities of Chunda Saib were much greater than arecom- 
 monly found in the generals of Indoftan : and in his 
 private character, he was generally acknowledged to 
 
 have
 
 ii2 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 have been a brave, humane, generous, and bene- 
 volent man, efpecially as princes go in Indoitan. 
 The many examples of a fimilar fate, which are 
 perpetually produced by the contelts of ambition in 
 this unfettled empire, have eilabliftied a proverb, 
 *' that fortune is a throne ," and therefore he who 
 falls in- fuch contentions is only accounted unfor- 
 tunate, without having the odium of rebellion or 
 treachery charged on his memory, unlefs he oppofes 
 the Great Mogul, v\ho is efteemed as the fovereign 
 of all. 
 
 M. DUPLE ix, in his memoirs, falfely afierts, that 
 major Lawrence himfelf ordered the death of 
 Chunda Saib, notwithstanding that calumny had 
 been clearly refuted before. 
 
 WHEN M. Law faw the fate of his ally, and 
 heard of the defeat of his countrymen at Volconda, 
 he thought of furrendering, and defired the media- 
 tion of the Englifli with the Nabob. Major Law- 
 rence held a perfonal conference with M. Law, who 
 defired that the Enghfli would facilitate the retreat 
 of his army into the French fettlements : but ma- 
 jor Lawrence anlwered, that the Englifli were in 
 clofe alliance with the Nabob; in juttification of 
 whofe conduit he produced a letter, wherein M. 
 Dupleix declared, he would never ceafe to purfue 
 Mahomed Allee, while a fingle Frenchman re- 
 mained in the Mogul empire. 
 
 THE French in Seringham had only rice enough 
 for two days \ and as there was no pofiibility of re- 
 lief, or holding out any time, M. Law accepted 
 the terms prefcribed by the Nabob ; whereby " the 
 pagodas were to be delivered to him, with all the 
 guns, ftores, and ammunition : the Europeans, 
 TopafTes, and Caffres, were to be prifoners of war ; 
 the officers to give their parole not to ferve againft 
 Mahomed Allee Cawn, or his allies j and the de- 
 ferters to be pardoned." Thefe articles were figned 
 
 by
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 113 
 
 by M. Law on the 3d of June ; and the next morn- 
 ing the Englim took pofleffion of both the pagodas. 
 Jn that of Jumbakiftna, the French troops flung 
 down their arms in a heap, and furrendered pri- 
 ibr.ers to captain Dalton, who marched into the 
 fort with 250 chofen men. The prifoners confuted 
 of 35 commifiion officers, 725 battalion men bear- 
 ing arms, fixty fick and wounded in the hofpital, 
 and 2000 fepoys : their artillery were four thirteea 
 inch mortars, eight cohorns, two petards, and 3 L 
 pieces of cannon, of which eleven were for batter- 
 ing, moftly eighteen pounders, and the reft field 
 pieces : they had alfo a great quantity of ammuni- 
 tion ftores, and carriages of all forts in very good 
 condition. The horfe and foot who had taken re- 
 fuge in the large pagoda received the Nabob's 
 Cowle, or protection, and were permitted to pafs 
 away without moleftationi after which they fepa- 
 rated and difperfed. 
 
 FOUR hundred of the French prifoners were 
 efcorted to St. David ; and the reft, together with 
 the artillery and ftores, were conducted into Trichi- 
 nopoli, to complete the triumph of Mahomed Alice 
 Cawn, who thus found a formidable army reduced 
 without a battle, and himfelf reinftated in the Na- 
 bobfhip of .the Carnatic. Although nominal lord 
 of a country extending from the river Pennar to 
 cape Comorin, he really had poffcfled no more of 
 this great dominion, than the ground inclpfed by the 
 walls of Trichinopoli, where he had been clofely 
 befieged by a fuperior enemy. 
 
 THE French acted as allies to the rebels, who 
 almoft deftroyed the country : but the EngliuYaf- 
 fiHed the lawful prince, appointed by the Mogul, 
 who was fo fenfible of his obligation to them, thac 
 major Lawrence, in his letter of the I2th of June, 
 laid, " he had great hopes the linglilh company 
 \vould be able to carry on their trade in India to 
 
 VOL. II. I mor
 
 ii4 A V O YA G E T O 
 
 more advantage than any other European nation.** 
 In fhort, the whole bufmefs of this war was effectu- 
 ated in a few fiegfcs and fome Ikirmifhes, in feveral 
 of which, not a man of the Englifh was loft : fo 
 that, in reducing the country to the obedience of 
 the Nabob, and making near icoo Europeans 
 prifoners, the Englifh had not 50 men killed. 
 
 BUT fignal as thefe fuccefies had been, fo far 
 were they from reftoring tranquility to the Carnatic, 
 that in the very principles which produced them, 
 were intermixed the feeds of another more dange- 
 rous and obftinate war. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 be French eftablijh SALABATZING as Soubahdar of 
 , the DECK AN at AURENGABAD: and M. DUPLEIX 
 proclaims RAJA SAIB Nabob of ARCOT. The dif- 
 fute between MAHOMED ALLEE CAWN and NAN- 
 DERAUZE, who #ft2/>.f &?r TRicHiNOPOLi, /r0 
 whence major LAWRENCE and the Nabob march t 
 Arcot. 'They make the governor of VOLCONDA 
 fay allegiance to the Nabob ; and take TRIVADI. 
 Major Lawrence rejigns tbe command to captain 
 GINGIN, and returns to MADRASS. Major Ki- 
 NEER attacks the French army at VICKRAVANDI, 
 and is repulfed. Both armies encamp near Fort St. 
 DAVID. Major Lawrence defeats M. de KER- 
 JEAN at BAHOOR : and the Englifh return to Tri- 
 vadi. Captain CLIVE takes the Forts of COBELONG 
 IW^CHINGLAPET, and returns to ENGLAND. Ma- 
 jor Lawrence compels ibe governor of VANDEWASH 
 to fubmit to the Nabob. Nanderauze attempts to 
 take Trichinopoli from captainD ALTON, who at- 
 tacks and plunders the MAISSOREAN camp at SE- 
 RIN G HAM, where the Englifh are unfuccefsful, and 
 
 tbe
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 115 
 
 the Maiflbreans cut off all fupplies from the city. 
 Salabatzing poifons his brother GAZI ODIN CAWN 
 at Aurengabad : and M. Dupkix defer ts the in- 
 tereji of Rajah Saib. 
 
 EVERY thing was thus happily finilhed to 
 the fouthward, and nothing remained to be 
 done, but to fettle the Nabob Mahommed Alice 
 Cawn in quiet poflefllon of his territories to the 
 northward, where the French retained Gingee and 
 fome other places. M. Dupleix was not eafily de- 
 jected : his pride fupported him, and his mind was 
 full of refources. 
 
 HE had eftablifhed Salabatzing as Soubahdar of 
 the Deckan, and the troops whom he fent on that 
 expedition acquired immenfe riches for their fer- 
 rices. In their March from Cudapah they came 
 to Canoul, the capital of that Nabob who killed 
 Muzapherzing, and they determined to punim the 
 inhabitants for the treachery of their governor. 
 The place was defended by four thoufand Patans, 
 who were foon put to flight, and retired into the 
 caftle, which was ftormed by the French troops led 
 by M. de Kerjean, a nephew of M. Dupleix ; who 
 foon took the place, and the army of Salabatzing af- 
 fifted in putting all the garrifon to the fword. Ma- 
 ny of the inhabitants were alfo mafTacred ; and the 
 wife of the late Nabob, with her two fons, were 
 made prifoners, in March 1751. M. Bufly then 
 prevailed on Salabatzing to fettle the governments 
 of Adoni, Cudapah, and Canoul on Sadoudin 
 Cawn, the infant fon of Muzapherzing ; which 
 fovcreignty is faid to have produced the young prince 
 the annual revenue of near 1,000,000 1. fterling. 
 This was done politicly by the French, to raife an 
 opinion of their juftice, as well as of their power, 
 through the countries in which they were attempting 
 to eftablifh themfelves, where no European force 
 I i had
 
 u6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 had ever appeared before. The army then crofod 
 the Kriitna, and were joined by 25,000 Morattoes, 
 commanded by Balazarow, the principal general of 
 the Nanah, cr king of all the Morattoe nations ; 
 after which, Salabatzing made his public entry into 
 the city of Golconda on the 2d of April, and WAS 
 inverted with all the authority of Soubahdar, on the 
 mufnud, or throne, without oppcfuion. Ite amply 
 rewarded the French, from their principal comman- 
 der to the common foldier : M. BufTy had a prefent 
 of 100,000 1. fterling; the other officers received 
 proportional gratuities, and every enfign received 
 50,000 rupees, or 6250!. fterling. The monthly 
 pay cf a captain was fettled at icoo rupees, or 
 125!. fterling , and that of a common ioldier at 
 fixty rupees, or 9!. iterling. The policy of M. 
 Dupleix, in taking pofleffion of Mafulipatnam, 
 was now apparent, by the facility of fending fup- 
 plies from that port to Golconda. The Soubahdar 
 found many perfons difaffected to his govern- 
 ment. He was defcribed as a weak and infatuated 
 prince, that had difhonoured the Mogul govern- 
 ment, by fubjecting himfelf and his authority to the 
 arbitrary will of a few infidels, who gralped at un- 
 limited power, under pretence of aflifting their al- 
 lies : but Salabatzing adted the old pompous cere- 
 mony of receiving letters-patent from the Great 
 Mogul, whereby he was appointed viceroy of all 
 the countries which had been under the jurifdiction 
 of his father Nizam Al Muluck. He then proceed- 
 ed to Aurengabad, where he arrived on the i8th of 
 June in a very magnificent manner, and was joy- 
 fully received by the populace, who were impa- 
 tient to fee a Soubahdar of the Deckan again mak- 
 ing his refidence in their city, which had been de- 
 prived cf that advantage from the time that his fa- 
 ther died. Balazarow. was diflatisfied, and ravaged 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 117 
 
 the adjacent countries at the head of 40,000 caval- 
 ry : they were oppofed by the French, who repulfed 
 them in feveral onfets. Battles and negotiations 
 fucceeded alternately during the other part of the 
 year, and until the end of May 1752, without pro- 
 ducing either a decifive victory, or a definitive treaty. 
 
 THESE fervices gave M. Butty fupreme influence 
 over Salabatzing, from whom he obtained a com- 
 miilion, appointing M. Dupleix Nabob of the Car- 
 natic; which was fent to Pondicherry with feveral 
 other pompous patents, and the Soubahdar pro- 
 rriifed they fhould loon be followed by an ambaflk- 
 dor from the Great Mogul. 
 
 M. Dupleix publifh-d all thefe as authoritative 
 mandates to awe the Carnatic, diminifh the charac- 
 ter of the Englifii, and terrify the Nabob. He 
 collected new troops ac Pondicherry , and proclaim- 
 ed Raja Saib, fon of Chunda Sai'o, Nabob of Ar- 
 cot ; while he pretended, that he hi rt} fell was ap- 
 pointed governor 'of all the country from the river 
 Kriftna to the fea ; which was an abfolute forgery. 
 
 THE injullice of his caufe never difturbed him ; 
 and, in confequence of his pretended appointment, 
 he kept his durbar or court, fat on a fofa, and re- 
 ceived prefents from his council, as well as the na- 
 tives, in all the fplendor and dignity of an oriental 
 prince. 
 
 HE expected a very large company's mip, called 
 le Prince, with M. de la Touche and 700 men : 
 but this fhip was burnt in her paflage to India, and 
 fcarce a man faved : however, the fhips lately 
 arrived from France brought a large reinforcement: 
 of troops, to which M. Dupleix added moft of the 
 tailors from the company's fhips, and fent Lafcars 
 on board to fupply their room in the navigation to 
 China. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence received intelligence at Trichi- 
 
 nopoli of what was cranfacling at Pondicherry ; and 
 
 I 3 was
 
 n8 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 was farther informed, that the governor of Madrafi 
 was preparing to attack Gingee, which was well fup- 
 plied with all mannerof (lores, and garrifoned by 150 
 Europeans, befides a great number of fepoys and 
 blacks. The major reprefented to the Nabob, the ne- 
 ceflicy of his immediate march at the head of the con- 
 federate army into the Carnatic, where the reputation 
 of their late fuccefies would contribute greatly to re- 
 duce fuch fortrefTes as were in the intereft of Chunda 
 Saib, and facilitate the eftablimment of his autho- 
 rity over the province, from which he had received 
 neither affiftance nor revenues. The Nabob con- 
 fented to the plan ; yet was unwilling to put it into 
 execution ; for he had fecretly promifed to deliver 
 up Trichinopoli to the Maifibrean general, who re- 
 fufed to march until that promife was performed. 
 The Nabob prevaricated, and faid that " Trichino- 
 poli was the Great Mogul's, to whom he was only 
 a viceroy, appointed to govern it during the plea- 
 fure of that imperial fovereign ; and that the refign- 
 ing of it to an Indoftan king would involve both 
 himfelf and the Englifh in continual wars with the 
 whole Mogul Empire." The Morattoe general 
 afked the Nabob, " how he could anfwer to the 
 Great Mogul, if he gave up fo confiderable a part 
 of his dominion to fuch an infignificant people ?'* 
 But the Maiflbrean threatened to attack the Nabob 
 if he marched out of the city to join the Englifh ; 
 whofe appearance produced an accommodation -, and 
 it was agreed, " that the Nabob mould grant the 
 revenues of the Seringham diftrid to the Maiflb- 
 rean." On thefe conditions he agreed to aflift the 
 Nabob with all his force in the reduction of Arcot: 
 but neither fide gave any credit to the other ; and 
 both expected advantages by gaining time. 
 
 THE Nabob made preparations to fet out for 
 Arcot with what troops continued under his com- 
 mand, which were now reduced to a fmall number ; 
 
 for
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 119 
 
 for the Tanjorines, and Polygar's troops, were re- 
 turned to their refpecttve countries ; while the Maif- 
 foreans, and their fubfidiary Morattces, remained in 
 their encampment to the weft of the city, which 
 was thereby endangered j fo that captain Dalton 
 was left there with a garrifon of 200 Europeans, 
 1 500 fepoys, and 2000 Peons, who were inftructed 
 to take every precaution that might prevent a fur- 
 prize. 
 
 THE Englifh battalion, now reduced to 500 men, 
 together with 2500 fepoys, and accompanied by 
 the Nabob at the head of 2000 horfe, began their 
 march from Trichinopoli, under the command of 
 major Lawrence, on the 28th of June, and halted 
 at Volconda for fome days, till the governor took 
 an oath of allegiance to the Nabob, who then de- 
 tached his brother Abdullwahab Cawn with 1000 
 horfe to Arcot. The reft of the army proceeded to 
 Trivadi, where they arrived on the 6th of July, 
 and found a garrifon of French fepoys in the pagoda, 
 who furrendered on the firft fummons. The troops 
 then encamped in that neighbourhood, where ma- 
 jor Lawrence left the command to captain Gingin, 
 and went to Fort St. David, from whence he pro- 
 ceeded to Madrafs, where the feat of prefidency had 
 lately been renewed. 
 
 THE. Nabob found that little regard was paid to 
 his authority in the province of Arcot, and he re- 
 quefted of the Englifti prefidency to affift him in 
 the reduction of Gingee , which they readily under- 
 took, though major Lawrence difTuaded them from 
 the attempt. Accordingly major Kineer, an 
 officer lately arrived from Europe, was detached 
 from the camp at Trivadi, with 200 Europeans, 
 1500 fepoys, and 600 horfe, on this expedition. 
 They marched on the 23d of July ; the next day 
 they obliged the fort of Villaparam to fuj render ; 
 and arrived at Gingee on the 2 6th. M. Dupleix 
 I 4 no
 
 120 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 no fooner heard that the Englifti had paflM the 
 moimtains, than he detached 300 Europeans, and 
 1500 irpoys, to relieve the place ; upon which, 
 major Kmeer left it, to meet the French, who took 
 poifefiion of Vickravandi*, a town fituated in the 
 high road. The Englifh were reinforced from the 
 camp by the reft of the Nabob's cavalry, and 100 
 Europeans. Major Kineer marched, on the 26th, 
 to engage the enemy, who were ported in a ftrong 
 fituation. The greaceft part of the town was en- 
 circled by a rivulet, which ferved as a ditch, and 
 was defended by a parapet, formed of the ruins of 
 old houfes. The Engliih marched direclly to the 
 attack with the fire of their mufketry only ; which, 
 the enemy returned both from their mufketry and 
 field pieces. The Englifli fepoys fled : major Ki- 
 neer was difabled by a wound in the leg ; forty of 
 his officers and men were killed or wounded , and 
 the reft retreated to Trivadi, from whence the army 
 marched. The French received little lofs : but the 
 Englifh battalion fuffered more difgrace in this 
 action, than in any other that had happened during 
 the war ; which fo much affected major Kineer, 
 that though he recovered of his wound, his vexa- 
 tion threw him into a fever and a flux, which foon 
 carried him off. 
 
 THE French took and demolifhed the fort of 
 Villaparam, and were joined by all the force they 
 could bring into the field j the whole amounting to 
 450 Europeans, 1500 fepoys, and 500 Moorifh 
 horfe. This army advanced and encamped clofe u> 
 the bounds north of Fort St. David ; upon which 
 the Englifh and the Nabob's troops quitted Trivadi, 
 and encamped at Chimundelum, a redoubt in the 
 bound-hedge, three miles weftward of the fort. 
 
 Or Vickaravandy. 
 
 Here
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 121 
 
 Here they remained fame days inactive, expecting 
 a reinforcement from Madrais. A company of 100 
 bwifs, under caprain Schaub, were fent from thence 
 in the common and fiighteft boats of the counuy, 
 called maflbolas, and ordered to proceed to Fort 
 St. David by lea , for it was not imagined, that the 
 .French would dare to violate the Britifh colors on 
 this element : but the boats were intercepted by a 
 French (hip, and all the men were taken as prifoners 
 of war to Pondicherry. This was an action againli 
 the law of nations, and an open violation of the 
 peace then fubfilting between them and the French ; 
 facred there, as well as in Europe, though they 
 were alHes in different caufes. However, M. Du- 
 pleix inlifted, that the capture was as juitinable as 
 that made of his own troops at Seringham. 
 
 ON this occafion, major Lawrence embarked 
 from Madrafs, with another company of Swifs, on 
 board one of the Englifh fhips^ he arrived fate ac 
 Fort St. David on the i6th ofAuguit, and took 
 the command of the army. The French were then 
 commanded by M. de Kerjean, who was returned 
 from Golconda : but when he heard that major 
 Lawrence was arrived, he decamped fuddenly ia 
 the night, and retreated to Bahoor*, four miles 
 from Fort St. David. He then fell back to Villa- 
 nour, and was purfued by the Englifa troops, who 
 attacked the French advanced poft, within three 
 miles of Pondicherry, and obliged their whole army 
 to take protection under the walls of the town. 
 The Englifh commander could not force them to 
 an action, and had recourfe to a ftratagem, to dravv 
 them from their ftrong fituation. He fcemed 
 afraid of the French, and precipitately returned ro 
 Bahoor. The tfratagcm fucceedcJ, and M. Du- 
 
 * OrJBi-u . 
 
 pleix
 
 122 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 pleix peremptorily ordered his nephew to follow 
 the enemy. He obeyed, and encamped within two 
 miles of them on the 25th, when major Lawrence 
 made the neceffary difpofitions for giving him an 
 immediate attack. 
 
 THE Englifli army confided of 400 Europeans, 
 1700 fepoys, and 4000 of the Nabob's troops, 
 with nine pieces of cannon. The French army was 
 compofed of 450 Europeans, 1500 fepoys, and 
 2000 horfe. The Englifh troops began to march 
 at three the next morning, and the attack began 
 a little before the dawn of day. Their fepoys 
 formed the firft line, and the battalion the fecond ; 
 the artillery were divided on the flanks j and the 
 Nabob's cavalry were ftationed to the right, on the 
 other fide of a high bank, which ran from the Eng- 
 lifh to the Enemy's camp. The fepoys engaged on 
 both fides till day-light, when the French battalion 
 were difcovered drawn up , their right defended by 
 a bank, and their left by a large pond. The Eng- 
 lifli received a briik fire from the French cannon ; 
 and the (mall arms foon began. The Englifli ad- 
 vanced firing ; and the French flood their ground 
 until the bayonecs met. This terrible crifis of mo- 
 dern war is generally determined in a minute, and 
 few examples of it occur. The company of Eng- 
 lilh grenadiers broke the French centre with two 
 platoons ; on which their whole line gave way, 
 threw down their arms, and fled. The Nabob's 
 cavalry plundered the camp, inftead of purfuing 
 the fugitives. M Kerjean, 13 officers, and 96 
 private men, were made pnfoners ; and many more 
 were killed or wounded : all their artillery, ammu- 
 nition and (lores were taken by the Englifli, who 
 had four officers, and 78 private men killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 THE remainder of the French fled to Pondi- 
 cherry ; and M. Dupleix was obliged to wait the 
 
 arrival
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 123 
 
 arrival of further reinforcements before he attempted 
 any thing more in the field. However, he was 
 bufy in the cabinet, and inftigated the Maiflbreaa 
 general to create new troubles at Trichinopoli ; for 
 which purpofe, InnisCawn was detached with 30x30 
 Morattoes from Seringham in the middle of Auguft, 
 with inftruclions to infpect the Nabob's camp, and 
 afterwards to join the French : but their defeat at 
 Bahoor altered the whole plan, and the Morattoc 
 took an oath of fidelity to the Nabob. When this 
 was done, major Lawrence formed a camp at Tri- 
 vadi, and prepared to employ the remainder of die 
 feafon, before the rains began, in reducing the 
 country between Pondicherry and the river Paliar, 
 At the fame time, the Nabob requefted of the pre- 
 fidency at Madrafs to fend a force to attack Ching- 
 lapet and Cobelong, two ftrong forts, fituated to 
 the north of that river, which kept in fubjeclion a 
 confiderable tract of country, and from whence de- 
 tachments frequently plundered the territory belong- 
 ing to himfelf and the company. 
 
 THE monfoon was coming on, a feafon of heavy 
 rain and dorms, which begin about September, 
 and generally continue to December. Captain Clivc 
 thetrrore undertook this enterprize to ferve the Na- 
 bob, and marched from Madrafs with 200 Euro- 
 pean recruits, and 500 ft- poys newly raifed. With 
 thefe troops, and four large pieces of battering can- 
 non, he marched on the loth of September againft 
 Cobelong*, twenty-five miles fouth of Madrafs, 
 and within mufket-mor of the fea. The fort had 
 no ditch, but was furrounded by a Itrong wall, 
 flanked by round towers, on which were mounted 
 thirty guns ; and it was garrifoned by fifty French 
 and 300 fepoys The Englifh troops arrived in the 
 
 * Cowlong, Kabelon, or Kobokm : but Called Saudet 
 Bun Jar by the Moors. 
 
 evening
 
 i2 4 AVOYAGETO 
 
 evening within two.miles of the fort, and a detach- 
 ment advanced to a garden within 600 yards of it, 
 under the command of lieutenant Cooper, who was 
 killed by a mufkec-fhot: but the garriibn furren- 
 dered at difcretion on the i3th; and befides the 
 cannon mounted on the walls, there were found 
 fifty other pieces of the largeft calibres, which 
 proved to be part of the artillery that the company 
 had loft at Madrafs, when taken by M. de la Bour- 
 donnais in 1746. 
 
 THE next morning a detachment arrived from 
 Chinglapet, which was intended to furprize the 
 Englifh camp : but they were difcovered by captain 
 Clive, who formed an ambufcade into which they 
 fell. The Englilh fired with fuch vivacity as to kill 
 or wound near 100 French in a few minutes, and 
 the reft provided for their fafety by flight to 
 Chinglapet. Their commanding officer, twenty -five 
 Europeans, and 250 fepoys, with two pieces of can- 
 non were taken : but the Englifh fuftained no lofs. 
 
 CAPTAIN Clive marched direftly to Chinglapet *, 
 which is fituated twenty miles weft of Cobelong, 
 forty-five fouth-weft of Madrafs, and within half a 
 mile of the Paliar. This was efteemed a very ftrong 
 fort, being almoft encompafled with a morafs, and 
 furrounded by two walls, the ramparts of which were 
 Cxteen feet thick ; a wet ditch faced with (tone, 
 fixteen feet wide, quite round the outward fort, and 
 another half round the inner. The garrifon con- 
 fided of forty Europeans and 500 fepoys, who had 
 fifteen pieces of cannon mounted on the walls , but 
 the commanding officer was then a prifoner upon 
 parole. A battery was erecled to the fouth within 
 200 yards of the fort, and a breach was made in 
 four days ; upon which the garriibn furrendered on 
 
 Chengalaput, or Shengel-pettey. 
 
 honorable
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 125 
 
 honorable terms, evacuated the fort on the 318: of 
 October, and marched away to Pondicherry. 
 
 THE reduction of thefe places fecured all the 
 country between Sadrafs and Arcot. A garrifon 
 was placed in Chinglapet , but the fortifications at 
 Cobclong were deftroyed. The troops returned to 
 Madrafs, where captain Clive embarked for Eng- 
 land at the clofe of the year, univerfally acknow- 
 ledged as the man, whofe example firft rouzed his 
 countrymen from the lethargy into which they were 
 dropped before his reduction of Arcot ; and who 
 had principally contributed to raife their military 
 reputation, by a train of uninterrupted fucceffes ac- 
 quired by his prudence, activity, courage, refolu- 
 tion, and intrepidity. He arrived in England in 
 October 1753, and informed the company of the 
 fttuation of their affairs in the Mogul empire. The 
 directors prefenred him with a rich fword, fet with 
 diamonds, in reward of his great fervices : and he 
 foon afterwards returned to India, where his farther 
 fervices made him the object of admiration and ter- 
 ror throughout all the Eaft. 
 
 DURING captain Clive's expedition, the Nabob 
 and major Lawrence advanced their army from 
 Trivadi to Vandewafh *, a fort twenty-five miles 
 north of Gingee, and under the government of 
 Tuckia Saib, who had married one of the fitters of 
 the late Nabob Subder Allee Cavvn. The widow 
 of that unfortunate prince, and his only fon Allee 
 Deuft Cawn, refided with Tuckia Saib in the fort; 
 and it was imagined, that a place capable offend- 
 ing forth fuch pretenders to difturb the title of Ma- 
 homed Allee, would have been attacked with the 
 mmoft vigor : but the Nabob was in fuch diftrels 
 for money, that he accepted of 300,000 rupees, or 
 
 * Vandiwafh, or Wandawafhel.
 
 iz6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 37,500 1. fterling, as a ranfom to preferve the tow* 
 and fort from hoftilities. The money was paid, 
 and the army returned to Trivadi, where they pre- 
 pared cantonments for themfelves during the rainy 
 monfoon, which began on the 31(1 of October at 
 night, with a violent hurricane. The rain fell con- 
 tinually for feveral days, and laid the \vhole country 
 under water; which fpread a ficknefs among the 
 troops, and obliged them to retire to Fort St. Da- 
 vid, where they arrived on the i5th of November. 
 The Morattoes under Innis Cawn returned towards 
 Seringham ; and as Fort St. David afforded quar- 
 ters only for the Englifh, molt of the Nabob's 
 troops dilbanded, and returned to their own habi- 
 tations. 
 
 WHILE the Nabob's affairs were thus fuccefsful 
 in the north, they wore a different afpect in the 
 fouth, where the Maifforeans endeavoured to feize 
 Trichinopoli. The Nabob had given admiflion to 
 700 of their troops as a part of the garrifon -, and 
 when major Lawrence marched away, their general 
 Nanderauze bribed fome of the Nabob's Jemidars, 
 or captains of the Peons, to join with his own men 
 in a fcheme to furprize the city, which was vigi- 
 lantly guarded by captain Dalton, who had received 
 fome hints of the confpiracy, and caufed the artil- 
 lery on the ramparts to be pointed every evening 
 inwards on the quarters of the Maifforeans and the 
 fufpecled Peons. This alarmed the Jemidars, who 
 confeffed the plot, and implored forgivenefs -, which 
 was granted them by captain Dalton and Kiroodin 
 Cawn, the Nabob's brother-in-law. Nanderauze 
 then hired fome affaffins to moot them both ; but 
 two of the villains were detected, and punifhed : 
 they confeffed the fat, and were blown into the air 
 from the muzzles of two field pieces, in fight of the 
 whole army drawn up under arms; which is a mi- 
 litary
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 127 
 
 Utary punifhment very common among the Indian 
 troops. 
 
 THE Maifibrcan general thought himfclf no 
 longer fafe under the cannon of the city, and re- 
 moved his camp three miles to the weft ward. When 
 the two months ftipulated for the delivery of the 
 city were expired, he formally fent four of his prin- 
 cipal officers to demand the furrender of it ; which 
 was refufed by Kiroodin Cawn, who reproached the 
 ccmmifTaries with the treacherous practices of their 
 general , and the latter then made a demand on the 
 Nabob of 8,500,000 rupees, or 1,062,500!. fter- 
 ling, for the fervice he had performed, and the 
 expences he had fuftained. M. Dupleix not only 
 inflamed this difference, but alfo bribed Morarow 
 to his intereft, and promifed to put the Maiffbreans 
 in pofieffion of TrichinopoH. Ambafladors were 
 thereupon fent to Pondicherry, where a treaty was 
 foon concluded for that purpofe, and war was re* 
 folved ; which was delayed for fome time, on ac* 
 count of the Nabob's fuccefs in Arcot. 
 
 MoRAR(T7 decamped with moft of his Morattoes, 
 and marched to Pondicherry, where M. Dupleix 
 promifed to fend fome Europeans to Seringham \ 
 while Nanderauze intercepted all the fupplies that 
 were fent to TrichinopoH. The effects of this hof- 
 tility were foon felt, and the prefidency of Madrafs 
 were determined to treat him as a declared enemy. 
 In confequence of that refolution, captain Dalton 
 marched out of the city, at ten at night on the 23d 
 of December, with the greateft part of the garrifon, 
 to beat up the Maifibrean camp, which then ex- 
 tended under the northern wail of Seringham : but 
 Nanderauze himfelf remained in the pagoda with a 
 numerous guard. The troops pafled the Cavery, 
 crofled the ifland, and marched along the bank of 
 the Coleroon, till they came within a quarter of a 
 mile of the enemy's camp, when they halted to re- 
 
 frefh
 
 128 AVOYAGETO 
 
 frefh themfelves, and to form for the attack. They 
 were divided into two bodies : the firft marched 
 only four in front, being defigned to penetrate 
 through the camp, firing two to the right, and two 
 to the left : while the other was drawn up in a more 
 compact' manner, to halt as foon as they came 
 among the tents, and remain there as a fupport to 
 the firit party ; which moved on unperceived by the 
 enemy, whole advanced guard was found faft afleep, 
 and were inltamly difpatched with bayonets. The 
 Englifli then entered the camp without oppofuion, 
 and began a brifk fire to the right and left, which 
 they continued from front to rear. The alarm 
 was fpread, and the confirmation great throughout 
 all the camp. The wounded men filled the place 
 with dreadful mrieks, and thofe who efcaped fled 
 away with great outcries of warning to their friends. 
 Their troops within rhe pagoda manned the walls ; 
 but were afraid to fire upon their own people, who 
 were totally difperfed in lefs than an hour. The 
 fepoys plundered the camp, and took as many 
 horfes as they could lead away ; with which they 
 marched foremoft out of the camp, and were fol- 
 lowed by the Europeans in good order ; but they 
 received a fmart fire from the walls, which killed and 
 wounded twenty men, of whom feven were regu- 
 lars. The troops returned into the city by break 
 of day, when they difcovered the enemy returning 
 to the ifland, where they haftily ftruck all their 
 tents, and took refuge in the pagoda ; from whence 
 they continued to cut off all communication be- 
 tween the city and the country. 
 
 CAPTAIN Dalton then prepared to bombard the 
 pagoda, and with that view, fent half his force the 
 following night a-crofs the river, which was ford- 
 able. They diflodged the enemy from a great 
 choultry near the water-fide, dire&ly oppofite to 
 the fouth gate of Seringham. The building was 
 
 100
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 129 
 
 100 feet fquare, and 30 high; which the Englifh 
 inclofed in the morning with a ftrong intrench menf, 
 and alfo made a parapet with fand-bags round the 
 roof, where they mounted two field pieces. Cap- 
 tain Dalton found this poll of fuch importance, that 
 he was determined to fupport it with the reft of his 
 force, which he Rationed with four field pieces op- 
 pofite the Choultry, on the fouthern bank of the 
 river, where it was only 400 yards wide. The 
 enemy remained quiet in Seringham till noon, 
 when they had fufficiently intoxicated themfelves 
 with opium, and began to appear in a numerous 
 body : but the field pieces kept them at a diftance 
 for fome time. A party of Morattoe horfe difperfed 
 fome of the Nabob's fepoys, who had eroded the 
 river, and began to fire from an untenable poft. 
 The Morattoes then attacked the intrenchment ac 
 the great Choultry, and were repulfed with confider- 
 able lofs. The garrifon gave three huzza's on the 
 retreat of the Morattoes , but were inftantly alarmed 
 by the imprudent retreat of an officer, who crofted 
 the river to give captain Dilron fome information 
 concerning his artillery ; which ftruck fuch a panic 
 into the men, that they quitted the intrenchment, 
 and attempted to repafs the Cavery. This was per- 
 ceived by a body of 3000 Maiffbrean horfe, who 
 were drawn up on the bank, and immediately gal- 
 lopped into the bed of the river, where they cut 
 down the whole party, excepting fifteen men. Ani- 
 mated by tiii:> fuccefs, they attacked captain Dai- 
 ton's divifion on the other fide ; but here chey were 
 obliged to retire with the lofs of feveral men and 
 horfes, whofe riders fell within twenty yards of the 
 artillery. Captain Dalton advanced into the bed of 
 the river, where he remained, till he had colSefted 
 the dead and wounded, which were 70 Europeans, 
 and 300 of the beft fepoys ; befides the lieutenants 
 Wilky and Crow, who were Qaughtered in the in- 
 VOL. II. K i.jnchment,
 
 i 5 o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 tenchment, where they gallantly determined to {lay 
 after vainly attempting to rally the men, among 
 whom, not one who furvived could give any reafon 
 why he quitted his poft, as only one man was then 
 wounded in the intrenchmenc, where they had nine 
 barrels of ammunition. 
 
 CAPTAIN Dalton had then no farther hopes of 
 expelling Nanderauze from Seringham, and re- 
 turned to guard Trichinopoli , where the ftrength 
 of the garrifon was diminifhed near one-half, not 
 fo much by the number, as by the quality of the 
 troops that were loft. The 700 Maiflbreans in the 
 city were permitted to retire with their arms and 
 baggage : but captain Dalton detained their com- 
 mander Gopaulrauze, the brother of Nanderauze, 
 with fome of his attendants. 
 
 THE Maifibreans had a poft about four miles weft 
 of Trichinopoli, at the pagoda of Byaloor, where 
 the guard prevented the country people from carry- 
 ing provifions into the city. This pagoda had a 
 ftrong wall, and they had choaked up the great 
 gate with mud, leaving at the bottom a wicket, by 
 which only one man could enter at a time. Cap- 
 tain Dalton fent a detachment of thirty Europeans 
 and fome fepoys to furprize this poft in a dark 
 night; in which they fucceeded, and put all the 
 .Maifibreans they found there to the fword. 
 
 NANDERAUZE fent out feveral parties to fcour 
 the plain between the city and the territory of Ton- 
 deman, from whence only provifions were obtained. 
 They feized fome of the people who were bringing 
 rice from the country, whofe nofes they cut off ac- 
 cording to their ufual barbarity, and fent them to Tri- 
 chinopoli in that mangled condition. This cruelty 
 ftruck fuch a terror, that the city was without fup- 
 plies, till the Maiflbrean parties were drove off by 
 a detachment of 400 Europeans and fepoys, who 
 attacked a large body of the enemy in the night, 
 
 and
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 131 
 
 and put them to flight, with fuch confiderable lofs, 
 as deterred them from appearing in thole parts 
 again. Nanderauze then refolved to divide his 
 force, and form a camp between the ciry and Ton- 
 deman's country. He remained with one half of 
 his army at Seringham , and the other half, being 
 5000 horfe and 3000 foot, under the command of 
 Virana, moved from the ifland with their baggage, 
 and encamped at a place called Facquirt's Tope, 
 or the grove of the Facquire, four miles weft of 
 Seringham, and one to the ibuth-weft of Trichino- 
 poli. This camp was furrounded with an tntrench- 
 ment and a mud wall ; the effecl: of which was 
 ibon feverely felt in the city, where no more pro- 
 vifions were brought to market, the fliops were fhur, 
 and the inhabitants dreaded all the calamities of an 
 approaching famine , while the garrifon was inca* 
 pable of removing their diftrefs, or diflipating their 
 fear, as they were too weak to drive the enemy from 
 either of their camps ; in which melancholy ftate 
 they continued till a large reinforcement arrived 
 from Arcot, under the command of major Law* 
 rence, in May 1753. 
 
 THIS fituation of affairs in the fouth gave infinite 
 fatisfacYion to M. Dupleix, who alfo received the 
 moil agreeable difpatches from the north, where 
 his ally Salabatzing had removed a moft dangerous 
 competitor for the Soubahdarfhip, by the murder 
 of his brother Gazi Odin Cawn. This prince 
 marched from Delli at the head of 150,000 men, 
 and appeared before Aurengabad in the beginning 
 of October, to aflert his right to the government of 
 the Deckan. He was met by Salabatzing with an 
 army of 100,000 men, afiifted by the French bat- 
 talion ; who after fome fuccefsful fkirmifhes, redu- 
 ced Gazi Odin to enter into a negotiation : but 
 while it was carrying on, Salabatzing prevailed on 
 his mother to poifon Gazi Odin, who was alfo her 
 K 2 own
 
 i 3 2 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 own Ton. This abhorrent a<5l was followed by the 
 fuccefs expected from it ; for the Mogul army dif- 
 perfed on the death of their general, who left a fort 
 named Shah Abaddin. This prince was pofifefied 
 of a principal employment at the court of Delli, 
 and was worthy of the higheft dignity : he obtained 
 the commiffion of Soubahdar of the Deckan ; but 
 the convulfions that threatened the imperial throne 
 fuggefted to him other views, which foon after 
 made him the moft important object in the ftate. 
 
 THE revenues which Salabatzing received at 
 Aurengabad, were continually exhaufted by the 
 numerous army he maintained ; for the charge of 
 the French troops alone amounted to 3,200,000 
 rupees, or 400,000!. fterling. His revenues from 
 the Carnatic were inconfiderable, and the power of 
 M. Dupleix was confined to the diftricls between 
 Pondicherry and Gingee, which produced no more 
 than 1000,000 rupees, or 125,000!. fterling : there- 
 fore he determined to make Rajah Saib relinquifli 
 the title of Nabob, which he intended to confer upon 
 Mortiz Alice Cawn of Veloor, from whofe wealth 
 and power he expected confiderable refources to 
 carry on the war. 
 
 HOWEVER, after a war of ten years in India, ail 
 thefe differences were terminated by the general 
 treaty of peace, concluded at Paris on the loth of 
 February 1763, whereby Salabatzing was acknow- 
 ledged lawful Subah of the Deckan, and Mahomed 
 AJlee Cawn for lawful Nabob of the Carnatic. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 133 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 *The campaign of 1753. Both armies take the field in 
 the province of ARCOT, and encamp near TR JVADU 
 The MORATTOES harraft the Englilh convoys, 
 and cut off an advanced guard near Fort St. DAVID. 
 The Englifh defeat tbs Morattoes, and kill Bo- 
 SINROW. MORTIZ ALLEE CAWN is proclaimed 
 Nabob of Arcot at PONDICHERRY. Major LAW- 
 RENCE leaves a garrifon at Trivadi under captain 
 CHASE, and marches to the relief of T&icmxopoLi. 
 His interview with the king of TANJORE. He 
 arrives at Trichinopoli : and NANDERAUZE col- 
 lefts all his force at SERINGHAM. 'The French 
 
 take Trivadi j defeat the Englifh near VELOOR , 
 and fend a reinforcement under M. ASTRUC to 
 Nanderauze. The battle at the ROCK, in which 
 the French are defeated ; BALLAPA is killed; and 
 Trichinopoli preferved. Major Lawrence leaves 
 captain D ALTON in garrifon^ and marches with the 
 army to Tanjore, to join a reinforcement from Fort 
 St. David. The enemy ', commanded by M. BRE- 
 NIER, blockade Trichinopoli, which is abandoned 
 by the inhabitants for want of provifions. Major 
 Lawrence returns with the reinforcement, and 
 5000 Tanjorines under MONACKJEE. The battle 
 at the SUGAR- LOAF-ROCK ; captain KIRK is kill- 
 ed \ the French retreat to WEYCONDAH ; and the 
 Englifh enter Trichinopoli. The Tanjorines take 
 ELIMISERUM. Major Lawrence encamps at the 
 FIVE ROCKS: the enemy retreat towards Sering- 
 ham, and receive aftrong reinforcement. 
 
 THE year 1753 was opened with frefh hofti- 
 lities in the province of Arcot, where both 
 armies took the field in the beginning of January 
 near Trivadi, The Englifh had 700 Europeans, 
 K 3 2000
 
 , 34 AVOYAGE TO 1 
 
 2000 fepoys, 1000 of the Nabob's cavalry, and 
 their own little troop of twenty men, commanded 
 by major Lawrence. The French had 500 Euro- 
 ropeans, 2000 fepoys, 4000 Morattoes under Mo- 
 rarow,. and their own troop of fixty horie. M. 
 Dupleix was determined to protract the war on the 
 fea-coaft as Jong as pofiible, that Nanderauze might 
 not be interrupted from blockading Trichinopoli : 
 he therefore ordered his troops in Arcot to act on 
 the defenfive, and to ilrengthen their entrench- 
 ments ; which obliged major Lawrence to remain 
 inactive in his camp : but the Morattoes were alert 
 in cutting off fupplies from the Englifh camp. On 
 the 19th, they cannonaded the village of Trivadi, 
 where they were repulfed by the Enghih grenadiers, 
 and loft 118 men. On the 28th, they harraffed the 
 convoy from Fort St. David -, but would not ven- 
 ture to attack the troops, who killed 300 of their 
 horfes. On the i3th of February, 400 of them 
 advanced within mulket-ihot of the weftern redoubt 
 at Fort St. David, flourifhing their fabres, and me- 
 nacing the guard, which irritated them to advance 
 into the plain, though they were only twenty-five 
 Europeans and fifty fepoys, under the command of 
 a ferjeant. The Morattoes retreated, until the 
 party was advanced half a mile from the redoubt, 
 when they fuddcnly turned, galloped up, and fur- 
 rounded them. The Englifh gave them a general 
 volley, which did fome execution ; but the Morat- 
 toes impetuoufly broke in upon them before they 
 could load again, and put every man to the fword. 
 However, in an attack which they made on the 2d 
 of April, they were feverely handled, and among 
 the (lain was Bofmrow, who affifted captain Clive 
 at the fiege of Arcot. 
 
 ABOUT this time, the Phoufdar Mortiz Alice 
 Cawn fet up his ftandard in the province, and 
 marched with 1500 horfe, and 3000 fepoys, to 
 
 Pondicherry,
 
 THE EAST-INDlfeS. 135 
 
 Pondicherry, where he was proclaimed Nabob with 
 great ceremony, and paid 400,000 rupees, or 
 50,000 1. fterling to carry on the war ; after which 
 he returned to Veloor, and committed great deva- 
 flation in the province, without meeting any op- 
 pofition from Abdullwahab Cawn. 
 
 THE French would not quit their intrenchments, 
 which confided of a parapet cannon proof, with fe- 
 veral redoubts, a broad and deep ditch, and a good 
 glacis, defended by thirty guns. Major Lawrence 
 then refolved to ftorm their camp ; for which pur- 
 pofe he was reinforced by 200 Europeans from 
 Fort St. David : but he found the enemy were too 
 flrongly polled, and defifted from the attempt, under 
 the necefiity of altering his plan of operations, by 
 marching to relieve the garrifon at Trichinopoli, 
 whofe fupplies Were conftantly cut off by the MaifTo- 
 rean troops, which obliged captain Dilton to fend 
 an exprefs to major Lawrence for immediate" abid- 
 ance. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence left a garrifon of 150 Europe- 
 ans, and 500 fepoys, under the command df captain 
 Chafe, and marched with the Nabob, and the reft of 
 his army, on the 2Oth of April, to Fort St. David, 
 to collect the neceflary fupplies of military (lores. 
 The army marched through the dominions of the 
 king of Tanjore, who lent his prime minifter Suc- 
 cojee, to compliment the Nabob and major Law- 
 rence as foon as they crofled the Coleroon ; and 
 when they arrived at Condoor *, within ten miles 
 of the capital, he defired an interview with them. 
 He met them half way at one of his gardens, on 
 the 4th of May, where he was attended by his whole 
 court, who made a very magnificent and fplendid 
 appearance. He was efcorted by 3000 horfe well 
 mounted, and 200 elephants in filver trappings. 
 
 * Or Kandur. 
 
 K 4 After
 
 136 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 After ceremonioufly pafiing each other in their Pa- 
 lankeens, the major was conduced to an inner gar- 
 den, and there received by the king, under a pavi- 
 lion, fupported by pillars of filver, elegantly co- 
 vered and furnifhed. The king agreed to afliit the 
 Nabob with a body of cavalry , and after a refrefh- 
 ment of fruits, a mower of role-water, and being 
 anointed with other rofes, the major was difmified, 
 with prefents of elephants, horfes and firpahs. 
 
 THE army marched, and arrived at Trichinopoli 
 without interruption, on the 6th, when major Law- 
 rence found his whole united force, fit for the field, 
 confift of 500 Europeans, 2000 fepoys, and 3000 
 of the Nabob's cavalry : but Nanderauze had re- 
 called Virana from his camp, and collected all his 
 force on the ifland, amounting to IO,OOQ horfe, 
 6000 black infantry, and about 100 Europeans, 
 with a good train of artillery. 
 
 IN the mean time, the French attacked Trivadi, 
 which was gallantly defended by captain Chafe, 
 who made an unfuccefsful fally, wherein fixty Eu- 
 ropeans, and two companies of fepoys, were either 
 put to the fword or taken prifoners. The place was 
 then cannonaded, and the garrifon, intoxicated with 
 arrack, obliged their commander to capitulate. But 
 this gallant young man was fo fenfibly affected with 
 his misfortune, that it threw him into a fever, of 
 which he died foon after at Pondichcrry. Mortiz 
 Allee was joined by fifty Europeans with three 
 pieces of cannon, and threatened to befiege Arcot. 
 This alarmed Abdullwahab ; who afiem bled 1000 
 horfe, and 1200 foot, under the command of Na- 
 zeabulla Cawn, another of the Nabob's brothers ; 
 who was joined by forty Europeans, and 200 Eng- 
 lifh fepoys, with two field pieces, under the com- 
 mand of enfign Smith. They marched out of the 
 city on the 2ift of April, and attacked the Phouf- 
 
 dar's
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 137 
 
 dar's army near Vcloor. The Englifti cannonaded 
 the French, but were defertedby the Nabob's troops, 
 and the whole party were killed on the fpot, or ta- 
 ken prifoners to Veloor, and among the latter was 
 enfign Smith. 
 
 AETER the reduction of Trivadi, M. Dupleix de- 
 tached 300 Europeans and 1000 fepoys, with four 
 field pieces under M. Aftruc ; and alfo 3000 Mo- 
 rattoes under Innis Cawn, to join Nanderauze : they 
 marched by Volconda, and arrived at Seringham 
 foon after the Englifh entered Trichinopoli. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence allowed his troops three days 
 to refrefh themfelves, and then marched with the 
 battalion and fepoys to Moota-Chellinoor, a village 
 three miles welt of the city, where he crofled the 
 river, and landed on the ifland, with an intention to 
 give the enemy battle, or cannonade their camp. 
 His troops were attacked by a body of Morattoes 
 commanded by Harrafing, who was repulfed, and 
 retreated towards the pagoda, expofed to the fire of 
 all the cannon. M. Aftruc then advanced with his 
 troops, and began a brifk cannonade, which con- 
 tinued on both fides till noon, when a flight fkir- 
 mifh enfued. The cannonade was afterwards re- 
 newed, and continued till evening, when the Eng- 
 lifh troops repafled the river, and returned to the 
 city, with the lofs of four private men and fome 
 fepoys killed , but two~officers were killed and three 
 wounded. 
 
 As it feemed too difficult a tafk to diflodge the 
 enemy from the pagoda, major Lawrence gave all 
 his attention to the means of fupplying the garrifon 
 with ^tf-ovifions ; for which purpofe he occupied the 
 camp that the Maiflbreans had abandoned at the 
 Facquire's Tope, and applied to the king of Tan- 
 jore and Tondeman both for troops and provifions. 
 But Nanderauze neglected no opportunity to alie- 
 nate
 
 i 3 S A VOYAGE TO 
 
 nate thefe precarious allies from the Nabob's inte- 
 reft: he bribed the principal officers belonging to 
 Tondeman ; and gained the prime minifter of Tan- 
 jore over to his intereft. 
 
 IN this fituation major Lawrence was obliged to 
 remain upwards of five weeks, without an oppor- 
 tunity of acting againft the enemy, who were then 
 properly reinforced, and able to take the field. 
 They quitted Seringham,crofied the Cavery, and en- 
 camped on the plain about three miles to the north 
 of Facquire's Tope, from whence they marched, 
 and took poffeffion of fome high mountains called 
 the Five Rocks, which are about a mile fouth of 
 that Tope, and had been abandoned by the Englifh 
 when major Lawrence went into the city for the 
 recovery of his health. This brought him immedi- 
 ately to the camp, where he had only 500 Europeans 
 and 2000 fepoys, part of whom were continually 
 employed to efcort the convoys of provifions -, and 
 of the Nabob's horfe no more than 100 encamped 
 with the Englifh, for all the others refufed to march 
 until they were paid their arrears. The enemy's 
 force was now augmented to 450 Europeans, and 
 1500 well difciplined fepoys , 8000 Maiflbrean 
 horfe, 3500 Morattoes, and two companies of To- 
 pafles, with 1000 fepoys, in the fervice of Nande- 
 rauze; befides 15,000 Peons, a rabble armed with 
 imperfed weapons worthy of thofe that bore them, 
 fuch as matchlocks, bows and arrows, fwords, 
 pikes, clubs, and rockets. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence quitted the intrenchments, and 
 encamped about a quarter of a mile nearer the city, 
 which it was apprehended muft be abandoned to 
 fave the troops from perilling by famine. How- 
 ever, the major ftationed a guard of 200 fepoys on 
 a fmall work half a mile fouth-weft of his camp, 
 and near a mile north-weft of the enemy's. M. 
 Aftruc perceived the importance of this poft, and 
 
 marched,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 139 
 
 marched, early in the morning of the 26rh of June, 
 to attack it, with his grenadiers, and a large body 
 of fepoys, who were repulfed, upon which they 
 were fupported by their whole army ; while the 
 Englifharmy advanced to fupport their fepoys, leav- 
 ing JOG Europeans to defend the camp : but the 
 French drove the fepoys from the rock, and hoifled 
 their own colours there. This obliged major Law- 
 rence to halt, and confider what was proper to be 
 done in fuch an important moment, on which the 
 fate of the war feemed to depend. There was little 
 time for deliberation ; as the French battalion were 
 polled behind the rock, which was covered by their 
 fepoys fupported by their grenadiers, while their 
 artillery fired upon the Englifli troops from the 
 right and left of it : the Maifforeans were drawn up 
 in one great body, at the diftance of cannon-fhor, 
 in the rear -, and the Morattoes kept fkirmiming on 
 all parts of the Engliih battalion, who were not to 
 be difconcerted or intimidated by fuch irregular at- 
 tacks i being convinced by repeated experience, 
 that a body of well-difciplined infantry would al- 
 ways prevail againft undifciplined cavalry, notwith- 
 ilanding a great fuperiority of numbers. The Eng- 
 lifh officers and foldiers unanimoufly agreed, that it 
 was fafer to make a gallant pufti, than a timid re- 
 treat before their enemies. The major ordered his 
 grenadiers to attack the rock with fixed bayonets ; 
 while he wheeled round the foot of it with the reft 
 of the troops, to engage the French battalion. The 
 foldiers received his orders with three huzza's, and 
 the grenadiers immediately marched : they difre- 
 garded the fcattered fire from the rock, and never 
 halted till they got to the top of it ; the French be- 
 ing fo much terrified at their intrepidity, as to quit 
 their poft without ftriking a blow. Some of the 
 bed lepoys followed the grenadiers, and all toge- 
 ther began a ftrong fire upon the French battalion, 
 drawn up within piftol-lhot below. The Englifli 
 
 battalion
 
 i 4 o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 battalion then appeared, and drew up within twenty 
 yards of the enemy, who were (truck with con- 
 iternation at fuch a refolute attack made upon them, 
 in the midft of their numerous allies, by fuch a 
 fmall body of men. However, the French kept a 
 good front with recovered arms until the Englim 
 gave their fire, which fell heavy, and threw the 
 French into fuch irreparable diforder, that they in- 
 ftantly gave way and ran, leaving three pieces of 
 cannon, with fome ammunition carts behind them. 
 The Morattoes rufhed in to cover their retreat, but 
 were repulfed with great lofs, when they defifted 
 from their attacks, and retreated to the main body 
 of the Maifibreans, where the French formed with 
 their allies. Some of the Englim grenadiers were 
 fabred by the Morattoes, who greatly lamented the 
 lofs of one of their principal commanders : this was 
 Ballapa, the nephew of Morarow : he had broke his 
 f.vord in cutting down a grenadier, when another, 
 who was loading his piece, and faw his comrade fall, 
 fhot both ball and ramrod through his body. Ma- 
 jor Lawrence knew this young man, and had often 
 remarked his bravery when fighting on the Englifh 
 fide : he had great fpirit, and was an excellent 
 horfeman : his body was found in the field, and fent 
 to his uncle, in the major's Palankeen. The French 
 would not renew the fight, and the Englifh returned 
 to their camp, with many prifoners, and three guns 
 taken from the enemy, whofe cavalry endeavoured 
 to interrupt their march, but were always repulfed, 
 and fuffered feverely by a cannonade from eight 
 fix-pounders loaded with grape. 
 
 THUS was Trichinopoli preferved by the un- 
 daunted fpirit of the Englim troops, which difpi- 
 rited the enemy, and gave the Englim fepoysan op- 
 portunity of bringing great quantities of provifions 
 to the camp. However, two or three more fuch 
 encounters would have left all the Englifh on the 
 
 plaids
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 141 
 
 plains of Trichinopoli, if no reinforcement was fcnt 
 to major Lawrence, who received advice, that fome 
 fhips were arrived on the coaft with recruits from 
 England, and that a detachment was ordered to 
 Trichinopoli, by the route of Tanjore. The major 
 therefore left captain Dalton to guard the city, 
 broke up his camp, and marched to the city of Tan- 
 jore, to join the detachment, and prevail on the 
 king to furnim the troops he had promifcd the Na- 
 bob, whofe army had deferted him. 
 
 THE enemy took this opportunity to blockade 
 Trichinopoli, which they could effect without much 
 difficulty, by their fuperiority of European troops. 
 The fcarcity of provifions obliged the inhabitants to 
 quit the city, which was left almolt defolate, though 
 it had formerly contained 400,000 perfons; for the 
 military people who remained in it, including foldiers 
 and all artificers, were not 2000 men. Of thefe i ooo 
 were Peons, pofted between the outward and inward 
 wall : 600 were fepoys, ftationed round the ramparts; 
 and about 200 were Europeans, who guarded the 
 gates, and lay on their arms every night, to be 
 ready on any alarm. The French troops were now- 
 commanded by M. Brenier, who prepared to make 
 an efcalade, and fent a fpy into the city to direct the 
 attempt : but the fpy was difcovered, and the at- 
 tempt declined. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence was joined at Tanjore by the 
 detachment from Fort St. David, which confided 
 of 170 Europeans and 300 fepoys. His army was 
 alfo increafed by the Tanjorine forces, amounting 
 to 3000 horfe, and 2000 foot, commanded by 
 Monackjee. 1 "he whole army marched from Tan- 
 jore, on the 5th of Auguft, with a convoy of 4000 
 bullocks laden with provifions ; and arrived within 
 fight of Trichinopoli on the 9th, when the major 
 was apprized by fignals that the enemy were in mo- 
 tion. Their cavalry, in different parties, extended 
 
 about
 
 142 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 about three miles between the French Rock and the 
 Golden Rock : their main body was pofted at the 
 Sugar-loaf Rock ; and a detachment took pofTef- 
 fion of the Golden Rock, within a mile to the rear 
 of their main body. Major Lawrence halted about 
 a mile fouth-eaft of the Sugar-loaf Rock, and 
 formed his line of march, as if he intended to at- 
 tack the main body of the enemy : but he marched 
 round the Golden Rock, and drove the French 
 from thence with his grenadiers and 800 fepoys de- 
 tached from the front of the line. The Englifh 
 battalion was drawn up in the plain, where feveral 
 men were killed by the artillery from the enemy's 
 advanced party, whom major Lawrence with the 
 grenadiers, 200 other Europeans, and 300 fepoys, 
 marched boldly to attack without cannon. The 
 troops were galled by the French artillery, which 
 killed feveral men, and among them captain Kirk, 
 at the head of his favorite grenadiers, whom no- 
 thing during the war had ever difheartened before : 
 They were fenfibly ftruck with the death of their 
 officer, whofe place was inftantly fupplied by his 
 friend captain Kilpatrick, and animated by his ex- 
 ample, the men pulhed intrepidly on to revenge 
 their captain's death. The enemy had not courage 
 to (land the (hock, and fled towards Weycondah. 
 Their main body then advanced; but retired, as 
 foon as the main body of the Englifh approached ; 
 which ended the engagement. The French bat- 
 talion had 115 men killed; and left many wounded, 
 with three cannon, on the field. The Englifh bat- 
 talion had 36 men killed and wounded; but their 
 greateft lofs was in captain Kirk. 
 
 THE Englifh army entered Trichinopoli, and the 
 French encamped at Weycondah. The Tanjoreans 
 marched out, and took Elimiferum, where the ene- 
 my had left a garrifon of 200 fepoys and fome Eu- 
 ropeans ; while major Lawrence formed a camp at 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 143 
 
 the Five Rocks, to intercept the convoys from 
 MaifTore. This obliged the French ro- decamp, on 
 the 23d, and make a diforderly retreat to Moota- 
 Cheliinoor, a ftrong poft on the bank of the Cavety, 
 which fecured their communication with Seringham^ 
 where they received a very ftrong reinforcement. 
 
 M. DUPLE ix had fent for fome troops from 
 Mauritius, and 400 arrived from thence at Pondi- 
 cherry in June : thele were joined by 2000 fepoys, 
 with fix guns ; as alfo by 3000 Morattoes, with a. 
 great number of Topafles and Peons, under the 
 command of Morarow. Great rejoicings were madte 
 by the French on this occafion, and the Englifli 
 were obliged to act upon the defenfjve again. 
 
 C H A P. VIL 
 
 7 he continuation of the campaign in 1753^ A f- large 
 detachment fentjrom MADRASS to TRICHINOPOLI, 
 under captain RIDGE, and captain C A i L L A u D . The 
 French, commanded by M. ASTRUC; and the 
 Englim, under major LAWRENCE, encamp on the, 
 plain before Trichinopoli. The battle at the Sue AR- 
 LoAF-RocK. : the French are totally defeated^ and 
 retreat to the ijland. The Engliih take WEYCON- 
 DAH-, and enter into cantonments at COILADDY. 
 The French artny is reinforced, and commanded by 
 M. MAISSIN ; who attach Trichinopoli, but is re- 
 
 pulfedwitb great lofs by captain KILPATRICK. 
 
 , ?he Englidi are alfo fuccefsful in the CARNATIC, 
 where they oblige the enemy to raife the fiege of 
 TRINOMALEE, and defeat MAHOMED CQMAUL^ 
 TRIPETTI. The MORATTOES tnvf.de TANJORE, 
 and are defeated by MONACKJEB. The French ac* 
 quifitiens from SALABATZING. 77^- MOGUL HA- 
 MET SHAH is dethroned, and Jutceedsd. by ALLUM 
 held at SADRASS.^^^ <fi> 
 Englifii
 
 144 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 Englifh and French ; and is abruptly ended in Ja- 
 nuary, 1754. 
 
 TH E prefidency of Madrafs were alarmed at 
 the large reinforcement which had been fent 
 from Pondicherry to Seringham, and were deter- 
 mined to ftrengthen their own army with all the 
 men that could be fpared for the field. Accordingly, 
 240 Europeans and 300 fepoys, commanded by 
 captain Ridge, were fent in one of the company*s 
 fhips to Devi Cotah, from whence they marched 
 through the Tanjore country, and arrived on the 
 ipth of September at Kelli Cotah, a fort, fifteen 
 miles eaft of the city of Trichinopoli. At that 
 time the French army was commanded by M. 
 Aftruc, who encamped between the Sugar-loaf and 
 the Golden Rock : while major Lawrence en- 
 camped with his forces at fome diftance to the 
 fouth-eaft of the French Rock. Both armies con- 
 tinued fome days in this fituation, encamped in the 
 open plain without a bum on it, at about two miles 
 diftant from each other , but as the fwamps in the 
 rear of both the camps did not permit either to re- 
 move farther back, they refrained from beginning 
 a cannonade till the 2Oth in the morning, when 
 the Englifli fired from an eighteen pounder upon 
 the French, which drew all their attention on that 
 fide ; while the Englifh were joined by their rein- 
 forcement from Kelli Cotah, with whom captain 
 Caillaud arrived. 
 
 THE junction of thefe troops gave frefli fpirits to 
 their countrymen, and major Lawrence refolved to 
 attack the enemy. He quitted the ground near the 
 French rock on the 2Oth ; and encamped at the 
 Facquire's Tope, where he was joined by 100 Euro- 
 peans from the garrifon. At night the tents were 
 ftruck, and fent to remain under cover of the ar- 
 tillery of the city : the troops were ordered to take 
 
 their
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 145 
 
 their reft in the open field, and to be under arms at 
 four in the morning. 
 
 THE enemy's camp extended on each fide of the 
 Sugar-loaf Rock, but much farther to the weft 
 than the eaft. The Morattoes were encamped to 
 the eaft ; the French quarters were clofe to the weft 
 of the rock , and beyond thefe were the Maiflbreans, 
 who reached almoft as far as the Golden Rock, and 
 occupied the ground at a great diftance behind the 
 two rocks ; and the rear of the camp was covered 
 with thickets and rocky ground. The French had 
 flung up an intrenchment in front of their own quar- 
 ters : the Morattoes had done the fame : and at the 
 Golden Rock, which commanded the left flank and 
 the front of the Maifloreans, the French had fta- 
 tioned an advanced guard of 100 Europeans, 200 
 topafies, and 600 fepoys, with two pieces of can- 
 non, under a vigilant partizan. Major Lawrence 
 was apprized of thefe difpofkions ; and at the hour 
 appointed, marched his troops in profound filence 
 towards the Golden Rock. He had lulled the 
 French into a fecurity, by cannonading the day be- 
 fore ; which made them think he had no other view 
 than to difturb their camp with his (hot. The 
 Engliih battalion of 600 men, formed the van in 
 three equal divifions : the firft was compofed of the 
 grenadier company of 100 men, under captain Kil- 
 patrick ; the picket of 40, under captain Caillaud ; 
 and two platoons, each of 30 men, under captain 
 Campbel : the artillery of fix field pieces, with 100 
 artillery men, were on the flanks of each divifion : 
 2000 fepoys followed in two lines ; and the Tan- 
 jorines were in the rear. The Golden Rock was 
 mounted in three places at once by the firft divifion 
 of the battalion, who drove the enemy down, and 
 took two field pieces loaded with grape. The troops 
 were animated by this fuccefs, and their commander 
 immediately led them on to the grand camp, which 
 
 VOL. II. L altered
 
 1 46 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 altered his difpofition, as it was neceffary to form 
 his troops again, that the three divifions of Euro- 
 peans might march in one line in front through the 
 Maiflbrean camp, to fall at once upon the left flank 
 of the French : the fepoys were divided on each 
 flank of the battalion, at fome diflance in the rear : 
 while the Tanjorines moved to the fr6nt of the 
 French intrenchment, to create what confufion they 
 could with their fire-arms and rockets. The batta- 
 lion marched on with repeated huzza's, as to cer- 
 tain viftory j the drums beating the grenadiers 
 march, the gunners with their port-fires lighted on 
 the flanks, and the fepoys founding their military 
 mufic. The troops formed as they marched, and 
 attacked as they formed : the black camp was eafily 
 panned, and they came up with the French at dawn 
 of day, when the engagement began. The French 
 received the Englifh fire, and then difcharged a ge- 
 neral volley upon them. Among thofe who fuf- 
 fered in this onfet was captain Kilpatrick, who com- 
 manded the divifion on the right, and fell defperately 
 wounded j upon which captain Caillaud put him- 
 felf at the head of the grenadiers, and took the com- 
 mand of the whole divifion. He gained the left 
 flank of the intrenchment, and poured in a clofe 
 fire upon the French battalion : the grenadiers 
 pufhed on with their bayonets, and drove them 
 crowding upon their center, which alfo gave way, 
 and a well levelled difcharge from the center and 
 left of the Englifh battalion in front completed the 
 route. M. Aftruc endeavoured to rally them, and 
 they made a (land ; but the grenadiers renewed the 
 attack with their bayonets, and put them again to 
 flight, which became general. The Englifh troops 
 had marched through a conftant fire of nine pifces 
 of cannon -, attacked a line of men which greatly 
 out-numbered themfelves ; and in ten minutes drove 
 the enemy out of their lines. They however ralli- 
 ed
 
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 147 
 
 ed again, and made fome faint refiftance, fupported 
 by the Morattor s, who rode up very defperately : 
 but as thefe could not fuftain a galling fire, which 
 fell upon them from all quarters, they alfo ran away, 
 and left the Englifh complete maflers of the field 
 of battle, all their camp, cannon, baggage, and 
 ammunition. The whole action lafled near two 
 hours ; and when the victory was totally decided, 
 the Englifh troops drew up on the French parade. 
 
 THE French had 114 men of their battalion ei- 
 ther killed or wounded, and 95 more were taken 
 prifoners : among the latter were M. Aftruc and 
 ten officers , many others were taken in ftraggling 
 parties ; fo that the whole of their lofs was at leaft 
 300 Europeans, and it might have been much 
 more, if the Tanjorines had exerted themfelves as 
 they were ordered. The Englifh had thirty men 
 killed, and forty two wounded : among the latter 
 were fix officers, of whom major Lawrence was 
 wounded in the arm by a mufket-ball, and captain 
 Kilpatrick received a fhot through his body. The 
 captain concluding his wound muft be mortal, would 
 not permit any of his people to ftay by him, but 
 fent them to join the company in pujfuit of the ene- 
 my. Some itraggling Morattoes here came up, 
 and cut him with their fabres as they pafied, which 
 would have been repeated by others ; but the fur- 
 geon feeing him in that danger, flood and protected 
 him till the fuccefs of the day cleared the field of 
 the enemy. 
 
 THIS .action was decided entirely by the mufke- 
 try ; and the French, having thus left the Englifh 
 mailers of the plain, with an open communication, 
 efcaped over the river to the ifland, by the pafs of 
 Mootachillinour. It was fome hours before the whole 
 arrived at Seringham -, for the throng confifted of 
 30,000 men of all forts on foot, and 16,000 horfe; 
 L 2 befides
 
 148 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 befides a great number of oxen, camels, and ele- 
 phants. 
 
 THE Nabob's ftandard was planted in the ene- 
 my's camp, aad the Englifli flag difplayed on the 
 top of the Sugar-loaf Rock ; which proclaimed the 
 triumph of their arms to the country feveral miles 
 round : but the fame evening, major Lawrence re- 
 moved his army to befiege Weycondah, in which 
 was a garrifon of fifty French and 400 fepoys. 
 
 THIS fort was originally a pagoda and choultry, 
 fituared on the top of a rock about thirty feet high. 
 The rock was afterwards inclofed by a ftrong ftone 
 wall, carried up as high as the top of the rock it- 
 felf, and built thick enough to afford a rampart 
 about five feet broad ; befides a (lender parapet, 
 which had loop-holes to fire through : and on the weft- 
 fide was a gateway, the top of which communicated 
 with the rampart. A watercourfe ferved inftead of 
 a trench to flicker the Englifli troops, who cut em- 
 brafures through the bank, about 400 yards from 
 the wall, which was battered with two eighteen- 
 pounders, and fhells were thrown from a mortar 
 and two cohorns. The wall was beat down, within 
 twelve feet of the ground , but the breach was not 
 practicable : however, a body of 600 fepoys made 
 an attempt to mount the walls, and were repulfed. 
 The fepoys then aflaulted the gate : but this at- 
 tempt was alfo ineffectual, till a refolute Englifli- 
 man, who was ferjeant to a company of fepoys, 
 mounted on the flioulders of one of them, and got 
 up to the top, where he planted the colors of his 
 company on the parapet. He was followed by others, 
 fome of whom went down and opened the gate on 
 the infide, when thofe without ruflied in like a tor- 
 rent, and attacked the garrifon at pufli of bayonet. 
 Jn the firft fury feveral were killed , but about 400 
 who threw down their arms, and called for quarter, 
 were fpared. 
 
 THE
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 149 
 
 THE army encamped at the French Rock, and 
 were plentifully fupplied with provifions both in city 
 and camp. Captain Dakon then quieted the com- 
 mand at Trichinopoli, and returned to Europe. 
 The rainy monfoon was coming on, which occa- 
 fioned major Lawrence to canton his troops at Coi- 
 laddy, about fifteen miles eaft of the city, on the 
 frontiers of Tanjore, from whence the army might 
 be fupplied with provifions. The major fent 1 50 
 Europeans, the fick of the battalion, and 400 le- 
 poys, into Trichinopoli : a detachment was left at 
 Elimiferum ; and the reft of the Englifh troops 
 entered into cantonments on the 23d of October. 
 They were ftill accompanied by the Nabob, with 
 his attendants : but the Tanjorines returned to their 
 own country, to celebrate a grand feftival ; while 
 the Englilh grew very fickly in their quarters, lofing 
 fix officers and many foldiers in about a month. 
 
 IN the beginning of November, the French at 
 Seringham received a reinforcement of 300 Euro- 
 peans, 200 Topafies, and 1000 fepoys, with fome 
 cannon. Their whole army was now commanded 
 by M. Maifiin, who crofled the river, on the 27th 
 at night, to attack Trichinopoli, where captain 
 Kilpatrick had recovered of his wounds, and fuc- 
 ceeded captain Dalton in the command. 
 
 THE entrance into an Indian fortification is 
 through a large and complicated pile of building, 
 projecting in the form of a parallelogram from the 
 main rampart : this building confifts of feveral con- 
 tinued terraces of the fame height as the main ram- 
 part, and communicate with it ; and the inward 
 walls of thefe terraces form the fides of an intricate 
 pafiage, about twenty feet broad, which leads by 
 various turnings at right angles through the whole 
 pile, to the principal gate that ftands in the main 
 rampart. 
 
 L 3 THI
 
 i 5 o AVOYAGETO 
 
 THE French were 800, and 600 were to efca- 
 lade ; while M. Maiffin, with 200, and a body of 
 fepoys, were to wait the event, prepared to fecond 
 and join the firft party, when they had got over 
 the wall. Their forces were diftributed agreeable 
 to the different falfe attacks they were to make : 
 but the real one was to be made on Dalton's bat- 
 tery, which was the center of the weft face. The 
 guard appointed for the garriibn was of fifty fcpoys, 
 with their officers, and two European gunners : the 
 rounds had gone at twelve o'clock, and found them 
 prefent and alert ; but when the attack began few 
 of them were on duty. The French pafTed the 
 ditch, which was almoft dry, at three in the morn- 
 ing of the 28th. They placed the ladders, and the 
 whole 600 mounted on the battery, without inter- 
 ruption, or the leaft alarm to the garrifon. They 
 turned two cannon on the battery againft the town, 
 and' difcharged them with a volley of fmall arms, 
 their drums beating, and their foldiers crying out, 
 vive le roy. They were perfuaded that firing alone 
 would frighten the garrifon ; but that was foon 
 alarmed by the piquet, and flood prepared. Cap- 
 tain Kilpatrick immediately ordered a party to the 
 place attacked, and others to their refpedive alarm- 
 pofts. He was (till confined to his bed ; but his 
 orders were well executed by lieutenant Harrifon. 
 The French having drawn up their fcaling- ladders 
 into the battery, fent two parties down from it into 
 the interval between the two walls. They attempt- 
 ed the inward wall, in which they were defeated, 
 and then only thought of making their efcape, or 
 fcreening themfelves from the fire of the garrifon. 
 The firit was impracticable, as their ladders were 
 mortly deftroyed, and they within the firft wall : 
 yet fome attempted leaping off the battery into the 
 ditch, eighteen feet perpendicular j but the greater 
 number lay hid under the parapec. At length day- 
 light
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 151 
 
 light appeared, when the French threw down their 
 arms, and afked for quarters, which was immedi- 
 ately granted. The Englifh officers from the ram- 
 part ordered them to aflemble in the interval be- 
 tween the two walls, from whence they were con- 
 ducted, in fmall bodies at a time, through the gate- 
 way they had afiaulted. The French had 362 Euro- . 
 peans taken prifoners, 65 of whom were wounded : 
 and of thefe eight were officers ; 37 were found kill- 
 ed on the works ; and upwards or" 70 were killed or 
 difabled by leaping into the ditch. Thus ended 
 the afTault of Trichinopoli, which impaired the 
 French force more than any other event fmce the 
 reduclion of Seringham. Lieutenant Harrifon died 
 foon after thefe important fervices, and was greatly 
 regreted as a brave and prudent officer. 
 
 THE firing was heard by the out-guards at Coi- 
 laddy, upon which major Lawrence immediately 
 detached a party to reinforce the garrifon, and pre- 
 pared to follow with the reft of the army ; but heavy 
 rains prevented him from arriving before the 3d of 
 December ; while the enemy re-croflcd the river, 
 with the 8000 Maiflbrean horfe. 
 
 HAD the Englilh been able to purfue their for- 
 tune, their advantages would have been real : but, 
 inftead of it, their fuccefles were only a refpitc, 
 and they foon had the fame to go, over again ; hav- 
 ing, however, the confolation to think they had done 
 all they cuuld againft fo great a fuperiority. 
 
 DURING thefe tranfaclions to the fouth of the 
 Coleroon, the Englifh arms had likewife gained 
 fome fuccefies in the Carnatic. The French and 
 their new Nabob had laid fiege to Trinomalee, 
 the garrifon of which place fignalized themfelves by 
 their frequent follies, and were reinforced by 60 
 Europeans and 500 fepoys from Madrafs and Arcot 
 in September. This detachment found all the 
 avenues blockaded, and concerted meafures with the 
 L 4 governor,
 
 151 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 governor, whofe name was Barkatoola, to favor their 
 junction by making a vigorous fally, which was fuc- 
 cefsfully executed, and the befiegers were entirely 
 defeated The general of the Neloor troops was 
 killed ; and HufTan Alice, who commanded the 
 French fepoys, was mortally wounded and taken 
 prifoner. This lofs of their commanders ftruck the 
 troops with fo much confirmation, that they imme- 
 diately raifed the fiege. 
 
 MAHOMED Comaul was one of thofe adven- 
 turers who had fet up the ftandard of independency, 
 and thereby alarmed the prefidency of Madrais. He 
 furprized the capital of Neloor, the north-eaft part 
 of the Nabob's dominions ; and then made prepa- 
 rations to attack the pagoda of Tripetti. This 
 temple was fituated on the top of a mountain, 
 about feventy miles north-eaft of Arcor, and was 
 one of the moft famous in all the Deckan. The 
 feafl. of the God to whom it v/as dedicated was an- 
 nually celebrated in September, and the offerings 
 made by the concourfe of pilgrims who arrived 
 from all parts to affift at it, amounted to fo great 
 a fum, that the bramins paid the government a 
 yearly revenue of 60,000 pagodas, or 27,000!. 
 flerling. This revenue was afiigned by the Nabob 
 to the Englifb, as a reimburfement in part of the 
 great expences they had incurred during the war : 
 and as neither the bramins, nor the pilgrims, were 
 follicitous to whom this money was paid, it was the 
 intention of Mahomed Comaul to get pofieffion of 
 the pagoda before the feaft began. He was counter- 
 acted by the prefidency of Madrafs, who fent enfign 
 Holt with a detachment of 40 Europeans, 200 fe- 
 poys, and three pieces of cannon, to defend the 
 pagoda. When this party arrived near Tripetti, 
 they were attacked by Mahomed Comaul, with 
 5000 horfe and foot, who obliged enfign Holt to 
 retreat : but the next day he was joined by fome of 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 153 
 
 the Nabob's forces, and proceeded again towards 
 the pagoda. Mahomed Comaul met them on the 
 plain, and a cannonade began, by which enfign 
 Holt was killed However, enfign Ogilby conti- 
 nued the engagement, and a fhot from one of the 
 field pieces killed the elephant of Mahomed Comaul, 
 whofe army inftantly fled, before he had time to 
 mount a horfe. He was taken prifoner, and car- 
 ried to Nazeabulla Cawn, by whofe order he was 
 inftantly beheaded ; which prevented further infur- 
 rections in the Carnatic for fome time. 
 
 THE king of Tanjore refufed to quit his alliance 
 with the Englifh, and the French fent 1500 Mo- 
 rattoes to ravage his country in December. They 
 plundered and burnt the country down to the fea- 
 coaft ; but Monackjee attacked them with 3000 
 horfe, and deftroyed the whole party. About 800 
 Morattoes were killed, many others were wounded, 
 and the reft taken prifoners. Monackjee ordered 
 all the dead bodies to be hanged upon trees ; and 
 all the prifoners, even the wounded, to be impaled 
 alive in fight of the high roads. 
 
 M. BUSSY, with his army, was ftill attending and 
 fupporting Salabatzing, to the northward, as prince 
 of the Deckan : but was thwarted in his defigns by 
 Seid Lafcar Cawn, the duan or vizir, who held the 
 poft of captain-general of the army under Nizam 
 Al Muluck, and had accompanied Nazirzing into 
 the Carnatic in that character. However, it was 
 agreed, that the provinces of Muftaphanagar, Ya- 
 lore, Rajamundrum, and Chickacole, mould be 
 given up to the French company in full fovereignty. 
 This acquifmon added to Mafulipatnam and the 
 province of Condavir, which the French had al- 
 ready obtained, rendered them matters of the fea- 
 coaft of Coromandel and Orixa, in a regular line of 
 600 miles from Medapilly to Jagernaut. 
 
 THESI
 
 i4 AVOYAGETO 
 
 THESE countries were bounded by a large chain 
 of mountains, which run almoft in the fame di- 
 rection as the fea-coaft, and are in fome places about 
 90 miles from it, although in others not more than 
 thirty. They are covered with impenetrable forefts 
 of bamboes ; and have five pafies in their whole ex- 
 tent. The province of Condavir lies betweeen the 
 river Kriftna and Gondegam, which enters the fea 
 at Medapilly. The limits of the other four pro- 
 vinces are not exactly afcertained : yet it appears, 
 that Muftaphanagar joins to the north of Condavir ; 
 that Yalore lies to the north- weft of Muftaphanagar; 
 that Rajamundrum is bounded to thefouth by thele 
 two provinces ; and that Chickacole extends 250 
 miles from the river Godaveri to the pagoda of 
 Jagernaut. The revenues of thefe provinces were 
 computed at 3,100,000 rupees i of Condavir at 
 680,000 ; and the dependencies of Mafulipatnam 
 at 507,000; in all 4,287,000 rupees, equal to 
 535,675!. fterling. So that thefe territories ren- 
 dered the French mafters of the greateft dominion* 
 both in extent and value, that had ever been pofc 
 fefled by Europeans in the empire of Indoftan, not 
 excepting the Portugueze, when in the height of 
 their profperity. Nor were commercial advantages 
 wanting to enhance the value of thefe acquisitions i 
 for the manufactures of cloth proper for European 
 markets were made in this part of the Deckan, of 
 much better fabric, and at much cheaper rates, than, 
 in the Carnatic. Large forefts of teak- trees* grew 
 in. Rajamundrum, which was the only part of the 
 coaft that furnifhed this wood : and Chickacole 
 abounded in grain, of which great quantities were 
 exported every year to the Carnatic. 
 
 THE Mogul Hamet Shah, notwithftanding the 
 appearance of vigor with which he afcended the 
 
 * Like Oak. 
 
 throne
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 155 
 
 throne in 1748, foon fell into the fame indolence as 
 characterized all the fucceflbrs of Aurengzebe ; but 
 he was now depofed, and this change was occa- 
 fioned by the following event. The Mogul fent his 
 buckfhee Shah Abadin Cawn *, who was the ne- 
 phew of Salabatzing, to fupprefs an irruption of the 
 Rajpoots-f . He fucceeded in this expedition, which 
 made the Mogul jealous he would dethrone him, 
 and a fcheme was laid to put him to death ; but 
 Shah Abadin Cawn returned to Delli, and feized 
 the Mogul, whofe debaucheries made him a fcandal 
 to the throne, The buckfhee aflembled the Omrahs, 
 and placed on the throne Allum Geer, a near rela- 
 tion to the late Mogul : and the depofed prince, 
 according to the cruel policy of their government, 
 was deprived of his fight by pafiing a red-hot iron 
 before his eyes. Shah Abadin then declared him- 
 felf vizir to the new Mogul, whom he fuffered to 
 interfere very little in the administration ; and find- 
 ing that great diforders had been introduced in the 
 provinces near the capital, he determined to reform 
 thefe before he extended his views farther. In this 
 refolution he diflembled his refentment againft Sala- 
 batzing for the murder of his father, and pretended 
 to be well fatisfied that the Soubahdarfhip of the 
 Deckan mould remain under the government of 
 his uncle. 
 
 MR. Saunders had been at the head of the Eng 
 lilh prefidency ever fince the death of Nazirzing, 
 and convinced by that event of the ambitious 
 fchemes formed by M. Dupleix, determined to 
 oppole them to the utmoft of his ftrength, notwith- 
 ftanding he had no inllruclions from the company 
 to engage in holrJlities. The two governors had 
 carried on a Iharp controverfy by letters a confider- 
 
 Or Sche Abeddin. f Or Raihpoots. 
 
 able
 
 1 5 6 A V O YA G E T O 
 
 able time , and at laft it was agreed to hold a con-' 
 grefs at Sadrafs, a Dutch fettlement between Ma- 
 drafs and Pondicherry. 
 
 THE Englifh deputies were Mr. Palk and Mr. 
 Vanfittart : thofe for the French were the father 
 Lavaur, fuperior of the jefuits, and Medieurs de 
 Kerjean and BaufTet. They met on the 3d of Janu- 
 ary 1754; and the two governors fuperintended 
 their proceedings by letters, which were no more 
 than twelve hours in coming from Pondicherry, and 
 only fix from Madrafs. The Englim deputies 
 opened the conference by propofing as the bafis of 
 the negotiation, that Mahomed AlleeCawn mould be 
 acknowleged Nabob of the Carnatic ; and that the 
 king of Tanjore mould be guaranteed in the peace- 
 able poflefiion of his kingdom. The French pro- 
 pofed the acknowledgment of Salabatzing as Sou- 
 bahdar of the Deckan, and the immediate releafe of 
 the French prifoners taken during the war : in re- 
 turn for which, the Englifh were to be exempted 
 from the ground-rent of Madrafs, and were to keep 
 poffeflion of the country of Ponamalee, and fome 
 eftablifhment was to be made for Mahomed Allee 
 after his difference with the MahTorean was fettled 
 concerning Trichinopoli. It was impofiible to have 
 made propofals more directly oppofite ; for by ac- 
 knowledging Salabatzing without restrictions, the 
 French would become abfolute over the Englim in 
 the Carnatic j as they would of the French, if Ma- 
 homed Allee was acknowledged; fo that each fide 
 required of the other to give up every thing before 
 they had well begun to treat of any thing. How- 
 ever, the bufmefs did not flop, and the French de- 
 puties produced feven patents, which they called their 
 authorities for interfering as they had done in the 
 affairs of the Mogul government, and for making 
 the prefent demands. Two of thefe patents were from 
 Muzapherzing ; one appointing M. Dupleix com- 
 mander
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 157 
 
 mander in all the countries from the river Kriftna 
 to the fea ; the other confirming Chunda Saib go- 
 vernor of the Carnatic ; two others ratifying the 
 former : another giving the countries of Arcot and 
 Trichinopoli to M. Dupleix after the death of Chun- 
 da Saib 5 the other appointing Mortiz Alice of Ne- 
 loor lieutenant under M. Dupleix in thefe countries : 
 the laft piece was a letter from the Great Mogul, 
 confirming all that Salabatzing had done in favor of 
 M. Dupleix and his allies. They delivered copies 
 pf thefe patents to be fcrutinized by the Englifh de- 
 puties, who afTerted their authority under patents 
 from Nazirzing, Gazi Odin Cawn, and the Great 
 Mogul, appointing Mahomed Alice, Nabob of the 
 Carnatic ; which was another flat contradiction, and 
 of fuch a nature, as could not be adjulled without 
 fending the deputies to Delli : the Englifh deputies 
 came clofe to the point, and propoled, that the 
 Englifh and French mould be put in pofleflion of 
 lands of equal value in fuch different parts of the 
 province as might prevent future difputes ; that the 
 commerce of the two companies in the Carnatic 
 fhould be eftablifhed on equal terms of advantage ; 
 that fecurity fhould be given to the Maiflbreans tor 
 fuch a fum of money, as upon an equkable adjuft- 
 ment of their accounts might appear to be due to 
 them , that a penfion fhould be .afiigned to Raja 
 Saib, the fon of Chunda Saib ; and that the French 
 prifoners fhould be releafed ; provided M. Dupleix 
 would acknowledge Mahomed Alice Cawn Nabob 
 of the Carnatic. 
 
