University of California College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station Berkeley^ California SEASONAL LABOR NEEDS FOR CALIFORNIA. CROPS IMPERIAL COUNTY Progress Report No. 13 by R. L. Adams Preliminary Subject to Correction June, 1936 Contribution from the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No. 53 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOBi^M LIBRARY BRANCH OF THE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/seasonallabornee53adann_5 (Farm Labor Survey — January- June , 1936) Progress Report #15 June, 1936 Seasonal Labor Needs of California Crops Imperial County Scope of Presentation * — The following considerations govern the presentation of this progress report: 1# The data are confined to the area indicated above. 2. The data are confined solely to crops, livestock needs being ignored. 3. The findings apply only to occasional or seasonal labor requirements as distinguished from labor contributed by farm operators and by workers employed on a year-round or regular basis of employment, 4. Attention is concentrated upon workers required for hand tasks — plant- ing, thinning, weeding, hoeing, and harvesting — without including teamsters, tractor drivers, irrigators, and shed packers of vegetables or fruits. 5. The presentation includes the so-called migratory, transient, or roving workers which comprise an important source of help needed in connection with certain tasks and at "peak" times v/hich seasonally arise in connection with many field, truck, and fruit crops commercially produced in California. 6. This report is confined to California's need for seasonal agricultural workers because of the more pressing problems liable to arise in connection there- with. A later study is planned which will deal with other kinds of labor involved in the production of California's many crops. Brief Description of the Area . — Imperial County is situated in the south- eastern corner of California, and is bordered by Lower California, Mexico on the south; and Arizona, on the oast across the Coloreido River. On the north it joins Riverside County along a line which runs east and west across the desert. On the west it is bordered by San Diego County, the dividing line running in a northerly direction in the mountainous district about 60 miles oast of the city of San Diego. The county is about 56 miles in width (north and south) and 90 miles in length (cast and west). Practically all of the land under cultivation lies in the Imperial Irriga- tion District, which includes 612,200 acres of land in the central portion of the coimty between Salton Sea and the Mexican border, contiguous to the tovras of El Centre, Brawley, imperial, Caloxico, Holtville, Westmorland, Calipatria, Miland, and others. There is a small area at Bard, near the Arizona boundary, which has not boon included in this report. The county contains a total of 2,616,960 acres, of which 301,407 acres arc classed as available for crops by the 1935 Census. This is further classified as follows by the Census for the crop year 1934: Acreage Crop land harvested 245,117 Crop failure 8,933 Crop land idle or fallow 53,967 Plowable pasture 13,390 Total 501,407 2 Crop acreages for the 1935-36 crop year arc summarized as follovfs by Imperial Irrigation District.