 THESE propofals left the French fuperior by the 
 whole of their poflefllons to the north, which were 
 of much greater value than what the Englifh would 
 have been content to take, fubjecl to an equality 
 with them in the Carnatic: a moderation which 
 would have been inconfiftent with the continual 
 fuccefc of the Englifh arms, if the expences of the 
 
 war
 
 158 AVOYAGETO 
 
 war had not already greatly hurt the commercial in- 
 tereits of the Eaft India company, reftrained by 
 their charter from enlarging their capital. The 
 French rejected this propofal, and infifted ftrenu- 
 oufly on the validity of their titles : but while they 
 were explaining the various events which had led 
 their nation to the acquifition of fuch important pre- 
 rogatives, the Englifli deputies difcovered, that the 
 Mogul's letter to M. Dupleix wanted the ufual fig- 
 nature, which is a feal engraved with his name and 
 titles, and ftamped with ink at the head of the 
 patent. They alfo obferved, that the feal imprefTed 
 on the wax, which had fecured the cover of the let- 
 ter, appeared by the date to be thirty-three years 
 old, and confequently belonged to a former em- 
 peror. The French perfifted to defend the au- 
 thenticity of their papers ; and the Englifh were 
 convinced the whole was a forgery ; which broke 
 up the conference eleven days after it began, and 
 left both fides more exafperated than ever. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 159 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 <?be Campaign of 1754- Reflections on the War 
 in INDIA. Negotiations to terminate it in EUROPE. 
 Military actions in the kingdom of TRICHINO- 
 POLI. The ENGLISH Convoy cut off. Proceed- 
 ings of the MAISSOREANS and MORATTOES. Cap- 
 tain CAILLAUD defeats the FRENCH, who invade 
 TONDEMAN'S country, and the kingdom of TAV- 
 JORE. 'The Englifh follow them^ and return t9 
 Trichinopoli. MORAROW returns into bis o-wn 
 country with the Morattoes : fome account of them. 
 Major LAWRENCE repulfes the French under M. 
 MAISSIN : enters Trichinopoli, and finifhes ibe 
 Campaign. Other tranfaftions in /^CARNATIC, 
 and GOLCONDA. A/. GODEHEU fuperfedes M. 
 DUPLEIXJ and agrees upon a ceiTation of' arms 
 with governor S A u N D E RS. Admiral WATSON, can- 
 modore POCOCKE, and Colonel ALDERCRON arrive 
 at MADRASS. A PROVISIONAL TREATY, and A 
 TREATY OF TRUCE, concluded between the Eng- 
 lifh and French. Remarks therein, and on M. 
 Dupleix. 'The EngliHi^^ French governors fet tit 
 the peace of India, and return to Europe. 
 
 IT is but a fmall part of India where the Englifh 
 company have forts, and that only in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Indollan ; as Bombay, the coafts of 
 Malabar and Coromandel, Bengal, Bencoolen, in 
 the ifland of Sumatra, and fome other fmall forts, 
 befides the ifland of St. Helena. When a war hap- 
 pens there, the Britim nation muft be at the expence 
 of fending fleets and troops upon extraordinary oc- 
 cafions ; for a trading company fliould not be turn- 
 ed into a military one. 
 
 A WAR was carried on in that country for almoft 
 four years with various fuccefs j in which the French 
 
 afted
 
 160 A VOYAGE TO T . 
 
 acted as auxiliaries on one fide, and the Englifh a 
 auxiliaries to the other. On the Englifh fide, their 
 merchants, writers, and all the factors took up 
 arms to defend their properties. They were not 
 curbed by the mutiny and deferdon act ; yet they 
 beat the French, and the vaft armies of their allies. 
 The French company had their troops fent over by 
 the king, who might be at the expence of main- 
 taining them , but they were kept up in the name 
 of the company ; becaufe it is impoflible ever to 
 treat in the name of the crown with any of thofe 
 caftern princes, who are haughty even to a degree 
 of ridicule. The Englifh company fent over Swifs 
 recruits to that country, which difgufted the Eng- 
 lifh foldiers ; and it was fo natural to fuppofe that 
 fome of them would defert to the French, that when 
 M. Dupleix heard of it, he faid, " he was very 
 much obliged to the Englifh company, for fending 
 over recruits for the troops under his command." 
 
 THE flock of the Englifh company, in 1753, con- 
 fifted of 3,200,000 1. upon which they divided eight 
 per cent, and the government paid them three per 
 cent, upon that 3,200,000!. It then was obferved, 
 that the war in India was firft occafioned by the 
 Englifh company's rejecting the offers of neutrality 
 made by the French, with refpect to that country, 
 and that it had been continued by the government 
 four years, at the expence of more than a million 
 of money, eight large fhips of war, and many va- 
 luable lives, upon a fuppofition that the trade, un- 
 der an exclufive charter, was gainful both to indi- 
 viduals and the public. This fuppofition was dif- 
 proved in an account, whereby it appeared, i hat the 
 payment of eight per cent, on the trade, during 
 the years 1752 and 1753* produced a deficiency of 
 254,300!. This lofs muft at laft be fuftained by 
 every individual, as time muft rather increafe than 
 diminifh it ; for it was faid, there was annually a 
 
 lofs
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 161 
 
 lofs to the public of 660,000 1. by the exportation 
 of that value in bullion, for which England receiv- 
 ed nothing in return, that was either neceffary to 
 life, or could employ its manufactures. 
 
 THE difpute between the Englifh and French 
 Eaft India companies, became the object of mini- 
 fterial confideration in Europe. The directors of 
 the Engiilh company made reprefentations to their 
 miniftry, on the hoftilities in which they were in- 
 volved on the coaft of Coromandel, and follicited 
 the fupport of the government, either to terminate 
 or carry on a war, which their own refources were 
 unable to continue againft the French company, 
 itrongly fupported by the adminiftration of France. 
 The Britifh. miniftry foon perceived the neceflity of 
 interfering vigoroufly to ftop the ambitious projects 
 of M. Dupleix, and began a negociation with the 
 French miniftry on the fubject. Monfieur Duve- 
 laer, a director of the French company, together 
 with his brother the count de Lude, who had both 
 of them refided many years in India, were deputed 
 from Paris, to treat with the miniftry in London, 
 and had frequent conferences with the earl of Hol- 
 dernefle, at that time one of the fecretaries of ftate, 
 who acquired an extenfive knowledge of the fubject:, 
 however intricate and little underftood. His Britan- 
 nic majefty ordered a fquadron of his (hips to be 
 equipped, and one of his regiments to embark, for 
 the Eaft Indies. This convinced the French ad- 
 miniftration, that a perfeverance in their fchemes 
 of making conquefts, and obtaining dominions in 
 Indoftan, would loon involve the two nations in a 
 general war, for which the French were unprepared : 
 therefore, they confented, that the difputes of the 
 two companies fiiould .be adjufted by commifiariea 
 in India, on a footing of equality ; without any re- 
 gard to the advantages which either the one or the 
 other might be poilcITed when the treaty fliould be 
 
 VOL. II. M concluded.
 
 i62 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 concluded. The French miniftry were convinced, 
 that M. Dupleix was an improper perfon to be 
 trufted with fuch a commiflion, and they took the 
 relblution of removing him from the government 
 of Fondicherry, which was conferred on M. Gode- 
 heu, a director of the French company, who was 
 fully empowered to treat with governor Saunders 
 on the terms of pacification. 
 
 As commodore Barnet* was fent with a fquadron 
 in 1744, to affift the Englifli company in- their 
 Indian fettlements ; fo rear-admiral Watfon and 
 commodore Pococke were now fent there with a 
 fquadron -f of five fhips of the line, one frigate 
 and a (loop, which failed from Corke in Ireland, 
 with colonel Aldercron'a regiment of foot on board, 
 in March 1754; and the whole fquadron arrived at 
 Foit St. David in October following, when a cefia- 
 tion of arms was agreed upon between the Englifli 
 and French. 
 
 THE French feized the advantage when they 
 broke up the congrefs at Sadrafs, and renewed 
 hoftilities at Trichmopoli, where the number of 
 French prilbners obliged major Lawrence to aug- 
 ment the garrifon to 3ooEuropeans and 1500 fe- 
 poys -, 150 of the battalion alfo remained fick in the 
 hofpital ; fo that the whole force with which he 
 kept the field was no more than 600 Europeans, 
 including the artillery men, and iSoofepoys. The 
 French battalion was now equal to the Englifli j be- 
 
 * See the Introduction to this Vol. p. XX. 
 
 f- Ships. Guns. 
 
 Kent, - 72 Rear Admiral Watfon, and capt. Speke. 
 Cumberland, 66 Commodore Pococke,and capt.Harrifon. 
 Eagle, 60 Captain, 
 
 Tyger, 60 Captain Latham. 
 
 Salifbury, - 50 Captain Knowles. 
 Bridgewater, 24 Captain Martin. 
 JLing-fifher-floop,i4 Captain Smith. 
 
 fides,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 163 
 
 fides, they had four companies of Topafles, each of 
 100 men, diftindt from their battalion : they had 
 alfo 6000 fepoys, and the Maiffbreans and Morat- 
 toes remained as before, with little alteration in 
 their numbers. But notwithstanding this fuperi- 
 ority, the French would not venture to quit the 
 ifland, and encamp to the fouth of the Cavery. 
 
 THE plain of Trichinopoli having been fo long 
 the feat of war, fcarce a tree was left (landing for 
 feveral miles round the city ; and the Englifh de- 
 tachments were obliged to march five or lix miles 
 to get firewood. Their provifions came chiefly 
 from the Tanjore country-, but the merchants 
 would not venture nearer than Tricatapolly, a fort 
 eighteen miles eaft of Trichinopoli, from whence 
 they were efcorted to the camp. The detachments 
 fent on thefe fervices were feldom lefs than 150 Eu- 
 ropeans and 500 fepoys ; who had fafely efcorted 
 feven convoys from the beginning of January to 
 the middle of February 1754; at which time a 
 convoy was in readinefs, much larger than any of 
 the former. It confided of a great quantity of mi- 
 litary ftores, as well as proviflons, the carriage of 
 which required 3000 oxen. The efcort was there- 
 fore made ftronger than ufual, and was compofed 
 of two captains, fix officers, and 187 men rank 
 and file, with four pieces of cannon, and 800 fe- 
 poys. They were furrounded and attacked on 
 their march from Kelly Cotah*, on the i5th of 
 February, by 400 Europeans, 6000 fepoys, and 
 12,000 horfe, Morattoes and Maiflbreans, with fe- 
 ven pieces of cannon. The Morattoes were com- 
 manded by Morarow and Innis Cawn, who galloped 
 up at full fpeed, and inftantly charged every pare 
 of the line ; feme pufhing on to the intervals which 
 
 * Or Killicatah. 
 M 2 feparated
 
 1 64 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 feparated the different platoons, and then falling on 
 them in flank, while others attacked them in fronr. 
 The charge was fo fudden and impetuous, that few 
 of the Englim troops had time to give more than a 
 fingle difcharge ; while moft of the fepoys threw 
 down their arms and fled. The bullocks were ter- 
 rified by the tumult, which they increafed by pufli- 
 ing on all fides to get away, fometimes againft the 
 enemy, at others upon the efcort. However, the 
 Englim foldiers made an irregular refiftance, every 
 man trufting only to himfelf, refolved to fell his 
 life as dear as pofllble. This was continued until 
 the French troops came up, who obliged the Mo- 
 rattoes to retire, and offered the Englim quarter, 
 which was accepted. In this unhappy affair 53 
 men were killed, 134 were taken prifoners, and 
 100 of them were wounded. Of the eight officers, 
 four were killed, and three wounded, only one 
 cfcaping. Lieutenant Revel, who ferved at the 
 defence of Arcot, commanded the artillery in this 
 action , he faw the day was loft,and the enemy ready 
 to feize the cannon ; fo that he fuffered himfelf 
 to be cut down without making refiitUnce, rather 
 than quit the work in which he was employed, of 
 fpiking up one of the field pieces. 
 
 FOUR cannon, and about 7000 1. in money, with 
 all their .convoy, provifions, and military (lores, 
 fell into the hands of the enemy, who returned with 
 their booty and their prifoners to the ifland. They 
 foon after fee the fepoys at liberty, who returned to 
 the Englim camp : the French alfo permitted the 
 furviving Englim officers to depart on their parole, 
 which was taken in the name of Salabatzing. The 
 
 tarrifon of Elimiferum, as foon as they heard the 
 ring, marched to fecure the village of Cootaparah, 
 that the convoy might take pod in it: but before 
 they could arrive all was loft.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 165 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence thought this was a mod heavy 
 ftroke upon his brave handful of men, above a third, 
 and his beft troops ; for among them were that 
 gallant company of grenadiers, who had always be- 
 haved fo well on every occafion, where bravery and 
 resolution were to be fhewn j and who may be faid, 
 without exaggeration, to have rendered more fer- 
 vice than the fame number of troops belonging to 
 any nation at this time in the world. 
 
 THE prefidency of Madrafs foon heard of this 
 misfortune, and fent a detachment of 180 men, un- 
 der the command of captain Pigou, to Devi Cottah, 
 by fea : but major Lawrence was convinced, that 
 this party was not ftrong enough to march to the 
 camp -, and dreading to leave the city expoled to 
 another afiault by moving to join them, he ordered 
 captain Pigou to wait at Devi Cottah until he was 
 reinforced by fome fuccors expected from Arcot 
 under the command of Maphuze Cawn, the Na- 
 bob's elder brother, who had been releafed by the 
 French, and had collected a body of 2000 horfe and 
 as many Peons to join his brother. 
 
 IN the mean time, major Lawrence was deter- 
 mined to maintain his ground on the plain, not- 
 withftanding he had only 400 Europeans in the 
 field. The fmallnefs of this number made it im- 
 pofllble to bring provifions from fuch a diftance as 
 the Tanjore country ; whofe king difcouraged his 
 merchants from Supplying the Englim, becaufe he 
 thought their late misfortune would oblige them to 
 retire from Trichinopoli. The major therefore re- 
 prefented to the prefidency of Madrafs, the neceflity 
 of recovering the king of Tanjore to the intereft of 
 the Nabob , and Mr. Palk, who had, during his 
 former refidence at Tanjore, made himfelf accept- 
 able to the king, was fent there again in the mid- 
 dle of April. He now found the king difficult of 
 accefs, and more than ever under the influence of 
 M 3 his
 
 i66 A V O Y A G E TO 
 
 his minifter Succojee, who was carrying on a treaty 
 with the Maiflbreans, and had prevailed on his 
 matter to imprifon Monackjee, under pretence that 
 he had not accounted regularly for the monies iffued 
 for the expences of the army. The reprefentations 
 made by Mr. Palk, prevented the king from con- 
 cluding the treaty with the Maiffbreans ; but did 
 not induce him to fend his troops to Trichinopoli. 
 About this time, the Maiflbrean general detached 
 1000 horfe, and as many fepoys, to his own coun- 
 try, which Balazarow had entered and plundered 
 with his Morattoes: but Nanderauze was foon af- 
 ter reinforced by 2000 Morattoes, under the com- 
 mand of Morarow's brother. Even this reinforce- 
 ment could not induce the enemy to quit the ifland, 
 and encamp on the plain ; although it was. evident, 
 that this meafure would inevitably oblige the Eng- 
 lifh either to bring on a general aclion, or retire. 
 
 In thefe circumftances, it was difcovered that the 
 Englim. army had for fome time been expofrd to 
 the danger of treachery, from a perfon in whom 
 major Lawrence had been obliged to repofe the ut- 
 moft confidence. This was Poniapah, the princi- 
 pal iinguift, who had an averfion to Mahomed 
 IfTouf, the chief commander of the Englim fepoys. 
 This officer was an excellent partizan, and was bred 
 up under captain Clive : he was brave and refolute 
 in attempts, but cool and cautious in action : he 
 conftantly procured intelligence of the enemy's mo- 
 tions ; and, having a perfect knowledge of the 
 country, planned the marches of the convoys fo 
 well, that by frequently changing the roads, and 
 the times of bringing the provisions out of trie 
 woods, not one of them was intercepted for fix 
 weeks. However, the enemy got intelligence that 
 the magazines were kept at Killanore, and fent 
 a party to attack that place , but they were repulfed 
 by the fepoys ftationed there. The Maiflbrean ge- 
 neral
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 167 
 
 neral prevailed on Poniapah to charge Mahomed 
 Iflouf with a defign to aflift in delivering up the 
 town : but the villainy was detected, and Poniapah 
 was blown off from the mouth of a cannon. This 
 complicated treachery fhews to what dangers the 
 affairs of Europeans in Indoftan may be expofed, 
 by not having perfons of their own nation fufiicient- 
 ly' mailers of the country languages, to ferve inftead 
 of the natives as interpreters. 
 
 MORAROW demanded his arrears of Nanderauze, 
 and withdrew his forces from Seringham. He en- 
 camped with them, on the nth of May, to the 
 north of the Coleroon, and declared, he would not 
 return before the money was paid. 
 
 THE next day, a party of 120 Europeans, and 
 500 fepoys, with two field piece?, under the com- 
 mand of captain Caillaud, marched from the camp 
 at four in the morning , intending to wait about 
 two miles to the fouth of the Sugar-loaf Rock, for 
 a convoy of provifions which was ordered to ad- 
 vance out of the woods. The poll in which the 
 party were to halt, had formerly been one of thofe 
 refervoirs of water called Tanks, which occur fo 
 frequently in the dry plains of this country, where 
 that element is procured with fo much difficulty. 
 Thefe Tanks are generally dug fquare, the fides of 
 fome being 500 feet long, and of others not more 
 than 100: with the earth taken out is formed a 
 mound, which inclofes the Tank at the diftance of 
 forty feet from the water. The Tank in which the 
 party intended to take poll was choaked up ; but 
 the mound remained. The advanced guard was 
 commanded by Mahomed Iflbuf, who difcovered 
 the enemy as they lay in wait to intercept the con- 
 voy ; upon which, captain Caillaud determined to 
 attack them. 
 
 THE day was juft beginning to dawn, and the 
 
 troops were formed in one line i the fepoys on the 
 
 M 4 right,
 
 1 68 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 right, and the Europeans on the left : the fepoys 
 attacked the enemy on the right, while the Euro- 
 peans fell on the left flank. The charge was vigo- 
 roufly made j and the enemy abandoned the Tank, 
 of which the Englifli immediately took poffeflion, 
 and foon difcovered the numbers of the enemy, who 
 were 250 Europeans, with four cannon, 1000 fe- 
 poys, and 4000 Maiflforean horfe, who divided in 
 two bodies, one on each fide of the Tank, and 
 began a fmart cannonade, which was brifkly re- 
 turned. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence was then fo much indifpofed, 
 that he had the day before been obliged to go into 
 the city ; and captain Polier commanded in his ab- 
 fence, who no fooner heard the firing, than he 
 marched with the reft of the army to fupport the 
 detachment. The reft of the enemy's army crofled 
 the Cavery at the fame time, and when the whole 
 joined, their numbers were 700 Europeans, 50. 
 dragoons, 5000 fepoys, and 10,000 horfe, with 
 feven cannon. The Englifh army was compofed of 
 only 360 men in battalion, 11 troopers, and 1500 
 fepoys : however, the men were not difmayed, and 
 prepared with great alacrity to fight their way back 
 to the camp. The French formed together within 
 cannon-mot to the right of the Tank, and their 
 line extended a great way beyond it towards the 
 city. The Englifh defiled firft out of the Tank 
 into the plain, marching onward in a column, ready 
 to face the enemy : the fepoys followed in a line,, 
 which terminated in a right angle with the rear of 
 the battalion, and extended to the left of it. The 
 French fired their cannon ; but the Englifh proceeded 
 without halting to another Tank, about a mile 
 from that which they had quitted. Here captain 
 Polier was wounded, and gave up the command to 
 captain Caillaud.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 169 
 
 THE enemy now Teemed determined to let the 
 Englifh efcape no farther, and threatened a general 
 afiault on the Tank ; for their lepoys and cavalry 
 drew up on three fides of it, while the French 
 menaced the other. The three Englifh field pieces 
 were brafs fix -pounders, capable of difcharging a 
 great quantity of grape- fhot ; and the artillery 
 men, with their ufual calmnefs and dexterity, fired 
 them fo well as the French battalion advanced, 
 that they (truck down near 100 men in a few mi- 
 nutes ; upon which their line halted, irrefolute for 
 fome time wheiher to proceed or retreat : at laft 
 they gave way, when the lucky minute was im- 
 proved, by the Englim advancing and giving them 
 a fire, which completed what the cannon had be- 
 gan. The fepoys and Maifibrean cavalry had been 
 kept at bay by the Englim fepoys ; but when they 
 faw the French retreat, they followed, and the 
 whole returned together by Weycondah to Sering- 
 ham ; while the Englim, contented with this un- 
 expefted fuccefs, did not purfue, but continued 
 their march quietly to the camp. They had fix 
 officers wounded out of nine, 59 private men killed 
 and wounded, and about 200 fepoys : but the ene- 
 my's lofs was much more confiderable, having 
 near 200 of their battalion, and 300 fepoys, killed 
 or wounded. 
 
 THE convoy arrived the fame night in the camp, 
 which was in fuch want of provifions, that if the 
 enemy had only taken the relblution of encamping 
 near the ground where they had fought, the Englim 
 army would have been obliged to decamp and 
 march to Tanjore. 
 
 THE enemy were afraid to attack the Englifli 
 camp ; but, the fecond night after the engagement, 
 M. Maifiin, with all his Europeans, 3000 fepoys, 
 and 2000 horfe, penetrated into the country fub- 
 ject to the Polygar Tondeman, whofe people were 
 
 ajarmed,
 
 j;o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 alarmed, and removed their effects into the thickeft 
 parts of their woods, where it was impoffible to 
 follow them. The enemy found nothing but defo- 
 late villages to burn, except at Killanore, where 
 they difperfed the Englim iepoys from that poft, 
 and took about 300 bags of rice. From thence 
 they marched into the Tanjore country, and ap- 
 peared before Kelly Cottah, which furrendered on 
 the fecond day. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence immediately prepared to march 
 towards Tanjore, that he might avail himfelf of the 
 firft impreffion which thefe hoftilities might make 
 upon the king. The guards at Elimilernm and 
 the other out-pofts were drawn off: 100 of the bat- 
 talion were fent into the city to augment the garri- 
 fon to 400 Europeans ; and the reft of the army 
 fet out the 23d, at two in the morning, proceeding 
 through Tondeman's woods. Orders were alfo 
 fent for the reinforcement at Devi Cottah to join the 
 army at Tanjore. That detachment deterred the 
 French garrifon at Chilambrum from committing 
 any hoiblities, and preferved Palam Cottah : but 
 the Englim, in marching back from thence, were 
 attacked by the French, who killed fome, and 
 made prifoners of others, as they crofled the Cole- 
 roon. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence purfued his march through 
 the woods, and was met by the Polygar Tondeman, 
 who expreffed the ftrongeft fidelity to the Englifh 
 and their allies. The king of Tanjore alfo fent an 
 exprefs to haften the major's march, for the enemy 
 having taken Coiladdy, cut through the great bank, 
 which may be called the bulwark of the fertility of 
 this country, as it prevents the waters of the Cavery 
 from running into the channel of the Coleroon. 
 The king fent his uncle Gauderow, with 1500 
 horfe to Tricatopoly, where he was attacked by 
 
 Morarow
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 171 
 
 Morarow at the head of 3000 of his beft troops, 
 who fell at day-break fo furioufly on the Tanjorines, 
 that only 300 with their general efcapedj the others 
 being all killed or taken prifoners. 
 
 Two days after this defeat, the Englifli army ar- 
 rived at Taniore, where they were joined by the 
 detachment from Devi Cottah, of 150 Europeans, 
 and 500 fepoys, under the command of captain 
 Pigou. Major Lawrence prevailed on the king to 
 banifh Succojee from his prefence and councils ; and 
 not only to reinftate Monackjee in the command of 
 the army, but/alfo to appoint him prime minifter. 
 This change was very efiential to the intereft of the 
 Nabob ; and Monackjee immediately began to levy 
 new troops : but as it required fome time to colled: 
 them, major Lawrence requefted the prefidency to 
 haften the junction of Maphuze Cawn, and of the 
 reinforcements which were arrived at Madrafs from 
 Bombay and Europe ; fo that the whole might 
 march from Tanjore to Trichinopoli in one body. 
 
 ACCORDINGLY a detachment of 400 men in bat- 
 talion, half Europeans and half Topafies, together 
 with 500 fepoys, marched to join Maphuze Cawn 
 at Coajeveram, and from thence to proceed with 
 him to Tanjore : but he would not march till the 
 Englifh prefidency agreed to pay him 100,000 ru- 
 pees, or 12,500!. fterling. About the fame time 
 Morarow received 300,000 rupees, or 37,500!. 
 fterling, from the Nabob and the king of Tanjore, 
 on condition that he would return into his own 
 country, and never more be an enemy againft them 
 or the Englifh. He alfo extorted 50,000 rupees 
 from Nanderauze, and then marched with all his 
 troops to Volconda, left the province in the begin- 
 ning of July, and went to his own country, which 
 lies about 100 miles north-eaft from Arcot. Here 
 Morarow, after he furrendered Trichinopoli to 
 
 Nizam
 
 172 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 Nizam Al Muluck in 1741*, was permitted to 
 erect a principality, dependant on the Soubahdar of 
 the Deckan, but independant of his own nation. 
 Ke foon made himfelf refpected and revered by his 
 neighbors,' infilling none of his countrymen but 
 fuch as were of approved valor, whom he treated 
 fo well, that the whole army feemed as one family. 
 The choice he made of his officers ftill more dif- 
 covered his capacity , for there was not a com- 
 mander of 100 horfe, who was not fit to lead an 
 army : fo that this body of troops were the bed 
 foldiers of native Indians throughout all the empire 
 at this time. Befides the qualities common to the 
 reft of the Morattoe nation -f-, fuch as activity, 
 ftratagem, great dexterity in the management of 
 their horfes and fabres, they had by their conflicts 
 againft Europeans almoft furmounted the terror of 
 fire-arms, although oppofed to them with the 
 fteadieft difcipline ; and were even capable of Hand- 
 ing againft the vivacity of a cannonade from field 
 pieces ; though this terrible annoyance was feldom 
 made ufe of in India before the prefent war, and 
 continued to ftrike all other Indian troops with as 
 much terror, as their anceftors felt when regular 
 mufketry was firft employed againft them. 
 
 THE garrifon of Trichinopoli had their convoys 
 from the woods greatly incommoded by the French 
 and Maifibreans, who crofled the Cavery, and en- 
 camped on the plain, between Elimiferum and the 
 Five Rocks. Major Lawrence was anxious to re- 
 turn, and prefled Monackjee to march : but few of 
 the Indian generals have any notion of the value of 
 time in military operations ; and Monackjee found 
 fuch difficulties in recruiting his cavalry, that he de- 
 
 * See the Introdudtion to this volume, p. xv. xvi. 
 f Ibid. p. x. 
 
 clared
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 173 
 
 clared he could not be ready before the end of 
 July. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence and the Nabob marched with 
 the Englifh troops from Tanjore on the 2 zd, and 
 encamped at Atchempettah, a town in the woods 
 belonging to the Colleries, about twelve miles weft 
 from Tanjore ; and five days after he was joined by 
 the Tanjorine forces under Monackjee, who now 
 declared, that his troops would be greatly diflatisfied 
 if they proceeded any farther before Maphuze 
 Cawn arrived with his reinforcement ; which obliged 
 the Nabob to wait for thofe troops. 
 
 MAPHUZE CAWN was advanced no farther than 
 Fort St. David ; and major Lawrence ordered the 
 detachment of Europeans to march without him : 
 they marched under the command of captain Forbes, 
 and arrived at Atchempettah on the 14th of Au- 
 guft -, the next day the whole army was reviewed, 
 in prefence of the Nabob and Monackjee. The 
 Engiifh troops con fitted of 1200 men in battalion, 
 part of them Topafies, with 3000 fepoys, and 14 
 cannon : the Tanjorcans were 25Oohorle, and 3000 
 foot, moftly armed with mufkets -, but they alfo 
 had Ibme pieces of cannon : the Nabob had only 
 his guard of fifty horfe. They marched through the 
 woods on the i6th, and the next day entered the 
 plain about a mile to the fouth-eaft of Elimiferum, 
 intending to pafs between the Sugar-loaf and the 
 French Rock. M. Maiflin was informed of their 
 approach, and marched from his camp at the Five 
 Rocks, to oppofe their pafiage. 
 
 THE Englifh army advanced clofe by Elimife- 
 rum in a direct line from thence to the city, and 
 paffed a bank which might have been advantage- 
 ous to the enemy ; after which they halted, and 
 formed in two lines, extending obliquely between 
 the Sugar loaf and the French Rock. The firft line 
 was compofed entirely of the Englifh troops , the 
 
 battalion
 
 I 7 4 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 battalion with the field-pieces in the center, and the 
 fepoys on each wing : in the fecond line was the 
 baggage, accompanied by the Tanjorine cavalry 
 and Peons; with the rear -guard of ico Europeans, 
 and 400 fepoys. In this order they waited tor the 
 enemy, who were drawn up in a line parallel to 
 them, at about the diftance of a mile. Their bat- 
 talion was reinforced the preceding night with 
 200 men, fo that it confided of 900 Europeans and 
 400 Topaffes, who with their fepoys were on the 
 right near the Sugar-loaf Rock : the Maiffore ca- 
 valry, about 10,000, extended fo far to the left, 
 that many of them were drawn up to the weftward 
 of the city. A cannonade began on both fides : but 
 the Enghfh fire was fuperior, and ftruck down above 
 fifty of the French battalion in a few rounds , upon 
 which they retreated towards their camp at the Five 
 Rocks, in the fame order as they advanced. Major 
 Lawrence would have purfued them ; but the 
 MaifToreans had attacked his rear, and took off 
 fome of the convoy. He prevented the bad con- 
 fequences that might have happened ; after which 
 his army continued their march, and encamped near 
 the walls to rhe fouth of the city. The Eng- 
 lifli had eight men killed by the cannonade, and 
 among them captain Pigou, an officer well belov- 
 ed, and greatly lamented. About 100 of the French 
 battalion were killed or wounded : but the irrefolu- 
 tion and faintnefs of their behaviour was not im- 
 puted fo much to want of courage, as to orders, 
 which it was fuppofed their commander had re- 
 ceived, to avoid a general engagement. 
 
 MAJOR Lawrence entered Trichinopoli, to the 
 great joy of the garrifon, who began to want pro- 
 vifions. He moved, on the 2Oth, to the Facquire's 
 Tope , upon which, the enemy let fire to their camp, 
 and retreated toSeringham. Elimiferum was taken, 
 and garrifoned by 200 EngliPn fepoys ; after which, 
 
 Monackjec
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 175 
 
 Monackjee was detached with the Tanjorine troops, 
 accompanied by 220 Europeans, and 600 fepoys, 
 with two cannon, under the command of captain 
 Jofeph Smith, to Coiladdy, to protect the Coolies, 
 employed there in repairing the great bank which 
 the enemy had ruined about three months before. 
 The rainy feafon was now fet in, and major Law- 
 rence diftributed the reft of his troops in canton- 
 ments in Warriore pagodas, fomewhat weft of the 
 city, on the i3th of September. 
 
 THE two armies at Trichinopoli were in expec- 
 tation of a fufpenfion of arms, and attempted no- 
 thing remarkable againft each other after the 
 French retreated to Seringham. Few difturbances 
 happened in other parts of the provinces, fince Ma- 
 phuze Cawri had marched from Conjeveram to 
 Fort St. David, where he ftill remained, i he Pnouf- 
 dar of Veloor offered to acknowledge Mahomed 
 Allee Cawn ; upon which the prefidency of Macirafs 
 gave him their protection fo long as he ilbmitted 
 to the Nabob; and Abdulwarub Cawn made a 
 treaty with him upon the fame condition. 
 
 IT was with fome difficulty that the French efta- 
 blifhed themfelves in the four northern provinces 
 ceded to them by Salabatzing. They were oppofed 
 by JafHer Allee Cawn and Vizeramrauze , the one 
 a Nabob, and the other a Raja, who entered into 
 a league, and agreed to refill the French with all 
 their force. Their treaty was foon diflolved, and 
 Jaffier Allee took refuge with Ragogi Bonfala the 
 Morattoe general, who entered fome of the pro- 
 vinces in difpute with 20,000 horfe, and defeated 
 the Raja, who fled to Mafulipatnam for protection 
 from the French. The Morattoes burnt the. Dutch 
 factory at Bimlapatnam, in which they found lc- 
 veral chefts of treafure : but they offered no violence 
 to the Englilh factory of Vizagapatnam. 
 
 IN
 
 176 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 IN July, M. Bufify came from Golconda to Ma 
 fulipatnam, from whence he went to the city of 
 Rajamaudrum, and fettled the government of his 
 new acquifiLions, in which he met with no farther 
 obflruction from ihe Morattoes, who deferted Jaffeir 
 Alice, and he made his fubmiffion to Salabatzing. 
 
 M. GODEHEU arrived at Pondicherry, on the ad 
 of Auguft, with the appointment of commiflary- 
 general and governor general of all the French 
 fettlements. He proclaimed his commiffion, and 
 affumed the adminiftration of the government-, 
 which M. Dupleix refigned to him with an appear- 
 ance of compofure and lerenity, and was treated by 
 his fucceflbr with all imaginable refpeft. He was 
 permitted to continue the exhibition of thofe marks 
 of Moorifh dignity, which both Muzapherzing and 
 Salabatzing had granted him to difplay, when they 
 appointed him Nabob : thefe were of various flags 
 and enfigns, inftruments of military mufic, parti- 
 cular ornaments for his palankeen, and a rich 
 Moorifti drefs, in which equipage he went to dine 
 with the new governor on the feaft of St. Louis. 
 
 M. GODEHEU immediately acquainted governor 
 Saunders of the intentions of the French India 
 company ; and fent back to Madrafs the company 
 of Swifs foldiers which M. Dupleix had made pri- 
 foners at fea the year before. The two governors 
 entered into a correfpondence, and both feemed de- 
 firous of agreeing to a fufpenfion of arms ; which 
 was negociated with fpirit, and concluded with 
 cordiality. 
 
 ADMIRAL Watfon foon after arrived with his 
 fquadron at Madrafs, where he landed the 49th re- 
 giment of 700 men, commanded by colonel j^lder- 
 cron ; with forty of the king's artillery men, and 
 200 recruits for the company's troops. The French 
 had alfo received 1200 men, half of which were 
 hufiars, under the command of colonel Fitfcher, a 
 
 German
 
 THE E AST-I,NDIES. 177 
 
 German Partizan : but the reft were only raw re- 
 cruits. Both fides were now able to bring into the 
 field an equal force of about 2000 Europeans : but 
 the Englim troops were much fuperior in quality 
 to the French, who were fenfible of this difparity j 
 and at the fame time dreading the advantages which 
 the Englim might derive from $heir fquadron, the 
 French governor (hewed a moderation in his pro- 
 pofals fufficient to induce Mr. Saunders to agree to 
 a ceflation of arms, before the terms of the treaty 
 were adjutted. 
 
 THIS fufpenfion of arms was to take place on the 
 i ith of October, and continue to the i ith of January 
 1755. The treaty confided of nine articles, where- 
 by it was agreed, " that all acts of hoftility (hould 
 ceafe for three months between the two nations in 
 all the Carnatic : their troops were not to act eir^er 
 as principals or auxiliaries ; and fhould oblige their 
 allies to enter into the fame engagement : both na- 
 tions were to enjoy a free commerce i and prifoners 
 were to be mutually exchanged." 
 
 A s the allies on both fides were included in this 
 cefTation it was proclaimed at Madrafs, Pondicher- 
 ry, Trichinopoli, and all other places where the 
 Englim and French had troops on the coaft of Co- 
 romandel, on the i ith of October. When the pro- 
 clamation was made, major Lawrence returned ttf 
 Madrafs, where he received a commiflion appoint- 
 ing him to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the 
 king's fervice. The prefident, in the name of the 
 company, prefented him with a fword enriched 
 with diamonds, as a diftinguiming proof of their 
 acknowledgments of his military fervices : but he 
 was difTatisfied, that an officer of fuperior rank was 
 fent to command the troops. 
 
 WHEN this fufpenfion of arms was declared, ad- 
 miral Watfon Iffi the coaft, and failed to Bombay, to 
 avoid the ftormy monfoon, while the two governors, 
 
 VOL. II. N as
 
 , 7 8 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 as far as they had power, adjufted the terms which 
 were to reftore tranquility to the Carnatic. They 
 were only authorized to make a conditional treaty, 
 which was not to be deemed definitive until it re- 
 ceived the approbation of the two companies in 
 Europe, who reierved to themfelves the power of 
 altering or annulling any part or the whole of it. 
 
 MR. PALK and Mr. Vanfittart were fent to Pon- 
 dicherry, where they concluded a provifional treaty 
 between " Thomas Saunders, Efq-, prefident for 
 the honorable Englifh company on the coaft of Co- 
 romandel and Orixa, governor of Fort St. George, 
 &c. and the Sieur Charles Robert Godeheu, com- 
 mifiary for his Moft Chriftian Majefty, commander 
 general of all the French fettlements on both fides 
 the Cape of Good Hope, and at China -, prefident 
 of all the councils there eftablifhed, and director- 
 general of the India company of France." The 
 treaty confided of eleven articles, and by the firft 
 it was agreed, that the two companies were to re- 
 nounce for ever all Moorifh government and dig- 
 nity -, and mould never interfere in any difference 
 that might arife between the princes of the country. 
 The 2d, gd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and ;th articles relate 
 to the fettlements of both nations and their diftricts, 
 whereby it was agreed, that all places, excepting 
 thofe which mould be flipulated in the definitive 
 treaty to remain in the poflefiion of the two nations, 
 Ihould be delivered up to the government of Indof- 
 tan. The governors then proceeded to give their 
 opinion what places each might retain without a 
 riJque of engaging them in future wars, either with 
 one another, or with the princes of the country. In 
 the Tanjore country, the Englifh were to poflefs 
 Devi Cottah ; and the French Karical ; with their 
 diftricls : on the coaft of Coromandel, the Englifh 
 were to enjoy Madrafs and Fort St. David ; the 
 French to keep Pondicherry, with diftrifts of equal 
 
 value ;
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 179 
 
 value ; and if it (hould appear, that the Englirti 
 pofTeflions in the kingdom of Tanjore, and in the 
 Carnatic together, were of more value than the 
 French poffefiions in thofe countries, then the 
 French were to be allowed an equivalent for this 
 difference, in a fettlement to be chofen between the 
 river of Gondecama and Nizampatnam : Mazuli- 
 patnam and Divi were to be ceded ; or if the French 
 held one, the Englifh mould retain the other : the 
 rivers of Narzapore and Ingeram were to be free : 
 and as the Englifh had Vizagaparnam in the Chi- 
 cacole country, the French were to fettle a factory 
 there on an equality with it. By the 8th article it 
 was agreed, that thefe conditions accepted on both 
 fides, although they were no? to be law for a defi- 
 nitive treaty in Europe, mould neverthelefs pcoduce 
 a truce between the two nations and their allies, until 
 news was received in India of the anfwers made in 
 Europe concerning this agreement. By the pth ar- 
 ticle, neither nation fhouid be allowed to procure, 
 during the truce, any new grant or cefTion, or to 
 build forts for the defence of new eftablifhments ; 
 but only to rebuild and repair the fortifications then 
 fubfifting in the eftablifhments they poffefied at that 
 time, in order to prevent their entire ruin. By the 
 loth, it was agreed, that until the arrival of an- 
 fwers from Europe to thefe articles, which were to 
 be difpatched by the firft (hips, to be fubmitced to 
 the decifion of the two companies, under the plea- 
 fure and approbation of the two crowns , the two 
 nations mould not proceed to any cefllon, retro- 
 cefiion, or evacuation of what they then poffefTed ; 
 every thing being to remain on the footing of uti 
 pofiidetis. And laftly, that in regard to indemni- 
 fication, the two nations might expect for the ex- 
 pences of the war , this article mould be amica- 
 bly adjufted in the definitive treaty. 
 
 N 2 THIS
 
 i8o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 THIS provifional treaty was figned by the French 
 governor at Pondichery, on the 26th of December; 
 and by the Englifli governor at Fort St. David on 
 the gift. The truce was figned at the fame time 
 with the provifional treaty, which it confirmed, and 
 contained twelve articles, as follows : 
 
 I. To take place on the nth of January 1755, 
 the day of the expiration of the fufpenfion of 
 arms, proclaimed on the nth of October 
 1 754 : all hoftilities fhould ceafe between the 
 Englifli and French. 
 
 II. DURING this truce, which fliould be in force 
 until they were informed in India of the an- 
 fwers made in Europe concerning the provi- 
 fional treaty ; the troops of the two nations, 
 French and Englifli, fliould not act againft 
 each other, either as principals or auxiliaries. 
 
 III. THE two nations, Englifli and French, engag- 
 ed to oblige their allies to obferve all that was 
 (lipulated for the accomplifliment of a truce by 
 virtue of the treaty ; and whoever fliould dare 
 to infringe it fliould be reputed a common ene- 
 my, and fliould be reduced to good order by 
 force of arms. 
 
 IV. IF either of the two nations, French or Englifh, 
 or either auxiliary troops or allies, fliould com- 
 mit any aft of hoftility,- pofiels themfelves of 
 any place, or any one mould caufe any damage 
 to be done to another during the truce, both 
 obliged themfelves to make reparation, pro- 
 portionable to the damage, and to the entire 
 reftitution of what fliould be taken. 
 
 V. IF the allies, or other troops in pay of either 
 nation, fliould be guilty of any adt of hoftility, 
 
 or
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. iSi 
 
 or commit any pillages in the territories whereof 
 cither nation was then in pofTeffion ; it mould 
 be lawful for both nations to rcpulfe their in- 
 fults by force, by which the injured nation 
 Ihould not be deemed to have infringed this 
 agreement. 
 
 VI. IF the allies or auxiliaries, troops of either na- 
 tion, mould take up arms, and infult the coun- 
 tries of which the nation, they were allied to, 
 was then in pofiefiion : in that cafe, the two 
 nations fliould affift each other againft this ene- 
 my, who fhould thereby become the common 
 enemy of both. 
 
 VII. THE troops of the two nations fhould be em- 
 ployed, during the truce, in the care of their 
 prefent eftabli foments and pofTeflions -, they 
 might be tranfported freely, and without any 
 difficulty, from once place to another, at the 
 pleafure of the governor, generals, and com- 
 manders of each nation ; and all perfons ac- 
 tually under the protection of either flag, might 
 likewife go and come at pleafure, without bq- 
 ing moleited either in their perfons or effe&s. 
 
 VIII. TRADE mould be free throughout the Carna- 
 tic, and in all the countries to che northward of 
 the Coromandel coaft, for the two contracting 
 nations : they might fetch merchandizes from 
 all the places in the dependance of each other, 
 and tranfport them freely, without any re- 
 ftraint, through the refpe&ive Jageers and ter- 
 ritories. 
 
 IX. ALL common enemies, or the particular ene- 
 mies of either nation, who fhould come to at- 
 tack the Englilh and French in their prefenc 
 poffefiions, and trouble the tranquility which 
 
 N 3 was
 
 i8i A VOYAGE TO 
 
 was to reign in India, fhould be repulfed by 
 the united force of the two nations, French 
 and Englifh. 
 
 X. As foon as the truce was proclaimed, the mu- 
 tual exchange of prifoners fhould be fet about, 
 man for man ; and means mould be refolved 
 on for the cafe of thofe which mould not be 
 exchanged. 
 
 XI. COMMISSARIES mould be appointed on both 
 fides, to examine into the infringements com- 
 mitted by each party, or their auxiliary troops 
 or allies, and fettle the rellitution to be made 
 of all the places taken, during the truce, a- 
 gainft the tenor of the fufpenfion of arms ; as 
 likewife of all that might have been taken from 
 them by thofe auxiliary troops, in merchandize, 
 money, effects, or other wife , and further to 
 fettle in a fixed method, for a guide, during 
 the whole time of the truce, 'all the names, 
 and the extent of every country, paragana*, 
 and village, under the power, and in the 
 pofieflion of the two nations, Englifh and 
 French. 
 
 XII. IT was agreed, that whenever, in the courfe 
 of the truce, any complaint mould be made, 
 by either of the two nations, of an infringe- 
 ment of the fourth article ; the commirTaries 
 appointed on each fide, mould examine and 
 certify the fact, that juftice might be done to 
 the injured nation, either by reftitution or re- 
 paration, according to the nature of the injury 
 received. 
 
 THIS
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 1*3 
 
 THIS convention was in reality nothing more than 
 a ceflatfon of hoftilities for eighteen months; fince 
 there was no pofitive obligation on either of the 
 companies to adopt the opinions of their reprefenta- 
 tives exprefied in the provifional treaty. The num- 
 ber of prifoners taken by the Englifh were 900 ; 
 whereas the French had only 250; but they were 
 left to enjoy the revenues of all thole territories 
 which they had acquired during the war. Thtfe 
 incomes, according to the accounts publifhed by 
 themfelves, amounted to" a very capital fum, as 
 follows: from Karical in the kingdom of Tanjore, 
 96,000 rupees : 105,000 from the eighty villages in 
 the diftrift of Pondicherry : from Mafulipamam, 
 with its dependencies ; and from the contiguous 
 territories of Divi, Nizampatnam, Devrecottah, 
 and Condavir, 1,441,000 : from the four provinces 
 of Yalore, Muftapha-Nagar, Rajahmundrum, and 
 Chicacole, 3,100,000: from lands in the Carnatic, 
 fouth of the Paliar, 1,700,000 : from the ifland of 
 Seringham and its dependencies, which Mahomed 
 Alice Cawn had given up to the Maiflbreans when 
 they came to his afliftance, and which they now 
 gave to the French, 400,000 ; in all 6,842,000 ru- 
 pees ; or 855,250!. fterling. 
 
 THE acceffions made by the Englifh during the 
 war produced only a revenue of 80,000 rupees, or 
 10,000 1. fterling, drawn annually from lands lying 
 to the north of the Paliar, and mortgaged by the 
 Nabob to reimburfe the great fum of money they 
 had fpent in military expences on his account. 
 However, the Englifh kept one advantage in their 
 power, by not releafing 650 prifoners whom they 
 had taken during the war, more than the French 
 had taken from them ; and they derived another 
 advantage by the removal of M. Dupleix from the 
 government of Pondicherry. He embarked there 
 on the 1 4th of October; and on his arrival in 
 N 4 France,
 
 184 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 France, he made a demand of three millions of 
 rupees upon the India company, for money which 
 he had difburfed on their account. The com- 
 pany refuied to pay him ; but he was protected 
 by the miniftry, which he well deferved from the 
 nation, as it never had a fubject fo defirous and ca- 
 pable of extending its reputation and power in the 
 Eaft-Indies. He was the firft European who 
 thoroughly perceived the imbecility of the Indoftan 
 government, and defpifed the power of all the 
 Indian princes ; at a time when all other Europeans 
 entertained the higheft opinion of the ftrength of 
 the Mogul empire, and tamely fuffered the info- 
 lence of its meaneft officers He underftood the 
 theory of war, but wanted military qualifications to 
 carry his projects into execution ; fo that he re- 
 moved his commanders after a defeat , and no lefs 
 than fix had been employed by him, with equal ill 
 fuccefs, fince 1752. 
 
 THE treaties were publimed on the nth of Ja- 
 nuary 1755, the day on which the former fufpenfion 
 of arms ended. Mr. Saunders quitted the govern- 
 ment of Madrafs on the i3th, and embarked for 
 England. Admiral Watfon returned with his 
 fquadron from Bombay, at the end of the month : 
 and M. Godeheu returned to France in the begin- 
 ning of February, leaving the power of the governor 
 much more limited than it lately had been. The 
 two prefidencies were now at peace with each other, 
 and gave their whole attention to manage their re- 
 fpective territories, revenues, and alliances, to the 
 befl advantage, without infringing the truce. 
 
 BOOK
 
 BOOK VII. 
 
 e incidental War in INDIA, carried on by 
 /^ENGLISH, both by Land and Sea, in the 
 Tears 1755 and 1756. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 e French views. MUTINY-ACT pafled in ENG- 
 LAND extended to the Company's troops in INDIA. 
 Colonel HERON'S expedition into the countries of 
 MADURA <z^ TINEVELLY, to collect the NABOB'S 
 revenues in \ 755. Some account of the COLLERIES, 
 who inhabit tbofe countries, The Poly gar LACHE- 
 NEIG compelled to fubmit. The Polygar MORA- 
 WAR allies with the Nabob, under the protection of 
 the Englifh, who take the city of MADURA, and 
 plunder the pagoda of COILGOODY. Tinevelly ta- 
 ken: N E L L E c OT A H plundered. Remarks. Colonel 
 Heron returns from Tinevelly to TRICHINOPOLI : 
 bis army attacked by the Colleries at (be pafs of 
 NAT AM : particular account of that affair. 'The 
 MAISSCHIEANS decamp from SERINGHAM, and re- 
 turn into their own country : remarks on the con- 
 duft of NANDERAUZE. The Nabob MAHOMED 
 ALLEE CAWN returns from Trichinopoli to AR- 
 COT: bis reception at TANJORE, St. DAVID, AR- 
 COT, and MADRASS. Remarks. 
 
 GODEHEU left M. Leyrit his fuccef- 
 *^ M. ^ * r at Pondicherry : M. Bufly commanded 
 W* ^5 in the north, with the Soubahdar Sala- 
 k.3i jfeJ batzing ; and M. de Sauflay was left to 
 command the French troops at Seringham. The 
 latter was offered by Nanderauze, the Maiflbrean 
 
 general,
 
 i86 AVOYAGETO 
 
 general, three lack of rupees, or 37,500!. flerling, 
 to march off, and leave him at liberty to furprize 
 Trichinopoli, which was then in pofleffion of the 
 Englifli ; but the Frenchman refufed the bribe with 
 difdain. 
 
 M. Bufly was left at liberty, in the late treaty, to 
 enlarge the valuable and extenfive pofiefiions which 
 the French held in the north ; and the Englifh were 
 foon convinced, that while one fide of the country 
 had laid down their arms, there was no fecurity for 
 other parts. It appeared early in the year 1755, 
 that the French were endeavoring to acquire the 
 dominions of all the provinces of the Deckan, ex- 
 prefsly contraryto the ninth article of the provisional 
 treaty. M. BufTy demanded of Salabatzing, the 
 poffefiion of the fort of Golconda : and M. Leyrit 
 encouraged the Phoufdar of Veloor to take up arms 
 againft the Nabob : he even fent 300 French, and 
 as many fepoys, from Pondicherry to fupport the 
 rebel, and oppofe the Englifh employed by the 
 Nabob to colled his revenues from the tributary 
 princes, that held under htm. 
 
 COLONEL Aldercron's regiment and the com- 
 pany's foldiers afted with great unanimity in India; 
 which was the more neceffary, as an aft of parlia- 
 ment had been paflfed in England in 1754, intitled, 
 *' An act to punifh mutiny and deiertion in the 
 officers and foldiers belonging to the Eaft-India 
 company." This feems to be a kind of perpetual 
 mutiny-act in the Eaft-Indies ; for thereby, the 
 commander in chief of his majeily's forces, wherever 
 any of them were employed, was to have the fole 
 power of appointing courts-martial, not only to try 
 any of his own officers or foldiers, but alfo any of 
 the company's officers or foldiers that were fent upon 
 the fame command. It was then imagined, that 
 this would occafion difputes between the governors 
 and officers belonging to the company, and his ma- 
 
 jefty's
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 187 
 
 jefty's officers in that country , becaufe a jealoufy 
 might naturally arife between the two corps, which 
 were upon a contrary footing, and a different cha- 
 rader. 
 
 THE Britifh troops, after the ceflation of hoftili- 
 ties, were employed in afiifting the Nabob to col- 
 lect his revenues from the inferior governors ; one 
 half of which was to be paid to the Nabob, and 
 the other half to the company. Maphuze Cawn 
 arrived at Trichinopoli towards the clofe of the 
 year 1754, with 1000 horfe, and was appointed 
 governor of thofe countries by the Nabob, at whofe 
 requeft a detachment of 500 Europeans, and 2000 
 fepoys, were ordered to proceed into the countries 
 of Madura and Tinevelly, to afiift in reducing 
 them both to his obedience. Maphuze Cawn 
 joined his troops to the Englifh detachment ; and 
 the Nabob accompanied them fome part of the way. 
 
 THIS army was commanded by lieutenant-colonel 
 Heron, who afted in that rank under general 
 Oglethorpe in America ; but was involved in fome 
 litigious difputes in England, from whence he was 
 fent as major of the company's forces to India. 
 He marched his troops, in the beginning of Fe- 
 bruary 1755, from their cantonments at Warriore 
 pagodas, and halted thirty miles to the fouth of 
 Trichinopoli, at a village called Warampate, where 
 the Polygars of this part of the country had pre- 
 vioufly been ordered to fend their agents .to fettle 
 their accounts with the Nabob. The four principal 
 Polygars obeyed the fummons , but Lachenaig re- 
 fufed ; upon which it was refolved to attack his 
 country. The army marched ten miles to the 
 fouth-weft of Warampate, in the high-road leading 
 to Dindigul, and came in fight of his woods, which 
 lay about two miles weft of that road. 
 
 THE
 
 iS8 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 THE fubjects of this, as well as of all the other 
 Polygars in thefe fouthern parts of the peninfula, 
 are Colleries, a people differing in many refpects 
 from the reft of the Indians, and hitherto Jittle 
 known to Europeans : but I have already given an 
 account of them in my firft volume ; to which I 
 fhall now add fomething farther. 
 
 FATHER Martin, ajefuit, who refided ten years 
 in the neighboring country of Morana, defcribes the 
 Colleries as more barbarous than all other favages 
 in any part of the globe. He aflerts, that when two 
 of thefe people, either male or female, have a quar- 
 rel, each is obliged to fuffer and perform whatever 
 cruelties the other thinks proper to inflict, either on 
 themfelves or any of their family j and that the 
 fury of revenge operates fo ftrongly among them, 
 that a man for a flight affront has been known to 
 murder his wife and all his children, to have the 
 inhuman fatisfaction of compelling his adverfary 
 to commit the like murders in his own family : but 
 the jefuit ftands fingle and fufpected in his afiertion; 
 for, to the honor of human nature, none of the 
 Englifh officers diftinguifhed any traces of thefe ab- 
 horrent practices. 
 
 THE whole country of the Polygar Lachenaig 
 was fortified either by nature or art ; for it was 
 furrounded by hills lying at fome diftance from one 
 another, which were craggy and covered with 
 buflies, fo as to be impafiable to any but the Col- 
 leries themfelves, who had thrown up works from 
 hill to hill, peculiar to their rude and cunning way. 
 For thofe works were a thick wall, compofed of 
 large ftones laid one upon another, without cement, 
 and flanked at proper diftances by round towers 
 made of earth, well rammed down : before the 
 wall was a deep and broad ditch ; and in front of 
 the ditch a large hedge of bamboes, fo thrckly fet, 
 
 ' that
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 189 
 
 that it could not be penetrated without the hatchet 
 or fire. 
 
 THE army attacked a part of this barrier early 
 in the morning, and the field-pieces were placed 
 upon an eminence that commanded the towers 
 which defended the face of attack. The Colkries 
 appointed to guard the towers, abandoned them as 
 foon as the cannon began to play : but great num- 
 bers of them, armed with matchlocks and bows and 
 arrows, perfifted in defending the hedge ; while 
 others appeared on the hills, fhaking their fpears, 
 and making hideous howls, in hopes to terrify the 
 affailants. At length the army forced the barrier, 
 after lofing feveral men. Mahomed Iflbuf was then 
 detached with 500 fepoys, 50 Europeans, and a 
 field-piece, to attack the principal town, which 
 was diftant about four miles : but before the detach- 
 ment could come in fight of the town, they were 
 flopped by another circumvallation of the fame 
 kind, ftronger than the firft. Here the enemy 
 had collected their whole force, and defended them- 
 felves with more obftinacy than before. They 
 killed twelve Europeans, and 104 fepoys; which 
 obliged the detached party to fend for fuccors from 
 the main body. Immediately 100 Europeans ad- 
 vanced, and the enemy difappeared. The whole 
 army then proceeded to the principal town, which 
 was deferted by the inhabitants, who had fled with 
 their cattle to the hills. Lachenaig then fubmitted, 
 and paid his tribute. 
 
 THE Nabob returned to Trichinopoli ; and the 
 army, with Maphuze Cawn, proceeded to Madura, 
 where they arrived ir^ ten days. This is a ftrong 
 Indian town, about fixty miles fouth of Trichtno- 
 poli; and, like that, encompafifcd with a wall ; but 
 being of much greater extent, would require a large 
 garrifon to defend it. The Polygar quitted his 
 
 capital,
 
 i 9 o AVOYAGETO 
 
 capital, and retired with his garrifon to Coilgoody *, 
 a ftrong pagoda eight miles to the eaft, and the 
 army entered Madura without any oppofition ; 
 though the greater part of the inhabitants remain- 
 ed, who feemed well fatisfied with the change of 
 government. 
 
 HERE the army received a deputation from the 
 Polygar Morawar, whofe country adjoined to the 
 weftern diftridts of Madura and Tinevelly : he in- 
 treated to be received into alliance with the Englifh, 
 under whofe protection he promiied to be faithful 
 to the Nabob ; and, as a proof of his fincerity, of- 
 fered to give the company two fettlements on the 
 fea-coalt of his country, oppofite to Ceylon, which 
 would greatly facilitate their future communications 
 with Tinevelly. The Engliih had then no other 
 way of approaching that city but by a tedious and 
 difficult march of four or five hundred miles ; but 
 reinforcements might be fent by fea from Madrafs 
 or Fort St. David in four or five days to the fettle- 
 ments which Morawar intended to give, from 
 whence the march to Tinevelly was no more than 
 fifty miles. Colonel Heron embraced the propofal, 
 and entered into an alliance with the Polygar, 
 whom he permitted to hoift three Englifh flags in 
 his garrifons. 
 
 COLONEL Heron foon after marched from Ma- 
 dura to attack the fugitive governor in Coilgoody : 
 but he fled, and left the greateft part of his troops 
 to defend the pagoda. The carriages of the can- 
 non broke down in a rugged road, and the troops 
 were not furnifhed with fcaling ladders : but the 
 colonel thought it a difgrace to retreat, after he had 
 fummoned the place, and determined to force his way 
 into it, after the Indian manner, by burning down 
 
 Or Colguddy. 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST -IN DIES. 191 
 
 the gate with bundles of ft few. He encouraged 
 the troops by his own example, and carried the firit 
 torch himfelf ; for he was aftrongand valiant man. 
 Mahomed Ifibuf followed with another torch ; fo 
 that the two principal officers of the army were 
 now feen acting the part of volunteers, leading a 
 forlorn hope. Succefs rewarded their courage ; the 
 gate was ibon burnt down ; the foldiers rufhed in, 
 and put feveral of the garrifon to the fword. The 
 place was plundered, and the temples pillaged ; 
 which made the people of the country hold the pro- 
 faners of their religion in the utmoll execration 
 and abhorrence. 
 
 THE army returned to Madura, where a garri- 
 fon was left of Europeans and fepoys for iecurity of 
 the city ; and the reft of the army proceeded to 
 Tinevelly, where they arrived on the i6th of March. 
 This town is about fixty miles fouth of Madura, 
 and was without defences, fo that it was entered 
 without oppofition. The renters of the open coun- 
 try acknowledged the Nabob -, but fome of the 
 Polygars made pretences to evade the payment of 
 the tribute due from them, whereupon hoftilities 
 were commenced againft them. 
 
 A DETACHMENT of ioo Europeans, and 300 fe-. 
 poys, with two field- pieces, were fent to attack the 
 fort of Nellecotah, forty miles fouth of Tinevelly. 
 They performed the march in eighteen hours, and 
 the next morning ftormed the place, which was 
 fortified by a mud-wall with round towers. The 
 afiault was made with great refolution ; the troops 
 gained the parapet without being repulfed, and the 
 garrifon called out for quarter, which was refufed. 
 The exafperated foldiers cruelly put al! they met to 
 the fword, even women and children, fufrering only 
 fix perfons out of four hundred to efcape alive. If 
 cruelty is incompatible with courage, it is difficult 
 to find an excufe for this barbarous act, committed 
 
 by
 
 i 9 2 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 by fome of the braveft of Englifhmen, who had 
 ferved under colonel Lawrence on the plains of 
 Trichinopoli. 
 
 THE Polygar Morawar would have joined colonel 
 Heron with 5000 men ; but his fervice was refufed, 
 that the king of Tanjore and Tondeman might not 
 be offended at fuch a connection with one whom 
 they efteemed their mortal enemy. 
 
 THE revenues collected during this expedition 
 were not fufHcient to pay the expences of the army, 
 Part of the tributes were embezzled by Maphuze 
 Cawn, who prevailed on colonel Heron to give him 
 the invefiiture of the Madura and Tinevelly coun- 
 tries at the yearly rent of 1,500,000 rupees, or 
 187,500 1. fterling. 
 
 IT was now reported that Salabatzing was ad- 
 vancing into the Carnatic, at the head of his army, 
 accompanied by the French troops under the com- 
 mand of M. Bufiy, to demand the Mogul's tribute, 
 which had never been paid fince the death of Ni- 
 zam Al Muluck. This induced the prefidency of 
 Madrafs to order the return of colonel Heron with 
 the troops under his command to Trichinopoli ; and 
 he accordingly quitted Tinevelly on the 2d of May : 
 but inftead of proceeding directly to Trichinopoli, 
 he was prevailed on by Maphuze Cawn to march 
 againft Nellytangaville, a fort fituated about thirty 
 miles weft of Tinevelly, belonging to a refractory 
 Polygar. It was the misfortune of colonel Heron 
 to place the utmoft confidence in his interpreter, 
 who conft an tly betrayed him, and now informed the 
 Polygar, that the Englifh had no battering cannon ; 
 which encouraged him to defend his fort, that was 
 built of (tone and very ftrong. He anfwered the 
 fummons with infolence ; upon which the field 
 pieces and cohorns fired fmartly upon the fort for 
 feveral hours but in vain ; therefore it was deter- 
 mined to defift and march to Madura, where the 
 
 army
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 193 
 
 army arrived, with Maphuze Cawn, on the zzd of 
 May. 
 
 HERE colonel Heron left a garrifon of 1000 fe- 
 poys, under the command of Jemaulfaib, an offi- 
 cer of fome reputation, and next in rank to Ma- 
 homed Iflbuf. The army quitted Madura on the 
 28th of May, and a party was fent forward to take 
 poll at a mud fort called Volfynatam, near the en- 
 trance of the woods belonging to the Colleries, who 
 threatened vengeance for the lofs of their gods at 
 Coilgoody, and had already given a fpecimen of 
 their refentment by murdering a party of fepoys, 
 whom the commanding officer of Madura fent ouc 
 to collect cattle. 
 
 THE army had now to pafs one of the moft diffi- 
 cult and dangerous defiles in the peninfula, called 
 the pafs of Natam. It began about twenty miles 
 north of the city, and continued for fix miles 
 through a wood, impenetrable every where elfe to 
 all but wild beafts and Colleries. The road of the 
 defile was barely fufficient to admit a fingle carriage 
 at a time ; and a bank running along each fide of 
 it, rendered it a hollow way. The wood was in 
 moft parts contiguous to the road ; and even in 
 fuch places where travellers had felled part of it, 
 the eye could not penetrate above twenty yards. 
 
 THE main body joined the detachment in the 
 evening, and the whole pafled the night at the fort. 
 The next morning at day- break they prepared to 
 march through the defile, and a detachment of Eu- 
 ropeans, pioneers, and fepoys, under captain Lin, 
 were fent forward to fcour the woods : they met 
 with no interruprion, and halted near the town of 
 Natam, on the farther fide of the wood. Soon 
 after the reft of the army entered the pafs in the 
 following order of march. Some companies of fe- 
 poys led the van, followed by a ferjeant and fome 
 Europeans : immediately after them came the firft 
 
 VOL. II. O divifion
 
 i 9 4 A V O Y A <G E TO 
 
 divifion of artillery, with the tumbrils containing 
 military ftores : then followed the battalion led by 
 captain Polier ; after whom proceeded the rear di- 
 vifion of artillery and tumbrils * which were fol- 
 lowed by a ferjeant and twelve men , and thefe by 
 fome companies of fepoys: then came the baggage 
 of the whole army, carried by bullocks and coolies, 
 with feveral elephants and camels belonging to 
 Maphuze Cawn, and accompanied by fome fepoys 
 to protect them. The rear of the whole line was 
 clofed : by a guard of twenty Eupropeans, forty Caf- 
 fres, and 200 fepoys, with a fix-pounder, under 
 the command of captain Smith. Colonel Heron 
 with a few horfe rode before the line. The whole 
 army entered the defile, and proceeded, won- 
 dering they faw nothing of an enemy of whom 
 they had heard fo much : but the line of march was 
 Hopped by one of the heavieft tumbrils belonging to 
 the rear divifion flicking in a flough, out of which 
 the oxen were not able to draw it. The officers of 
 artillery fuffered the troops marching before to go 
 on ; and the officer who commanded in the rear of 
 the battalion did not fufpe<fl what had happened, 
 and continued his march ; while molt of the fepoys, 
 who marched behind the rear divifion of artillery, 
 were alfo fuffered to pafs the carriage in the flough, 
 which choakcd up the road, and prevented the 
 other tumbrils which followed, as well as the three 
 'field-pieces that formed the rear divifion of artillery, 
 from moving on, and thefe flopped the whole line 
 of the baggage. Thus the front divifion and main 
 'body of the army were feparated from the rear, 
 which was alfo deprived of thofe fepoys who were 
 fuffered to proceed. The Colleries, though unper- 
 ceived, kept fpies near the road to watch every 
 motion : but refrained from making any attack, 
 until the main body had advanced two miles for- 
 ward. Then great numbers of them appeared, and 
 
 attacked
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 195 
 
 attacked the rear guard of the baggage ; but the 
 .fire of a few platoons foon obliged them to retreat. 
 However, they fuddenly attacked the rear divifion 
 of artillery, whofe officers got their field-pieces into 
 an opening, from whence they fired fmartly on the 
 enemy, who maintained the attack for feme time 
 with courage, and a variety of weapons, fuch as 
 matchlocks, bows and arrows, javelins, pikes, and 
 rockets. They made a loud and favage noife with 
 fcreams and outcries, when attacking and attacked. 
 Finding themfelves much galled, they quitted the 
 road, and retired inco the thickets on each fide, 
 from whence they renewed the fight. At length, 
 their confufed outcries were changed to one voice, 
 and all united in bellowing out the word foamy * 
 meaning gods. This noife was accompanied with 
 violent gediculations and antic poflures, like men 
 frantic with joy ; for fome of them had feized the 
 tumbrils, in which were the little brazen images of 
 their divinities, taken at Coilgoody. They con- 
 veyed thefe away, and renewed their attacks for 
 fcveral hours, till four in the afternoon, when they 
 fallicd again into the road among the baggage, 
 Coolies, and market people of the army, killing 
 all they met, without diftinction of age or fex. 
 Every thing was then thrown into confufion ; and 
 men, women, and children fled to the rear guard a3 
 their only fandluary. Captain Smith generoufly 
 protected them, and joined the rear divifion of the 
 artillery about dufk. As no time was to be loft, 
 great part of the tfores and baggage were left be- 
 hind, and captain Smith marched about two miles 
 farther in the pafs, where he came up with the bat- 
 talion, whom he found lying on their arms, with- 
 out either the commander in chief, or any, one of 
 the captains among them. Thefe five officers had 
 all been fuddenly taken ill about noon, with the 
 violent heat of tue fun, and had patted in their 
 O 2 palankeens
 
 196 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 palankeens through the wood, to the advanced 
 guard under captain Lin ; while the fubordinate 
 officers had no orders to fuccor the rear. Cap- 
 tain Smith then took the command of the battalion, 
 marched through the wood without farther inter- 
 ruption, and joined the van where they had halted. 
 Here the army pafled the night, and were joined 
 by a detachment from Trichinopoli, where they 
 arrived on the 6th of June, and encamped at War- 
 riore pagodas. 
 
 MAPHUZE CAWN returned to Madura j and 
 colonel Heron was recalled to Madrafs, where he 
 was tried by a court-martial for mifcondudt in this 
 expedition, which was proved againft him in fome 
 inftances, and he was rendered incapable of ferving 
 the company any longer. He foon alter returned 
 to Europe, and died in Holland. 
 
 WHILE thefe tranfactions pafled to the fouth- 
 ward, the MaifToreans remained in their camp at 
 Seringham, where Nanderauze diligently employed 
 himfelf in fchemes to get poflefiion of Trichinopoli. 
 He was perfuaded by a bramin that he had feduced 
 many of the garrifon, and that a ftrong party was 
 ready to join him in the city ; which fo much elated 
 the Maifibrean, that he communicated the fecret to 
 M. de Saufiay , the commander of the French troops, 
 who immediately fent intelligence to the garrifon. 
 Captain Kilpatrick returned him thanks for the in- 
 formation, and defired him to acquaint Nanderauze, 
 that if he would venture to make the attack, the 
 city -gates fhould be left open for his reception. 
 The Maiflbrean declined the challenge, and re- 
 turned to his own country on the i4th of April, 
 when the great drum was beat, as the fignal of de- 
 camping, and the whole army crofled the Cavery ; 
 leaving the French in pofleflion of the ifland of Se- 
 ringham, and the other territories which the Nabob 
 had transferred to Nanderauze on his arrival, and 
 
 of
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 197 
 
 of which he had collected the revenues from that 
 time. It is difficult to find an example of a prince 
 conducting himfelf with more imprudence than 
 the Maiflbrean in the courfe of this war. The 
 poflcflion of Trichinopoli was the object of all 
 his ambition, which would have proved his great- 
 eit misfortune, as it would certainly have invol- 
 ved him in a war with the Mogul government, 
 and might have ended in fubjecting the country of 
 Maiffbre, like the Carnatic, to be a province of the 
 empire. At length, after having wafted three years, 
 abfent from his own country at the head of an army 
 of 20,000 men, he was obliged to return without 
 receiving any compenfation for the expences he had 
 incurred. 
 
 THE Nabob Mahomed Alice Cawn left a garri- 
 fon of 500 men at Trichinopoli, under the com- 
 mand of captain Kilpatrick , and, on the 9th of 
 July, was triumphantly conducted to his capital, by 
 an efcort of 300 Europeans, and 1000 fepoys, com- 
 manded by captain Polier. They proceeded through 
 the country of Tanjore, and were met by Conack- 
 jee, with a numerous train, at Kondoor. This in- 
 terview, like many others between perfons of fuch 
 rank in Indoftan, pafled in the ftrongeft protefta- 
 tions of inviolable friendfliip, and the greateft dif* 
 fimulation of the human heart. 
 
 FROM Kondoor, the Nabob proceeded to Fort 
 St. David, where he encamped, and was vifited 
 by Mr. Stark, the deputy governor, and his coun- 
 cil ; by colonel Aldercrcn, with a captain's guard ; 
 and by the admirals Watfon and Pocock, ac- 
 companied by their feveral captains and lieute- 
 nants, who were carried in their palankeens, which 
 were preceded by their midfhipmen, who walked 
 in their uniforms. The Nabob received them 
 very magnificently in his tent, and held a long 
 converfation with the admirals, by the afTift- 
 O 3 ance
 
 198 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 ance of an interpreter. Admiral Watfon exprefied 
 his concern for the calamities of war which had been 
 felt in that country , and afiured the Nabob, that 
 the king of Great Britain had fent him to proteft 
 his dominions , as alfo that he would execute his 
 commifiion with great fidelity. A few days after, 
 the Nabob returned this vifit to the Britifh com- 
 manders at the fort, where he was received with the 
 higheft military honors. His train confided of fix 
 elephants, 12 camels, 400 horfe, and 6000 fepoys, 
 with 10,000 Cooleys and fpectatorn. The admi- 
 rals accompanied him on board the Kent, in which 
 the commanding flag was hoifted , and the Nabob 
 was feized with aftonimment when he entered on 
 board: but he was particularly flruck with the 
 lower gun battery, confifting of 28 guns, carrying 
 balls of 32 pounds. The admiral obliged him with 
 the view of a man of war under fail -, and, *on his 
 leaving the Kent, the whole fquadron faluted to- 
 gether, the yards were manned, and the feamen 
 gave three Englim cheers. This general acclama- 
 tion fired the Nabob with joy ; and he ordered his 
 interpreter to tell the admiral, it was amazingly 
 warlike. 
 
 THE Nabob, on the ipth of Auguft, arrived 
 within a mile of Arcot, and encamped on the 
 plain, where his dervifes advifed him to wait for 3, 
 lucky day to make his entry into the city, which 
 fell out on the 21 ft. In the mean time, colonel 
 Lawrence, Mr. Walm, and Mr. Palk, who were 
 deputed to invite him to Madrafs, arrived at his 
 camp, and contributed to raife the fplendor and re- 
 putation of his public entrance into his capital, 
 from which he had been abfent ever fince the death 
 of Nazirzing.* On the 3Oth, he came to Madrafs, 
 
 See this volume, p. 69. 
 
 where
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 199 
 
 where he held feveral conferences with the prefi- 
 dency, and confented to make over to the company 
 fome farther alignments on the revenues of the 
 country, to reimburfe their expences in profecutirg 
 the war : after which, he was attended with a ftrong 
 detachment to collect the revenues, one half where- 
 of was to be paid the company ; and a member of 
 the council was appointed to accompany the Na- 
 bob, to fee that this agreement was punctually 
 fulfilled. 
 
 ADMIRAL Watfon departed with the fleet from 
 Madrafs, on the loth of October, to avoid the 
 northern monfoon, and arrived on the loth of No- 
 vember at Bombay, where he found feveral of the 
 company's mips from Europe, with a considerable 
 number of troops, fent with an intention to be em- 
 ployed in an expedition projected in England. 
 
 EVERY thing continued quiet on the coaft of 
 Coromandel : but, in 1756, admiral Watfon di- 
 itir.guifhed himfelf againft Tulagree Angria, on the 
 coail of Malabar ; as alfo in the kingdom of Ben- 
 gal, againft the viceroy Surajah Dovvla, who was 
 excited by the French to commit an unexampled 
 act of barbarity againft the Englifh at Calcutta, for 
 which he was afterwards depofed by colonel Clive. 
 
 04 CHAP.
 
 200 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 the Englifh c ompany project an expedition from BOM- 
 BAY, with the ajpftance of the MORATTOES, to 
 oblige SALABATZING to dijmifs the French troops 
 in bis fervice. The command of that expedition is 
 given to lieutenant colonel SCOTT, who dies at MA- 
 DRASS in May 1755; and colonel CLIVE fucceeds 
 to the command at Bombay : but the intended ex- 
 pedition is fet aftde by the lofe of the (hip DODD ING- 
 DON, in which the company had fent their plan ; 
 and another expedition is agreed to be carried on a- 
 gainft TULAGREE AtfGRiA.Afuccinfl and au- 
 thentic narrative of the lofs of the Doddington /- 
 diaman> on the ijtb of July 1755, upon the barren 
 ifland or rock of CHIOS, near the foutb-eaji coaft of 
 AFRICA. 
 
 WHILE the Englifti company were uncer- 
 tain of the event of the negociation in In- 
 dia, they received advices of the acquifitions which 
 M. Buffy had obtained from Salabatzing. This 
 made them conclude, that negociations alone would 
 not induce the French to quit fuch great advan- 
 tages ; and they determined to ftrike at their power 
 in the northern parts of the Deckan by more effec- 
 tual means. 
 
 AURENGABAD, the capital of this divifion of the 
 Mogul empire, lies no more than 150 miles weft 
 of Bombay -, and the country of the Morattoes 
 much nearer. The prefidency of Bombay had 
 maintained a friendly intercourfe for fome time with 
 the Saha Rajah , and from the frequent difputes in 
 which his general Balazerow was engaged with Sa- 
 labatzing, it was thought he might be inftrumental 
 in removing the French troops from the fervice of 
 that Soubahdar: therefore, it was determined to 
 
 encourage
 
 THE .EAST-INDIES. 201 
 
 encourage the Morattoes to attack him, and afilft 
 them with a ftrong body of Europeans, fo as to 
 compel the viceroy to difmifs the French. 
 
 AN enterprize of this importance required a com- 
 mander of much experience in the military and 
 political fyftems of the country, and captain Clive 
 offered the directors to conduct it. The company 
 had rewarded his fervices by appointing him gover- 
 nor of Fort St. David, and by obtaining for him a 
 lieutenant-colonel's commifiion in the king's troops ; 
 fo that he was then preparing to return to India: 
 But the court of directors *, in compliance with 
 very powerful recommendations, appointed lieute- 
 nant-colonel Scott to command the expedition. 
 This officer went to India in 1754, in the ftation 
 of engineer-general of all their fettlements -, but 
 died at Madrafs, on the 12th of May 1755, of a 
 violent fever. The company defired colonel Clive 
 to proceed to Bombay before he went to the coaft 
 of Coromandel, that he might be ready to fupply 
 any accident. The troops fent from England on 
 this fervice were three companies of the king's ar- 
 tillery, each of 100 men j and 300 recruits ; who 
 arrived at Bombay on the 27th of November, 
 
 * The following gentlemen were chofen directors of the 
 Eaft-India company on the gth of April 1755. 
 
 William Harwell, Efq; 
 
 * Robert Bootle, Efq; 
 H. Crab Boulton, Efq; 
 John Boyd, Efq; 
 
 * Chrift. Burrow, Efq; 
 
 * Ch. Chambers, Efq; 
 
 * Sir Ja. Creed, Knt. 
 Roger Drake, Efq; 
 
 * John Dorrien, Efq; 
 Peter Godfrey, Efq; 
 Charles Gough, Efq; 
 Robert Jones, Efq; 
 
 * John Manfhip, Efq; 
 Na. Newnham, jun. EAj} 
 John Payne, Efq; 
 
 * Henry Plant, Efq; 
 Tho. Phipps, Efq; 
 Jones Raymond, Efq; 
 
 * Thos. Rous, Efq; 
 
 * Henry Savage, Efq; 
 
 * Laur. Sullivan, Efqf 
 Winchcot Turner, Efq; 
 
 * Tim. Tullie, Efq; 
 
 * Max. Weftern, Efq; 
 
 Thofe marked with Afterifms were new ones. 
 
 when
 
 acre A VOYAGE TO 
 
 when colonel Clive, finding that colonel Scott was 
 dead, propofed to the prelldency to undertake the 
 plan recommended to them : but they imagined it 
 eould not be carried into execution without infring- 
 ing the convention made by Mr. Saunders and Mr. 
 Godeheu. This was acting with too much caution ; 
 for every thing relating to Salabatzing and the 
 French troops in his iervice, feemed to have been 
 ftudioufly avoided. The court of directors had 
 explained their whole plan to the prefidency of 
 Madrafs; but the fhip which had the letters on 
 board was unfortunately wrecked on a rock about 
 800 miles eaft of the Cape of Good Hope, within 
 light of the land. The prefidency of Bom- 
 bay fent advices to Madrafs of the arrival of colo- 
 nel Clive : but they had now taken the refolution 
 of employing all their force, in conjunction with 
 the fleet, againft Tulagree Angria, who had long 
 been a formidable enemy to the Engliih commerce 
 on the coaft of Malabar. 
 
 HERE t (hall beg leave to infert the following 
 fuccinct and authentic narrative of the lofs of the 
 Doddington Indiaman ; as it was on board this fhip 
 that the company fent their plan for attacking Sa- 
 labatzing ; and more efpecially as it will be a per- 
 manent memorial, to all future navigators, of that 
 fatal fpot, where this fhip and mo(t of her crew 
 were unfortunately loft. I have been favored with 
 this account, by a gentleman who has diligently 
 compared the different relations made of this mat- 
 ter, and I hope it will be received as a curious and 
 ufeful piece ; part of which is extracted from the 
 journal of Mr. Jones the chief mate, and the other 
 part from the journal of another of the furviving 
 officers. 
 
 The
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 203 
 
 The lofs of the DODDINGTON. 
 
 THE Doddington, captain Samfon, 'failed from 
 the Downs, on the 23d of April 1755, in company 
 with the Pelham, Houghton, Streatham, and Edg- 
 eourt, all in the fervice of the Eaft-India company, 
 and got clear cf the channel in feven days. The 
 Doddington made Bonavifta, one of the Cape de 
 Verd iflands, lat. 1 6 north, on the 2oth of May, 
 and on the 2 ill got into Porto Prior bay. On the 
 27th, having taken in their water, they proceeded 
 on the voyage together, and continued in company 
 fleering fouth by eaft ', eaft, till the 28th, when 
 captain Samfon, rinding he failed better than the 
 other (hips, parted from them in the night by 
 fleering a different courfe, and had a pleafant paf- 
 fage in feven weeks to the Cape of Good Hope. 
 Having doubled the Cape, a new departure was taken 
 from Cape de Agulhas * on the 8th of July ; and 
 having (leered ealtward about 24 hours, between the 
 latitude of 35 deg. 30 min. and 36 deg. the captain 
 ordered the (hip to be kept E. N. E. It was dirty 
 fqually weather j the wind from S. S. W. to S. S. E. 
 with a large fea. They ran on that courfe from 
 five to feven knots an hour, with courfes and tre- 
 ble-reefed main- top-fail, and double-reefed fore- 
 top-fail, until the i6th of July. At midnight had 
 70 miles on the board ; but about a quarter before 
 one in the morning, the fhip flruck, and in lefs 
 than twenty minutes was entirely wrecked. 
 
 IT was a dark and (lormy night, and the only 
 warning they had of danger, was calling out, 
 " Breakers .a-head, and to leeward." The helm 
 was immediately put a-lee : but before (he came 
 quite head to wind, (he flruck lightly, and then 
 
 Le Gullas, or Anguillas. 
 
 flronger ,
 
 204 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 ftronger; at which time the fea broke directly into 
 her forward, ftove the boats, and walhed feveral 
 perfons overboard. Although they ufed their beft 
 endeavours to get her about, it was to no purpofe, 
 the fea breaking all over her, and (he ftruck fo hard, 
 that the main-mail went away by the board, and 
 the reft of the mails foon followed. In this dread- 
 ful fituation, expecting every moment to be fwal- 
 lowed up, fome-body cried out land ! But it was 
 only the range of the fea, on the other fide of the 
 breakers. The (hip continued lifting and ftriking 
 with every fea, till unfortunately me at lad lay down 
 on her liar-board fide, and foon parted ; every fea 
 driving fome of her away. As the lar-board fide 
 and quarter was then the only place above water, 
 all thofe who were able got there ; while the mip 
 ftill kept driving towards the breakers, and the fea 
 was covered with her wreck. 
 
 As captain Samfon fate with the chief-mate on 
 the quarter, he faid he had pricked off that day at 
 noon, and judged himfelf ninety leagues from the 
 land , fo that he imagined this to be fome unknown 
 rock, where pofiibly the Dolphin was loft. They 
 expected every minute to be warned by the fea, and 
 the captain bade them all farewel ; hoping they 
 fhould meet again in the next world. Soon after 
 they were all warned off, and in a fhort time ten of 
 them met on fome ragged rocks, where they crept 
 clofe together to keep themfelves warm. The feve- 
 rity of the weather, and their melancholy fituation, 
 made them wifh impatiently for day : but when the 
 light came, it gave them little comfort ; for they 
 found themfelves upon a barren uninhabited ifland 
 or rock, about two leagues from the continent, and 
 250 eaft from the Cape of Good Hope. It is laid 
 down in the India Pilot in lat. 33 deg. 30 min. 
 and called Chios : but by a good obfervation with 
 Hadley's quadrant, it lies in 34 deg. S. Jat. and 
 
 Davis's
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 205 
 
 Davis's quadrant in 33 : 44. They were joined by 
 fome more perfons who were caft on more, many 
 of them miferably bruifed againft the rocks. Here 
 were now met Mr. Evan Jones, chief-mate ; Mr. 
 John Collet, fecond ; Mr. William Webb, third 5 
 and Mr. Samuel Powel, fifth mate -, Richard Top- 
 ping, carpenter -, John Yeats, midmipman -, two 
 quarter-matters ; eight feamen ; three captain's fer- 
 vants ; one fervant belonging to the furgeon ; and 
 three matrofies. Thefe perfons being twenty-three 
 in number, were all that furvived of 270 fouls that 
 were on board when the fhip ftruck. They remain- 
 ed feven months on this miferable place, fubfifting 
 on fifh, and eggs of fea-fowls, with what provifions 
 they found afhore from the wreck. 
 
 THEIR firft care was to fearch among the things 
 which had been thrown upon the rocks from the 
 (hip, for fomething to cover them, in which they 
 fucceeded beyond their hopes. The next thing 
 they felt the want of was fire, and this was not fo 
 eafily fupplied ; however, they foon found a box 
 with two gun-flints and a broken file, fome gun- 
 powder, a box of wax-candles, a cafe of brandy, 
 and a cafk of frefh water ; all which were joyful 
 acquifuions. Seven hogs came on fhore alive ; and 
 a fcanty tent was made of fome canvafs that floated 
 to the rock; The ifland was much frequented by a 
 kind of water -fowl, fomething larger than a duck, 
 called a gannet; and the higheft part of it was 
 covered with their dung ; fo that where they fixed 
 their tent, they funk a foot in the dung. 
 
 IN the morning of the i8th, thofe that were able 
 went again about the rock, to fee what could be 
 faved from the wreck ; when they got one cafk of 
 beer, and another of flour. They afterwards 
 picked up many things from the wreck, and made 
 an attempt to get provifions from the main* but 
 
 the
 
 aoS A VOYAGE TO 
 
 the natives drove them away, and one man loft his 
 life there. 
 
 THEY found on the ifland the remains of two 
 wrecks ; one feemed to be a Dutch {hip, the other 
 an Englifh ; the latter leaft decayed, and by the 
 iron- work feemed to have been much lefs than the 
 Doddington. It plainly appeared by pieces of glafs, 
 and other things, that fome unfortunate people had 
 lived here ; and they could fee the remains of a 
 habitation, by the ftones being laid regularly one on 
 another. 
 