-^/ Acreage Field crops 543,223 Garden crops 141,042 ,| Permanent crops 16,25 9 Total acreage of crops 700,504 Less acreage counted twice 296, 804 Net area in crops 403,700 Area not farmed 208,500 Total area of district 612,200 The Imperial Valley occupies the larger portion of the northern slope of the delta built by the Colorado River across the Gulf of California, separating the Salton Sink from the sea. The soils are made up of materials brought in by the Colorado River, and arc so varied that a detailed description cannot bo given hero. In texture they range from sands to clays, free from hardpan, and are of groat depth. C rops, Acreage, and Production . — The basis used in calculating seasonal need for labor in addition to that furnished by farm operators and regularly em- ployed workers appears as table 1. TABLE 1 Crops Acreage Production Field crops: Alfalfa planted since October 1 Cotton Flax Grain - barley oats wheat Sorghums - Milo Sudan grass 146,224 acres 49,803 acres 79,113 ) 4,246 ) 30,664 ) Vegetable crops: Cabbage Carrots Lettuce (1934-35 season) Melons — cantaloupes "Brush" "Covered" "Late" Total cantaloupes Honeyball "Covered" "Late" Honey dew "Covered" "Late" Estimated 40,000 acres cut for hay Balance pastured 2,737 25,112 114,023 45,775 9,049 146 2,484 16,789 2,011 9,502 6,477 17,990 1,278) 2,205) 2,244) 4,127) (6 cuttings average throe- fourths ton each) 180,000 tons 1,334 bales = 2,001,000 pounds seed cotton-i^ 915,500 sacks all pastured 14,400 crates 546,000 crates 1,906,800 crates = 2,126,880 crates ^ 559,776 packed crates'^ 1,454,000 packed crates^ Table continued on next page . Imperial Irrigation District, Summarization of Crop Data for Year of 1935. April 1, 1936. 3o Table 1 continued. Crops Acreage i'r eduction Vegetable crops: (continued) Watermelons 5,414 2,878 cars = 34,536 tons Peas fall crop, 1935 6,563 413 cars = 268,863 hampers spring crop, 1936 3,474 580 cars = 377,580 hampers 267,000 crates of 24 pounds^ Squash 534 Tomatoes - market 2,439 792,721 packed lugs of 24 Ibq canning included in market tomato acreage 148,607 lugs "Permanent" crops: = 95,000 crates^ 753,423 field boxes" Asparagus 3,421 Citrus — grapefruit 8,063 oranges 1,163 22,531 field boxes lemons 130 no commercial production tangerines 336 = 36,080 lugs of 24 pounds Grapes 1,750 = 160,160 packed crates of 24 pounds** Pecans 813 Young trees not in comrior- oial production Dates 277 100,000 pounds * Data from Imperial Valley Feed Mills, Ltd., Caloxicoo 'Estimated at 20 sacks per acre. ^ Includes one-third of "mixed car" shipments of melons. 5^ Estimi0.ted at 500 crates per acre. "9? Data from Imperial Valley Asparagus Growers* Association. Estimated as follows: 221 cars grapefruit shipped by rail (as reported by Federal-State Marketing News Service) arc equivalent to 170,170 field boxes, figur- ing a 60 per cent pack out. Shipments by truck, recorded by Agricultural Commiss- ioner were 583,253 field boxes. ** Grape shipments: 160 oars by rail = 140,800 crates of 24 pounds. 22 cars by truck = 19,360 crates of 24 pomids . Operations Requiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Time of Need . — Farm operations requiring the use of seasonal or occasional labor for the various crops raised in Imperial County are indicated in table 2. This tabulo-tion docs not include the employing of shod workers needed to vmsh, pack, and prepare various commodities for shipping or marketing (nor labor employed in hauling by truck) : TABLE 2 Operations Roq\.iiring Use of Seasonal Labor and Times of Woods by Crops Imperial County Crop Operation Time of need Alfalfa Cotton Flax Grain Sorghims, milo Mov\ring, raking — 75 per cent by seasonal labor Baling — three-fourths ton per acre per cutting Chopping Hoeing average times 20 per cent by seasonal labor Picking Harvesting — 50 per cent by seasonal lo.bor Harvesting by combine — 66 per cent by season- al labor Cutting heads by hand — 50 per cent of acreage Threshing by stationary (40 per cent of crop) 40 per cent seasonal labor March, 20,000 acres) April, 40,000 acres) 5 cuttings May, 50,000 acres) on 40,000 June, 50,000 acres) acres July, 30,000 acres) August, 10, 000 acres) October, 40,000 acres 1 cutting on 40,000 acres Scjne months as mov/ing April 10 per cent of acreage May — 50 per cent of acreage J\me — 40 per cent of acreage June — 10 per cent of job July — 45 per