 THE fitting down, thus defolate and forlorn, to 
 their meals, which they ufed to (hare in the convi- 
 vial chearfulnefs, that naturally arofe from the con- 
 fcioufnefs of plenty, flruck them with a pungent 
 fenfe of their unhappy fituation. In fuch tumuk 
 of mind, our thoughts hurry from one object to 
 another, to fix, if poffibie, upon fomething that 
 may afford comfort. One of the company recol- 
 lected, that as the carpenter was among them, they 
 might build a (loop. Inftantly their whole atten- 
 tion was turned upon the carpenter, who declared, 
 that he had no doubt but he mould be able to build 
 a floop that would carry them all to fome port of 
 fafety, if tools and materials could be found. 
 Happily they were, with a fufficient quantity of 
 ,provifions, that came continually floating in ; and 
 at laft they found moft of the packets of letters be- 
 longing to the king and company, which they care- 
 fully preferved. 
 
 On Sunday, the 2Oth of July, as they were 
 fearching about the beach, they found the body of 
 a young gentlewoman, which they knew to be than 
 of Mrs. Collet, the wife of their fecond-mate, who 
 was then at a little diftance from the fpot. He loft 
 his wife in the Ihip ; for as foon as it (truck, he 
 went down, and brought her upon deck in Jiis 
 arms ; but the fhip falling down at that time on 
 
 her
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 207 
 
 her broad- fide, and the decks falling in, he was fe- 
 parated from her, and never faw her afterwards 
 alive. The mutual affection of this couple was re- 
 markably tender ; and Mr. Jones, on feeing the 
 body, immediately flepped afide to Mr. Collet, and 
 found means to take him to the other fide of the 
 rock ; while the other two mates, the carpenter, 
 and fome others, dug a grave, in which they depo- 
 fited the remains of this unfortunate lady, and read 
 the funeral fervice over it, from a French prayer- 
 book, which had driven afhore with her from the 
 wreck. Having thus paid the debt of humanity to 
 the dead, and concealed from Mr. Collet a fight 
 that would moft fenfibly, if not fatally, have af- 
 fected him, they gradually difclofed to him what 
 they 'had done^ and gave him the wedding-ring, 
 which they had taken drom her ringer. He re- 
 ceived it with great emotion ; and afterwards fpent 
 many days in raifmg a kind of monument over the 
 grave, by piling up the fquareft ftones he could 
 find; on the top of which he fixed an elm planl^, 
 and infcribed it with her name, her age*, the rime 
 of her death, and fome account of the fatal accident 
 by which it was occafioned. 
 
 THE carpenter had juft rimmed a faw, but he 
 had neither hammer nor nails. However, one of 
 the feamen picked up an old pair of bellows, and 
 told his companions, that he had been a fmirh, 
 
 * The perfon who prefents this article to Mr. Grofe, to be 
 inferted in his voyage to the Eaft-Indies, v. as we'll acquainted 
 with Mrs. Collet. wl ; ofe maiden name w is Marv Everingham. 
 She was born in the parifli of St. Ciement-Dancs, Welt- 
 minfter, where her father was a reputable tradefman, who had 
 alfo the misfortune to lofe one of , his fons with his favorite 
 daughter. She was about 24 years cf age ; lovely in herpr- 
 fon, chearful in her manners, and amiable in her difpofuiin. 
 Her hulband fo much regreted her iofs, that.it occafioned his 
 
 and
 
 205 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 and that with thefe bellows and a forge, which he 
 hoped to build, he could furnifh the carpenter with 
 all the tools he would want, nails included, as plenty 
 of iron might be obtained by burning the timber 
 which had come on more from the wreck. This 
 account was received with a tranfport of joy ; the 
 fmith immediately applied himfelf to mend the bel- 
 lows ; a tent was erected ; and a forge built. 
 
 ON the 24th, the carpenter began to work up- 
 on the keel of the boat, which they had determined 
 ihould be a (loop, 30 feet long, and 1 2 wide. The 
 fmith fortunately found the ring and nut of a 
 bower-anchor, which ferved him for an anvil, fup- 
 plied chiflels, axes, hammers, nails, as they wanted, 
 and the carpenter ufed them with great difpatch, 
 till the 31$, when he fell fick : but he recovered, 
 and returned to his work on the 2d of Auguft. 
 
 IN the mean time, the ftores which they had 
 faved from the wreck were fo near exhaufted, that 
 they came to an allowance of two ounces of bread a 
 man per day, and had no fak-pork, except what 
 they were determined to keep to victual the boat ; 
 and water alfo fell mort. In this diftrefs they had 
 recourfe to feveral expedients : they dug a well, in 
 hopes to find a fpring; but were difappointed. 
 They took fome of the gannets that fettled on the 
 top of the rock , but found the flefh very rank, of 
 a fifhy tafte, and remarkably black. They alfo 
 made a raft or float, like a Catamaran, on which 
 they went out a fi thing : they killed fome feals, but 
 all thofe who eat of them were fick : and when they 
 were driven to great diftrefs, they killed a hog. 
 They made feveral attempts to cure both their fiih 
 and fowl, by fmoaking it ; but without fucccefs. 
 They then attempted to make fait, which had like 
 to have been fatal to them all. The fmith had 
 mended a copper-veflel for the experiment, and 
 they began ro work, without knowing that their pro- 
 
 cefs
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 209 
 
 ccfs in fait- making would difiblve the furface of 
 their copper into verdigreafe, and that this folution 
 was poifon. Salt was procured ; but was too rank 
 to be rafted ; and thofe who ventured to palate it, 
 were feized with violent cholics, cold fweats, and 
 Teachings, which fufficiently convinced them of the 
 danger they had efcaped. 
 
 THE carpenter and fmith continued to work up- 
 on the boat, and the people were bufy in getting 
 in from time to time what was thrown up from the 
 wreck, particularly cordage and canvas, to rig the 
 boat, and fome calks of frelh water, which they 
 were very follicitous to keep for fea-ftores, as their 
 efcape in the boat, fcarce depended lefs upon frefli 
 water than upon the fails themfelves. On the 6th 
 of October, they found a fowling-piece, which was 
 a joyful acquisition ; and though the barrel was 
 much bent, it was foon made ferviceable by the 
 carpenter, and ufed with great fuccefs in fliooting 
 the birds ; which before they had no way of taking, 
 but by knocking them down with a (lick. On the 
 nth, they perceived the gannets, which had of 
 late forfaken them, hovering again about the rock in 
 great numbers, and were in hopes they would fettle 
 to lay their eggs, in which they were not difap- 
 pointed ; for after this time, they were conftantly 
 fupplied with eggs in great plenty, till the begin- 
 ning of January, when the feaibn of laying was pafl. 
 
 THEY had fome rainy weather, on the 2Oth, 
 which proved very acceptable, as they continued to 
 feve fome of the water for fea-ftores : but they were 
 ftill in great want of bread, having lived many days 
 on fhort allowance. As a laft refource, having fome 
 barrels of flour, they thought of building an oven , 
 in which they fucceeded, and were able to convert 
 their flour into tolerable bifcuit. This bifcuit, how- 
 ever, was at length fo near exhauftedj that they were 
 obliged to live upon a few ounces -a day, without 
 
 Vot. JI. P brandy,
 
 2io A VOYAGE TO 
 
 brandy, of which only a fmall quantity remained : 
 they were likewife fo fhort of water, that of this 
 they were allowed but half a pint a day. 
 
 THEY were very healthy while they were on the 
 ifland, notwithftanding the great hardlhips and fa- 
 tigue they fuffered by hunger and labor. On the 
 1 6th of February 1756, they launched their boat, 
 and called her The happy Deliverance. On the i yth, 
 they got their little pittance on board -, and, on the 
 i8th, they fet fail from the rock -, on which they 
 had lived juft feven months, and to which, at part- 
 ing, they gave the name of BIRD ISLAND. 
 
 THEY failed for Delagoa , but were fo long on 
 their paiTage, by currents fetting to the fouthward, 
 that it was two months before they arrived there. 
 A cheft of treafure had been drove afhore from the 
 wreck, which the officers wanted to preferve for 
 the proprietors, and the people to divide : this 
 occafioned great difputes, and was at laft divided in 
 ipite of the officers. 
 
 IT may be thought ftrange, that people in this 
 fituation, who had for fome time accuftomed them- 
 felves to the duties of religion, mould at the fame 
 time be guilty of theft. But the men considered, 
 that when the mip was loft, they loft their pay , 
 that every diftindtion and fubordination on fhip- 
 board was at an end -, and that whatever was caft 
 on Ihore from the wreck, was to be common 
 property. 
 
 ON their arrival at Delagoa, they found there 
 the Rofe-Galley, captain Chandler, belonging to 
 Bombay, who gave them a pafiage to Madagafcar, 
 where they found the Carnarvon, captain Hutchin- 
 fon, bound to Madrafs, who took them all on 
 board. They fold the (loop to captain Chandler 
 for 500 rupees ; but (he was feized for the pro- 
 prietors at Bombay, where Mr. Powel came in her ; 
 but all the reft went to Madrafs, except Mr. Collet 
 
 and
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 211 
 
 and three others, who died of fevers on board the 
 Rofe-Galley. Mr. Jones took all the money and 
 effects from the people, when he got on board that 
 veflel, and fecured them for the proprietors. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 he expedition againft. ANGRIA : his territories', ori- 
 gin, and power : bis captures from the Europeans j 
 and their expeditions againft him, till his final re- 
 duftion at Geriah by ADMIRAL WATSON and CO- 
 LONEL CLIVE in 1756. 
 
 THE dominions of Angria confided of feveral 
 iflands near Bombay, and an extent of land 
 along the neighbouring continent, of about 180 
 miles in length, and from 30 to 60 in breadth ; with 
 feveral forts that were taken from the Europeans by 
 his anceftors, who were very bold and troublefome 
 enemies to all that traded along the coaft, which 
 is interfered by many rivers, that difembogue into 
 the fea, from Cape Comorin to Surat. 
 
 IT appears that from the earlieft antiquity, the 
 inhabitants had a ftrong propenfuy to piracy; and 
 at this day all the different principalities on the coaft 
 employ veiTels to cruize upon thofe of all other na- 
 tions which they can overpower. The Mogul em- 
 pire, when it firlt extended its dominion to the fea 
 in the northern parts of this coaft, appointed an ad- 
 miral called the Siddee, with a fleet to protect the 
 veflels of their Mahometan fubjects trading to the 
 gulphs of Arabia and Perfia, from the Malabar 
 pirates, as well as from the Portugueze. The Mo- 
 rattoes were at that time in poffefiion of feveral forts 
 between Goa and Bombay ; and finding themfelves 
 interrupted in their piracies by the Mogul's admiral, 
 P 2 they
 
 212 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 they made war againft him by fea and land. In 
 this war, one Conagee Angria raifed himfelf to be 
 commander in chief of the Morattoe fleet, and was 
 intruded with the government of Severndroog, one 
 of their ftrongeft forts, built upon a fmall rocky 
 ifland, which lies about eight miles to the north of 
 Dabul, and within cannon-mot of the continent. 
 Here Conagee revolted againft the Saha Rajah, or 
 king of the Morattoes ; and having feduced part of 
 the fleet, he with them took and deitroyed the reft. 
 The Saha Rajah endeavoured to reduce him to 
 obedience by building three forts upon the main 
 land, within point-blank mot of Severndroog ; but 
 Conagee alfo took thofe forts, and hi a few years 
 got pofiefiion of all the fea-coaft, from Tamanah 
 to Bancoote. 
 
 VERY different accounts are given of this family, 
 which we are told is derived from Samboo Angria, 
 by extraction a CafFree, born in an ifland of the 
 gulph of Ormus, and by religion a Mahometan, 
 who was (hipwrecked on the coaft near Choul, in 
 an Arabian veflel, in 1643. It is faid, he aflifted 
 the Saha Rajah in his wars againft the Mogul, 
 married the daughter of the Rajah's firft minifter, 
 and had a fon by her named Purah Angria, the 
 father of Conagee, who took Geriah from the Por- 
 tugueze in 1712. He fecured his conquefts by 
 building little forts, upon fuch eminences, as com- 
 manded the narrow pafles and defiles. He ftiled 
 himfelf a Rajah, which is the higheft title of the 
 Gentoo princes ; and was fucceeded by his fon 
 Sambajee, who died in 1745, and left his domi- 
 nions to his fon Tulagree. 
 
 ALL the fucceflbrs of Conagee bore the name of 
 Angria, and ftrengthened themfelves fo much, that 
 the Morattoes had no hopes of reducing them, and 
 agreed to a peace on condition, that Angria mould 
 acknowledge the fovereignty of the Saha Rajah, by 
 
 paying
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 213 
 
 paying him a fmall annual tribute : but they re- 
 tained a ftrong animofity againft him, and deter- 
 mined to avail themfelves of any favorable oppor- 
 tunity to recover the territories he had wrefted from 
 them. 
 
 THE land and fea-breezes on this coaft, blow al- 
 ternately in the twenty-four hours, and divide the 
 day ; fo that veflels failing along the coaft are 
 obliged to keep in fight of land, as the land-winds 
 do not reach more than forty miles out to fea. The 
 piracies which Angria exercifed upon (hips of all 
 nations, rendered him more powerful every day. 
 There was not a creek, bay, harbor, or mouth of 
 a river, along the coaft of his dominions, in which 
 he had not erected fortifications and marine recepta- 
 cles, to ferve both as a ftation of difcovery, and as 
 a place of refuge to his vtfiels : hence it was as diffi- 
 cult to avoid the encounter of them, as to take them. 
 
 His fleet confided of grabs and gallivats, a kind 
 of veflels peculiar to that coaft. The grabs have 
 generally two mafts ; though fome have three. 
 Thofe of three mafts are about 300 tons burthen ; 
 but the others are not more than 1 50. They are 
 built to draw little water, being very broad in pro- 
 portion to their length ; but narrowing from the 
 middle to the end, where inftead of bows they 
 have a prow, projecting like that of a Mediterra- 
 nean galley, and covered with a ftrong deck level 
 with the main deck of the vefiel, from which it is 
 feparated by a bulk-head that terminates the fore- 
 caftle. As this conftrudion fubjech the grab to 
 pitch violently when failing againft a head-fea, the 
 deck of the prow is not inclofed with fides as the 
 reft of the vefiel, but remains bare, that the water 
 which pafles on it may pafs ofF without interruption. 
 On the main-deck, under the forecaftle, are mounted 
 two pieces of cannon of nine or twelve pounders, 
 which point forwards through port-holes cut in the 
 P 3 bulk-
 
 214 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 bulk head, and fire over the prow : but the can- 
 non of the broad-fide are from fix to nine- 
 pounders. 
 
 THE gallivats are large row-boats built like the 
 grab, but of fmaller dimenfions, the biggeft fel- 
 dom exceeding 70 tons. They have two mails, 
 of which the mizen is (lightly made : the main-- 
 maft bears only one fail, which is large and trian- 
 gular. In general the gallivats are covered with a 
 fpar deck, made of fplit bamboes, carrying only 
 petteraroes fixed on fwivels in the gunnel of the 
 veflel : but thofe of a large fize have a fixed deck, 
 on which they mount fix or eight pieces of cannon, 
 from two to four pounders. They have forty or 
 fifty flout oars, and can be rowed four miks an 
 hour. 
 
 EIGHT or ten grabs, and forty or fifty gallivats, 
 crowded with men., generally compofed Angria's 
 principal fleet deftined to attack mips of force or 
 burthen. When the veflel came in fight of the 
 port or bay where the fleet was lying, they flipped 
 their cables, and put out to fea. If the wind blew, 
 their conftru&ion enabled them to fail fwiftly ; if it 
 was calm, the gallivats rowed and towed the grabs. 
 As foon as they came within gun-fhot of the chace, 
 they generally afiembled in her ftern, and the grabs 
 attacked her at a diflance with their prow-guns, 
 firing firfl only at the mails, and taking aim when 
 the three malls of the veflel jufl opened all together 
 at their view. If the chace was difmafted, they 
 came nearer, and battered her on all fides till me 
 ftruck : but if the defence was obflinate, they fent 
 a number of gallivats with two or three hundred 
 men in each, who boarded from all quarters fword 
 in hand. 
 
 IT was now more than fifty years that this pirati- 
 
 cd Oate had rendered itfelf formidable to the trading 
 
 : ->s of all the Europeans nations in India ; and the 
 
 Englifh
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 215 
 
 Englifh company had kept up a marine force, at 
 the annual expence of 50,000!. to protect their 
 own (hips, as well as thole belonging to the mer- 
 chants eftablilhed in their colonies : but as this 
 force confided only of four grabs, two of which 
 mounted twenty guns ; and fix gallivats, it was 
 fcarce capable to protect the trade : while Angria 
 took feveral fhips that ventured to fail without com- 
 pany along his coaft. 
 
 IN 1717, an unfuccefsful attempt was made from 
 Bombay, both againft Geriah and Kenftery, by a 
 very confiderable naval force, with a numerous 
 body of land forces on board, commanded by 
 governor Boone. Another attempt was made 
 againft Angria, in 1722, by the late gallant admi- 
 ral Matthews, then commodore upon the ftation, 
 who with his fquadron, and a fmall Portugueze 
 army, joined the Bombay land and fea forces in an 
 expedition againft a fort called Coilabley, near 
 Choul, about fifteen, leagues fouth of Bombay : but 
 this was defeated by the treachery and cowardice of 
 the Portugueze. In 1735, the Dutch fenta ftrong 
 force from Batavia, to attack Geriah, in which they 
 were defeated , though they had an armament of 
 feven armed mips, and two bomb-veflfels, with a 
 numerous body of land forces. But in 1736, An- 
 gria's people took the Derby Indiaman, richly la- 
 den from England, with 1 50 men ; as alfo the 
 Reftoration armed Ihip, of twenty guns, and 200 
 men, fitted out purpofeiy to cruize againft them ; 
 and feveral other veiTels of lefs note, from the 
 Englifh company. From the French they took 
 the Jupiter of forty guns, with 400 (laves on board: 
 and alfo made feveral captures from the Dutch. 
 They had even the prefumption to attack commo- 
 dore Lifle in the Vigilant of 64 guns, the Ruby of 
 50, and feveral other mips in company. 
 
 P 4 I*
 
 216 AVOYAGETO 
 
 IN 1751* the governor of Bombay propofed the 
 redu&ion of Geriah to commodore Lifle ; and the 
 Nanna of the Morattoes engaged to attack it by 
 land : but this was prevented by a rupture between 
 the Morattoes and the Moors at Anrengabad. 
 However, a treaty was concluded between the 
 Nanna and the governor of Bombay, for the re- 
 duction of Angria, whenever there was a proper 
 opportunity. The neceflity of this treaty was foon. 
 perceived; for, in February 1754, Angria's fleet 
 attacked three Dutch mips of 50, 36, and 18 guns; 
 burnt the two large ones, and took the other. 
 Angria grew infolent on this fuccefs : he built fe- 
 veral vefiels, fet two large (hips on the ftocks, and 
 boafted he mould foon be mafter of the Indian feas. 
 THE Morattoes defired the afliftance of governor 
 Bourchier to humble this common enemy of the 
 Malabar coaft , and he fent commodore William 
 James, who commanded the company's marine 
 force in , India, upon that expedition. He failed 
 from Bombay, on the 22d of March 1755, in the 
 Proteftor of 44 guns, and the Swallow of 16; 
 with the Viper and Triumph bomb veflels : but 
 fuch was the exaggerated opinion of Angria's ftrong 
 holds, that the prefidency inflrucled him not to ex- 
 pofe the company's veflels to any rifque by attack- 
 ing them ; and only to blockade the harbors, while 
 the Morattoe army carried on their operations by 
 land. The next day, his fquadron fell in with fe- 
 ven fail of Angria's grabs, and eleven gallivats, off 
 Rajapore, and chaced them to the fouthward. On 
 the fecond day, ftill continuing the chace, the com- 
 modore was joined off Choule by feven Morattoe 
 grabs and fixty gallivats, with 10,000 troop* on 
 board. The united fleet proceeded to Comara bay, 
 where they anchored, that the Morattoes might get 
 their meal on fhore, as they are prohibited by their 
 religion from earing or warning at fea. Departing 
 
 from
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 217 
 
 from hence, they anchored again about fifteen 
 miles north of Severndroog, when Ramajee Punt, 
 the Morattoe general, difembarked his troops to 
 proceed the reft of the way by land. Commodore 
 James received intelligence, that Angria's fleet lay 
 at anchor in the harbor of Severndroog, about 
 twenty-five miles eaft of Bombay ; and he repre- 
 fented to the Morattoe admiral, that by proceeding 
 immediately thither they might come upon them in 
 the night, and fo effectually blockade them in the 
 harbor, that few or none would be able to efcape. 
 The Morattoe feemed highly to approve the pro- 
 pofal , but had not authority enough over his offi- 
 cers to make any of them ftir before the morning, 
 when the enemy difcovered them under fail, and 
 immediately flipped their cables and put to fea. 
 The commodore then flung out the fignal for a 
 general chafe ; but that was difregarded by the 
 Morattoes, who all kept behind, and fuffered the 
 Protector to proceed alone almoft out of their fight. 
 While the Morattoes were fo timid and dilatory, 
 the enemy exerted themfelves with uncommon in- 
 duftry, their gallivats towing the grabs : they flung 
 overboard all their lumber to lighten their veflfels ; 
 not only crouding all the fails they could bend, but 
 alfo hanging up their garments, quilts, and even 
 their turbands, extended on the flag-ftaves, to 
 catch every breath of air. However, the Protector 
 came within gun-fliot of the fternmoft ; but even- 
 ing approached, fo that commodore James gave 
 over the chafe, and returned to Severndroog, which 
 he had paflfed feveral miles. 
 
 SEVERNDROOG was a fortrefs upon an ifland, 
 within mufket-fhot of the continent, having no 
 more than two fathom and a half in the firth. It 
 was ftrongly, but not regularly fortified ; the 
 greateft part of the works being cut out of the folid 
 rock, and the reft built with ftones ten or twelve 
 
 feet
 
 2i8 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 feet fquare ; having fifty-four guns mounted on the 
 baftions. On the main land there were three forts; 
 the largeft of which was called Fort Goa, built in 
 the fame manner, with large fquare ftones, and 
 mounted forty guns. The other two were built 
 with ftones of an irregular fbapc, and each of them 
 mounted twenty guns. 
 
 COMMODORE James found Ramajee Punt with the 
 army befieging the three forts on the main land ac- 
 cording to their way : but they fired only from one 
 gun, a four-pounder, at the diftance of two miles, 
 where the troops did not think themfelves fafe 
 without digging pits, in which they fheltered them- 
 felves covered up to the chin from the enemy's 
 fire. The commodore judged from thefe opera- 
 tions, that they would never take the forts ; he 
 therefore determined to exceed the inftrudions 
 which he had received from the prefidency, rather 
 than expofe the Britifh arms to the difgrace they 
 would fuffer, if an expedition mould mifcarry, in 
 which they were believed by Angria to have taken 
 fo great a (hare. 
 
 THE commodore began to cannonade and bom- 
 bard the Ifland Fort on the 2d of April , but not 
 being able to penetrate the walls, which were fifty 
 feet high, and eighteen thick, moftly cut out of 
 the rock on the fide where he made his firft attack ; 
 he moved his ftation fo as to reach Fort Goa with 
 his lower decks, while he plied Severndroog with 
 his upper tier. By this prudent difpofition, and a 
 vigorous fire within a hundred yards, the north-eaft 
 baftion of Severndroog and part of the parapet were 
 laid in ruins, about noon ; when a fhell from one 
 of the bomb-vefiels fet fire to a thatched houfe -, 
 and the Englifh, with an incefiant fire from the 
 round-tops, prevented the garrifon from extinguifh- 
 ing it. The blaze fpreading fiercely at that dry 
 feafon of the year, all the buildings of the fort were 
 
 foon
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 219 
 
 Toon in flames, and among them a magazine of 
 powder blew up. On this difafter, the inhabitants, 
 men, women, and children, with the greateft part 
 of the garrifon, in all about 1000 perfons, ran out 
 of the fort, embarked in eight large boats, and at- 
 tempted to make their efcape to Fort Goa : but 
 they were prevented by the Englifli ketches, who 
 took them all. This enabled the commodore to 
 turn all his fire upon Fort Goa, which was fo 
 feverely cannonaded, that the enemy foon hung out 
 a flag as a fignal to furrender : but the governor, 
 without waiting the event of a capitulation in his 
 neceffitous circumftances, got into a boat with fome 
 of his moft trufty men, and crofled over to the 
 ifland, where he feemed refolved to maintain his 
 ground, until he mould receive fuccors from Dabul, 
 which was in fight of it ; trufting in the natural 
 flrength of the place, notwithstanding the ruin it 
 had fuftained by the bombardment in its walls and 
 magazines. Upon this the Protector renewed her 
 fire upon Severndroog, and the commodore, under 
 cover of the fire from the mips, landed half his 
 feamen, who with great intrepidity ran up to the 
 gate, and with axes opened to themfelves an en- 
 trance through the fally-port, without much lofs ; 
 on which the garrifon furrendered. About the 
 fame time, the other two forts on the main land 
 had hung out flags of truce, and the Morattoes 
 took poflefiion of them. This was all the work of 
 one day, in which the fpirited refolution of com- 
 modore James deftroyed the timorous prejudices, 
 which had for twenty years been entertained of the 
 impracticability of reducing any of Angria's fortified 
 harbors. 
 
 THIS conqueft was followed by the furrender of 
 Bancoote, a fortified ifland which commands a har- 
 bor about fix miles north of Severndroog, by whofe 
 fate it was terrified, and furrendered on the firft 
 
 fummons
 
 220 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 fummons on the 8th of April. It has a ^ood har- 
 bor, and a great trade for fait : but, what is more 
 eflential, the adjacent country is inhabited by Ma- 
 homedans, and abounds with cattle, which are 
 much wanted for the ufe of the garrifon and fqua- 
 dron at Bombay, who find it difficult to procure 
 beeves in other parts of the coaft, as they are under 
 the jurifdiction of princes of the ftricteft cafts of the 
 Gentoo religion, who wormip the cow, and regard 
 the killing of that animal as the greateft of crimes. 
 The Morattoes confented that the Engliih company 
 fhould keep Bancoote, which is now called Fort 
 Victoria, and the circumjacent country is fubjeft to 
 the Siddee : but the other forts were delivered up 
 by the Englifli to the Morattoes. 
 
 RAMAJEE PUNT was fo much elated by thefe 
 fuccefies, that he offered commodore James 200,000 
 rupees, or 25,000!. fterling, if he would imme- 
 diately proceed againft Dabul, and fome other of 
 Angria's forts fouthward of that place. This was 
 certainly the time to attack them, during the con- 
 fternation into which the enemy were thrown by the 
 lofies they had fuftained : but the ftormy monfoon 
 was approaching, and the prefidency ordered the 
 commodore to bring back the fleet into harbor with- 
 out delay. The Engliih fleet accordingly re- 
 turned to Bombay on the i5th; and the Morattoe 
 fleet returned at the fame time to Choule. 
 
 IN this fituation affairs ftood in November, when 
 rear admiral Watfon arrived with his fquadron at 
 Bombay ; and the fair feafon being returned, he 
 confented to affift the prefidency and the Morattoes 
 in their farther operations againft Angria. It was 
 determined to ftrike at once at the root of his power, 
 by attacking Geriah, the capital of his dominions, 
 and the principal harbor and arfenal of his marine 
 force : but it was fo long fince any Englimmen had 
 feen this place, that, trufting ^o the report of the 
 
 natives,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 221 
 
 natives, they believed it to be as ftrong as Gibral- 
 tar, and like that fituated on a mountain inacceflible 
 from the lea. For this reafon it was refolved to 
 fend veflels to reconnoitre it, while the king's (hips 
 were cleaned and repaired. 
 
 COMMODORE James in the Protector, with the 
 Revenge and Bombay frigates, was fent to recon- 
 noitre Geriah, accompanied by Sir James Hewet, the 
 admiral's firft lieutenant. They found Angria's fleet 
 at anchor in the harbour , notwithftanding which, 
 they approached within cannon- fliot of the fort, 
 which they attentively confidered, and returned 
 to Bombay on the 31(1 of December. They def- 
 cribed the place fuch as it really was ; very ftrong 
 indeed, but far from being inacceflible or impreg- 
 nable : upon which reprefentation, it was refolved 
 to profecute the expedition with vigor and fpirit. 
 
 THE admiral held the proper confutations with 
 the prefidency in the beginning of the year 1756; 
 and fent the Bridgewater and King-rimer (loop, 
 with fome of the company's armed mips, to cruize 
 off that port : they were joined, on the 27th of Ja- 
 nuary, by commodore James in the Protector, with 
 the Guardian frigate , and remained on this ilation 
 till the admiral arrived there. All things being 
 ready on the 6th of February, the admiral afiem- 
 bled a council of the principal fea and land officers 
 belonging to his majefty and the company, when 
 the mares of prize-money to every clals were fet- 
 tled, to prevent all difputes in cafe of fuccefs. The 
 Morattoe army, under the command of Ramajee 
 Punt, marched from Choule, from whence their 
 fleet failed at the fame time ; and, on the nth, 
 admiral Watfon arrived with his fquadron. 
 
 THE whole fleet confuted of four Ihips of the line, 
 of 70, 64, 60, and 50 guns ; a frigate, and a (loop, 
 all belonging to the king : with four frigates, and 
 four bombs belongi ng to the company. On board thefe 
 
 (hips
 
 122 AVOYAGETO 
 
 Ihips were the king's train, and the company's mi* 
 litary; being about 800 Europeans, and 1000 fe- 
 poys, command by the heroic colonel Clive. The 
 Morattoe fleet confifted of four grabs and forty 
 gallivats, commanded by Naripunt ; and the Mo- 
 rattoes had alfo an army of 3000 horfe, and 10,000 
 foot, under Ramajee Punt. 
 
 THE famous fortrefs of Geriah was fituated on a 
 promontory of rocky land, about a mile long, and 
 a quarter broad, near a mile from the entrance of a 
 large harbor, which forms the mouth of a river de- 
 fcending from the Balagat mountains. The pro- 
 montory projects to the fouth-weft, on the right 
 of the harbor -, and on the fides is contiguous to the 
 water, inclofed by a continued rock about fifty feet 
 high, on which the fortifications were built. Thefe 
 were a double wall with round towers ; the inward 
 wall rifing feveral feet above the outward. The neck 
 of land, by which the promontory joins to the conti- 
 nent, was a narrow fand ; beyond which, where the 
 ground expands, was a large open town, or pettah, 
 for the habitation of fuch perfons whofe attendance 
 was notconftantly required in the fort. The river, di- 
 recting its courfe to the fouth-weft, warned the 
 north-fides of the town, the neck of land, and the 
 promontory, On the neck of land were the docks 
 in which the grabs were built and repaired, from 
 whence they were launched into the river ; and ten 
 of them, among which was that taken from the 
 company, were now lying in the river, all tied to* 
 gether, almoft oppofite the docks. 
 
 SUCH a formidable fleet, fo far beyond the ap- 
 prehenfions of Angria, ftruck him with terror. He 
 abandoned his fort, left the town to be defended 
 by his brother, and threw himfelf entirely upon 
 the mercy of the Morattoes, with whom he faw 
 it was neceflary to purchafe a peace at any rate. 
 
 There
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 223 
 
 There were about 2000 people in the fort, 300 of 
 whom bore arms. One (hip, eight grabs, and ma- 
 ny gallivats were in the harbor. There were up- 
 wards of 200 guns in the place, fix brafs mortars, 
 and a large quantity of ammunition of all kinds. 
 
 THE Morattoes had crofled the river at fomc 
 diftance from the fea, and encamped to the eaft> 
 ward of the Pettah. Here Angria endeavoured to 
 prevail on Ramajee Punt to accept of a ranfom for 
 his fort, and offered a large fum of money, if he 
 would divert the ftorm that was going to break on 
 him : but the Morattoes confidered him as aprifon- 
 er, and infifted he mould fend an order to put him 
 in pofiefiion of the fort. 
 
 ADMIRAL Watfon was informed of thefc clan- 
 defline proceedings-, and, on the 1 2th in the morn- 
 ing, fent a fummons to have the fort and town fur- 
 rendered to him : but receiving no anfwer in the 
 time he propofed ; and finding the Morattoes, from 
 whom he had received no afiiftance, were trifling 
 with him, he weighed in the afternoon, and ftood 
 into the harbor in two divifions, parallel to each 
 other, the largeft covering the bomb-ketches and 
 fmaller veffels from the fire of the fort, in the fol- 
 lowing order. 
 
 His majefty's divifion. Company's Divifion. 
 
 King-fifher (loop. Revenge. 1 
 Bridgewater, 24 guns. Bombay grab.> frigates. 
 
 Tyger, - 60 Guardian. j 
 
 Kent, - - 70 Drake. } 
 
 Cumberland, 60 Warren. f , , 
 
 Salifbury, 50 Triumph. ( l 
 
 Protector, 7 Viper. j 
 Com.mip.J 4c 
 
 As foon as they had pafied the point of the pro- 
 montory they ftood into the river, and anchoring 
 
 along
 
 224 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 along the north fide of the fortifications at the dif- 
 tance of fifty yards, began to batter them with 150 
 pieces of cannon ; while the bomb-ketches plied 
 their mortars, and ftruck the enemy with terror and 
 aftonifliment. At four o'clock, a fliell was thrown 
 into the Reftoration, an armed ihip, which Angria 
 had taken from the company ; that Ihell fet her on 
 fire ; and as the whole fleet were fattened together 
 with her, they fhared the fame fate ; fo that in lefs 
 than an hour this fleet, which had been the terror 
 of the Malabar coaft for fifty years, was utterly de- 
 ftroyed. 
 
 ADMIRAL Watfon fufpected the enemy would 
 endeavour to let in the Morattoes ; which fuppofi- 
 tion was verified by a deferter, who gave informa- 
 tion, that Angria had fent orders to his brother, not 
 to fuffer theEnglifh to enter upon any account. 
 At half paft feven, the admiral landed all the troops 
 under the command of colonel Clive, who landed 
 in lefs than an hour to the eaftward of the fort ; 
 and to prevent the Morattoes from carrying their 
 fcherne into execution, took up his ground between 
 them and the fort. 
 
 AT day-light, on the I3th, the admiral ordered 
 the line of battle-fhips to warp clofe in, ready to 
 batter in breach, when the fignal mould be made, 
 and for that purpofe only to fire their lower tier. 
 He fent Sir William Hewet up the river, with fome 
 barges and pinnaces, in fearch of fome vefiels ; and 
 this lieutenant took pofiefiion of a fnow and a grab. 
 At one, the (hips warped within about a cable's 
 length of the foot of the walls, in three one-fourth 
 fathoms, and fired. The enemy returned a few 
 (hot, afid threw four Ihells : but at fifty -five minutes 
 paft one, a magazine in the fort blew up ; and, at 
 four minutes paft four, they threw out a fignal to 
 capitulate : on which the ftiips ceafed firing ; and 
 lieutenant King was fent to the fore with terms. 
 
 THE
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 225 
 
 THE admiral infilled that his troops fliould be 
 let in, and the enemy's colors hauled down ; which 
 they refufed -, but contented to hoiil the Britiih 
 colors, admit fix perfons to remain for the night, 
 and deliver up the place in the morning. 
 
 THE Ihips renewed their attack at five ; and fif- 
 teen minutes after the enemy hung out their flag 
 again ; when colonel Clive came on board the Kent, 
 attended by a perfon from the fort, with proper pro- 
 pofals, which were agreed to, and an officer fent on 
 ihore to take poficfllon of the fort, where the Britifh 
 colors were then hoifted ; and the captains Forbes 
 and Buchanan took poflefiion of it with fixty men. 
 
 COLONEL Clive had blockaded the fort with his 
 troops on more ; and by his pofition prevented the 
 Morattoes from getting pttti&ffion of the place in a 
 claadeftine manner. This was proved to be their 
 defign, by an offer they made to the captains 
 Buchanan and Forbes of 50,000 rupees, if they 
 would fuffer them to pafs their guard : but they 
 rejected the offer with indignation, and diiclofed it 
 to colonel Clive j afcer which the Morattoes found 
 it as impofiible to elude the vigilance of the com- 
 mander, as to corrupt the integrity of his officers. 
 
 THE next morning all the Britifli troops entered 
 the fort, and it was found, that notwithftanding 
 the cannonade had deftroyed molt of the artificial 
 works upon which they fired, the rock remained 
 a ftrong and almotl impregnable bulwark , fo that 
 if the enemy had been endowed with courage fuffi- 
 cient to have maintained the place to extremicy, it 
 could only have been taken by regular approaches 
 on the land fide. 
 
 THE lofs on both fides was inconfiderable , for 
 this conqueft did not coll the fquadron more 
 than nineteen men killed and wounded, and mod 
 of them were by an unlucky (hot on board the 
 Cumberland-, yet every (hip received at lead 
 
 VOL. II. Q^ twenty
 
 226 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 twenty or thirty (hot in her hull, mafts, or rigging. 
 However, the admiral faid, he ihould have been 
 able to proceed to lea again in twenty-four hours, 
 had there been a neceflicy for fo doing. The Eng- 
 lim found their fafety in their own bravery and 
 fpirit, and by driving the enemy from their works 
 with the brifknefs of their fire. The garrifon having 
 once abandoned their batteries, were fafe in the ex- 
 traordinary height and thicknels of their walls -, for 
 all their ramparts, not hewn out of the folid rock, 
 were built of mafly done, at lead ten feet in length, 
 laid edgeways ; fo that the greateft weight of metal 
 made no impreflion, and would never have effected 
 a breach : therefore, it is evident that the garrifon 
 was fubdued by the terror of fo unufual a fire. 
 
 THERE were found in the place 200 pieces of 
 cannon, and fix brafs mortars i with a great quan- 
 tity of ammunition, military and naval tfores of all 
 kinds ; befides money and effects to the value of 
 125,000!. which were divided among the captors, 
 without any relerve either for the nation or the 
 company. Angria's fieet was entirely deftroyed : 
 thefe were eight grabs and one fhip, with a great 
 number of gailivats ; as alfo two large (hips upon 
 the {locks, one of which was to carry forty guns. 
 
 ABOUT 2000 people were made priioners, among 
 whom were Angria's wife and two children ; his 
 mother, brother, and admiral, whom Mr. Watfon 
 treated with the utmoft clemency. When he en- 
 tered Angria's palace, the family appeared, making 
 a grand falam, or reverential bending of their 
 bodies, touching the floor with their faces, and 
 flreaming tears from their eyes ; which was a 
 moving fcene to all the fpeclators. The admiral 
 comforted the prifoners by many marks of tender- 
 nefs, and told them they were under his protection. 
 They made another falam, and Angria's mother 
 addrefled his conqueror in thefe terms: " The 
 
 people
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 227 
 
 people have no prince ; I have no Ton ; my daugh- 
 ter has no hufband ; nor thefe children any father." 
 The admiral anfwered, he would be their father : 
 upon which, the youngeft boy, about fix years of 
 age, feized the admiral's hand, and fobbing faid, 
 *' Then you (hall be my father." It overpowered 
 the heart of that gallant man, who fhed tears on 
 this occafion, and took the children with him to 
 bombay : but Angria, who was then thirty- five 
 years of age, remained with the Morattoes, and the 
 reft of his family continued under the protection of 
 the Englifh at Geriah. 
 
 THERE were fix Englimmen, two Scotchmen, 
 and three Dutchmen, found priibners in the fort, 
 who were happily releafed from flavery. While 
 the fleet were employed in taking the plunder on 
 board, the Morattoes fent detachments to fummon 
 feveral other forts, which furrendered without 
 making any refiftance : thus, in lefs than a month, 
 they got pofleffion of all the territories wrefted 
 from them by Angria's predeceflbrs, and of which 
 they had for feventy years defpaired of ever being 
 able to recover. 
 
 ADMIRAL Watfon left 300 of the company's 
 European troops, and as many iepoys, in garrifon 
 at Geriah ; he alfo itationed four of the company's 
 armed veflels in the harbor, for the defence of the 
 place, as it was judged to be very tenable, and ex- 
 tremely well fituated for the advantage of the com- 
 pany. In the beginning of April, the fleet returned 
 to Bombay, where the admiral repaired his fquadron: 
 He failed from thence on the 28th of April, and 
 arrived at Madrafs on the i2th of May , after 
 having totally annihilated the power of Angria on 
 the coaft of Malabar. 
 
 THE fuccefs of the Englifh on this coaft, was 
 
 greatly checkered with their lodes in other parts of 
 
 India. Frefh troubles arofe in Arcot between the 
 
 Q 2 Nabob
 
 228 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 Nabob and the fubordinate governors ; as alfo be- 
 tween the viceroy of the Deckan and the French j 
 while the Englim company were deprived of all 
 their fetdements on the coalt of Bengal. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 M. BUSSY is difmiJJ'ed tbe ferviee <?/ SALABATZING ; 
 be retires with the FRENCH troops from GOLCONDA -, 
 and fortifies himfelf at HYDRABAD. Salabatzing 
 applies to tbe prejidency of MADR Ass/0r f.JJi ftance -, 
 wbicb is granted ; but prevented by tbe unbappy 
 fituation of tbe ENGLISH affairs in BENGAL. 
 The ftate of affairs en tbe coajt of COROMANDEE, 
 in 1756. 
 
 SINCE the proclamation of the truce, M. Buffy 
 had been conftantly employed near the perfon 
 of Salabatzing ; fornetimes accompanying him in 
 expeditions in the field, at others refiding with him 
 at Gokonda, where he entirely influenced his 
 councils. In the expedition which they made to 
 Maifibre, they collected a large fum of money, 
 without committing any hoftilities ; for the Maiffo- 
 reans agreed to pay 5,200,000 rupees, or 650,000!. 
 fterling , befides confiderable preients to the princi- 
 pal officers, among whom M. BufTy had the greateft 
 ihare. 
 
 AFTER his return from this expedition, Salabat- 
 zing remained leveral months at Golconda ; and as 
 the French influence over him was never fo great in 
 z. time of trar.quility, as when he had occalion for 
 their iervice in the field, fome of the difcontented 
 lords of the court, who were attached to the de- 
 pofed minifter Seid Lefker Cawn, renewed their 
 intrigyes to diminifli the viceroy's affection for the 
 French ; and even the Duan Shanavas Cawn, 
 wearied by the perpetual reproaches of his country- 
 men
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 229 
 
 men for fupporting the intereft of thofe foreigners, 
 turned again and joined that party, by betraying. of 
 which he had obtained his pofr. 
 
 THEIR fcheme was deeply laid ; and to fecure 
 the fuccefs of it, they communicated it to Balaze- 
 row, the chief of the Morattoes, whom the frequent 
 defeats which he had received from M. BufTy, 
 rendered as defirous as themfelves of removing the 
 French troops from the fervice of Salabatzing. 
 
 M. Bufly was every day enlarging the valuable 
 and extenlive pofieflions which the French held in 
 the north; and it was apparent that the life he had 
 been endeavouring to make of his influence over 
 the viceroy, was to acquire the dominion of all the 
 Deckan. The French made exorbitant demands 
 of poflefiions from Salabatzing, and even required 
 to garrifon the fort of Golconda. Ballazerow re- 
 monftrated to Salabatzing, the danger and fhame 
 which the influence of a fmall body of Europeans, 
 thus arrogantly giving law to a great prince, mutt 
 bring on his character and government. He then 
 propofed, to march with their united forces againn: 
 the city of Savanore, the capital of one of the 
 Patan Nabobs, by whofe treachery Nazirzing and 
 Muzapherzing loft their lives. The fucceflbr of 
 that Nabob had refufed allegiance to Salabatzing, 
 and entered into a defenfive alliance with Morarovv, 
 whom Balazerow had regarded as a rebel ever fince 
 he affected to be independent of the Saha Rajah's 
 authority. 
 
 SALABATZING confented to this propofal of Ba- 
 lazerow ; and both their armies appeared in the 
 month of March before Savanore. This place is 
 lituated about 200 miles fouth of Golconda, and 
 thirty north-weft of Bifnagar : it was ftrongly for- 
 tified, and the garrifon was reinforced by Morarosv 
 with a great body of Morattoes. However, the 
 operations of M. Bufly foon reduced the Nabob and 
 Morarow to enter into a negociation, and both of 
 Q^ 3 them
 
 230 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 them made their fubmifiion j Morarow not only to 
 Salabatzing, but alfo to Balazerow. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY after this fuccefs, the difcontented 
 lords demanded of Salabatzing to difmifs the French 
 troops, and oblige them to retire to Mafulipatnam. 
 M. Bufiy faw the impoffibility of refifting the com- 
 bination formed againft him j and making a merit 
 of neceflity, pretended to be as defirous as his ene- 
 mies could wifh him of quitting a fervice fo full of 
 difcontent : but his defign was to fccure the pro- 
 vinces which Salabatzing had given the French. 
 He therefore took his leave of the Soubahdar, 
 without any marks of difgull, and marched away 
 with the troops under his command, which were 
 600 Europeans, with 5000 fepoys, and a fine train 
 of artillery. However, his enemies fufpected his 
 defign, and determined to cut off his troops on 
 their march. Orders w,ere fent to all the Polygars 
 to oppofe their paffage, and Balazerow detached 
 6000 Morattoes to harrafs them ; but they marched 
 with little lofs to Hydrabad, where they arrived on 
 the 1 4th of June. 
 
 M. Buffy took poffeffion of a garden which had 
 formerly belonged to the kings of Golconda, deter- 
 mining to keep his pod until he fliould receive 
 fome fuccors from Pondicherry and Mafulipatnam, 
 from which places he was to be joined by 500 men, 
 who were to be landed at Mafulipatnam, from 
 whence they could march to Hydrabad in fif- 
 teen days. 
 
 SALABATZING prepared to march and attack the 
 French in Hydrabad , and as a furer means of re- 
 ducing them, difpatched exprefles to the prefidency 
 of Madrafs, defiring they would immediately fend 
 a body of troops, to affift him in a fervice in which 
 their own intereft was fo nearly concerned. No- 
 thing could be more acceptable to the prefidency 
 than this invitation ; as they defpaired of flriking 
 at the French influence in the northern parts of the 
 
 Deckan,
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. zji 
 
 Deckan, on which the very exiftence of the Eng- 
 Jifh on the coaft of Coromandel feemed to depend. 
 They therefore with great alacrity aflured Salabat- 
 zing of their intentions to comply with his requeft, 
 and were on the point of ordering a detachment of 
 400 Europeans and 1500 fepoys to take the field : 
 but in the middle of July, they received letters 
 from Bengal, informing them of the greateft dan- 
 ger that had ever threatened the company's fettle- 
 inents in Indoftan ; to retrieve which from utter 
 perdition required nothing lefs than the exertion of 
 the utmoit force that could be fpared from the coaft 
 of Coromandel : but during the expedition againft 
 Angria, no material alterations happened in the 
 Englim and French affairs on that coaft. 
 
 THE detachment fent under the command of 
 major Kilpatrick, to afiift the Nabob in collecting 
 his revenues from the Polygars to the north of Ar- 
 cot, kept the field until the end of the year, with- 
 out committing hoftilities j for the Polygars fub- 
 mitted and paid their tribute to the Nabob, who 
 was anxious to draw the troops out of the countries 
 of thofe infignificant chiefs, to employ them againft 
 one of much greater confequence. This was Mor- 
 tiz Alice the Phoufdar of Velore, whofe great 
 riches, extenfive territory, and the vicinity of his 
 capital to Arcot, rendered him almoft as confider- 
 able in the province as the Nabob himfelf, who pre- 
 vailed on the prefidency of Madrafs to aflift htm in 
 the reduction ofVelore. Accordingly the detach- 
 ment on its return to Arcot, from the expedition 
 againft the Polygars, was reinforced with 200 Eu- 
 ropeans, feveral companies of fepoys, and two 
 eighteen-pounders : the whole now amounting to 
 500 men in battalion, and 1500 fepoys, who en- 
 camped on the 3<Dth of January 1756, within 
 cannon-fhot to the fouth ofVelore. 
 
 THE Phoufdar had early intelligence of their ap- 
 proach, and applied for afiitfance to M. de Leyrit,
 
 232 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 the governor of Pondichcrry, who wrote to the 
 prefidency of Madrafs, that he regarded their pro- 
 ceedings againft Velore, as a breach of the truce, 
 and fhould commence hoftilities if the En^Hfh 
 troops were not withdrawn ; and, as a proof of his 
 intention, he ordered 700 Europeans, with 2000 
 fepoys to take the field. 
 
 AT the fame time that Major Kilpatrick was 
 alarmed by the approach of fuch an enemy in the 
 rear, he found that Velore was too flrong to be re- 
 duced by the force under his command. Mortiz 
 Allee had alfo his anxieties , for next to the dread 
 of being vigoroufly attacked, nothing was fo terri- 
 ble to him as the neceflity of admitting a body of 
 French troops into his fort ; although, to amufe 
 the Englim, he publicly declared that he mould 
 not hefitate to take this ftep if they commenced 
 hoftilities : both fides having cogent reafons to 
 avoid them, a negociation was opened, and Ma- 
 homed Iflbuf was lent into the town to fettle the 
 terms. The Phoufdar agreed to pay 200,000 
 rupees, or 25,000!. fterling, on condition that he 
 fhould never be molefted either by the Nabob 
 or the company : but his propofal was rejected, 
 though the French troops were advanced as far as 
 Ami : upon which the Englifh returned to Arcor, 
 and the French marched back to Pondicherry. 
 
 WHEN the account came to Madrafs of the lofs 
 of Calcutta, and all the fubordinate factories in 
 Bengal, the neceffity of re-eftablifhing the fettle- 
 ments there fuperfeded every other confideration. 
 As the Englim were thus prevented from fupport- 
 ing Salabatzing in his meafures, he was obliged 
 to alter his refolutions ; and finding that M. Bufly 
 was joined by 500 Europeans, under M. Law, 
 he foon admitted the French into his fervice again. 
 The confequence was, that the French, in 1757, 
 took from the Englim the factories of Vizagapat- 
 nam, Bandermalanka, and Ingeram. 
 
 BOOK
 
 BOOK VIII. 
 
 'The State of Affairs in the Kingdom of BE N G AL, 
 in the Tears 1756 and 1757. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 A definition of BENGAL; with an account of CAL- 
 CUTTA and FORT WILLIAM, the ENGLISH pre- 
 fidency in that kingdom. The 'viceroy SURAJAD 
 DOWLA takes the field againft the Englifh, and 
 reduces their fort at COSSIMBUZAR : he bejieges and 
 takes Calcutta. His cruelty to the Englifh in 
 Fort William ; and the fufferings of the unhappy 
 perfons confined in the black-hole^ where only twenty- 
 three Survived out of 146. 
 
 I Have before obferved, that the Mogul empire 
 confifts of three grand divifions, of the Indoftan, 
 the Deckan, and Bengal : as alfo that the firft is go- 
 verned by the emperor himfelf, and the other two 
 by his viceroys, who apparently profefsan allegiance 
 to him, but really adb as independent fovereigns. 
 The Suba*, or viceroy of Bengal, had alfo the pro- 
 vinces of Bahar and Orixa annexed to his govern- 
 ment, and aded in every refpect as an abfolute 
 prince. 
 
 BENGAL is the moft eaftern province of the Mo- 
 gul's dominions, and is annually overflowed by 
 the Ganges, as Egypt is by the Nile. It lies upon 
 
 Or Soubah. 
 
 the
 
 234 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 the mouth of the Ganges, and is bounded by the 
 Provinces of Patna and Jefnat on the north-, the 
 kingdom of Aracan on the eaft ; the bay of Bengal 
 and the province of Orixa on the fouth ; and by 
 the provinces of Narvar and Malva on the welt j 
 extending about 400 miles in length from call to 
 weft, and 300 in breadth from north to fouth. 
 
 THE bay of Bengal is the largeft and deepefl in 
 the known world, extending from the fouth part 
 of Coromandel to the river Huegley* ; in which 
 fpaice it receives the great rivers Ganges and Guena 
 from the weft fide ; as alfo the Arakan and Menam- 
 kiori or Avat river from the eaft fide. But Ben- 
 gal, as a coaft, is fuppofed to extend only from 
 Cape Palmiras on the north coaft of Golconda, to 
 the entrance into the Ganges. That river rifes in 
 the mountains of Nigracut, part of Great Tartary, 
 receives many other rivers, and after a courfe of 
 3000 miles, falls into the Gulph of Bengal by fo 
 many mouths, that travellers are not agreed in the 
 nutmber of them : however, the common paffage 
 for European fhipping is up the river Huegley, one 
 of the moft weftern branches. 
 
 THE foreign and domeftic trade of Bengal are 
 very confiderable , as may appear from the great 
 number of Perfians, Abyfiinians, Arabs, Chinefe, 
 Guzarats, Malabarians, Turks, Moors, Jews, Geor- 
 gians, Armenians, and merchants from all parts of 
 Afia, who refort there. All the Chriftian nations 
 eftablifhed in the Eaft-Indies alfo fend their (hipping 
 to Bengal ; and it is with the merchandizes of this 
 country that they partly make their returns to Eu- 
 rope, befides what they export for their India 
 trade. The principal merchandizes at Bengal are 
 filks, cotton-cloths, pepper, rice, fak-petre, wood 
 
 Or Huguley. 
 
 for
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 235 
 
 for dying, terra merka, lacca, yellow and white 
 wax, indigo, camphor, aloes, and gum gutta. 
 
 THE places of the greateit commerce, and where 
 the Englifli, French, and Dutch have their beft 
 eitablifhments are, Calcutta, CofTimbuzar, Hueg- 
 ley, Pipley, and Balifore. The capital or the 
 viceroy is Muxadabad, which is large and popu- 
 lous : and Fort William, or Calcutta, is the prin- 
 cipal place belonging to the Englifh company in 
 Bengal ; of which I have given a particular account 
 in the firft volume. 
 
 THE capital .city of the kingdom of Bahar is 
 Patna, which lies in 85 degrees of eaft longitude, 
 and 26 of north latitude, upwards of 400 miles 
 from Calcutta. It extends feven miles in length 
 upon the banks of the Ganges, and is half a mile 
 broad ; fo that it contains many thoufands of inha- 
 bitants, and is a place of great trade for falt-petre 
 and opium. Mr. Robert Eyre was the Englifli 
 chief here j but the company withdrew their factory 
 in this city in 1750. It confifted of a chief, three 
 council, and two afliftants ; with a lieutenant and 
 forty Ibldiers under his command. It was thought 
 very ftrange that the company mould relinquifh 
 this factory, while they were able to tranfport the 
 commodities of Bahar fafely down the Gangrs, 
 fmce the deftruction of the Morattoes on the banks 
 of that river ; and more efpecially as the company 
 had great influence with the Nabob, who had then 
 no other European factory in his government. If 
 frauds were committed in that factory, they ought 
 to have been detected ; not the factory to be loft by 
 us, to give the French an opportunity of fucceeding 
 in the fettlement. Mr. Cole obtained a penfion ; 
 and Mr. Robert Eyre was difmifled the fervicej 
 though it appears by Mr. Eyre's addrefs to the 
 company in 1753, that he had fhewn they fuftered 
 a lois amounting to upwards of ioo } oool. by em- 
 bezzlements,
 
 632 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 bezzlements, falfe entries, and bad conduct at 
 Pacna. 
 
 ORIXA has fuch bad ports, that little trade is 
 carried on there. 
 
 THE richnefs and fertility of Bengal, with the 
 fafe and extenfive navigation of the Ganges, (hew 
 the importance of the fettlements within thefe limits -, 
 and have engaged the trading companies of the 
 maritime nations in Europe to eftablifh factories 
 upon the banks of the Ganges ; which will be bet- 
 ter feen by the following account of the villages on 
 each (here, fo far as they ferve to convey an idea 
 of the intereft of the Englifh company. 
 
 THE firft town on the river Huegley is Culculla, 
 a good market for coarfe cloth ; as alfo for corn, 
 oil, and other produce of the country. A little 
 higher is the Dutch Bankfliall, or place where 
 their (hips ride, when the currents prevent their 
 getting op the river. From Culculla and Juanpar- 
 doa, two large deep rivers run to the eaft ; and on 
 the weft fide there is another that runs by the back 
 of Huegley Ifland to Radnagor, famous for manu- 
 facturing cotton, cloth, and filk romaais or hand- 
 kerchiefs: and on the fame river is groxvn the 
 greateft quantity of fugar in Bengal. Ponjrlly, a 
 little market town for corn, (lands fomewhat higher 
 on the eaft bank of Huegley river, and exports 
 great quantities of rice : and about a league above 
 Ponjelly, was a pyramid, which ferved for a land- 
 mark or boundary of the Englifh Eaft-India com- 
 pany's fettlement of Calcutta, that is about a league 
 higher up. 
 
 AT this time Calcutta was a very flourifhing 
 place, and the prefidency of the Engiifh company 
 in Bengal. It was firuated on the moft wefterly 
 branch of the Lefier Ganges, in 87 degrees of eaft 
 longitude, and 22 45' of north latitude , i 30 miles 
 nonh-eaft of Balifore, and 40 fouth of Huegley. 
 
 The
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 237 
 
 The governor refided in Fort-William ; having fix 
 council, and other officers, as at Madrafs and Bom- 
 bay ; to whom all the other Englifh factories at 
 Huegley, Pipley, Dacca, and Balifore were fubor- 
 dinate. The town was large, fair, and populous ; 
 being inhabited by many private Englifh merchants, 
 and feveral rich Indian traders, who fupplied the 
 company with the commodities of the country. 
 The fort was ftrong, and had a garrifon of Euro- 
 ropeans and fepoys. The plan of it was an irregu- 
 lar tetragon, built with brick, and mortar called 
 puckah, made of brick-duft, lime, molafles, and 
 hemp, which becomes as hard and durable as ftone. 
 The governor's houfe was within the fort ; and was 
 a handfome, regular ftructure. There were alfo 
 convenient lodgings for the factors, ftorehoufes for 
 the company's goods, and magazines for their am- 
 munition. The company had alfo good gardens 
 and fifh-ponds j with an hofpital for the fkk. On 
 the other fide of the river there were docks for re- 
 pairing and careening the fliips -, near which the 
 .Armenians had a good garden. Ail religions were 
 tolerated here : the Pagans carried their idols in 
 proceflion ; the Mahommedans were not dilcoun- 
 tenanced ; and the Roman Catholics had a church. 
 About fifty yards from the fort was the Englilh 
 church, built by the contributions of the merchants 
 and feamen who came to trade there. The Eng- 
 Hfh had the Mogul's permifllon to fettle at Calcutta 
 in 1690-, and Mr. Job Channock, the company's 
 agent in Bengal, pitched upon that fpot, for the 
 fake of a large fhady grove which grew there : but 
 it was the worft place he could have marked outj 
 for three miles to the north-eaft there is a falt-lake, 
 which overflows in September ; and when the flood 
 retires in December, there is fuch a prodigious quan- 
 tity of fifli left behind, tha: they putrify and infect 
 the air. Befides the Gentoos worfhip the Ganges, 
 
 and
 
 238 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 and bring their fick people to its banks, to die 
 near it : they entirely burn the bodies of the rich - 9 
 but only disfigure thofe of the poor with the flames, 
 and throw them into the river, where they float in 
 great numbers, and are preyed on by the crows. 
 
 CALCUTTA was generally garriibned by 300 Eu- 
 ropeans, who were frequently employed in convey- 
 ing the company's veffels from Patna, loaded with 
 falt-petre, piece goods, opium, and raw fiik : for 
 as the company held the iettlement immediately of 
 the Mogul, they were under no apprehenfions of 
 being difpoffefied. Indeed, the Raja's, whofe go- 
 vernments extend along the Ganges, between Col- 
 limbuzar and Patna, had fometimes interrupted 
 that navigation, and endeavored by force of arms 
 to exad the payment of certain duties for all mer- 
 chandize that parTed on the coall : but their force 
 had been fupprefied, and no farther danger was 
 dreaded from them. 
 
 THE trade of Bengal fupplied rich cargoes for 
 fifty or fixty (hips yearly ; belides what was carried 
 in fmaller veflfels to the adjacent countries; and the 
 article of falt-petre only was become of fuch great 
 confequence to the European powers, that every 
 thing was attempted by the French and Dutch to 
 deprive the Engiifh of that advantage. For this 
 reafon it was greatly to be fufpefted that thefe rivals 
 in trade had fpirited up the new viceroy to extirpate 
 the Englifh factories within his dominions, under 
 various flight pretences, of being treated with dif- 
 refpeft by governor Drake ; of a right to certain 
 duties, which were refufed by the company j and 
 for giving protection to the Moors. 
 
 THE viceroy Alvedeikam died on the 4th of 
 May 1756, and was fucceeded by his nephew Sura- 
 jad Dowla*, who behaved in a very tyrannical 
 
 * The French call him Saradjot Dollah. 
 
 manner
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 239 
 
 manner to all perfons, and particularly to thofe 
 of distinction, whole effects were feized, and 
 the European nations forbid to afford them any 
 protection or retreat -, with which orders the French 
 and Dutch ftrictly complied : but the Englifh 
 incurred the refentment of the viceroy, by im- 
 prifoning a rich Indian at Calcutta, who had been 
 of great fervice to their company. His name was 
 Omychund, an eminent Gentoo merchant, who had 
 lived feveral years in the diftrict of Calcutta, under 
 the protection of the Engliili company, and was 
 now imprifoned by governor Drake. In 1747, rhe 
 Englifh were in fuch a bad fituation here, that they 
 had no money, and had ftretched the company's 
 credit as far as it would then bear : they had alfo a 
 large provifion of goods to make -, and that part of 
 the inveftment alone, to be provided at Calcutta, 
 exclufiveof the fubordinates, amounted to 2,400,000 
 rupees. The whole body of merchants declared, 
 they were incapable of furnifhing the Englifh with 
 any goods, unlefs the ready money was to be ad- 
 vanced : but what mod perplexed the factory was, 
 their orders from England, exprefsly forbidding 
 them to employ Omychund as a Dadney merchant. 
 Thefe orders arrived juft at this time, when he was 
 not only one of the company's principal creditors, 
 but was the only man that could be of any fervice 
 at that juncture, by his intereft and influence abroad. 
 However, Omychund was prevailed on to go to 
 the council, and tell them, that, though the com- 
 pany was angry with him, he was always ready to 
 lerve them, and was then willing to contract for 
 one-third of the whole inveftment j for which he 
 would be paid on delivery of the goods, or re- 
 ceive bonds bearing intereft, if they had no money 
 in the treafury ; which propofal created fuch an 
 envy and emulation among the other merchants, 
 that the Englifli happily accomplifhed the cargoes 
 
 of
 
 240 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 of four fhips. However, this wealthy Indian was 
 imprifoned at Calcutta, which gave the viceroy a 
 pretence of marching his army towards that place. 
 
 THE viceroy took the field, on the 3Oth of May 
 1756, with an army of 30,000 horfe ; 40,000 foot; 
 and 400 elephants. On the 2d of June, he detach- 
 ed 20,000 men to inveft the Englifh fort at Coflim- 
 buzar *, a large and mercantile town, fituated upon 
 an iQand formed by the weft branch of the Ganges, 
 two miles below Muxadabad, 60 welt from Dacca, 
 and 70 miles north of Huegley, which ftands about 
 100 miles up the mouth of the river. The Englifh, 
 French, and Dutch had factories here. The country 
 about it was very fertile, and the inhabitants re- 
 markably induftrious, being employed in many 
 ufeful manufactures. They generally furnim 22,000 
 bales of filk a year, each bale weighing joolb. 
 They have alfo taffeties, and the moft beautiful 
 cotton-cloths of the country. 
 
 THE Englilh fort was fmall, but regularly built ; 
 had 60 cannon mounted, and was garrifoned by 300 
 men, principally fepoys. The viceroy pretended 
 he had received many infults from governor Drake: 
 but he deferred attacking the fort, until he had 
 propofed a treaty of accommodation with Mr. 
 Watts, the chief of this factory, whom he fum- 
 moned to a conference in his pavilion, about a mile 
 and half from the town ; under a folemn affurance, 
 that he mould be no ways molefted. Mr. Watts 
 imprudently conferred, and fet out with his furgeon, 
 attended by four Peons : bur when they were about 
 mufket-mot from the fort, Mr. Watts was feized 
 by a party of the viceroy's troops, who manacled 
 him with the folds of a turban, and conducted him 
 in that manner before the viceroy. That imperious 
 
 * Or Caffimbuzzar. 
 
 prince
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 241 
 
 prince would hardly deign to look on him ; but 
 compelled him to fign a paper, acknowledging a 
 large debt to the viceroy j alter which, he ordered 
 theprifoner to fend for Mr. Collet and Mr. Jackfon, 
 two of the council. As foon as thole gentlemen 
 entered the tent of the viceroy, he fecured Mr, 
 fiatfon, and fent Mr. Collet back, that he might 
 prevail on the Englifh to furrender the factory at 
 difcretion ; the viceroy threatening death to his 
 two prifoners, whom he treated with the utmoft in- 
 dignity, and fent prifoners to Muxadabad. He alfo 
 terrified the garrifon by vowing deftrudion to them 
 all, if he took the fort by aflault. 
 
 THE furrender of the fort was warmly oppofed 
 by fome of the gentlemen in the company's fervice: 
 but the majority of the people prevailed, and the 
 fort was furrendered on the 4th, without oppofition ; 
 whereby the chief, three of the council, and four 
 writers*, with lieutenant Elliot, and 50 European 
 foldiers, were made prifoners. When the Moors 
 entered the fort, they feized on every thing, ill- 
 treated the people, ftript them almoft naked, and 
 fent them prifoners to Huegley, where they were 
 clofely confined, till they were removed to Muxa- 
 dabad. 
 
 THE reduction of this fort greatly furprized all 
 the Europeans fettled in India : but the country 
 people were in hopes that the Englifli would punifii 
 the viceroy, and deliver them from his , tyranny. 
 The viceroy was encouraged by this fuccefs, and 
 marched with all his force againft Calcutta, which 
 was inverted on the I5th. He peremptorily 
 threatened to drive all the Englifh out of his 
 dominions , yet wrote to governor Drake to ac- 
 commodate matters with him ; if the governor 
 would pay him his duty upon the trade for rilteen 
 years paft, defray the expence of his army, and 
 
 VOL. II. R deliver
 
 24-2 AVOYAGETO 
 
 deliver up the Indian merchants who were then in 
 
 the fort ; which the governor refufed. 
 
 THE viceroy attacked one of the redoubts at the 
 entrance of the town j but was repulfed with a 
 great (laughter of his troops. The Englifh had 
 two pafTes, with three guns mounted on each, and 
 guarded by fifty men. On the i6th, the vice- 
 roy attacked the other advanced pod, which kept a 
 conftant fire, and killed many of his troops. Not- 
 withftanding this oppofition, a third attempt was 
 made on the i8th, when the Englifh troops aban- 
 doned thofe pofts, and retreated to the fort. The 
 viceroy entered the town, and fuffered his troops to 
 plunder it for twenty-four hours. He then ordered 
 the fort to be attacked ; for which purpofe, he 
 threw up a fmall breaft work, and mounted two 
 twelve- pounders on it j from whence they fired two 
 or three times in an hour ; but never could have 
 made a breach. 
 
 THE governor afTembled a council of war, to 
 confider of the ftate of affairs, when the captain 
 of the train informed them, there was not ammu- 
 nition in the fort for three days : in confequence of 
 which report, the principal ladies were fent on board 
 the mips lying before the fort. There were eight 
 fhips then at anchor in the river ; and the ladies 
 were followed by the governor, who declared him- 
 felf a Quaker, and left the place to be defended by 
 Mr. Holwell, the fecond in council, who was de- 
 termined to defend the place to the laft extremity. 
 
 BESIDES the governor, there were four of the 
 council, and eight gentlemen in the company's fer- 
 vice -, four officers, and loofoldiers-, with 52 free 
 merchants, captains of (hips, and other gentlemen, 
 who efcaped on board the mips at Fulra, where 
 were alfo 59 of their ladies, and 33 of their children. 
 The whole number left in the fort were about 250 
 cfFecYive men, with Mr. Holwell, four captains, 
 
 fire
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 245 
 
 nve lieutenants, fix enfigns, and five ferjeants ; as 
 alfo fourteen fea captains, and 29 gentlemen of the 
 factory. 
 
 MR. Holwell held a council of war-, divided 
 three chefts of treafure among the difcontented 
 ioldiers, to whom he made large promifes for their 
 courage and fidelity ; fecured the keys of the gates 
 himfelf ; and gallantly flood the next morning to 
 the defence of the place. The attack was as brilk 
 as could be made by the Moors, who got pofiefiion 
 of the houfes round the fort, from whence they 
 galled the Englifh much, and drove them from the 
 baftions : but the Moors were feveral times diflodged 
 by the fire from the fort, which killed upwards of 
 12,000 men, with the lofs of only five Englilh 
 foldiers, the firft day. The attack was continued 
 until the 2oth in the afternoon, when many of the 
 garrifon were killed or wounded, and their ammu- 
 nition was almoft exhaufted ; upon which a flag of 
 truce was hung out from the fort. Mr. Holwelt 
 intended to make an honorable and fafe retreat oa 
 board the mips, while he demanded a capitulation 
 to amufe the enemy : but the (hips had fell down 
 feveral miles from the fort, without leaving even a 
 boat to facilitate Mr. Holweli's efcape. During 
 the parly from the walls, the back gate was betrayed 
 by the Dutch guard -, the Moors entered the fort in 
 a body, killed all thofe who firft prefented them- 
 felves, and made the reft prifoners. 
 
 THE viceroy and his troops were in pofleffion of 
 the fort before fix in the evening. Mr. Holweli 
 had three audiences of him, and the laft was in 
 durbar, or council, before feven ; \vhenthevicercy 
 repeated his affurances to him, on the word of a 
 foldier, that no harm fhould come to the Englilh : 
 but the moft unparalleled acts of inhumanity were 
 inflicted upon the unhappy prifoners, who were 
 threatened with momentary deftruction. 
 
 R 2 IT
 
 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 IT is believed, the viceroy's orders were onty 
 general, that the Engliih (houid be fecured for that 
 night : but what followed might be the refult of 
 revenge and reientment in the breads of the lower 
 clafs of jemmidaars, or officers of the rank offer- 
 jeants, who had many of their order killed during 
 the fiege. However, the viceroy was enraged nor 
 to find the treafure he expected in the fort, which 
 had been fecured on board the (hips. 
 
 As foon as it was dark, the Englifh prifoners, to 
 the number of 146, were directed by the jemmi- 
 daars who guarded them, to collect: themfelves into 
 one body, and fit down quietly under the arched 
 veranda, or piazza, to the weftward of the black- 
 hole prifon. Befides the guard over them, another 
 was placed at the fouth-end of this veranda, to pre- 
 vent the efcape of any of them. About 500 gun- 
 men, with lighted matches, were drawn up on the 
 parade , and foon after the factory was in flames to 
 the right and left of the prifoners, who had various 
 conjectures on this appearance. The fire advanced 
 with rapidity on both fides ; and it was the pre- 
 vailing opinion of the Englifh, that they were to 
 be fufrbcated between the two fires. On this they 
 foon came to a refolmion of ruflimg on the guard, 
 feizing their fcymitars, and attacking the troops 
 upon the parade, rather than be thus tamely roafted 
 to death : but Mr. Holwell advanced, and found 
 the Moors were only fearching for a place to con- 
 fine them in. At that time, Mr. Holwell might 
 have made his efcape, by the affirtance of Mr. 
 Leech, the company's fmith, who made his efcape 
 when the Moors entered the fort, and returned juft 
 as it was dark, to tell Mr. Holwell, he had pro- 
 vided a boat, and would infure his efcape, if he 
 would follow him through a paflage few were ac- 
 quainted with, and by which he then entered. This 
 inight eafily have been accomplimed, as the guard 
 
 took
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 245 
 
 rook little notice of it: but Mr. Hoi well told Mr. 
 JLeech, he was refolved to fhare the fate of the gen- 
 tlemen and the garrifon , to which Mr. Leech 
 gallantly replied, that ' then hr was refolved to 
 ftiare Mr. Holwdl's fate, and would .not leave him." 
 
 THE guard on die .parade advanced, and ordered 
 them all to rife and go into the barracks. Then, 
 with their muikets prefented, they ordered them to 
 go into the biack-hole prifon -, while others, with 
 clubs and fcymitars, prefied upon them fo ftrong, 
 i hat there was no refitting it , but, like one agitated 
 wave impelling another, they were obliged to give 
 way and enter , the reft following like a torrent. 
 Pew among them, the foldiers excepned, had the 
 lead idea of the dimenfions or nature of a place they 
 had never feen; for if .they had, they mould at all 
 events have ruflied upon the guard, and been cut 
 to pieces by their own choice, as the leiTer evil. 
 
 IT was about eight o'clock, when thefe 146 un- 
 happy perfons, exhaufted by continual aotion and 
 fatigue, were thus crammed together into a dun- 
 geon about eighteen feet fquare, in a clofe fultry 
 night in Bengal ; fhut up to the eaft and fouth, the 
 only quarters from whence air could reach them, 
 by dead walls ; and by a wall and door to the north ; 
 open only to the weft by two windows, ftrongly 
 barred with iron, from which chey could receive 
 fcarce any circulation of frefh air. 
 
 WHAT muft enfue, appeared to them in very 
 dreadful colors, the inftant they faw the fize and 
 fituation of the room. Many unfuccefsful attempts 
 were made to force the door - t for having only their 
 hands to work with, and the door opening inward, 
 all endeavors were vain and fruitlefs. They plainly 
 perceived, that death, attended with the moft hor- 
 rid train of circumftances, muft prove their inevita- 
 bk deftiny. 
 
 R Mr.
 
 246 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 Mr. HOLWELL advifed them to preferve a calm 
 mind, and quiet refignation to their fate; which 
 produced a fhort interval of peace : but that paufe 
 was not a little difturbed by the cries and groans ot 
 the many wounded. Mr. Holwell offered a Jem- 
 midaar two thoufand rupees, to get them feparated 
 half in one place, and half in another. The Moor 
 attempted it twice , but faid it could not be done 
 without the Soubah's order, who was afleep, and no 
 one dared awake him. 
 
 THEY had been but few minutes confined before 
 every one fell into a perfpi ration fo profufe, that no 
 idea can be formed of it. This brought on a 
 raging thirft, which increafed in proportion as the 
 body was drained of its moifture. Various expe- 
 dients were thought of to give more room and air. 
 Every man was ftripped, and every hat put in mo- 
 tion : they feveral times fat down on their hams ; 
 but at each time feveral of the poor creatures fell, 
 and were inftantly fuffbcated or trod to death. 
 
 BEFORE nine o'clock every man's thirft grew in- 
 tolerable, and refpiration difficult. Eflfjrts were 
 again made to force the door; but ftill in vain. 
 Many infults were ufed to the guards, to provoke 
 'ijjem to fire in upon the prifoners, who grew out- 
 ageous, and many delirious. * Water, water", 
 :>ecame the general cry. Some water was brought ; 
 out thefe fupplies, like fprinkling water on fire, 
 only ferved to raife and feed the flames. The con- 
 fufion became general, and horrid from the cries 
 md ravings for water ; and fome were trampled to 
 death. This fccne of mifery proved entertainment 
 to the brutal wretches without, who fupplied them 
 with water, that they might have the fatisfaftion of 
 feeing them fight for it, as they phrafed it ; and held 
 up lights to the bars, that they might lofe no part 
 of the inhuman divcrfion. 
 
 BEFORE
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 247 
 BEFORE eleven o'clock, mod of the gentlemen 
 were dead, and one third of the whole. Third grew 
 intolerable: but Mr. Holwell kept his mouth moid 
 by fucking the perfpiration out of his fhirt-fleeves, 
 and catching the drops as they fell, like heavy rain 
 from his head and face. By half an hour aiter 
 eleven, moft of the living were in an outrageous 
 delirium. They found that water heightened their 
 uneafmefTes i and " Air, air," was the general cry. 
 Every infult that could be devifed againft the guard j 
 all the opprobrious names that the viceroy and his 
 officers could be loaded with, were repeated, to pro- 
 voke the guard to fire upon them. Every man 
 had eager hopes of meeting the firft (hot. Then a 
 general prayer to Heaven, to haften the approach 
 of the flames to the right and left of them, and put 
 a period to their mifery. Some expired on others j 
 while a fleam arofe as well from the living as the 
 dead, which was very offenfive. 
 
 About two in the morning, they crouded fo much 
 to the windows, that many died {landing, unable 
 to fall by the throng and equal preflfure round. 
 When the day broke, the flench arifing from the 
 dead bodies was unfufferable. At that jundure, 
 the Soubah, who had received an account of the 
 havoc death had made among them, fent one of his 
 officers to enquire if the chief furvived. Mr. Hol- 
 well was fhewn to him ; and near fix an order came 
 for their releafe. 
 
 THUS they had remained in this infernal prifon 
 from eight at night until fix in the morning, when 
 the poor remains of 146 fouls, being only twenty 
 three, came out alive ; but moft of them in a high 
 putrid fever. The dead bodies were dragged out 
 of the hole by the foldiers, and thrown piomifcu- 
 oufly into the ditch of an unfinifhed ravelin, which 
 was afterwards filled with earth. 
 
 R 4 THOSE
 
 248 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 THOSE who furvived were Meffteurs Holwel?, 
 Court, Cooke, Lufhington, Moran, and Burdet ; 
 the captains Mills and Dickfon, and enfign Wal- 
 cott j Mrs. Carey, whofe hufband was a captain of 
 one of the fhips, whom fhe accompanied into the 
 prifon, where he died ; John Meadows, and twelve 
 military and militia blacks and whites. Among 
 the dead were Edward Eyre and William Baillie, 
 Efqs-, both of the council ; the reverend Jervas Bel- 
 lamy, and 21 gentlemen in the fervice ; three mi- 
 litary captains, five lieutenants, five enfigns, five 
 ferjeants, and 12 fea-captains , in all 54 gentlemen, 
 and 69 common men. Mr. Eyre was brother to- 
 the dean of Wells, and to Mr. Robert Eyre the 
 chief of Patna. Mr. Baillie was the fon of doctor 
 Baillie ; a Scotch gentleman, and late judge of the 
 vice-admiralty court in Ireland. 
 
 HISTORY has never furnifhed a faft fo full of 
 horror ; and no tyrant ever devifed a more tortur- 
 ing fcene of barbarity, not even Pha!aris. 
 
 MESSIEURS Holwel], Court, Burdet, and Wal- 
 cott, were ordered into the cuftody of an officer, 
 and the reft were immediately fet at liberty, except 
 Mrs. Carey, whofe youth and beauty caufed her 
 to be detained for the tyrant. The voluntary op- 
 pofition of Mr. Holwell incenfed the viceroy again ft 
 him ; and fuppofing that he would not have un- 
 dertaken a work of fupere rogation, attended with 
 fuch fatigues and danger, upon difinterefted prin- 
 ciples, he made no doubt that there were very great 
 rreafures in the fort, in which he was concerned as 
 a proprietor. It happened unfortunately, that Mr. 
 Holwell in the hurry and confufion of the fiege, 
 after the fort had been deferted by the governor, 
 forgot to fet Omychund at liberty. Jt never once 
 occurred to him, or he had certainly done it, be- 
 caufe he thought his imprifonment unjuft : bun 
 Omychund refented this neglect as an act of inju- 
 
 flice;
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 249 
 
 ftice ; and Mr. Holwell thought that the hard 
 treatment he met with, might be attributed to 
 Omychund's infmuations ; in which opinion he was 
 confirmed by the confinement of the three gentle- 
 men felefted to be his companions, who were all of 
 them perfons againft whom Omychund had con- 
 ceived a particular refentment. 
 
 Mr. HOLWELL was in a high fever, and unable 
 to ftand ; yet in that condition he was conducted 
 before the viceroy, who told him, he was well in- 
 formed of great treafures being buried or fecreted 
 in the fort , that Mr. Holwell was privy to it ; and 
 mud difcover it, if he expected favor. Mr. Hol- 
 well urged every thing he could to convince the 
 viceroy there was no truth in the information : but 
 he was ordered prifoner under Mhir Muddon, ge- 
 neral of the houftiold troops ; and, as fuch, was 
 conducted, together with Meflieurs Court, Walcot, 
 and Burdet to the camp, within the outward ditch, 
 near Omychund's garden, which was above three 
 miles from the fort. Mr. Holwell was threatened 
 to be (hot off from the mouth of a cannon ; and 
 among the guard that carried him from the viceroy, 
 one bore a large Morattoe battle -ax, which occa- 
 fioned a report that he was beheaded. They were 
 all loaded with fetters, though in a fever ; in which 
 condition they were conveyed to Muxadabad, to 
 wait the return of the viceroy. 
 
 THEY embarked in a Wollack, or large boat, 
 on the 24th, and were thirteen days in their paflage 
 to Muxadabad, which is about two hundred miles 
 up the river from Calcutta. Their provifion was 
 only rice and water ; and they had bamboos to lie 
 on , but as their fever was come to a crifis, their 
 bodies were covered with boils, which became run- 
 ning fores, expofed to excefiive heats and violent 
 rains, without any covering, or fcarce any deaths, 
 and the irons on their legs confumed the flelh al- 
 moft to the bone. 
 
 Mr.
 
 25 o A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 Mr. HOLWELL, as a prifoner of Hate, was 
 eftimated and valued to Bondo Sing Hazary, who 
 commanded the guard, at four lack of rupees, or 
 50,000!. iterling. 
 
 THEY arrived at the French factory, on the yth 
 of July in the morning, and were waited on by 
 Mr. Law the French chief, who generoufly fup- 
 plied them with cloaths, linen, provifions, liquors, 
 and money. About four in the afternoon, they 
 landed at Muxadabad, and were confined in an 
 open ftable, not far from the Soubah's palace. This 
 march drew tears of difdain and anguim of heart 
 from them : thus to be led like felons, a fpectacle 
 to the inhabitants of this populous city. They had 
 a guard of Moors placed on one fide, and a guard 
 of Gentoos on the other. The immenfe croud of 
 fpectators, who came from all quarters of the city 
 to fatisfy their curiofity, fo blocked them up from 
 morning until night, that they narrowly efcaped a fe- 
 cond iuffocation,the weather being exceflively fultry. 
 
 HERE they experienced every act of humanity 
 and friendfhip from Mefiieurs Law and Vernet, the 
 French and Dutch chiefs at Coflimbuzar, who left 
 no means uneffayed to procure their releafe. MelT. 
 Rofs and Elkftone, the Dutch chief and fecond at 
 Muxadabad, regularly fent them provifions, and 
 daily vifited them. The whole body of Armenian 
 merchants were moft kind and friendly to them. 
 Meflieurs Haftings and Chambers had obtained 
 their liberty by the French and Dutch chiefs be- 
 coming bail for their appearance: and this fecurity 
 was offered for Mr. Holwell, but without effeclr. 
 
 AFTER the taking of Calcutta, the Soubah called 
 it Allynagore, and left Rajah Monickchund, a 
 Gentoo, governor there, who expelled moft of the 
 Indian inhabitants, and obliged them to feek for 
 protection from the French and Dutch factories at 
 Chandenagore, and Chinfura. Mr. Boddom, the 
 
 Englilh
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 251 
 
 Englifli chief at Ballafore, with two other gentle- 
 men, and twenty-five military, quitted that factory 
 by order of governor Drake, and went on board 
 the mips at Fulta. The fame was done by Mr. 
 Amyatt, the chief at Jugdea, who came on board 
 with five other gentlemen, and twenty military. 
 But Mr. Beecher, the chief at Dacca, four of the 
 council, three gentlemen, and three ladies, with 
 twenty-four military, were made prifoners ; though 
 they were afterwards permitted to live in the French 
 factory, by whofe incercefiion they were fet at 
 liberty. 
 
 THE Soubah arrived at Muxadabad on the i ith 
 of July ; and in his way called at Huegley, where 
 he releafed Mr. Watts and the other gentlemen 
 confined there. On the i5th, he ordered Mr. Hoi- 
 well and his three companions to be conducted to 
 the Kella, or SoubaiVs palace, to have an audience, 
 and know their fate. They had no admittance that 
 day to the Soubah ; but they faw feveral of his 
 minifters, who had entered his court in the utmoft 
 pomp and magnificence, brought out difgraced, 
 in the cuftody of the guards. Mr. Holwell and 
 his companions obtained their releafe at the inter- 
 ceflion of Allyverdy Cawn Begum, the dowager 
 princefs, grandmother of the Soubah, who folli- 
 cited their liberty at a fe.ift the preceding night ; 
 and he promifed to releafe them on the next day, 
 when he called on them, as he went by to his pa- 
 lace of Mooteejeel. They made him the ufual 
 falamj and Mr. Holwell addrtrfled him in a fhort 
 fpeech, letting forth their fufrerings, and petitioned 
 for their liberty. He gave no aniwer ; but ordered 
 the guard immediately to cut ilheir irons off, and to 
 conduct them wherever they citafe to go, as alfo to 
 take care they received no tn mble or infult. As 
 foon as their legs were free, tAey took boat, and 
 proceeded to the Dutch mint nctfr the city, where 
 
 they
 
 252 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 they were received and entertained with real joy and 
 humanity. Mr. Holwell foon after embarked for 
 England ; and the Soubah was foon after punifhed 
 for his cruelty. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Admiral WATSON and colonel CLIVE fail with the 
 fquadron and troops from M ADR ASS to BENGAL. 
 They take the forts ^BUSBUDGIA, TANNA, and 
 HUEGLEY ; and retake CALCUTTA and FORT 
 WILLIAM from the SOUBAH in 1757. Colonel 
 Clive defeats tbe Soubah near Calcutta, and com- 
 pels him to fign a peace. Colonel Clive takes FORT 
 D'ORLEAN at CHANDENAGORE/^W/^ FRENCH. 
 The ENGLISH agree with JAFFEIR ALLEE CAWN 
 to depofe tbe Soubah, who is defeated and taken 
 prifoner by colonel Clive at PLASSEY ; after which 
 be is beheaded by Jafifeir AUee Cawn, who is placed 
 en the throne at MUXADABAD. His indemnifica- 
 tion to tbe Englifli for their lcfs t and bis rewards. 
 for their ajfiftance. The French take VIZAGAPAT- 
 N AM from the Englifh. Admiral Watfon dies at 
 Calcutta, and is Jucceeded in tbe command by vice- 
 admiral POCOCKE. Remarks. 
 