cent of job August — 35 per cent of job September -- 10 per cent of job September October - November December ' January - February - 10 per cent of crop 20 per cent of crop - 25 per cent of crop - 25 per cent of crop - 10 per cent of crop — 10 per cent of crop May — one-third of acreage June — one-third of acreage July — one -third of acreage May 1-31 — 50 per cent of acreage Jujie 1-30 — 40 per cent of acreage July 1-15 — 10 per cent of acreage August 50 per cent of acroago Soptembor 20 per cent of acroago October — 10 per cont of acroago November — 10 per cent of acroago December -- 5 per cent of acreage September -- 10 per cent of crop October 10 per cont of crop November — 10 per cent of crop December — 10 per cent of crop Table continued on next page 5. Table 2 continuod. Crop Ope rat ion Time of need Sorghum, milo (.continuod) Threshing by combine — (50 per cent of acreage) 33 per cent by seasonal labor October 15-31 — 10 per cent of acreage November — 20 per cent of acreage December — 20 per cent of acreage Cabbago Thinning November — 50 per cent of acreage Dooembcr — 50 per cent of acreage Hoe ing December — 50 per cent of acreage January — 50 per cent of acreage Cutting and packing January — 5 per cent of crop reuruary — — 'xo per cenT3 oi crop March — 31 per cent of crop April 17 per cent of crop Carrots Weeding January 25 per cent of acreage February — 50 per cent of acreage March — 25 per cent of acreage Harve s ti ng ( pui 1 ing , tying, and putting in field crates of 4 dozen bunches each) Fobniary — 3 per cent of crop March — 17 per cent of crop April — 34 per cent of crop May — 40 per cent of crop June — 5 per cent of crop Lettuce Thinning October — 50 per cent of acreage November 50 per cent of acreage Hoeing November — 10 per cent of acreage December — 25 per cent of acreage January — ~ per cem; oi acreage February 1-15 — 20 per cent of acreage Cutting December 25-31 — 7 per cent of crop January 1-31 25 per cent of crop February 1-28 48 per cent of crop March 1-25 — 20 per cent of crop Dry packing 310,500 crates (shipped by truck) December — 10 per cent of truck shiprccnts January — 11 per cent of truck shipment 5 February 35 per cent of truck shipments liarch — 5 per cent of truck shipments Melons "Brushed" Planting and putting on cover November — 90 per cent of acreage December 1-15 ■— 10 per cent of acreage Table continued on next page 6. Ta"blc 2 continuGd. Crop Operation Time of need Melons "Brushed" (continued; Putting up wires and stakes December Putting up "brush pro- tection December Removing cover, thin- ning and replacing covers December Hog ing January Removing covers and vfi ro s February Removing brush pro- tection March Dusting (once) February) March ) one -third each April ) Hoeing — three times March) April) one-half each Turning vines (t\'vico) April -- all acreage May — all acreage Melons "Covered" cantaloupes Planting and putting on covers November — 50 per cont of acreage December — 50 per cont of acreage Ho neyb alls and honeydews Removing covers, thinning and replacing covers January -- 50 per cent of acreage Februo.ry -- 50 per cont of acreage hoemg (twice) i'larch — all acreage April all acreage Removing covers and wires March Dusting (onco) March) April) one-third acreage each May ) Turning vinos (ttdLco) April -- all acreage li/Iay — all acreage Melons "late" — not covered Thinning ani replanting skips March ~ 50 per cent of acreage April — 50 per cont of acreage Cantaloupes, honey- balls and honoydows Hoeing (twice) March — 20 per cent of acreage April — 20 per cont of acreage May ~ 60 per cent of acreage Table continued on next page. j i 7. Table 2 continuod. Crop Operation Time of need Melons "late" not covered (continued) Dusting ( onco ) Turning vines (tvdce) April — 50 per cent of acreage Ih-Y 50 per cent of acreage April — 20 por cent