 IT was reported, that the Englilh company had 
 loft two millions fterling by the viceroy's re- 
 duction of Calcutta ; which made it neceffary for 
 the prefidency of Madrafs to relinquilh the agree- 
 ment with Salabatzing the Soubah of the Deckan, 
 and to fend all their force to oppofe Surajad Dowla 
 the Soubah of Bengal. Colonel Clive was accord- 
 ingly difpatched with 400 Europeans, and 1000 fe- 
 poys from Coromandel to Bengal. 
 
 ADMIRAL
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 253 
 
 ADMIRAL Watfon failed from Madrafs on the 
 i6th of O&ober 1756, with all his fquadron and 
 the troops on board ; accompanied by the Walpolc 
 and Marlborough Indiamen. They had a tedious 
 paflage -, and arrived at Ballafore road on the 5th of 
 December. The admiral crofled the braces on tbc 
 8th, proceeded up the river Huegley, and arrived 
 at Fulta on the i5th, where he found governor 
 Drake, and the gentlemen of the council, on board 
 the company's (hips. As the pilots would not take 
 charge of the (hips until the fprings were over, the 
 admiral could not proceed higher till the 2 8th, 
 when he failed with the Kent, Tyger, Salifbury, 
 Bridgewater, and KingVfiftier-floop : and the next 
 afternoon, the company's troops were landed under 
 the command of colonel Clive. 
 
 THE troops were to march and attack Bufbudgta 
 fort by land, while the fquadron was to attack it by 
 water. This fore belonged to the Soubah, and 
 was extremely well fituated for defence \) having a 
 wet ditch round it ; but badly provided with can- 
 non. The fquadron anchored before the fort, and 
 began to cannonade about eight in the morning o<i 
 the 3Oth ; and half an hour after the king's troops 
 were landed to fupport colonel Clive. The (hips 
 foon filenced the fort, which was fet on fire, and 
 abandoned. The garrifon and people efcaped ; 
 leaving eighteen guns, from twenty -four pounders 
 and downwards, and forty- two barrels of powder, 
 with ball in proportion. One of the company's 
 captains was killed, and four foldiers wounded. 
 
 ON the ifl of January 1757, the Kent and Tyger 
 anchored between Tanna fort and a battery oppo- 
 iite to it; both of which the enemy abandoned, as 
 the fhips approached. About forty guns, fome of 
 which were twenty-four pounders, and all mounted 
 on good carriages, with fome powder and ball were 
 found in this fort and battery , and the admiral 
 
 lefc
 
 254 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 left the Salifbury as a guard-fhip, to prevent the 
 enemy from regaining them. In the night, he fent 
 the boats, manned and armed, up the river, to 
 burn a fhip and fome veffels, faid to be filled with 
 combuftibles ; which was executed without oppo- 
 fition. Thus the Englifh had opened a pafiage to 
 the fort of Calcutta, the late fcene of the deplora- 
 ble fufferings of fo many of their unfortunate 
 countrymen. 
 
 EARLY the next morning, the company's troops 
 were landed, and marched to Calcutta ; while the 
 Ihips proceeded up the river, and drove the enemy 
 from fome batteries below the town. The Kent 
 and Tyger dill failed on, together with the twenty- 
 gun fhip and floop. The Englifh were animated 
 with revenge at the affecting fight of Fort William ; 
 and, at ten minutes paft ten, the Tyger and Kent 
 made fo warm a fire, that the enemy were foon drove 
 from their guns, and ran out of the fort, which 
 captain Coote, with the king's troops, and an 
 officer from the Kent, entered a little before eleven. 
 They found 9 1 guns of different fizes, four mor- 
 tars, and a confiderable quantity of all kinds of 
 ammunition. The mips fuffered very little in their 
 mafls, yards, and rigging: there were only nine 
 feamen and three foldiers killed ; with twenty-fix 
 feamen and five foldiers wounded. 
 
 AN expedition was then propofed againft Huegley, 
 which was fituated on the other fide of the river, 
 about fixty miles above Calcutta. It was a large 
 town, fubject to the Soubah, and chiefly inhabited by 
 Indians and Portugueze : but this was alfo the place 
 of rendezvous for all nations who traded to Bengal -, 
 its warehoufes and mops being always filled with the 
 richeft merchandize of the country , and the Dutch 
 had a factory there which was large and magnifi- 
 cent. This expedition was undertaken by the 
 twenty gun fhip and floop ; the boats of the fqua- 
 
 dron
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 255 
 
 dron manned and armed , aflifted by all the king's 
 troops, amounting to 170, the company's grena- 
 diers, and 200 fepoys, commanded by major Kil- 
 patrick. They failed on the 5th, under the com- 
 mand of captain Smith, of the Bridgewater -, and, 
 on the nth, the place was taken and deftroyed. 
 The Englifh took twenty guns, and a great quan- 
 tity of ammunition. As the city was deftroyed, 
 together with the granaries and ftorehoufes of fait 
 fituated on the banks of each fide the river, it was 
 of great prejudice to the viceroy, as they contained 
 a ftore for the fubfiftence of his army, while in that 
 part of the country. 
 
 THUS the Englifh became matters of the ftrong- 
 eft places of trade in Bengal i and their fu( cefTes in- 
 flamed the Soubah more than ever, who found that 
 Indian forts could not refift Englifh valor. He 
 therefore marched with an army of 10,000 horfe, 
 and 15,000 foot; with which he intended nothing 
 lefs than the total expulfion of the Englifh out of 
 Bengal. His army was feen marching by the Englilh 
 camp, on the 2d of February, about a mile dif- 
 tance towards Calcutta, where they encamped. 
 
 COLON E L Clive had only 400 Europeans, and 1 600 
 fepoys: but, on the i5th, he was reinforced by a 
 detachment of failors; 180 from the Kent, 173 
 from the Tyger, 1 20 from the Salifbury, 29 from 
 the Bridgewater. 37 from the Sloop, and 30 from 
 the Indiamen-, in all 569, commanded by captain 
 Warwick. The whole bjdy was to force and drive 
 the viceroy out of his camp ; and began to march 
 at three in the morning, with the failors attend- 
 ing the train, which confided of fix field pieces, 
 and one haubitzer. The king's troops and com- 
 pany's grenadiers were in the front, the battalion 
 next, then the train, and the fepoys in the rear. 
 About five, the troops in the van entered the Sou- 
 bah's camp, when they were charged by the 
 
 Moorifii
 
 256 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 Moorifli horle i and by the time the rear -guard 
 were entered, che engagement became general from 
 hedges and bufhes. The Englifh played their ar- 
 tillery, defending the right and left of their army 
 all the way through the camp, and driving the 
 enemy before them with great rapidity, till they 
 lodged themfelves in a tope, behind fome hedges. 
 From thence the Soubah detached a large body of 
 horfe, with two cannon, to the crofs road of the 
 Bungk); but colonel dive foon diflodged them, 
 and marched into the fort. In this action the 
 viceroy had 1300 men killed and wounded, and 
 2 1 of the former were officers : he had 500 horfes 
 killed, as alfo 300 draught bullocks, and four ele- 
 phants. The Englilh had two captains of the com- 
 pany's troops, 17 private foldiers, 12 feamen, and 
 jofepoys killed; with 15 feamen, and 50 foldiers 
 and fepoys wounded -, but lieutenant Lutwidge of 
 the Salifbury, was mortally wounded. 
 
 THIS attack was not attended with the defired 
 fuccefs : yet it was fufficient to make the Sou- 
 bah very follicitous to accelerate a peace, which 
 was concluded on the 9th of February, and con- 
 Cfted of the feven following articles : 
 
 I. THAT whatever rights and privileges the king 
 had granted the company, mould not be dif- 
 puted , and the immunities therein mentioned 
 fliould be confirmed. 
 
 II. THAT all goods palling and repaying through 
 the country, by land or water, with Englifh 
 orders, fliould be exempt from any tax, fee, 
 or impofition. 
 
 III. THAT all the company's factories feized by 
 the Soubah mould be returned : and all mo- 
 nies, goods, and effects be reftored, or ac- 
 counted for. 
 
 IV. THAT
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. e 55 
 
 IV. That the Englifli mould have permifilon to 
 fortify Calcutta, as they thought proper. 
 
 V. THAT they ftiould have liberty to coin their 
 own imports of bullion and gold. 
 
 VI. THAT the viceroy, and his principal officers 
 and miniilers, mould ratify this treaty by 
 fjgning and fealing, and fwearing to abide by 
 the articles therein contained. 
 
 VII. That admiral Charles Watfon and colonel 
 Robert Clive, on the part and behalf of the 
 Englifh nation and of the company, agreed to 
 live in a good underflanding with the Soubah, 
 to put an end to thefe troubles, and be in 
 friendfhip with him while heobferved and per- 
 formed thefe articles. 
 
 BUT the Soubah required, that the governor and 
 council mould alfo fign them with the company's 
 feal, and fwear to the performance on their part. 
 The articles were equally honorable and advantage- 
 ous to the company, with refpect to their pofieffions 
 and privileges granted by the Mogul, the freedom 
 of trade, and the indemnification of all lories fuf- 
 tained. The treaty was ratified on oath; but no 
 confidence could be placed in the Soubah, even 
 under that folemnity, after the perfidy he had lately 
 fliewn. He foon dilregarded the treaty, and re- 
 newed his preparations for war ; while the Britifli 
 commanders were convinced of the infmcerity of 
 the French, who had inftigated the Soubah to 
 opprefs the Englifh ; and therefore they undertook 
 the reduction of the French factory at Chandena- 
 gore *, which is about a league below Huegley, 
 
 * Or Chandernagore. 
 
 VOL. II. . S and
 
 5 * AVOYAGE TO 
 
 and where the French had their prefidency of Fort 
 d'Orlean. 
 
 COLONEL Clive was joined by 300 troops from 
 Bombay, which increased his army to 700 Euro- 
 peans and 1600 fepoys. He marched with this 
 force, on the i2th of March, from Calcutta to 
 Chandenagore, which he in veiled, and took pof- 
 feflion of all the out-pods, except one redoubt, 
 fituated between the river fide and the fort walls, 
 wherein were mounted eight cannon of twenty-four 
 pounders, four of which pointed down the river. 
 Admiral Watfon ordered the twenty gun ftiip and 
 (loop up the river, to cover the boats attending on 
 the camp ; and followed them, on the i5th, with 
 the Kent, Tyger, and Salifbury ; which anchored 
 on the 1 8th, about two miles below Chandenagore, 
 where they met with fome delay until the 24th. 
 
 THE French had done every thing in their power 
 to obdruct the paflage of the D.Ailh mips, by fink- 
 ing two mips, a ketch, hulk, and fnow, as alfo a 
 vefTel without mads, within gun-fhot of the fort ; 
 and laying two bombs, moored with chains, acrofs 
 the river : but the bombs were cut adrift by the 
 Englilh, whofe pilots found out a proper channel 
 to pafs through, without weighing any of the vefiels. 
 Before this was fufficiently known, admiral Pococke 
 came up in his boat, and hoifted his flag on board 
 the Tyger. 
 
 THE mips weighed on the 24th, and failed up at 
 fix in the morning : the Tyger led, the Kent was 
 in the center, and the Salifbury in the rear. The 
 French began to fire from the redoubt, which was 
 abandoned as foon as the leading fhip got a- bread 
 of it. The (hips were placed at three quarters after 
 fix, when the fignal was made for engaging, which 
 continued very brifk on both fides until a quarter 
 pad nine. The land forces alfo kept a good and 
 condant fire the whole time, from two batteries of 
 
 four
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 257 
 
 four and two guns, they had raifed near the fort. 
 The French then waved a flag of truce over their 
 walls, and defined to capitulate. 
 
 THE articles of capitulation were foon fettled, 
 and were nine in all , whereby it was agreed ; 
 
 " THAT the deferters were to be abfolutely 
 given up : 
 
 THAT all the officers of the garrifon were to be 
 prifoners on their parole of honor , with liberty to 
 carry their effects where they pleated, on promifing 
 they would not ierve againtt his Britannic majefty 
 during the prefent war : 
 
 THAT the foldiers of the garrifon fhould be pri- 
 foners of war, fo long as the war continued j and 
 when peace was made, they fliould be fent to 
 Madrafs or to England : 
 
 THAT the fepoys were not to be prifoners, and 
 fhould have leave to return on the coaft in their 
 country : 
 
 THAT no Europeans (hould refide at Chandena- 
 gore j but the French jefuits might go wherever 
 they pleated, with all the ornaments of their church: 
 
 THAT the admiral would do juftice to the inha- 
 bitants, concerning their houfes and eftates ; but as 
 to the French factories of Coflimbuzar, Dacca, 
 Patna, Jeuda, and Ballafore, they were to be fet- 
 tled between the Soubah and the admiral : 
 
 THAT the directors, councellors, and thofe em- 
 ployed under them, had leave to go where they 
 pleafed, with their cloaths and linen. 
 
 THESE articles were figned by Meffieurs Lapor- 
 tiere, Nicolas, Sugues, Renault, Fournier, and 
 Cailloti after which admiral Watibn fent captain 
 Latham afhore, to receive the keys, and take pof* 
 feflion of the fort, into which colonel Clive march- 
 ed with the king's rroops about five in the afternoon. 
 This was a great lots to the French, who had in the 
 fort 183 pieces of cannon, from twenty-four poun- 
 S 2 den
 
 258 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 ders downwards ; three fmall mortars, and a great 
 quantity of ammunition. Befides the mips and vef- 
 fels funk below, to ftop up the channel, they funk 
 and run afhore five large fhips above the fort ; and 
 the Englifh took four floops and a fnow. The 
 French had 500 Europeans, and 700 fepoys, in the 
 fort ; of which 40 were killed, and 74 wounded. 
 The Englifh had 32 men killed, and 99 wounded : 
 among the former were Mr. Samuel Perreau and 
 Mr. Rawlins Hay, firft and third lieutenants of the 
 Kent; and the matter of the Tyger : among the 
 wounded were admiral Pococke, (lightly hurt ; and 
 captain Speke and his fon, by the fame ball j the 
 latter had his leg (hot off, and died foon after : the 
 greateft part of the wounded fuffered much, being 
 hurt chiefly by cannon-mot, and many of them 
 died. 
 
 THUS the Englifh forces reduced four forts, and 
 eftablifhed the military character of their country 
 in Afia. All their operations were concerted with 
 judgment, and executed with fpirit. The viceroy 
 was humbled, and the French were difmayed : but 
 though the power of the French company was 
 broke, great danger was ftill to be apprehended 
 from the perfidy and refentment of the Soubah, who 
 was averfe to comply with the flipulations he had 
 made. His violent and tyrannic fpirit had difcon- 
 tented his own courtiers, particularly Jaffeir Alice 
 Cawn, who was one of his principal generals, and 
 held feveral other confiderable employments. The 
 great reludance which the viceroy fliewed to com- 
 ply with the articles of the peace, occafioned many 
 letters to pafs between him and admiral Watfon. 
 In moil of them, the former never failed to be 
 very liberal in his promifes , but this was all that 
 could be obtained from him. Thefe delays, after 
 the final execution of the peace, were in effecl: the 
 fame to the commerce of the kingdom, as if none 
 
 had
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 259 
 
 had been concluded : and the leading men at the 
 court of Muxadabad, knowing the faithlefs difpo- 
 fhion of their prince, and perceiving no probability 
 of an eftablifticd peace in their country, began to 
 murmur, and entered into a confpiracy to diveft 
 him of the government. 
 
 THIS confpiracy was headed by Jaffier Alice 
 Cawn, who communicated it to Mr. Watts, the 
 fecond in council at Calcutta ; and intrcated their 
 afiiftance. The committee debated on this impor- 
 tant affair with due attention and circumfpe&ion ; 
 when it appeared, that the Soubah was fo far from 
 complying with the articles of the peace he had 
 folemnly fworn to obferve, that he would not per- 
 mit the Englim to put a garrifon into Coflimbuzar ; 
 and had given ftrid orders not to fuffer even a pound 
 of powder and ball to pafs up the river. It farther 
 appeared, that the Soubah had given the Itrongeft 
 invitations to M. BufTy, while he commanded in 
 Golconda, to join him with all the troops he could 
 bring. Thefe meafures of the Soubah gave the 
 Englim council very little reafon to believe he had 
 any intention to continue even on peaceable terms 
 with them longer than he thought himfelf unable 
 to engage in a war againft them : it was therefore 
 judged moil advifeable to join Jaffier Alice Cawn 
 with their troops ; as fuch a ilep feemed the moft 
 effectual way of eftabli filing a peace in the country, 
 and fettling the Englim on a good and permanent 
 foundation. 
 
 FOR this purpofe a treaty was entered into with 
 Jaffier Allee Cawn, who therein ftyled himfelf, 
 " Meer Mahmud Jaffier Cawn Bahadar, the flave 
 of Allum Geer, Mogul," and admiral Watfon, 
 colonel Clive, governor Drake, Mr. Watts and the 
 committee. It confifted of twelve articles, and was 
 dated, " the i5th of the moon Ramazan, in the 
 4th year of the prefent reign." 
 
 S 3 By
 
 *6o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 BY this treaty, " Jaffier Alice Cawn agreed to, and 
 admitted of, the agreement and treaty made with the 
 Soubah Surajah Dowla : that the enemies of the 
 Englim mould be his enemies, whether Europeans 
 or others , that whatever goods and factories be- 
 longed to the French in Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa, 
 Ihould be delivered to the Englim -, and the French 
 never permitted to have factories or fettlements any 
 more in thefe provinces : 
 
 " THAT to indemnify the company for their 
 lofies, by the capture of Calcutta, and the charges 
 they had been at to repofifefs their factories, he 
 would give one hundred Crore * of rupees, or 
 1,250,000!. fterling: that to indemnify the Eng- 
 lim inhabitants, who fuffered by the capture of Cal- 
 cutta, he would give fifty lack of rupees, or 
 625,000 1. fterling : that to indemnify the lofies fuf- 
 fered by Gentoos, Moormen and others, he would 
 give twenty lack of rupees, or 250,000!. fterling: 
 and that to the inhabitants, the Armenian Pcots of 
 Calcutta, who fuffered by the capture, he would 
 give feven lack of rupees, or 87,500!. fterling: 
 the divifion of all thefe donations were to be left 
 to the admiral, the colonel, and committee. 
 
 " THAT he would give up entirely to the com- 
 pany the Morattoe ditch all round Calcutta, and 
 600 yards all round about the ditch : 
 
 " THAT the lands to the fouthward of Calcutta, 
 as low as Culpee, mould be under the government 
 of the Englifh company , but the rents mould be 
 paid into the Mogul's treafury : 
 
 " THAT whenever Alice Cawn fent for the affift- 
 ance of the Englim troops, their pay and charges 
 Ihould be disburfed by him : 
 
 ' THAT from Huegley downwards he would 
 build no new forts near the river. 
 
 " And that, as foon as he was eftablifhed Sou- 
 
 * One Crore is 100 lack, and one lack is about 12,500!. 
 fterling. 
 
 bah
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 261 
 
 bah of the three provinces, he would immediately 
 perform thefe articles ; 
 
 " To which he fubfcribed a note, in his own 
 hand-writing, to the following purpofe ; 
 
 " IN the prefence of God and his prophet, I 
 fwear to abide by the terms of this argeement, while 
 I have life." 
 
 SOME other principal men were united in this 
 confederacy, who agreed, that Jaffier Alice Cawn 
 fhould fucceed to the Soubahfhip, as he was a man 
 of the firft quality, and held in great efteem by all 
 ranks of people. 
 
 THE Eng;lim troops took the field under the 
 command of colonel Clive, who marched, on the 
 1 3th of June, from Chandenagore towards Coflim- 
 buzar ; while the admiral took care to garrifon the 
 former place with his feamen. He alfo ordered the 
 20 gun (hip to anchor above Huegley, and keep 
 the communication open with the colonel ; whom 
 he farther affifted with a lieutenant, feven mid- 
 fhipmen, and 50 feamen, to ferve as gunners in the 
 expedition. 
 
 ON the i pth colonel Clive took the fort and 
 town of Cutwa, fituated on the weft .fide the river, 
 that forms the ifland of Coffimbuzar, on which 
 Muxadabad is feated. The army remained there, 
 for intelligence from Jaffier Allee Cawn, until the 
 22d, when they crofled the river, and were met 
 the next day by the Soubah, at the head of a nu- 
 merous army, near Plafiey, where colonel Clive 
 obtained a complete victory. 
 
 THE Soubah had 20,000 men in the field, ex- 
 clufive of thofe who favoured the confpirators : he 
 was alfo joined by 50 French troops who worked 
 his artillery : but too confiderable bodies com- 
 manded by Jaffier Allee Cawn, and Roy Dulub, 
 were drawn too far from the line to aft againft the 
 Englilh. The Soubah marched out of his encamp- 
 S 4 ment
 
 262 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 ment at eight in the morning, to furround the 
 Englifh, who were drawn up near a grove by the ri- 
 ver, where his own hunting-houfe fecured their 
 ammunition : but colonel Clive put his army to 
 flight, and took pofTefiion of his camp, with up- 
 wards of fifty cannon and all his baggage. The 
 number killed among the Soubah's troops were 
 few, as they only flood a cannonading. The Englifh 
 had 1 9 Europeans and 30 fepoys killed and wound- 
 ed. The Soubah fled with the few who continued 
 faithful to him, among whom where Montol, his 
 prime minifter , and Monickchund, his late gover- 
 nor of Calcutta. 
 
 THE victorious colonel Clive entered Muxada- 
 bad in a triumphal manner, and placed Jaffier 
 Allee Cawn upon the throne, who had the ufual 
 homage paid him by all ranks of people, as Sou- 
 bah of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar, and Orixa. 
 He entered his capital on the 26th, and was inau- 
 gurated on the 3Oth : but the fame day as this dig- 
 nity was conferred on him, his rival Surajah Dowla 
 was taken prifoner, and privately put to death, in the 
 25th year of his age, by the new Soubah's fon and his 
 party. 
 
 MR. LAW, the French chief at Coffimbuzar, had 
 collected near 200 European troops, and was com- 
 ing to the afiiftance of Surajah Dowla, a little time 
 before he was taken prifoner : but Mr. Law ad- 
 vanced no farther when he heard what was done. 
 The tyranny which the late Soubah exercifed upon 
 his own fubjedts made his life odious ; and the bar- 
 barity which he committed on the Englifh at Cal- 
 cutta made his death as much unpitied, as that ad: 
 was execrated. 
 
 THUS, in about a fortnight, an entire revolution 
 was accomplifhed in a great and populous ftate, 
 whereby the French were entirely driven out of 
 Bengal and all its dependencies ; and more folid 
 profit was reaped by the Englifh Eaft-India com- 
 pany,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 263 
 
 pany, with few men, and a fhort campaign, than 
 has been done by crowned heads, and powerful 
 armies, in thofe bloody wars which have almoft 
 drained the veins of Europe to the laft ebb. It 
 is amazing, that the government of a vaft king- 
 dom, as extenfive as moft in Europe, equal to any 
 in the fertility of its foil, fuperior to many in the 
 richnefs of its commerce, and inferior to few in the 
 number of its inhabitants, mould be fo fuddenly 
 transferred by fuch a handful of troops, who in 
 Europe are undeferving the name of an army : but 
 the victors were Engliflimen, and their leader was 
 Clive, who feems to have been born a general ! If a 
 Juftin or a Curtius had been living in our times, what 
 would they have faid, to find the glory of Alexan- 
 der the Great outrivalled by a Brhifh fubject? 
 Alexander invaded India with an army of 120,000 
 horfe and foot : but the places he took, and the 
 conquefts he made, were attended with no difficulty. 
 Porus fell into his hands, and he reftored him to 
 his kingdom. A private fubjed of Great Britain 
 has done an act equally as brave and great : his 
 few foldiers would have followed him to the utmoft 
 limits of the globe j yet Alexander could not pre- 
 vail upon his numerous army to pafs the Ganges, 
 and attack Aggamenes. 
 
 THE new Soubah, among other acts of gratitude 
 fhewn to his brave allies, made a noble prcfent to 
 the Englim troops and failors, by whofe valor he 
 had acquired his dignity. He gave them fixty lack 
 of rupees, or 750,000!. fteriing; and the fums fti- 
 pulated by the treaty for other fervices amounted to 
 1,875,000!. fterling for the Englim company and in- 
 habitants i befides 337,500!. for the other inhabi- 
 tants of Calcutta : fo that the amount of the whole 
 was 2,962,500!. 
 
 THE treafury of the depofed Soubah was found 
 very fhort of expectation : however, colonel Clive 
 
 fent
 
 264 A VOYAGETO 
 
 fent down to Calcutta one third of the fum (lipu- 
 lated in the agreement, which was 737,500!. and 
 as much more was Toon to follow as would make it 
 up half. The other half was to be paid in three 
 years, at three annual and equal payments. 
 
 THE joy among the Britilh forces for thefe fuc- 
 cefies in Bengal, was fomewhat damped on the ar- 
 rival of the Marlborough Indiaman at Calcutta 
 from Vizagapatnam on the coall of Coromandel, 
 with an account of the French fuccefles in thole parts. 
 
 WHEN Salabatzing found he could procure no 
 afliftance from the Englifh, he found it necefiary to 
 accommodate his differences with che French, and 
 re-admit them into his fervice. M. BufTy was rein- 
 forced by 500 Europeans under Mr. Law, and un- 
 dertook to reduce the Englilh factories of Ingeram, 
 Bandermalanka, and Vizagapatnam. This having 
 been forefeen, the greateft part of the company's 
 effects were (hipped off from the two former places, 
 upon the firft alarm of hoftilities : but it was ex- 
 pected that the laft would make fome defence, as it 
 was garrifoned by 140 Europeans, and 420 fepoys. 
 
 M. Bussv inverted Vizagapatnam with 850 Eu- 
 ropeans, 6000 fepoys, and 4000 pikemen, with 30 
 pieces of cannon i which foon obliged the place to 
 furrender by capitulation, whereby it was agreed ; 
 
 " THAT the place, with its fortifications, artil- 
 lery, marine and military (lores, arms, and other 
 (lores, (hould be delivered up to the French com- 
 pany ; as alfo all that mould be found in the diffe- 
 rent magazines belonging to the Englifh company : 
 
 " THAT the chief, the council, and all thofe 
 employed in the Englifti company's fervice, the of- 
 ficers and all others both civil and military, (hould 
 be prifoners of war on their parole : 
 
 " THAT all the foldiers, failors, and other Eu- 
 ropeans, (hould be prifoners as long as the war mould 
 continue between the king of France and the king 
 
 of
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 265 
 
 of England, or until they fhould be exchanged." 
 Be fides, the capture of this place gave the French 
 the entire pofieffion of the coaft from Ganjatn to 
 Maflulipatnam. 
 
 AFFAIRS were not more fuccefsful in the fouthera 
 provinces, where the rebel Polygars had united 
 their troops againft Mauphus Cawn, who obtained 
 a complete victory over them near Tinevelly, 
 killed 2000 colleries, and took 300 horfe, with 
 fome elephants ; befides all their baggage and ar- 
 tillery. After this victory, Mauphus Cawn pre- 
 vailed upon the Englifh fepoys to quit Madura, 
 and then feized upon that part of his brother's do- 
 minions as an ufurper. 
 
 BUT all the Engliih in thofe eaftern parts were 
 greatly more concerned for the fudden and unex- 
 pected death of admiral Watfon, who loft his life 
 by a fever in that country where he had eftablifhed 
 an immortal reputation. He died on the i6th of 
 Auguft 1757, and was buried the next day in the 
 church of Calcutta. His corpfe was attended to the 
 grave, by all the principal inhabitants of the place, 
 who intended to erect a handfome monument to his 
 memory. He was created vice-admiral of the red 
 before an account of his death arrived in England ; 
 and a very elegant monument was erected to his 
 memory in "Weftminfter- Abbey. 
 
 COLONEL Clive happily efcaped the dangers of 
 war, and the intemperance of the climate, to enjoy 
 in his native country the honor he had atchieved, 
 and the fortune he had acquired, by his heroic and 
 unparalleled acts. He commanded in Bengal in 
 1758, when he fent two-thirds of his force for the 
 fecurity of Madrafs ; from thence he returned to 
 England, where he was created a peer of Ireland, 
 and made a knight of the bath. 
 
 VICE admiral Pococke fucceeded admiral Wat- 
 fon in the command : he was joined in October 
 
 1757
 
 2 66 A VOYAGE TO 
 1757 by commodore Stevens; and was feveral 
 times victorious over the French in thofe feas -, 
 after which he returned full of glory to England, 
 where he received thofe honors due to his diitin- 
 guiflied merit. 
 
 BUT we mall find, that the new Soubah was de- 
 pofed, in November 1760, for his bad adminiftra- 
 tion of government; and that his fon-in-law Mir 
 Mahmud Coffim Alice Cawn fucceeded to the 
 throne of Bengal. This great event was princi- 
 pally brought about by the addrefs of Mr. Van- 
 fittart, the prefident at Calcutta ; and as the princi- 
 pal inhabitants of the country concurred therein, no 
 blood was med. The new Soubah confirmed all 
 the company's privileges, and granted many valu- 
 able new ones, with the addition of a confiderable 
 fum of money : but even this Soubah was after- 
 wards depofed by thofe who placed him on the 
 throne, and Jaffier Allee Cawn was reftored. 
 
 ALL this mews, that the Britifh power is now 
 more regarded than ever in the Eaft-Indies, where 
 many fenfible people think we ought to have a mi- 
 litary government ; for the natives would pay no 
 regard to the company if the governors were not 
 looked on as appointed by the king. Our company 
 always make ufe of his majefty's name, which is 
 attended with good effects: but if the governor 
 was called his excellency, it would ftrike a terror 
 in the natives, among whom every thing goes by 
 external figure. Our company are at great expence 
 in fupporting the dignity of their governors : but 
 though the French company nominate their gover- 
 nors, they muft be approved of by the king. The 
 people of India defpiie merchants, and honor fol- 
 diers : if a foldier bows to the Soubah, he returns 
 it ; but never to a merchant. Even a naked foldier 
 is looked on as a gentleman in India, therefore our 
 king's foldiers appear great among them. It has 
 
 been
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 267 
 
 been thought, that if Calcutta, Madrafs, Bombay, 
 and St. Helena, were each of them, with their de- 
 pendencies, created into a feparate colony, with a 
 governor appointed by the king, to be aflifted by a 
 council and aflembly, chofen by the people, as in 
 America, they would make as rich and flourifhing 
 colonies as Virginia or Jamaica, fince their trade 
 and commodities are of more value : and if the 
 free merchants there were incorporated with the 
 black merchants, who are exceflive rich, and with 
 the Indian artizans, who are fober and induftrious, 
 thefe colonies would foon grow up to fuch a height 
 as can hardly be conceived. They would be fo far 
 from a monopolizing company, that they would 
 not only be able to defray their own charges, but 
 give affiftance towards paying off the national 
 debt. 
 
 BOOK
 
 68 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 BOOK IX. 
 
 The Military and Naval Operations in INDIA, 
 between the ENGLISH, FRENCH, and 
 DUTCH, in the Tears ij$j> 1758, 1759, 
 and 1760, until the Departure of Admiral 
 POCOCKE and Colonel CLIVE from BENGAL 
 to ENGLAND. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Reinforcements fent from ENGLAND find FRANCE to 
 INDIA, in 17571 and their arrival there in 1758, 
 under commodore STEVENS, and general LALLY. - 
 The FRENCH, under M. D'AUTEUIL beftege TRI- 
 CHINOPOLI, *'i757*. tut the place is relieved by 
 captain CAILLAUD, who gets pcjfejjion cf MADURA. 
 Colonel FORD attacks NELLORE without fuccefs. 
 Colonel ALDERCRON deftroys OUTREMALOUR. The 
 French plunder CONJEVERAM, and take CHETTA- 
 PUT -, which ends the campaign of 1757. Three 
 Jhips belonging to the Englifli Eaft-India company 
 defeat two French men of war off ibe CAPE OF 
 GOOD HOPE, in JUNE 1757. 
 
 WAR had been declared between Great Bri- 
 tain and France upwards of two months, 
 before any (hip was fent from England to give 
 notice of it in the Eaft-Indies : but, in 1757, a 
 fquadron of five mips was fent there under the 
 command of commodore Stevens, who joined vice- 
 admiral Pococke in Madrafs-Road, on the 24th of 
 
 March
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 269 
 
 March 1758. The French alfo fent five men of 
 war and two frigates to India, with a large body 
 of troops under the command of general Lally, who 
 arrived at Pondicherry on the 22d of April follow- 
 ing : but before the arrival of thefe reinforcements 
 on the coaft, the French made an attempt to fur- 
 prize Trichinopoli in April. 
 
 M. D'AUTEUIL was charged with this fervice, 
 who inverted rhe place with 900 men in battalion, 
 and 4000 fepoys, with 100 hufiars, and a great 
 body of country horfe. Trichinopoli was not then 
 in a condition of defence againft fuch a force -, be- 
 caufe the greateft part of the garrifon had marched, 
 under the command of captain Caillaud, to befiege 
 Madura. However, captain Caillaud received ad- 
 vice of what the French had undertaken, and by 
 forced marches with all his Europeans, and loooof 
 the beft fepoys, with four days provifions in their 
 knapfacks, he marched to fave Trichinopoly at all 
 events ; while the French were as refolute to pre- 
 vent his entrance into the town. 
 
 M. D'AUTEUIL drew up his troops in four divi- 
 fions, which formed a chain quite acrofs the plain, 
 where it was expected the Englifli would be obliged 
 to attempt a pafiage. The French cavalry was ad- 
 vanced in the front, and divided into fmall parties, 
 to pofiefs the roads and ports all around; except 
 the plantation grounds, which extended about nine 
 miles to the weftward of the town, and was fo 
 damp, by the overflowing of the waters for the 
 rice harvert, that it was impoffible to march over ic 
 without being knee deep in mud at every ftep 
 therefore it was left unguarded, as it was deemed 
 impaflable for an army. 
 
 CAPTAIN Caillaud was informed by his fpies of 
 this difpofition made by the enemy, and refolved 
 to take his route by this neglefled and difficult way, 
 but with fuch precaution as to give no fofpicion of 
 
 without
 
 270 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 his intentions. He proceeded forward in the high 
 road, without the lead appearance of his defign, 
 until the clofe of the evening, when he wheeled off 
 his troops towards the rice fields. They arrived at 
 the plantations about ten that night , and after a 
 moft fatiguing march of feven hours, unnoticed by 
 the enemy, advanced within cannon-mot of the 
 fort, and were admitted undifcovered. The ene- 
 my's attention had been drawn from that quarter, 
 not only by its difficult accefs, but by a detachment 
 of two companies of fepoys, whom the captain had 
 ordered to march in the common road, arKt alarm 
 the enemy on the other fide ; which fervice they 
 effectually performed, and made their own retreat 
 good through the woods, from whence they found 
 an opportunity to get into the town the following 
 night. M. d'Auteuil was alarmed at this unex- 
 pected attempt, and returned with his army to 
 Pondicherry. 
 
 CAPTAIN Caillaud having thus delivered Trichi- 
 nopoli from the French, returned with a reinforce- 
 ment to Madura, which he had left blocked up by the 
 troops under the command of lieutenant Rumbold. 
 A battery was erected, which began to play on the 
 9th of July ; a breach was made before noon , the 
 attack was formed, and the troops advanced to the 
 breach by two o'clock of the fame day. The be- 
 fieged gave them a warm reception, killed 34 Eu- 
 ropeans, and 1 20 fepoys, befides many others 
 wounded. The reft retreated, and were too much 
 difpirited to venture upon a fecond attack. Cap- 
 tain Caillaud found it was impofilble to perfift in 
 the afiault, and made the proper difpofitions to re- 
 duce the place by famine. But as this method 
 might take up fo much time, as to prolong his ftay 
 until the arrival of the French fleet : and as all the 
 ftrength that could be collected was necefiary for the 
 defence of the Englifh garrifons againft that event, 
 
 he
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 271 
 
 r..e had orders to break up the blockade and return 
 to his command at Trichinopoli : therefore he tried 
 what could be done by negociation j and at length 
 prevailed on Mauphus Cawn to give Madura up to 
 the company for the fum of 170,000 rupees ; and 
 it was accordingly delivered into his power jult at 
 the time the French fleet arrived. Captain Caillaud 
 kft a large garrilon of fepoys, under the command 
 of libuf Cawn, and returned to Trichinipoli. 
 
 COLONEL Ford was ordered by the prefidency of 
 Madrafs to reduce the fort of Nel lore*, which it 
 was apprehended the Phoufdar would make over to 
 the French. The colonel marched with 100 Euro- 
 peans and 600 fepoys and Caffres, who inverted 
 the place on the ift of May. They battered the 
 fort three days, and made a practicable breach on 
 the 5th, when the afTauh began at the break of day. 
 Fifty Caffres, under enlign Elliot, marched boldly 
 to the foot of the breach. They were clofely fol- 
 lowed by 300 fepoys, until thefe latter came within 
 60 yards of the breach, where they fheltered them- 
 felves in a ditch, and could not be prevailed upon 
 to advance a ftep farther ; fo that the Europeans 
 were obliged to march over them to the breach. 
 This was executed with great intrepidity, and they 
 advanced with the Caffres to the top of the breach, 
 where they were vigoroufly oppofed by the Moors, 
 armed with fire- locks, pikes, clubs, and ftones. 
 The troops maintained the affault above half an 
 hour, when the colonel ordered a retreat j which 
 was conducted with fuch good order, that not a 
 man was hurt after they had left the attack : but 
 in the action there were 36 Europeans killed, with 
 about 20 Caffres. Thofe that were wounded were 
 
 * This is a large town, furrounded by a thick mud -wall, 
 with a dry ditch on all fides, but one, where is the bed of a 
 river, always dry but in ;he rainy feafon. 
 
 VOL. II. T rendered
 
 272 A V O V A G E t O 
 
 rendered unfit for prefent fervice , and there waS 
 icarce a man in the breach whoefcaped unhurt. 
 
 SEVERAL other actions happened* with various 
 fuccefs. The prefidency of Madrafs fent a body of 
 troops, under the command of captain Polier, to 
 reduce the French fort at Outremalour ; which he 
 entered without oppofition, as the garrifon confifted 
 only of fepoys, who abandoned the place as he ap- 
 proached. Captain Polier left forty fepoys in gar- 
 rifon there j but they were foon after obliged to 
 fubmit to a French detachment of 100 Europeans 
 and 300 fepoys, which marched againft this fore 
 from Allamparva, 
 
 THE fituation of Outremalour gave the govern- 
 ment of Madrafs fuch uneafmefs, that colonel Al- 
 dercron was fent with his regiment to attempt its 
 final reduction, and deftroy its fortifications, which 
 he faithfully performed. From thence the colonel 
 marched to inveft Wandewafh ; but was deterred 
 from making any attempt upon the place, by ad- 
 vice, that the French army employed againft Tri- 
 chinopoli was marching to its relief. 
 
 THE French followed colonel Aldercron to Con- 
 jeveram, which they plundered : but were repulfed 
 in their attack of the pagoda, with the lofs of an 
 officer and fix Europeans killed, and twelve woun- 
 ded ; though the garrifon confifted of no more than 
 an Englim ferjeant and two companies of fepoys. 
 
 COLONEL Aldercron was then advanced within 
 fix miles of Madrafs, and was ordered to return 
 with the army towards the French, which he did 
 with as much difpatch as poflible, and encamped 
 within four miles of them ort the icth of July. His 
 defign was to attack them the next day, though they 
 were much fuperior to him in numbers* efpecially 
 Europeans, of whom they had about 2000 : but 
 he found them intrenched in a ftrong camp about a 
 mile from Wandewafh. The colonel tried every 
 
 method
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 273, 
 
 method to draw them out of their intrench ments, 
 but without effect j fo that it was thought proper to 
 withdraw an army, that was obliged to remain in- 
 active, and at an utelefs expence. 
 
 THE French continued in their camp until the 
 2Oth of Se-ptembcr, when they marched againft 
 Chettaput with 1 800 Europeans. The place was 
 not very ftrong , yet Nizar Mahomed Cawn, the 
 governor, afiifted by a lerjeant and fixtren men 
 from Madrafs, gallantly defended it to the laft ex- 
 tremity, in hopes that the Englifh army would 
 come to its relief. A great number of the afTailants 
 were killed by the Moors in garrifon, who feldom 
 fhew much courage in the field, but generally make 
 a moft obftinate refiltaoce in defence of their towns. 
 "When the governor was drove out of th? fort, he 
 renewed the fight in the ftreets, and difputed every 
 inch of ground, until he was mot dead by a mufket- 
 ball. On the report of his death, his family imme- 
 diately deltroyed themfelves, and a great flaughter 
 was made among his troops. 
 
 THE French left a garrifon at Chettaput, and re- 
 turned to Pondicherry, which finilhed thecampaign 
 on this fide. Colonel Aldercron's regiment was 
 ordered home ; fo that the Engiifh had only 1718 
 men at Madrafs, of whom 1300 were company's 
 troops, 334 enlifted from Aldercron's regiment, 
 and 84 recruits fent this year from England in the 
 "China ihips. But the French had 3400 Europeans, 
 of whom IQOO were fent this year from France to 
 Pondicherry, This fuperiority of ftrength increafed 
 their power, and intimidated the natives from afiift- 
 ing their Englifli allies. 
 
 THREE of the Englim company's ftiips were at- 
 tacked in their homeward-bound paflfage by two 
 French men of war, fent from Pondicherry to 
 cruize to the eaftward of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 with a view to intercept any Englilh mips, as they 
 T 2 feldom
 
 274 AVOYAGETO 
 
 Seldom had any convoy in that part of their voyage. 
 The French (hips were one of 64 guns, and a fri- 
 gate of 36, who fell in with the three Englifh fhips 
 about 100 leagues eaft of the Cape, in the middle 
 of June. Thofe (hips were the Houghton, captain 
 Walpole, from Bombay and China , the Suffolk, 
 captain Wilfon, and the Godolphin, captain Hutch- 
 inlbn, both from Fort St. George and China. The 
 French mips attacked them, with an afiurance of 
 victory over trading vefiels heavily laden : but the 
 three Englifh captains formed their mips into a 
 line, and fuftained a furious engagement for up- 
 wards of three hours, in which the French made 
 repeated attempts to board, but were always re- 
 pulled, and at laft fheered off, with the lofs of 146 
 men killed and wounded. On board the Englifh 
 Ihips, not fo much as one man was killed, and only 
 one wounded , which may feem very furprizing to 
 every one that does not know the difference between 
 the Englifh and French manner of fighting a (hip. 
 The French (hips returned to Pondicherry, and the 
 three Englifh (hips arrived in the port of London 
 on the 29th of Auguft. The Eaft-India company, 
 on the 27th of September, ordered a gratuity of 
 2000!. to each company belonging to thofe fhips, 
 as a reward for their courage and fidelity. 
 
 C H A P.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 275 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 The BRITISH parliament grant 20,000!. to /? EAST- 
 INDIA company in 1758: and the viceroy of BEN- 
 GAL makes them a large grant. Ihe nature of 
 colonel CuvE'sjagbire ; and the difputes thereon. 
 Tranfaffifft on the coaft of COR OM AND EL in 
 1758. The firji engagement between admiral Po- 
 COCK and M. D'ACHE. The FRENCH take CUD- 
 DALORE and FORT ST. DAVID. 'The feco nd attion 
 between the Englidi and French fquadrons-M. 
 LALLY takes the fort of DEVI-COTTAH ; and in- 
 vades the kingdom ^/TANJORE, where he is repul- 
 fed, and returns to PON DI CHERRY. He invefts 
 M ADR ASS. Affairs in GOLCONDA. 
 
 TH E Britifh parliament, in the fupplies for the 
 fervice of the year 1758, granted the fum of 
 20,000 1. to be paid to the Eaft-India company, 
 towards enabling them to defray the expence of a 
 military force in their fettlements, to be maintained 
 by them, in lieu of the battalion of his majefty's 
 forces withdrawn from thofe fettlements. 
 
 WHILE colonel Clive was commander in chief in 
 Bengal, the Englim company acquired great power 
 and influence in that country, where they obtained 
 large diftrifts, which produced near 600,000 1. a 
 year to them. The viceroy Jaffier Alice Cawn alfo 
 com pen fated the fervices of colonel Ciive with a 
 grant of about 27,000!. fterling a year-, and ho- 
 nored him with the dignity of an omrah : but after 
 his return to England, thofe grants were contefted 
 by the company i which makes it nsceflary to ftate 
 that matter in its genuine light. 
 
 IT mould be obferved, that, upon the original 
 
 foundation of the Mogul empire, all the lands, 
 
 like thofe in England, were in the crown, who 
 
 T 3 granted
 
 2j6 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 granted the rents, in the nature of the fee -farm- 
 rents in England. Thefe lands were, and now are, 
 called Calfa lands, or lands belonging to the crown; 
 the rents whereof", for feveral years, were received 
 by officers appointed within the provinces by the 
 emperor for that purpofe , and the Nabobs, who 
 were then viceroys to the Mogul, had penfions af- 
 figned them to maintain their courts, and fupport 
 their governments : but that method has been 
 changed for a great number of years paft ; and the 
 emptrors, inftead of penfions, allotted to the Na- 
 bobs large quantities of land within the provinces, 
 to be difpofed of and managed for their own bene- 
 fit. Thefe lands were, and (till are, called jaghire 
 lands, for which no taxes are paid. As to the reft 
 of the lands within the provinces the Nabobs farmed 
 the fame of the Mogul at a certain yearly fum. 
 This alteration being received into the Mogul go- 
 vernment, it became immaterial to the Mogul what 
 the Nabobs did with the rents : the yearly fum fli- 
 pulated was all that he expected, and that they were 
 obliged to pay , fo that all the rents, and alfo the 
 lands that produced them, were under the power of 
 the Nabobs, who difpofed of them as they thought 
 fit, and out of them conferred favors on whom they 
 pleafed. 
 
 THE Nabobs granted zemindaries, or leafes, of 
 all the lands from time to time at their pleafure, or 
 as occafion required -, in which (late the ufage and 
 conftitwion of the Mogul empire flood at the death 
 of Aurengzebe : but after the death of that mo- 
 narch, the Nabobs began to aflame fovereign au- 
 thority, and the invafion.of Kouli Khan rendered 
 that ibvereigrvty abfolute : fo that the Nabobs have 
 for many years exercifed all thole fovereign rights, 
 regarding the lands and revenues of the provinces,, 
 which the Mogul emperors ever had, 
 
 TH
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 277 
 
 THE above account is extracted from lord dive's 
 own papers ; which may be farther confirmed by 
 the account given by the Eaft-India directors, under 
 their hands to his Britannic majefty in 1762, in a 
 memorial prefented by them relative to the tranf- 
 actions of the Dutch ; which account is in the fol- 
 lowing words : *' By the ancient conftitution of the 
 Mogul empire, of which the provinces of Bengal, 
 Bahar, and Orixa, are a part, the Nabob or Soubah 
 of thofe provinces was nothing more than the Mo- 
 gul's viceroy , yet, for many years pad, as the 
 ftrength of that conftitution has been gradually de- 
 clining, the Soubahs of thefe and other provinces 
 have been in like gradation afiuming an indepen- 
 dance of the court of Delhi ; and the (hock which 
 the empire received, or rather the fubverfion of it, 
 for it has never recovered, nor probably ever will, 
 from the irruption of the Perfians under Nadir Shah, 
 has fo far confirmed that independance, that the re- 
 lation between the Nabob and the Mogul is at pre- 
 fent little more than nominal. The Nabob makes 
 war or peace without the privity of the Mogul ; 
 and though there appear Hill fome remains of the 
 old conftitution in the fuccefllon to the Nabobfhip ; 
 yet, in fact, that fuccefllon is never regulated by the 
 Mogul's appointment, though the perfon in pofTef- 
 fion is generally defirous of fortifying a difputed 
 title by the Mogul's confirmation ; which the court 
 of Delhi, confcious of its inability to interpofe more 
 iubftantially, and defirous of maintaining an ap- 
 pearance of fuperiority, readily grants. The Na- 
 bob of Bengal is therefore de faclo, whatever he 
 may be de jure, a fovereign prince ; or, at worft, 
 not a viceroy, but a tributary to the Mogul ; there 
 being fome kind of tribute ftill continued as due 
 from thefe provinces to the Mogul j though it rarely, 
 if ever, finds its way to Delhi." 
 
 T 4 IT
 
 478 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 IT appears by the director's letters, that thtf 
 Dutch, as well as the Englifli, confidered the Na- 
 bob in that light. However, the Dutch, to give 
 fome color for their complaints againft the Englifh 
 company, made ufe of the following allegation : 
 " The Mogul is fovereign of the country, and we 
 derive from him, under repeated phirmaunds, a 
 right to a free navigation from thence to other 
 places -, and this right we cannot be deprived of, 
 without infringing the phirmaunds of the Great 
 Mogul , which the Nabob, who is only governor 
 of a province, is not authorized to do." 
 
 IT was in anfwer to this allegation the declaration 
 above-mentioned was made by the Englifh directors, 
 who found themfelves under the fatal necefiity, on 
 behalf of the company, to make ufe of the fame 
 reaions for juftifying their conduct towards colonel 
 Chve, as the Dutch made ufe of to juftify theirs to- 
 wards the company. There are many jaghires in 
 the province of Bengal, granted by former Nabobs, 
 that have fubfiiled for feveral generations ; yet, as 
 to the jaghire granted by Meer Jaffier to colonel 
 Clive, the Englifh company at once alledged, it 
 was an illegal act in the Nabob ; and at the fame 
 time admitted that the company were in the enjoy- 
 ment of all the lands afterwards granted to them by 
 his fucceffor, without paying or being fubject to 
 any rent at all. 
 
 COLONEL Clive's jaghire was regularly paid to 
 him in India until the year 1760, and was after- 
 wards remitted to him in England until 1763, when 
 it was (lopped on the following pretences. I. That 
 the Mogul was fovereign of the provinces of Ben- 
 gal, Bahar and Orixa, and proprietor of all the 
 lands within thofe provinces ; and that the rents 
 granted to the colonel were the ancient imperial 
 rents referved and payable to the emperor ; and 
 that, therefore, the Nabob could not grant or alie- 
 nate
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 279 
 
 rate the fame from the imperial crown ; and that 
 the company might be called to an account by the 
 emperor for what they had paid to him : nor was 
 that all the company feemed to expect, but that the 
 colonel was accountable to them for what he had re- 
 ceived. II. That fuppofe the Nabob had a right to 
 alienate thofe rents, fuch alienation could exift no 
 longer than the Nabob who granted the fame con- 
 tinued in his government, and that fuch alienation 
 was not binding on his fucceflbr ; fo that when 
 Meer Jaffier became depofed, the grant became of 
 no effect. III. That colonel dive's acceptance of 
 the dignity of an omrah, or title of honor, was 
 contrary to his duty to the company ; as he might 
 be obliged, by fuch acceptance, to affift the Mogul 
 and the Nabob in war, even againft the company. 
 IV. That if the colonel had a right, even then he 
 had no remedy in England ; but muft refort to the 
 court of the mayor of Calcutta, or to the courts of 
 the emperor at Delhi, or the court of the Nabob. 
 
 THE firft reafon has been already refuted above; 
 and the fecond appears to be as badly founded. As 
 to the third reafon, it mould be obferved, that the 
 titles of honor ufed in Europe, are unknown to the 
 Indians, whofe titles are diftinguifhed only by a 
 number of azaras, or 1000 horfe, from two to 
 10,000, which is the highett, and was the title of 
 the fon of the Great Mogul. The number of 6000 
 exprefies the dignity of an omrah, but not any lefs 
 number; and the equipage of the perfon on whom 
 fuch honors are beftowed, are proportioned by the 
 ufage of the country to his rank. Hence, it as ap- 
 parent, no perfon can be ennobled in India, unlefs 
 the rank and number he is appointed to be exprefled 
 in the patent ; which is a mere compliment, that 
 does not lay an obligation on the part of the perfon 
 receiving fuch honor, to render the Mogul any fer- 
 vices whatever. JBut the true tenor of the honor, 
 
 was
 
 2So A VOYAGE TO 
 
 was no more than a perfonal favor to colonel CHve, 
 and to give him rank among the princes and great 
 men of that country ; which might have been of 
 fervice to the company in his negociations and tranf- 
 aftions with them. M. Dupleix obtained a title of 
 honor inferior to that conferred on colonel Clive, 
 and had feveral jaghires granted him by the Na- 
 bob of the Deckan in lands, ceded to the French 
 company, which he enjoyed many years after 
 he returned to Europe, and until thofe lands were 
 taken from the French. But as to the fourth rea- 
 fon, it is well known, if colonel Clive had been 
 obliged to purfue his remedy in the mayor's court, 
 that the judges there were dependant on the com- 
 pany : if he reforted to the courts of the emperor 
 or the Nabob, no mandate or procefs from any 
 fuch could be inforced againft the company. 
 
 HOWEVER, affairs were at lad amicably fettled in 
 England ; and colonel Clive, ennobled with an 
 Irifh peerage, and honored with the order of the 
 Bath, in 1764, fet fail again for India, with full 
 power to fettle the company's affairs ; of which I 
 (hall take farther notice at a proper time ; and lhall 
 now refume the military part of my undertaking, to 
 wind off the thread to its bottom. 
 
 THE Hardwicke, captain Samfon, arrived at Ben- 
 gal from England, on the 23d of June 1758-, by 
 which (hip advice was brought that the directors* 
 
 had 
 
 * The dire&ors for 1758, were the following gentlemen. 
 
 William Harwell, 
 
 Chrifl. Burrow, 
 [ohn Brown, 
 ohn Boyd, 
 ohn Dorrien, 
 . Raymond, 
 
 ~Geo. Stevens, 
 
 Fred. Pigou, 
 
 Laur. Sulivan, 
 Roger Drake, 
 H.Crab Boulton, 
 Giles Rook, 
 
 Efquires. Thomas Rous, 
 Charles Cutts, 
 Thomas Phipps, 
 Henry Savage, 
 
 Efquires. 
 
 Henry
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 281 
 
 had appointed colonel Clive governor of their fet- 
 tlements in that kingdom, where every thing wore 
 an afpeft of tranquility, and admiral Pocock re- 
 turned to the coaft of Coromandel, where the 
 French were making great preparations to diftrefs 
 the Englifh fettlements, and even to befiege Ma- 
 drafs. 
 
 ON the 27th of January 1758, the French fqua- 
 dron failed from the Ifle of France, and appeared 
 on the coaft of Coromandel in the middle of April. 
 This fquadron was commanded by the count 
 d'Ache, and confided of nine mips and two frigates % 
 with general Lally and his troops on board. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock was joined by commodore 
 Stevens in Mad rafs- road on the 24th of March, 
 with the reinforcements from England ; upon which 
 he put the fquadron in the beft condition poffible 
 for the fea, and failed on the 1 7th of April with 
 
 Henry Plant, 
 Henry Hadlcy, 
 Timothy Tullie, 
 George Dudley, j 
 John Manfhip, 
 Nat. Newnham, 
 
 "N John Harrifon, Efq; 
 / And 
 
 I -pr Sir James Creed, Knt. 
 f Mr. Sulivan was elefted chair- 
 \ man ; and. 
 ) Mr. Drake deputy-chairman. 
 
 See this volume, page zci. 
 
 * Ships. Guns. Men. Commanders. 
 
 Le Zodiaque 74 700 M. d'Ache. 
 
 Le Bien Aime 74 680 M. Bauvet Garboye* 
 
 Le Comte de Provence 74 650 M. de la Chaize, 
 
 Le Vengeur 74 500 M. Palliere. 
 
 Le St. Louis 64 500 M. Joannes. 
 
 Le Due d'Orleans 64 450 M. Surv. Cadet. 
 
 Le Due de Bourgogne 60 450 M. Bovet. 
 
 Le Conde 50 350 M. de.Rofbau. 
 
 Le Moras 50 3*0 M. Bee de Licvre. 
 
 La Sylphide 36 200 
 
 Le Diligent 24 150 
 
 Total 640 4980 
 
 feven
 
 282 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 leven {hips of the line, one frigate, and a ftore-fhrp*, 
 with a view to get to windward of St. David's to 
 intercept the French fquadron, which, by his intel- 
 ligence, he had reafon to expecl:. 
 
 THE French fquadron appeared off Fort St. 
 David on the 28th of April at nine in the morning, 
 and blocked up his majefty's (hips the Bridgewater 
 and Tryron of 20 guns, and 150 men each, com- 
 manded by captain William Martin and captain 
 Edmund Townley, who found there was no pofli- 
 bility of efcaping, and therefore run their fhips on 
 fhore, burnt them, and retired to the fort with all 
 their men and ilores. Though the fquadron wanted 
 refrefhments and water, it was relblved to take 
 advantage of the confirmation at Cuddalore -f, to 
 block it up by fea -, while M. Lally mould march 
 from Pondicherry toinveft it by land. Accordingly, 
 the Comte de Provence and the Diligent were fent 
 to land him and fome of the troops at Pondicherry, 
 with orders to rejoin the fquadron immediately after 
 that was done. 
 
 M. LALLY appeared early the next morning 
 within the diftrift of Fort St. David : but the de- 
 barkation of the troops on board the fhips, and 
 
 * Ships. Guns. Men. Commanders. 
 
 Yarmouth 64 540 Adm. Pocock, capt. Harrifon,. 
 
 Elizabeth 64 495 Com. Stevens, capt. Kempenfelt 
 
 Cumberland 65 520 Capt. Wm. Brereton. 
 
 Weymouth 60 420 Capt. Nich. Vincent. 
 
 Tyger 60 400 Capt. Tho. L atham. 
 
 Newcaftle 50 350 Capt. Geo. Legge. 
 
 Salifbury 50 300 Capt. John Stuck Somerfet. 
 
 Queenborough 24 150 
 Protedbor 40 100 
 
 Total 478 3275 
 
 See this volume, p. 162. 223. 
 f Or Goudelour. 
 
 thair
 
 THE EAST- IN DIES. 283 
 
 their junction with the troops on fhore, were pre- 
 vented by the fudden and unexpected appearance of 
 the Britifh fquadron to the fouthward, as the French 
 were preparing to land. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock made the height of Negapat- 
 nam on the z8th at noon , and running down the 
 next morning, he law feven mips in Fort St. Da- 
 vid's road getting under fail *, and two cruizing in 
 the offing. The admiral judged them to be the 
 enemy, and immediately gave chace, at half pad 
 ten ; but they were obliged to fhorten fail before 
 noon, when the French formed the line of battle 
 a-head, with the liar-board tacks on board, and 
 ftood off fhore to theeaitward, with the wind about 
 fouth. 
 
 THIS obliged admiral Pocock to make the fignal 
 for his (hips to form the line a-head i which was re- 
 peated by the Queenborough -, and every (hip got 
 into its ftation, as fait as poffible, within random- 
 ftiot of the enemy, a little before three o'clock ; 
 though fome of them were more than a league at 
 that time. The admiral, by fignal, called the 
 Queenborough within hail to him, and ordered that 
 all her marines fhould be fent on board the Cum- 
 berland, and twenty feamen on board the Tyger. 
 He then bore down upon the Zodiaque, on board 
 which fhipM. d'Ache wore acornette at the* mizen- 
 top-maft-head : but obferving the Newcaftle and 
 Wey mouth did not bear away at the fame time, he 
 made their fignals. 
 
 THE French fired upon the Englifh, as they were 
 going down : but admiral Pocock did not make the 
 fignal to engage until he was within half mufkct- 
 
 * According to the French account the Sylphide frigate 
 made the fignal of feeing a fquadron of nine (hips ; and M. 
 D'Ache drew up in line of battle. 
 
 (hot
 
 284 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 {hot of the Zodiaque; which was about three 
 o'clock : a few minutes after, perceiving the fhips 
 were not all got clofe enough to the enemy, he 
 made the fignai for a clofer engagement, which was 
 immediately complied with by the (hips in the van. 
 At half paft four, obferving the rear of the French 
 line had drawn up pretty clofe to the Zodiaque, the 
 admiral made fignals for the Cumberland, New* 
 cattle, and Weymouth, to make fail up, and en- 
 gage clofe. 
 
 SOON after M. d'Ache broke the line, and put 
 before the wind. His lecond a-ftern, who kept on 
 the Yarmouth's quarter nioft part of the aciion, 
 then came up along fide, gave his fire, and bore 
 away. The other two mips in the rear came up in 
 like manner, and then bore away. Admiral Pocock 
 then hauled down the fignai for the line j and made 
 the fignai tor a general chace. 
 
 ABOUT half paft five, the enemy were joined by 
 the two mips from Pondicherry about four miles to 
 leeward ; upon which they hauled their wind, and 
 flood to the wtftward, with their larboard tacks on 
 board. 
 
 THE Englim fquadron was greatly delayed in 
 their chace, by the damage of the Yarmouth, Eli- 
 zabeth, Tyger, and Sahfbury, in their mafts, yards* 
 fails, and rigging, which prevented their keeping 
 up with the reft, that had not fuffered in the rear. 
 This inability, and the approach of the night, 
 made it advifeable for the admiral to haul clofe 
 upon a-wind, and make a fignai to leave off chace : 
 he therefore ftood to the ibuth-weft, to keep to 
 windward of the enemy, in hopes of being able to 
 engage them next morning : but as they fhewed no 
 lights, nor made any night- fignals that could be 
 obferved by the Queenborough, who was ordered 
 a- head to watch their motions, the admiral conclu- 
 ded they had weathered him in the nighr, by being 
 
 able
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 285 
 
 able to carry more fail. However, he continued 
 his endeavors to work up after them, until fix in 
 the morning on the i ft of May, when finding he 
 loft ground conliderably, he came to an anchor 
 about three leagues to the northward of Sadrafs, 
 and fent an officer to the chief of that lett lenient for 
 intelligence, who informed him, that the Bien Aime 
 of 74 guns had received io much damage in the 
 action, that they were obliged to run her on fhore a 
 little to the fouthward of Alemparvey *, where the 
 French fquadron was at anchor ; but all the crew 
 were faved. 
 
 THIS action was about feven leagues weft by north 
 from Alemparvey : the admiral had not any ce ain 
 account of the enemy's lofs , but from the reports 
 of the Dutch, and feveral French officers, they had 
 600 men killed in the action, and many wounded : 
 whereas the Englifh had only 29 men killed, and 
 89 wounded. The French fquadron retreated to 
 Pondicherry, where they landed their money, (tores, 
 and troops : while the Englilh fquadron failed to 
 Madrafs to refit. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock obferved, that commodore 
 Stevens, captain Kempenfelr, captain Latham, and 
 captain Somerfet, who were in the van, behaved as 
 became gallant officers ; and that captain Harriion's 
 behavior, as well as all the officers and men belong- 
 ing to the Yarmouth, gave him fenfible fatisfacbon. 
 Had the captains in the rear done their duty as well, 
 the admiral would have had great pleafure in 
 commending them : but their manner of acting 
 in the engagement appeared fo faulty to him ; 
 that, on his return to Mad.afs, he ordered a court 
 martial to aflemble, and enquire into their con- 
 duct. In confequence of which, captain Vincent 
 
 Abunparva, Lampraavey, or Alinaparaghe. 
 
 was
 
 286 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 was fentenced to be difmified from the com- 
 mand of the Weymouth ; captain Legge to be ca- 
 fhiered from his Majefty fervice ; and captain Bre- 
 reton to Jofe one year's rank as a poft- captain. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock repaired the mod material 
 damages of his mips, took on board 120 recovered 
 men from the hoipital, and 84lafcars; after which, 
 he put to fea on the icth of May, with an intent 
 to get up to Fort St. David's ; but was not able to 
 effect it. He got fight of Pondicherry on the 3Oth ; 
 and the next morning the French fquadron, which 
 had been there ever fince the 5th, ftood out of the 
 road, and got away, notwithftanding the admiral's 
 utmoft endeavours to come up with them. On the 
 6th of June, he received an account, that Fort St. * 
 David's had furrendered to the French ; upon 
 which, he returned to Madrafs to refrefh his fqua- 
 dron. 
 
 THE French fquadron failed off the Ifland of 
 Ceylon, and before Negapatnam and Carical, from 
 the 9th to the lyth of June; in which cruize it 
 took the Experiment brigantine, captain Whitehead, 
 and fent her to Pondicherry : and from the i ?th of 
 June to the 26th of July the fquardon remained be- 
 fore Pondicherry, to repair the damage it had re- 
 ceived, and take in frefh provifions. 
 
 * Count d'Ache fent the Marquis de M^ntmorency-Lavaf, 
 colonel of foot, to the French miniftry, with an account ; 
 " that the Englifli fleet, on the ill of June, after being re- 
 paired a/ Madrafs, was feen coming 10 the relief of Fort St. 
 Davidjjr whereupon count d'Ache got under fail ; but the 
 Englrffi, rather than venture a fecond engagement, retired 
 acrain to the coaft of Madrafs. That, on the zd of June, M. 
 d'Ache's fquadron went before Fort St. David, which was 
 obliged to capitulate for want of relief. 1 That the fleet 
 appeared, on the 4th, off Devi Cottah, which furrendered 
 without refinance." 
 
 ADMIRAL
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 287 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock failed again, on the 25th of 
 July, in queft of the enemy ; and, on the 2;th in 
 the evening, got within three leagues of Pondi- 
 cherry road, where he perceived their fquadron at 
 anchor, confiding of eight fail of the line and a 
 frigate, which got under fail the next morning, 
 and ftood to the fouthward *. The Englifh admiral 
 made the fignal to chace, and endeavoured to wea- 
 ther the French, as the likelieft means of bringing 
 them to action j which, however, he was not able 
 to accomplifh until the jd of Auguft, when he took 
 the advantage of the fea breeze, got the weather- 
 gage, and brought on the engagement about one 
 o'clock f. 
 
 VOL. II. TJ M. D'AcHB 
 
 * According to the French account, " when the Englifh 
 fleet again appeared, count d'Ache got under fail, with the 
 fame number of (hips he had in the firft engagement ; the 
 comte de Provence (applying the place of the Bien Aime, 
 which was loft ; and the Diligente that of the Sylphide, which 
 had been difarmed. The two fquadrons kept cruizing from 
 the 27th of July to the 3d of Augutt, when a frefli engage- 
 ment began at one in the afternoon, which continued with the 
 xitmoft fury for aoove two hours.' 1 
 
 f The Englifh fquadron, in this fecond engagement, con- 
 fifted of the following Ships : 
 
 Ships. Guns. Men. Commanders. 
 
 Yarmouth, 66 540 V. Admiral Pocock. 
 Elizabeth, 64 495 Commodore Stevens. 
 
 Tyger, 60 420 Captain Latham. 
 Weymouth, 60 420 Capt. Somerfet. 
 Cumberland, 66 520 Capt. Martin. 
 
 Saliibury, 50 350 Capi. Brereton. 
 
 Newcaille, 50 3150 Hon. Cap. James Colville. 
 Queenborough, 20 1 50 
 Protector ftore fhip. 
 
 The French fquadron was now compofcd of the following 
 (hips : 
 
 Ships. Guns. Men. Commanders. 
 
 Le Zodiaque, 74 700 M. D'Ache. 
 Le Comte de Provence, 74 650 M. de la Chaize. 
 
 Le St. Louis, 64 500 M. Joannes. 
 
 Le Vengeur,
 
 2S3 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 M. D'ACHE fet his forefail, and bore aw.iy in 
 about ten minutes, his fquadron following his ex- 
 ample, and continuing a running fight, in a very 
 irregular line, until three o'clock. The Englifh 
 admiral then made the fignal for a general chace ; 
 upon which the French cut away their boats, and 
 'made all the fail they could : he purfued them till 
 it was dark, when they efcaped by out-failing him, 
 and got into Pondicherry road. Admiral Pocock 
 anchored the fame evening off Carrical, a French 
 fettlement. 
 
 THE Englifli had only 31 men killed, and 116 
 wounded : but among the latter were commodore 
 Stevens, by a mufket-ball in his moulder; and 
 captain Martin, by afplinterin his leg. The French 
 had 251 men killed and 602 wounded ; and among 
 the latter were M. D'Ache and his captain *. The 
 behaviour of the Englilh officers and men in gene- 
 ral, on this occafion, was entirely to the admiral's 
 fatisfaction. 
 
 Two days after this action, the Ruby, a French 
 fnow of 1 20 tons, laden with fhot and medicines, 
 from the iflands to Pondicherry, was taken by the 
 
 Le Vengeur, 
 Le Dae d'Orleans, 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 500 
 450 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 Palliere. 
 Surville Cadet. 
 
 Le Dae de Bourgogne, 
 Le Conde, 
 
 60 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 M. 
 M. 
 
 Bovet. 
 de Rofbau. 
 
 Le Moras, 
 
 5 
 
 350 
 
 M. 
 
 Bee de Lievre 
 
 Le Diligent, 
 
 24 
 
 200 
 rt _ j ** 
 
 -.1 _ . 
 
 
 * However, the French boafted " that the Englifti fqua- 
 dron fuffered greatly in this fecond aftion ; and that count 
 D'Ache would have had the whole advantage, had it not been 
 for the accident that happened on board his ftnp and the 
 comte de Provence, by the combuiHbles which the fcnglifh 
 threw on board. That the comte de Provence had all her fails 
 and mizen-maft on fire, and it was with the utmoft difficulty 
 that the flames were extinguifhed : and that the fame thing 
 happened to the Zodiacjue, with this difference, that the fire 
 having gained the powder-room, me was on the point of blow- 
 ing up, but was faved by the diligence of the officers. 
 
 Queenborough,
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 289 
 
 Queenborough. Another fhip, called the Reftitu- 
 tion, bound to Pondicherry from Carrical, was run 
 on more near Porto Novo by admiral Pocock, who 
 lent his boats to let her on fire. 
 
 THE French fquadron continued in Pondicherry 
 road until the 3d of September, when they failed 
 for the iflands to clean and refit -, two of their mips 
 being in a very bad condition, and the others con- 
 fiderably damaged. The Queenborough was fent 
 off Ceylon to watch their motions : but the French 
 fhips arrived on the i3th of November at the Ifle 
 of France, where they were joined by three men of 
 war*. 
 
 The reduSion of FORT ST. DAVID, by the French 
 army, under {be command of general LALLY, in 
 1758. 
 
 THE Englifh were greatly deficient in regard to 
 land forces, and the re-eftablifaing of Bengal had 
 greatly exhaufted them of men on the coaft of 
 Coromandel, where all their military force con- 
 fifted of no more than 700 effective troops ; while 
 M. Lally was at the head of 5000 men well dif- 
 ciplined and officered ; fo that it is no wonder Fort 
 St. David fell a facrifke. 
 
 GENERA^. Lally marched from Pondicherry to 
 Fort St. David, with an army of 3500 Europeans, 
 and a large body of fepoys. Their vanguard com- 
 pofed of the French horfe, a battalion of the re- 
 giment of Lorrain, 200 of the company's troops, 
 and 100 artillery-men, with eight pieces of cannon, 
 
 * Thefe were as follow : 
 
 *Ships. Guns. Men. Commanders. 
 
 Le Minouure, 74 650 M. L'Aguille. 
 
 Aftif, 64 600 M. Beauchaine. 
 
 L'Jlludre, 64 600 M. de Ruis. 
 
 U 2 accompanied
 
 29 o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 accompanied by 4000 fepoys, entered the diftricT: 
 of Fort St. David on the 29th of April. They 
 plundered the villages, and deftroyed the out-pofts, 
 until they came to Cuddalore, which they invefted, 
 and obliged to furrender on the 3d of May, with 
 permifllon for the garrifon to retreat to Fort St. 
 David, with their arms *. 
 
 THE French then began the fiege of Fort St. 
 David, and fired upon it from Cuddalore on 
 the 1 6th with two guns ; as alfo with five mortars 
 from the new town on the lyth : but, on the 26th, 
 a battery was opened at the diftance of between 
 eight and nine hundred yards weft; another of 
 nine guns and three mortars between feven and 
 eight hundred yards north , and another of four 
 guns at about the fame diftance to the north-eaft. 
 
 THE country troops and artificers deferted the 
 place, which was badly fortified, and poorly de- 
 fended. No breach was made; but thirty guns 
 and carriages were difmounted and difabled ; be- 
 fides many of the parapets, platforms, and other 
 works, were deftroyed by the (hot and fhells. Wa- 
 ter was difficult to be got, as the refervoirs had 
 fuffered by the bombardment, and the beft well was 
 deftroyed. Ammunition grew alfo fcarce, as it 
 had been inconfiderately fired away before the be* 
 fiegers had erected their batteries. 
 
 MAJOR Polier commanded in the fort, and find- 
 ing it untenable, he defired Alexander Wynch, 
 Efquire, who acted as deputy-governor, to hold a 
 council of war , which was accordingly done, when 
 it was unanimoufly agreed, by Mr. Wynch, and 
 the gentlemen of the councii, to furrender the place 
 
 * For an account of the fiege of Fort St. David, by the 
 French, under the command of M. Bury, in 1746, when they 
 were repulfed by governor Hynd, fee the INTRODUCTION to 
 this Volume, p. xxxr. xxxix, 
 
 upon
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 291 
 
 upon terms of capitulation. The principal articles 
 granted by general Lally were, " That the garri- 
 ibn fhould be allowed the honors of war ; be ex- 
 changed ; and allowed to carry with them their 
 baggage and effects : that care mould be taken of 
 the fick and wounded ; and deferters Ihould be 
 pardoned, upon condition of returning to their co- 
 lors: but that two commifiaries fhould be appoint- 
 ed and remain to deliver up the magazines and 
 military (lores ; as alfo to (hew the French en- 
 gineers all the mines and fubterraneous works." 
 Thefe articles were figned, on the 2d of June, by 
 " Ar. Wynch; P. Polier de Bottens ; and Rich. 
 Fairfield ;" on the part of the Englilh : and by 
 " Lally," on the French part. 
 
 THE garrifon confided only of 200 Europeans, 
 82 invalids, and 35 of the artillery, with 200 fea- 
 men ; who, together with their officers, the deputy 
 governor, and council, were carried priibners to 
 Pondicherry. The French afterwards deilroyed the 
 fortifications of Fort St. David, and reduced the 
 whole to an heap of ruins , as they had done at 
 Madrafs, in 1746 *. M. Lally extended his power 
 to the wanton deftru&ion of villas, and the neat 
 buildings in the adjacent country : but he after- 
 wards paid dearly for this barbarity. The country 
 people had it in their power to cut off fupplies from 
 his army, and they carried their refentment fo 
 high, that the French were great fufferers by fa- 
 mine a i the fiege of Tanjore. 
 
 THE prefidency* of Madrafs were much alarmed 
 at the lofs of St. David, and ordered an enquiry to 
 be made into the whole affair by lieutenant-colonel 
 Draper, aflifted by the majors Brereton and Cail- 
 laud, whofe opinion was, that the articles of capi- 
 
 * See the Introduction to this Volume, p. xxix. 
 
 U 3 tulation
 
 292 AVOYAGETO 
 
 tulation were lhameful, becaufe the enemy were not 
 mafters of the covered way, had made no breach, 
 and had a wet ditch to fill up and pafs before the 
 place could be attempted by a regular aflault. 
 Major Polier had ferved the company with much 
 reputation ; but was dejected on this occafion. 
 
 AFTER thefurrender of Fort St. David, M. Lally 
 inarched againft Devi-Cotah *, which was evacuat- 
 ed by the garrifon, who were ordered to retreat to 
 Madrafs j as alfo were the garrifons of Arcot, 
 Chinglapet, and Carangoly, that the prefidency 
 might be guarded againil an attack. 
 
 AFTER the furrender of Fort St. David, M. 
 Lally marched with 2500 men into the king of 
 Tanjore's country, to try, either by treaty or threats, 
 to procure a fum of money from him <, and, up- 
 on being refufed feventy two lack of rupees, or 
 900,000 1. fterling, which he had demanded, by vir- 
 tue of a note extorted from that prince, by the French 
 army and Chunda Saib in 1749, -\ he plundered 
 Nagore, a trading town on the fea-coaft, and then 
 marched to the capital, which he befieged. The 
 Tanjoreans defended themfelves under the com- 
 mand of Monackjee, and were aififted by 1200 fe- 
 poys and 400 colleries, with fome European gun- 
 ners fent from Trichinopoli, who made fevera.t 
 fallies, and though a breach was made in the wall 
 of the city, they at 1 aft obliged M. Lally to make 
 a precipitate retreat, leaving his heavy cannon be- 
 hind, and 300 Europeans who were killed before 
 the place. He arrived at Carrical about the middle 
 of Auguft, in a diftrefled fituation, and continued 
 there until the 23d of September, when he pro- 
 ceeded to Pondicherry, from whence he fent the 
 following account to Mafulipatnam on the 29th. 
 
 * See the Introdqftion to this volume, p. xlviii, 
 t See this volume, p. 57. 
 
 " SHALL
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 293 
 
 " SHALL I mention to you our unfortunate ex- 
 pedition to Tanjore ? Bad news is interefting, but 
 painful to the writer. We laid fiege to Tanjore, 
 and made a breach, but were obliged to retire for 
 want of proviiions and ammunition, leaving behind 
 us nine pieces of cannon, eight of which were 24 
 pounders. The army has luffered greatly from 
 hunger, thirft, watching, and fatigue. We have 
 loft near 200 men, as well by defertion as by death. 
 This check is very detrimental to us, as well with 
 regard to our reputation, as the real lofs we fuffer- 
 ed. Add to this, the departure of our fleet, which 
 is failed to the iflands to refit, having been roughly 
 handled in a fecond engagement, on the 3d of Au- 
 guft, in which we lolt 350 men. Poor French! 
 what a fituation are we in ? what projects we 
 thought ourfelves capable of executing, and how 
 greatly are we difappointed in the hopes we con- 
 ceived of taking Fort St. David ! what will become 
 of us ? I am not apprehenfive for myfelf, but am 
 forry to fee we do not mine. The troops are dif- 
 contented, and their officers difgufted with the fer- 
 vice ; above twenty of the latter have gone on board 
 the fleet, and few would have remained here if they 
 had been permitted to have embarked. The bad 
 feafon is approaching, which will oblige us to fub- 
 fift at our own expence, being unable to form any 
 enterprize for procuring us other funds. They 
 fay M. Bufly is coming-, let him make haftej let 
 him bring men, and efpecially money, without 
 which he will increafe our mifery. The country, 
 being ruined, fcarce affords us any provifions. The 
 quantities confumed by the fleet and army, and the 
 defertion of the inhabitants, have greatly raifed the 
 price of all kinds of commodities." 
 
 THE French were fo much ftraitened for want 
 
 of money, that, on the yth of Auguft, they feized 
 
 and carried into Pondicherry a large Dutch fhip 
 
 U 4 from
 
 294 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 from Batavia, bound to Negapatnam, and took 
 out of her in fpecie, to the amount of eight lack of 
 rupees, or 5000!. fterling. 
 
 THE company's fhip the Pitt arrived at Madrafs 
 on the 14th of September, with colonel Draper on 
 board, and a detachment of his regiment, which 
 was fent to replace that of colonel Aldercron's : 
 upon which M. Lally cantoned his troops in the 
 Arcot province, and marched into the city of Arcat 
 without oppofition on the 4th of October. 
 
 WHEN the French retreated from the country of 
 Tanjore, they alfo abandoned Seringham, which 
 captain Caillaud took poflefiion of before he left 
 Trichinopoli, from whence he marched with 250 
 men, and embarked on board the fleet at Negapat- 
 nam. They landed at Madrafs on the 25th of 
 September, when admiral Pocock returned to Bom- 
 bay, after leaving a captain and a lieutenant, with 
 103 marines, to reinforce the garrifon. 
 
 MANY other meafures were taken for the fecu- 
 rity of Madrafs ; particularly feveral bodies of auxi- 
 liaries were follicited from Morarow, the king of 
 Tanjore, Tondeman, and other Polygars : but the 
 French did not make any declared difpofitions for 
 the attack of this fettlement until the latter end of 
 the year. However, they took Tripaflbre*, and 
 continued fome time at Conjeveram, where they 
 collected ammunition and (lores, until they were 
 joined by M. Buffy, with 300 horfe and 400 foot, 
 from Golconda. They were defeated in their de- 
 figns upon the important poft of Chinglapet +, a- 
 gainft which they advanced with an army of 400 
 Europeans, and 700 fepoys, with five pieces of can- 
 non : but they dtfilled from their attempt, on find- 
 ing that the place was garrilbned by 70 Europeans, 
 
 Or Tirupaflur. f See this Volume, p. 124. 
 
 12 gunners,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 295 
 
 12 gunners, and 1000 fepoys, who would have gi- 
 ven them much trouble to take it, and have hurt 
 their grand object, the fiege of Madrafs, which was 
 undertaken in the middle of December 1758. 
 
 ISSOUF CAWN marched from Trichinopoli with 
 2000 fepoys, who took Elavafanore, and joined 
 captain Prefton at Chinglapet : but, on the i2th of 
 December, the French army began to inveft Ma- 
 drafs i of which I mall give a particular account in 
 the next chapter ; and, in the mean time, mail take 
 notice of fome tranfadions in Golconda. 
 
 M. LALLY ordered M. Butty and M. Moracin to 
 join him with part of their forces from Golconda 
 to inveft Fort St. George ; and to leave the other 
 part of the army, under the command of the mar- 
 quis de Conflans, at Maflulipatnam. When M. 
 BufTy was withdrawn, the Raja of Vilanapore 
 marched with 3000 men to Vizagapatnam, impri- 
 foned the French chief, hoifted Englifh colors, and 
 plundered the faftory. This incited M. de Conflans 
 to march againft the capital of Viianapore, whofe 
 Raja follicited afllftance from Calcutta, which was 
 refufed by the council, who looked upon it to be 
 too hazardous an enterprize : but colonel Clive was 
 of a very different opinion, as he confidered the 
 plan in a more general view. He had often feen an 
 army of French flying before a fmall body of Eng- 
 lifh troops on the coaft of Coromandel, and he 
 rightly judged, that fuch an attempt would greatly 
 contribute to the prefervation of Madrafs. Pofief- 
 fed with thefe hopes, and animated by experience, 
 he brought the council into his meafures ; in con- 
 fequence of which, colonel Forde embarked with 
 500 Europeans, a confiderable body of fepoys, and 
 a proper train of artillery, on the 1 2th of October, 
 and arrived at Vizagapatnam on the 2Oth. He 
 joined the Raja*s army, of 4000 men, on the gd of 
 November, and marched againft the enemy, who con- 
 
 fifted
 
 296 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 fifted of 500 Europeans, 8000 fepoys, and a great 
 number of country troops, with a large train of 
 artillery, ftrongly encamped near the village of 
 Tallapool, about forty miles from Raja-Mundry. 
 
 COLONEL Forde attacked the French, on the 7th 
 of December, and obtained a complete victory. 
 The Engliih had 42 Europeans killed and wound- 
 ed : the French had 158 killed and wounded : but 
 great numbers of the country forces fell on both 
 fides. The Englifh troops took pofiefiion of the 
 French camp, in which they found all their bag- 
 gage, ordnance, ammunition, tents, and equipage. 
 The French retreated to Raja-Mundry, from whence 
 they were difpofiefled by captain Knox. The mili- 
 tary ftores were kept for the company : but colonel 
 Forde fold every thing elfe by auction, and divided 
 their produce among the foldiers for their good be- 
 havior. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 $be fiege of MADRASS, began by the FRENCH on 
 the i2tb of December 1758, and ended on the I'jtb 
 of February 1759. 
 
 ML A L L Y received a large reinforcement, 
 . and encamped on St. Thomas's mount, 
 about nine miles from the town, on the icth of 
 December 1758, with 3500 Europeans, 2000 fe- 
 poys, and 2000 horfej while the Engliih troops 
 under colonel Lawrence, retreated to Choultry- 
 plain. The French advanced guard took poft at 
 Marmelan *, from whence their whole army mov- 
 ed on the 1 2th ; and the Englifh troops cannonaded 
 
 Or Mamalon. 
 
 them
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 297 
 
 them for about an hour as they crofled Choultry- 
 plain. The Englifh killed about forty men, with- 
 out any lofs on their fide, as the French had little 
 artillery, and ill ferved. 
 
 THE French marched in three divifions j the firft 
 towards the Englifh troops, the fecond towards Eg- 
 more, and the third down the road of St. Thomas. 
 Colonels Lawrence and Draper were afraid that 
 this laft might get pofleflion of the ifland bridge, 
 and therefore retired to the ifland : the fame morn- 
 ing part of their troops came into the garrifon, and 
 part took pofTefiion of the forts in the Black Town. 
 The fame morning the French hoifted their flag at 
 Egmore and St. Thomas. The ijth every thing was 
 quiet ; not a gun fired on either fide : but on the 
 1 4th, in the morning, the French marched their whole 
 force to attack the Black Town. The Englifh fmall 
 parties retreated into garrifon j and, about an hour 
 after, a grand fally was made by colonel Draper. 
 
 THE Black Town was too large to be defended : 
 but the hafty retreat of the piquets to the fort ftruck 
 fuch a pannic into the inhabitants, that men, wo- 
 men and children thronged into the fort for protec- 
 tion. As this required fome immediate relief to keep 
 up the fpirits of the garrifon ; colonel Draper pro- 
 pofed to make a fally upon the French while they 
 were intent only upon plundering, and offered him- 
 felf to command a party for that fervice. This pro- 
 pofal was approved of by governor Pigot and co- 
 lonel Lawrence -, who furnifhed colonel Draper with 
 500 Europeans, and two field-pieces ; and ordered 
 major Brereton, with 150 men, to cover their right 
 flank from Lally's brigade, fo as to prevent their 
 coming upon them from the north part, where co- 
 lonel Draper propofed to make his attack. 
 
 THE men marched out full of fpirits by the weft, 
 entered by the fouth fide of the Black Town, and 
 penetrated quite through, almoft to the end of the 
 
 ftreet,
 
 298 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 ftreet, before the colonel perceived any corps of the 
 enemy, who then gave him a fcattering fire. Here he 
 left two platoons to check them, and marched on 
 with the reft to the fquare, at the extremity of that 
 ftreet, where the ftreets interfered, and gave a fair view 
 of the Lorrain regiment and Indian battalions in 
 the flank, waiting for him at the head of another 
 ftreet, more to the weft, where they had pointed 
 four guns. The French miftook the Englilh troops 
 for Lally's brigade, and fuffered them to form on 
 their left Flank unmolefted ; nor were they apprized 
 of their miftake, until convinced by the fire of the 
 field -pieces, loaded with grape-fhot. This firft 
 charge threw the left flank of the enemy into great 
 confufion ; fo that they abandoned their cannon and 
 prepared for flight. Colonel Draper would have 
 leized the opportunity to pufh the broken remains 
 of the French ; and he actually made fuch a pu(h 
 as would aftonim all that did not know him. If he 
 had been brifkly followed by his two platoons of 
 grenadiers, he would have brought in eleven of- 
 ficers, fifty men, and four guns more : but the gre- 
 nadiers did not dojuftice to their leader, who com- 
 manded his men to ceafe firing, and to charge with 
 bayonets fixed. He even fet the example and ad- 
 vanced ; but was followed only by four brave fel- 
 lows, two of whom were killed, and the other two 
 dangeroufly wounded. The colonel had leveral 
 balls through his coat, but was not wounded. He 
 advanced, and exchanged a piftol with the French 
 officer of artillery, who immediarely furrendered; 
 but the colonel had the mortification to find that 
 he had no men to carry off the guns. The Euglifli 
 troops, as well as the French, had thrown them- 
 felves under the cover of fome houfes and old walls ; 
 which gave the French time to rally, and created 
 fuch a diforder among the Englifh, that the colonel 
 thought it moft prudent to retreat, efpecially as 
 
 Lally's
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 299 
 
 Lally's brigade of frefh men advanced to fupporc 
 the regiment of Lorrain. 
 
 COLONEL Draper made his retreat down the ftreet 
 to the eaftward from the fquare : but had the misfor- 
 tune to lofe eighty men, who were intercepted and 
 taken prifoners. However, the colonel was fea- 
 fonably joined by major Brereton, and made a fafe 
 retreat to the fort, with little lofs; though Lally's 
 regiment planted themfelves at the little bridge, 
 and fired brifldy with two field pieces and grape, 
 as the troops marched to the entrance of the town 
 at the north ravelin. 
 
 BOTH armies were greatly weakened by this ar> 
 tack, in which the Englim had 103 men taken pri- 
 foners, of whom 19 were wounded, 12 came in 
 wounded, and 49 were left dead on the fpot ; among 
 thefe were major Polier, captain Hume, and enfign 
 Chafe, mortally wounded ; captain -lieutenant Bil- 
 hock killed; lieutenants Smith and Blair wounded 
 and taken-, and captain Pafcal and lieutenant Elliot 
 fhot through the body ; fo that the Englilh loft 
 eight officers, and 1 94 men. The French fuftained 
 a greater lofs ; for, on their fide, they had major 
 Soubinet, M. Rabout, and five other officers killed, 
 befides 24 wounded; with 363 private men killed 
 and wounded : but they were fenfibly affected by 
 the lofs of the count d'Eftaing, who was taken pri- 
 foner in the beginning ; for he afted as brigadier 
 general, and was reputed an excellent officer. 
 
 DURING the fally, the French fired feveral mot 
 from fome field pieces into the fort; but did no da- 
 mage. Neither did the artillery in the fort attempt 
 any farther than to difturb the befiegers where it was 
 thought they might be at work ; Mr. Call, the 
 chief engineer, being employed in feveral necefTary 
 works to fecure their water, to remove obftrudtions. 
 on the ramparts, and to fet up a pallifadoe in an o- 
 pening under die fouth flank of the roval baftion* 
 
 The
 
 5 oo A VOYAGE TO 
 
 The befiegers continued their fire all the next day, 
 and loft feveral men by defertion, who came into 
 the fort with their arms. 
 
 THE reports of a difagreement among the of- 
 ficers, and the difguft (hewn by the men in the 
 French camp, encouraged the befieged to try the 
 iffue of another fally. A party of forty volunteers, 
 and as many fepoys, were ordered for this fervice on 
 the 1 6th. They marched out fecretly at eleven at 
 night for the Black Town, to give the French an 
 alert, and to nail up fome pieces of cannon that 
 were planted in the ftreets : but they had not pro- 
 ceeded much beyond the glacis, before the French 
 advanced centinels fired, and alarmed their whole 
 force ; which obliged the Englifh party to return 
 back to the fort. The next night, the French re- 
 turned the compliment by a pretended attack, 
 which ended with a few men only, who advanced 
 with a bravado near the glacis, and gave their fire. 
 
 STILL there was no appearance of works carried 
 on for a fiege, and deferters continued to come in 
 every evening, who informed the governor, that 
 the enemy were waiting for mortars and (lores at 
 St. Thomas -, which fupply the governor had made 
 an ineffectual attempt to intercept by fea. 
 
 ON the 1 8th, the governor gave out publicly, to 
 the garrifon, for their encouragement, that he 
 would diltribute fifty thoufand rupees among them, 
 five days after the fiege was raifed, or the French 
 beat off: but their ipirits were kept up chiefly by 
 the flying camp, that was formed by captain Pref- 
 ton, who commanded at Chinglapet ; which ho- 
 vered about the French army, and harrafied them 
 with great fuccefs. This flying camp was compofed 
 of 300 horfe, and as many well difciplined fepoys, 
 whom major Caillaud had procured from the king 
 of Tanjore, and marched with them to Chingla- 
 pet, being 250 miles, in eleven days. Here the 
 
 major
 
 THE EAST- IN DIES. 301 
 
 major left his men to follow him, and proceeded to 
 the mount of St. Thomas, where he met with 2000 
 horfe, and 1500 fepoys, under IflbufCawn ; which 
 were joined by captain Prefton, with part of the 
 garrifon of Chinglapet, confifting of 60 Europe- 
 ans, and 500 fepoys, with three cannon ; and by 
 captain Vafierot with ten of his troop. Captain 
 Prefton from his advantageous fituation at the 
 mount greatly annoyed the befiegers, from whom 
 he took feveral convoys, and particularly one with 
 a large quantity of arms, ammunition, bullocks, 
 and tents for 3000 men. He alfo repulfed feveral 
 detachments from the enemy's main army -, and in 
 one action treated the black forces fo feverely, that 
 they were obliged to move off towards Arcot to re- 
 cruit. 
 
 Major Caillaud joined the Tanjorean troops to 
 thofe at the mount, where he took the command, 
 and was attacked by the French. M. Lally was 
 fenfible of the check this flying camp could always 
 give to his operations, and was convinced that no- 
 thing lefs would do, than a fufficient force to crufh 
 them effectually. He detached 600 Europeans, and 
 1500 fepoys, with 300 European dragoons, 100 
 huflfars, and 1000 morattas, with ten pieces of can- 
 non, to attack the Englim camp on the mount. 
 Day-light difcovered the French, and a fevere can- 
 nonade began. 
 
 THE French cavalry pulhed to the right, and 
 made a (land when they came within 300 paces of 
 the Englim front-, while their fepoys endeavoured 
 to occupy all the banks and places on the left, 
 where they could be under cover. When the French 
 horfe advanced to charge, the Englim horfe gave 
 way and fled : the French purfued till they were 
 flopped by a party of foot, whofe fire obliged them 
 to retreat. However, the village was well defend- 
 ed : it was twice taken and retaken ; but, after a 
 
 difpute
 
 3 o2 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 difpute of three hours, it was loft by the raflinefs 
 of the officer who commanded that poit. He faw 
 the French retreat in fome confufion, and impru- 
 dently purfued, without obferving a party ready to 
 fupport them : that party flopped him, and drove 
 him out of the village, which he could not recover. 
 It was now about ten in the morning, when the 
 French grew tired of attacking, and contented 
 themfelves with cannonading until four in the af- 
 ternoon, when they renewed their attack ; but in 
 vain. Major Caillaud had fo judicioufly lined the 
 garden walls, that the French found it impoffible to 
 advance through their fire, and thought ferioufly 
 of a retreat, which they effected without farther lofs. 
 At the clofe of the evening they moved off their 
 artillery, and foon after their whole body followed ; 
 which was a happy circumftance for the Englim 
 troops, who had exhaufted all their ammunition 
 for the artillery, and had little left for the mufketry. 
 Major Caillaud remained two hours on the field of 
 battle, and then marched to Chinglapet, the only 
 place where he could be fupplied *. The French 
 lofs on this occafion was 176 Europeans killed and 
 wounded, and about 300 fepoys : but the Englifh 
 lofs was not half fo much. 
 
 M. LALLY relied much on the fuccefs of this de- 
 tachment, fo that ,his operations went flowly on 
 againft the fort until their return. He had feized 
 upon the town of Sadrafs, from whence he expelled 
 the Dutch garrifon, and put fome French troops in 
 the place, which he refolved to make a magazine, 
 as it was equally diftant from Pondicherry and Ma- 
 drafs. Major Caillaud made an attempt to difpof- 
 fefs the French from Sadrafs, which is twenty miles 
 from Chinglapet, and difpofed his march fo as to 
 
 * See this volume, p. 126. 
 
 arrive
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 305 
 
 arrive there before day-light: but he was mifled by 
 his guides, which difappointed his fcheme, as he 
 had not a Sufficient force to make a regular attack. 
 
 THE garrifon at Fort St. George took every pre- 
 caution for defence, and tried every art to annoy 
 the befiegers, who, on the i7th of December, open- 
 ed their trenches, and threw up a breaft-work from 
 the houfes on the beach near the old town, to the 
 fea-lide. The next day they threw up another breaft- 
 work, about fixty feet in length, and ioe yards ad- 
 vanced before the other. Both thefe retrenchments 
 terminated on the furf j the latter at the diftance of 
 about 500 yards from the north-eaft faliant angle 
 t>f the covered way. It was therefore refolved by the 
 befieged, that platforms mould be railed in the cover- 
 ed way, fufficiently high for field-pieces, on covered 
 way carriages, to fire over the parapet : to raife a 
 parapet of the demi-baftion, near the faliant angle, 
 two or three feet higher than the reft ; and to erect 
 a traverfe on the eaft wing, to prevent an enfilade : 
 to raife the blind before the north-eaft baftion, fo 
 high as would juft admit the guns to fire over it at 
 the enemy's works : to clofe the pafiage between 
 the upper and lower flank of the demi-baftion in 
 the fecureft manner : and to put the north ravelin 
 in the beft condition of defence. 
 
 ON the i gth at night, a fubaltern on duty in the 
 north-eaft angle of the covered way, with 21 men 
 and fome fepoys, was ordered to fally on the re- 
 trenchment and works fuppofed to be carrying on by 
 the befiegers : but as the fally was made before it 
 was dark, they were difcovered, and retired, with 
 the lofs of one European killed and two wounded, 
 befides fome fepoys who were killed in their flight. 
 
 FIVE Chelingas had been obferved in the morn- 
 ing going out of St. Thomas's bar, and failed to 
 the fouthward, as was apprehended, for ftores. 
 Jamaul Saib, who commanded the company's fe- 
 
 VOL, II. X poys,
 
 5 o6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 poys, was dtfirous of attacking St. Thomas at 
 night, and was fent out with 1000 of his men ; but 
 he miftook his way, and was fired upon by a party 
 of French fepoys, who were ftationed in Mr. Pow- 
 r-ey's houfe ; which fo much intimidated his men, 
 that moft of them threw down their arms, and he 
 was obliged to return. 
 
 ON the 2oth'the bcfiegers threw up an imperfect 
 communication from the firft to the fecond breaft- 
 work *, while the befieged fired (hot or fhells, every 
 eight or ten minutes, on the place where they fuf- 
 pected the enemy would work, which retarded their 
 operations. 
 
 ADVICE was brought in, that the befiegers had 
 two guns at Trivelcane, and few troops at St. Tho- 
 mas : upon which, about ten in the morning of the 
 2ift, town-major Bannatyne and enfign Crawley 
 were fent out with 1000 fepoys, and 20 Europeans, 
 who went along the beach to the fouthward, crofled 
 the bar, and marched through the village beyond 
 the governor's garden, where they furprized three 
 pofts of fepoys, intercepted fome letters, and took 
 iome prifoners : but were obliged to return, on fee- 
 ing a fuperior force drawn up near Mr. Turing's 
 houfe. 
 
 M. LALLY, by a letter to count d'Eftaing, who 
 was prifoner in the fort, complained that IlTouf Cawn 
 was committing great devaftations to the fouthward, 
 near Pondicherry ; and that he mould make re- 
 prifals round Madrafs : but, in fact, he could not 
 well depopulate the country more than he had. 
 
 THE Nabob and his family were fent on board a 
 fnow in the road, and failed for Negapatnam, where 
 he was to land, and proceed to Trichinopoli, from 
 whence he might difturb the French, who, on the 
 22d, had deepened and lengthened their parallel a 
 few tcet. They had alfo been at work on their line 
 
 of
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 307 
 
 of communication between Mutal Pettah and Pet- 
 tah Naigues -, but had not finiihed ir. 
 
 ABOUT nine in the morning, a fail appeared j 
 which was the Thames from Vizagapatnara, in four 
 days; who brought advice of colonel Forde's vic- 
 tory over the marquis de Conflans. The garrifon 
 were drawn up in the covered way, and gave the 
 French a feu de joye from their mulketry, and three 
 rounds of artillery from feven 24 pounders with 
 fliot into the Black Town. The black artificers and 
 Cooleys were employed on the north lunette, raifing 
 the parapets, lining the embrafures with Palmeira 
 trees, and clofmg the communication with the co- 
 vered way by a traverfe on each fide. 
 
 ON the 24th, the befiegers were employed in 
 deepening and thickening their parallel: but, on 
 the 25th, the governor, colonel Lawrence, and the 
 principal officers aflembled in the evening, when it 
 was agreed, that the moft neceflary work was to 
 finifti the traverfes on the royal baftion ; and then 
 to clofe the opening between the north-weft curtain 
 and the blind before the mint fally-port ; as alfo to 
 erefl a traverfe in the covered way, before the north 
 face of the royal ballion. 
 
 ON the 28th, the befiegers formed a llrong para- 
 pet to the weftward \ and, on the goth, M. Lally 
 fent a flag of truce into the fort, with a letter, com- 
 plaining of the Englilh firing at his head -quarters, 
 *nd threatening to burn the Black Town in return : 
 but that complaint was imprudent ; becaufe he ought 
 not to have fixed his head -quarters fo near the fort. 
 
 EARLY the fame morning, the firft company o 
 grenadiers, with the troop of horfe, and a large 
 body of fepoys, went over the bar to the fouthward, 
 and into Trivelcane village, where they furprized a 
 guard of fepoys, and returned to the fort with fome 
 intercepted letters, which difcovered, that a frigate 
 was arrived from the iflands to Pondichcrry, and 
 X 2 had
 
 308 AVOYAGETO 
 
 had brought about 200,000 dollars ; but no men* 
 tion was made of any forces. About the fame time, 
 a French detachment of 300 Europeans and 1000 
 fepoys, commanded by colonel Keneddy, advanced 
 near the mount, with four guns, and cannonaded 
 the troops under the command of captain Prefton, 
 who took two of their guns, killed 15 Europeans, 
 and wounded many others, among whom was the 
 colonel. 
 
 ON the gift about ten at night, two deferters 
 came in, with information that M. Lally propofed 
 to uflier in the new year by bombarding the fort : 
 but it proved otherwife, for the befiegers were filent, 
 while the befieged bellowed fome fire upon them. 
 
 HOWEVER, as foon as day-light appeared, on the 
 2d of January 1759, the French began to fire from 
 five pieces of cannon upon their weftern battery, and 
 one mortar ; they alfo threw twelve-inch (hells from 
 four large mortars near the weft end of their battery 
 to the northward. The garrifon were furprized by 
 this early falute ; but having twelve heavy cannon, 
 which bore on the enemy's battery to the weft, they 
 foon difmounted two of their guns. The befiegers 
 threw Ihells until pad feven at night, and common- 
 ly four in a flight, which were chiefly aimed at the 
 fort-houfe ; and fo well thrown, that two fell on the 
 top and pierced the fir ft and fecond roof ; fome fell 
 within the fquare, and ruined fome of the rooms : 
 other houfes were alfo much damaged -, but no peo- 
 ple were hurt. 
 
 CAPTAIN Prefton left the mount, which the 
 French feized with a large body of troops, com- 
 manded by M. Sotipire, a major general, who 
 marched to attack captain Prefton, near Trevam- 
 bore ; but the French were defeated with the lofs of 
 54 Europeans killed, and 96 wounded. 
 
 THE working party in the fort were employed in 
 finilhing the work acrofs the gut to the northward, 
 
 in
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 309 
 
 in making traverfes before the doors of the Nabob's 
 baftion, and acrofs the ftreets leading to the fouth 
 curtain, where the guards were ordered to parade. 
 
 ON the 3d at night, the befieged made a brifk 
 fire on the enemy's batteries : but neither fhell or 
 (hot was returned from them -, however, they open- 
 ed the epaulment of their northern battery, and let 
 in fafcines to face the embrafures. 
 
 ON the 4th, the befieged fired fmartly on the 
 batteries of the befiegers, who never returned it; 
 though they were not idle in completing their nor- 
 thern battery. 
 
 ON the 5th, the befieged began to erect a battery 
 of five guns behind the covered way in the faliant 
 place of arms before the demi -baftion. This bat- 
 tery would be a direct grazing fire, and could nei- 
 ther be enfiladed nor beaten down, becaufe the glacis 
 was the parapet, and the embrafures were to be cut 
 through it. 
 
 ON the 6th, at break of day, the befiegers open- 
 ed their batteries againft the fort. They firft threw 
 five fhells into the town, as a fignal for their other 
 batteries to begin ; and then began to fire from fix 
 guns and as many mortars from their north battery ; 
 and from their weft battery, with three guns, point- 
 ed on Pigot's baftion ; while four others with an 
 howitz fired on the flank of the demi baftion, and 
 enfiladed the covered way before the north face of 
 the royal baftion. They continued to fire from 
 thefe batteries until about five in the afternoon, and 
 threw about 150 fhells, befides fhot, chiefly into 
 and over the town. Little hurt was done to the 
 works; but the houfes were much damaged. The 
 fire of the befieged was fuperior to that of the be- 
 fiegers, who had feveral men killed in the north 
 battery, and one of their mortars difmounted : but 
 little was done on either fide during the night. 
 
 X 3 ON
 
 3 io AVOYAGETO 
 
 ON the 7th, about four in the morning, the gar- 
 rifon were furprized with the arrival of three boats, 
 which proved to be thole that were fent with the 
 Englilh ladies to Sadrafs, where they were feized by 
 the French , who loaded them with 150 Ihot of 24 
 pounds, 1000 empty cartridges, 50 iteel caps, 50 
 barrels of gun- powder, and 1500 land-bags, with a 
 foldier in each boat : but the EngHm boatmen feiz- 
 ed the arms of the deeping foldiers, and brought 
 them in at the fea-gate of Madrafs. The befiegers 
 fired brifldy this day, damaged fome houtes, and 
 killed three Europeans: they alfb opened a new 
 battery near the burying ground. 
 
 ON the 8th, governor Pigot and colonel Law- 
 rence appointed a pioneer company, compofed of 
 volunteers drawn from the feveral corps. They 
 \vere to do no other duty but repair the works, and 
 confifted of fix ferjeants, fix corporals, and 88 pri- 
 vate men, under the command of lieutenant Meyers 
 and enfign Weft. T wo com panics of fepoys, under 
 proper officers, were alfo formed on the fame plan* 
 
 ON the 9th, the befiegers made a brifk fire from 
 their cannon ; but few (hells were thrown. In the 
 night, they carried on part of] a zig-zag about 100 
 feet long to the weft of their north battery ; and, 
 taking a turn, carried another 200 feet in length 
 back towards the beach. 
 
 ON the nth, they drew a trench from the little 
 houfe in the Pettah towards the bridge, and opened 
 a battery of two guns from the kitchen of the new 
 hofpital, which fired on the north weft curtain and 
 the blind before the mint faliy-port; but were in- 
 tended to plunge into the royal baftion, and batter 
 the eaft. flank in reverfe. They alib brought two 
 guns near the bar, and tired on the people who had 
 Iheltered themfelves to the tbuthward of the fort: 
 therefore it was determined to attack that pott early 
 the fiext morning, 
 
 ACCORD-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 311 
 
 ACCORDINGLY, the grenadiers of the third bat> 
 talion under captain Campbell, with 100 more Eu- 
 ropeans, and 300 fepoys, the whole commanded by 
 major Brereron, marched by the beach to the bar, 
 defeated the French party, took their guns, killed 
 and wounded 18 men, and took feven prifoners. 
 The Englifh had only one man killed, and nine 
 wounded ; but among the latter was lieutenant 
 Robfon, of the grenadiers, whofe wound was mortal. 
 This little affair animated the befieged, and intimi- 
 dated the befiegers. 
 
 ON the i3th, it was perceived that the French 
 directed moft of their fire againft the demi-baftion 
 and the old north-eaft baftion ; which were there- 
 fore repaired ; while the French, in the night, co- 
 vered their zig-zag near the fea, by a fmall return 
 beginning near the beach, and ftretching parallel 
 to the north front, They were greatly annoyed by 
 the garrifon ; however,, they run on their return 
 about 20 yards. 
 
 ON the i4th, the garrifon repaired the damaged 
 parapets : but the befiegers continued their ap- 
 proaches in the night, when they lengthened their 
 return, and opened it in the middle, from whence 
 they placed fome gabions in an oblique direction to- 
 wards the beach. 
 
 ON the i5th, the befiegers had increafed their 
 north battery to ten pieces of cannon, with which 
 they made a brifk fire in the day, a,nd advanced 
 their work in the fame direction about ^Q yards at 
 night. 
 
 ON the i6th, they threw many (hells into the 
 town, and killed or wounded feveral men in the 
 day i and at night they carried on their zig-zag, 
 which they covered ; while the befieged kept an in- 
 ceflantfire upon them, and vigilantly repaired their 
 own works, which the befregers greatly damaged the 
 X 4 next
 
 3 12 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 next day, and at night advanced by a third zig-zag 
 acrofs the faliant angle of the glacis. 
 
 ON the 1 9th, the French brought two heavy 
 guns to the fouth of the bar, and threw fome fhoc 
 into the town. Their fliells fet the town on fire in 
 three places at once ; but the flames were foon ex- 
 tinguifhed. 
 
 ON the 2Oth and 2ift little was done by the 
 French, whofe method of proceeding, by fimple 
 fap, in their confined manner, encouraged the be- 
 fieged to fend out thirty foldiers and forty pioneers 
 to drive them from their work, in which they fuc- 
 ceeded, wirh little Jofs. 
 
 ON the 2 ad, the befiegers advanced fome gabi- 
 ons on the glacis, almoft parallel to the eaft face of 
 the covered way ; and alfo opened a battery of four 
 guns to fire on the right face of the north ravelin. 
 
 ON the 23d, at night, they attempted to pufh 
 their gabions clofe to the covered way ; in which 
 they were fmartly oppofed, with lofs on both fides. 
 
 THE befiegers, during the night of the 24th pufli- 
 ed on their approaches in a line parallel to the eaft 
 face of the covered way, as far as the Palmeira pal- 
 lifadoe, which ran quite into the fea, from whence 
 they made a return. 
 
 ON the 25th, the befirged made a fally with 40 
 men, who deftroyed fome of the enemy's gabions ; 
 in which attempt iome men were killed and wound- 
 ed on both fides. The fame night, the French con- 
 tinued their approaches in a line almoft parallel to 
 the north face of the covered way, before the demi- 
 baftion, and made a return at the end of it to cover 
 their flank ; whereby they entirely embraced the 
 faliant angle of the covered way, which made it too 
 hazardous to keep troops therein. 
 
 ON the 26th the befiegers fired moft of their 
 fhot from all their batteries into the town; but 
 
 threw
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 313 
 
 threw their (hells generally towards the works on 
 the north front. 
 
 THE fire of the befiegers, from the 6th to the 
 26th, had difabled 26 pieces of cannon, and three 
 mortars ; but had not the effect of deftroying the 
 defences ; neverthelefs they advanced their trenches 
 clofe to the works. 
 
 ON the 2;th, in the afternoon, captain Prefton's 
 fignal of a great fmoke, was feen weft of Egmore ; 
 and an Hircar came in, with a report that the Eng- 
 lifh troops had defeated the French. 
 
 ON the 28th, the befieged attempted to pufh a 
 mine from the counterfcarp : and, on the 29th, 
 they diicovered the befiegers throwing up earth 
 through a fmall hole juft within the banquet in the 
 covered way oppofite the ilockadoe on the eaftern 
 glacis : but fome grenadiers threw grenades into the 
 hole, and prevented the work. 
 
 ON the ^oth the Shaftfbury came into the road 
 from Bombay, and landed the fick troops. The 
 next morning, the befiegers opened four embra- 
 fures on the north face of the covered way before 
 the demi-baftion, and began to fire with three 
 guns, which had no effect. 
 
 ON the i ft of February little was done by the 
 French, who opened five embrafures on the 2d, and 
 fired two guns on the angle of the demi baftion, 
 which feldom (truck the top of the parapet. 
 
 ON the gd, about day-break, they fprung a mine 
 behind the counterfcarp of the ditch, oppofite the 
 eaft end of the cuvette, and opened the wall about 
 23 feet; but did little damage. The fire from the 
 flank of the royal baftion oblique, and three guns 
 in the north-eaft direct, made it impoflible for the 
 French to withftand it above an hour or two every 
 morning ; which obliged them to abandon their 
 advanced works, where they had feveral guns dif- 
 abled, and had loft many men, 
 
 ON
 
 314 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 ON the fth and 6th nothing material happened : 
 but early in the morning of the 7th, the befiegers 
 fired with four guns and one morrar from their old 
 grand battery ; fo that they were in the fame con- 
 dition as when they began to fire on the 6th of Ja- 
 nuary. 
 
 ON the 8th and 9th little was done : but, on the 
 loth the befiegers fired fmartly from their grand 
 battery into the town, and deftroyed many houfes. 
 They flackened their fire the two following days i 
 and, on the i3th, fent 30 Europeans and 50 CafFres 
 to nail up the guns at the fafcirie battery j in which 
 attempt they were repulfed with the lofs of feveral 
 men, 
 
 ON the 1 4th, about day-light, the garrifon made 
 a fally upon the befiegers, and drove them from-the 
 ftockadoe near the fea. 
 
 THE fame day M. Lally fent a letter to M. de 
 Leyrit at Pondicherry, whereby he informed him, 
 " That a good blow might be ftruck at Madrafs, 
 where was a (hip in the road, of 20 guns, laden 
 with all the treafure of the place, and which it was 
 faid would remain there until the zoth. That they 
 remained (till in the fame pofition : the breach 
 made thefe 15 days ; all the time within 15 toifes * 
 of the wall of the place, and never holding up their 
 heads to look at it. That he reckoned, on their 
 arrival at Pondicherry, they mould endeavor to 
 learn fome other trade i for tjiat of war required 
 too much patience. That of 1 500 fepoys which 
 attended his army, he computed near 800 were em^ 
 ployed upon the road to Pondicherry, laden with 
 fugar, pepper, and other goods j and as for the 
 Coolies, they were all employed for the fame pur- 
 pofe, from the firft day they came there. That he 
 
 Ninety feet. 
 
 war
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 315 
 
 was taking his meafures from that day to fet fire to 
 the Black Town, and blow up the powder-mills. 
 That it could never be imagined, that 50 French 
 deferters and 100 Swifs, were actually (lopping the 
 progrefs of 2000 men of the king's and company's 
 troops, which were ftill exifting there; notwith- 
 ftanding the exaggerated accounts that every one 
 made, according to his own fancy, of the (laughter 
 which had been made of them : and he would ftill 
 be more furprized, if he told him, that if it were 
 not for the two combats and four battles they fuf- 
 tained, and for the batteries which failed, or were 
 unfkilfully made, they mould not have loft 50 men 
 from the beginning of the fiege. That he had 
 wrote to M. de Larche, if he perfifted in not com- 
 ing there, let who would raife money upon the Po- 
 lygars for him; he would not do it: and he re- 
 nounced, as he informed him a month before, di- 
 rectly or indirectly, meddling with any thing what- 
 ever that might have relation to their adminiitration, 
 whether civil or military : for he had rather go and 
 command theCaffres of Madagafcar than remain in 
 that Sodom ; which it was impoflible but the fire of 
 the Englifli muft deftroy, fooner or latter, even 
 though that from heaven mould not. He added, 
 as follows : " I think it neceflary to apprize you, 
 that, as M. de Soupire has refufed to take upon him 
 the command of this army, which I have offered to 
 him, and which he is empowered to accept, by 
 having received from the court a duplicate of my 
 commiflion, you muft of neceffity, together with 
 the council, take it upon you. For my part, I 
 undertake only to bring it back, eirher to Arcot or 
 Sadrafs. Send therefore your orders, or come your- 
 felves to command it ; for I mail quit it on my ar- 
 rival there." 
 
 THIS letter was intercepted by major Caillaud's 
 patroles when he marched from Chinglapet to fur- 
 prize
 
 $i6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 prize Sadrafs. The major immediately fent the let- 
 ter to the governor of Madrafs, and marched back 
 again to be near the fort, and to be ready for what 
 fervice might be required of him. 
 
 THIS letter plainly intimated that M. Lally was 
 refolved to burn the Black Town, and raife the 
 fiege. By the account of deferters, their lofs of of- 
 ficers and men in their advanced battery was very 
 confiderable, and they had feveral pieces of can- 
 non difabled. After they were obliged to quit it, 
 their fire continually decreafed from 23 pieces of 
 cannon, which they had at one time* ta only fix 
 pieces. 
 
 ON the 1 5th, in the morning, the befiegers kept 
 up a brifk fire from fix guns on their grand battery, 
 three at the burying ground, and two at the old 
 hofpital : but in the afternoon they only fired from 
 three at the grand battery, and two at the burying 
 ground, which played fmartly until moon-light. 
 
 ON the i6th, the fire of the befiegers was very 
 briflc from their artillery ; but few fhells were 
 thrown. About noon, a fmall (loop anchored in the 
 road, and acquainted the governor, that theEnglifli 
 fliips were feen by her a few days before in the lati- 
 tude of fourteen north : and about five in the af- 
 ternoon the garrifon perceived fix fail to the north- 
 ward, which they concluded to be thofe mips, and 
 the whole garrifon was ordered to lie on their arms 
 all night to prevent any fudden attack. They kept 
 up a fmart fire of mufketry againft the enemy's 
 works until ten o'clock, when the fix mips an- 
 chored in the road, and were known to be thole ex- 
 pected from Bombay. 
 
 ABOUT two in the morning of the i7th, the be- 
 fiegers made a fmart fire from their mufketry ; but 
 their ihot flew too high. At the fame time, feveral 
 lights and fires appeared in their trenches, which 
 were evacuated before morning, when they quitted 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 317 
 
 the Black Town, having nailed up all the guns 
 they could fire from, and deftroyed the carriages 
 which they thought ierviceable. They had not 
 time to fet the Black Town on fire, as they were 
 afraid of the flying camp which major Caillaud had 
 again afiembled on the motirtt, and of the united 
 force of the garrifon and the troops from England, 
 if they mould take the retreating army between two 
 fires. 
 
 THE fame morning, his majefty's (hip the Queen- 
 borough, commanded by captain Kempenfclt, and 
 the company's fhip Revenge, difcm barked the 
 troops ; which were the other detachment of colonel 
 Draper's regiment*, confiding of 600 men, under 
 the command of major Monfon and captain Moore. 
 
 THUS was raifed the fiegeof Fort St. George, af- 
 ter the garrifon had been (hut up 67 days, and the 
 enemy's batteries had been open 46. General Lally 
 retreated in the utmoft tranfports of rage and de- 
 fpair, which a man of honor and ability in his pro- 
 fefllon can feel, who is ill feconded by his troops, 
 neglected by thofe who ought to fupport him, and 
 cheated by the villainy of contractors, and of all 
 thofe who turn war into a low traffic. His letter is 
 a ftrong and itriking picture of thofe agitations. He 
 left behind him a large quantity of military (lores, 
 and ail his heavy cannon, which were 44 pieces; 
 but moft of them were rendered unferviceable. 
 Though the Black Town efcaped the deftructioa 
 intended by him, he vented his refentment by the 
 devaftation he made in his route by Egmore, where 
 he deftroyed the powder-mills ; and, among other 
 
 * This was the jgl\\ regiment of foot, which was raifed in 
 1757, and moft of the men were Scotch. William Draper, 
 Efq; was the colonel commandant, and Cholmondeley Brere- 
 ton, and George Monfon, Efquires, were the two majors, uho 
 were appointed fuch when the regiment wa$ rajfed. 
 
 things
 
 5 i8 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 things unworthy of a foldier* he ordered a country* 
 houfe on the mount, belonging to colonel Law- 
 rence, to be blown up with three barrels of gun- 
 powder. From thence he marched to Conjeveram, 
 where he arrived the next morning, and began to 
 fortify himfelf againft a fudden attack, in cafe of a 
 purfuit : but the Englifti forces were not able to take 
 the field immediately for want of cooleys, bullocksj 
 and other neceflaries. 
 
 THE French made an eafy conqueft of Madrafs * 
 in 1746 ; and alfo of Fort St. David -f in 1 758 ; but 
 now they were mamefully repulfed. The garrifon 
 in general diilinguilhed themfelves for their fobrie- 
 ty, and emulated each other in their military duty. 
 So brave a defence and deliverance did great honor 
 to all concerned, and particularly to colonel Law- 
 rence, who had the fatisfadion to fee all his fervices 
 in the country crowned by a moft honorable defence 
 of the capital fettlement, in which he was nobly fup- 
 ported by the indefatigable vigilance and bravery of 
 colonel Draper and major Brereton within the walhj 
 and by major Caillaud and captain Prefton without. 
 Governor Pigot alfo greatly contributed to their fuc- 
 cefs, by his prudence, refolution, and generofity, in 
 the management of the ftores and provifions, fre- 
 quently vifiting the works, and liberally rewarding 
 all thofe who fignalized themfelves. Befides, he 
 faithfully difcharged his promife of 50,000 rupees* 
 which was immediately iffued and diftributed after 
 the enemy difappeared, two thirds to the Europe- 
 ans, and one third to the fepoys and lafcars. 
 
 MR. CALL obferves, at the end of his journal of 
 this remarkable fiege, that as nothing very different 
 from what is met with in all fieges, or laid down as 
 general maxims, was praflifed in the defence of the 
 
 * See the Introduftion to this volume, p. xxv. xxvii. 
 f See this volume, p. 289. 29!. 
 
 place,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 319 
 
 place, it would be unneceffary to enter into a par- 
 ticular recapitulation. However, he remarks, that 
 the artillery was fo well ferved, that two twelve- 
 pounders from the north ravelin difmounted four 
 twenty-four pounders oppofed to them -, and that of 
 32 pieces of cannon found on the enemy's bat- 
 teries, 3 1 were difabled by the mot from the fort, 
 which were many more than the be*fieged had hurt, 
 notwithstanding their works were enfiladed, plung- 
 ed into, and taken in reverfe. The works were 
 kept in extraordinary good repair ; and three guns, 
 with a ftrong parapet, were maintained in the north - 
 eaft baftion by a few men. An addition was alfo 
 made of a battery by the fea-fide j and two pieces 
 more were fired on the i6th of February, than on 
 the 14th of December. It mould alfo be obferved, 
 that a few raw men taken from the pioneer com- 
 pany, greatly exceeded all the boafted miners of the 
 French, who threatened to blow whole baftions in- 
 to the air. 
 
 THE French began to renounce all thofe fanguine 
 hopes which they had entertained from their forces 
 in this part of the world. The Englifh, on the 
 contrary, went on from fuccefs to fuccefs; and 
 while they defeated the French on the eaftern coaft 
 of the great peninfula of India j on the weftern they 
 took the great and opulent city of Surat, from the 
 powers of. the country, with very little lofs. 
 
 CHAP.
 
 320 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 C H A P. IV. 
 
 tte reduction of SURAT by the Englifli preftdency of 
 BOMBAY : and the taking the Englifli faftory at 
 GOMBROON by the French j in 1759. 
 
 i, s tr R A T. 
 
 I HAVE already given a particular account of 
 the city of Surat in my former volume ; and 
 here mall beg leave to make the following addition 
 thereto, as neceflary to mew why the prefidency of 
 Bombay undertook this expedition againft a place 
 fubject to the Mogul government. 
 
 THE city is fituated in 72 deg. 20 rriin. of eaft 
 longitude, and 52 deg. 38 min. of north latitude, 
 on the fouth-eaft fide of the river Tappee *, about 
 1 6 miles from the fea, 160 miles north of Bombay, 
 and as many fouth of Cambaia ; being about three 
 miles in circumference, but very populous, and 
 vaftly rich : but Swalley -j-, feven of eight leagues 
 north from the mouth of the Tappee, is properly 
 the fort qf Surat, as the river is not navigable up to 
 the town for mips of burden ; which obliges mer- 
 chants to unload at this place, and to fend their 
 merchandize to Surat, either in fmall veflels up the 
 river, or by land in waggons drawn by oxen. 
 
 THE Portugueze took and ruined Surat in 1520 ; 
 but as it was already famous enough for its trade, 
 it became more confiderable by its ruin. All the 
 Indian nations, who were accuftomed to trade there, 
 united to re-eftablifh it : but it was not until near a 
 century after that it became a general ftaple for 
 European and ealtern merchandize ; being enriched 
 
 Tapte, or Tapta. f OrSouali. 
 
 by
 
 THE EAST* IN DIES. $z\ 
 
 by a kind of compeofation for the damage done to 
 it by the Portugueze, when the Dutch appearing 
 in the Indian ocean, hsd deprived them of almoft 
 3!! their places, and entirely ruined their trade. 
 
 THE Englifh eftablifhecl a factory there in 1609, 
 the Dutch in j6i6, and the French in 1665. The 
 Englifh had their prefidency here, before it was re- 
 moved to Bombay ; after which they maintained ^ 
 factory at Surat, and were allowe-,1 great privileges 
 by the court of Delli. 
 
 SURAT is rernarkable for the trade carried on 
 there by the Europeans, and for that carried on by 
 the merchants of the country with Java and Suma- 
 tra, in the Indian ocean ; as alfo with Aden, Mocha, 
 and Mecca, upon the Red-fea; and Bander Abafii, 
 or Gombroon, in the Perfian gplph. TWO fhips 
 depart every year fron) Surat for th.e conveniency 
 of the Mahometans, who go upon a pilgrimage to 
 Mecca ; but ufually they are as much laden with, 
 merchandize upon account of the Mogul, as upon 
 that of the pilgrims ; and their returns are fo rich, 
 that they make a part of the European trade for 
 the merchandize of Arabia Felix. 
 
 I HAVE before remarked, that the governor 
 of the town was unconnected with the governor of 
 the caftle : but as the Indian feas were greatly infeftr 
 ed by pirates, the rvlogul appointed a naval officer 
 to keep them in awe. This man was called Siddee 
 Muflbot*, who had been chief of an Ethiopian co- 
 lony fettled at Rajapore, where he collected feveral 
 veffels of confiderable force, and carried on fome 
 trade, until he was difpofieficd by the Morattoes ; 
 upon which he repaired to Bombay, and afterwards 
 to Surat, where he was appointed admiral on that 
 
 * Or Scydee MafTuoud. When the Abyflinian flaves are 
 
 promoted to any poft of confequence, under the Mogul go- 
 vernment, they are called Siddces. 
 
 VOL. II. ' Y ftation
 
 j22 A V O Y A GE TO 
 
 ftation to the Mogul, with a revenue called the 
 Tanka, amounting yearly to about three lack of 
 rupees, or 36,000 1. fterling ; but he had no power 
 independent of the marine. However, under a 
 pretence of arrears in his appointed revenues, he 
 feized on the caftle, encroached on the town, and 
 feized one third of its revenues. Another third was 
 paid to the Morattoes, to prevent their depredations 
 upon the trade irt the open country : but they were 
 not fatisfied with this ftipulation, and were intent 
 upon fome opportunity to plunder the city, which 
 was kept in fubjection by Siddee Muffoot until his 
 death in 1756, when he was fucceedtd by his fon, 
 who rendered himfelf very obnoxious to the inha- 
 bitants. 
 
 NOVAS ALLEE CAWN was governor of the city, in 
 which office he was fupplanted by Meah Atchund, 
 who was protected by the Siddee j and Pharras 
 Cawn was appointed his Naib, or deputy, in which 
 Hation he acted as chief magiftrate, and conducted 
 himfelf with great honor and integrity. 
 
 MR. ELLIS was the Englifh chief in 1758, when 
 their factory was grievoufly inluked and opprefled 
 by the Siddee and his officers. The principal mer- 
 chants and inhabitants were treated worfe, and de- 
 fired Mr. Ellis to recommend it to the prefidency of 
 Bombay to extricate them from thofe difficulties, by 
 fitting out a force to take pofleffion of the caftle and 
 Tanka, and make Pharras Cawn governor. Mr. 
 Ellis was fucceeded by Mr. Spencer, who commu- 
 nicated the ftate of affairs at Surat to the prefidency 
 of Bombay, in the beginning of the year 1759, 
 when it appeared, that Meah Atchund had all his 
 power controuled by the Siddee, who had 2000 
 men in pay, compofed of Moors, Gentoos, Arabs, 
 Pattans, and others , who were a better corps than 
 Atchund's fepoys, which were 4000. 
 
 THE
 
 THE EAST- IN DIES. 323 
 
 THE. prefickncy of Bombay were apprehenfive 
 tint the Siddee would open the gates to the Morat- 
 tO;s, and therefore determined to prevent it, by 
 afjifting the inhabitants of Surat. Admiral Po- 
 cock was then with his fquadron at Bombay, and 
 readily concurred with the prefidency in fupporting 
 the expedition; for which purpofe, he ordered the 
 Sunderland and Newcaftle to convoy and fupport the 
 company's armament. 
 
 CAPTAIN Maitland, of the royal regiment of 
 artillery, was ordered to embark on board the com- 
 pany's armed veflels with his command, confiding 
 of 850 artillery and infantry, with 1500 fepoys. 
 This armament failed, on the gih of February, un- 
 der the command of captain Watfon, who landed 
 the troops, on the i5th, at Dentilowry, diftant from 
 Surat about nine miles, where they encamped three 
 days for refrefhment. 
 
 IN the firil day's march from that encampment, 
 captain John Northall *, the fecond in command 
 died of an apoplectic fir, and was fucceeded in the 
 command by captain Jofeph Winter. When captain 
 Maitland approached the city, he found that the 
 Siddee had lodged fomeof his troops in the French 
 garden, where he made his firft attack, and drove 
 them our, after a very fmart firing on both fides 
 for about four hours ; in which the Englifh had 
 twenty men killed, and as many wounded : but the 
 Siddee's lofs was much greater. 
 
 AFTER captain Maitland had got poflcfTion of 
 the French garden, he thought it necefiary to order 
 
 * This gentleman had the command of a company at Minor- 
 ca in 1752, and was remarkable for his fine talte in the polite 
 arts. He made the tour of Italy, and wrote a very curious ac- 
 count of the bed fcuVptures, paintings, and other remarkable 
 curiofities in the principal churches and palaces of Florence, 
 Rome, Naples, Venice, and other places which he vifited. I 
 have feen the manufcript, which will be foon printed for the 
 sift- of the public, 
 
 Y 2 the
 
 32 4 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 the engineer to pitch upon a proper place to ere& 
 a battery, which he did, and completed it in two 
 days ; while the enemy took pofieflion of the Eng- 
 lifli garden, and the Siddee's bundar or cuftom- 
 houfe. On the Englim battery were mounted two 
 24 pounders, and a 13 inch mortar, which fired 
 brifkly for three days againll the walls, without ef- 
 fect. Captain Maitland having thought of a more 
 expedient method of getting into the outer town 
 than by the breach of the wall, he called a council 
 of war, compofed of military and marine officers, 
 before whom he laid a plan for a general attack, 
 which they approved, and it was refolved to be put 
 into execution at half an hour paft four the next 
 morning. 
 
 THE plan was, that the Company's grab of 
 20 guns, and four bomb-ketches, mould warp up 
 the river in the night, and anchor in a line of battle 
 oppofite the Siddee*s bundar, one of the ftrongeft 
 fortified places they had got : this they did, and a 
 general attack began from the veflels and battery at 
 the appointed time, on the ift of March. The 
 captain's intentions in this were, to drive the ene- 
 my from their batteries, and to facilitate the land- 
 ing of the infantry at the bundar, whom he had 
 embarked in boats for their tranfportation. The 
 bomb-ketches made a continual fire until half paft 
 eight, when a fignal was made for the boats to put 
 off, and land under cover of the veflels. This 
 proved very fuccefsful, by the prudent conduct and 
 gallant behaviour of Captain Watfon, who landed 
 the troops with the lofs of only one man. They 
 attacked the Siddee's bundar, and foon put his troops 
 to flight, with the lofs of captain Robert Inglifli 
 mortally wounded, lieutenant Pepperel wounded in 
 the moulder, and fome common men killed and 
 wounded. Having gained this point, and getting 
 poffeffion of the outer town, with its fortifications, 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 325 
 
 the next thing to be done was to attack the inner 
 town and caftle, for which purpofe the thirteen and 
 two ten inch mortars were planted on the Siddee's 
 bundar, and began firing as foon as pofiible, at 
 the diftance of 700 yards from the caftle, and 500 
 from the inner town. 
 
 ABOUT fix in the evening, the mortars began to 
 play very brifkly, and continued their fire until half 
 paft two the next morning ; which unufual attack put 
 the caftle and town into fuch a confternation, that 
 they never returned a gun. 
 
 THIS was the critical time for fettling affairs 
 with the inhabitants : but the friends of Pharras 
 Cawn now feemed mod inclined to continue Meah 
 Atchund governor of the town, on condition that 
 Pharras Cawn mould be Naib or deputy, and that 
 the Englifli mould be eftablifhed in pofleflion of 
 the caftle and tanka. 
 
 MR. Spencer acted for the Company, and com- 
 municated this refolution to Atchund, who readily 
 agreed to and executed the following treaty : 
 
 " AGREEABLE to your defire, I fend aperfon to 
 you, by whom you advifed me verbally of your 
 demands ; and with fincerity of heart, 1 write the 
 particulars I now can agree to, which are as follow : 
 
 ATCHUND'S Seal. COOTBODEEN'S Seal. 
 
 ART. I. THAT Pharras ARTICLE I. AGREEABLE 
 Cawn mail be appoint- to this article, I fully 
 ed totheofficeofNaib, confent to the ap- 
 in its greateft extent, pointment of Pharras 
 as in the time of SufF- Cawn. 
 dair Cawn i and none 
 but himfelf (hall in- 
 terfere in that poft. 
 
 II. THAT whatever arti- II. WHATEVER Pharras 
 
 cles Pharras Cawn has Cawn has wrote or 
 
 Y 3 promifed
 
 A V O Y A G E TO 
 
 promifed to do for the! 
 honorable Company, 
 I will ftand to without 
 the leaft alteration. 
 
 III. THE Mecca gate 
 (hall be opened, your 
 troops admitted, and 
 joined by mine, to 
 drive out the enemy. 
 
 IV. AGREED to ; and 
 that we mail aft joint- 
 ly in turning the ene- 
 my out of the town. 
 Whatever the honora- 
 ble Company have de- 
 manded, I agree to." 
 
 given in writing, or 
 promifed to the ho- 
 norableCompany,{hall 
 be fully complied with, 
 without the leaft dimi- 
 nution. 
 
 III. THAT the Mecca 
 gate (hall be opened, 
 and our troops admit- 
 ted, and we mall join 
 our forces to drive the 
 enemy outof the town. 
 
 IV. THE above articles 
 a perfon on your be- 
 half demanded : all 
 which 1 agree to, and 
 will comply with ; and 
 the government mall 
 be continued to me in 
 full authority : and to 
 the above I have fee 
 my own feal, and Meer 
 Cootbodeen will fign 
 and feal the fame. Af- 
 ter which, you muft 
 fend a counter-part of 
 this writing, with the 
 honorable Company's 
 feal affixed." 
 
 THE counter-part of this treaty was delivered to 
 Atchund, on the 4th of March, under the Compa- 
 pany's feal. Atchund then opened the gates of 
 the inner town, and invited captain Maidand to 
 march in ; which was immediately done, with drums 
 beating, and colors flying. 
 
 THE Siddee ftill kept pofiefiion of the cattle, and 
 feemed determined to defend it, until he was in- 
 formed
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 327 
 
 formed that Atchund had joined his troops with the 
 Englifh to drive him out. He then found that re- 
 fiftance would be vain, and fent repeated meflages 
 to captain Maitland, with many propofals to give 
 him up the cattle, upon condition that he would 
 allow his people to march out with their arms and 
 effects. All this was granted to him in an ample 
 fenfe, even to the furniture of the houfes. Captain 
 Maitland faw this executed with the greateft regu- 
 larity j after which, he took poffefilon of the caftle 
 and tanka in the name and for the ufe of the Com- 
 pany, who were confirmed in the government by 
 grants from the Mogul, fo that the guns, veflels, 
 and flores belonged to them of courle as part of 
 the tanka. 
 
 Captain Maitland's return was as following : 
 
 " Royal artillery killed two, wounded four. 
 
 In the Company's infantry : captains killed two, 
 
 fubaltern one. 
 Killed in all 150. Wounded about 60." 
 
 A GRATUITY of 2oo,ooo rupees was divided 
 among the captors, whofe expedition commenced 
 the 9th of February , fome troops were left in gar- 
 rifon at Surat, and the others returned to Bombay 
 on the 1 5th of April. 
 
 THIS revolution reftored tranquility and good 
 government to the city, and eftablifhed the Englifh 
 in a moft valuable and ufeful fettlement,- to the 
 fatisfaction of all the inhabitants. 
 
 RICHARD BOURCHIER, Efq; who was then go- 
 vernor of Bombay, honored me with a letter, dat- 
 ed " Bombay-caftle, May the 2d, 1759 ;" in which 
 were the following words : " What with the French, 
 and the contentions of the natives, all India is in 
 great confufion. We have had a fmall mare in 
 fetting matters to rights at Surat, which will in 
 Y 4 the
 
 ji8 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 the end turn out greatly to the Company's advan- 
 tage." 
 
 II. GOMBROON, 
 
 As M. Lally was difappointed in his attempt tip- 
 on Fort St. George, he concerted an expedition a- 
 gainft the little Englifh fettlement at Gombroon, 
 \vhich is a confiderable Tea-port town of Afia, in 
 Perfia, and in the province of Farfiftan, in Ion. 
 75. lat. 27. It is called by the natives Bander 
 Abaffi, and is feated on a bay, about 12 miles 
 northward of the eaft end of the ifland of Kifmifh, 
 falfely called Queffimo in fome maps. It is nine 
 miles from the famous ifland of Ormus, in the Per-^ 
 fian gulph, where the Portugueze had a fettlement. 
 The Englifh and Dutch have factories here, which 
 is a great advantage to the trade of the place. The 
 weather is fo exceeding hot in June, July, and 
 Auguft, that this town is very unhealthy ; and 
 therefore the Engliih factory retire to Affeen dur- 
 ing thofe months. It is frequented by people of 
 feveral nations, as well Europeans as others ; and 
 the Banyans are fo numerous, that they bribe the 
 governor not to permit any cows to be killed in the 
 town. The Englifh were fettled here by Shah Ab- 
 bas, after the deftruction of Ormus i he granted 
 them great privileges in commerce, and a propor- 
 tion of the cuftoms of that port, which amounted 
 to near 4000!. fterling a year : but the Englifh 
 have loft thefe advantages, by the confufion and 
 anarchy that have ruined Perfia of late years. This 
 made it unnecefTary for the Englifh Company to 
 have any warehoufes or fortifications : therefore, 
 they had only a fecure houfe for their chief and his 
 clerks, with a fmall party of ibldiers to defend 
 them againft robbers. 
 
 I T was againft this diftant, defencelefs factory* 
 as a place totally neglected, that M, Lally equipped 
 
 four
 
 THE EAST-INi)lES. 
 
 four fhjps, under Dutch colors, one of which carri- 
 ed 64 guns, and another 22, with a land force of 
 150 Europeans, and 200 Caffres, two mortars, and 
 four pieces of battering cannon, to befiege fo fmall 
 and unfortified a factory. 
 
 THIS fervice was committed to the command and 
 direction of the count d'Eftaing, who was made pri- 
 foner of war by colonel Draper, in his fally on the 
 1 4th of March into the Black-town, and was at this 
 time on his parole -, therefore M. des Efiars, and 
 M. Charny were the nominal commanders. 
 
 THE French arrived at Gombroon on the i5th 
 of October 1759, and began to batter the Englifli 
 factory, in which there were no more than fixteeti 
 Europeans and fome feapoys, who did what they 
 could to defend themfelves, under the direction of 
 Mr. Douglafs the Chief. The French burnt the 
 Speedwell (loop, and, at high water, hauled in 
 their frigate of 22 guns, within a quarter of a mile 
 of the factory, and began to fire ; while their troops 
 and guns were landed, and played warmly from the 
 weft ward for two hours. About three in the afternoon, 
 the French fummoned the place to furrender ; and 
 the Englim capitulated on the following terms. 
 
 " Articles of Capitulation for the Eaft India 
 Company's factory of Gombroon, between 
 Alexander Douglafs, Efqj Chief of the faid 
 fettlement and council j and Monfieur des Ef- 
 fars, captain of his moft Chriftian Majefty's 
 fliip Conde, and commander in chief of the 
 prefent expedition, and Monfieur Charnyau, 
 captain, commander of the land forces. 
 
 I. THAT as foon as the capitulation was figned, 
 a detachment of French troops mould take pof- 
 feflion of the factory : the keys to be delivered to 
 
 the
 
 330 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 the commanding officer ; and no perfon to come 
 in or go out without his permifiion, as he would 
 take care to prevent diforders and thefts. 
 
 II. THAT all effects in the factory mould belong to 
 the befiegers, and be delivered to the French 
 commiflary, with all books and papers in poflef- 
 fion of the befieged : the befiegers to be Ihewn 
 the warehoufes, that they might place the necef- 
 fary centinels over them : the artillery, arms, 
 ammunition, provifions, money, merchandize 
 and flaves, in general every thing contained within 
 the factory, mould be comprehended in this ar- 
 ticle. 
 
 III. THAT the chief, the gar rifon -factors, writers, 
 and all Europeans in the fervice of the Englilh 
 Eaft India Company, in general all the fubjects 
 of his Britannic Majefty in the factory mould be 
 prifoners of war, under the following claufes only: 
 
 IV. THAT whereas M. d'Eftaing, brigadier offoot, 
 and formerly a prifoner of his Britannic Ma- 
 jefty, was on board the fhip Conde, in his way 
 to Europe, by the way of Buflbrah, and being 
 defirous of rendering more fecure the intelligence 
 of an exchange having been made in his behalf, 
 between Mr. Pigot, governor of Madrafs, and 
 Monf. Lally, lieutenant general ; it was agreed 
 between the befiegers and befieged, that Alex- 
 ander Douglas, Efq; chief of the Englifh Eaft 
 India Company's factory at Gombroon, with Wil- 
 liam Nam, enfign Johnllon, Dymoke Lyfter, 
 Lieutenant George Bembow, Lieutenant Richard 
 Evans, and Richard Mainwaring, were lawfully 
 exchanged for Monfieur d'Eftaing ; and they 
 were at full liberty to go where and to what 
 places they pleafed ; in confequence of which, 
 
 Mon-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 331 
 
 Monfieur d'Eftaing was under no other claufc 
 than what was fpecified in the fixth article. 
 
 V. THAT though the prefent exchange of prifoners 
 was an unnecefiary precaution in behalf of Mon- 
 fieur d'Eftaing, yet all perfons mentioned in the 
 preceding article were ablblutely free : but fhould 
 Monfieur d'Eftaing have been already exchang- 
 ed, as he undoubtedly was, in that cafe, for the 
 feven perfons already mentioned, who enjoyed 
 their liberty, a like number, and of equal na- 
 tion, of his moft Chriftian Majefty's fubjects, 
 were to be releafed whenever a cartel was made. 
 
 VI. THAT Monfieur d'Eftaing, to fulfil with the 
 
 freateft exactitude the promife he made governor 
 igot, that he would not take up arms againft 
 the Englifh on the Coromandel coaft only, for 
 the fpace of eighteen months, reckoning from the 
 i ft of May, 1759 i defired it might be inferted 
 in the capitulation, that notwithftanding he was 
 exchanged, yet he would keep the promife he 
 made governor Pigot, of not taking up arms a- 
 g^inft the Englifli on the Coromandel coaft only, 
 for the fpace of eighteen months j but he was 
 at free liberty in all other places to take arms. 
 
 VII. THAT if it was pofiible to agree about the re- 
 purchafing of Gombroon factory, it would be 
 looked on as part of the prefent capitulation ; the 
 befiegers referving to themfelves the liberty never- 
 thelefs to do therewith as they might think fit, 
 fhould no agreement be concluded with the be- 
 fieged. 
 
 VIII. THAT in confideration of the exchange of 
 Monfieur d'Eftaing, and at his particular requeft 
 toMonfieurdesEnars, Alexander Douglafs, Efq-, 
 and all others mentioned in the fourth article, had 
 
 liberty
 
 332 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 liberty to carry away all their effects of what kind 
 foever, excepting ammunition, provifions, ma- 
 rine, military or warlike flores." * 
 
 THUS the French reduced this indefenfible fac- 
 tory with all the parade of a fiege, and the pompous 
 form of a capitulation, which furprized all the mi- 
 Jitary gentlemen in India. Their terms were cal- 
 culated to cover the Count d'Eftaing from the guilt 
 of breaking his parole j for it is certain he was not 
 exchanged j and the parole he gave was in the ufual 
 form, not to ferve directly or indirectly againft the 
 Englifh during the war, or until he mould be re- 
 gularly exchanged. 
 
 THE French received fome afllftance from Moo- 
 lah Alice Shah, the Moorifli governor, with whom 
 they entered into articles of alliance, and left him 
 great quantities of copper, with other valuable 
 things, after they evacuated the factory, which they 
 fet on fire, and fet fail on the 3Oth. 
 
 CHAP V. 
 
 NAVAL OPERATIONS in 1759. Admiral POCOCK 
 defeats M. D'AcHE on the loth of September off 
 the Coaji of COROMANDEL j and returns to EU- 
 ROPE, in 1760. 
 
 MD' A C H E, who had run away from ad- 
 . miral Pocock in Auguft 1758, was now 
 flrongly reinforced at the iflands of Mauritius 
 
 * This Capitulation was dated at Gombroon, the I4th of 
 Oftober, at fix in the morning, in the year 1759 ; and was 
 figned, 
 
 Des EiTars. Alexander Douglafc, 
 
 Charnyaa. William Nafli, 
 
 Richard Johnfton. 
 
 and
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 333 
 
 and Bourbon , of which admiral Pocock had intel- 
 ligence while he was refitting his fquadron at Bom- 
 bay, from whence he failed, on the i7th of A- 
 pril 1759, f r tne coa ^ f Coromandel. With a 
 diligence and dexterity apparent in every under- 
 taking where that gallant commander had the chief 
 direction, the fquadron got round theiQand of Cey- 
 Jon before the French had taken their departure from 
 the iflands ; and the admiral ftationed his (hips in 
 fuch a manner, as to protect the trade and inter- 
 cept the enemy. He kept this ftation until the 
 3d of Auguil, when he proceeded to cruize off 
 Pondicherry : but the want of water and provifions 
 obliged him to proceed to Trincomalay on the id 
 of September, as it was very difficult to water the 
 Ihips at Negapatnam. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock difpatched the Revenge fri- 
 gate, to look out for the enemy off Ceylon j and 
 they were defcried from the matt-head at ten the 
 next morning ; being fifteen fail in the fouth-eafi: 
 quarter, ftanding to the north-eaft. Soon after, 
 the admiral perceived the Revenge chaced by one 
 of the French frigates, which fired feveral (hot ac 
 her. He immediately made the fignal for a gene- 
 ral chace, and flood towards them with all the fail 
 he could make, though he was much inferior in 
 the number of mips. This obliged the French 
 frigate to give over chace, and rejoin her own 
 fquadron, which endeavored to fteal away under 
 favor of the night ; and falling little ,wind, pre- 
 vented the Englifh getting near them when the day 
 clofed. At feven in the evening, admiral Pocock 
 ordered the Revenge to make fail to the Ibuth-eaft, 
 and keep fight of the enemy, if poflible ; which had 
 the defired effect. About eleven, the Englifh difco- 
 vered them, and bore down : but about one in the 
 morning of the third, a heavy fquall came on, 
 
 which
 
 334 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 which continued until three, and obliged the Eng- 
 lifh to bring to, and clew up their top-fails. 
 
 Ax daylight, the Englifh faw the French fleet 
 bearing north-eaft by north, about five or fix leagues 
 diftant i and admiral Pocock made the fignal for a 
 general chace to the north-eaft ; Point Pedro, on 
 the ifland of Ceylon, bearing weft, diftant fix or 
 feven leagues. He continued to gain upon the 
 French ; who, about nine, finding it was in vain 
 to truft entirely to the fwiftnefs of their failing, 
 bore north-eaft by eaft four leagues, and formed in 
 line of battle a-head on the ftar-board tack, with 
 the wind about weft north-weft : therefore admiral 
 Pocock made the fignal for the line of battle a-breaft, 
 and ftood for the center of their fleet, which kept 
 under way, and appeared to go from the wind. 
 By this means their bearings were greatly altered i 
 for by noon they bore fouth-eaft by eaft, difc 
 tant fix or feven miles. The wind decreafing as 
 the day advanced, the Englifh were not able to 
 form their line until near fun-fet ; two of their 
 fquadron, the Tyger and Newcaftle, failing very 
 ill, tho' they made all the fail they could crowd. 
 
 IN this pofition it was hoped the French might 
 have been fixed and brought to an engagement : 
 but M. d'Ache had no fuch intention ; for his 
 fcheme was to avoid the danger of a clofe chace, 
 by forming the line, to flatter the Englifh with an 
 expectation of battle. Thus, about a quarter after 
 five, the Englifh fquadron being nearly a-breaft of 
 the French, they wore, and came to the wind on 
 the other tack : upon which admiral Pocock made 
 the fignal for his mips to tack, the rear firft, and 
 fleered with the French. 
 
 BOTH fquadrons were then about four miles 
 diftant, with very little wind, had fcarcely fteerage 
 way, and continued fo until near ten, when a 
 frelh breeze fprung up from the fouth fouth-weft : 
 
 on
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 335 
 
 on which the Engliih hauled clofe to the wind, 
 under their top-falis, and formed the line a-head. 
 This fhift of wind brought the French a-ftern, and 
 a little upon the weather quarter of the Engliih line : 
 but it proving hazy foon after, the Englifh loft fight 
 of the enemy ; who made no fignals, in this or the 
 preceding night, either with guns or lights. Ad- 
 miral Pocock immediately fent the Revenge to look 
 out a-ftern, in expectation of her feeing them : but 
 not being able to difcover them a-ftern, fent her di- 
 rectly a-head, and flood after her, the mips ftill con- 
 tinuing in the line with their heads to the northward. 
 
 ON the 4th, at a quarter paft eight in the morn- 
 ing, the Revenge made the fignal for feeing four fail 
 to the north-eaft j on which admiral Pocock made 
 the lignal for a general chace. At half paft eleven, the 
 Revenge bore more away to the eaft ward, and was fol- 
 lowed by the fquadron : but after continuing the chace 
 until near two in the afternoon, and difcoveringonly 
 two fhips, with whom he could not come up, the 
 admiral made the fignal for the Revenge to come 
 into the fquadron, then flood to the fouthward, and 
 made all the fail he could to get off Pondicherry, 
 as he concluded the French fquadron was bound there. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock arrived off Ppndicherry on the 
 8th, early in the morning, and fa>w no mips in the 
 road : but at one in the afternoon he difcovered the 
 enemy to the fouth-eaft, and by three counted thir- 
 teen fail. The Englifh fhips were then (landing to 
 the fouthward, with the lea-breeze ; and kept a 
 good look-out the following night, to intercept 
 the French. At half paft fix in the morning of the 
 9th, the Englifh faw part of the French fquadron 
 to the fouth-weft, and by nine counted fix teen fail. 
 At two in the afternoon, the wind fpringing up, ad- 
 miral Pocock made the fignal for a general chace; 
 and atfourthe French fquadron- appeared to be form- 
 ed in a line of battle a-breaft, and fleered right down 
 
 upon
 
 336 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 upon the Englifli admiral, who ordered the Revenge 
 to keep between the two fquadrons, and obferve 
 their motions during the night. 
 
 ON the loth, at fix in the morning, the body of 
 the French fquadron bore fouth-eaft by fouth, dif- 
 tant eight or nine miles, and was formed in a line 
 of battle a-head on the ftar-board tack. The Eng*- 
 Jifh fquadron continued bearing down on them in 
 a line of battle a-breaft, with the wind about north- 
 weft by well. At five minutes pad ten, the French 
 wore, and formed the line a-head upon the larboard 
 tack : the Englifli did the fame an hour after, and 
 kept edging down upon them, At ten minutes 
 paft two in the afternoon, admiral Pocock's Ihip 
 was nearly a-breaft of the French admiral's fecond 
 in the rear, and within mufket-fhot ; upon which 
 M. d'Ache made the fignal for battle, and tht 
 Englifh admiral immediately did the fame. 
 
 THE French had a great fuperiority in the num- 
 ber of mips, guns, and men ; befides the great 
 advantage in the fize of their (hips ; for their 
 fquadron confifted of eleven mips of the line, with 
 two frigates, and two ftorefhips * : but the Eng- 
 
 * They were as following : 
 
 FRENCH LINE. 
 The Aflif led with the larboard taqks on board, 
 
 Ships. Guns. Men. Commanders. 
 
 " 64 600 Beauchaine. 
 
 Le Minotaur, < 74 650 L'^guil/e, chef d'Efcadrr, 
 Le Due d'Orleans, 60 500 Surville, le Cadet. 
 
 Le St. Louis, 6p 50 Joannes. 
 
 Le Vengeur, 64 500 Palliere. 
 
 Le Zodiaque, 74 650 M D'ACHE, Lt, Geq. 
 
 Le Comte de Provence, 74 650 La Chaiie. 
 
 Le Due de Bburgogne, 60 500 Bou\'et. 
 
 L'llluftre, 64 600 De Ruis, 
 
 La Fortune 64 600 Lobry. 
 Le Centaur 70 650 Surville 
 
 Total 728 6400 
 
 lifll
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 337 
 
 lifli had only nine mips of the line, with three fri- 
 gates and a firefhip *. 
 
 BOTH fquadrons began to canaonade each other 
 with great fury, and continued hotly engaged, about 
 two hours, until ten minutes after four ; when the 
 French rear began to give way ; as the Sunder- 
 land had got up fome time before, and engaged 
 their fternmoft frrip : their center foon after alfogave 
 way ; while their van made fail, ftood on, and with 
 their whole fquadron bore away, fleering to the 
 ibuth-fouth-eaft with all the fail they could make. 
 
 THE Englifh mips were in no condition to pur- 
 fue ; for the Tyger had her mizen-maft and main- 
 top-maft fhot away, and appeared to be greatly dif- 
 abled : the Newcaflle was much damaged in her 
 mafts, yards, and rigging -, and her captain was 
 killed : the Cumberland and Salifbury were not in 
 a condition to make fail : the Yarmouth had her 
 fore-toplail-yard fliot away in the flings : and the 
 Grafton and Elizabeth were greatly difabled in their 
 mafts, yards, and rigging : fo that the Weymouth 
 and Sunderland were the only mips which had not 
 
 BRITISH LINE. 
 
 The Elizabeth led with the larboard tacks on board. 
 Ships. Guns. Men. Commanders. 
 
 Elizabeth 64 480 Captain Tiddeman. 
 
 Newcaftle 50 350 Captain Michie. 
 
 Tyger - 60 420 Captain Brereton. 
 
 Grafton _ 68 535 
 
 Yarmouth _ 66 54 o 
 
 Cumberland - 58 520 Captain Somerfet. 
 
 Salifbury 50 350 Captain Dent. 
 
 Sunderland 60 420 Hon. Captain Colville. 
 
 Weymouth - 60 420 Sir William Baird, Bart. 
 
 536 4035 
 
 So that the French had two (hips of the line, 192 guns, and 
 men. more than the Englim. 
 
 Z fuffcr-
 
 338 A VOYAGE TO 
 fuffered ; becaufe they could not get properly intq 
 aftion, as the French admiral began to engage be-; 
 fore they could clofe. Thus only feven of the Eng- 
 li(h fhips fuftained the whole fire of the enemy's 
 fleet until near the conclufion, when the Sunderland 
 got up and engaged. 
 
 THE French continued their retreat to the fouth- 
 ward, until dark ; at which time admiral Pocock 
 ordered the Revenge to keep between him and the 
 enemy, to obferve their motions ; while he lay- to 
 with the fquadron on the larboard tack, that the 
 difabled mips might repair their damages. At 
 day-light in the morning, the Englifh faw the French 
 to the fouth-fouth-eaft, lying to on the larboard 
 tack, as the Englifli were, about four leagues dif- 
 tant, and the wind about weft. Upon fight of the 
 Englifh fquadron, the French immediately wore, 
 and brought to on the other tack, which they con- 
 tinued until evening, when their diftance was fo 
 much increafed, that the Englim could fcarcely dif- 
 cover them from the main-top : but the wind then 
 coming to the eaftward, admiral Pocock made the 
 fignal, wore, and ftood under an eafy fail to the 
 north-well ; the Sunderland having the Newcaftle 
 in tow, the Wey mouth the Tyger, and Elizabeth 
 the Cumberland. 
 
 ON the i2th, at day-right, admiral Pocock faw 
 the mips in Negapatnam road j but as he perceiv- 
 ed nothing of the enemy, he anchored with the 
 fquadron, at ten in the forenoon, ab."<ut three 
 leagues to the fouthward of that road ; and in the 
 evening difpatched the Revenge to Madrafs, with 
 letters to the governor and council. 
 
 THE Englifh fquadron, on the I5th in the even- 
 ing* weighed, and ftood into the road, and anchor- 
 ed. Here they continued repairing their damages, 
 and refitting the fquadron until the 26th ; when 
 {he admiral weighed at five in the morning, ftoad
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 339 
 
 to the northward, and at fix was joined by the Re- 
 venge * from Madrafs, who brought fixty-threc 
 men belonging to the Bridgewater and Triton. They 
 were taken in Fort St. David, and had been ex- 
 changed at Pondicherry : the admiral ordered them 
 on board the Tyger and Newcaftle, as thofe fhips 
 had fufifered moft in the late engagement. 
 
 IN this condition the brave admiral Pocock pro- 
 ceeded again in quell of the enemy ; whom he 
 found, at day-light on the 27th, in Pondicherry 
 road, lying at anchor in a line of battle. The 
 Jinglifh were not in a condition to attack both the 
 fhips and the fort : therefore the admiral made the 
 iignal for the fquadron to draw into a line of bat- 
 tle a-head, upon the (larboard tack. The wind 
 being off more, and about weft-lbuth-weft, the 
 fhips lay with their main-topfails to the mad, juft 
 keeping a proper fteerage way for the line to cori- 
 
 * By this frigate, the governor and council fent a. Jetrer tp 
 the admiral, dated " fort St. George, Sept. 16, 1759," 
 whereby they informed him, " That the Revenge anchored 
 there on the i4th, and brought them his letters, containing 
 advice of his difcovering the enemy's fleet on the yd ; and af- 
 ter much fatigue bringing them to aftion on the loth. "That 
 the warm fire he fuftained for two hours with feven IMps againft 
 eleven, and obliging them at laft to make ttair retreat, would 
 <2o immortal honor to him and Mr. Steven:-, and all the b:;ive 
 officers who had the happinefs to ferve pnder them. That 
 they looked upon this as the lalt effort of the enemy, who 
 might well boaft of their fuperiority ; but the check they had 
 met wich would fhew them they w-ere difappointed of the 
 mighty effects expefted from their armament. That it was 
 fortunate he found means to force them to an engagement be- 
 fore they leached Pondicherry, ?.:> the troops thc-y might have 
 brought for landing muft have a iliare in tiie lofs. That they 
 had not heard of their arrival at Pondicherry ; but fuppofed 
 ihem there, as the winds had been llrong foutherly. That af- 
 ter they landed their troops and flores, no great advantage 
 could be hoped by engaging them ngain ; therefore they would 
 .rather take the liberty to recommend the waiting until joined 
 ,by the reinforcements expecled from England/' 
 
 Z 2 rinue
 
 40 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 tinue well formed. Being in this fituation, the 
 French admiral made the fignal at fix o'clock to 
 heave a peake ; an hour after to weigh ; and by the 
 time all their fquadron was under fail it was near 
 ten ; when the Englifh were to leeward of them, 
 expecting they would bear down directly and en- 
 gage. But, inilead of taking that ftep, M. d'Ache 
 made the fignal for his fquadron to keep clofe to 
 the wind, made fail, and ftretched away to the 
 fouthward in a line of battle a- head ; by which 
 method of acting they increafed their diftance from 
 about a random mot at day-light, to near four 
 leagues to windward at fun-fet. 
 
 HAD the French cut or flipped their cables on 
 firft difcovering the Englifh, they muft have come 
 to action at feven o'clock : and after they got un- 
 der fail, had they bore directly down, might have 
 been clofe along fide by eleven. Admiral Pocock 
 finding by their manner of working, a great difmcli- 
 nation to come to a fecond action, he was defirous 
 to have the opinion of the rear admiral and cap- 
 tains, who all agreed, " That as the prefent con- 
 dition of the fquadron would not permit them to 
 follow the enemy to the fouthward, it would be 
 moft advifeable to proceed to Madrafs ," where they 
 accordingly anchored on the 28th. 
 
 IN this engagement both fides fuffered confidera- 
 btyi but the French moft. They had 1500 men 
 killed and wounded, and feme of their mips very 
 much mattered. The Englifh had 569 men kill- 
 ed and wounded, of whom 1 1 8 were flain i ac- 
 tion, and 66 died of their wounds *. Among the 
 
 * An account of the number of men killed and wounded 
 i board each of his majefty's fhips : 
 
 Elizabeth 77. Newcaftle 112. Tyger 168. Grafton 83. Yar- 
 outh '. 
 Total $< 
 
 on board each of his majefty's fhips : 
 lie 1 1 2. Tygei 
 
 39. Ujmberiand 52. Salifbury 36. Sunderland 2. 
 ;6g. 
 
 (lain
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 34 < 
 
 fiain was captain Michie, who commanded the 
 Newcaftlc , captain Gore of the marines, and lieu- 
 tenant Redlhaw, both of the Newcaftle -, lieutenant 
 Elliot of the Tyger ; the matter of the Yarmouth ; 
 the boatfwain of the Elizabeth, and gunner of the 
 Tyger : captain Somerfet was wounded in his ankle ; 
 and captain Brereton received a contufion on his 
 head. 
 
 ALL the Englim officers and feamen behaved with 
 the greateft bravery and fpirit during the action ; 
 and, by the vigor and conftancy of their fire, oblig- 
 ed the enemy to retreat, notwithftanding their great 
 fuperiority. 
 
 THE French fquadron brought no European 
 troops to Pondicherry ; but landed there four hun- 
 dred European feamen and volunteers ; with two 
 hundred caffres : they brought little money ; but 
 kft the diamonds there which were taken in the 
 Grantham Indiaman. M. d'Ache left Pondicherry 
 on the ift of October, having on board M. Supi- 
 ere, brigadier Lally, and colonel Kennedy , from 
 whence it was concluded, that either their whole 
 fquadron, or a part of it, was gone to the iQands. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock fo expeditioufly refitted and 
 revidualled his mips at Madrafs, that he failed 
 from thence on the i7th of October, and was 
 joined the next day by rear admiral Cornifli, who 
 failed from England in April, with four mips of 
 the line *, and three Indiamen f, on board of 
 which was colonel Coote with part of his regiment J. 
 
 * The Lenox, 74 guns ; Due d'Aquitaine, 64 ; York, 60; 
 and Falmouth, 50. 
 
 t The Ajax, Stormont, and Houghton. 
 
 I Eyre Coote, Efquire, was made a lieutenant colonel on 
 the zoth of January, 1759 ; and was appointed lieutenant co- 
 lonel commandant of the 84th regiment : his majors were Wil- 
 liam Gordon and Robert Gordon, Efquires. 
 
 Z 3 ADMIRAL
 
 342 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock difpatched the Queenborough 
 with the Indiamen for Madrafs, where they land- 
 ed the troops on the 2;th j while the admiral re- 
 turned with the whole fleet to the coaft of Malabar, 
 and arrived at Tellicherry, which was the general 
 rendezvous, the laft day of November. On the 
 26th, admiral Stevens failed for Bombay with four 
 fhips, and was followed on the 2pth by admiral 
 Pocock, who ordered admiral Cornim to fail with 
 the fix mips * under his command to the coaft of 
 Goromandel on the i5th of December, if the fea- 
 ion was favorable. 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock had received orders to return to 
 England : but he continued in India until the next 
 year, when affairs were re-eftablimed in Bengal, and 
 the coaft of Coromandel left in a ftate of tranqui- 
 lity. The admiral received the ftrongeft expref- 
 fior.s cf gratitude and efteem from the three pre- 
 fidencies of Bombay, Madrafs, and Calcutta, for 
 his eminent fervices done to the Company : and 
 he found, that at a general court of the Eaft In- 
 dia Company, held on the 2ift of June, 1759, a 
 motion was made, and unanimoufly agreed to, " for 
 the thanks of the Company to be given to admiral 
 Pocock and commodore Stevens for their gallant 
 behavior in the Eaft-Indies." 
 
 ADMIRAL Pocock refigned the command to rear 
 admiral Stevens, and failed from Bombay in the 
 Yarmouth, on the yth of April, 1760, on his re- 
 turn to England. He anchored at Anjengo on the 
 i7th, and arrived at St. Helena on the i8th of 
 June, where he found the Colchefter and Rippon 
 waiting to convoy feventeen Indiamen ]- richly la- 
 
 * The Lenox, duke of Aquitain, York, Falmouth, Wey- 
 mouth and Sunderland. 
 
 f Eleven were from China, three from Coaft and Bay, two 
 from Bombay, and one from Bencoolen. 
 
 den.
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 343 
 
 den. The admiral took the whole under his com- 
 mand, fet fail the ;th of July, and brought them 
 fafe to PortfmoutrTon the aoth of September ; be- 
 ing the richeft convoy that ever arrived together 
 from India; The admiral found his fervices no- 
 bly and gratefully rewarded both by his king and 
 country, who conferred additional honors upon 
 him, until his glory was rendered immortal by his 
 conqueft of the Havanna. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 A continuation of the military transactions on the coaft 
 0/CoROMANDEL ;'# 1759. Colonel D R A P E R and 
 Colonel LAWRENCE return to ENGLAND. Major 
 BRERETON takes CONJEVERAM, ^W^TRIVITORE : 
 but his troops are defeated in tbeir attack upon 
 VANDEWASH. The FRENCH take TAGADA : they 
 defeat a body of troops under the command 0/Kisr- 
 NARAUZE and lieutenant RAILLARD ; and take 
 SERINGHAM. The ENGLISH garrifonat TRICHI- 
 NOPOLI cut of a French convoy at UTATOOR. 
 Colonel COOTE arrives at M ADR ASS, and takes the 
 command of the army at Conjevcram : he takes 
 Vandewafh and CARANGOLY. General LALLY 
 ajjembles his army at ARCOT, and bejieges Vande- 
 wafli. The battle of Vandewafh, where colonel 
 Coote defeated general Lally, on the 2 id of Ja- 
 nuary 1760. The French retreat to PONDICHER- 
 RY, which the Englim inveft. 
 
 WHEN general Lally retired from Madrafs*, 
 he proceeded to Conjcveram, which he 
 ftrongly fortified. The Englifli retook Poonomal- 
 
 See this Volume, p. 318. 
 
 Z 4 lay
 
 344 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 lay and Trepaffore, before the army was ready to 
 march from Madrafs, where it continued until the 
 beginning of March, when colonel Lawrence took 
 the field at the head of 1 400 Europeans, and the 
 black army of Iflbuf Cawn. He marched towards 
 Conjeveram, moved round it, and txpofed his 
 flank, to provoke the French to give him battle : 
 but as M. Lally had no money to pay or clothe his 
 troops, he could put no confidence in them, though 
 they were fuperior in number to the Englifli, and 
 therefore he kept within the fortification. 
 
 COLONEL Draper was in fuch a bad ftate of 
 health, as made it necefiary for him to quit India, 
 and return to England: he accordingly took his 
 paflage in a China fhip from Madrafs, where his 
 abfence was greatly regretted by the garrifon, who 
 Were thereby deprived of an excellent officer. He 
 was foon followed by colonel Lawrence, whofe 
 health was alfo greatly impaired ; and as he found it 
 impofilble to bring the French to an engagement, 
 he refigned the command of the army to major 
 Brereton, and returned to England. 
 
 MAJOR Brereton made a motion towards Vande- 
 wafh, and the French marched to relieve it. They 
 advanced within nine miles of the Englifli army, 
 which moved about four miles to meet them. Both 
 armies remained two days within view of each o- 
 ther : but as M. Lally had poffefled himfelf of a 
 camp fo flrong that major Brereton could not at- 
 tack it, the latter made a forced march in the night 
 of the 1 2th of April to furprize Conjeveram*, 
 which was garrifoned by 500 fepoys, under the 
 command of Muftapha Beg -f-. This partizan re- 
 
 * See this volume, p. 82, 96, 272, 294. 
 
 f- He had been in the Englifli fervice, under the command 
 of captain Prefton, during iome part of the time that MadraA; 
 was befteged; but afterwards join ^d the French. See this vol. 
 f. 300. 
 
 tireu
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 345 
 
 tired to the pagoda^ where he bravely defended 
 himfelf until he was killed with many of his people j 
 upon which the reft fubmitted. The Engliih had 
 four officers and fome men killed in the attack ; as 
 alfo feveral officers wounded, among whom were 
 the majors Brereton, Monfon, and Caiilaud. 
 
 THE Engliih by this acquifition deprived the 
 French of their principal fupplies of (lores, bag- 
 gage and necefiaries ; which increafed their dif- 
 content into almoft a real mutiny, for want of 
 cloathing and pay. The defertion of the French 
 infantry was very great, and fifty of their German 
 hufiars went over to che Engliih camp, which was 
 an addition of a new fort of corps to their army, 
 and they were found fo ferviceable, that they were 
 afterwards increafed to two hundred and fifty men. 
 But the Engliih could not take any advantage of 
 this excellent opportunity for attacking the French, 
 as they were obliged to wait the recovery of their 
 wounded officers. General Lally was alfo under 
 the neceflity of remaining inactive, until he could 
 find a way to give his troops fome fatisfaclion -, Ib 
 that both armies continued a whole month, without 
 fo much as an attempt to action ; the Engliih at 
 Conjeveram, and the French at Vandewafh. At 
 laft the French foldiers were cloaihed and pacified ; 
 their general was informed that the Nabob's troops 
 had quitted the Engliih camp ; and he marched to 
 attack major Brereton, who, at the fame time, ad- 
 vanced towards the French camp ; by which means 
 the two armies unexpectedly met, and a battle mult 
 have enfued, if the Englilh had not retreated to 
 their camp. 
 
 MAJOR Brereton marched with a refolution to 
 attack the enemy : but it unfortunately happened, 
 that in a march of eight miles no lefs than fix of 
 colonel Draper's foldiers dropped dead, and ninety 
 two were taken ill, fo as to be incapable of fervice, 
 
 by
 
 346 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 by the inclement heat, which at this feafon 
 mod inrenfe : therefore the major found it advife- 
 able to make his retreat to Conjtveram, which he 
 effected in good order, and without any interruption. 
 IN my firft volume, I have mentioned in what 
 manner the Bramins treat bloody fluxes ; and 
 here I muft beg leave to obferve, that the inflam- 
 mation of the liver is a difeafe very common in thi 
 Eaft Indies, and extremely fatal to Europeans : but 
 the foldiers luffer moft from it; probably either 
 from the excefiive heats to which they are often un- 
 avoidably expofed, or from an intemperate life ; 
 though indeed the moft fober are not always free 
 from the danger. This diftemper made dreadful 
 havoc among colonel Aldercron's men upon the 
 coaft, and generally cut them off in a few days af- 
 ter the attack. I have been informed, that upon 
 directing thofe that died, the liver looked well at 
 firft fighr, only fomething larger than common 5 
 but upon cutting into it, there was always found a 
 collection of white pus. A difeafe fo quick in its 
 progrefs could not but be attended with much dan- 
 ger ; and the furgeons tried every poffible method 
 to cure it ; though their fuccefs was not very re- 
 markable. However, they agreed in one practice 
 at laft , which was, upon the firft attack of the dif- 
 eafe, to take away fome blood, according to the 
 condition of the patient, and immediately begin to 
 give fmall doles of calomel; and this they con- 
 tinued until a fpitting came on, to carry off the dif- 
 eafe. There was a necefiity for fome brifk medi- 
 cine to be fpeedily ufed, to refolve an obftru&ion 
 that fo foon terminated in afuppuration ; and, con- 
 fidering the flow circulation in that vilcus, it could 
 nor be well effected by any other of flower operation. 
 THE ittreat of major Brereton encouraged gene- 
 ral Lally to advance within, three miles of Conjeve- 
 ram j but notwithftanding the diforder occafioned 
 
 by
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 347 
 
 by the climate fpread itfelf much, and the major 
 himfelf was affected by it, the Englifh troops were 
 impatient to be fhut up within walls, when an ene- 
 my was daring them to the field. It was therefore 
 refolved, that the army mould march out under the 
 command of major Monfon, and encamp near the 
 enemy, which was immediately put into execution. 
 The French made two unfuccefsful attacks upon the 
 Englim, who repulfed them with confiderable lofs, 
 and obliged them to retreat twenty miles back to 
 Trivitore. 
 