of acreage May — 60 per cent of crop June — 20 per cent of crop Picking cantaloupes May — 12 .5 por cent of crop June — 75 per cent of crop July — 12 #5 per cent of crop Picking — honoyballs June — 25 per cent of crop July — 67 per cent of crop August — 8 por cent of crop Picking — honeydews June — 29 per cent of crop July --60 per cent of crop August — 10 per cent of crop Melons — watermelons early or "covered" Planting December — 50 per cent of acreage January — 50 per cent of acreage Putting on paper covers December — 50 per cent of acreage January — 50 per cent of acreage Removing covers, thinning, and replacing covers January — 50 per cent of acreage February — 50 por cent of acreage Hoeing and second thinning March Hoeing (twice) March — all acreage April — all acreage Turning vinos (three times) April — two times in all acres May 1-15 — ono time in all acres Culling melons May — all acreage Melons — water- melons main crop (not covered) Thinning and hoeing Hoeing (tvirico) April — all acreage April -- all acreage May — all acreage Turning vinos (three times) May — tvro times on all acreage June — one time on all acreage Culling melons May — all acreage P^fikiTir* all watermel ons JuviR — — 68 TIP v cftTrh July — 51 per cent Pitching (to truck) same as picking Table continued on next page. 8, Table 2 centinued. Crop Operation Time of need Peas Picking (1935-36 season) cars November 160/-- 16 per cent of crop December 253 cars -- 26 per cent of crop (to 15th) January 7 cars 1 per cent of crop February 275 cars — 27 per cent of crop Ivlaroh 296 cars 30 per cent of crop Squash Putting up brush and paper protection December — all acreage Picking January — - 6 per cent of crop February — 12 per cent of crop March 21 per cent of crop April — 38 per cent of crop May — 20 per cent of crop Tomatoes Thinning October all acreage Put up brush protection (two times) October 20-31 — one-third of acreage November 1-20 —two-thirds of acreage Sucker ing or pruning on 85 per cent of acres October — one time on 85 per cent of acreage November one time on 85 per cent of acreage Hilling up plants October — all acreage Removing brush March 1-15 — all acreage Koeing twice January ) February) two-thirds acreage each March ) month Picking March — 9,600 crates to market April — 132,157 crates to market May — 4t4to,4!:o< crati'js xo marlcot^ Juno (300,026 crowtos to market (132,817 lugs to camicry July (2,471 crates to market (15,790 lugs to cannery A.S paragus Harvesting (cutting, haul- ing in, trimming, sort- ing, tying in bunchos of 2 pounds and packing in crates of 12 bunohos — including making orates) February — 2 per cent — 2,000 crates March 32 per cent — 31,000 cro.tos April — 23 per cent — 22,000 crates October — 37 per cent — 35,200 crates November — 5 per cent— 4,800 crates Table continued on next page* 9 Table 2 continuod. Crop Operation Time of need Citrus — grapefruit Picking* Citrus — oranges tangerines Picking Picking Grapes Pruning Thinning Girdling Picking and field packing October — 23,667 field boxes November — 108,702 field boxes December — 82,066 field boxes January — 115,128 field boxes February — 97,626 field boxes March — 153,321 field boxes April -- 106,777 field boxes May — 58,770 field boxes Balance inconsequential February — 95 per cent = 20,941 field boxes November — 1,400 field boxes of 50 pounds December 9,000 field boxes of 50 pounds January — 7,500 field boxes of 50 pounds December — 40 per cent of acreage January — 50 per cent of acreage February — 10 per cent of acreage May — all acres May — • all acres Juno — 10 per cent of crop July — 90 per cent of crop Pecans — no commercial production — hence ignored, Dates Picking September — 50 por cent of crop October — 50 per cent of crop * Monthly grapefruit picking based on records of truck shipments by months from