 As the heat of the climate was then become in- 
 fufferable in the open fields, both armies retired in- 
 to cantonments , the Englim at Conjeveram , and 
 the French at Vandewafh, Gingee, Arcot, and Chit- 
 taput, where they moftly continued until near the 
 end of September ; in which interval there happen- 
 ed an engagement at fea, as already mentioned*. 
 
 WHILE the French undertook fome operations to 
 the fouthward about Trichinopoli, major Gordon 
 arrived at Madrafs with three hundred men, and 
 marched with them to Conjeveram ; whereupon 
 major Brereton, with the confent of the governor 
 and council, began to prepare for action ; but was 
 retarded by exceflive rains until the 24th of Sep- 
 tember, when he marched towards Vandewam, at 
 the head of four hundred Europeans, feven thou- 
 fand fepoys, feventy European and three hundred 
 black horfe, with fourteen pieces of artillery. Their 
 march was uninterrupted till their advanced guard 
 came near a little fort called Trivitore +, where 
 they furprized an advanced poft of fifty huflars, 
 wh.o retreated with great precipitation, but were 
 purfued by the Englim horfe, who killed three 
 
 * See page 337. 
 
 f Or Trivecar ; alfo called Anacap Tiruvatoor, or Tiru- 
 wutter. 
 
 men,
 
 34* AVOYAGE TO 
 
 men, and brought in five prifoners wounded. The 
 fort was inverted at the lame time, and the ^arrilon 
 furrendered prifoners of war ; being a captain and 
 twenty two men of the Lorrain regiment, with eight 
 hufifars. 
 
 MAJOR Brereton purfued his march towards Van- 
 dewam * ; and his advanced guards pufhed directly 
 into a village commanded by the guns of a fort, 
 clofe under which the French were ftrongly encamp- 
 ed, and were near equal in number to the Engliih. 
 The Raja to whom the fort belonged, had not 
 trufted it to any Europeans, but only admitted a 
 few of them, which he was able to manage with his 
 Own troops. The Englifh could not draw the 
 French from their intrenchments in the pettah, and 
 therefore it was refolved to attack them, notwith- 
 ftanding their advantageous fituation. The attack 
 was vigoroufly made, on the firft of October, at 
 three in the morning, by the majors Monfon and 
 Caillaud at one end of the pettah, and by major 
 Gordon at the other end, who drove the French 
 under the guns of the caftle, and kept pofleflion of 
 the pettah until day-break, when the fort began a 
 a prodigious fire upon them, and the French Tallied 
 out in great numbers , fo that after a conteft of two 
 hours, the Englifh were obliged to retreat with the 
 lofsof two hundred and two men killed and wound- 
 ed, among whom were eleven officers: but the 
 French fuftained an equal lofs. 
 
 AFTER this affair, the Englifh troops encamped 
 four days in fight of the fort, and then returned to 
 Conjeveram, where they remained until the 27th 
 of October, when colonel Coote arrived at Madrafs 
 with the reft of his regiment ; and after concerting 
 a plan of operations with the governor and council, 
 
 * See this volume, p. 125. 
 
 he
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 349 
 
 he took the command of the army at Conjeveram 
 in November. 
 
 THOUGH the French continued the main body of 
 their army in cantonments, they were not entirely 
 idle. To the fouth of their quarters there was a lit- 
 tle town, with a ftrong caftle, called Tagada, al- 
 moft impregnable by fituation, but indefenfible for 
 want of ammunition. It was held by Kiftnarauze, 
 who was an ally to the Nabob ; and therefore wa 
 afiifted by captain Smith, who fent him three com- 
 panies of fepoys, from Trichinopoli, under the 
 command of ferjeant-major Hunterman. Thefe 
 troops were afterwards followed by forty Europeans, 
 fix companies of fepoys, and fome artillery, com- 
 manded by lieutenant Raillard, who was joined by 
 one thoufand of the Nabob's horfe. The French 
 attacked the town, which the Englim attempted to 
 relieve : but the latter were defeated, with the lofs 
 of their commander and ieveral men ; after which 
 the fort was furrendered to the French upon honor- 
 able terms. 
 
 THE French marched a confiderable force to- 
 wards Seringham ; and a fally was made by the 
 garrifon of Trichinopoli, who took thirty Europe- 
 ans and fome fepoys prifoners : but the main body 
 of the French took Seringham, and made two hun- 
 dred fepoys prifoners, whom they cruelly treated, 
 and put one half of them to the fword, though 
 their gallant refiftance entitled them to a better fate. 
 SOON after, captain Smith made an unfuccefsful 
 attack upon Seringham ; while a detachment from 
 Trichinopoli cut off the French convoy in Utatore > 
 where they took two officers and forty grenadiers, 
 difarmed three hundred fepoys, and deltroyed all 
 their ammunition and provifions. The Englifh re- 
 took feveral ports, and fo much interrupted the 
 communication with Seringham, that general Lally 
 reinforced it with a large body of troops. 
 
 As
 
 350 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 As it was apprehended that the French would be- 
 fiege Trichinopoli, the prefidency of Madrafs re- 
 commended it to colonel Coote to take the field with 
 the army, and endeavour to draw the enemy from 
 the fouthward. He accordingly took the field, on 
 the 25th of November, and inverted Vandewafli on 
 the ayth. He creeled batteries, and made a breach 
 by the 3Oth, when the garrifon furre ndered prifoners 
 of war; they confifted of five fubaltern officers, fix- 
 ty three private men, and eight hundred fepoys : 
 there were in the garrifon forty nine pieces of can- 
 non, and a great quantity of ammunition. 
 
 COLONEL Coote inverted Carangoly, on the 3d 
 of December ; and opened a two-gun battery on 
 the 6th, another on the yth, and began to carry on 
 approaches. On the loth, being near the glacis, 
 and having difmounted all their guns but four, co- 
 lonel O'Kennely, who commanded, fent out a flag 
 of truce -, and, on account of his good behavior, 
 colonel Coore granted him the following terms : 
 " That the Europeans Jhould have leave to march 
 out with their arms, two rounds per man, drums 
 beating, and fix days provifions ; the fepoys to be 
 difarmed, and turned about their bufinefs." The 
 garrifon confided of one hundred Europeans, and 
 five hundred fepoys, with nine guns. 
 
 COLONEL Coote had intelligence, that brigadier- 
 general Bufiy was arrived at Arcot from the north- 
 ward, with three hundred Europeans, and a large 
 black army ; as alfo, that the army which lay at 
 Chettaput was to join him, and that the forces from 
 the fruthward were on their march towards Arcot. 
 Therefore, the colonel thought it advifeable to crofs 
 the Palla, and encamp his army oppofite to Arcoc. 
 At the fame time a body of three thoufand Morar- 
 roes, under the command of Innis Cawn, joined the 
 French, and plundered all the country, which put the 
 Englilh to the greatert diftrefs for want of provifions. 
 
 LIEU-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 351 
 
 LIEUTENANT General Lally arrived at Arcot on 
 (the 27th, and took the command. On the pth of 
 January 1760, the French and their allies were all 
 in motion ; and the next day marched towards Van- 
 dewafh ; while colonel Coote moved with his army 
 along the bank of the river, to obferve their mo- 
 tions, and cover the country. 
 
 ON the 1 2th, colonel Coote received a letter 
 from the commanding officer at Conjeveram, that 
 five hundred French Europeans, and a large body 
 of horie had entered the town, and that the reft 
 of their army lay at Jangolam, three miles diftance 
 from it : he therefore put his army in motion, and 
 endeavored, by a forced march, to fave that place, 
 which was very weak, but of confequence ; and he 
 arrived there on the I3th before daylight: upon 
 which the enemy quitted the place, and moved to- 
 wards Vandewafli. 
 
 COLONEL Coote crofTed the Palla with all his army 
 on the 1 5th; and on the i;th arrived at Ourrema- 
 loor, about fourteen miles from Vandewafh, which 
 general Lally had inverted, and began to raife bat- 
 teries. The garrifon confifted of one hundred and 
 fifty Europeans, and eight companies of fepoys, 
 under the command of captain Sherlock, who made 
 a gallant defence. 
 
 ON the 2ift, colonel Coote received a letter from 
 captain Sherlock, that a breach was made: ha 
 therefore went with all the cavalry to reconnoitre, 
 being determined to engage the enemy the next 
 morning. Accordingly, he lent orders back to the 
 army to join him at Irimborough *, nine miles from 
 Vandewafh, where he had taken poft with the ca- 
 valry. 
 
 ON the 22d, the Englifh army marched, at fix 
 in the morning, agreeable to the orders given out 
 
 * Or Trinborourh.
 
 352 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 the day before for that purpofe, which were as fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 " THE army to march to-morrow at Gx o'clock 
 by the left upon the taps beating, which is to be 
 looked upon the fame as the general's beating : it is 
 to form and march off immediately afterwards. All 
 the cavalry and five companies of fepoys to form 
 the van of the army, except two hundred black 
 horfe, who with three companies of fepoys are to 
 cover the baggage in the rear. The army to ob- 
 ferve the orders given out the 2/th of December, 
 which were, that the firft line confift of colonel 
 Draper's regiment on the right, colonel Coote's on 
 the left, and the company's in the center : the ar- 
 tillery to be divided as follows i four pieces on the 
 right, four on the left, and two pieces between each 
 interval, making in all twelve in the firft line. The 
 fecond line to confift of the grenadiers of colonel 
 Draper's, colonel Coote's, and the company's, with 
 one piece of cannon upon each flank, who are to 
 form two hundred paces in the rear of the firft line : 
 an eight inch howitz to be between the two lines. 
 Major Brereton to command the right of the firft 
 line, major William Gordon on the left, and major 
 Robert Gordon the center. Major Monfon to com- 
 mand the fecond line. The cavalry to be divided 
 into five fquadrons, the Europeans to make the 
 centre fquadron. The names of the Jemidars, who 
 are appointed to command, to be given in to the 
 commanders in chief to-night. When the line 
 forms, the cavalry will have orders to form about 
 fifty paces in the rear of the fecond line, having 
 a proper interval between each fquadron : at the 
 fame time the five companies of fepoys who fup- 
 ported the cavalry are to form the right of colonel 
 Draper's regiment; and the five companies of fe- 
 poys, that were in the rear of the line of march, 
 to form on the left of colonel Coote's regiment : 
 
 five
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 353 
 
 live companies who were on the left flank of the 
 line of march, are to form in the following manner ; 
 two on the right of the fecond line; and two on the 
 left, and one in the rear with the cavalry. The 
 whole army, as well Europeans as blacks, are to 
 have a green branch of tamarind -tree fixed on their 
 hats and turbans, likewife on the tops of the colors,- 
 to diftinguifti them from the enemy. The com- 
 manding officers of corps are to take particular care, 
 that their refpeclive corps are properly told off, and 
 that the men know their right and left hand men 
 and file leaders. They are to be cautioned not to 
 give their fire till they arc ordered by their refpective 
 officers." 
 
 ABOUT feven o'clock, the Englifh advanced 
 guard of horfe, and that of the enemy, began to 
 fire at each other ; upon which colonel Coote order- 
 ed captain baron de Vafierot, who commanded the 
 cavalry, to form them in order of battle : he was 
 fupported by five companies of fepoys, and two 
 pieces of cannon. Colonel Coote advanced himfelf 
 with twocompaniesof fepoys, and obliged the enemy 
 to retire to their main body of horfe, which confift- 
 ed of two hundred Europeans, and the three thou- 
 fand Morattoes on their left. Upon the whole bo- 
 dy of Englifh cavalry advancing, that of the enemy 
 retired in tolerable order, until the Englifh cannon 
 began to play, which was extremely well ferved, 
 and obliged them to make a precipitate retreat. 
 Colonel Coote then ordered the piajor of brigade to 
 the army, which was about three quarters of a mile 
 in the rear, with orders for them to form the line 
 of battle, but not to advance until he had joined 
 them. Soon after, the colonel took poffefiion of a 
 tank, which the French cavalry occupied : he then 
 returned to the line, which by that time was form- 
 ed. After reviewing the whole, and finding the 
 men in great fpirits, and eager to engage, he or- 
 dered the army to move forward. 
 
 VOL. II. A a THE
 
 354 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 THE Englifh army amounted to one thoufand 
 feven hundred Europeans, including artillery and 
 cavalry j three thoufand black troops ; fourteen 
 pieces of cannon, and one howitz. The French 
 army confided of two thoufand two hundred Eu- 
 ropeans, including artillery and cavalry ; three 
 hundred caflfres ; and about ten thoufand black 
 troops; with twenty five pieces of cannon in the 
 field, and five on their batteries againfl the fort. 
 
 ABOUT nine o'clock, the army arrived at the poft 
 from whence they had driven the enemy, which was 
 about two miles from their camp, and halted in 
 their view near half an hour -, during which time 
 colonel Coote went very near to them, and recon- 
 noitred their fituation. Upcn finding they were 
 ftrongly pofted, and his flanks expofed to their ca- 
 valry, he ordered the army to march by the right, to 
 gain the advantage cf a hill three miles from them, 
 and about two miles from Vandewafh : the horfe, 
 which were then in the front, were ordered to wheel 
 to the right and left, and form behind the fecond 
 line, to make the rear-guard, and cover the bag- 
 gage. By this motion, the colonel covered his 
 right flank with the hill, and had fome villages in 
 his rear, where he ordered the baggage ; which 
 obliged the enemy to alter their difpofition. 
 
 DURING all this time the two armies cannonaded 
 each other, and fkirmifhed with their advanced pofts, 
 until about eleven o'clock, when the Morattoes dif- 
 appeared. The French then made their fecond dif- 
 pofition, and advanced near three quarters of a 
 mile under cover of a bank. The cannonading then 
 began to be fmart on both fides , and colonel Coote, 
 upon feeing the enemy cr.me brifkly up, ordered 
 his army to march forward. At noon, the French 
 European cavalry puttied with great refolution to- 
 force the Englim on their left, and come round 
 upon their rear. Colonel Coote immediately order- 
 ed
 
 T H E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 355 
 
 cd up fomc companies of fepoys, and two pieces of 
 cannon, which were to fuftain his cavalry, who had 
 been ordered to oppofe the French, who broke up- 
 on the cannon and fepoys, flanking them. The ca- 
 valry then had orders to charge, who drove the 
 French above a mile to the left, upon the rear of 
 their own army ; while the main bodies continued 
 advancing towards each other, the French flank be- 
 ing well covered by a tank. The regiment of Lor- 
 rain was on the right, the regiment or Lally on the 
 left with the marines, and the Indian brigade in the 
 center. It was one o'clock when the two armies ar- 
 rived within reach of muflcetry, when a (hot from 
 the Englilli ftriking one of the French tumbrils, 
 it blew up. Colonel Coote immediately ordered 
 major Brereton to wheel colonel Draper's regiment 
 to the left, and charge the French on their lefc 
 flank ; which .was executed with great order, and 
 much honor to that corps : but the colonel perceiv- 
 ing that regiment likely to fuffer from a body of 
 black troops, together with the French marines, 
 who were undercover, and fired brilkly upon them ; 
 and allb finding the enemy had reinforced their lefc 
 with a piquet from Lally's regiment, he ordered 
 the grenadier company of Draper's, which was on 
 the right of the fecond line, to fupport their own 
 regiment : he had likewile two pieces of cannon 
 playing upon the enemy's flank, which completed 
 ihe rout of that wing, who abandoned their cannon, 
 and fell upon their centre, which was then, toge- 
 ther with their right, clofely engaged with the Eng- 
 liih left. Colonel Coote then ordered up major 
 Monfon, with the reft of the fecond line, and placed 
 him fo as to be able to fupport any part of the line, 
 and to flank the enemy at the fame time. About two 
 o'clock, the whole French army gave way, and ran 
 towards their own camp; but quitted it, on find- 
 ing they were purfued by the Englifh, whom they 
 A a 2 left
 
 356 AVOYAGETO 
 
 left entire matters of the field, together with at! 
 their cannon, except three Imall pieces, which they 
 carried off. 
 
 THE number of cannon taken was as follows: 
 one 32, one 24, three 20, two 18, one 14, two 3, 
 and two 2 pounders, iron j three 6, four 4, one 3, 
 and two 2 pounders, brafs ; in all, 22 pieces: round 
 Ihot, 3204; grape, no: befides tumbrils, and all 
 other implements belonging to the train. The 
 French reckoned they had eight hundred killed and 
 wounded, of whom the Englifh buried two hundred 
 in the field : they alfo took above two hundred 
 wounded prilbners, befides forty not wounded. A- 
 mong the prifoners were, brigadier-general BufTy ; 
 and le chevalier Godeville,quarter- matter general : of 
 Lally's regiment, lieutenant-colonel Murphy, two 
 captains, and two lieutenants : of the Lorrain regi- 
 ment, i captain, and i lieutenant : of the India batta- 
 lion, two lieutenants, and two enfigns : of the ma- 
 rines, le chevalier de Poete, knight of Malta, who 
 died of his wounds. The Englifh lofs was as fol- 
 lows : of colonel Draper's regiment, enfign Collins 
 killed, and feventeen private ; wounded major Bre- 
 reton, and lieutenant Brown, who died of their 
 wounds j the former greatly regretted, and univer- 
 i'dly lamented ; captain Knuttal, three enfigns, and 
 fixty-fix private : of colonel Coote's regiment, en- 
 fin n Stuart killed, and thirteen private-, wounded 
 two lieutenants, one enfign, and thirty-fix private : 
 the- company's troops, enfign Evans killed, and eigh- 
 teen private ; wounded one cornet, and twenty- 
 nine private: and among the black troops, about 
 leventy killed and wounded. 
 
 THE vanquimed troops collected themfelves un- 
 der the walls of Chettaput, about eighteen miles 
 from the field of battle, and the next day marched 
 to Gingee : bat the Englifli cavalry were too much 
 fatigued to purfue them with alacrity. 
 
 COLONEL
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 357 
 
 COLONEL Coote tranfmitted an account of this 
 victory to the Britifh miniltry, on the 1 3th of Feb- 
 ruary following, from Arcot village ; and informed 
 them, that during the whole engagement, and ever 
 fince he had the honor of commanding the army, 
 the officers and men had (hewn the greatcft fpirit; 
 nor could he fay too much for the behavior of the 
 artillery. Upon the whole, the Engliih lofs was 
 inconfiderable in obtaining fo compleat a viflory 
 over an army fo much fuperior in numbers, and 
 commanded by fuch good officers : but the Jofs of 
 major Brereton was a very fatal ftroke, as he had 
 eminently diftinguifhed himfelf by his former fer- 
 vices, had greatiy contributed to the fuccefs of the 
 day, and great expectations were formed from fo 
 gallant an officer. 
 
 THE next day colonel Coote fent out a detach- 
 ment of cavalry to harrafs the enemy ; and on find- 
 ing that they retired to Pondicherry, he fent captain 
 de Vaflerot, with one thoufand horfe and three hun- 
 dred fepoys towards Pondicherry, to deftroy the 
 French country ; which was accordingly done up to 
 the very gates of Pondicherry, by way of retaliation 
 for what the French had done towards the environs 
 of Madrafs *. In the mean time, the colonel 
 marched the army to befiege Chettaput f; and, on 
 the 28th at night, erecbed a two-gun battery, got 
 in one 24 and one 20 pounder, and played upon 
 them from an eight-inch howitz. The next day, 
 after making a breach, le chevalier de Tilly, with 
 his garrifon, furrendered prifoners of war : the gaT- 
 rifon confifted 4 of four officers, fifty-four private, and 
 three hundred fepoys, with feventy -three Europeans 
 
 * See this volume, p. 317, 318. f Sec this volume, 
 
 A a 3 wounded
 
 358 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 wounded in the hofpital : there were nine guns in 
 the fort, and a good quantity of ammunition. 
 
 THE colonel had intelligence of a party of the 
 enemy going from Arcot to Gingee, and he fent 
 captain Smith with a detachment to intercept them ; 
 while the army marched to bcfiege Arcot. Cap- 
 tain Srnkh made the French party prifoners, con- 
 fifting of ten Europeans, and fifty fepoys, with two 
 brafs eight pounders j and foon after he took a cap- 
 tain of the Lorrain regiment, and three French 
 commifTarics, with whom he returned to the army. 
 The fort of Timmery* furrendered to major Man- 
 Ton, who found in it fix guns, one ferjeant, twenty 
 Europeans, and fixty fepoys. 
 
 COLONEL Coote, on the firfl of February, fee 
 out from the army for Arcot f, which was inveited 
 by captain Wood, who foon got pofltrflion of the 
 pettah, routed Zulapherzing's force?, and took his 
 whole camp, before the colonel arrived on the 2d, 
 and encamped with his whole army within two 
 miles of the place. On the 5th, he opened three 
 batteries again ll the fort of A i cot ; one of fiv. 18 
 pounders, another of two 1 8 pounders, and one of 
 24 pounders. On the 6th, he began to carry on 
 approaches to the fouth-weft and weft towers of the 
 fort ; and having by the loth got within fixty yards 
 of the creft of the glacis, the garrifbn furrendered 
 prifoners of war. It confided of three captains^ 
 eight fubalterns, two hundred and thirty-fix pri- 
 vate, and between two and three hundred fepoys. 
 There were in i: four mortars, twenty two pieces 
 of cannon, and a great quantity of ail kinds of 
 military (lores. The Englifh had, during the fiege, 
 feven non-commifiior.ed and private killed; and 
 cnfign M c Mahon, who acted as engineer, and fix- 
 teen wounded. 
 
 * See this volume, p. 8/c. f Ibid p. 83.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 359 
 
 THIS conqueft enabled the Englifti to reftore the 
 Nabob to the capital of his dominions, of which he 
 had been deprived by the French ; and it greatly 
 weakened both the French force and intereft in In- 
 .dia. General Lally, in this critical juncture, recalled 
 .his troops from Seringham ; by which he augment- 
 ed his army with five hundred Europeans, who 
 were all doomed to be taken prifoners in Pondicherry. 
 
 IN the mid it of thefe fucceffes, admiral Cornifh 
 arrived at Madrafs with fix men of war ; and as 
 the French had no fleet upon the coaft, the admiral 
 readiiy engaged to co-opsrate with the land forces, 
 as foon as it was practicable for his Majefty's fhips. 
 The confequence was, the reduction of Carical *, 
 Chillambrum,and Verdachellum^by a ftrong detach- 
 ment under the command of major Monfon : while 
 colonel Coote reduced Permucoil, Alamperva, and 
 Waldour, which enabled him to block up Pondi- 
 cherry by land, while the fleet blocked it up by fea. 
 The blockade was continued feveral months, which 
 brought famine and mutiny among the befieged : 
 the batteries of the befiegers were not opened till 
 the beginning of December -, and the place held out 
 until the fifteenth of January 1761, when general 
 Lally and his numerous garnlon furrendered prifon- 
 ers of war , whereby a final blow was given to the 
 French power in India, and the Englifh were left 
 mafters on the coaft of Coromandel. 
 
 * See this Volume, p. in. 183. 
 
 A a 4 CHAP.
 
 36*0 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Colonel FORDE obtains advantages over /? FRENCH 
 in GOLCONDA -, and takes MASSULIPATNAM. His 
 treaty with SALABATZING. The Mogul ALLUM 
 GEER is murdered ; and TIMUR placed on the im- 
 perial throne. The French, under count 
 
 d'EsTAiNG, plunder the ENGLISH fettlements on 
 the coaft C/SUMATRA, and take BENCOOLEN. 
 
 COLONEL Forde had obtained fome fignal 
 advantages over tlie French in Golconda, and 
 was refolved to make the moft ufe of his fuccefs. 
 He took the field about the middle of January 
 1759, left captain Briftol to command the garrifon, 
 at Rajamundry, and marched with the Englifh ar- 
 my for Mafiulipatnam. In his way, he furprized 
 and took Narfipore : but was harraflfed by the re- 
 mains of the French army, under the command of 
 the marquis de Conflans, which confided of two 
 hundred and fifty Europeans, and two thoufand fe- 
 poys, with four pieces of cannon , who kept al- 
 lays in front to diftrefs and retard his march. 
 However, the colonel was joined by the Rajah's, 
 troops, and took the fort of Cancalle, which was 
 defended by fome Europeans, and two hundred le- 
 poys, who refufed quarter, and were put to the 
 fword. 
 
 THE marquis de Confians avoided the Englifti, 
 quitted his camp, and retired with his troops into 
 Mafiuliparnarn : but one of his detachments retook 
 Rajamundry, where they ieized the baggage and 
 effects of the Englifh officers, made twenty Euro- 
 peans and forty fepoys pri (oners. 
 
 COLONEL Fcrde invdted Mafiulipatnam on the 
 [ March, and carried on. his approaches until 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 361 
 
 the 6th of April, when the town was bombarded, 
 and many houies were deftroyed. Above four hun- 
 dred barrels of powder were expended, with mot 
 and fhells in proportion, fo thac little remained ; 
 upon which the colon-1 reiolved to ftorm the town 
 in breach, rather than quit his attempt, in which he 
 happily fucceeded on the 7th. The Englifh gained 
 baition after baftion, until they approa h^d the gate- 
 way, and cut off the communication of the French 
 from their detached ravelin. No quarter was gi- 
 ven, and a terrible carnage enfued, until the French 
 quitted their arms, and repaired to the arfenal. 
 The whole garrifon were made prifoners, conlifting 
 of four hundred Europeans, and two thoufand caf- 
 fres, topaffes, and fepoys. The French had alfo one 
 hundred and twenty-two Europeans killed during rhe 
 fiege : and they alfo loft above one hundred and 
 fifty pieces of cannon, with a great quantity of am- 
 munition : but the lofs of the Englifh was inconfi- 
 derable. 
 
 THE governor of Pondicherry had embarked 
 four hundred Europeans, under the command of 
 M. Moracin, to relieve MaiTulipatnam : but he ar- 
 rived too late, and failed for Ganjam, to wait the 
 monfoon, until the beginning of November, for 
 his return to Pondicherry. He was attacked by 
 Narrainda, a Rajah of thole parts, who cut off many 
 of his men, about two hundred of whom efcaped to 
 Cockenara, from whence they failed to Pondicherry, 
 in which paffage many of them were drowned. 
 
 SALABATZING, the Soubah of the Deckan, ad- 
 vanced at the head ot a numerous army within forty 
 miles of Maffulipatnam, to wait the event of the 
 fic^c, with a kind of neutral indifference, accord- 
 ing to the policy of thefe oriental princes : but when 
 he underftood the fuccefs of theEnglifh at this placer, 
 as well as at Madrafs, he ibllicited their friendfhip; 
 
 and
 
 3^2 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 and figned a treaty * with them, on the i4th of 
 May j whereby he gave to the Englifti company, as 
 an Enam, or free gift, *' the Circar of Mafiulipat- 
 narn, with eight diftricts , the Circar of Nizam- 
 patnam, with the diftrids of Codaver and Wacal- 
 manner -, and granted them faneds, as he had done 
 to the French." He aJfo agreed, " to oblige the 
 French troops, then in the Deckan, to evacuate that 
 country : never to permit them to fettle there, to 
 keep none of them in his fervice ; and neither to 
 protect them, or call them to his afiiftance." But 
 the Englifh agreed, not to protect the Soubah's 
 enemies, or give them protection. 
 
 SHAH AEADIN CAWN, the fon of Gauzedi Cawn, 
 permitted his uncle Salabatzing to continue viceroy 
 of the Deckan -, rather than relinquifh his own im- 
 portant poft of grand vizir to the Great Mogul, 
 which gave him an unlimited power over the im- 
 perial court : but he wanted more power, and was 
 determined to deprive the emperor, Allum Geer, 
 of his dignity and life ; which he accomplished in a 
 very bale and treacherous manner, by having him 
 aflafiinated in the royal gardens. He depended up- 
 on the Morattoes, who were defeated bv the Patans, 
 whofe chief, Ahmed Abdalla, placed his fon Timur 
 on the throne. 
 
 COUNT d'Eftaing was not content with plunder- 
 ing the Englifh factory at Gombroon in 1759 : but, 
 in 1760, he traverfed the ocean, and fcoured the 
 coait of Sumatra -f, where the Englilh had fome 
 
 fettle- 
 
 * It was dated, " Moon Ramadan i6th, Hegirau;*;" 
 which is the 14th of May J7$9- He figned it in bis own 
 hand ; and alfo fvvore by God and his prophet, upon the holy 
 Alcoran, that he with pleafure agreed to the contents of the 
 treaty, which he would inviolably preferve. 
 
 f This is one of rhe Sunda ifiands, fituated in the Indian 
 cean, between y$ and 104 degrees of eail longitude, and be- 
 tween
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 363 
 
 fetdements, at a great diftance from the feat of 
 war. His firil attack was upon the Englifh fort at 
 Nattal, with the Conde and expedition frigates, 
 whofe fire obliged the garrifon to lurrender at dif-r 
 cretion, on the ;th of February. Tapparopoly fhar- 
 ed the fame fate ; and Bencoolen *, or tort Marlbo- 
 rough, was attacked. The factory were alloniftieci 
 at fuch an unexpected vifit, and immediately order- 
 ed the Denham Indiaman, then in the road, to be 
 burnt : the crew retired into the fort, which they 
 
 tween 5 degrees 30 minutes of north latitude, and 5 degrees 30 
 minutes of fouth latitude; extending from the north-weft to 
 the foth-ait 900 miles long, and from 100 to 150 broad. 
 It is feparated from the continent of the further India by the 
 ftr p c. fs of Malacca on the north-eaft, and from the ifland of 
 Java by the itreights of Sunda ou the fouth-eaft. The air of 
 this iflatid is generally very unwho!fome, as it lies under tiie 
 /equinoctial ; and from the hot left fultry weather, changing of- 
 ten fuJdenly to chilling cold. 
 
 * Bencoolen ftands on the fouth-weft part of the ifland, 
 in 101 degrees of eaft longitude, and 4 degrees of fbuth. 
 latitude : it is eireemed the moft unhealthful of all the Englifli 
 fettlements in India; but this was their principal feuletnent in 
 Sumatra from the year 1685 to 17)9* when there happened a 
 general infurredtion of the natives, who cut off part of the gar- 
 rifon, the reit efcaping in their boats to fea. Bencoolen is 
 known at fea by a high flender mountain, that rifcs twenty- 
 miles beyond it in the country, called the fu gar- 1 oaf : before 
 the town, there lies an ifland, within which the fhipping 
 ufually ride ; and the point of Sillebar makes a large bay. The 
 natives foon after fufFered theEnglifli to return, arid build fort 
 Mar'.borough on a healthier fpot. The Englifli had fmaller 
 factories at feveral other places on the ifland, and fo had the 
 Putch, who afliiled the French in expelling the English. The 
 principal commerce of the ifland confills in gold, filvcr, cin, 
 copper, iron, diamonds and other preciocs ftones, pepper, 
 wax, honey, camphor, bezriar, cafTia, fandal, fulphur, rice ? 
 fugar, ginger, and benjoin. The ifland is governed by feve- 
 ral petty princes, of w^om the Sultan of .ttchen is the moft 
 confidcrabie. The cui'.om the Englifli pay for the pepper is 
 two foocas, or half a dollar, for each bahar, conf ftingof 5oo!b. 
 great weight, or $6o\b. and the r.i-tant the pepper is we-'ghed 
 and received by the company's factors, the owner receives his 
 money for ir, after the rate often molaccs, orSpanilh dollars, 
 of 35. 7d. each for every bahar. 
 
 bravely
 
 364 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 bravely defended until rhe factory had fecured their 
 beft effects, when the place was furrendered to the 
 French, who committed all the ravages in their 
 power, and carried off all the effc&s thty could find 
 to Batavia and the ifle of France; fo that when the 
 company's (hips arrived from England, they found 
 the fettlemfnt reduced to the utmoft diftrrfs ; but 
 they reftored it the following year to its former Ltate. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 The DUTCH invafwn of BENGAL from BATAVIA in 
 1760. The conduR of ^cernor CLIVE. The 
 DUTCH jquadrcn defeated and t, ken by three ENG- 
 LISH Indiamen, under the command of (.aptain WIL- 
 SON. Colonel FORDE defeats a Dutcn -party at 
 CHANDENAGORE , and afterwards defeats their 
 whole army at BEDERRA. "I be Dutch direElor^ 
 and ccunjel effort GUSTAVUS, aefire a cejfation cf 
 boftihtieS) and conclude articles of accommodation 
 with the Englifa prefident and council at fort WIL- 
 LIAM. Governor Uive pratefls the Dutch Jrcm the 
 resentment of the Sou BAH, who obliges them to fign 
 a particular treaty. 'Ice Dutch company complain 
 to the STATES-QEN ERAL ; and the BRITISH AM- 
 BASSADOR prefents a memorial to them thereon. 
 the SHAW ZADDA invades BENGAL, and is kept 
 back by gvverno~ Clive, 'who returns to EUROPE, 
 andis fucceeded in the prefidency by Mr. HOLWELL. 
 
 WHILE the Englim were fuccefsful on the 
 coaft of Coromandel, they had like ro have 
 been ruined by the treachery ot the Dutch in the 
 province of Bengal. Either the Dutch weie clan- 
 deftinely engaged to divide the Englirti forces in In- 
 dij and withdraw them from Golconda : or elf? 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST- IN DIES. 365 
 
 the government of Batavia formed atfcheme to fend 
 up the Ganges fuch a body of troops, as might ex- 
 tirpate the Englifti, whereby the Dutch might en- 
 grofs the whole commerce of the country to them- 
 felves. For this purpofe, they made the neceflary 
 military preparations at Batavia : but not with that 
 fecrecy fuch a defign required. 
 
 ABOUT the beginning of Auguft 1759, the prefi- 
 dent and council of Bengal received advice, that a 
 powerful armament was equipping at Batavia, and 
 an embarkation of troops making there ; that its 
 deftination was not known, but that common fame 
 gave out it was intended agamft Bengal. Colonel 
 Forde was therefore recalled from Golconda; and 
 a requifition was made for further afliftance from 
 the prefidency of Madrafs, who promifed to fend a 
 reinforcement of three hundred men, under the 
 command of major Caillaud. Governor Clive alfo 
 acquainted the Soubah Jaffir Alice Cawn * there- 
 with, who immediately lent a purwanahf, and per- 
 emptory orders to ChinfuraJ, forbidding the ad- 
 mifiion of any troops or veffels into the country. 
 The Soubah caufed a copy of this purwanah to be 
 given to governor Clive , requiring him, in con- 
 fequence of the treaty fubfifting with the Eng- 
 Jifli, to join his forces, in order to prevent any 
 foreign troops from entering his country. But it 
 afterwards appeared, that the Soubah wanted to 
 fliake off his dependence on the Englifh, and to 
 throw himfelf into the arms of the Dutch, with 
 whom he had entered into .a fecret negociation, fo 
 early as in 1758, when the Deckari expedition took 
 
 * Sometimes called the Nizam, Jaffier Aly Khan. See 
 
 this volume, p. 262. f Or penvannah ; an order, or 
 
 command. J Chincura, or Chincery : the chief fettle- 
 
 ment belonging to the Dutch. See this vol. p. 260. 
 
 place
 
 $66 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 place under Lionel Forde, and the Englifh gam- 
 Ions were much reduced. 
 
 IN the mean time, a Dutch veflel arrived in the 
 river, with European troops and Buggofes * on 
 board. Governor CUve acquainted the Soubah there- 
 with, who fee rned greatly perplexed: however, he 
 difpatched a fecond purwanah to the Dutch, with 
 orders to Utarbeg Khan, Fouzdaar -j- of Huegley, 
 immediately to join the governor with a body of 
 troops, and repeated his demand for affifting the 
 Englifh, to prevent the Dutch troops or vefFels 
 from proceeding up the river. 
 
 IN anfwer to the Soubah's firft purwanah, the 
 Dutch made a iblemn promife of obeying his or- 
 ders : and to the fecond, repeated the fame folemn 
 afiuranccs ; declaring that the veffd which was ar- 
 rived, came in by accident for water and provifions, 
 being by ftrefs of weather driven afide the fort of 
 Negapatnam, to which fhe was bound ; and that 
 both the veflel and troops on board would quit the 
 river, as foon as they had taken in their refrelhments. 
 
 HOWEVER, governor Glive judged it expedient, 
 to fend a detachment of troops, to join ano- 
 ther from the Soubah, under the command of the 
 officer of the Fouzdaar, to take pork-filon of the 
 fort of Tanna J, and the battery of Charnoe, which 
 lay oppolite to that fort ; with orders to flop and 
 vifit all vefTcls that mould pals j but without giving 
 them any moleltation. Parties were alfo fent out 
 on both fides the river, to prevent any foreign 
 troops from advancing by land. 
 
 IN confequence of thofe orders, all Dutch veflels 
 were brought to, thofe being fuffered to pafs which 
 had no troops on board. Among others, mynheer 
 
 * Malays. f A military officer, or governor. J See 
 this volume, p. 253. 
 
 Zuydland *,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 367 
 
 Zuydland *, an officer of the Dutch company, re- 
 fufed for fome time to bring to, and be vifi-ed : he 
 even (truck the officer who commanded at the bat- 
 tery of Charnoe ; upon which he, and another gen- 
 tleman who was with him, were detained prifoners 
 for fome hours, until an order from the governor 
 difcharged both them and the veffcl , on board of 
 which were found concealed eighteen Buggofes, who 
 were reconducled under an efcort by land, until in 
 iight of their veflel at Fulta, and there difmified. 
 
 ON occafion of thefe tranfaclions, the Englifh 
 prefidency received long remonftrances from the 
 gentlemen of the factory atChinluraj to which the 
 former replied, that as principals, they were autho- 
 rized by the cuilom and law of nations, to vifit all 
 veflels going up the river, without diltinction, as 
 they might ferve to introduce French troops into 
 the country: and that the Englifli, in quality of 
 auxiliaries to the Mogul T were bound by folemn 
 treaty to join his viceroy, tooppofe the introducing 
 any European, or other foreign troops whatever, 
 into Bengal ; that they would religioufly fulfil their 
 duty in both refpects with all their forces, and to 
 the utmoft of their power. 
 
 Iw 
 
 * Lucas Zuidland, mip-mafter of the Dutch faftory. 
 
 f- " The armament from Batavia arrived during his vifit at 
 Calcutta : his itay after that was fliort, his mind feemed much 
 embarrafied, and his whole fubfequent conduit gave molt un- 
 doubted proofs, that the Dutch force was arrived at his invi- 
 tation. That (uch were the fentiments of governor dive and 
 his council, appears from the narrative of our conteft with the 
 Dutch, November 1759, tranfmitted to the court of directors, 
 and to our feveral admirals. A perufal of this narrative will 
 convince the impartial, that the Subah's behavior on this oc- 
 cafion, was a moft flagitious breach of the treaty of alliance ; 
 and that no terms whatever mould have been preferveJ with 
 him after fuch treachery and ingratitude : to which we may 
 add, by way of illustration, the fubfequent farces carried OB 
 
 between
 
 368 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 IN the beginning of October, the Soubah JarTif 
 Alice Cawn came to Calcutta, to pay a vifu to go- 
 vernor Clive ; and during his ftay advice came, 
 that lower down the river, fix or feven other large 
 Dutch vefTels were arrived, full of European fol- 
 diers and Buggofes. Some days after, there was 
 certain intelligence of their coming up the river ; 
 and that the Dutch were enlifting men of all forts 
 at Chinfura, Caffimbuzar, and Patna. 
 
 GOVERNOR Clive, with indefatigable diligence, 
 made the neceflary difpofitions to defeat the defigns 
 of the Dutch. The (hips Calcutta, duke of Dorfet, 
 and Hardwick Indiamen, the only veffcls the Eng- 
 liih had in the river, were ordered immediately to 
 come before the town : the detachments at the fort 
 of Tanna, and at the battery of Charnoe, were rein- 
 forced, and heavy artillery mounted there, as well 
 as on the two faces of the new fort, which com- 
 manded the river : the detachment at Patna was 
 called off, and the militia put under arms. 
 
 As loon as the Dutch imagined themfelves in a 
 condition to aft, they fent the Englifh a' packet of 
 remonftrances, wherein they recapitulated all their 
 preceding ones, and threatened to avenge them- 
 felves and make reprifals, if the Englifh perfitted in 
 vifiting the Dutch veffels, and hindering their troops 
 
 between the Nabob and the Dutch, even until June i?6o, as 
 fet forth in the federal letters between Mr. Holwell and the 
 refident at Moradbaag, on this fubjeft ; where it will appear 
 mod manifeft, that the Subah's real intentions never were to 
 oppofe thefe people, though he was from time to time calling 
 upon us, and demanding affiftance, by virtue of the treaty of 
 
 alliance fubfifting between him and the English : wknefs 
 
 the private orders and inftrnftions given to his fon-in-law. 
 IVIahir Mahomet Cofiim Aly Khan, fo oppofite to the public 
 orders given to amufe and deceive us, when he was fent down 
 to demoiifh the new works at Chinfura ; the apparent delay in 
 which drew much cenfure upon that general, until t e truth 
 was known." Mr. Hoi well's India trafts, p. 11. 
 
 from
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 369 
 
 from coming up the river. The Englifh made an- 
 fwer once for all, that they offered no infult to the 
 Dutch flag, neither feized on, or meddled with 
 their property, nor infringed their privileges : that 
 with regard to their introducing troops into Bengal, 
 it was the Soubah's bufinefs to judge how far it con- 
 cerned him to preferve the peace and tranquility of 
 his own country : that it was by order of the viceroy, 
 and under the flag of the emperor, his rr. after, 
 and by his troops, that the Dutch veflfcls were (top- 
 ped and vifited, and their troops prevented from 
 coming up ; and confequently he was the proper 
 perfon to apply to : thar the Englifli were ready to 
 imerpofe their good offices, to appeafe his refent- 
 ment. 
 
 THINGS were in this (late, when the Dutch com- 
 modore began to commit hoftilities lower down the 
 river, by firing with ball upon the Englifli veflels, 
 feizing feven of them, and making all on board 
 priloners. They alfo began hoftilities on land, in 
 the Englifh purgannahs * of Fuka and Rajapore, 
 where they took down the Englifh flags, burnt the 
 houfes, and deftroyed the efrtcts of the company's 
 tenants. The Leopard, captain Barclay, who was 
 difpatched with letters to admiral Cornifh, was one 
 of the mips they feized. 
 
 GOVERNOR Clive acquainted the Soubah with 
 thofe acts of violence committed by the Dutch lower 
 down the river; adding, that as it was the Englifli 
 with whom they had commenced the war, the 
 Soubah ought to confider the quarrel, as fubfifting 
 there only between them and the Dutch. 
 
 HITHERTO the Englifli could not learn, whether 
 the Dutch purpofed to bring up their veflels, with 
 the forces on board, above the batteries ; or to de- 
 
 *. Country diflrifts. 
 
 Vol. II. B b bark
 
 37 o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 bark them as high as pofiible, and then march them 
 over land. However, governor Clive made the 
 necefiary difpofitions againft either event, as far as 
 the fmallnefs of his numbers would permit -, his 
 whole force confiding of no more than two hundred 
 and forty Europeans of the battalion, about eighty 
 of the corps of artillery, and twelve hundred fe- 
 poys. The choiceft troops of the former, and the 
 greater part of the latter, together with feveral vo- 
 lunteers of the militia, and part of the independent 
 company, of which a body of cavalry was formed, 
 were pofted at Charnoe and Tanna, under captain 
 Knox. Colonel Forde accepted the command of 
 the troops that remained in ga r rifon, which march- 
 ed northwards on the fixteenth of November. The 
 fame day Mr. Holwell *, who had returned from 
 England, had orders to take upon him the guard 
 and defence of Fort William with the militia, which 
 confided of about two hundred and firty Europeans, 
 befides fome inhabitants : the governor mean while 
 dividing his attention and prefmce between the two 
 divifions, that at Charnoe, and that in the field. 
 
 THE firft blowftruck againft the Dutch, was the 
 taking the pofTefiion of Barnagore-f-, whence colonel 
 Forde pafled with his troops, and four field pieces, 
 to the other fide of the river to Syrampore, a Danifh 
 factory, and marched thence to Chandanagore J: not 
 only with the view of ftriking terror into Chinfura ; 
 but alfo to be at hand to intercept the Dutch troops, 
 if they debarked, and attempted to get there by 
 land. 
 
 ON the 1 8th, the Dutch director and council 
 wrote to the Englifh prefidency as follows : " We 
 have received, with the utmoft furprize, the difagree- 
 
 * See this volume, p. 242 252. f Or Bernagor. 
 
 See this volume, p. 255. 
 
 able
 
 THE EAST- IN DIES. 371 
 
 able news, that fome of your European dependants, 
 accompanied by one hundred and fifty fepoys, came 
 this morning to Barnagore, and demanded the keys 
 of our company's houfe there, and afterwards hoift- 
 ed thereon the Englifh flag. Now as we neither 
 can, nor muft conftrue fuch an act any otherwife 
 than as an open aggreflion and hoftility, and an ac- 
 tual declaration of war , fo we have juft grounds, 
 and find ourfelves under the higheft necefiity, to 
 demand the reafons of fuch hostilities, as far exceed 
 all the bounds of equity and juftice ^ and at the 
 fame time, in the name of our fovereigns, to com- 
 plain and proteft on that head : and moreover, to 
 demand again reparation and fansfaftion for fuch 
 crying a<5b of violence, and to infill on fufficient fe- 
 curity and aflurance, that no fuch thing fhall in fu- 
 ture be done : or, at lead, in cafe of refufal, a po- 
 fitive and catagorical anfwer. In which laft cafe, 
 we require that we may be informed immediately, 
 whether you are refolved to declare war againft us ; 
 or, without previous declaration, commence it ; and 
 befides, in confequence of this, that you acquaint 
 us, as foon as poflible, whether the aforefaid troops 
 were authorized by you to fo hoftile a conduft ; and 
 whether or no they are to proceed farther by your 
 orders *." 
 
 * This letter was dated, " Hughly, 18 Nov. 1759:" it 
 was figned, 
 
 A. Bifdom, M. Ifinck, 
 
 L. Zuydland, S. de Hoog, 
 
 J. Backerad, R. H. Armenhatilt, 
 
 J. C. Kift, J. L. V. Scherichaven, 
 
 G. L. Vernet, M. Baftiane:" 
 
 And it was direfted to " Robert Clive, Efq; colonel of his 
 Britannic Majefty's forces, and governor, for the Englifh Eaft 
 India company, in Bengal ; and to the gentlemen of the coun- 
 cil." 
 
 B b 2 THIS
 
 372 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 THIS was followed by another letter the next day, 
 wherein the Dutch gentlemen declared themfelves 
 in the following manner: " Lalt night, on fending 
 off our letter to you, gentlemen, we had the frelh 
 mortification, not without the greateft furprize, to 
 fee ourfelves infulted, in an hoftile manner, by your 
 dependants, fupported by iome fepoys : as, in com- 
 ing down the river, they had the afiurance, within 
 fight and reach of our forts, to fire fliarp mot on 
 our veflels lying heie at anchor. We cannot help 
 thinking, and with reafon, but that thofe reiterated 
 ads of Violence have been committed by your or- 
 ders -, a frefii indication that you appear plainly no 
 longer to make any account f the molt folemn 
 treaties, fubfifting between your crown and our (late, 
 fince you thus venture to break through them. We 
 could not, however, omit acquainting you therewith 
 by thefe prefents, and we doubt not you will rea- 
 dily and naturally judge that it cannot be taken a- 
 mifs of us, or in the lead mifconftrued, if we now 
 inform you, that we have been contained to re- 
 cede, in this cafe, from our wonted moderarion, 
 and with force to repel fuch difturbers of the peace ; 
 having found by experience there was no dealing 
 with fuch perfons without employing the like com- 
 pulfory means. You therefore mull and can lay 
 the blame of the confequences, arifing from fuch 
 dangerous proceedings, on no body but yourfelves. 
 We'therefore further exhort you, gentlemen, not to 
 fuffer yourfelves to be betrayed into any pernicious 
 refolution, through the falfe and ill-grounded reports 
 of thofe fepoys, who may have brought you any ac- 
 count of this affair ; but rather confider this our 
 conduct as aji effect of the juftice of that felf- defence 
 which we have been compelled to ufe. On the other 
 hand, you may be allured, that we are far from 
 adYing offenfively, in any refpect againtt any one, 
 much lefs againft you ; but that in every ftep we 
 
 take.
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 373 
 take, we feek and aim at nothing elle, as we have 
 already mentioned in our former letter, than under 
 the blefiing of heaven, to defend ourfelves againfl 
 all hoilile attacks and acts of violence whatever; 
 and to do nothing in our prefent circumftances, but 
 what may Hand juftified in the fight both of God 
 and man ; and what the interefts of the fettlements, 
 rights, and privileges, entrufted to our care, by our 
 lords and mafters, may require at our hands *." 
 
 DURING this period, the Dutch veflels continued 
 to advance with their captures and prifoners. The 
 three Englifh veflels, which followed them, had 
 peremptory orders to pafs them, and pod themfelves 
 above the batteries, where the fire-mips lay, and 
 where every meafure, thought neceflary to deftroy 
 the Dutch veflejs, fhould they venture to pafs, were 
 taken. 
 
 THE Dutch commodore twice ordered commo- 
 dore Wilfon not to pafs the Dutch Veflels; threat- 
 ening, if he did, to fire into him. On the 21 ft of 
 November, the Dutch armament caft anchor in the 
 offing of Sankeral, a point within cannot-ihot of the 
 Englifh batteries : and the next day they debarked 
 on the oppofite fhore feven hundred Europeans and 
 eight hundred Buggofes ; after which their veflels 
 fell down, and catt anchor at Point Melancholy, 
 below the Englifh vefll-ls. 
 
 COLONEL Forde was immediately informed of all 
 this, with aflurance of being reinforced with all 
 pofliblefpeed by captain Knox, and the detachments 
 which were at the batteries, and in confequence 
 called off. 
 
 THE commodore of the Englim veffels was or- 
 dered, on the 23d, to demand the immediate refli- 
 tution of the captured vefi^ls, fubjefls, and effeds ; 
 
 * This was figncd and direfled as the other Letter. 
 
 B b 3 and
 
 37 4 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 and in cafe of refufal, on the part of the Dutch, to 
 attack their vefTels. On the day following the de- 
 mand was made, and refufed -, fo that an action en- 
 fued *. 
 
 THE Dutch had feven -f vefTels, four of which 
 were of the line -, but the Enghfh had only three Jin 
 all, who were well equipped for war, and their quar- 
 ters lined with bags of faitpetre to fk een the men 
 from the mot. The Dutch drew up in a line of 
 battle to receive the Engiifh, who followed their ex- 
 ample, and the duke of Dorfet began the engage- 
 ment : but the wind happening to die away, me 
 could not be properly ieconded for fome time : 
 however, when the two other (hips came up, they 
 maintained fo fmart a fire upon the Dutch, that two 
 of their fmaller mips were obliged to cut their cables 
 and run, and the other was drove afhore. After 
 about two hours fight, the Dutch commodore ftruck, 
 and the ethers followed his example j except his fe- 
 cond, who got clear off by fighting his way, and 
 fell down to Culpeo, where he was intercepted by 
 the Oxford and Royal George, which had arrived 
 two days before, and were ordered to join the other 
 captains. The Dutch commodore had about thirty 
 
 * Captain Wilfon. on the 2zd, wrote to the Dutch commo- 
 dore, " that he was furprized to hear their troops had debarked 
 on the territory of the Englilh company, without permiflion 
 obtained from the governor and council at Fort William. He 
 afiured him, if he ventured to land a Tingle man more, he 
 fhould conftrue it as an aft of holtility, and exert himfelr to the 
 utmoft to fink and difperfe their (hips." This letter was " dated 
 on board the Calcutta, the 22^! of November 1759 ;'* and was 
 iigned " George Whfon." It was directed " to the captain 
 of the (hip Vliffingen, J, Tames Zuydland." 
 
 f The Vliffingen, Bleifwyk, Welgeleegen,"and the princefs 
 of Orange, of 36 guns each ; Elizabeth Dorothea, and Waereld, 
 of 26 guns each ; and de MofTel of 16 guns. 
 
 $ The Calcutta, captain Wilfon ; the clnke of Dorfet, 
 captain Forrelter ; and the Hardwicke, captain Sarnpfon. 
 
 men
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 375 
 
 men killed, and many wounded : he fuflfered moft, 
 as did the duke of Dorfet on the Englifh fide, who 
 was more immediately engaged with him. This 
 fhip was almoft tore to pieces, and had about ninety 
 fhot in her hull ; yet me had not a man killed ; nor 
 did the other (hips lofe a fingle man ; though the 
 Dutch had above one hundred killed and wounded. 
 The reft were made prifoners, and carried up to 
 Calcutta, and all their mips were feized. 
 
 ON the fame day, the 24th, colonel Forde began 
 his march from the French gardens northwards, 
 propofing to encamp between Chandanagore and 
 Chinfura : but in pafling through the former place, 
 he was attacked by the Dutch, with four pieces of 
 cannon, and the garrifon of Chinfura, which was 
 marched out, and pofted in the houfes and ruins of 
 Chandanagore * ; under the command of lieutenant 
 Van Stade, to meet the expected troops ; at the fame 
 time that colonel Forde entered it with his troops on 
 the fouth fide. However, he fucceeded in forcing 
 them foon from their ambufcade , took their cannon, 
 killed and made prifoners upwards of forty men, 
 and purfued the reft as far as the barrier of Chin- 
 fura, which he prepared to attack, having been firft 
 joined by captain Knox, and the troops from the 
 batteries of Charnoe and Tanna. 
 
 ON the day following, colonel Forde received 
 certain advice of the approach of the Dutch troops, 
 debarked from the veitels, which, in fpite of his vi- 
 gilance, were joined by a party of the garrifon of 
 Chinfura. He marched directly with two field - 
 pieces, and met them in the plain of Bederra, at 
 about two cofs -j- from Chinfura, where they foon 
 
 * See this volume, p. 255 258. The Dutch troops were 
 
 120 Europeans, and 300 fepoys. f About four miles 
 and a half. 
 
 B b 4 after
 
 37* AVOYAGETO 
 
 after came to blows. The Dutch were command- 
 ed by colonel Roufiel, a Frenchman : their force was 
 about feven hundred Europeans, and a like number 
 of Buggofes, befides the troops of the country. 
 The troops under colonel Forde confided of two 
 hundred and forty foot, eighty of the anillcry, and 
 fifty other European volunteers, who formed the in- 
 dependant company of cavalry, and of eight hun- 
 dred fepoys. The action was fhort, bloody, and 
 decifive : the Dutch, in lefs than half an hour, were 
 entirely routed, having about one hundred and 
 twenty Europeans, and two hundred Buggofes kill- 
 ed ; three hundred and fifty Europeans, and two 
 hundred Buggofes made prifoners, with M KoufTel, 
 and fourteen officers ; and one hundred and fifty 
 wounded : but the Englifh lofs was very moderate *. 
 
 * The Dutch India company have given the follow! p ac- 
 count of this affair : " On the ajth, when the troops and o- 
 ther hands, which, on the 22d before, were gone on ihore, 
 were, in their projected march, come near Chandanagore, they 
 were there met by the linglifh ; who, according to their own 
 account, to the number or 1170, were polled very ad var.tage- 
 oufly, and provided with a numerous artillery. No fooner 
 were thofc troops come within cannon-fhot,but they were nred 
 on by the Englifh : and though all the people were extremely 
 fatigued by a very long march, which tSey were obliged to 
 make for the fpace of three days ; yet, with ir.uch bra- cry, 
 they flood the fire of the Englifh ; and, though unprovided of 
 any artillery, rraiched up, xvith a full and ileady pace, to 
 the enemy : but meeting in their way a broad and deep ditch 
 which they were conftrained to pafs, to avoid being deflroyed 
 by the artillery of the Englifh, the troops, in pafling that 
 ditch, fell inlo fome diforder : the Englifh, taking advantage 
 of this circuittftance, redoubled t'ue fire of their artillery and 
 mufquetry ; and the diforder, already arifen, being thereby 
 increafed, caufcd the (laughter of a part of thofe troops ; ano- 
 ther part was made prifoners ; and the reft were conllrained to 
 retire." See " an authentic account of the proceedings of 
 their High Mightirefles the ftates or" Holland and Weft-Friez- 
 land, on the complaint laid before them by his excellency Sir 
 Jofeph Yorke, his Britannic Majefty's ambafTador at the Hague, 
 concerning hofiilities committed in the river of Bengal." p. 23. 
 
 AFTER
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 377 
 
 AFTER this action, colonel Forde refumed his 
 march back, encamped before Chinfura, and wrote 
 for further orders. The Dutch wrote to colonel 
 Forde, as alfo to the council at Calcutta, praying a 
 ceflation of hoftilities, and propofing terms of ac- 
 commodation. The Engliih gentlemen imagined, 
 they had fufficiently chaftifed and humbled the 
 Dutch, without feizing on their fettlement, which 
 muft have furrendered on the firft fummons. They 
 agreed therefore to enter into treaty with them : 
 deputies were nominated *, and matters brought to 
 a fpeedy and amicable iflue. 
 
 THUS 
 
 * Commiflioners were named on both fides, to enter into 
 negotiation, and farther hoftilities were in the mean time 
 fufpended. The Englifh commiffioners, in the firft conference, 
 at Garetty, propofed two verbal articles ; whereof the firft 
 contained a demand of fatisfaftion for the infult offered to the 
 Englifh flag : and the fecond required reparation for ali the 
 damages fu'lained on that occafion. The Dutch commiffion- 
 ers were filled with a fyirit of recrimination ; but at laft fub- 
 mitted to the Englifli demands, and the following treaty was 
 concluded on the ^th of December. 
 
 " Articles of accommodation, concluded between 
 the commifiioners from the president and council 
 at Fort William, and thofe from the director 
 and council of Fort Guftavus. 
 
 In the name of the Holy Trinity, Amen. 
 
 Beit known to all, and fundry, whom thefe prefents mail or 
 may concern. 
 
 THE honorable and refpcftable prefident and council at 
 Fort William, and the honorable and refpeftable director and 
 council at Fort Guftavus, in tlnfe parts, teftifying an ardent 
 defire of allaying all the contefts arifen in Bengal, of obviat- 
 ing calamities fo often experienced, putting an end to, ceafing. 
 and removing out or the way, all difference arilen, and re- 
 eftabliihin.- their f.-veral pofleflions in perfect quiet, have for 
 that end nominated, empowered and deputed to Garetty, the 
 place appointed for confe;cnce 3 the following honorable gen- 
 tlemen/ viz. f " c
 
 373 A V O YA G E TO 
 
 THUS the Dutch gentlemen difowned the pro- 
 ceedings of their mips down the river, owned them- 
 felves the aggreffors, and agreed to pay cofts and da- 
 mages * ; 
 
 The honorable and refpeftable prelident and council at Fort 
 William, Meffrs. Richard Becher and John Ccoke, counfel- 
 lors : the honorable and refpe&able director and council of 
 Fort Guftavus, Mefirs. John Bacheracht and John Charles 
 Kift, members of the polity and juiticiary council : 
 
 Who, after having previoufly certified each other mutually 
 of their full powers, and given in the fame in due form, and 
 alfo having deliberated on the points, which their principals 
 had judged neceflary to be inferted therein, came at length, 
 tipon mature deliberation, to agree to a pacification, ironi 
 which has arifen a full cefiation of all hoftilities, both by fea 
 and land, to be concluded under the following conditions. 
 
 DEMANDS of the Englilh. ANSWERS by the Dutch-. 
 
 THE diieftor and council THE director and council at 
 at Chinfura, (hall give a fuffi- Chinfura teftify, That as they 
 cient fatisfaclion to the pieli- have always entertained paci- 
 dent and council at Fort Wil- fie fentiments, in order to fup- 
 Ham, both on account of the prefs the contcfts arifen, which 
 di&onor done to the Englifh have interrupted the good har - 
 fiag, and of divers of our (hips mony that fubfifted between 
 being llopt at the mouth of the the two nations ; and produc- 
 river, by the commanders of ed, and are ftill capable of 
 the Dutch mips, contrary to all producing in them a moft fin- 
 the treaties and alliances fub- cere regret ; and that all that 
 ffting between the two na- was done in the mouth of the 
 tions; and alfo of many other river, with regard to the Eng- 
 hoftilities committed by their lifli flag, and difhonor put 
 ihips. upon it, was done without 
 
 their order, and to their great 
 mortification, by the mips 
 crews, jult upon their arrival, 
 and by miftaking their orders ; 
 with this reprefentation, they 
 hope the governor and council 
 will be pleafed to relt fully fa- 
 tisfied. 
 
 II. II. 
 
 The director and council at As the Dutch flaps haveal- 
 
 Chinfura, mall make good all fo fuffered great lofs and con- 
 
 the fidcrable
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 379 
 
 mages*-, upon which the Englifh returned their 
 veffels, and releafed their prilbners, many of whom 
 
 volun- 
 
 the damage done by their fhip- 
 mafters, whether with or with- 
 out their orders, both to the 
 honorable company, and to 
 private perfons, and fhall in- 
 Itantly deliver up all our fhips, 
 military flores, and effe&s. 
 
 Done at Garetty, the lit of 
 December, 1759. 
 Signed 
 
 RICHARD BECHER,, 
 and JOHN COOKE. 
 
 fiderable damage, it feems 
 hard to infilt on an indemnifica- 
 tion ; but what is iti.'l in being, 
 fhall be freely returned : we 
 requeft the governor and coun- 
 cil to take it into their juft 
 confideration, and in cafe their 
 honors chufe not to depart 
 therefrom, we fhall endeavor 
 to make fatisfaftion. 
 
 Done at Garetty the ift of 
 December, 1759. 
 Signed 
 
 JOHN BACHERACHT, 
 and J.C. JCiST. 
 
 ANSWERS of the Englifh. 
 
 DEMANDS of the Dutch. 
 
 I. 
 
 THAT the Englifh, as be- WE have already employed 
 ing at peace with the Nabob, all our interefl, with the Na- 
 fhall prevail with him either to z : m, and (hall continue endea- 
 return back, or at leaft to keep vouring to perfuade him to 
 quiet in his camp, without march back his army, as foon 
 giving us any moleltation ; and as the Dutch government fhall 
 to accept the articles of our have fulfilled his orders. The 
 agreement, fo far as they re- articles agreed on between the 
 gard him, both for the prcfcnt Englifh ami Dutch, muft not 
 and the future. be confounded with the trea- 
 
 ty, which the government of 
 Hughly is to conclude with the 
 Nazim. 
 
 n. ir. 
 
 A reciprocal amnefly of all Approved, in fo far as it Is 
 
 that has happened during the not inconfillent with the trea- 
 
 late contefls ; moreover a full ty we have entered into with 
 
 afTurance, that friend (Lip, good the Nazim of the country, and 
 
 faith, and harmony, fhall be fo long as the Friendfhip be- 
 
 kept up by the refpeflive fu- tween our two Sovereigns 
 
 peiiors of both nations, with- holds good in Europe, 
 out permitting any arts of ho- 
 ftility, under what pretext fo- 
 ever, to be committed. 
 
 TLat 
 * To the amount of ico,oool. flerling,
 
 3 8o A VOYAGE TO 
 
 voluntarily entered into the fervice of the Englifh 
 company. 
 
 THREE days after the battle of Bederra, the 
 Soubah's fon arrived with feven thoufand horfe, and 
 
 encamped 
 
 DEMANDS of the Dutch. ANSWERS of the Engli(h. 
 
 That both ihall mutually 
 exert themfelves to maintain a 
 good harmony, and, as far as 
 .poflible r lend a helping hand 
 to promote whatever ftiall tend 
 to the prosperity of each other, 
 without direfUy or indireftly 
 countenancing thofe, who may 
 kern inclined to do any detri- 
 ment to the one or the other. 
 
 IIL III. 
 
 As th difpu,te hath been The Dutch officers and 
 eairried on, neither by virtue of troops are not confidered by us 
 any declaration of war, nor of as our prifoners of war, but 
 arty particular commiffion, our folely as thofe of the Nazim ; 
 troops, and feamen cannot be and confequently we are clear 
 considered as prifoners of war, to fet them at liberty, as foon 
 fabjeft to a capitulation ; fo as the Dutch fhall have con- 
 thattEey mufl be fet at liberty, eluded their treaty with the 
 and fuffered to march out with Nazim ; excepting, however, 
 all the honors of war. thofe who are wilJing to enter 
 
 into our fervice, or claim the 
 protection of our flag. 
 
 IV. IV. 
 
 That we be left in the free, We have in no manner di- 
 peaceable, and undiminifhed fturbed the gentlemen of the 
 poffeffiott of our fettlements, Dutch compaBy in their rights 
 commerce, privileges, and pre- and privileges, nor ever had 
 TOgatives.. the intention of doino it. 
 
 V. V. 
 
 That all the (hips, veffels, All the (hips and veflels, 
 
 lervants, pofieffions, fettle- which are in our pofleflion 
 
 Kients, territories, lioafes, &c. (hall be reftored, as foon as our 
 
 appertaining as well to the demands fhall be complied 
 
 ionorable company, as to par- with; or that we obtain fecu- 
 
 ticular perfons, and whatever rity from the direclor and 
 
 is connected therewith, be de- council at Hughly, that they 
 
 etarcd free, and given up, in (hall be complied with, 
 the prefer.ce of reciprocal com- 
 mifiioners, appointed for that 
 
 purpofe. Thak
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 3 Si 
 
 encamped a fhort cofs * from Chinfura. The 
 Dutch were in the greateft conlternadon : they 
 wrote to governor Clive in the moft iubmiflive 
 
 terms, 
 
 VI. VI. 
 
 That as foon as poflible, the GRANTED, 
 ratifications be, upon the ap- 
 probation of the refpeftive di- 
 rectors, exchanged on both 
 fides. 
 
 VII. VIT. 
 
 And laftly, the two nations We cannot apprehend the 
 
 mutually guarantee the fore- neceiTity of this article, 
 going a: tides. 
 
 Signed underneath Signed underneath 
 
 Done at Garetty, the firft Done at Garetty, the third 
 
 day of December, 1759. day of December, 1759. 
 
 JOHN BACHERACHT, RICHARD BECHER, 
 
 and J. C. KIST. and JOHN COOKE. 
 
 ENDORSED on the Back. 
 
 Unanimoufly determined, That the ufe of the French lan- 
 guage, in fome copies of this agreement, and its future ufe 
 in the execution of thefe preients, fliall not be a precedent, 
 which the principals, and refpedlive matters of the contract- 
 ing parties, fhall be obliged to folloxv : but that in future it 
 fhall be optional to the principals of the two Parties, to 
 grant and receive fuch. treaties in a language different from 
 the French. 
 
 This treaty, and the appendix, are of the fame force and 
 obligation, as if the fame regulation were complied with there, 
 in : and the feparate articles, which may be added thereto, 
 fhall in like manner have the lame force, as if they were in- 
 ferted in the treaty. 
 
 In witncfs whereof, we the underfigning deputies of the ho- 
 norable and refpeclable prefident and council at Fort William, 
 arid of the honorable and refpeclable director and council at 
 Fo.t Guilavus, members of their refpecYive aflemblies, have 
 figned this appendix or endorfement, and ratified it with our 
 feals. 
 
 Thus done in our place of conference, at Garetty, the 
 third day of December, 1759. 
 
 Sip-ned 
 
 (L. C.) JOHN BACHERACHT. (L. C.) F. C. KIST. 
 (L. C.) RICHARD BscHtR. (L. C.) JOHN COOKE, 
 
 * Two miles.
 
 382 AVOYAGETO 
 
 terms, begging that he would intercede for them, 
 and not fuffer them to be given up to the violence 
 of the Moors. The governor did fo, and repaired 
 directly to the French gardens, to be at hand to 
 check the young Nabob, and prevent his coming 
 to extremities with the Dutch. His good offices had 
 
 their 
 
 RATIFICATION. 
 
 WE the underfigning by thefe prefents accept the aforego- 
 ing articles of mutual agreement, negotiated and determined, 
 in order to a general pacification, between the fettlements and 
 fervants of our refpeftive mailers and principals, by our depu- 
 ties appointed for that purpofe, viz. on the one fide, Meflrs. 
 John Cooke and Richard Becher, counfellors at Fort William ; 
 and on the other fide, Meflrs. John Bacheracht and John 
 Charles Kift, members of the polity and jufticiary council, at 
 Fort Guftavus ; approving, confirming, and ratifying the 
 fame, in the name, and with the approbation, of our aforefaid 
 mailers and principals in Europe, prcmifing, that we fhall, as 
 foon as may be, faithfully put in execution the reciprocal re- 
 fiitutior;, agreed on in the aforefaid articles, in order to put 
 an end to all the contents and mifur.derftandings which have 
 arifen to this prefent date; and moreover, make the contents 
 of thefe prefents, as far as is needful, known, by a folemn 
 publication to our dependants, that the fame may, in all the 
 principal points, be religioufly obferved, avoiding every 
 thing which, in procefs of time, might inter: up t the friend- 
 fliip and peaceable neighbourhood, now fo happily re- eftablifh- 
 ed between our refpe&ive pofieffions. 
 
 In token of which, we have fublcribed thefe prefents, and 
 ratified them with the feals of the two honorable ait India 
 companies, eftablifhed here. 
 
 On one fide Hood, On the other fide flood, 
 
 Given at Hughly, the 6th of Given at Calcutta, the 8th of 
 December, 1759; Under- December, 1759; under- 
 neath the Seal of the Dutch neath the arms of the Eng- 
 company, in red wax. lift company, in red wax. 
 
 Signed, Signed, 
 
 A. BISDOM, ROBERT CLIVE, 
 
 G. L. VERNET, C. MANNINGHAM, 
 
 R. H. ARMENAULT, J V. FRANKLAND, 
 
 M. ISINCK, THOMAS BODDAM, 
 
 I. L. SCHEVIKHAVEN, J . V. B. SA M M E R, and 
 
 S. DE Hooc, and J. V. M. 
 
 O. W. VALK.
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 38$ 
 
 their defircd effect : the young Nabob received their 
 deputies -, and, after Come fmart reproaches, grant- 
 ed them pardon, with a promife of ample protec- 
 tion in their commerce and privileges, on the fol- 
 lowing conditions * : " Never to think of making 
 war in the country ; never to introduce or enlilt 
 troops, or erect forts therein ; to keep on foot one 
 hundred and twenty five foldiers only, and no more, 
 for the fervice of their feveral factories of Ballafore, 
 Bengal, and Patna : immediately to fend away their 
 veflels and troops : and in cafe they ever contra- 
 vene any one of thofe articles, to be punifhed by 
 entire expulfion out of the country. Thefe condi- 
 tions were ratified by the council of Hughly ; and 
 the Nabob, having fatisfaclion made him for the 
 trouble and expences of his march, decamped and 
 returned to Muxadabad. 
 
 THE 
 
 * Copy of the Dutch propofals made to the Chuta Nabob, 
 
 with his anfwers, ratified thejth of November 1759. 
 
 Article I. That the purchaf- Anfwer. The purchases and 
 
 es and fales of the Dutch com- fales of the Dutch company 
 
 pany be again made in the (hall be carried on according 
 
 fame manner as in former to cuftom ; excepting the falt- 
 
 times. petre of Azimabad, which 
 
 (hall be purchafed by the means 
 
 of Raja Rainnaraiu Bahadur; 
 
 nor (hall any one moleft them; 
 
 Art. II. That no body caufe Anf. No-body (hail obftruft 
 any obftrudlion in the provifion the provision of cloth, &c. 
 of cloth, c. at the Aurungs, according to the cuftom of the 
 on account of the Dutch com- Aurungs, nor ufe any violence, 
 pany. Anf. The merchandize of 
 
 Art. Iff. That the goods the Dutch company mail pafs 
 and treafu re of the Dutch com- and repafs, by land or water, 
 pany be allowed to pafs and free from any unprecedented 
 repafs with the Dutch Duftuck; impofitions ; nor (hall any one 
 that no body obftruft them ; demand illicit cuftoms. 
 nor any longer demand illicit 
 cuftoms. 
 
 Art. IV. That payment be Anf. The officers of the mint 
 made, of
 
 384 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 THE Dutch director and council at Hughly pre- 
 tended that the Englifh were Iblely to blame in this 
 affair, and were guilty of the moft extraordinary 
 hoftilities, for which they ou^ht to be puniflied *. 
 
 made, by the offices of the of Murfhedabad lhall be made 
 mint of Murfhedabad *, of the to pay whatever balance is 
 balance due to the company. juftly and truly due. 
 
 Articles agreed upon by the Dutch company with the Na- 
 bob, and ratified under the hands and feals of the Dutch 
 director and council, and the feal of the company. 
 
 I. We will immediately fend away the Europeans and Bug- 
 gofes, whom we brought hither on board of our (hips ; and 
 difcharge all the Europeans, telttigas, mufketeers, and foot- 
 foldiers, lately taken here into our pay. 
 
 II. We will never bring any troops into this country of Bengal, 
 or carry on war therein, or make any preparations for that 
 purpofe. 
 
 III. We will keep no more than 125 European foldiers in the 
 faflories of Bengal, Patna, or Ballafore. 
 
 IV. We will peaceably continue to carry on our commerce in 
 the fame manner as formerly ; and in cafe, which God for- 
 bid, any obftru&ion or difpute mould fall in its way, caufe 
 the Soubah to be acquainted therewith, and folicit from him 
 the neceflary reclrefs in regard thereto. 
 
 Given the i^th year of the month Rabbie UfTane, of the 
 
 year 1172; or the jth of December 1759. 
 Signed A. BISDOM ; G. L. VERNET ; R. H. ARMENAULT ; 
 
 M.lsiNCrK ; J. L. V.SCHEVIKHAVEN 5 JOHN BAUCHERACHTJ 
 
 S.DEHooc; J.C. KIST; and O. W. VALK." 
 
 * They told their High Mightinefies, " it was unneceflary 
 to enquire with what views, or by what perfons, thofe extorted 
 articles of accommodation were devifed ; that it was evident, 
 they proceeded from the fervants of the Englifh company, 
 who, refolving to domineer in Bengal, and folely to enerofs 
 the whole of its commerce, had with that view employed every 
 means, warrantable and unwarrantable, to deprive the Dutch 
 company even of the ability of protecting their fettlcments 
 and commerce there, againft thofe violences and infringe- 
 ments, of which it had fo many linking inftances, and might 
 (till expert more : and that unjuftifiable defign of the Englifli 
 company's fervants had alfo been the fole and genuine motive 
 to the hoftile conduft, they had all along held with refpeft to 
 the fervants of the Dutch company." 
 * Muxadabad.
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 3^5 
 
 But the prefident and council of Bengal fully in- 
 formed the court of directors of the Englifh Ea(t 
 India company of this whole proceeding ; in confe- 
 quence of which, a memorial * was prefented by the 
 Britifli miniftcr at the Hague, to the States-general 
 of the united provinces-, containing tc complaints 
 of grievous hoftilides, committed by thefervants of 
 the Dutch Eaft India company, on the fubjects of 
 his Britannic Majeily in Bengal" ; to the following 
 purport : 
 
 " THAT common fame mud already have in- 
 formed their High Mightinefies of an event, as fe- 
 rious as extraordinary j an ample detail of which was 
 thereto annexed. 
 
 " THAT their High Mightnefles would therein 
 find a relation ot a lenes of hoftilities committed by 
 the fervants of the Dutch Kail-India company on the 
 Britifli lubjects at Brngal ; which, had they fuc- 
 ceeded agreeably to the wiflies and efforts of the 
 authors, muft have ended in nothing lefs than the 
 total deftruction or" one of his Britannic Majefty's 
 principal fettlements in the Eaft-lndies. 
 
 " THAT their High Mightinefles were doubtlefs 
 aftonifhed at this declaration j but would be much 
 more fo, on reading the piece annexed ; as his Bri- 
 tannic Majefty was, who had given too many proofs 
 of his confrant friendfhip for theirHigh Mightinefles, 
 and deferved too well at their hands, to expect a 
 procedure fo injurious upon any occafion ; much 
 lefs at a time, when under the protection of an ad- 
 vantageous neutrality, the fubje&s of their High 
 Mightinefles enjoyed all the benefits of an extenfive 
 commerce; even at a time when their High Migh- 
 tinefies claimed exertions of the moft rigorous juf* 
 tice at the hands of his Majefty in their favor. 
 
 * By Mr. Yorke, his Britannic Majefty's plenipotentiary, 
 an the i4th of Auguft, i;6o. 
 
 VOL. II. C c "THAT
 
 386 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 " THAT their High Mightinefies would thew 
 judge what his Majeity's furprize muft have been r 
 when informed, that, without any previous com- 
 plaint, without the leaft indication of a ferious dif- 
 pute fubfifting between the two nations in the Indies,, 
 his fubjects were attacked and threatened with the 
 greateft calamities, had the fate of arms favored 
 the aggreflbrs. But the king was too great and too 
 generous, to impute to their High Mightinefies the 
 leaft knowlege of an act of violence, fo contrary to 
 good faith, and fo much beneath the dignity of a 
 fovereign power. His Majefty was therefore wil- 
 ling to flatter himfelf, that thofe acts of hoftility 
 proceeded not from any order ifiued from the di- 
 rectors of the Dutch Eaft-India company ; not- 
 withstanding the moft authentic proofs, that the 
 armament, which attacked the Englifh at Bengal, 
 was equipped in Batavia. 
 
 * THAT his Majefty fcrupled not to lay the 
 whole affair before their High Mightineflfes, and to 
 demand an ample fatisfaction for fuch an outrage, 
 by the exemplary punifhment of the authors there- 
 of: and that his Majefty expected the moft pe- 
 remptory and effectual orders ftiould be iffued, for 
 preventing fuch exceffes in future, and the faithful 
 execution of the ftipulations agreed on by the fer- 
 vants of the two companies in the Indies, as a re- 
 paration for fo illegal and violent a proceeding.'* 
 
 WHAT was the confequence ? Their High Migh- 
 tinefies took the hint in the memorial, and pleaded 
 ignorance of the whole affair ; which encouraged 
 their Eaft-India company to triumph in their arti- 
 fices, and even fo far as to requtft their High 
 Mightinefies, '* to take their Eaft-India company 
 and their dependants into their particular protec- 
 tion ; and procure proper fatisfaction for the acts of 
 violence and hoftility committed on them j with 
 
 full
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 38? 
 
 full reparation of the damages they had fuftain- 
 ed *." 
 
 To their defence, the Dutch company added their 
 humble fuir, " for the particular protection of their 
 High Mightinefle* with the greater importunity and 
 ardor j as on the redrefs of their grievances depend- 
 ed the fate of the fcttlements and commerce of the 
 Dutch company at many places in India: for, if the 
 Englifh Eaft-India company, fupported by the 
 king's mips and troops, continued to have in their 
 hands the power, which for fome time pad they 
 had there : while this power in Bengal, and who 
 could tell where elfe befides, was employed, in 
 defiance, and in the avowed violation of the 
 moft folemn treaties and engagements, violently 
 hindering the Dutch from protecting their fet- 
 tlements, and fecuring their commerce there: 
 and, on the other hand, the fervants of the faid 
 company, under favor of that fuperiority, were 
 enabled, to the entire fecluiion of the Dutch com- 
 pany, wholly to engrofs that and other capital 
 branches of trade; and, with a view to farther 
 . branches of commerce, to traverfe and obftruct the 
 trade of the Dutch company, by every unwarrant- 
 able and oppreflive means ; then will, then mud, to 
 their bitter regret, the fettlement of the Dutch, 
 company, and their commerce, very foon have a 
 
 * The Dutch company alfo defired of their High Mighti- 
 nefles, that the Englifh Eaft-India company might be exprefT- 
 ly charged, to obferve punctually, as alfo to caufe their fer- 
 vants and dependants in India to obferve the treaties and al- 
 liances, fubiifting between the two nations ; and in confe- 
 quence thereof, to abftain from all als of violence and holHIity 
 againit the fett'ements or fervants of the Dutch company : not 
 to injure them in the cftabliftied privileges ; not to cramp their 
 commerce by any reliraints, or other unreafonable means : 
 but in all refpe&s to keep up and preferve a fincere and 
 friendly intercourfe of neighbourhood, according to the tenor 
 of treaties. 
 
 C c 2 final
 
 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 final period, not only in Bengal, but in other places 
 befides." 
 
 IN fhort ; their High Mightinefieswere too much 
 interefted themfelves in the concerns of their Eafl> 
 India company ; fo that what they promifed, was 
 never performed. 
 
 THE Englifh at Bengal had the more reafon to be 
 jealous of the Dutch, as the Shaw Zadda, a fon of 
 the late Mogul, and undoubted heir of the Mogul 
 empire, had fet up pretenfions to the Soubafhip of 
 Bengal, and invaded the provinces on the fide of 
 Patna, with a numerous army : but colonel Clive 
 joined the Soubah, preferved Patna, and drove the 
 prince beyond the river Kurrumnaffa. The prince 
 frequently wrote to the colonel, offering any terms 
 for the company and himfelf; on condition the 
 Englifh would quit the Soubah, and join his arms : 
 but the colonel gave the prince no encouragement. 
 
 IN the beginning of the year 1760, the Shaw 
 Zadda invaded the provinces again, with a force 
 more refpedable than before, both in troops and 
 commanders, by the revolt of Comgar Cawn, Go- 
 lam Shaw, Rheim Cawn, and others: while the 
 Subah had made himfelf and family fo univerfally 
 hated, that moft people in the province wiflied fuc- 
 cefs to the prince. 
 
 COLONEL Clive refigned the government on the , 
 8th of February 1760, and returned to England, 
 where, on the 24-th of December, at a general 
 quarterly court of the dired:ors and proprietors of 
 the Eaft India company, the thanks of the court 
 were unanimoufly given to admiral Pocock, colonel 
 Lawrence, and colonel dive, for their great and 
 glorious fuccefies done the company in the Eaft 
 Indies. 
 
 MR. HOLWELL fucceeded governor Clive by his 
 rank to the government , and, at that time, the 
 eftablimed committee entruftcd with the conduct of 
 
 all
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 389 
 
 all political occurrences, with the country govern- 
 ment, confided of the prefident , Peter Amyatt, Efq; 
 major Caillaud, Mr. Sumner, and Mr. M'Guire : 
 the major and Mr. Amyatt abfent j the one in the 
 field ; the other chief or Patna. Soon after which, 
 Mr. Vanfittart fucceeded to the government at Cal- 
 cutta, and Mr. Holwell returned to England. 
 
 C c 3 BOOK
 
 BOOK X. 
 
 'A/fairs in INDIA from 1760, until /^GENE- 
 RAL PEACE in EUROPE in 1763. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 3"be fiege and reduction ^/CARICAL, and other places 
 by major MONSON ; as alfo of PON DI CHERRY, by 
 colonel COOTE, with the ajjifiance of tbe admirals 
 CORNISH and STEVENS, in 1760, and 1761. 
 
 TH E Britifh parliament, on the 3 ift of March 
 1760, granted 20,000!. to the Eaft India 
 company *for carrying on the war in India, where 
 I have already taken notice of the arrival of admiral 
 Cornifli, and fummarily mentioned the blockade of 
 Pondicherry ; having referved a more particular 
 account of that important fiege for this its proper 
 piace. 
 
 * The directors for 1760 were, 
 
 Fred. Pigou, 
 
 [ohn Raymond, >> Efqrr. 
 
 Giles Rooke, 
 
 Thomas Roufe, Dep. Chairman. 
 
 Henry Savage, 
 
 Geo. Stevens 
 
 George Amyand 
 
 Henry-Crab Boulton, 
 
 John Boyd, 
 
 John Browne, 
 
 Chrif. Burrow, 
 
 Charles Cults, j^w. wn,..,.^, 
 
 John Dorrien, f Efqrs- Richard Smith, 
 
 Geo. Dudley, Lawrence Sullivan, Chairman. 
 
 Peter Godfrey, Timothy Tullie, 
 
 Charles Gough, Richard Warner, 
 
 HeniyHadley, Thomas Waters 
 
 John Harrifon, J Bouchier Walton, 
 
 p.i 
 
 \ Efqrs. 
 
 oujuvaji, Chairmar 
 Tullie, ) 
 Varner, I ,, r 
 Caters, \ Ef 1 rs ' 
 Walton, J 
 
 ADMIRAL
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 391 
 
 ADMIRAL Cornifh co-operated with colonel 
 Coote, and the fiege of Carical was the immediate 
 objecl: of their refolutions $ for which purpsfe ma- 
 jor Monfon, the chief engineer, feven gunners and 
 fifty pioneers, embarked on board the fleet ; with 
 the affiflance of the marines, forty artillery, one 
 hundred Europeans, and two thoufand fepoys, 
 which were ordered to join them from Trichinopoli. 
 The fleet arrived before Carical on the 28th of 
 March, and that evening major Monfon landed 
 with the pioneers and three hundred marines, about 
 four miles northward of the town, of which he got 
 pofieffion with little lofs, and the French garrilbn 
 retired into the fort. 
 
 THIS fort was a fmall fquare, with ravelins before 
 each curtain, a falfc braye half round, a good ditch 
 with fome water, a covered way palifadoed, and a 
 good glacis with bomb-proof places in the different 
 works for five hundred men ; and the garrifon con- 
 fitted of two hundred and fix Europeans, with two 
 hundred fepoys. 
 
 THE major being annoyed in his rear, by a re- 
 doubt called Fort Dauphin, he threw fome (hells 
 into it on the 3Oth at night ; on which the enemy 
 abandoned it, whereby the befiegers had a commu- 
 nication opened with the country, which fupphcd 
 them with provifions. The failors were of great 
 fervice in landing the ftores, which they difembark- 
 ed in the night clofe to the enemy without lofs ; and 
 by the time a battery of four eighteen pounders was 
 completed, the troops from Trichinopoli arrived in 
 the camp > which enabled the befiegers to invert the 
 place on all fides, on the third of April. On the 
 fifth, fome other batteries were erected, which 
 breached one baftion, and difmounted feveral guns. 
 At that time, major Monfon received intelligence, 
 that one hundred and fifty European horfc, de- 
 tached by general Lally, were arrived within twenty 
 C c 4 mile?
 
 39* A VOYAGE TO 
 
 miles of the place j and that four hundred European 
 foot were advanced as far as Chillambrum, to the 
 relief of the befieged. The major boldly fummoned 
 the governor, with a relblution to attack by ftorm, 
 if he would not furrencler: but after a little difficul- 
 ty, the Frenchman gave up the place, and the gar- 
 rifon became prifoners of war. 
 
 THE major marched next to Chillambrum, where 
 he made fix officers, forty Europeans, and three 
 hundred fepoys and topafles prifoners : after which, 
 he took Verdachilum, where he made prifoners of 
 twenty-five Europeans and two hundred frpoys. 
 
 MAJOR Monfon, having thus deprived the French 
 of many valuable pcfiMTions, rejoined colonel Coote 
 in the beginning of May : the marines reimbarked j 
 and admiral Cornifh was foon after joined by ad- 
 miral Stevens, in the road of Fort St. David, with 
 five (hips from Bombay , and the arrival of the 
 Norfolk and Panther, on the i4th of June, increaf- 
 ed the fquadron to thirteen fail. 
 
 THE attention of colonel Coote was fixed upon 
 the reduction of Pondicherry, and all his operations 
 were conducted towards that defireable event. Hav- 
 ing fubdued Waldour, and Vilenoor, he encamped 
 in the front of the latter village, with his left on 
 the defcent of the Red-hill, about four miles from 
 the town of Pondicherry, and not above a mile and 
 half from Oullagary, near which the French were 
 encamped. Both armies threw up redoubts in the 
 feveral avenues, and the advanced parties were 
 frequently within mufket-fhot of each other. 
 
 DURING this time, the French made three at- 
 tempts upon Cuddalore : in the firft they carried off 
 feventy fick marines and failors ; but were repulfed 
 with lofs in the other two. General Lally allo pre- 
 vailed on Hydranaig, the Maiflbrean general, to 
 fend him fupplies : but captain Smith was fent from 
 Trichinopoli, with one thoufand fepoys, to invade 
 
 the
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 395 
 
 the king of Maifibre's country, and draw his troops 
 from Pondicherry , which anfwered the end propof- 
 ed : the Morattoes deprived Hydranaig of all au- 
 thority, and the king of Maiflbre entered into al- 
 liance with the Englifh company. 
 
 WHEN the rainy leafon drew near, governor 
 Pigot and colonel Coote folicited the admiral to 
 land his marines, and affill in taking Ariancopang. 
 They were landed agreeable to their requeft at Cud- 
 dalore, on the 29th of Auguft; and the next day 
 arrived at the camp. Colonel Coote immediately 
 made a difpofition to attack Ariancopang, by a de- 
 tachment of eight hundred men, under major Mon- 
 fon : while the colonel marched with the main body 
 againft Oul!agary. General l.ally obtained intelli- 
 gence of this defign, and refolved to defeat it by 
 ,an unexpected ftroke. He accordingly attacked the 
 four advanced redoubts of the befiegers, about four 
 in the morning of the 3d of September : the French 
 fuccceded at one redoubt, which they fee on fire, 
 and made three gunners prifoners-, bttt they were 
 repulled with lofs at the other three. 
 
 AT this time, the company's mips arrived at 
 Madrafs, with a battalion of Highlanders to aug- 
 ment the army, and a commifiion of colonel for 
 major Monfon, whereby he took rank of colonel 
 Coote, who retired to Madrafs, with intent to pro- 
 ceed to Bengal. 
 
 ON the 9th of September at midnight, colonel 
 Monlbn gave out orders for the whole army to at- 
 tack the French pods of Oullagary church, and the 
 redoubts in the bound- hedge. Major Smith march- 
 ed with the company's troops directly to Oullagary, 
 where the main body of the French were ported, 
 whom he vigoroufly attacked before day-light, and 
 drove from their ground ; he took nine field-pieces, 
 purfued them to a redoubt, where they made fome 
 
 refinance,
 
 39 4 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 refiftance, but were forced from thence to take pro- 
 tection under the walJs of the town. 
 
 COLONEL Monfcn had provided for intercepting 
 them ; his plan being to march himfelf with two 
 regiments to attack the Waldour and Tamarind 
 redoubts, and by forcing his way within the bound- 
 hedge, to cut off the retreat of the main body of 
 the French, which major Smith was to drive into 
 his hands. This well-projected fcheme was pre- 
 vented by the darknefs of the night, which occa- 
 fioned one detachment to lofe the way, and this in- 
 cited the colonel to put himfelf at the head of the 
 grenadiers, who took the redoubts, with fifteen pieces 
 of cannon. The colonel had both bones of his leg 
 broke by a (hot in this attempt, whicti difabled him 
 from proceeding : fo that the molt important ad- 
 vantage propcfed by this fuccefs, was unfortunately 
 loft ; for the troops contented themlelves with fecur- 
 ing the advantage they had gained, and rook poft 
 in tte bound hedge. 
 
 NEXT day. the whole army encamped at Oulla- 
 gary ; and the French abandoned Ariancopang, af- 
 ter blowing up one fide of ihefort, which theFlng- 
 lilh foon repaired, and eibablifiied a poft there. As 
 colonel Monion was unab'e to continue the com- 
 mand of the army, it was refumed by colonel Coote, 
 who arrived at the camp on the twentieth of Sep- 
 tember. He foon after took another redoubt, and 
 made it tenable againft the enemy, who attacked it 
 with three hundred Europeans, and feven hundred 
 fepoys, but were repulfed with confiderable lofs. 
 
 THE rainy feafon and monfoons ietting in, colo- 
 nel Coote was obliged to provide againll the natu- 
 ral accidents that happen in thole regions from the 
 inclemency of the weather, and removed his army 
 to encamp on a hill about a mile and half to the left, 
 where he continued until the feafon returned for ac- 
 &on, and profecuting the fiege, 
 
 How-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 395 
 
 HOWEVER, admiral Stevens continued cruifing 
 off Pondicherry, and fent in the boats of the fleer, 
 under the command of captain Newfon, and lieute- 
 nant Ourry, to cut out the Balier and Hermione, 
 which were in the harbor. The boats carried them 
 Jboth away j after v*hich the admiral lailed for 
 Trincomaly ; but left five (hips of the line, under 
 the command of captain Haldane, to block up the 
 harbor of Pondicherry, as the town was then greatly 
 diftrefled for want of provifions. 
 
 ON the 9th of November, colonel Coote ordered 
 a ricochet battery for four pieces of cannon to be 
 creeled to the northward, at about fourteen hundred 
 yards from the town ; but more with a defign to 
 harrafs the befieged, than of doing any damage to 
 the works at fo great a diftance : and, on the loth, 
 the befiegers began to land their ftores, as alfo to 
 prepare every thing for carrying on the fiege with 
 vigor. 
 
 THE rains being over by the 26th, colonel Coote 
 imagined that the diftteffes of the French might be 
 much augmented, and garrifon-duty rendered very 
 fatiguing, if fome batteries were erected on diffe- 
 rent quarters of the town : he therefore gave di- 
 redions to the engineers to pitch on proper places, 
 at luch diltances, and in fuch fuuations, that the 
 mot from them might enfilade the works of the 
 garrifon, and the beftegers not be expoied to any 
 certain fire. 
 
 ACCORDINGLY, the following batteries were trac- 
 ed out ; one for four guns, called the prince of 
 Wales's, near the breach on the north fide, to enfi- 
 lade the great ftreet, which ran north and fouth 
 through the White Town : another, called the duke 
 of Cumberland's, for four gun's and two mortars, 
 to the north-weft quarter, at one thoufand yards, 
 diftance, to enfilade the north face of a large coun- 
 ter-guard, before the north- weft baftion : a third, 
 
 callecj
 
 39 6 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 called prince Edward's, for two guns, to the fouth- 
 ward, at twelve hundred yards diftance, to enfilade 
 the ftreets from fouth to north, fo as to crofs the 
 fire from the northern battery : and a fourth to the 
 fouth-weft, called prince William's, for two guns 
 and one mortar, at one thoufand yards diftance, in 
 order to deftroy the guns in St. Thomas's redoubt, 
 and to ruin the veflels and boats near it. On the 
 8th of December, at midnight, they were all open- 
 ed together, and continued firing until day-light. 
 
 ON the pth, the befieged kept up a warm fire on 
 the befiegers, without doing much damage to them; 
 and little more was done until the 29th, when a bat- 
 tery, called the Hanover, was begun by the be- 
 fiegers, for ten guns and three mortars, to the 
 northward, at four hundred and fifty yards diftance 
 from the town, againft the north-weft counter-guard 
 and curtain. 
 
 THESE approaches contributed fo greatly to in- 
 creafe the miferies of the befieged, that the number 
 of deierters daily increafed : however, general Lally 
 was ftill defirous of defending the place, in hopes 
 of fuccors. He drove fourteen hundred poor help- 
 lefs inhabitants out of the town, and had even the 
 inhumanity to fire upon themj but colonel Coote 
 generoufly permitted them to pafs his guard, and 
 ieek for fubfiftence about the country. 
 
 ADMIRAL Stevens arrived off Fondicherry, on 
 the 25th, with four mips of the line ; having parted 
 company with admiral Cornifh and his divifion, on 
 the i6th, in blowing weather. But, on the firft of 
 January 1761, a violent ftorm of wind and rain 
 coming on, admiral Stevens found it abfolutely 
 necefiary, for the fafety of his majefty's mips, to 
 cut their cables and put to fea, where he parted 
 company with the other mips of his fquadron. This 
 ftorm began at eight in the evening, and lafted un- 
 til almoft four the next morning, whereby great da- 
 mage
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 397 
 
 mage was done to the befiegers by land and fea. 
 On the 4th, the admiral returned into Pondicherry 
 road, and had the misfortune to find, that his ma- 
 jefty's ihip, duke of Aquitain, had foundered a- 
 bout two leagues to the fouthward, and the Sunder- 
 land two leagues to the northward of that place, 
 and that molt of the crews perifhed. The (hips 
 Newcallle and Queenborough, with the Protector 
 firefhip, were drove afhore, and loft a little to the 
 fouthward of Ariancopang -, but the people were 
 faved, as alfo the ordnance and mod of the ftores 
 and provifions*. Several of the other fhips fuffered 
 in the ftorm ; but with the help of the mafts, yards, 
 and ftores faved from the wrecked fhips, and the 
 afiiftance of the fquadron, they were foon completely 
 refitted, and put in a proper ftate of fervice , while 
 admiral Cornim arrived, and colonel Coote repaired 
 his batteries, which the ftorm had aimoft ruined ; 
 fo that the blockade of Pondicherry was as complete 
 as ever. 
 
 GENERAL Lally endeavored to make the moft 
 of this diiafter-, and when he faw the port open, he 
 immediately difpatched advice of his fuppofed de- 
 liverance to M. Raymond, the French refident at 
 Pullicat. This letter was dated the 2d of January, 
 whereby he informed M. Raymond as follows : 
 
 " THE Englifh fquadron is no more : out of the 
 twelve Ihips they had in our road, feven are loft, 
 crews and all ; the four others difmafted ; and it 
 appears, there is no more thnn one frigate that hath 
 eicaped : therefore do not lofe an inftant to fend 
 us Chfclingoes upon Chclingoes loaded with rice : 
 the Dutch have nothing to tear now -, befides, ac- 
 cording to the rights of nations, they are only to 
 fend us no provifions themfelves, and we are no 
 
 * See the Introduction to this volume, p. x;:x. and p, xlvi. 
 
 more
 
 39* A VOYAGE TO 
 
 more blocked up by fea. The faring of Pondicher- 
 ry hath been in your power once already : if you 
 mifs the prefent opportunity, it will be entirely your 
 fault. Do not forget alfo fome fmall Chelingoes : 
 offer great rewards : I expe<5t feventeen thoufand 
 Morattoes within thefe four days. In fhort, rifque 
 all, attempt all, force all, and fend us fome rice, 
 mould it be but half a garle at a time." 
 
 THIS letter was intercepted by the vigilance of 
 admiral Stevens, who immediately difpatched cir- 
 cular letters to the Dutch and Danifh fetrlements, 
 to acquaint them, " That notwithstanding the re- 
 prefentations of general Lally, he had eleven fail of 
 his Britannic majefty's mips of the line, and two 
 frigates, under his command, in condition for fer- 
 vice, holding the blockade of Pondicherry : and as 
 that place was clofely inverted and blockaded by 
 land and fea ; and as, in that cafe, it was contrary 
 to the law of nations, for any neutral power to give 
 them any fuccor or relief, he had determined to feize 
 any veilel or boat that fliould attempt to throw any 
 proviiions into that place." 
 
 COLONEL Coote repaired his batteries, while the 
 mips returned to their ftations in the road, and the 
 army continued their approaches without interrup- 
 tion. On the 5th, the colonel attacked a poll of 
 very great confequence to the befiegers, called St. 
 Thomas's redoubt, in which were four twenty -eight 
 pounders, and carried it without any lofs. But at 
 day-light, on the 6th, three hundred French gre- 
 nadiers retook it; which was principally owing to 
 the negligence of the fepoys. 
 
 THE Hanover battery was repaired on the i2th, 
 and kept up a bnfk fire, which greatly damaged 
 the counter-guard and baftion, and made a breach 
 in the currain. 
 
 COLONEL Coote, on the i3th in the evening, or- 
 dered a working-party of feven hundred Europeans, 
 
 and
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 399 
 
 and four hundred Lafcars, with the pioneers com- 
 pany, under the command of a major, to the north- 
 ward, where the engineers had traced out a battery 
 for eleven guns and three mortars. At eight 
 o'clock, they began a trench for introducing gabions 
 of four feet high, which were to form the interior 
 facing of the battery. At the fame time, a parallel 
 was begun, ninety yards in the rear, of two hundred 
 and fifty yards long, and an approach of four 
 hundred yards in length. Notwithftanding the 
 moon fhone very bright, and the battery within five 
 hundred yards of the walls, every thing went on 
 without the lead difturbance from the befieged : 
 and, by morning, fix embrazures were in a condi- 
 tion to receive guns, and the reft far advanced : this 
 was called the Royal battery. 
 
 ON the 1 4th, the Hanover battery maintained a 
 eonftant fire the whole day, which entirely ruin- 
 ed the wed face and fiank of the north-weft baftion. 
 
 ON the 1 5th, the Royal battery was opened, 
 which, by eight in the morning, filenced the fire 
 from the town, and gave the befiegers an opportu- 
 nity of beginning a trench, to contain their royal 
 mortars, and three guns, for the more fpeedy de- 
 molition of the demi-baftion and ravelin of Ma- 
 drafs-gate. 
 
 GENERAL Lally then began to defpair : he had 
 boafted to deftroy all the Englifh fettlements in In- 
 dia ; but now he found it impoflible to protefl Port- 
 dicherry: therefore he became a fupplicant, and 
 that evening lent out colonel Durre, of the royal 
 artillery, with the chief of the Jefuits, and two Ci- 
 vilians, with the following propofals to colonel 
 Coote for delivering up the garrifon. 
 
 "THE taking of Chande-nagore, contrary to the 
 faith of treaties, and of that neutrality which has 
 'always fubfifted between all European nations, and 
 namely between the two nations in this part of In- 
 dia,
 
 400 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 dia ; and that immediately after a fignal fervicc 
 which the French nation had rendered the Englifh> 
 not only in taking no part againft them with the 
 Nabob of Bengal, but in receiving them in their fet- 
 tlements, to give them time to recover from their 
 firft lofifes (as appears by the letters of thanks from 
 Mr. Pigot himfelf, and from the council of Madrafs 
 to that of Pondicherry) added to the formal refufal 
 of fulfilling the conditions of a cartel, agreed upon 
 between our refpeciive matters, though it was at firft 
 accepted by Mr. Pigot, and the commifiaries were 
 named on both fries to go to Sadrafs to fettle ami- 
 cably the difficulties which might occur in its exe- 
 cution, put it out of my power, with refpecl: to my 
 court, to make or propofe to Mr. Coote any capitu- 
 lation for the town of Pondicherry. 
 
 THE king's troops, and thofe of the company, fur- 
 render themfelves, for want of provifions, priicners 
 of war to his Britannic majefty, upon the terms of 
 the cartel, which 1 reclaim equally for all the inha- 
 bitants of Pondicherry, as well as for the exercife 
 of the Roman religion, the religious houfes, hofpi- 
 tals, chaplains, furgeons, fervants, &c. referring 
 my felt to the deofion of our two courts tor repara- 
 tion proportioned to the violation of fo folemn a 
 treaty. 
 
 ACCORDINGLY, Mr. Coote may take pofleflion 
 to-morrow morning at eight o'clock, of the gate of 
 Villenour , and atrer to-morrow at the fame hour of 
 that of fort St Louis : and as he has the power in his 
 own hands, he will diclate fuch ulterior difpofitions 
 to be made, as he fhali judge proper. 
 
 I DEMAND, merely from a principle of jufticeand 
 humanity, that the mother and fillers of Kaza * Saib 
 
 * Raja Saib, fon of Chunda Saib. See this volume, p. 50. 
 61. 63. 65. 76. 80, and p. 85. 89. 94. in. 117. 132. 135. 
 
 be
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 401 
 
 be permitted to feek * Ally Cawn's hands, which are 
 ftill red with the blood of the hufband and father, 
 that he has fpilt, to the fhame indeed of thofe wlu* 
 gave them up to him i but not lefs to the fhame of 
 the commander of the Englilh army, who fhould 
 not have allowed fuch a piece of barbarity to be 
 committed in his camp. 
 
 As I am tied up by the cartel in the declaration 
 which I make to Mr. Coote, 1 conient, that the gen- 
 tlemen of the council of Pondicherry may make 
 their own reprefentations to him, with regard to 
 what may more immediately concern their o*n pri- 
 vate interefts, as well as the intereft of the inhabi- 
 tants of the colony. 
 
 Done at Fort Louis, off Pondicherry, the i^th 
 of January 1761. 
 
 Signed LALLY. 
 
 To colonel Coote, commander in chief of his Bri- 
 tannic Majefty's forces before Pondicherry, 
 
 A true copy. FRANCIS ROWLAND, lee." 
 
 Colonel Coote's anfwer to M. Lally's propofals. 
 
 " THE particulars of the capture of Chanderna- 
 gore having been long fines tranfmitted to his Bri- 
 tannic Maj^fty, by the officer to whom that place 
 furrendered, Colonel Coote cannot take cognizance 
 of what pafifed on that occafion ; nor can he admit 
 the fame as any way relative to the furrender of 
 Pondicherry. 
 
 THE difputes which have arifen concerning the 
 cartel concluded between their Britannic and moft 
 Chriftian Majefties, being as yet undecided, colonel 
 Coote has it not in his power to admit, that the 
 troops of his moft Chriftian Majefty, and thofe of 
 
 * Seek an afylum where they pleafe, or that they remain 
 prifoners among the Englifli, and be not delivered up into 
 Mahomet Ally Cawn's hands. 
 
 VOL, II. D d the
 
 402 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 the French Eaft India company, fhall be deemed 
 prifoners of war to his Britannic Majefty, upon 
 the terms of thar cartel : but requires that they 
 furrender themftlves prifoners of war, to be ufed 
 as he fhall think confiftent with the interefts of his 
 Britannic majefty : and colonel Coote will mew all 
 fuch indulgences as are agreeable to humanity. 
 Colonel Coote will fend the grenadiers of his regi- 
 ment, between the hours of eight and nine to- 
 morrow morning, to take poffeffion of the Villenour 
 gate-, and the next morning, between the fame 
 hours, he will alib take poifeffion of the gate of 
 Fort St. Louis. The mother and filters of Raza 
 Saib fhall be efcorted to Madrafs, where proper care 
 mail be taken for their fafety ; and they fhall not, 
 on any account, be delivered into the hands of Na- 
 bob Mahomed Alice Cawn *." 
 
 THE articles propofed to colonel Coote by the 
 chief of the jefuits were as follow : " The fuperior 
 council of Pondicherry, authorized by the count de 
 Lally, lieutenant-general of the armies of his mod 
 Chriftian majefty, and his commiflary in India, to 
 treat for the faid town and its inhabitants, prefent 
 the following articles to colonel Coote, commander 
 of his Britannic majefty's troops on the coalt of 
 Coromandcl. 
 
 ARTICLE I. Upon the reduction of the place, its 
 inhabitants fhall not in any wife be injured ; their 
 houfes fhall be preferved, and they fhall retain all 
 their effects and merchandize, with liberty of 
 choice to convey them wherever they fhall think 
 proper, or to continue their dwelling in the faid 
 
 * " Given at the head-quarters of the camp before Pondi- 
 cherry, the fifteenth day of January 1761. Signed EYRE 
 COOTE. To Arthur Lally, Elq; lieutenant-general and com- 
 mander in chief of his moft Chriilian majefty's forces in India, 
 at Pondicherry." 
 
 town,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 403 
 
 town, as new fubjefls of hrs Britannic majefty ; and 
 they fhall be treated as the old fubjects have ufually 
 been treated , accordingly, thofe who have hereto- 
 fore had poflefiions or advantages, fhall not be de- 
 prived of them. 
 
 ART. II. They (hall be maintained in the exercife 
 of the Roman Catholic religion, in the fame man- 
 ner as had been pracliled under the French govern- 
 ment. The churches and hotifes of the ecclefiaftics 
 and religious perfons (hall be preferved, together 
 with every thing thereunto belonging, whether they 
 be fituated without or within the town. The mif- 
 fionaries mail have the liberty of pafTing from place 
 to place, and fhall find, under the Engliih flag, the 
 fame protection as under the French flag. 
 
 ART. III. Not only the buildings and houfes be- 
 longing to private perfons, whether laymen, eccle- 
 fiaftics, or religious perfons, fhall be left in the con- 
 dition they are > but aifo the buildings belonging to 
 the company, as well as the fort, the warehoufes, 
 and walls of the town, with all the fortifications, 
 until the fate of thefe lad, that is to fay, every thing 
 of this kind belonging to the company, fhall be de- 
 cided by the two refpective courts. 
 
 ART. IV. The papers' of the Regiftry and Notary 
 office, on which depend' the fortunes of the inha- 
 bitants, mail be fent to France, without any ob- 
 itacle, by fuch conveyances as they fliall think fir, 
 who are now charged with them, and in whofe pof- 
 feflion they (hall, in the meatt time, remain. 
 
 ART. V. The treatment, herein before ftipulated 
 by the firft article, for the inhabitants of Pondi- 
 cherry, (hall be extended to all the members of the 
 council, company's agents, officers fettled in the 
 laid toWn, and all others, who have been, or now 
 are, in the fervice of the company ; and fo in like 
 manner to* the merchants, whether Armenians, or of 
 D d 2 any
 
 404 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 any other nation, fettled heretofore in Pondicherry 
 for their trade. 
 
 ART. VI. The Creoles, or natives of Mauritius 
 and of Bourbon, amounting in number to forty- 
 one, including five officers, as well thofe who are 
 in health, as rhofe who have been wounded, or 
 are invalids, having ferved as volunteers, and not 
 being foldiers, Ihould have their liberty of return- 
 ing to their home, by the firft good opportunity 
 they may find. 
 
 ART. VII. Safe-guards fhall be granted, to pre- 
 vent diforder. 
 
 ART. VIII. All the foregoing articles fhall be 
 executed agreeable to good faith." 
 
 No anfwer was returned to thefe laft articles by 
 colonel Coote, who was fully fenfible of the diftref- 
 fes of the befieged ; and, as they had no more than 
 provifions left for one day, he obliged the garrifon 
 to furrender prifoners of war. Accordingly, the 
 place was delivered up to. the Englifh forces on the 
 1 6th of January, after a blockade and tedious fiege 
 of eight months. 
 
 THE Englifh commuTaries were immediately or- 
 dered to take an account of all the military (lores 
 found in the garrifon, and returns to be given in 
 of the number of officers, non-com miffioncd and 
 private, of the different corps, at the time the place 
 furrendered, as well of the number of inhabitants : 
 all of which colonel Coote tranfmitted to the Britifh 
 miniftry, from his head-quarters, at Oulgaret, on 
 the 3d of February 1761 ; together with a plan 
 of the garrifon, and the works carried on againfl 
 the place. 
 
 THE number of prifoners was great ; and the 
 place was a very important acquifition, as hereby 
 evidently appears : 
 
 <e RETURN
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 405 
 <* RETURN of brafs and iron ordnance, carriages, 
 powder, (hot, and fmall arms, found on the works 
 of Pondicherry, town, citadel and artillery park. 
 BRASS ordnance 81 ferviceable, 2 unfervice- 
 able ; iron ordnance 436 ferviceable, 48 unfer- 
 viceable; brafs howitzers 13 ferviceable; iron 
 howitzers 2 ferviceable ; brafs mortars 82 fer- 
 viceable ; iron mortars 7 ferviceable ; carriages of 
 different forts 326 ferviceable, 58 unferviceable; 
 mortar beds 46 ferviceable, wood ; mortar beds 7 
 ferviceable, iron; double-headed mot 182; lead 
 fhot of different nature 60264 ; (hells and hand 
 grenadoes 22599 ; grape fhot 1095 ; 207 barrels of 
 powder 2Oolb. each ferviceable ; 1488!- barrels of 
 powder of loolb. each ferviceable; total of powder 
 230580^ ; barrels of powder unferviceable 56 ; 
 powder in cartridges of different nature 40330^ ; 
 exclufive of fmall arms ammunition ; ammunition 
 fixed for wall-pieces 2907, mufkets 368640, car- 
 bines 98980, piflols 46830, gingalls 20700 ; muf- 
 kets new with bayonets 1550 ; ditto new without 
 bayonets 325 ; ditto with locks, moftly bad 2351 ; 
 ditto unferviceable, between 7 and 8000 ; Englifh 
 wall-pieces, good i 8 ; ditto bad 8 ; French wall- 
 pieces, good 190; gingal pieces, old 73 ; carbines 
 35; fuzees long, new 120; ditto old 50; ditto 
 fhort 30 ; piftols, new pairs 600 ; ditto old pairs 
 310; hangers, new 3200; fabres, new 1000; 
 broad fwords and fabres mixed 195 ; bayonets, new 
 3000 ; ditto, 500 ; pole axes 1 200 ; cartouch boxes, 
 new 3000 ; ditto old, 2000 ; flints, about 20 
 hogfheads ; mufket-balls, 6 barreh ; ditto 80 kegs ; 
 iron ramrods about 12000; copper drums 15; 
 wood ditto 17; efpontoons, old, 28 ; cartridge 
 boxes of different fizes 20860; a fmall quantity of 
 fixed ammunition ; ladles of different lizes 265 ; 
 fponges ditto, moftly old, 430; lead aprons of diffe- 
 rent fizes, 363 ; wad-hooks ditto 50 ; grates for 
 D d 3 heating
 
 406 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 heating (hot 2 ; with a large quantity of mufl<et 
 flings, buff belts, armourers, fmiths, and carpenters 
 tools, locks, and other lumber. 
 
 Pondicherry, January 27, 1761. 
 Signed Charles Milton, military com miffary- gene- 
 ral. E. Chandler, commiffary of artillery." 
 
 " EXACT ftate of the troops of his moft Chriftian 
 mojefty, under the command of lieutenant general 
 Laliy, in Pondicherry, which furrendered at dif- 
 cretion (to colonel Eyre Coote, commanding in 
 chief his Britannic majelty's land forces, Jay- 
 ing fiege to that place) the J5th day of January 
 1761, prifoners of war. 
 
 KING'S troops. Artillery. Commifiioned-omVers. 
 i lieutenant-colonel, i major, i captain, i firil lieu- 
 tenant. Staff-ofiicers. i furgeon-m.ijor, 2 fecre- 
 taries, 3 artificers, 6 miners, i volunteer. Non- 
 com mi ffioned officers, i ferjeant-major, 1 1 ferjeants. 
 Rank and file. 8 corporals, 4 lance-corporals, 42 
 gunners. Lorrain regiment. Commiflioned-officers. 
 
 1 lieutenant-colonel, 1 6 captains, 13 firft lieutenants, 
 3 fecond lieutenants. Staff-officers, i chaplain, i 
 adjutant, i furgeon-major, 2 fecretaries. Non-com- 
 
 .mirTioned officers, i ferjeant-major, 28 ferjeants, i 
 drum-major, 7 drummers. Rank and file. 43 cor- 
 porals, 31 lance-corporals, 178 private. Lally's re- 
 giment. Com miflioned officers, i lieutenant-general, 
 13 captains, 14 firft lieutenants. Staff-officers, i 
 quarter-mafter, i furgeon-major. Non-commifiioned 
 officers. J ferjeant-major, 20 ferjeants, i drum-ma- 
 jor, 10 drummers. Rank and file. 139 private, 
 29 invalids. Marines. Commiffioned officers. 7 
 captains, 6 firft lieutenants, 2 fecond lieutenants. 
 Staff-officers, i adjutant, i fecretary. Non-com- 
 jnifiioned officers, and rank and file, 2jS.T-Com- 
 pany's troops. Artillery. CommifHoned officers. 
 
 2 captains. 5 fiift lieutenants, 2 fecond lieutenants, 
 
 4 en-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 407 
 
 4 enfigns. Staff-officers, i adjutant, i commif- 
 fary, 2 affiftants, 9 volunteers. Non-commiflioned 
 officers, i ferjeant-major, 10 ferjeants, i drum- 
 major, 5 drummers. Rank and file. 6 corporals, 
 45 gunners. Cavalry. Commifiioned officers, i 
 captain, 2 firft lieutenants. Rank and file. 12 
 private. Volunteers of Bourbon. Commiflioned 
 officers, i captain, i fecond lieutenant, 3 enfigns. 
 Staff-officers, i adjutant. Non-commifiioned of- 
 ficers, i ferjeant-major, 2 ferjeants, i drummer. 
 Rank and file. 4 corporals, 2 lance corporals, 24 
 private. Battalion of India. Commiflioned offi- 
 cers, i major, 12 captains, 1 1 firft lieutenants, i 
 fecond lieutenant, i o enfigns. Staff-officers, i chap- 
 lain, i adjutant, i furgeon-major, 2 fecretaries. 
 Non-commifiioned officers, i ferjeant-major, 17 
 ferjeants, i drum-major, 10 drummers. Rank and 
 file. 15 corporals, 99 private. Invalids. Com- 
 mifiioned officers, i major. Staff-officers, i ad- 
 jutant, i captain of the ports, 3 fecretaries. Non- 
 commifiioned officers, i ferjeant-major, 22 fer- 
 jeants, i drummer. Rank and file. 15 corporals, 
 79 private. 
 
 TOTAL of commifiioned Officers, Staff-officers, 
 
 Non-commifiioned officers, rank and file. 
 KING'S troops. Artillery 83, Lorrain regiment 
 327, Lally's regiment 230, marines 295. Com- 
 pany's troops. Artillery 94, cavalry 15, volunteers 
 of Bourbon 40, battalion of India 192, invalids 
 124. Total 1420 Supernumerary Commiflioned 
 and extraordinary ftaff 37. Total of the troops 
 1437. Civil lift, including governor, council, and 
 inhabitants 381. Grand total of thofe returns 1818. 
 
 THUS the French were deprived of their boafted 
 * power in India, and little remained to expel them 
 
 * See the Inttodu&ion to this volume, p. xl. xlv. 
 
 D d 4 entirely
 
 408 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 entirely out of the country. The Englifh left Pon- 
 dicherry in the fame ruined ftate as the French for- 
 merly left Madrafs -*, and Fort St. David -j- -, and 
 colonel Coote remained an abfolute conqueror on 
 the coaft of Coromandel. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 The reduction of Mi HIE, a FRENCH fettlement t with 
 its dependencies, on tbe coaft of MALABAR, by ma- 
 jor HECTOR MONRO, in 1761. The conqueft of 
 MANILLA, from tbe SPANIARDS, by general DRA- 
 PER and admiral CORNISH, in 1762. 
 
 ONDICHERRY was the laft place which the 
 French pofleffed on the coaft of Coromandel : 
 ut they ftill enjoyed one fettlement on the coalt of 
 Malabar, which it was neceffary for the Englifh to 
 reduce. This was the fettlement of Mihie J, on 
 the coaft of Malabar, about fifty miles north from 
 Calicut, thirty miles north from Tillicherry, and 
 about four hundred fouth-weft from Pondicherry : 
 therefore, the reduction of this place was left to the 
 care of the government of Bombay, as it was not 
 doubted, but they would fucceed more eafily here 
 than at Geriah , or Surat ||. 
 
 SOME troops were accordingly fent from Bom- 
 bay, under the command of major Hector Monro **, 
 who was affifted by the Englifh chief at Tillicher- 
 ry; and, on the loth of February 1761, the French 
 governor furrendered the place on the following 
 
 * See the Introduction to this volume, p. xlvii. -f Ibid, 
 p. 291. t Or Mahe ; which was a fmall fettlement ; but 
 
 remarkable for its trade in pepper. See this volume, p. 
 
 211. || Ibid. 320. ** This gentleman was promoted to 
 a majority on the 1 4th of Oftober 1759. 
 
 conditions,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 409 
 
 conditions, which fufficiently (hews th'e lenity of the 
 conquerors : 
 
 " PROPOSALS of capitulation made by M. Louet, 
 commander in chief of the French garrifon at 
 Mihie, for thefurrender of that place and its de- 
 pendencies, to Thomas Hodges, Efq; comman- 
 der in chief of Tillicherry and its dependencies ; 
 and Hector Monro, Efq-, major and commander 
 of the king's and company's troops encamped 
 for the expedition againft Mihie ; with the con- 
 ditions on which they are accepted on the part 
 of his Britannic majefty : 
 
 " THE following are conditions which we confent 
 to, in the name of his moft Chriftian majefty, to 
 furrender the fort of Mihie, and its dependencies, 
 on the coaft of Malabar. 
 
 I. 4 THE exercife of the Roman Catholic reli- 
 gion mail not be difturbed in any fhape. All the 
 churches and chapels, with their ornaments, are to 
 be preferved from all infults ; and that the Padres 
 fhall have leave to exercife their function unmo- 
 lefted. 
 
 GRANTED." 
 
 II. " THE garrifon to march out with the ho- 
 nors of war, drums beating, colors flying ; each 
 man with a ball in his mouth j four field pieces, 
 with one mortar, and twelve rounds-, to march 
 to Tillicherry, accompanied by a detachment of 
 Englifh, and there to be embarked on board of a 
 fliip for the ifland of Bourbon, at the expence of 
 the Englim : but in cafe the dominion of that ifland 
 fliould be changed *, the fhip, after taking in water 
 and refrefliments, is to proceed with them to the 
 
 It will appear that it was attempted. 
 
 Cape
 
 4 io A VOYAGE TO 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, where they are to be landed 
 with their arms, cannon, mortar and appurtenances, 
 and then to go where they pleafe. But, if the Eng- 
 lim do not chufe to comply with that, they are to 
 land us in France with our arms and baggage. 
 
 GRANTED ; except that the colors, arms, can- 
 non, mortar and ammunition, mall be delivered 
 up in Tillicherry ; alfo, in cafe it mould be more 
 convenient to tranfport them for Europe from Til- 
 Jicherry, than from Bombay, or the Coromandel 
 coaft ; provided, nevertheless, that mould any Eu- 
 ropean officer or foldier chufe to enter into the Eng- 
 lifh fervice, they are to be at full liberty, that is, if 
 the entertaining of fuch perfon be agreeable to the 
 Englifh." 
 
 III. * c ALL deferters whatfoever (hall have a ge- 
 neral pardon, and not be molefted in any fliape. 
 
 GRANTED , except Thomas Palmer, of colonel 
 Parflow's regiment, if he mould be found in earri- 
 fon." 
 
 IV. " ALL perfons, civil and military, as well 
 white as black, ihall have their moveable effects 
 and domeftics preferved without moleftation ; and 
 the Englifh are to put fafe-guards, for the fecurity 
 thereof, as they may defire. 
 
 GRANTED , understanding it to mean wearing 
 apparel, and houfhold furniture." 
 
 V. ' ALL the inhabitants, of what nation or re- 
 ligion foever, (hall remain in their pofiefiions, rights 
 and privileges, unmolefted in any fhape. 
 
 VI. ALL the private inhabitants, both whites and 
 blacks, that mall be found to have pofieflions of 
 lands and tenements, are to be fuffered to enjoy 
 them quietly, with liberty to each of them to re- 
 main or remove, as they think proper. 
 
 ARTICLES V. and VI. granted i fubjecl at all 
 times to fuch annual rents or taxes, as the Englifli 
 company mav think proper to levy on them." 
 
 VII. That
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 4 u 
 
 VII. " That proper commiffaries fhall be named 
 to receive the effects, books, papers and accounts 
 belonging to the French company. 
 
 GRANTED ; underftanding the word effects to in- 
 clude provifions and warlike ftores of all kinds." 
 
 VIII. " We confent to furrender to the Englifii, 
 all our forts belonging to the French company to 
 the northward, on the above conditions, mould they 
 be in our poffeflion at this time. 
 
 GRANTED ; provided it be clearly proved, that 
 the French have neither any direct or indirect pro- 
 perty in fuch of them as are at this precife time in 
 their pofieffion -, otherwife they are to caufe them to 
 be delivered up in the fame manner as thofe adja- 
 cent to Mihie." 
 
 IX. " THE French fadory at Callicut, fhall be 
 fuffered quietly to enjoy the privileges of neutrality 
 obferved there. 
 
 GRANTED.'* 
 
 X. " THAT coolies and boats (hall be allowed 
 them to tranfport the effects belonging to the gen- 
 tlemen of the garrifon, as well civil as military. 
 
 GRANTED." 
 
 XI. " ALL the fick and infirm fhall be commo- 
 dioufly tranfported, with afurgeon, medicines, and 
 fervants belonging to the hofpital, at the charge of 
 the Englifh. 
 
 GRANTED." 
 
 XII. " ON the foregoing conditions we agree to 
 deliver up all the fortifications of Mihie, and its 
 districts, on any day to be appointed." 
 
 THIS treaty, fo made and fettled, was figned*, 
 
 * By the following gentlemen ; 
 
 " Thomas Hodges, Picat de la Motte, 
 
 Heftor Monro. De Laulanhoiry, 
 
 Houffe, 
 
 Drowet, 
 
 on
 
 412 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 on the loth of February 1761, in Tillichery and 
 Mihie refpeftively. 
 
 THE number of guns at Mihie were, at Fort St. 
 George, 52 ; at Mihie, 58 ; at Candi, 27 ; at Dau- 
 phin, 32 ; and 150 at five adjacent forts to the 
 northward : in all 319. 
 
 THE prefident and council of Bombay expreffed 
 difpatches with this intelligence to the directors of 
 the Eaft -India company, who received them on the 
 3d of Auguft 1761, at a time when they were very 
 defirous of fuch intelligence, as well on account of 
 what was tranfafting in Europe, as in Bengal. 
 
 ON the 25th of February 1761, the Englim Eaft- 
 India company * declared their bonds mould bear 
 five per cent, intereft, to commence on the gift of 
 March. The Britilh parliament had granted the 
 company twenty thoufand pounds for the fervice of 
 this year : and they alfo pafled " an aft for ex- 
 tending the Eaft -India mutiny aft -f- of the 27th of 
 king George II. to the company's fettlement at Fort 
 Marlborough, in the ifland of Sumatra, and to 
 fuch other principal fettlements wherein the Eaft 
 India company might be empowered to hold courts 
 of judicature. 
 
 * The directors for this year were as following 
 William Barwell, * "\ Giles Rooke, 
 
 Pitz Will. Harrington, * / Thomas Roufe, 
 
 Chrifl. Baron, * \j?fi*. Henry Savage, 
 
 H. Crabb Boulton, f^ s ' Richard Steward, * 
 John Boyd, V Richard Smith, 
 
 Charles Butts, ) Lawrence Sullivan, ^ Efqrs; 
 
 Sir James Creed, Knt. William Thorntor 
 
 John Dorrien, *> TimothyTullie, 
 
 Charles Gough, / Richard Warner, 
 
 John. Harrifop, \Efqrs; Thomas Waters, 
 
 Samfon Harrifon, * f Bourchier Walton, 
 
 Frederic Pigou, } 
 
 Thofe mark'd thus * were new ones. 
 
 + See this volume, p. 186. 
 
 THIS 
 
 van, v. 
 ton, f 
 
 ' : 
 
 ;-J
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 413 
 
 THIS year, the Englifli prefidency at Calcutta 
 dethroned the Nabob of Bengal, and placed his 
 fon-in-law on the throne ; of which 1 fhall give an 
 authentic account, after what relates to the other 
 parts of India. 
 
 IN 1762, the Britifli parliament not only granted 
 the Englifli Eait-India company twenty thoufand 
 pounds for that year , but ailb a farther fum out of 
 another grant *. 
 
 ADMIRAL Stevens died at Bombay, and was fuc- 
 ceeded in the command by admiral Cornifh, who, 
 according to his inftruclions, proceeded with his 
 fleet to reduce the ifland of Bourbon, which was the 
 lad pofTefiion the French had left them in that part 
 of the world. His orders were, to rendezvous at 
 the ifland of Diego Rays, north-eaft of Mauritius, 
 where he was to meet, or wait for, a fquadron from 
 England, under the command of commodore Kep- 
 pel, with a proper land force on board. Admiral 
 Cornim arrived upon his itation at the appointed 
 time, and continued there as long as the weather 
 would permit, when he returned to Madrafs, with- 
 out hearing any thing of commodore Keppel's fqua- 
 dron, or having received any countermand of his 
 orders. However, as war was declared in England 
 againft Spain, in 1762, admiral Cornim prepared 
 to attack the Spaniards at their principal fettlement 
 in the Philippine f iflands.. 
 
 THE 
 
 * This was 873,780 1. for his majefty's forces in the planta- 
 tions, Gibraltar, Guadaloupe, Africa, and the Eaft Indies. 
 
 f The Philippine or Manilla iflands, called alfo the Luconia 
 iflands, are fuuated in the Chineiian fea, part of the Pacific 
 ocean, between 114 and 131 degrees of call longitude, and be- 
 tween 5 and 19 degrees of north latitude ; three hundred miles 
 fonth-eaft of China, and twelve hundred weft of the Ladroncs 
 or Marian iflands. The Philippines are the moft eaftern part 
 of Afia, and comprehend a great number of iflands, the prin- 
 cipal
 
 4H A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 THE troops allotted for the enterprize * agamft 
 Manilla, were the 79th regiment f, and a company 
 of the royal artillery , to which, the government of 
 Madrafs added thirty of their artillery, fix hundred 
 fepoys, a company of cafFres, another of topafTes, 
 and one of pioneers ; they alfo added, the precari- 
 ous affiftance of two companies of Frenchmen, en- 
 lifted in their fervice, and fix hundred Lafcars, for 
 the ufeof the engineers and park of artillery, under 
 the command of general Draper J : bur, as a com- 
 penfation for that feeble fupply, they favored the 
 general with fome very good officers in every branch 
 of the fervice. 
 
 REAR-admiral Cornim reinforced this little army 
 with a fine battalion of five hundred and fiftyfeamen, 
 and two hundred and leventy good marines, fo that 
 the whole force for the land operations amounted to 
 two thoufand three hundred men, who, with the 
 neceflary ftores, were embarked on board of his 
 majefty's fquadron, and two India mips employed 
 as tranfports, with an activity and difpatch, that 
 did great honor to all concerned, in thofe arrange- 
 ments. The preparations were began, completed, 
 and (hipped in three weeks, through a raging and 
 perpetual furf, in which fome lives were loft. 
 
 cipal of which is Lnconia or Manilla. Thefe iflands were firfl 
 difcovereJ hy Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 ; but they were not 
 poflefled by the Europeans until 1564, when Don Lewis de 
 Velafco, viceroy of Mexico, fent Michael I.opez Delagafpes 
 there, with a fleet from Mexico, and a fufficient force to make 
 a conqueft of thefe iflands, which he named the Philippines, 
 in honor of Philip II. fon cf Charles V. who was then king 
 of Spain; and they were ever i\:-.ce fubjeft to that crown, ex- 
 cept the large ifland of Mindanao. 
 
 * This expedition was originally planned by a gentleman 
 of my acquaintance, who has related to me more particulars 
 of it, than I can properly undertake to mention in this place. 
 
 t See this volume, p. 315. I Ibid. t>. 294.. 298. 315. 
 
 316. 
 
 As
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 415 
 
 As major-general Lawrence was of opinion, thac 
 the fettlements would be in danger, if more forces 
 were drawn from the coalt, the two battalions of 
 the company's troops, all the cavalry, fix thoufand 
 fepoys, with the part of colonel Monfon's and the 
 Highlanders, then at Madrafs, were left for their 
 lecurity. 
 
 THE Medway, Yoik, and Chatham, that were 
 hourly expected, had orders left for them to re- 
 main, for the protection of the trade ; and the 
 troops failed from Madrafs, on the firft of Auguft, 
 with the admiral's divifion *. They anchored in 
 Manilla-bay on the 23d of September; when they 
 foon found that their vifit was unexpected, and the 
 Spaniards unprepared. 
 
 THE ifland of Manilla, or Luconia, is the chief 
 of the Philippine iflands, fituatoi between 117 and 
 I2 3 degrees of eaft longitude, and between 12 and 
 19 degrees of north latitude. It is upwards of four 
 hundred miles long, but of an unequal breadth, in 
 fome places two hundred miles, and in others not 
 one hundred broad. The principal town is alfa 
 called Manilla, which lies on a point of land made 
 by a river iffuing from the lake of Bahia, and fall- 
 ing into the fea a little lower at the town of Cavite, 
 
 * The fea-horfe, captain Grant, was previoufly difpatched, 
 through the (freights of Malacca, to the entrance of the China- 
 fea, to flop all veflels, that might be bound to Manilla, orfent 
 from any of the neighboring fettlements to give the Spaniards 
 
 notice of the defign. Commodore Tiddeman, with the firft 
 
 divifion of the fleet and troops under colonel Monfbn, failed 
 two cays before the admiral and general, that their watering 
 might be more fpeedily completed at Malacca, where the ad- 
 miral arrived on the ipth of Auguft. There they bought up a 
 large quantity of rattans to make gabions, many of which 
 were finifhed on board the different fhips. On the zjth, they 
 failed for their fecond rendezvous, off the ifland of Timor, 
 The necefiary inflruclions and fignals were then given for land- 
 ing on the coaft of Luconia. 
 
 where
 
 4 i6 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 where is a fpacious harbor, but of difficult entrance, 
 becaufe of rocks and (hoals at the mouth of the 
 bay. The Spanifh viceroy refides in the town of 
 Manilla, and his government is one of the moft pro- 
 fitable pofts belonging to the Spanifh monarchy. 
 
 MANILLA lying between the eaftern and weftern 
 continents, was once efteemed the beft fituation in 
 the world for trade ; where filver was brought from 
 Mexico and Peru, as well as the produce of Europe : 
 diamonds and precious ftones from Golconda: cin- 
 namon from Ceylon ; pepper from Sumatra and 
 Java ; cloves and nutmegs from the Moluccas ; 
 camphire from Borneo-, benjamin and ivory from 
 Cambaia ; filks, tea, and china-ware, from China ; 
 and formerly there came every year from Japan 
 two or three mips freight with amber, filks, cabi- 
 nets, and other varnimed ware in exchange for the 
 produce of the Philippines. Befides, two vellels 
 failed every year to Acapulco, in Mexico, loaded 
 with the riches of the call ; and returned, as they do 
 now, freighted with filver, making four hundred 
 per cent, profit. 
 
 A GREAT number of Junks, and other Chinefe 
 and Japanefe mips, arrive continually at Manilla, 
 laden with all the treafures of their empires ; to ex- 
 change them for thofe of America, for which this 
 town is the ftaple. Thefe nations trade there ufually 
 from December to April, when thirty or forty of 
 their largeft (hipping are feen in the road ; and dur- 
 ing the reft of the year, there are fcarce lefs of all 
 burdens than four or five hundred, belonging to the 
 Spanifh and Chinefe inhabitants of the iflands, with 
 which they trade in all parts of the Archipelago. 
 The Chinefe are thofe who trade moft to the Philip- 
 pines, and about twenty thoufand of them dwell in 
 thele iflands, who are chiefly tradefmen ; the Spa- 
 niards, through their natural pride, dildaining fuch 
 occupations. The Portugueie have alfo a pretty 
 
 good
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 417 
 
 good trade there. But of all nations, whether Eu- 
 ropean or Indian, none are excluded the Philippines 
 except the Englifh and Dutch ; though the former 
 fend fome mips from Madrafs to the Manillas man- 
 ned with Portugueze mariners. 
 
 No foil in the world produces greater plenty of 
 all things nccefiary for lire than the ifland of Manilla , 
 nor can any country appear more beautiful, there 
 being a perpertual verdure ; for buds, bloflbms, and 
 fruits are found upon the trees all the year round* 
 as well on the mountains as in cultivated places *. 
 
 To increafe as much as poflible the vifible con- 
 fufion and confternaiion of the Spaniards, the Eng- 
 lifh officers determined to lofe no time in the attack 
 of the port of Cavite, that was at firfl intended, 
 but proceed directly to the grand object -, judging 
 that their conqueft there would of courfe occafion 
 and draw after it the fall of Cavite. 
 
 ON the morning of the 24th, the Englifh com- 
 manders lent an ineffectual fummons to the town, 
 and examined the coaft, to fix upon a proper fpot for 
 landing the troops, artillery, and ftores. They found 
 a moft convenient place about two miles to the fouth 
 of Manilla : and, accordingly, all the boats were 
 immediately prepared by the proper fignals; when 
 three frigates f were fent in very near the more to 
 cover the defcent. 
 
 THE 79th regiment, the marines, a detachment 
 qf artillery, with three field-pieces, and one howitzer, 
 fixed in the long boats, afTembled in three divifiona 
 
 * For a more particular account of the Philippines, fee " A 
 voyage round the world by lord Anfon." p. 320 340. Alfo 
 " The theory and practice of commerce and maritime affairs," 
 by Don Geronyrr.o de Uztariz, vol. i. p. 191. 207. vol. 2. 
 p. 106. 
 
 f The Ar<ro, captain king: the Seahorfe, captain Grant : 
 aqd Seaiord, "captain Pcighin. 
 
 VOL. I!. E e under
 
 4 i8 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 under their fterns ; the left commanded by colonel 
 Monfon, quarter-mafter general * the center by ge- 
 neral Draper, with lieutenant colonel Scott, the ad- 
 jutant-general ; the right by major Moore, the eldeft 
 field officer. As they had determined to land near a 
 church and village called Malata, that was oppofite 
 their left, the other two divifions, which had been 
 Separated only to amufe and diftract the attention of 
 the enemy, were ordered to join that as foon as pof- 
 fible. About fix in the evening, they pufhed with 
 an even front for the more, under the prudent and 
 fkilful management of the captains, Parker, of the 
 Grafton, Kempenfeldt, the admiral's captain, and 
 Brereton of the Falmouth , who had the direction 
 of the boats. The frigates kept up a brifk fire to 
 the right and left of them, to protect their flanks, 
 and di(perfe the enemy, who were beginning to af- 
 femble in great numbers, both horfe and foot, to op- 
 pofe their defcent. This cannonade had the defired 
 effect. The Spaniards retired, and left the hnglim. 
 a clear coaft ; but a violent furf arofe, many boats 
 were darned to pieces, their arms and ammunition 
 much damaged ; providentially no lives were loft. 
 They formed upon the beach, marched and took 
 poffefiion of the Maiata, fixed their outpofts, and 
 pafled the whole night under arms. The Spaniards 
 ^were employed in burning part of their fuburbs. 
 
 ON the 25th, the Englim feized a fort which the 
 Spaniards had abandoned, named the Polverifta, 
 that proved a mod excellent place of arms for co- 
 vering the landing of ftores, and fecuring a com- 
 munication with the fquadron. Colonel Monfon, 
 who was detached with 200 men to view the roads 
 and approaches to Manilla, occupied the Hermita 
 church, large and commodious, about 900 yards 
 from the city. The Englifh general made the prieft's 
 houfe the head quarters ; fent orders to major Moore 
 to march up with the 79th regiment to fecure and 
 
 main-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 4 r 9 
 
 maintain this poft, which was of the utmoft confe- 
 quence, both from its (Irength, and the great cover 
 it afforded from the rains that had deluged the 
 country, and had made it impolTible to encamp ; 
 for they too foon found, that the monfoon had 
 broke upon them. The furf continued dangerous ; 
 the rains increafed ; the landing artillery and (lores 
 became very hazardous ; the remaining troops were 
 put on more with much peril, and fome lofs-, lieu- 
 tenant Hardwick was drowned : but the courage 
 and activity of the feamen furmounted all obftacles ; 
 they got on more part of the fepoys, fome provi- 
 fions, and fuch (lores as were firft wanted, and by 
 fignals demanded from the fquadron -, the officers 
 of which were indefatigable in giving all pofTible 
 afliftance ; and captain Jocelyn, who was entrufted 
 with the care of the difembarkation, did every thing 
 that could be wifhed or expected from a diligent 
 
 food officer. The army left the marines at their 
 rft pod, the Malata, to be near the Polverifta, pre- 
 ferve their communication, and guard their (lores 
 and park of artillery. The men, from the good 
 conduct and example of their officers, behaved ve- 
 ry well, and were of very great ufe upon all occa- 
 fions. As the rains had forced the Englifh troops to 
 feek the protection of the houfes that were under the 
 fire of the baftions ; the Spaniards cannonaded their 
 quarters, which were much nearer the walls than 
 the ufual rules of war prefcribe. They attempted 
 likewife to burn more of their fuburbs, but were 
 prevented by the great activity and good conduct of 
 captain Fletcher, major of brigade-, and captains 
 Stevenfon and Cotsfold, the engineers ; who, hav- 
 ing advanced under cover of the houfes to St. Jago's 
 church near the fea, and within 320 yards of the 
 town, reported its importance fo fenfibly, that ge- 
 neral Draper pofted a body of men there, notwith- 
 (fcnding its contiguity to the baftions. The enemy 
 E e 2 foon
 
 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 foon fired upon the befiegers ; but not with perfc- 
 verance or effect enough to diflodge them. 
 
 ON the 26th, the admiral lent on fhore the bat- 
 talion of Teamen, under the command of the cap- 
 tains Collins of the Weymouth, Pitchford of the 
 America, and George Ourry from the Panther. 
 They were cantoned between the ypth regiment and 
 the marines. The reft of the company's troops of 
 all forts were likewife landed, and put under cover. 
 The Spaniards advanced out of the garrifon, under 
 the command of the chevalier Fayett, with 400 
 men, and two field pieces j and from a church, a- 
 bout 200 yards to the right of that the Englifh had 
 taken pofTefiion of, near thefea, begun a cannonade 
 upon the right flank of their poft. Some fepoys 
 under enfign Carty, who behaved very well, were 
 firft lent to fkirmifli with them, fupported by three 
 picquets of the ygth regiment, and looieamen, all 
 under the command of colonel Monfon, who foon 
 drove the enemy back into the town. In their pre- 
 cipitate flight, one of the field pieces was left upon 
 the glacis. 
 
 THE fuperior fkill and bravery of the Englifli were 
 fo evident from this affair, that it occaiioned a fe- 
 cond fummons to the governor, but to no purpofe - y 
 the anfwer was much more fpirited than their con- 
 duct had been. Colonel Monfon had orders to keep 
 pofieflion of this fecond church, (if he found it te- 
 nable) for as the Englifh had not men enough, or 
 dry ground to make regular approaches, they were 
 forced into thefe meafures, rafli as they feem, and 
 contrary to all rules of military profeflion, by their 
 critical fixation. From the top of this p.oft, which 
 the Englifli called No. 2, they had a perfect view 
 of the enemy's works. The front they were obliged 
 to attack, was defended by the baftions of St. Diego, 
 and Sc. Andrew, with orillons and retired flanks ; 
 a ravelin which covered the royal gate, a wet ditch, 
 
 covered
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 421 
 covered way, and glacis. The baftions were in ex- 
 cellent order, lined with a great number of fine brafs 
 cannon ; but their ravelin was not armed, the co- 
 vered way out of repair, the glacis by much too 
 low, and the ditch was not produced round the 
 capital of the baftion of St. Diego, which deter- 
 mined general Draper to attack it, and make his 
 difpofitions accordingly. The negligence and omif- 
 fion of the enemy to poll Gentries in the covered 
 way, gave him an opportunity of founding the 
 ditch , which perilous enterptize was effected by a 
 fmall party of the 79th regiment under captain 
 Fletcher, who begged leave to undertake it : the 
 Spaniards fired from their baftion, and killed or 
 wounded three of the befiegers : the depth of the 
 water was only five feet, the breadth about thirty 
 yards. 
 
 As the great extent of this populous city made 
 it utterly impofiible to inveft it with this handful of 
 men, two fides were conftantly open to the Spaniards 
 to introduce fupplies of men, and provifions, and 
 carry out their effects. They availed themfelves of 
 the Englifh weaknels. Their own garrilbn of 800 
 men of the royal regiment, under the command of 
 the marquis of Villa Medina, brigadier general, was 
 augmented by a body of 10,000 Indians from the 
 province of Pampanga, a fierce and barbarous people; 
 thele difadvantages were not :o be remedied, as the 
 Englifli could not take poiTefllon of Minondo, Ton- 
 do, and la Vera Cruz, the pofts which commanded 
 the river, and communication with the country. 
 The inundations had fecured their Parian fuburb ; 
 but no difficulties could check the ardor of the Eng- 
 lifh troops, who laboured inorflantly in making 
 fafcines and gabions, and preparing every thing for 
 the conrtruction and opening of their batteries. One 
 for fmall ihells was compleated this night, and 
 played upon the baftion of St. Diego ; its pofidon 
 E e 3 being
 
 422 AVOYAGETO 
 
 being behind the church, neareft the fea. The offi- 
 cers of the artillery and engineers exerted themfelveS 
 in a manner, that nothing but their zeal for the 
 public fervice could have infpired. 
 
 ON the 27th, the governor fent out a flag of 
 truce to apologize for ibme barbarities committed 
 by the favages, who had murdered fame draggling 
 feamen ; and to requeft that a nephew of his taken 
 in the bay, might be fent on (bore. This gentle- 
 man had been difpatched from the Phillipina gal- 
 leon, juft arrived on the coaft from Acapulco, with 
 the firlt advices of the war. Hoftilities ceafed till 
 eleven at night, when the Englim recommenced 
 their fire from the mortars, increafed them to four, 
 and placed a fix pounder on their left flank, as a fur- 
 ther fecuriry for their poft at St. Jago's church. 
 
 As the capture of the galleon, and her treafure 
 might be well efteemed a national object, Mr. 
 Cornifh propofed fending the Panther and Argo 
 from the fquadron to intercept her, which was con- 
 fented to; and the officers of the navy very gene- 
 roufly agreed to the army fharing any prizes that 
 might be taken in this cruize, as they had before 
 contented to their fharing with them in any booty 
 that might be taken at land ; and the diftributton to 
 be made according to the rules his majefty had fixed 
 for the lea fervice. The admiral likewife fenc on 
 fhore eight 24 pounders fhip guns, and two 18 
 pounders for the battering train ; as, to fave time, 
 the troops brought only the land carriages and plat- 
 forms from Madrafs. 
 
 ON the 28th, the governor's nephew was landed. 
 Lieutenant Fryar, who was fecretary to general 
 Draper, was ordered to conduct him into the town 
 with a flag of t r uce. In the mean time a large party 
 of the garrifon, intermixed with Indians, fallied 
 out to attack the fecond poft, by which lieutenant 
 Fryar was advancing to the Ravelin gate. The 
 
 bar-
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 423 
 
 barbarians, without refpecting his character, inhu- 
 manly murdered him, mangling his body in a man- 
 ner too (hocking to mention. In their fury, they 
 mortally wounded the other gentleman who had en- 
 deavoured to fave Mr. Fryar. The Englifh party 
 received their onfet with much firmnefs and braVe- 
 ry, and repulfed them with fome lols on their fide. 
 As it was evident that the Indians alone were guilty 
 of this horrid piece of barbarity, the Englifh fol- 
 diers (hewed them no mercy. 
 
 ON the 29th, the admiral ordered the Elizabeth, 
 commodore Tiddeman, and the Falmouth, cap- 
 tain Brereton, to place themfelves as near the town 
 as the depth of water would permit, and fecond the 
 land operations, by enfilading the front they intended 
 to attack ; but the mallows kept them at too greac 
 a diftance to anfwer the purpofe effectually, though 
 their (hot (truck much confufion and terror into the 
 inhabitants. The befiegers continued their bom- 
 bardment day and night. 
 
 ON the joth, the engineers traced out admiral 
 Cornifh's battery, for eight 24 pounders, on the 
 left of St. Jago's church ; but the violence of the 
 rains retarded their progrefs ; and the abfence of 
 two (hips, that had on board a confiderable quanti- 
 ty of fafcines, and many working and intrenching 
 tools, put them to fome inconveniences. The ad- 
 miral's goodnefs fupplied thefe defects: all the 
 fmiths and carpenters in the fleet were employed in 
 making thofe inftruments i and, by their induftry 
 and difpatch, the troops were enabled to proceed. 
 The Elizabeth and Falmouth perfevered in their 
 cannonade upon the town, which was returned from 
 the enemy's fea-line without any effect. 
 
 ON the i ft and 2d of October, the weather grew 
 
 fo very tempeftuous, that the whole fquadron was 
 
 in danger, and all communication with it entirely 
 
 cut off. The violence of the dorm forced the South- 
 
 E e 4 Sea
 
 44 A V O Y A G E T D 
 
 Sea Caftle ftorefhip (which was lately arrived) from 
 her anchors, and drove her on fhore : even in this 
 fituation the Ihip was of great ufe. Captain Sher- 
 wood, enfiladed the whole fea beach to the fouth- 
 ward, and kept in awe a large body of Indians who 
 menaced the Polverifta, and the magazines at the 
 Malata. Notwithftanding the deluge of rain which 
 accompanied the wind, by the perleverance of the 
 troops and feamen, the befiegers compleated the 
 battery for the 24 pounders, raifed a mortar battery 
 for the heavy {hells of 10 and 13 inches, made a good 
 parallel and communication from the church to the 
 gun battery, and eftablifhed a fpacious place of 
 arms on the left of it, near the fea. The roaring 
 of the waves prevented the enemy from hearing the 
 noife of the workmen in the night. They gave no 
 interruption, but feemed to truft entirely to the ele- 
 ments. While the governor (the archbifhop) gave 
 out, that an angel from the Lord was gone forth to 
 cjeftroy them like the holt of Sennacherib. On the 
 afternoon of the 2d, the feamen, with wonderful 
 activity, brought up and mounted all the guns in 
 the battery which they mafked. 
 
 ON the 3d, the weather became moderate. At 
 day-light the battery was opened againfl the left face 
 of the baftion of St. Diego, towards the faliant an- 
 gle. One hundred feamen were appointed to affift 
 the corps of artillery in this fervice. The Englifh 
 pannon, by the mod excellent fkill and manage- 
 ment of major Barker, and the officers under him, 
 were ferved with fuch juftnefs, quicknefs, and dex- 
 terity, that the 12 pieces on that face of the bartion 
 were filenced in a few hours, and the Spaniards 
 tlrove from them. 
 
 AT night, the befiegers began a battery for three 
 puns, on the left of their place of arms, to filence 
 thole that were in Barbette upon the orilion of the 
 baftion of St. Andrew, which annoyed the flank. 
 
 The
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 425 
 
 The Engiifh maintained a brifk fire of grape and 
 mulketry ail the night, to prevent the enemy from 
 repairing their embrazures and remounting the can- 
 non. The mortars (now augmented to feven) were 
 kept conflantly playing upon the gorge of the baf- 
 tion, and the contiguous defences. 
 
 ON the 4th, about three hours before day, 1000 
 of the Indians attacked the cantonment of the fea- 
 men. They were encouraged to this attempt by 
 the inceflant rains, in which they flattered them- 
 felves the Engiifh fire-arms would be ufelefs. Their 
 approach was favored by a great number of thick 
 bufhes that grew upon the fide of a rivulet, which 
 they paffed in the night, and, by keeping clofe, 
 eluded the vigilance of the patroles. Upon the 
 alarm, colonel Monfon and captain Fletcher, with 
 the picquets, were difpatched to the afliftance of 
 the feamen, who very fenfibly kept firm in their 
 pofts, and were contented to repulfe them, till day- 
 break, when a frefh picquet of the 79th regiment 
 appearing upon the Indians right flank, they fled, 
 were purfued and difperfed, with the lofs of 300 
 men. Had their (kill or weapons been equal to their 
 ftrength and ferocity, it might have COft the Eng- 
 iifh dear. Although armed chiefly with bows, ar- 1 
 rows, and lances, they advanced up to the very 
 muzzles of the Engiifh pieces, repeated their af- 
 faults, and died like wild beads, gnawing the bay- 
 onets. This attack coft the befiegers fome few men ; 
 but they loft a moft excellent fea officer, captain 
 Porter, lieutenant of the Norfolk, fincerely and 
 juftly lamented by all. 
 
 THEY had fcarce finifhed this affair, when ano- 
 ther body of them, with part of the Spanifh garri- 
 fon, again attacked the church, forced the fepoyj 
 from their poft in it, neareft the town, took pof- 
 ieffion of the top, from whence they killed and 
 wounded feveral of the Engiifh people, who were 
 
 entirely
 
 426 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 entirely expofed to all their weapons. Notwith- 
 ftanding this difadvantageous fituation, the Euro- 
 pean foldiers maintained their poil behind the 
 church with great firmnefs and patience, and at laft 
 diflodged the enemy with the affiftance of fome 
 field pieces, and the good conduct of major Fell, 
 field officer of the day, captain Fletcher, and other 
 brave officers fent to their relief. The Spaniards 
 left 70 dead behind them, in and about the church. 
 On the fide of the befiegers, captain Strahan, of the 
 79th regiment, a very good officer, was mortally 
 wounded, and 40 private men wounded and killed. 
 This was the enemy's laft effort : all their Indians, 
 except 1800, diicouraged by their lofles, returned 
 home. The Englifh working parties, and the fire 
 of their batteries, which had been a little interrupted 
 by thefe attacks, recommenced with greater fpirit 
 than ever. They alfo found the good effects of giv- 
 ing the enemy no time to repair their embrazures, 
 or carriages, in the night. They opened only an 
 inconfiderable fire from three or four embrazures in 
 the curtain, too oblique to have much effect : be- 
 fore night thofe defences were ruined. 
 
 ON the 5th, major Barker's fire was fo violent, 
 that the breach appeared practicable. The Engiifh 
 cannon from the three gun battery filenced thofe 
 of the enemy on the orillon of St. Andrew. The 
 befiegers were in hopes that the Spaniards would 
 be fenfible of their danger, and think of giving up 
 the town. But they were obftinate without bravery, 
 or any generous reiblution of defending the breach. 
 In the evening, the defign of itorming the place was 
 communicated to the principal officers of each de* 
 parcment only, and the necefiary preparations made. 
 
 ON the 6th, at four o'clock in the morning, the 
 befiegers filed off from their quarters, in fmall bo- 
 dies, to give the lefs fufpicion ; and by degrees, af- 
 fembled at St, Jago's church, obferving the utmoft 
 
 filcnce,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 427 
 
 filence, and concealing themfelves in the place of 
 arms, and the parallel between the church and the 
 battery. Major Barker kept up a brifk fire upon 
 the works, and thofe places where the enemy might 
 be lodged or intrenched. The Englifh mortars 
 were well applied for the fame purpofe. At day- 
 break the Englifh officers difcerned a large body 
 of the Spaniards formed on the baftion of St. An- 
 drew, which gave them reafon to imagine the be- 
 fieged had got fome information of their defign, 
 and intended to annoy them with their mufquetry 
 and grape from the retired flank of that baftion, 
 where they had ftill two cannon placed ; but upon 
 the explofion of fome fhells that tell among them, 
 they went off". 
 
 THE befiegers immediately took advantage of 
 this, and by the iignal of a general difcharge of 
 their artillery and mortars, rufhed on to the af- 
 fault, under cover of a thick fmoke that blew di- 
 redlly upon the town. Sixty volunteers of different 
 corps under lieutenant Ruflel of the 79th, led the 
 way, fupported by the grenadiers of that regiment. 
 The engineers, wich the pioneers, and other work- 
 men, to clear and enlarge the breach, and make 
 lodgments, in cafe the enemy mould have been too 
 ftrongly intrenched in the gorge of the baftion, fol- 
 lowed : colonel Monfon and major Moore were at 
 the head of two grand divifions of the 79th ; the 
 battalion of featnen advanced next, fuftained by the 
 other two divifions of the 79th : the company's 
 troops clofed the rear. They all mounted the 
 breach with amazing fpirit and rapidity. The few 
 Spaniards upon the baftion difperfed fo fuddenly, 
 that it was thought they depended upon their mines. 
 Captain Stevenion had orders to make a ftricl fearch. 
 to difcover them ; but precautions were needlefs. 
 The Englifh met with little refinance, except at the 
 Royal Gate, and from the galleries of the lofty 
 
 houfes
 
 4 z8 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 houfes which furround the grand fquare. In the 
 guard-houfe over the Royal Gate, 100 of the Spa- 
 niards and Indians, who would not furrender, were 
 put the fword. Three hundred more, according to 
 the enemy's account, were drowned in attempting 
 to efcape over the river ; which was very deep and 
 rapid. The governor and principal officers retired 
 to the citadel, and were glad to furrender as prifoners 
 at difcretion, as that place was in no good pofture 
 of defence. Captain Dupont of the 79th, with 100 
 men, took pofTeffion of it. The marquis of Villa 
 Medina, with the reft of the Spanifh officers, were 
 admitted as prifoners of war on th? ir parole of ho- 
 nor ; and to conciliate the affections of the naiives, 
 all the Indians were difmiffed in fafety. The joy of 
 the Englifh troops, upon this fortunate event, was 
 greatly clouded by the lois of major Moore, who was 
 transfixed with an arrow near the Royal Gate, and 
 died immediately, univerfaily lamented for his good 
 qualities. Captain Sleigh of the grenadiers, and 
 fome other good officers were wounded. The Eng- 
 lifh had about thirty private men killed or wounded. 
 IN confequence of the terms dictated to the Spa- 
 niards, the port of Cavite and citadel, with feveral 
 large mips, and a vaft quantity of warlike and na- 
 val (lores, were furrendered to the Englifh. Cap- 
 tain Champion with 100 marines, and as many fe- 
 poys, embarked on board the Seahorfe to take pof- 
 feflion of it. The Spanifh garrifon of 300 men, on 
 the approach of the Englifh, mutinied againft their 
 officers, plundered fome houfes, and went off into 
 the country with their arms. 
 
 As a fmall acknowledgment of the great fervices 
 which the whole army had received from captain 
 Kempenfeldt, the admiral's captain, general Draper 
 begged he would aft at Cavite with a commifilon 
 as governor for his majefty, being well aflured, that 
 
 no
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 429 
 
 no one could difcharge that truft with more con- 
 duct and abilities. 
 
 Spanilh ofRcers of note, prifoners of war. 
 
 DON Felix de Esuilux, lieutenant general of ar- 
 tillery. The marquis of Villa Medina, brigadier ge- 
 neral and colonel of the king's regiment. Don Mi- 
 guel Valdes, lieutenant colonel and commandant of 
 the fecond battalion of dirto. Don Jofeph de Riart, 
 .lieutenant colonel and governor of the Cavite. Don 
 Francifco Rodriguez, ferjeant major of ditto. Don 
 Manuel Fernandes Toribio, commandant and fer- 
 jeant major of the citadel of St. Jago. Don Chrif- 
 toval Ros, ferjeant major of Manilla. Don Thomas 
 de Caftro, chief engineer and colonel of the king's 
 regiment. 14 captains, 13 lieutenants, izenfigns, 
 2 adjutants, i phyfician, i furgecn, 1 1 ferjeants, 
 261 rank and file. Of the marine, 4 captains, z 
 enfigns. Of the artillery, i captain commandant, 
 2 lieutenants, i enfign, i adjutant, i commifiary. 
 Of the irregular pampanges, i captain, 2 lieute- 
 nants, i enfign. 2 adjutants of the Cavite. 2 ad- 
 jutants of the citadel of St. Jago. 4 adjutants of 
 the city of Manilla, i captain and engineer of ditto. 
 Of the cadet company, 5. The governor general's 
 life-guard, 8. 
 
 Officers killed. 
 
 OF the 79th regiment, major Moore, captain 
 Strahan, lieutenant Fryar. Of the battalion of 
 feamen, captain Porter, lieutenant of the Norfolk ; 
 Mr. White, furgeon's mate of ditro. Of the com- 
 pany's troops, lieutenant Hardwick drowned. 
 
 Officers wounded. 
 
 OF the 79th regiment, captain Sleigh cf the gre- 
 nadiers, lieutenant Hazlewood, lieutenant Garnons, 
 enfign Hog. Of the battalion of feamen, Mr. 
 
 Neal,
 
 430 AVOYAGETO 
 
 Neal, midfhipman of the Lenox. Of the marines, 
 lieutenant Spearing. Artillery, i private killed, i 
 ferjeant, 3 private, wounded. 79th regiment, 6 
 private killed, 45 ditto wounded. Seamen, 7 pri- 
 vate killed, i ferjeant, 18 private wounded.. Ma- 
 rines, 5 private killed. Company's troops, i fer- 
 jeant, 2 private drowned, i ferjeant, 5 private 
 wounded. Sepoys, 8 killed, 31 wounded. Total 
 i ferjeant, 29 private killed, 3 ferjeants, i hundred 
 and 2 private wounded. William Draper. 
 
 RETURN of brafs and iron ordnance, powder, mot, 
 {hells, &c. found in the town and citadel of Ma- 
 nilla. 
 
 BRASS ordnance 312 ferviceable, 8 unfervice- 
 able. Iron ordnance 108 ferviceable, 15 unfer- 
 viceable. Brafs mortars, 6 inch, and beds 2. 
 Iron howitzer 7. Carriages 66 ferviceable, 85 
 unferviceable. Of the above, 4 brafs guns and 7 
 fwivels were fpiked, and 8 wounded. Shot, of all 
 fizes, from 28 pounders to four ounces 18,073. 
 Grapedirto 2411. .Double-headed -i 1 8. Link 
 88. Spiked 39. Lead one pound and a half 
 1000. Shells, from 13 inch to 7 inch 44, 
 Hand-grenadoes 848. Gunpowder boxes, 38 
 computed to contain 228olb. Cartridges filled with 
 different fizes, 194 4981b. Ditto matt baggs, 141 
 computed to contain 6355^. Mufquets, repaira- 
 ble 270, unserviceable 257. Ditto barrels, 360. 
 Spontoons, 4 halberts, 13 bayonets, very old, 200 
 Sponges with rammer-heads, of little ufe, about 
 203 bamboo cartridges, of different fizes, 240. 
 
 RETURN of brafs and iron ordnance, &c. found at 
 Cavite. 
 
 BRASS ordnance 137 ferviceable, i unferviceable. 
 Iron ditto 68 ferviceable, 24 unferviceable. Iron 
 
 howitzers
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 431 
 
 howitzers and carriages 1 1 ferviceable. Carriages 
 96 ferviceable, 41 unferviceable. Shot, of all 
 fizes, from 54 pounders to 3 pounders 13,620. 
 Double-headed ditto--4ii. Link ditto 387. Grape 
 ditto ^87. Shells, 13 and 8 inch 8. Powder 
 boxes, 122 containing j6#o\b. Cartridges, 1221 
 containing 7904^. Mulquets 480 ferviceable, 
 12 unferviceable, Bayonets, 108 Cutlafles, 28. 
 William Draper, 
 Daw ion Drake, 
 R. Barker, major of artillery, 
 G. Coleman, afliftant commiffary. 
 Manilla, Nov. 7, 1762*. 
 
 AN 
 
 * Admiralty Office, April 19. 
 Copy of a letter from vice admiral Cornifh, to Mr. Cleveland, 
 
 dated in the bay of Manilla, the 3 ill of Oclober, 1762. 
 
 IT is with the greateft plcafure I have the honor to acquaint 
 their lordfhips with the fuccefs of his majefty's arms in the 
 reduction of the city of Manilla, which was taken by ftorm on 
 the morning of the 6th initant. In my letters of the 236 and 
 3 1 it of July, I acquainted their lordihips with my proceedings 
 to that time ; after which I ufed every poffible means at Ma- 
 drafs for difpatch, the declines of the S. W. mo,,foon making- 
 it of the utmoft importance. To promote this end, I cotn- 
 pleated the Elizabeth, Grafton, Lenox, VVey mouth, and Argo, 
 with fuch of the troops and military ftores, as they were to 
 take on board, and on the 2gth Cent them away under the com- 
 mand of commodore Tiddenaan, to procje.l to Malacca, with 
 a view that they mieht compleat their water there, by the 
 time 1 mould arrive with the remainder of the fquadron. 
 
 Having accomplifhed the embarkation of every thing de- 
 figned for the expedition, with a difpatch much beyond my 
 xpeftation, as we had from the whole time of my being there 
 a violent fu'rf to contend with, I failed the firft of Augult M'ith 
 the fhips undermentioned, viz. Norfolk, Panther, America, 
 Seaford, South Sea Caille ftore-lhip, admiraUStevens's Itore- 
 fhip, Ollerly company's fhip, leaving the Falmouth, at the 
 requeft of the prcfident and council, to convoy the Efiex India 
 fhip, which was not ready to fail, having the treafure to take 
 on board for the China cargoes, and to bring to Manilla fuch 
 of the company's fen ants, as were to be put in po/Teiiion of 
 that government, if the expedition fuccceded. 
 
 The
 
 432 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 Ait account of the number of Teamen and marines 
 landed from his majefty's fquadron under the 
 command of rear admiral Cornifh ; as alfo of the 
 number killed and wounded during the attack of 
 Manilla. 
 
 NORFOLK, rear admiral Cornifh, captain Richard 
 Kempenfelt. 2 commiffioned officers, 12 petty 
 
 ditto,. 
 
 The i gth, I arrived at Malacca, and was difappointed in 
 rot finding Mr. Tiddeman there, who did not join me till 
 the 2 1 It, having; met with long calms : The difficulty of wa- 
 tering the fquadron at this place, made it the 27th before I 
 cou'd leave the road. 
 
 On the zd of September I arrived off Pulo Timeen, and was 
 joined by captain Grant, in the Seahorfe, whom J had de- 
 tached upon my irft arrival at Madrafs, to cruize between this 
 ifland snd the ftreights of Sincapore, to itop any velTels he 
 might fufpecl g<~>ing to Manilla. 
 
 On the i9th 1 made the coaft of Luconia, but was drove off 
 again by a ilrong N. E. wind, which feparated fome of the 
 fquadron. The zzd the gale broke up, and the wind fhifted 
 to the S. W. the 23d we recovered the land again : the next 
 day entered the bay of Manilla, and in the cloie of the evening 
 anchored off the fort of Cavite, with the whole fquadron except 
 the South Sea Callle and admiral Stevens, the Falmouth and 
 Eflex having joined me off the coaft. In the night I lent the 
 matters to found about the fortifications of Cavite, and, by 
 their report found, that it might be attacked by fhips. 
 
 The 2 gth in the morning, the wind not being favorable to 
 attack the Cavite, I took two of the frigates, and, with gene- 
 ral Draper, and fome other officers, reconnoitred the fhore a- 
 bout Manilla, and obferved fome churches and other buildings 
 to Hand near the works on the fouth fide of the town, particular- 
 ly towards the S. W. baftion. We had fome defign or" attacking 
 Cavite fiilt, to have had the conveniency of that port for the 
 ihipping; but confidered that tho' the attack mould be attended 
 with all the fuccefs we could hope, yet it would caufe a delay 
 at leaft of two days, before we could land at Manilla, which 
 time would afford opportunity to the enemy to demolilh thofe 
 buildings near their works, and to prepare many obflacles to 
 cui landing, and perhaps recover from that consternation our 
 unexpected arrival had thrown them in ; and farther, Manilla 
 being the capital, if that fell, Cavite would in confequence. 
 
 From
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 43 3 
 
 ditto, 96 feamen, landed. 2 feamen killed, i ditto 
 wounded. Marines. 2 commiffioned officers, 9 non- 
 com miflioned ditto, 34 private, landed, i private 
 killed. 
 
 VOL. II. F f ELIZABETH, 
 
 From thofe confederations, I joined in opinion with the ge- 
 neral, to take advantage of circumftances, fo favorable for a 
 defcent, and land troops with all difpatch, and endeavor to get 
 pofleflion of fome ports near their works, which, if effeiled, 
 would greatly facilitate the reduction of the city. 
 
 In confequence of thefe refolutions, I immediately made the 
 fignal on board the Seahorfe for the fquadron to join me, and 
 for the troops to prepare to land. About feven in the evening 
 the 79th regiment with the marines in the boats, under the di- 
 reftion of the captains Parker, Kempenfeldt, and Brereton, 
 pufhed for the more ; and under the tiro of the three frigate* 
 eftedled the landing at a church called the Morratta, about 
 a mile and half from the walls. We had no oppofition from the 
 enemy, but feme difficulty from the furf, which ran high and 
 bilged all the long boats, but happily loil no men. 
 
 The next morning the general took an advanced port, about 
 200 yards from the glacis, and there under cover of a blind, 
 intended his battery againlt the face of the fouth-wefl baftion. 
 The number of troops being fmall, I landed a battalion of 
 feamen confifting of about 700 men, under the command of the 
 captains Collins, Pitchford, and George Ourry. 
 
 The 2jth, i difpatched 2 armed boats after a galley coming 
 up the bay to Manilla ; they came up with her, refolutely 
 boarded her, and took her, notwithstanding (he kept up a 
 fmartfire with patteraroes and mufkets ; me mounted two car- 
 ,riage and 17 brafs fwivel guns, and had 80 men. By letters 
 found in her, we difcovered flie was difpatched from the gal- 
 leon St. Phillipuia from Acapulco, and whom me had left the 
 loth of September at Cajayagan, between the Embocadero and 
 Cape Spiritu Santa. Upon this difcovery, I came to a refolu- 
 tion to fend the Panther and Argo in queft of her ; but it was 
 the 4th of October before the weather permitted their failing. 
 . The 28th of September the general acquainted me that he 
 was beginning to work on the battery, and that if fome {hips 
 could get near enough to throw fhot on the works of the town 
 oppofed to it, it might take off fome of the enemy's fire and 
 attention, and thereby facilitate its conltruftion. In confe- 
 quence of this, I ordered commodore Tiddeman, with the E- 
 lizabeth and Falmouth, towards the town, as near as the depth 
 of water would permit, and to place the (hips in fuch a poft- 
 
 UOC
 
 434 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 ELIZABETH, commodore Tiddeman. Captain 
 Ifaac Ourry. i commifiioned officer, 2 petty ditto, 
 76 feamen, landed, i Teaman killed. 5 ditto wound- 
 ed. Marines. 2 commiflioned officers, 3 non-com- 
 miflioned ditto, 2 1 private, landed. 
 
 GRAFTON, 
 
 tion, as would befl anfwer the purpofe intended ; which was 
 accordingly done the next day, and their fire had a very good 
 effeft. 
 
 On the 3oth, the South-Sea Caftle arrived with (lores, which 
 were much wanted, particularly the entrenching tools, for 
 want of which the army had been fo greatly diftrefled, that I 
 was obliged to employ all the forges in making fpades, pick- 
 axes, &c. for them. The iftof Oftober it began to blow frefh, 
 and in the night increafed to a hard gale, which drove the 
 South-Sea Caltle afhore near the Polverifta, a little to the 
 fouthward of our camp. This accident, however, had fome 
 confiderable advantages attending it, as the Situation me lay 
 in made her cannon a protection for the rear of our camp : it 
 was likewife the means that all her military (lores were got on 
 fhore with fafety and difpatch, and the army fupplied with the 
 provifions (he had on board, both of which were articles they 
 itood in need of, and which could not have been fupplied by 
 boats, as it continued blowing weather for feveral days after, 
 and the fnrf breaking very high on the beach. 
 
 This gile was from the W. S. W. direftly on the more, 
 which gave me much concern for the fafety of the fquadron, 
 particularly for the Elizabeth and Falmouth, who were only 
 in four fathom water, and, as I have fince been informed, with 
 the fend of the fea flruck ; but the bottom being mud, and foft 
 to a confiderable depth, they received no damage. 
 
 On the 4th in the morning, the general opened the battery, 
 which was fo well managed and feconded by the (hips before 
 the town, that in four hours the defences were taken off, and 
 the next day in the evening the breach was made practicable. 
 
 On the 6th, at day-light in the morning, the general's re- 
 giment, with the fea battalion, mounted the breach, made the 
 a'.tack, and foon got pofleffion of all the baftions, which com- 
 pleated the conqueft. 1 immediately went on more, and, 
 with the general, had a meeting with the Spanim governor, 
 and fome of his principal officers, when a capitulation was a- 
 greed on, that the town and port of Cavite, with the iflands 
 and forts dependant on Manilla, mould be given up to his Bri- 
 tannic Majefty, and that they mould pay four millions of dol- 
 lars
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 435 
 
 GRAFTON, captain Hyde Parker, i commifiiorT 
 ed officer, 3 petty ditto, 100 feamen, landed. 2 
 feamen wounded. Marines. 2 commiflioned offi- 
 cers, 6non-cornmiflioned ditto, 32 private, landed. 
 i private wounded. 
 
 F f 2 LENOX, 
 
 lars for the prefervation of the town and their effe&s, a copy 
 of which capitulation 1 have enclofed. 
 
 On the loth, I fent captain Kempenfelt in the Norfolk, 
 with the Seaford and Scahorie, to take pofleffion of Cavite, a- 
 greeable to the capitulation : by this acquisition we are in pof- 
 feffion of a very lar^e quantity of naval llore;>, befides the ad- 
 vantage of almoft every convenience for refitting a fquadron ; 
 the people are fupplied with frelh meat and vegetables in great 
 plenty. 
 
 The f:ege, though fhort, was attended with many difficul- 
 ties and great fatigue, in which both the officers and men ex- 
 erted themfelves with the utmoft cheariulnefs. We had con- 
 llantly frefh gales, a lee more, and confequently a high furf to 
 contend with, which always made it difficult, frequently ha- 
 zardous, and fometimes impoffible, to land with boats. The 
 rains fell very heavy, and our little army were furrounded and 
 harrafled by numerous bodies of Indians, who, though undif- 
 ciplined and armed only with tances, bows and arrows, yet, by 
 a daring refolution and contempt of death, they became not 
 only troubkfooie but formidable. 
 
 1 have the fatisfa&ioa of acquainting their lordjhips, that 
 throughout the whole expedition, the molt perfeft harmony 
 and unanimity has fubfiiled between his Majeily's land and 
 fea forces. 
 
 You will receive with this an account of the number of offi- 
 cers and men, boch feamen and marines, that were landed 
 from the fquadron, as likewife of the killed and wounded in 
 each corps. It is with concern I acquaint their lordfnips with 
 the lofs of commodore Tiddeman, who in attempting to enter 
 the river in his barge, the morning after the reduction of Ma- 
 nilla, was drowned with five of his people, by which unhappy 
 accident his Majeily has loft a brave, and experienced officer. 
 Captain Kempenfelt, by whom I fend this (and who will 
 prefent to you for their lordfhipsa plan of the town of Manilla, 
 and the port of Cavite,) iias been of the grcateft afltftance to 
 me during the courfe of this enterpiife ; he is very capable of 
 furnilhing their lordfiiips with many particulars r.eceflary for 
 their information ; and his great merit makes it my dutv to re- 
 commend him as a very able good officer. I am, Sec. 
 
 S. CORSIS H.
 
 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 LENOX, Captain Robert Jocelyn, i commifTion- 
 ed officer, 5 petty ditto, 119 Teamen, landed. 4 
 lea men killed. 2 ditto wounded. Marines. 3 com- 
 miffioned officers, 4 non-commiffioned ditto, 38 
 private, landed, i private wounded. 
 
 Copy of a letter from vice admiral Cornifti to Mr. Cleveland, 
 dated in the bay of Manilla, the loth of November, 1762. 
 
 I N my letter of the 51 ft of October, I acquainted you of my having 
 fent captain Parker with the Panther and Argo, in o^ueft of the galleon 
 St. Philippina, from Acapulco, hound to Manilla. 
 
 The yth inilant, captain King in the Argo returned with a letter from 
 captain Parker, acquainting me, that, in confequence of my orders, 
 having the 301)1 of October got the length f the ifland Capul, near 
 the entrance into the Embocadero, in puriuit of the Saint Philippina, 
 where the Argo had come to an anchor (and which he intended to do 
 for that night) juft as the day doled he faw a fail, {landing to the north- 
 ward ; at eight in the evening he got fight of the chace ; but unluckily, 
 by the rapidity of a counter current to what the chace was in, was 
 drove among the Narangos in the utmoft danger of being lott, and o- 
 bliged to anchor ; the frigate having eicaped the danger, got up with 
 the chace, and engaged her near two hours, but was Ib roughly hand- 
 led, that captain King was obliged to bring too to repair his damages. 
 By this time the current llackenecl, which enabled captain Parker to get 
 under fail with the chace in fis;ht : about 9 the next morning he came 
 up with her, and after- battering her two hours, within half mufket 
 ihot, me ftruck. The enemy made but little refiftance, nulling to the 
 immenfe thicknefs of the fides of their (hip, which the Panther's (hot 
 was not able to penetrate, excepting heY upper works. Captain Parker 
 was no lefs difappointed than iurprifed, when the general came on 
 board, to find, that inftead of the Saint Philippina, he had engaged 
 and taken the Santiilimo Trinidad, who departed from Manilla the 
 firft of Augutt for Acapulco, and had got three hundred leagues to the 
 eailvvard of the Embocadero 5 but meeting with a hard gale of wind, 
 was difmafled and put back to refit. She had eight hundred men on 
 board, and pierced for fixty guns, but when captain King engaged 
 her had only fix mounted, and but tiiirteen when taken ; (he draws 
 thirty-three feet water, and is a much larger < l :i;i than the Panther. I 
 cannot afcertain the value of the cargo, but there is to the amount of 
 one million and a half of dollars regiflered, and (he is reputed to be 
 worth three millions *. 
 
 Captain King left the Panther with her prize at nn anchor about 
 three leagues louth of the Coni^edow, at the mouth of ihis bay ; ami 
 us I have fent a reinforcement ol men with Lunches and \va-ps, I hope 
 rery foon to huvc them in fufety. I am, &c. 
 
 S. CORNISH. 
 
 * The Manilla galleon, called the Nuftra. Signorn de Cabadaga, 
 taken by lord Anfon in 1743, h;:d on board i, 3 13, 843 pieces of eight, 
 and 3 5,'68a ounces of virgin filvcr. 8ee the voyage, p. 508. 
 
 FAL-
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 437 
 
 FALMOUTH, Captain William Brereton. i com- 
 mifiioned officer, 2 petty ditto, 50 feamen, landed. 
 2 feamen killed. Marines. 2 commiffioned offi- 
 cers, i non-commiflioned ditto, 1 1 private, landed. 
 WEYMOUTH, Captain Richard Collins. 3 com- 
 miflioned officers, 7 petty ditto, 80 feamen, landed. 
 i feaman killed, i ditto wounded. Marines. 2 
 commilTioned officers, 6 non-commiflioned ditto, 
 26 private, landed. 2 private killed. 
 
 AMERICA, Captain Samuel Pitchford, 2 commif- 
 fioned officers, 2 petty ditto, 61 feamen, landed. 
 i feaman, killed. 4 ditto wounded. Marines. I 
 commiffioned officer, 4non-commifiioned ditto, 22 
 private, landed, i private killed. 
 
 PANTHER, Captain George Ourry, acting cap- 
 tain, i commiflioned officer, 2 petty ditto, 50 fea- 
 men, landed. Marines, i commiflioned officer, 5 
 non-com mifiioned ditto, 24 private, landed. 
 
 AROO, Captain Richard King. Marines. 2 
 commiflioned officers, 3 non-commiflioned ditto, 
 22 private, landed. 
 
 SEAHORSE, Captain Charles Cathcart Grant. 
 Marines, i commiflioned officer, 2 non-commif- 
 fioned ditto, 26 private, landed. 
 
 SEAFORD, Captain John Peighin. Marines, i 
 commiflioned officer, 2 non-commiftioned ditto, iS 
 private landed. 2 private killed. 
 
 Officers killed and wounded, &c. belonging to the 
 
 NORFOLK, Lieutenant Peter Porter, and Mr. 
 White, furgeon's fecond mace, killed. 
 
 LENOX, Thomas Spearing, fecond lieutenant of 
 Marines, wounded. 
 
 TOTAL officers, feamen, and marines : landed 
 1017. killed 17. Wounded 17. 
 
 N. B. The furgeons, armorers, and other artifi- 
 cers, are not included in the above account. 
 
 Norfolk, ofFCavite, 
 
 Oftober3i, 1762. S. CORNISH." 
 
 F f 3 GENERAL
 
 43 AVOYAGETO 
 
 GENERAL Draper fent lieutenant colonel Scott, 
 with the following letter to the earl of Egremont, 
 one of the principal fecretaries of ftate : 
 
 " Manilla, November 2, 1762. 
 My LORD, 
 
 I DO myfelf the honor offending lieutenant co- 
 lonel Scott, late adjutant general, to inform your 
 lordfhip of the fuccefs of his majefty's arms in the 
 conqueit of Manilla, the furrender of the port of 
 Cavite, and the cefllon of the Philippine iflands. 
 
 ON the 6th of October we took the capital by 
 ftorm, after 12 days operation, which are detailed 
 in my journal. Our lois, upon this occafion, would 
 have been trifling, but for the death of major Moore, 
 a valiant good officer , and it is with panicuiar fa- 
 tisfaction i can affure your lordfhip, that the firm 
 bravery and perfeverance of the troops, could on- 
 ly be equalled by their humanity after victory. Out 
 of refpect and deference to admiral Cornim, we 
 waited till he came on more, and, being defirous to 
 fave fo fine a city from deftrucYion, ve jointly dic- 
 tated the annexed conditions to the governor general 
 (the archbifnop) and the chief magiftrates, who 
 mod readily embraced them. 
 
 CONSIDERING their critical fituation, and vaft 
 opulence, the terms were as reafonable for them, as 
 beneficial to us. We allow the India company a 
 third part of the ranfum, the whole of which amounts 
 to a million fterling ; and, according to my inftruc- 
 tions, 1 have this day delivered up Manilla, one of 
 the richeft cities and ifiands in this part of the 
 world, with the port of Cavite, to Dawfon Drake, 
 Efq; and the other gentlemen appointed to receive 
 them on behalf of the company, with all the artille- 
 ry, ammunition and warlike (lores found therein, 
 agreeable to the inclofed inventories. 
 
 I HAVE
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 439 
 
 I HAVE appointed major Fell of the 79th regi- 
 ment to be commandant of the garrifon, which 
 muft confift of all the troops brought from Madrafs, 
 as the great extent of the place, its very numerous 
 inhabitants, and unfettled country, with the im- 
 portance of the Cavite, demand at leaft this force 
 for an effectual fecurity. 
 
 THE feafon of the year, and condition of the 
 fquadron, oblige us to defer the taking of pofleifion 
 of the fubordinate places ceded to the crown, until 
 the fhips have had a fufficient repair ; and I have 
 the pleafure to acquaint your lordfhip, that the 
 large quantity of naval (lores taken in the royal 
 magazines at Cavite, fupply moft excellent mate- 
 rials for this purpofe, in which the admiral is inde- 
 fatigable, whofe zeal for his majeity's fervice, great 
 cordiality, and conftant attention to us during the 
 whole courfe of the expedition, and fatiguing pro- 
 grefs of the fiege, are beyond all praife. The other 
 officers of the fleet exerted themfelves to the utmoft 
 upon every occafion. As a fmall acknowledgment 
 of our many obligations to Mr. Kempenfelt, the 
 admiral's captain, I begged his acceptance of the 
 government of the citadel and port of Cavite, 
 till it was given up to the company -, his prudent 
 and excellent regulations there were of infinite utili- 
 ty to the public fervice. 
 
 THE captains Collins, Pitchford and George 
 Ourry, who commanded the battalion of feamen, 
 behaved with great fpirit and conduct ; and captain 
 Jocelyn, who was entrufted with the care of the dif- 
 embarkations, gave us all the affiftance that could 
 be wilhed or expected from a diligent, good officer. 
 The marine officers ancj corps were of great fervice, 
 and the feamen aftonimed us with molt extraordi- 
 nary proofs of activity and valor, particularly thofe 
 who aflifted at our batteries. 
 
 F f 4 THE
 
 440 A VOYAGE T OY 
 
 THE reduction of Manilla has been fo much "ow- 
 ing to the confummate fkill and bravery of colonel 
 Monfon, that I fear my faint reprefentations can- 
 not do juftice to his merits, and I mod humbly beg 
 leave, through yoor lordfhip, to recommend him 
 to his majefty, together with the following officers, 
 viz. lieutenant-colonel Scort, major Barker, who 
 commanded our artillery ; captain Fletcher, major 
 of brigade , the engineers, captains Stevenfon and 
 Cotsford, and enfign Barnard ; the captains Moore 
 and Pemble aids de camp, who have all acted in their 
 feveral departments with extraordinary merit, and 
 greatly facilitated my good fortune. Both the royal 
 and the company's artillery, with their other troops, 
 behaved very well. In the laft place, may 1 pre- 
 iurne ro point out the fervices of the 79th regiment, 
 which from the good conduct of their former and 
 prefent field officers, has the peculiar merit of hav- 
 ing firft flopped the progrefs of the French in India, 
 $nd not a little contributed to the happy turn and 
 decifion of that war under colonel Coote, and has 
 fmce extended the glory of his majefty's arms to the 
 utmoft verge of Afia. Twenty-three officers, with 
 upwards of 800 men, have fallen, in the caufe of 
 their country, fince the regiment left England : 
 numbers of the furvivors are wounded. Your lord- 
 fhip's goodnefs encourages me to mention them as 
 objects of compaflion and protection. Captain Flet- 
 cher has nine colours to lay at his majefty's feet. 
 
 PROPOSALS made to their excellencies his Britannic 
 Majefty's commanders in chief by fea and land, 
 by his excellency the archbifhop, captain-gene- 
 ral of the Philippine iflands, the royal audience, 
 the city and commerce of Manilla. 
 
 ART. I. THAT their effects and pofMons 
 fhall be fecured to them, under the protection of his 
 
 Britannic
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 441 
 
 Britannic majefty, with the fame liberty they have 
 heretofore enjoyed. Granted. 
 
 II. THAT the catholic, apoftolic and Roman re- 
 ligion, be preferved and maintained in its free ex- 
 ercife and functions, by its pallors and faithful mi- 
 nifters. Granted. 
 
 III. THAT the families, which are retired into 
 the country, may have free liberty to return unmo- 
 lefted. Granted. 
 
 IV. THAT the fame indemnification and liberty 
 may extend to perfons of both fexes, inhabitants of 
 this city, without any prejudice or moleitation to 
 their interior commerce. They may carry on all 
 forts of commerce, as Britilh fubjects. 
 
 V. HAVING great confidence in the manners and 
 politenefs of their excellencies the Britifh generals, 
 hope they will ufe their beft endeavors in preferving 
 peace and quietnefs in the city and fuburbs, chaf- 
 tifing all people, who fhall dare to oppofe their fu- 
 perior orders. Granted. 
 
 VI. TH AT the inhabitants of this city may enjoy 
 the fame liberty of commerce as they have had here- 
 tofore, and that they may have proper pifiports 
 granted them for that end. -Anfwered by the 
 fourth article. 
 
 VII. THAT the fame liberty may be granted to 
 the natives of the country, for bringing in all man- 
 ner of provifions, according to their ufual method, 
 without the lead oppofition or extortion, paying for 
 them, in the fame manner as hath been heretofore 
 pra&ifed. Granted j but any perfon coming in 
 with any fire arms, or offenfive weapons, will be 
 put to death. 
 
 II 11. THAT the ecclefiaftical government may 
 be tolerated, and have free liberty to inftruct the 
 faithful, efpecially the native inhabitants. They 
 mud not attempt to convert any of our royal maf- 
 ter's proteftant fubje&s to the popifh faith. 
 
 IX. THAT
 
 442 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 IX. THAT the ufe and exercife of the oeconomi- 
 cal government of the city may remain in its fame 
 freedom and liberty. Granted. 
 
 X. THAT the authority, as well political as civil, 
 may Hill remain in the hands of the royal audience, 
 to the end that, by their means, a flop may be put 
 to all diforders, and the infolent and guilty be chaf- 
 tifed. To be fubject to the fuperior controul of our 
 government. 
 
 XI. THAT the faid minifters and royal officers, 
 their perfons and goods, be in full fecurity, be 
 maintained in their honors with a ftipend fufficient 
 for their fupport, his catholic majefty being anfwer- 
 able for the fame ; upon thefe conditions the above 
 mentioned minifters will be under the protection of 
 his Britannic majefty, in the fame manner as the reft 
 
 of the inhabitants. His catholic majefty muft 
 
 pay for their fupport. 
 
 XII. THAT the inhabitants may have free li- 
 berty to refide within, or out of the city, as mall 
 be moft convenient for them. Stiil to be fubjecl; 
 to the revocation of our government if they find it 
 necefiary. 
 
 CONDITIONS on which the city of Manilla mail be 
 preferved from plunder ; and the inhabitants 
 maintained in their religion, goods, liberties, and 
 properties, under the government and protection 
 of his Britannic majefty. 
 
 I. THE Spanifh officers of every rank (hall be 
 cfteemed as prifoners of war, upon their parole of 
 honor, but mail have the liberty of wearing their 
 fwords. The reft of the troops, of every degree 
 and quality, muft be difarmed, and difpofed of as 
 we fhall think proper. They (hall be treated with 
 humanity. 
 
 II. ALL
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 443 
 
 II. ALL the military (lores and magazines, of 
 every kind, muft be furrendercd, faithfully, to our 
 commiflaries, and nothing fecrered or damaged. 
 
 III. His excellency the governor muft fend im- 
 mediate orders to the fort of Cavite, and the other 
 forts under his command, and dependent upon Ma- 
 nilla, to furrender to his Britannic majefty. 
 
 IV. THE propolitions, contained in the paper de- 
 livered on the part of his excellency the governor 
 and his council, will be liftened to and confirmed 
 to them, upon their payment of four millions of 
 dollars; the half to be paid immediately j the other 
 half to be paid in a time to be agreed upon, and 
 hoftages and fecurity given for that purpofe. 
 
 ALL the iflands (fubordinate to Luconia and Ma- 
 nilla its capital, and which are at prefent under the 
 dominion of his catholic majefty) muft be ceded to 
 his Britannic majefty, who muft be acknowledged 
 fovereign till the fate of thefe iflands is decided by 
 a peace between the two kings. Their religion, 
 goods, liberties, properties, and commerce, (hall 
 be preferved to the inhabitants of thoie iflands, who 
 are fubjecls of Spain, in as ample a manner as they 
 are confirmed to the inhabitants of Manilla, and the 
 ifland of Luconia. All the governors and military 
 mail be allowed the honors of war, but give their 
 parole, as the officers have done at Manilla and 
 Cavite, not to ferve or take up arms againft his 
 Britannic majefty. 
 
 S. Cornifh. 
 W. Draper. 
 Manl. Ant Arzp de Manilla, 
 
 Gov. y cap. gen. de las Philippinas.- 
 Franco, Henriquez de Villacourta. 
 Manuel Galban y Ventura. 
 Frco. Leandro de Viana. 
 Dated at Manilla, October 30, 1762." 
 
 IN
 
 444 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 IN 1 739, the Britifh miniftry intended to fit out 
 two fquadrons for two fecret expeditions, which 
 would have fome connexion with each other. The 
 late lord A nfon was to command one of them, and the 
 Jate gallant captain Cornwall the other. The former 
 was to take on board three independant companies 
 of one hundred men each, and Eland's regiment ; to 
 proceed directly to Java-head, and to take in water 
 there, from whence he was to proceed to the city of 
 Manilla : while the latter was to proceed round Cape 
 Horn, and pafs that way to the Philippines. If that 
 plan had been carried into execution, Manilla would 
 then have fallen an eafy conqueft : but the reduc- 
 tion of that important place, whofe returns were 
 not lefs than three millions of dollars per annum, 
 was referved for the brave general Draper, who be- 
 gan the expedition with uncommon fpirit, and end- 
 ed it with immortal honor. His clemency to the 
 Spaniards deferved the utmoft gratitude : but they 
 mod ungeneroufiy evaded the ranfom, and acted on 
 the moft dimonorable terms, as evidently appears, 
 by the following extracts of u colonel Draper's an- 
 fwer to the Spanim arguments, claiming the gal- 
 leon, and refufing payment of the ranfom 1 bills, for 
 prelerving Manilla from deftruction." 
 
 The Spanim arguments for refufing payment. 
 
 "THE Englim generals, who made themfelves 
 matters of Manilla, propofed, on the fifth of Oc- 
 tober 1762, a capitulation to the archbifhop, who 
 acted as governor ; by which they promifed to pre- 
 ferve the city from pillage, if the governor and 
 principal magiftrates would confent to, and fign 
 the articles of, the faid capitulation ; which they 
 were forced to do, being threatened to be put to 
 the fword, in cafe of refufal. 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING this mameful capitulation, 
 extorted and figned by the means of violence and 
 
 rigor,
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 445 
 
 rigor, general Draper ordered or fuffered the city 
 to be facked and pillaged, for forty hours, by four 
 thoufand Englifh, who plundered it of more than 
 a million of dollars. 
 
 THEREFORE the faid capitulation ought to be 
 void, becaufe it was figned by force ; and becaufe 
 general Draper firft violated and broke the capitu- 
 lation by permitting the city to be pillaged : con- 
 fequently, that capitulation only, which was pro- 
 poled by the governor, accepted of and figned by 
 admiral Corniflh, and general Draper, upon the fe- 
 venth of October, ought to be confidered and re- 
 fpected in this affair. 
 
 THE firtl article of which grants to the inhabi- 
 tants of Manilla, the peaceable quiet pofiTeflion of 
 all their effects ; the fourth and fixth grant them the 
 liberty of commerce, under the protection of his 
 Britannic majefty." 
 
 REFUTATION. 
 
 " IT is a known and univerfar rule of war amongft 
 the moft civilized nations, that places taken by 
 ftorm, without any capitulation, are fubject to all 
 the miferies that the conquerors may chufe to inflict. 
 
 MANILLA was in this horrid fituation ; of confe- 
 quence the lives of the inhabitants, with all belong- 
 ing to them, were entirely at our mercy. But chri- 
 ftianity, humanity, the dignity of our nation, and 
 our own feelings as men, induced us not to exert 
 the utmoft rigor of the pofleffion, againft thofe 
 wretched fuppliants; although my own fecretary, 
 lieute.ntant Fryar, had been murdered, as he was 
 cap-ying a flag of truce to the town. The admiral 
 and I told the archbilhop and principal magiftrates, 
 that we were defirous to fave fo fine a cicy from de- 
 ftrucrion, ordered thenl to withdraw, confult, and 
 propofe fuch terms of compenfation as might fa- 
 tisfy the fleet and army, and exempt them from pil- 
 lage, and its fatal eonfeqiiences. 
 
 THE
 
 446 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 THE propofals they gave in were the very fame, 
 which the Spaniards molt artfully call a fecond capi- 
 tulation ; and were afterwards agreed to, and con- 
 firmed by us (with a few reftrictions ;) but at that 
 time were fo unfuitable to their defperate fituation, 
 that we rejected them as unfatisfactory and inadmif- 
 fible. As conquerors, we took the pen, and dic- 
 tated thofe terms of the ranfom which the Spaniards 
 thought proper to fubmit to : for they had the al- 
 ternative, either to be pafiive under the horrors of a 
 pillage, or compound for their prefervation ; they 
 accepted the latter. 
 
 THE objection and pretence of force and violence 
 may be made ufe of to evade any military agreements 
 whatfoever, where the two parties do not treat upon 
 an equality ; for who,, in war, will fubmit to an in- 
 convenient and prejudicial compact, unlefs from 
 force -, but have the Spaniards forgot their own hif- 
 tories ? Or will they not remember the juft indigna- 
 tion exprefied againit Francis the Firft, who plead- 
 ed the like fubterfuge of force and violence, to e- 
 vade the treaty made after the battle of Pavia, and 
 his captivity ? 
 
 SHOULD fuch elufive doctrines prevail, it will be 
 impoffible, hereafter, for the vanquimed to obtain 
 any quarter or terms whatfoever : the war will be 
 carried on ufque ad inter necionem j and if a fovereign, 
 fhall refufe to confirm the conditions ftipulated by 
 his fubjects, who are in fuch critical fituations, the 
 confequences are too horrid to mention. 
 
 BY the fame fallacious fophiftry, a Mate may ob- 
 ject to the payment of the ranfoms of mips taken at 
 iea, and to contributions levied in a country which 
 is the feat of war. But it is always allowed that in 
 fuch cafes, a part mud be facrificed to fave the 
 whole , and furely when by the laws of war we were 
 entitled to the whole, it was a great degree of mo- 
 deration to be contended with a part. 
 
 THE
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 447 
 
 THE destruction that we could have occafioned, 
 would have trebled the lofs they fuffer by the pay- 
 ment of the ranfom. The rich churches and con- 
 vents, the king of Spain's own palace, with its fu- 
 perb and coftly furniture, the magnificent buildings 
 of every fort, the fortifications, docks, magazines, 
 founderies, cannon, and, in mort, the whole might 
 have been entirely ruined, the Spanifli empire in 
 Afia fubverted, and the fruits of their religious mif- 
 fion loft for ever, together with the lives of many 
 thoufands of the inhabitants, who were fpared by 
 our humanity. As a fuitable and grateful return 
 for this lenity, the Spanifh memorial affirms, that 
 after the capitulation was (igned, general Draper 
 ordered, or permitted, the city to be facked or pil- 
 laged for forty hours together, by four thouland 
 Englifh, who plundered it of more than a million 
 of dollars. 
 
 As my own character, both as an officer and a 
 man of honor, is fo wickedly attacked by this un- 
 juft accufation, \ muft beg leave to Itate the whole 
 affair in its true light ; and do appeal for its veracity 
 to the teftimonies of every officer and foldier, who 
 ferved in the expedition, and to all of the marine 
 department. 
 
 WE entered Manilla by ftorm, on the 6th of 
 October, 1762, with an handful of troops, whole 
 total amounted to little more than two thoufand ; a 
 motley compofuion of feamen, foldiers, fepoys, 
 cafres, lafcars, topafees, French and German de- 
 fer ters. 
 
 MANY of the houfcs had been abandoned by the 
 frighted inhabitants, and were burit open by the 
 violence of mot, or explofion of fhells. Some of 
 thefe were entered and pillaged. But all military 
 men know, how difficult it is to reflrain the impe- 
 tuofity of troops, in the firft fury of an aflault, efpe- 
 cially when compofed of fuch a variety and confu- 
 
 fion
 
 448 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 fion of people, who differed as much in fentiments 
 and language, as in drefs and complexion. 
 
 SEVERAL hours elapfed, before the principal ma- 
 giftrates could be brought to a conference ; during 
 that interval, the inhabitants were undoubtedly 
 great fuflferers. But this violence was antecedent to 
 our fettling the terms of the capitulations, and by 
 the laws of war, the place, with all its contents, -be- 
 came the unqueftionable property of the captors, 
 until a fufficient equivalent was given in lieu of it. 
 That feveral robberies were committed, after the 
 Capitulation was figned, is not to be denied ; for 
 avarice, want, and rapacity, are ever infatiable : 
 but that the place was pillaged for forty hours, and 
 that pillage authorized and permitted by me, is a 
 mod falfe and infamous aflertion. The people of 
 Manilla have impofed upon their court by a repre- 
 fentation of fads, which never exifted ; and to 
 make fuch a groundlefs charge, the reafon for fet- 
 ting afide and evading a folemn capitulation, is a 
 proceeding unheard of till now, and as void of de- 
 cency as common fenfe. 
 
 THE following extracts from the public orders 
 given out the very day we entered the town, will 
 fufficiently convince mankind, of my conftant at- 
 tention to the prefervation of thofe ungrateful peo- 
 ple ; who have almoft taught me to believe, that 
 humanity and companion are crimes. 
 
 EXTRACTS. 
 
 Odober 6th, Manilla. 
 
 " THE utmoft order and regularity to be ob- 
 ferved. 
 
 ALL perfons guilty of robberies, or plundering 
 the churches and houfes, will be hanged without 
 mercy. 
 
 THE guards to fend frequent patroles both day 
 and night, to prevent all disorders. 
 
 THE
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 449 
 
 THE drummers to beat to arms, the officers to 
 aflemble with their men, and call the rolls. 
 
 THE adjutants to go round the town, and take 
 an exact account of che fafe-guards, polled for the 
 protection of the convents, churches and houfes. 
 
 October 7th. 
 
 ALL the inhabitants of Manilla are to be looked 
 upon and treated as his Britannic majefty's fubjects: 
 they having agreed to pay four millions of dollars, 
 for the ranfom and preservation of their city and 
 effects. 
 
 THE criminals executed for robbery and facri- 
 lege, to be buried at fun-fet." 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 The fecond revolution * in BENGAL, in 1760. The 
 SOUBAH and major CARNACK defeat the SHAH 
 ZADDA and M. LAW, at GUYA. The MORAT- 
 
 TOES defeated by major YORK. The Sou bah 
 
 JAFFIER ALLEE CAWN /'; depofed by the ENGLISH 
 prefidency at CALCUTTA , and their particular 
 reafons for it. The conduft of governor VAN SIT - 
 TART, Mr. HOLWELL, and colonel CAILLAUD on 
 that occafion. They place COSSIM ALLEE CAWN on 
 the throne ; and grant protection to his father- in- 
 law, the depofed Soubah at Calcutta. 
 
 WHEN Chandernagore was reduced by the 
 Englifh in 1757, M. Law retired at the 
 head of a party of French fugitives, which foon in- 
 creafed to upwards of two hundred. Their com- 
 mander threw himfelf into the heart of the Mogul's 
 dominions, and at hft joined the Shah Zaddahf, 
 
 * See this volume, p. 252 262. f The eldeft fon of 
 
 Allum Geer, the depofed Mogul. 
 
 VOL. II. G g who
 
 .450 A VOYAGE TO 
 who entered Bengal at the head of eighty thoufand 
 men ; but was met by the Soubah's army of eighty 
 thoufand men, afiiiled by five hundred Europeans, 
 commanded by major John Carnack, who left a 
 garrifon at Patna, and defeated the enemy at a 
 place called Guya, in January 1761, killed eighty 
 Frenchmen, and took feven of their officers prifon- 
 ers, among whom was M. Law , after which, the 
 Mogul prince retired out of the province, and fo- 
 licited the intereft of the Englifh to place him on 
 the throne of his depofed father. 
 
 THE Morattoes alfo invaded the northern pro- 
 vinces of Bengal ; but they were met and defeated 
 by a body of troops under the command of major 
 York. 
 
 BY thefe means, both the Nabob's affairs, and 
 thofeof the Englifh company, were in great dirtrefs, 
 when Mr. Vanfittart arrived to take upon him the 
 government at Calcutta, to which he was appointed 
 on the return of colonel Clive to England ; after 
 whofe abfence affairs took an unprofperous turn, 
 which was imputed to the bad condud of the Sou- 
 bah, whom the Englilh therefore depofed, and put 
 his fon-in-law on the throne. But as this impor- 
 tant tranfaftion has been varioufly related, I mail 
 here undertake to give an impartial repreientation 
 of the whole affair. 
 
 THE reafons alledged for dethroning the Soubah 
 Jaffier Alice Cawn were in fubftance as follows : 
 
 i ft, " THAT foon after his advancement, he re- 
 folved to reduce that power which railed him to dig- 
 nity. 2d, That to effeft this, he aiTafTinated or 
 banifhed every perfon of importance, whom he fuf- 
 pecled in the Englifh intereft. 3d, That he nego- 
 ciated with the Dutch to introduce an armament in- 
 to the provinces to expel the Englifh. 4th, That 
 he was guilty of the deepeft deceit and treachery 
 towards the Englifh, his benefactors and allies, in 
 
 repeated
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 451 
 
 repeated inftances. 5th, That while the Englifh 
 officers and troops were fuffering every diftrefs, and 
 hazarding their lives, in defence of him, his fon, and 
 country, the Englifh commander in chief was bafely 
 and treacheroufly deferted, at three different periods 
 by father and fon. 6th, That he meditated a fe- 
 parate, fecret treaty with the Shah Zaddah, and of- 
 fered to facrifice the Englifh to that prince. 7th, 
 That the whole term of his government was an uni- 
 form chain of cruelty, tyranny, and oppreffion. 
 8th, That he meditated, and was near carrying in- 
 to execution, an infamous fecret treaty with the 
 Morattoes ; which would have proved the total de- 
 ftruction of the country, if it had not been timely 
 prevented. 9th, That he threw every poffible inter- 
 ruption in the collection of the Englifh tunkas, or 
 affignments upon lands. loth, That he encouraged 
 the obftructions given to the free currency of the 
 Englifh Siccas; by which the company fuffered heavy 
 loffcs. nth, That by his cruelties, he had rendered 
 it fcandalous for the Englifh to fupport his tyrannic 
 government any longer. I2th, And that by his 
 mifconduct, he had brought the affairs of the com- 
 pany, as well as his own, into the mofl imminent 
 danger of being ruined." 
 
 IT was alledged, that each of thefe charges was 
 a violation of that treaty * which put Mhir JafEer 
 Allee Cawn in pofleffion of a government of more 
 value than many kingdoms of Europe, fupported 
 by the Englifh at the expence of their blood, until 
 it became a fcandal and reproach to their name and 
 nation ; of which we have authentic proofs f. 
 
 * See this volume, p. 260. f See " An addrefs to the 
 
 proprietors of Eaft-India flock ; fetting forth the unavoidable 
 neceffity and real motives for the revolution in Bengal in 
 1760." By John Zephaniah Holwell, Efq; p. 14, 15. 
 
 G g 2 TH*
 
 452 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 THE particular inftances of cruelty are the vio- 
 lent deaths of Coja Haddu and Coflim Alice, two 
 general officers ; the brother of Surajah Dowla, and 
 all that remained of his family ; which has been at- 
 tributed to the jealoufy of the Soubah, who feared 
 the Englifh would reftore that family to the throne. 
 
 IN Auguft 1760, Henry Vanfittart, Efq; arrived 
 at Calcutta, arid received the -government from Mr. 
 Holwell, who allb delivered him a memorial of the 
 abovementioned facts. 
 
 MAJOR Caillaud, on the 2yth of February 1760, 
 wrote a letter from the camp at Shahfadapore to go- 
 vernor Holwell, as follows : " The more I fee of 
 the Nabob, the more I am convinced, that he muft 
 be ruined in fpite of all our endeavors, if he doth 
 not alter his prefent meafures. He is neither loved 
 nor feared by his troops or his people : he neglects 
 fecuring the one by the badnefs of his payments, 
 and he wants fpirit and fteadinefs to command the 
 other." 
 
 ON the i ith of March, governor Holwell wrote 
 from Fort William to major Caillaud as follows : 
 * Thejudgment you have formed of the Nabob is too 
 juft : weaknefs, irrefolution, fufpicion, and cruelty, 
 form his difpofition : what but the ifiue you predict, 
 can refult from thefe, when joined to a moft ungra- 
 cious and inlclent demeanor, which has made him 
 univerfally hated and defpifed ? We muft, however, 
 fupport him and his government as long as we pof- 
 fibly can, without involving ourfelves and employ- 
 ers in his ruin." 
 
 ON the 2ift, the governor wrote to Mr. War- 
 ren Haftings, concerning the Nabob, " That his 
 irrefolution and fupinenefs, he much feared, would 
 prove his deftruction at laft." He farther faid, that 
 " he was from good authority informed, the Nabob 
 had difpatched a trufty perfon with an abject peti- 
 tion to the prince, purporting, that on advices reach- 
 ing
 
 THE E A S T - 1 N D I E S. 453 
 
 ing him, that the Morattoes intended to enter the 
 country by the way of Patna, he had fent his Ton 
 and the major to oppofe them : that it never was 
 his intentions to oppofe his majefty'sarms, to whom 
 he was an old profefied flave ; but, by the evil 
 councils of Rajahram Narain, his fon Mhiran and 
 the major, had adted contrary to his intentions and 
 orders -, and that, if the prince defired it, he was 
 ready to furrender himfelf to his pleafure." 
 
 IN another letter to captain Spears, dated Calcutta 
 the 2zd of March 1760, Mr. Hoi well fays, " You 
 are not only ever to be on your guard againft a fur- 
 prife from the enemy, but alfo againft treachery from 
 the Nabob himfelf; for which precaution I have 
 particular reafons." 
 
 IN a letter to Mr. Hugh Watts, dated Fort William 
 the 29th of March, governor Holweil obferves, that 
 " The Nabob's inconfiftenciesandirrefolucion conti- 
 nued very uniform, and would in the end prove his 
 ruin, unlefs he had better luck than he deferved." 
 
 MAJOR Caillaud, in a letter to the prefidency, 
 dated camp at Belgafs, April 8th, fays, " We have 
 loft the only opportunity we had ; nor indeed can 
 we expefl much to improve opportunities, while we 
 have to do with men, who are as ignorant as obfti- 
 nate, and whofe troops are under no order or com- 
 mand." 
 
 ON the 1 5th, Mr. Holweil wrote to the major, 
 that " He moft heartily pitied the embarrafied fitua- 
 tion he muft neceflarily be in, with people who 
 manifefted themfelves unworthy that government 
 they had ufurped. That he muft confels, the Na- 
 bob's whole conduct appeared to him much more 
 myfterious than that of the prince-, circumltanced 
 as he was, he muft plan various fchemes, and from 
 the nature of things, his councils muft be attended 
 with much confufion and irrefolution. That the Na- 
 bob's back wardnefs toengage him appeared abfolucely 
 G g 3 unac-
 
 454 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 unaccountable, unlefs it arofe from fome fecret nc- 
 gociations, which it was poflible he might be carry- 
 ing on with the prince to make his own peace at the 
 expence of his friends." He adds, " I mould not 
 think myfelf juftified in this conjecture, nor have 
 given credit fo readily to the petition fent by him to 
 the prince, did I not know him capable of any thing 
 
 ever fo unworthy and treacherous. The parts 
 
 acted by both the old and young Nabob, in the re- 
 cent conteft with the Dutch, ought ever to awaken 
 our apprehenfions, and urge being on our guard 
 againft the politics of an Indoftan Durbar; the more 
 efpecially, as we fee the party round the Nabob, 
 who we know would cut our throats if they could, 
 obtain every day more power and influence over his 
 councils : men, who being raifed as he himfelf was, 
 from the dirt, can never vary the complexion of 
 their groveling genius." 
 
 MAJOR Caillaud wrote to governor Holwell, from 
 the camp at Dignagur on the fame day, as follows : 
 " It is a very unfortunate circumftance that we 
 have to do with a weak man, who neither from 
 principle nor merit deferves the dignity of the fta- 
 tion in which we have put him, and in which he 
 would not remain twenty-four hours, if we were to 
 withdraw our protection from him, and on which, 
 he fo much depends, that I am obliged to give him 
 a guard of fepoys for the fafety of his perfon ; it 
 doth not appear to me, however, in juftice or in rea- 
 fon, that we ought to fupport him in the purfuit of 
 unjuftifiable meafures ; fuch as he follows in regard 
 to not difcharging the vaft arrears due to his troops, 
 who to a man have publicly declared, they will not 
 draw their fwords in his caufe, and that only their 
 fears of us prevent their ufing them againft him. 
 The confequence will be, as to his part, that while 
 he is not afraid of his head, he never will fatisfy 
 them j and to us, that though we may protect him 
 
 from
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 45$ 
 
 from immediate danger to his perfon, we muft re- 
 linquifh the hopes of feeing the country free from 
 troubles, vchile he keeps a body of troops that he 
 will not pay regularly, and over whom he confe- 
 quently hath no command. This rotten fyftem (till 
 we might in fome meafure fupport, were we always 
 allured none b.:t the country powers would difturb 
 us : but it is more than probable, that the French 
 or Dutch, if not both, may renew their attempts 
 to be concerned ; and with much more probability 
 of fuccefs from the diftracted (late of the country, 
 while the Nabob continues to govern it fo ill." 
 
 ON the 2zd, governor Hoi well wrote to major 
 Caillaud, " That fomething muft be done, and 
 foon, to recover the currency of the trade of the 
 provinces, or the company muft be loft ; the fale of 
 their woollen goods was totally obftrucled j their 
 inveftments in confequence of this, and the una- 
 voidable ftoppage of the tunkas wholly at a (land, 
 and not more than a lack and half in the treafury." 
 
 Mr. HOLWELL, on the i3th of June, wrote from 
 Calcutta to Mr. Warren Haftings in the following 
 words : " By exprefs yefterday from Dacca, we have 
 advice, that the Soubah has taken offAllyverdee and 
 Shaw Amet Khans Begums *. He fent a Jammat- 
 daar and 100 horfe, with orders to Jefieraut Khan 
 to carry this bloody fcheme into execution, with fe- 
 parate orders to the Jammat-daar, in cafe Jefleraut 
 Khan refufed obedience : he refufed afling any part 
 in the tragedy, and left it to the other ; who car- 
 ried them out by night about two miles above the 
 city in a boat, tied weights to their legs, and threw 
 them overboard : they ftruggled forfome time, and 
 held by the gunwall of the boat, but by ftrokes on 
 their heads with latties, and cutting of their hands, 
 
 * Princetfes. 
 
 G g 4
 
 456 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 they funk. Thefe are the ads of the tyger we are 
 fupporting and fighting for." 
 
 MR. HASTINGS, on the 21 ft, wrote from Ma- 
 raud-baag to governor Holwell, as follows : " The 
 relation tranfmitted to me in your letter of the i3th 
 of the murder of the two Begums, filled me with 
 horror and aftonimment ; but how were thofe fenfa- 
 tions increafed, when upon inquiry I was told, that 
 not only the two wretched fufferers abovementioned, 
 but the whole family, to the number of nine per- 
 fons, had undergone the fame fate I have hitherto 
 been generally an advocate for the Nabob, whole 
 extortions and oppreflions I imputed to the neceffity 
 of the times, and want of ceconomy in his revenues; 
 but if this charge againft him be true, no argument 
 can excufe or palliare fo atrocious and complicated 
 a villainy, nor our fupporting fuch a tyrant." 
 
 SUBSEQUENT advices brought the true ftate of 
 thefe terrible murders, as follows : Gofieta Begum, 
 widow of Shaw A met Jung; Emna Begum, mo- 
 ther to the Nabob Surajud Dowla, and widow to 
 Geynde Amet Khan ; Morad Dowla, the fon of 
 Patflia Kooly Khan, adopted by the Shaw Amet 
 Jung; Lutfen Nefla Begum, widow of Surajud 
 Dov\la *, and her infant daughters by that Nabob : 
 Thefe unhappy fufferers perifhed all in one night at 
 Dacca, in the manner mentioned by Mr. Holwell, 
 with about twenty of their women of inferior note ; 
 but it was faid Alleverdy Khan's Begum by fome 
 means efcaped this maffacre of her whole family. 
 A conceived though groundlefs jealoufy of Morad 
 Dowla's making his efcape from his confinement in 
 Dacca, was the caufe of this infernal carnage ; to 
 which may be added the murder of Abdel Ohab 
 Khan, and Yar Mahomet ; the former was way- 
 
 * See this volnnc, p. 238. 262. 
 
 laid
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 457 
 laid and murdered, by the Soubah's order, on the 
 Ramna, on pretence of a confpiracy, in March 
 1760 ; and the latter, a favorite of Surajah Dowla, 
 was afiafiinated in prefence of Mhiran, in April 
 following. 
 
 ON the 24th of May, governor Holwell wrote to 
 major Caillaud as follows : " Hitherto our conduct 
 in fupporting the Soubah's government can hardly 
 be vindicated to our employers, the more efpecially 
 fince his flagrant and known breach of the treaty * 
 laft year, not only by his invitation of the Dutch 
 forces from Batavia, but by his fliameful and in- 
 fmcere conduct and dealing with us after their ar- 
 rival, and to this hour refpecting that people ; the 
 weaknefs and inconfiftency of his whole politics dur- 
 ing the courfe of this campaign, joined to the re- 
 peated cruelties, murders, and oppreflions, daily 
 committed by him or his fon on individuals ; the 
 univerfal deteftation of his government throughout 
 the provinces ; the obvious certainty of thefe trou- 
 bles in the country continuing without interruption, 
 whilft this family exifts at the head of it : all thefe, 
 with many other confiderations, demonftrates we 
 cannot longer, confident with what we owe to the 
 company, to natural juftice, and propriety, and to 
 the Englim name, fupport a fyrtem of ufurpation 
 and tyranny, which reflects dimonor on it, and 
 muft, if perfifted in, involve our honorable employ- 
 ers and our colony in a fpeedy ruin. The more we 
 fee of this government, the more is verified your 
 own juft obfervation at your firft knowledge of it, 
 that it is rotten to the core : what then can be ex- 
 pected from a fyftem rotten to the very heart of it, 
 in every fenfe ? Ruin muft attend the family, in 
 fpite of our efforts to fave them i and we muft as 
 
 * See this volume, p. 260. 
 
 aflbredly
 
 45* A VOYAGE TO 
 
 afifuredly be partakers in a greater or lefs degree 
 thereof, to fay nothing of our drawing our fword in 
 fupport of fuch a fyftem, againft the legal, though 
 unfortunate prince of the country, from whom e- 
 very advantage and emolument we can with for the 
 company, is tendered to us, without limitation.'* 
 
 MAJOR Caillaud wrote from the camp at Balkif- 
 fen's gardens to governor Holwell at Calcutta, on 
 the 29th of May, as follows : " No new revolution 
 can take place without a certainty of troubles ; and 
 a revolution will certainly be the confequence, when- 
 ever we withdraw our protection from the Soubah : 
 we cannot in prudence neither leave this revolution 
 to chance , we muft in fome degree be inftrumenta! 
 to bringing it about. In fuch a cafe, it is very pof- 
 fible we may raife a man to the dignity juft as unfit 
 to govern, as little to be depended upon, and in 
 fhort, as great a rogue as our Nabob j but perhaps 
 not fo great a coward, nor fo great a fool, and of 
 confequence much more difficult to manage. As 
 to the injuilice of fupporting this man, on account 
 of his cruelties, opprefiions, and his being detefted 
 in his government, I fee fo little chance, in this 
 blefled country, of finding a man endued with the 
 oppofite virtues, that I think, we may put up with 
 thefe vices, with which we have no concern, if in 
 other matters we find him fitted for our purpofe. 
 You have, no doubt, received advice from Mr. 
 Haftings, that Abdallah hath fenc orders to the 
 feveral powers, to acknowledge the prince as king 
 of Indoftan, by the name of Shaw Allum : rupees 
 are ftruck by his order at Banarras and Lucknow, 
 in that name : orders are allb given to Sujah Dow- 
 Jatt, to accept the poft of vizier j and our Nabob 
 hath got, it is faid, inftrudlions to acknowledge 
 him, and pay him the obeifance due to the king of 
 kings, as he is ftiled." The major then adds, 
 * You are well acquainted with the caufe which 
 
 firft
 
 THE EAST-INDIES; 459 
 
 firft gave rife to the prefent (hare of influence which 
 we enjoy in this part of the Mogul's empire ; a juft 
 refentment for injuries received, was the firft mo- 
 tive that induced us to make a trial of our ftrength : 
 the eafe with which we fucceeded enlarged our 
 views, and made us chearfully embrace all oppor- 
 tunities of increafing that intereft and influence, 
 both on account of the advantages which accrued 
 from it to the honorable company, as likewife the 
 hopes that it might in time prove a fource of benefit 
 and riches to our country. Such were, I believe, 
 the motives of colonel dive's actions during his ad- 
 miniftration : fuch, I believe, were the views of 
 the honorable company, when they folicited and 
 obtained colonel Coote's regiment from the govern- 
 ment ; and fuch, I am certain, is the plan which 
 the colonel propofes, on his return, to purfue and 
 to fupport, in hopes to convince the miniftry and 
 the company, as he is convinced himfelf, that if 
 they pleafe to fupport his project, it will prove of 
 the greateft advantage to the public." 
 
 GOVERNOR Holwell, on she 14th of June, wrote 
 to major Caillaud, that " the country would never 
 be in a fettled, peaceful ftate, while the Nabob's 
 family continued at the head of it : but if matters 
 fhould chance to come into treaty, a ratification of 
 colonel Clive's jagier muft not be forgot." 
 
 MR. HOLWELL alfo wrote to Mr. Amyatt, that 
 " they could not be too much upon their guard a- 
 gainft the government, at that very critical period ; 
 for he perfectly knew it capable of the moft fuperla- 
 tive bafenefs and treachery." 
 
 CAPTAIN Knox obtained fome advantage over 
 Caudim Hofiein Khan ; after which major Caillaud 
 crofled the river with the Nabob, and went in full 
 purfuit of the fame enemy for feveral days. En- 
 cumbered by his treafure, and a great quantity of 
 baggage, Caudim HofTein was much impeded in 
 
 his
 
 460 A VOYAGE -TO- 
 
 his retreat, and retired fo flow, that the major, on 
 the 26th of June, was in fight of his rear-guard, 
 near Paunch-ruckee. Caudim Hoffein then ftruck 
 his camp, wherein he left twelve pieces of cannon, 
 and continued on his way until he came to the ex- 
 tremity of a large plain, bordered by a thick grove, 
 and fome villages, which covered part of his troops; 
 where he made a halt, and drew up his cannon. The 
 Englifh did the fame upon the plain, and a mutual 
 cannonading enfued. Previous to this, major Cail- 
 laud fent repeated meiTages to the Nabob, who re- 
 mained a confiderable diftance in the rear, imme- 
 diately to difpatch a body of cavalry, to ftop the 
 enemy and keep them in play, and not fuffer fo fair 
 an occafion to be irretrievably loft; urging how 
 impoflible it was for men on foot, fatigued with a 
 long march, to" attempt to purfue horfe. But the 
 Nabob continued deaf to the major's remonftrances ; 
 and, inftead of fending him the leaft afiittance, 
 formed his troops above a mile in the rear, and there 
 waited looking on until the enemy quitted the field. 
 From the commencement of the cannonading until 
 the firing ceafed, it was about four hours ; but lit- 
 tle execution was done on either fide. The enemy 
 appeared twice in a large body, coming down upon 
 the Englilh ; but, on their advancing, immediately 
 retreated. They were drove from the villages, and 
 abandoned feven more pieces of cannon, and as 
 many camels loaded with rockets. During the ac- 
 tion, which probably was a feint, the enemy found 
 means to unload all their hackeries of their treafure, 
 Genanah, and other valuable effects, and to place 
 them upon camels and elephants, with which they 
 went off, having alfo left all their empty hackeries 
 behind them. Nothing could induce the Nabob, 
 even after all was over, to fend a body of horfe to 
 intercept them in their retreat, which might have 
 been 'effected with little hazard. 
 
 GOVERNOR
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 461 
 
 GOVERNOR Holwell, on the ift of July, wrote 
 to Mr. Amyatt as follows : " No money, no goods, 
 no credit even with that government we are fupport- 
 hig ; which on the contrary, in place of advancing, 
 in this diftrefied ftate of our affairs, obftructs and 
 embarrafles us on every occafion, in the collection 
 of the tunckas which are our due, and is capable 
 of refufing us a perwannah for a year or two's chi- 
 nam to finifh our new works. To form to you a 
 compieat idea of Mahomet Jaffier Aly Khan, he is 
 now, at this very juncture, whilft we are rilking 
 our own throats to fave his, in fecret negotiation 
 with the Morattoes, to introduce a body of 25 or 
 30,000 of them into the provinces : and he has a- 
 greed to pay them twelve lack in three months." 
 
 THE young Nabob Mhiran was fuddenly killed 
 in his tent by a flam of lightning , which it was 
 thought would occafion commotions in the pro- 
 vinces. Governor Holwell paid every cuftomary 
 compliment to the memory of that prince at Calcut- 
 ta ; fuch as minute guns, and colors of the fort and 
 mips hoifted half mail. He alfo wrote a letter of 
 condolance to the old Nabob, whom he advifed 
 ** to throw himfelf into the arms of Mhir Cofiim 
 Aly Khan and Roy Doolub ; and cifmifs from his 
 councils thofe two vipers, Aga Salah of Cuttock, 
 and Rajah Bullob, as well as that infamous inftru- 
 ment of his cruelties, Chuccon." 
 
 SUCH was the fituation of affairs when Mr. Van- 
 fittart arrived at Calcutta, and received the govern- 
 ment from Mr. Holwell, who gave him a full 
 knowledge of the fituation of the provinces, and the 
 ftate of the company's affairs. The refult was, a 
 declaration from governor Vanfittart, that one or 
 other of Mr. Holwell's plans muft be purfued, with- 
 out lofs of time, to fave the country and company 
 from impending ruin. Colonel Caillaud was imme- 
 diately ordered from Patna to join their councils : 
 
 and
 
 462 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 and Mr. Holwell received frequent letters from 
 Mhir Mahomet Coffim Aly Khan *, containing the 
 flrongeft profeffions and aflurances in favor of the. 
 company, if by their fupport, he was promoted to 
 the fuccefiion of Dewannee, and other pods enjoyed 
 by the late Chuta Nabob, his brother-in-law. 
 
 COSSIM ALY KHAN obtained permifllon from the 
 Nabob to come to Calcutta, where he arrived on 
 the 20th of. September, and had a conference with 
 Mr. Holwell on the 25th, when he diicovered his 
 views were more extenfive than had been imagined. 
 He urged the repeated treacherous conduct of the 
 Soubah, and the late young Nabob to the Englifh, 
 who had been not only their creators, but their fup- 
 port and prefervers -, expatiated on their cruelties 
 and murders, and the univerfai abhorrence of the 
 people againft the Soubah and his houfe ; dwelt much 
 on his perfonal ingratitude to himfelf, in two at- 
 tempts which he had made on his life, at the inftiga- 
 tion of the late young Nabob ; exclaimed againft the 
 fecret negotiation he had carried on with the Shah 
 Zadda and the Dutch ; communicated the private or- 
 ders he had received from the Soubah, when he was 
 fentdown againft the Dutch, to favor them, in contra- 
 diction to the public ones, tranfmitted by the Soubah 
 at that time to Mr. Holwell : clofing the introduc- 
 tion with faying, that the Soubah was incapable of 
 government ; that no faith or truft could be put in 
 him ; and that, if he was not taken off, it would 
 never be in his power to render the company thofe 
 fervices which he had fa much at heart. 
 
 MR. HOLWELL exprefied much aftonimment and 
 abhorrence at the overture, and replied, that howe- 
 ver little the Soubah deferved confideration, yet the 
 honor of the company, and the Englifli name, for- 
 bid their hearkening to any attempts againft his life 
 
 * OrMeer Mahomed Coffim Alice Cawn. 
 
 or
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 463 
 
 or dignity. Coflim Aly Khan acquiefced with evi- 
 dent diflatisfaclion of countenance ; and only add- 
 ed, that as he had no fupport but the Englilh, he 
 muft fubmit to their meafures : however, they at 
 laft agreed upon the following articles *. 
 
 1. " THAT Coffim Aly Khan (hall be inverted 
 with the Dewannee, be declared Chuta Nabob, and 
 fucceflbr in the Soubalhip to Mhir Jaffier Aly Khan* 
 and enjoy all the pofts pofiefied by the late young 
 Nabob. II. That all afts of the government fhali 
 run under the feals of, and in the name of, Mhir 
 Jaffier Aly Khan : but the executive power fhould 
 reft in Coffim Aly Khan ; the dignity of the Souba 
 to remain inviolable in the perfon of the former, 
 with an allowance of one lack of rupees a month, 
 for the fupport of his houfhold and expences. 
 III. That Coffim Aly Khan (hall pay and make 
 good the balance of the tunka's, as lately adjufted 
 with Omid Roy, on the part of Jaffier Aly Khan. 
 IV. That the company mail keep up a ftanding 
 force, for the defence of the government and pro- 
 vinces, confifting of eight thouland fepoys, two thou- 
 fand European foot, two thoufand country cavalry, 
 and five hundred European horfe. V. That to en- 
 able the company to keep up the above ftanding 
 force, the countries of Burdomaan, Midnapore, Chit- 
 tygang, and half the annual produce of theChinam 
 at Siliet,fhall be ceded to the company in perpetuity.'* 
 
 THE above five articles contained the full tenor 
 andefientials of the treaty : but a fixth article, preffed 
 by Mr. Holwell, That Coffim Aly Khan mould 
 concur with the Englifli in acknowledging the 
 rights of the Shah Zaddah to the throne of Indof- 
 
 * There were none prefent but Coffim Aly Khan, his 
 friend Coja Pertufe, his head Moonfhe, or Perfian fecretary, 
 and Mr, Hoiwell.
 
 464 A VOYAGE- TO 
 
 tan," was left dormant, and to be adjufted as fu- 
 ture events fhould point out. 
 
 THESE articles were unanimoufly approved of by 
 the committee, and the treaty was interchangeably 
 figned, on the 27th of September, by them on the 
 one part, and by Mahomet Coflim Aly Khan Ba- 
 haderonthe other. On the 28th, he made an en- 
 tertainment for the governor and council, and the 
 next day returned to the Nabob. The fame morn- 
 ing, Mr. Hoi well took his leave of the board, and 
 refigned the fervice. 
 
 MAJOR York marched a few days after, at the 
 head of two hundred Europeans, four cannon, and 
 fix hundred fepoys, that he might be near enough 
 to protect Coffim Aly Khan, if thefe mould be oc- 
 cafion. Governor Vanfittart and colonel Caillaud 
 followed foon after, and arrived at the city with 
 the detachment, which took up their quarters at 
 Moradbaag, on the oppofite fide of the river to 
 Moorfhedabad, where the Nabob, on the i8th of 
 October, paid a vifit to governor Vanfittarr, who 
 reprefented to him,, " the bad management of his 
 minifters*, the miferies and univerfal disaffection 
 of the country, and the defperate (late of his, as 
 well as the company's affairs." 
 
 THE Nabob feemed much affected ; and, at laft, 
 confefled himfelf, through age and grief for the late 
 lofs of his fon, incapable of itruggling alone againft 
 fo many difficulties. He defired time to confult 
 with his friends, which was granted j but he made 
 a bad ufe of it ; which determined governor Vanfit- 
 tart immediately to ad upon the Nabob's fears. 
 
 * Thefe were Keenooram, Monilot, and Chuccon, all of low 
 birth, and the two firft menial fervants of the Nabob, before 
 he came to the Soubahlhip ; thefe managed fo, as to engage him 
 continually in idle or vicious araufements, keeping him by 
 that means in utter ignorance of his affairs, and in a ftate of 
 indifference as to their fuccefs. 
 
 THERE
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 463 
 
 THERE could not be a better opportunity, than 
 that the night of the I9th afforded, it being the con- 
 clufion of the gentoo featl, when all the principal 
 people of that caft would be fatigued with their ce- 
 remonies. Accordingly^ governor Vanfirtart agreed 
 with major Caillaud, that he mould crofs the river 
 with the detachment, between three and four in the 
 morning ; and having joined Cofiim Aly Khan and 
 his people, march to the Nabob's palace, and fur- 
 round it juft at day break, being extremely de- 
 firous to prevent any ditturbance or bloodfhed. 
 
 THE governor wrote a letter to the Nabob, which 
 the colonel was to fend in to him at a time as he 
 fhould think molt expedient, Meafures were alfc* 
 taken to leize the perfons 6f the three unworthy mi- 
 niilers, and place Coflfim Aly Khan in the full ma- 
 nagement of all the affairs, in quality of deputy and 
 fucceflbr to the Nabob. The neceflfary preparations 
 being accordingly made with all the care and lecrecy 
 poflible, the colonel embarked with the troops v 
 joined Cofiim Aly Khan without any alarm, and 
 marched into the court-yard of the palace juft at the 
 proper inftant. The gates of the inner-court being 
 fhut, the colonel formed his men without, and fenc 
 governor Vanfittart's letter to the Nabob, who was 
 at firft in a great rage, and long threatened he would 
 make what refiftance he could, and take his fate. 
 
 COLONEL Caillaud forbore all acts of hoftility, and 
 ieveral melTages paffed between him and the Nabob. 
 The affair remained in this doubtful ftate about two 
 hours, when the Nabob fent a me-fiage to Cofiim 
 Aly Khan, informing him, " He was ready to fend 
 him the feah and all the enfigns of dignity, and to 
 order the Nobut to be ftruck up in his name ; pro- 
 vided he would agree to take the whole charge of 
 government upon him, to difcharge all the arrears 
 due to the troops, to pay the ufual revenues to the 
 king, to fave his life and honor, and give him an 
 allowance fufficient for his maintenance." 
 
 VOL. II. H h ALL
 
 4 65 A V O Y A G E TO 
 
 ALL thefe conditions being agreed to, CciTnn 
 Aly Khan was proclaimed, and the old Nabob came 
 cut to the colonel, declaring, he depended upon 
 him for his life. The troops then took poiTefiion of 
 all the gates ; and notice being fent to governor 
 Vanfittarc, he immediately repaired to the palace, 
 and was met in the gate- way by the old Nabob, 
 who afked, " if his perfon was fafe ?" Which feem- 
 ed then to be all his concern. Governor Vanfittarc 
 told him, " that not only his perfon was fafe, but 
 his government too, if he pleafed, of which it was 
 never intended to deprive him." The Nabob an- 
 fwered, " that he had no more bufinefs at the city ; 
 that he fhould be in continual danger from Cofiiro 
 Aly Khan ; and that if he was permitted to go and 
 live at Calcutta-, he ihould be extremely happy and 
 contented/' 
 
 THOUGH governor Vanfittart could not help la- 
 menting this fudden fall of the Nabob, he was not 
 ibrry for this propofal, as he knew affairs would be 
 much better managed without him ; and his retain- 
 ing the leail fhare of authority could not fail to 
 eaufe fuch perplexities as might prove of fatal con- 
 fequence. 
 
 COSSIM ALY KHAN, or Alice Cawn, was accord- 
 ingly feated on the Mufnud, or throne, and gover- 
 nor Vanfittart congratulated him in the ufual form. 
 AH the Jemmadars and perfons of diftinclion at the 
 city, came immediately to make their acknowledg- 
 ments to the new Soubah ; and in the evening every 
 thing was as perfectly quiet, as if no change had 
 happened. The people feemed much pleafed with the 
 revolution, which had this peculiar felicity attend- 
 ing it, that it was brought about without the leaft 
 difturbance in town, or a drop of blood fpik. 
 
 THE old Nabob did not think himfelf fafe for 
 one night in the city ; fo that his fuccefibr fupplied 
 him with boats, and permitted him to take away
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 4 6> 
 
 r.s many of his women as he defired, which he did 
 to the number of about fixty, with a reafonabh 
 quantity of jewels. Governor Vanfittart furniflied 
 him with a llrong efcort of Europeans and fepoys, 
 and intended to lodge him at Heerajeel ; but he 
 would not truft himfelf there, and begged he mighe 
 fleep in his boats, which was granted. The next? 
 day, he was vifited by governor Vanfittart and co- 
 lonel Caillaud, when he appeared eafy, and recon- 
 ciled to the lofs of a power, which he owned to b 
 rather a burthen than pleafure, and too much for 
 his abilities to manage, fince the death of his fon : 
 in fa<5b, the enjoyment of the remainder of his days 
 in fecurity, under the Engliih protection, feemed 
 to be the chief object of his wifties. 
 
 ON the morning of the- 22d, he fet out for Cal- 
 cutta, and arrived there on the 2pth, when he was 
 met by a deputation from the council, and treat- 
 ed with every mark of refpeft due to his former 
 dignity. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Ihe condutt oftbenew Soubah COSSIM ALLEE CAWN : 
 his ingratitude and cruelty to the ENGLISH, wbitb 
 occafions a war between them in 1763. >The Eng- 
 lifh army* commanded by major ADAMS, take MUXA- 
 DABAD, and reinjlate JAFFIER ALLEE CAWN 
 on the throne. Major Adams defeats the army of 
 Coffim Allee Cawn at SOOTY : be takes RAJA- 
 
 MOUL and MONGHEER. Tbe horrid maffacre of 
 
 the Englifh gentlemen at PATN A, and other places, 
 by orders from Coffim Allee Cawn. Major Adams 
 takes Patna; and Coffim Allee joins the SHAH 
 ZADDA, who is defeated by major MUNRO at 
 BUXAR. Lord CLIVE embarks again from ENG- 
 LAND to reajjume the command in BENGAL. The 
 H h 2 articles
 
 468 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 articles of the general and definitive treaty of peace* 
 concluded at PARIS the idtb of February 1763, fa 
 far as they concern the Engliih EAST INDIA com- 
 pany* and the flats of affairs in India. CONCLU- 
 SION. 
 
 THUS Jaffier Alice Cawn, whom the Englifo 
 had placed on the throne of Bengal in 1 757 *, 
 was depofed by them in 1760, and his fon-in-law 
 Coflim Alice Cawn +, promoted to that dignity. 
 The old Nabob was protected by the prefidency at 
 Calcutta , while they permitted his fucceffor to re- 
 concile himfelf to the Shah Zadda, who had been 
 declared Mogul emperor, by the name of Shah Al- 
 lum , foon after which, a perfect tranquility was 
 reftored throughout the three provinces of Bahar, 
 Bengal, and Orixa. 
 
 THE new Soubah was a man of more fenfe, cun- 
 ning, and courage than his father-in-law. He ced- 
 ed a large tract of land to the Englilh company, 
 worth no lefs than the fum of feven hundred thou- 
 &nd pounds a year J , to which may be added feverr- 
 ty thoufand pounds more for the Zemindaries of Cal- 
 cutta and of the twenty-fourth Purgunnah. How- 
 ever, he knew from experience, what diftrefs Ms 
 predeceilor had been thrown into, by the Englifh 
 privilege of carrying on the inland trade, without be- 
 ing fubject to any duties, and by the extenfive uie 
 they had made of that privilege : therefore, from the 
 moment he was (ec on the Mufnud, he refolved to 
 put an end to it ; but he forefaw that he could not 
 do this without coming to an open breach with the 
 Englifli, for which reafon he would not attempt it> 
 until he had provided for his defence. 
 
 * See th?s volume, p. 252.259. 262. f Or Mir Mah- 
 jnud Coffid Khan Bahadre. \ See this volume, p. 260. 
 
 FOR
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. - 4 6 9 
 
 FOR this purpofe, as foon as the peace of his 
 country was eftablifhed, he removed the feat of his 
 government from Muxadabad to Mongheer, near 
 two hundred miles up the river, that the Englifh 
 might not be perpetual eye-witnefles to his prepara- 
 tions. Here he began to fortify the town with the 
 utmoft expedition : he fet many of his people to 
 work in making fire-locks inftead of match-locks, 
 which they had always before made ufe of; and in 
 preparing a field artillery, according to the Englifh 
 model. He alfo took as many of the Englifh fe- 
 poys into his fervice as he could meet with, and em- 
 ployed them in teaching his people the European 
 military difcipline for infantry, which experience 
 among them, and his own good fenfe, had fhewn 
 him to be of much more fervice in war than caval- 
 ry. He completed the fortifications of Patna, on the 
 fide of the Englifh factory : and laftly, on fume 
 pretence or other, he had cut off or imprifoned eve- 
 ry grandee in his dominions, that had fhewn any 
 warm affection for the Englifh. 
 
 As the Soubah met with no oppofmon, nor fo 
 much as a remonftrance, againft his preparing for 
 war in the time of profound peace, and as the Eng- 
 glifh had difbanded mofl of their fepoys before the 
 end of 1762, he thought himfelf in a condition not 
 to fear any thing the Englifh could do againft him : 
 therefore he began to carry his defign againft their 
 freedom of trade into execution, by flopping their 
 people's goods at the barriers, and infilling upon 
 their paying the cuftomary duties. 
 
 GOVERNOR Vanfittart and Mr. Haftings went to 
 Mongheer, to have a conference with the Soubah, 
 to obtain redrefs, and fettle regulations of trade for 
 the future. A temporary redrefs was agreed upon ; 
 and the Englifh gentlemen returned to Calcutta : 
 but, in January 1763, the Nabob began to exact 
 dupes at Dacca and other Englifh factories, which 
 H h 3 gave
 
 470 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 gave theEnglifh a great alarm, and obliged them to 
 oppofe the Nabob they had fo lately made. 
 
 THUS another war was commenced between the 
 Englifh prefidency of Calcutta and the new Nabob 
 of Bengal ; while a general and definitive treaty of 
 peace was concluded in Europe, between the crowns 
 of Great Britain and France, on the loth of Fe- 
 bruary 1763. The following is a brief and authen- 
 tic recapitulation of the principal tranfactions be- 
 tween the company's officers and the new Soubah *. 
 
 How- 
 
 * By the (hip Royal George, which arrived at Spithead from 
 Bengal on the jft of April 1764, the court of directors receiv- 
 ed letters from that prefidency to the following purport. 
 The difputes between the company's fervants there and the 
 reigning Nabob Co(5m Aly Cawn, had been productive of 
 fuch animofities and jealoufies on the part of the latter, that 
 it was judged highly necefiary to ufe every means to allay 
 th5m ; for this purpofe Mefirs. Amyatt and Hay, two gentle- 
 jnen of the council, were deputed to wait upon the Nabob, 
 with inftruftions to endeavour to adjufl the differences in an 
 amicable manner. They accordingly arrived at Mongheer, the 
 place of his refidence, on the izth of May 1763, and had many 
 conferences with him, iu which he evidently ihevved a great 
 averfenefs to an accommodation, upon the terms offered to 
 him. About this time a fupply of 500 ftands of arms going 
 to Patna was flopped by the Nabob's officers, and other a&s 
 of hoftility were committed ; and affairs being come to an ex- 
 iremity, a \var with Coffim Aly was unavoidable. Mefirs. 
 Amyatt and Hay were re-called, and meafures were taken at 
 the prefidency to carry it on in the moft effeclual manner. 
 Mr. Amyatt having taken leave of the Nabob the 24th of 
 June, and received the ufual pafl'ports, he fet out in boats for 
 Calcutta, accompanied with MeiTrs. Amphlett, Wollafton and 
 Hutchinfon, lieutenants Jones, Gordon and Cooper, and 
 do&or Crooke, (Mr. Hay and Gulfton remaining with the 
 Nabob as hoftages.) As the bo;Hs were pafling the city of 
 Ivlcorlhedabad, they were attacked on the 3d of July, by a 
 number of troops afiembled for that purpofe on both fides the 
 river, and feme of the gentlemen were killed in the boats. 
 Mr. Amyatt immediately landed with a few fepoys, whom he 
 forbid to fi'C, and endeavoured to make the enemy's troops 
 underfland that he was furnished with the Nabob's paflports, 
 and had no defign of commiuing any hoflilities : but the ene- 
 my's
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 471 
 
 HOWEVER, Coffim AlleeCawn ftill continued the 
 
 war, in which he was afiifted by the Shah Zadcla, 
 
 and committed as horrid ads of cruelty on the 
 
 Englifli gentlemen as the Nabob Surajad Dowla 
 
 H h 4 had 
 
 ray's horfe advancing, fome of the fepoys fired, notwithftand- 
 ing Mr. Amyatt's orders, and a general confuiion enfuing, 
 that gentleman, and molt of the fmall party who were with 
 him, were cut to pieces. 
 
 Mr. Ellis and his council at Patna having, with the appro- 
 bation of captain Carltairs, agreed to attack that city early in 
 the morning of the 2jth of June, it was accordingly executed 
 and carried. They were in entire poffeflion of the city for 
 four houis, the Moorifh governor and mod of his people hav- 
 ing fled as far as Tutwa. He there came te arefolution to 
 return and attempt to regain the city, and having got in at 
 the water-fide gate of the fort, he fucceeded in difpofletfing 
 our troops, owing to the fepoys and Europeans being moiily 
 difperfed in plundering. Upon their retiring into the factory, 
 on account of this difpiritednefs of the men, and a great de- 
 fertion among the fepoys, it was found impracticable to make 
 any ftand there, and a refolution was therefore taken to pro- 
 ceed to Sujah Dowla's country. They accordingly crofied the 
 river, the z6th in the evening, and met with no obftruftion 
 until they pafled Churpa. They were attacked on the joth 
 by the Phouldar, with about 2000 men ; whom they eafily 
 routed ; but he being that evening joined from Budgepore 
 with four or five hundred fepoys, and five or fix field-pieces, 
 he attacked the party on the next evening, the lit of July, 
 and entirely routed them, the Europeans having quitted their 
 ranks at the firft oufet. In the whule there were about 50 Eu- 
 ropeans killed, and about eight or nine officers, among the 
 lait captain Carltairs, who was killed by a cannon ball in the 
 morning of the ill. On the zd, Mr. Lilis, with the officers 
 and private men were taken prifoners, and all of them con- 
 dueled to Mongheer, excepting captain Wilfon, enfigns Mac- 
 kay and Armilrong, Mr. Anderfon, furgeon, and Mr. Peter 
 Campbell, who then remained prifoners at Patna. 
 
 This misforturve appears to have been owing to an unfortu- 
 nate inattention in not reltraining the troops from plunder, af- 
 ter they had poflefTed themfelves of the city. 
 
 Upon thefe and other acts of hofliKty, agamft feveial of the 
 company's fettlements, committed by Coflim Aly, it was de- 
 termined to declare war againlt him, and to reftore the former 
 Nabob, Meer Jaffier, to the Subahihip, upon his entering into 
 a new treaty with the company. War was accordingly de-. 
 
 clartrd"
 
 472 A V O Y A G E T O 
 
 had done in 1756 * : but as yet he has not been fo 
 juftly and feverely punifhed }-. 
 
 THE 
 
 dared, and an advantageous treaty was concluded ; the moft 
 material articles whereof were, a confirmation of his former 
 treaty *, and alfo of the provinces of Burdivan, Midnapore 
 and Chittagong, granted by the late Nabob Coffim Aly. 
 Engaging to give thirty lacks of rupees to defray the expences 
 and lofs accruing to the company from the war, and engaging 
 alfo to reimburfe the amount of private perions lofles. 
 
 Meer Jaffier fct out a few days after to join the army under 
 major Adams,which was then on its march towards Moorfheda- 
 bad. The firft aftion which happened was on the jo,th of July, 
 oppcfiteto Cutwa, on the Coffimbuzar fide of the river. The 
 major, having crofled the army the night before, in the morn- 
 ing came up with a large body of the enemy's troops, who were 
 ftrongly ported to oppofe his progrcfs to the city, and having 
 attacked them they were routed after a fmall refiftance, and 
 with aninconfiderable lofs on our fide. A detached party under 
 the command of captain Lon, at the fame time, pofTeflcd 
 themfelves of the fort of Cutwa on the other fide of the river, 
 and all the artillery they had there, as well as what they had 
 brought into the field fell into our hands. In this action Ma- 
 homed Tuckey-Cawn, who it is faid commanded the attack 
 on Mr. Amyait's party, was mortally wounded, and died a few 
 days after. 
 
 The good effects of this fuccefs, were difplayed in the eafy 
 conqueft that followed of the city of Moorfhedabad, which the 
 army entered with atrifling oppofition the 24th at night. Here 
 the major eftablifhed and proclaimed the Nabob Meer Jaffier 
 in due form, and halted fome days to refrefh tne army. 
 
 On the 28th of July the major continued his march towards 
 Jvlongheer 5 and, on the ad of Auguil, having arrived near a 
 place called Sooty, at the head of the Coflirnbuzar river, a 
 very obflinate engagement enfued, with a numerous army of 
 the enemy's beft troops and artillery, who thereby occupied a 
 very ftrong and advantageous poft. The Hand they made was 
 refolute and uncommon for troops of this country, having 
 clofely engaged our troops for no lefs than four hours ; how- 
 ever, by the intrepidity and good conduft of major Adams, 
 and the remarkable bravery of the officers and men, the enemy 
 fuflained a total defeat. The lofs on our fide was not fo con- 
 fiderabie, as might have been expefted from fo fevere an attion, 
 confiiling only of fix officers and forty Europeans, and 292 fe- 
 
 poys 
 
 * See this volume, p. 233. 244 252. f Ibid. p. 252^ 
 
 256. 262.
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 473 
 
 THE Englifh captives at Patna were all inhuman- 
 Jy maflacred, on the 6th of October 1763, by or- 
 der of Coflim Allee Cawn ; who employed one 
 Somers, a German, commonly called Soomeroo, 
 
 to 
 
 poys and black horfe killed and wounded : on the fide of the 
 enemy a great number of men were killed and wounded, 23 
 pieces of cannon, and about 150 boats laden with military and 
 other ftores taken. Among thefe laft were found all the artillery, 
 and mod of the ftores of the Patna detachment : and within 
 fome days after the aclion, between fixty and feventy of the 
 men, who were taken prifoners at Patna, and had been en- 
 gaged by foul means and fair, to ferve the enemy's guns, re- 
 turned to their colors. 
 
 Immediately after this battle the major advanced with the 
 army near to Rajamaul, about three or four miles from which 
 place the enemy had thrown up a ftrong entrenchment from 
 the hills to the river, and for the forcing of which itwasjudg^ 
 ed molt proper, for enfuring the fafety of the troops, to carry 
 on regular approaches. Every thing having been accordingly 
 prepared, the works were begun upon the 2gth of Augult, and 
 continued till the 5th of September, when the major refolved 
 upon an affault, which was executed with very little lofs, and 
 their whole works in our pofleffion that morning. 
 
 This fuccefs it was thought would be decifive of the fate of 
 the war, as the enemy feemed to repofe their chief confidence in 
 the lirength of thefe works ; and by the lofs of them, were de~ 
 prived ot all fupplies of provifion from the province of Bengal, 
 which was entirely fecured to us. 
 
 Major Adams, in his letters, where he gave an account of 
 his feveral engagements with the enemy, beftowed juftpraifes 
 to major Carnac, major Knox, and other officers, who diftin- 
 gui (hed themfelves, as well as to the officers and troops in ge- 
 ceral, for their gallant behaviour. 
 
 Governor Vanfittart, after the clofe of the foregoing ad- 
 vices, wrote, that as the friends of the gentlemen, priloners 
 with the late Nabob Coflim Aly, would be anxious to have a 
 certain account of them, he tranfmitted the copy of a letter to 
 major Adams, from Mefl". Ellis and Hay, dated at Patna the 
 4th of October, mentioning, that the number of prifoners was 
 49, who were taking meafures for the purchafe of their deli- 
 verance. On the major's nearer approach towards Patna, that 
 officer was alfo endeavouring to effeft fo defirable an event 
 (Governor Vanfittart afterwards advifed the reduction of Mong- 
 
 heer,
 
 474 AVOYAGE TO 
 
 to execute his infamous orders, which he under- 
 took with a company of fepoys trained up by 
 himfelf. Forty-nine gentlemen, of whom twenty- 
 five were in irons, were murdered in one houfe, 
 with about fifty foldiers in irons : and nine gentle- 
 men, with the remaining part of the Englifhmen 
 who were prifoners, were put to death in other 
 parts of the country where they were confined, a- 
 mounting in the whole to about two hundred. 
 
 DOCTOR Fullerton was the only perfon 'who e- 
 fcaped from Fatna, having received a pardon from 
 Coffim Allee Cawn a few days before the mafiacrc 
 of the Englifh *. Tagulpat, the famous banker, 
 
 and 
 
 heer, on the i ith of Oftober, by the major, without the lofs 
 of one man before the t>wn. 
 
 Governor Vanfittart further acquainted the court of direc- 
 tors, in a letter dated the 8th of O&ober 1763. That if the 
 war fhould not be brought to a fuccefsful end, he would flay in 
 "Bengal till the following year at all rifques, although it was 
 the opinion of the phyficians, he was very incapabk of going 
 through another hot feafon. 
 
 The court of directors having a due fenfe of the gallant be- 
 havior and great fervices of major Carnac, unanimoufly agreed 
 to reftore him to the command of the company's forces in Ben- 
 gal -f. 
 
 f The curious reader is referred to a fuller account, fent by 
 major Adams to the fecretary of ftate, and publifhed in the 
 London Gazette the 2 zd of April, and i6th of June 1764. 
 
 * This horrid maflacre was perpetrated the very night that 
 Coffim Allee Cawn received a letter from governor Vanfittart, 
 who was particularly informed of this bloody art of cruelty by 
 major Adams, en the i8th and 2jd, whereby it appears, that 
 ' Soomeroo having invited our gentlemen to fup with him, 
 took that opportunity to borrow their knives and forks to en- 
 tertain them in the Englifh manner. At night, when he ar- 
 rived, he flood at Ibme diilance in tke cook-room to give his 
 orders ; and as foon as Mefirs. Ellis and Luihington entered, 
 toe former was feized oy the hair, and pulling his head back- 
 \vard, another cut his throat : on which Mr. Lufhington im- 
 mediately knocked the murderer down with his fift, feized his 
 ("word, wounded one, and killed two mere, before he was 
 
 cut
 
 THE EAST- INDIES. 475 
 
 nd his brother, with Ramnarain, late Subah of 
 Patnaj Rajah Bullub, and twenty-feven others, moft 
 of them their relations or dependants, were put to 
 death by the fame executioner : Ramnarain was 
 thrown into the river, and the bodies of the others 
 were expofed to be devoured by the beafts and birds 
 of prey, and a guard of fepoys fet over them to pre- 
 vent their relations from burning them according 
 to the cuftom of their religion. 
 
 MAJOR Adams, on the 6th of November, took 
 the city of Patna by ftorm * : after which, Coflim 
 Alice Cawn retreated to Lafiarum, and from thence 
 to the banks of the CarrainnafTa, the confines of the 
 province, where he waited, with all his treafure and 
 effects, for admittance into the country of Sujah 
 Dowla, who was vizier to the Mogul f. 
 
 THE fugitive Coffim Alice Cawn was protected 
 by the Shah Zadda, who was defeated by the Eng- 
 lilh troop?, commanded by major Hector Monro, 
 on the ajd of October 1764, at Buxar, where he 
 obtained a complete victory over the king and vizier 
 of Indoftan, whofe army confided of fifty thou- 
 fand men, of whom fix thoufand were killed, and 
 all the reft difperfed. 
 
 cut down himfelf. After which, the gentlemen, being alarm- 
 ed by Mr. Smith, flood on their defence, and repulfed the fe- 
 poys with plates and bottles. Soomeroo then ordered them to 
 the top of the houfe, to fire down on the prifoners ; which they 
 obeyed with reludlance, alledging, they could not think of 
 murdering them in that manner ; but if he would give the 
 prifoners arms, they would fight them ; on which he knocked 
 feveral of them down with bamboes." The confequence was, 
 all the gentlemen had their throats cut, or were (hot. 
 
 * Of which a particular account may be feen in the major's 
 letter to the fecretary of ftate, publifhed in the London Gazette 
 of the 1 6th of June 1764. f Major Adams died of a difor- 
 <der in his bowels ; and his death was foon followed by that of 
 captain Knox.
 
 476 A VOYAGE TO 
 
 SUCH was the fituation of affairs in India, when 
 lord Clive embarked from England, on the 3d of 
 June 1764, to reaffume the command in Bengal, 
 where it is nor doubted, but his prefence will fettle 
 every thing to the honor of the Britifti nation, and 
 the advantage of the Englifii Eaft-India company *. 
 As to what concerns the Englim Eaft-India com- 
 pany by the general treaty of peace, I have only to 
 make the following obfervations, for the conclufion 
 of this work. 
 
 THE two grand objefts of the company, evea 
 from the time of commencing the negociation, un- 
 der Mr. Pitt's adminiftration, had conftantly been; 
 firft, " A total exclufion of the French from Ben- 
 gal, where the company enjoyed extenfive and va- 
 luable pofTeffions, and from whence they derived 
 their moft profitable and valuable trade." Second, 
 ** In the reftitution of French territories, to fix fuch 
 a period as would leave them nothing more than 
 places of trade, without a fingle acquifition of ter- 
 ritory by conqueft or grant from the country pow- 
 ers ; and it was thought, that the year 1744 or 1745 
 would effectually anfwer that purpofe." 
 
 THIS was the firft time the Britifh government 
 undertook to make a peace for the Eaft-India com- 
 pany ; and by the preliminary articles of peace, be- 
 tween the kings of Great Britain, France and 
 Spain, figned at Fontainbleau, the 3d of Novem^ 
 ber 1762, it was ftipulated as follows : 
 
 ARTICLE X. " In the Eaft-Indies, Great Bri- 
 tain mall reftore to France the feveral comptoirs 
 which that crown had, on the coaft of Coromandel, 
 as well as on that of Malabar, and alfo in Bengal, 
 
 * His lordftiip embarked on board the Kent, at Portfmouth ; 
 vras at the Brazils in October, and at the Cape of Good 
 Hope in January 1765, from whence it was expected he would 
 arrive at Bengal in March following. 
 
 at
 
 THE EAST-INDIES. 477 
 
 at the commencement of hoftilities between the two 
 companies in the year 1749, in the condition in 
 which they now are -, on condition, that his mod 
 Chriftian majefty renounces the acquifitions which he 
 has made on the coalt of Coromandel, fince the faid 
 commencement of hoftilities between the two com- 
 panies in the year 1749." " His mod Chriftian. 
 majefty, on his fide fhall reftore all that he (hall 
 have conquered from Great Britain, in the Eaft In- 
 dies, during the prefent war : and he alfo engages 
 not to erect any fortifications, or to keep any troops 
 in Bengal *." ' 
 
 THIS article was objected to, and with great 
 reafon : but it was rectified in the definitive treaty 
 of peace, between his Britannic majefty, the mod 
 Chriftian king, and the king of Spain, conclud- 
 ed at Paris, the loth day of February 1763, where- 
 by it was ftipulated as follows : 
 
 ARTICLE XI. " In the Eaft Indies, Great Britain 
 fhall reftore to France, in the condition they are 
 now in, the different factories, which that crown pof- 
 feffed, as well on the coaft of Coromandel and O- 
 rixa, as on that of Malabar, as alfo in Bengal, at 
 the beginning of the year 1749- His moft Chriftian 
 majefty {hall reftore, on his fide, all that he may 
 have conquered from Great Britain in the Eaft In- 
 dies during the prefent war, and will exprefly caufe 
 
 * By the xxi. article, it was alfo agreed, that " all the 
 countries and territories, which might have been conquered, 
 in any part of the world whatfoever, by the arms of their 
 Britannic and moft Faithful majefties, as well as thofe of their 
 moft Chriftian and Catholic majefties, which were not includ- 
 ed in the prefent articles, either under the title of ceffions, 
 or under the title of reftitutions, fhould be reftored without 
 difficulty, and without requiring compenfations." And by the 
 next article, it was farther agreed, that " the camptoirs in 
 the Eaft Indies mould be reftored fix months after the ratifica- 
 tion of the definitive treaty, or fooner, if it could be done." 
 
 Nattal
 
 A V O Y A G E TO 
 
 Nattal and Tapanoully, in the ifland of Sumatra, 
 to be reftored : he engages farther, not to erect for- 
 tifications, or to keep troops, in any part of the do- 
 minions of the Soubah of Bengal. And in order to 
 preferve future peace on the coaft of Coromandel 
 and Orixa, the Englifh and French (hall acknow- 
 ledge Mahomet Ally Khan for lawful Nabob of the 
 Carnatic ; and Salabat Jing for lawful Soubah of the 
 Deckan : and both parties fhould renounce all de- 
 mands and pretenfions of fatisfaclion, with which: 
 they might charge each other, or their Indian allies, 
 for the depredations, or pillage, committed on the 
 one fide or the other, during the war." 
 
 THUS I am come to a concluGon of the war car- 
 ried on by the Englifli and French in the Eaft In- 
 dies, firft as auxiliaries to the princes of the country, 
 and afterwards as declared enemies, for the fpace 
 of eight years -, wherein the Englim troops acquired 
 immortal honor for their king and country, and 
 great advantages for the Englifh Eaft India com- 
 pany ; which 1 heartily wifh maybe happily main- 
 tained, honorably fupported, and prudently in- 
 creafed. 
 
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