Agricultural Commissioner, and carlot shipments by months from Fodoral-Statc Market News Service 462 packed boxes per car — 60 per cent pack out from field boxes • Findings of Seasonal Labor Needs « — Details and summaries of seasonal labor requirements of Imperial County agriculture arc presented as table 3. The "size of task" are figures drawi from table 1 in terms of either acreage or output in tons, crates, boxes or whatever unit is commonly used. The "output per mcoi-day" is an average figure for the entire acreage or output. If the work is of a nature that requires a crew, different members of which perform different tasks (such as cut- ting and packing lettuce in field crates, harvesting and packing asparagus, etc.), then the average shown is per man, based on the entire crew. Length of day is 9 hours, unless otherwise stated. Wide variations in output occur between farm and farm, field and field, and season and season, because of differences in soil typos. 10. climatic conditions, woods, yields, and other factors influencing the amount of work that a laborer can porform in a given day. Moreover, the basis of output is a mature, oxporiencod male worker, wi-thout reforoncc to the use of women or child- ren, and more or loss inexperienced holp that is sometimes used in connection with certain of the tasks requiring the use of seasonal workers. The column headed "available days" reflects (a) the limitations set from the period within which the work wst be performed because of the nature of the task, such as thinning, weed- ing, fruit ■ picking, etc., and (b) the available days as determined by weather conditions, inclement weather reducing the number of days whon a required task can be performed. The "required number of individuals" is given in terms of workers as noted above in conyieotion with "output per mn-day." It is probable that the estimated number of workers required, as recorded in table 3, will often be too low, for the reason that "peaks" frequently occur, during which an imusually largo proportion of the job is done in a very short period.. 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CM rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CM rH rs > CM Cvi CrM c> vj Xj •H cd 1 — 1 a) c6 rH rJ 0 t>» Q /-\ tvi rH CX * X^ CO rH S CQ CO 0 CU a) o O 00 o CVl LO to 0 rH LO CJ to • rH f-i CO O X-4 o LO LO r\ 1 C-J CM n> LVX C_) CJ XI r* - — 1 Si-M •H 'O o to rH fO CO CM CD 13 I c— *■ •H (D O* £! to to C*J CT> rH rH Xi rC3 CD 0} «+H rH rH (H C- LO e o " — ro CT> rH as CD > cd $3 Xi 0 cd rH CU 0 1 CO 0) CO rH XI P p CD CO CD XJ cd CD Sh > •H cr CO bo ox ua ha ui CO >H Sh X) Sh 4) 3 CQ (U CO a) C/j X) x> CO CU Cl CD CD CD CD o 03 CD CD Q Sh CD CU Sh t rH X3 CD CD o o o LO o rH rH rH 02 cd Cd CM «o 0 X cd S3 p cd tsj Cd cd o O rH rH rH r-i 0 0 0 0 * 0 •I'M w o 0 LO 0 0 rH X3 0 0 X3 CO p CO fO rH o 0 0 0 CM 0 CD cd cd 10 C>- c- rH ro CM CM CM cm" ■^O 10 10 rH 00 cri c~- ot se CD tO (y> S3 0 rH LO 3 0 1 uf (D ro P *^ p CO •H QU >> S3 CO 1 P bO Sh CO P> CD • rH •fH •H CU S3 CO CD (D •rH P to rH •H ) — 1 > CD r* CO 0 (— t >H >-l Sh CT> Sh o cd P , — » Xi Co CO Xi CU rH U) CX XJ O p 0 •H Ph Uh •r-J p •H CD CO S3 a. p 0 CO 0 0 P S3 •H a> O 0 CD •• 0 cd Cd CO •H •H P 0 Cd C tit) •H P p Sh 0 Cd P CU cu M CO 3 P «M CO •H tiD Xi 3 •H 0 rH CJ c X) cd 0 bo rH CD cd CO C! C •H CO cd 0 a, Cd 0 0 ■H •H S3 Cd CO rH T3 CX -p Ei •H ^, o fuD CU 0 XJ c: CO tsD 00 ^x, Dh •H p •H (D CO •H CU tiij O fcD w rH Sh •H X! C u rH s: 0 CO «M X> cd tj x: tiU O Cd o C • r) ^_ ^ >H 0 •H CU •rH 3 Cd CU C X •H 3 cd •H > X) no C CU CO •H P CD P p 0 c CU CO > cu x: CD cd •H CU Oh P £3 S3 a) P p x: hO P p E cd $H 0 g > a, •cH 3 S3 !>> •H Q. CD Ho 0) 3 Sh CO C! 3 3 CD CU CO 0 Sh >» 0 1X1 Sh •H rH CD CD P O hO o O Q CO 3 •H a. a, CJh > 1 — 1 CU X) » i. ■ ; ? T3 OJ 'O o 0) a> 0) CO o CQ )U CD !X 'Si ca +-> o CO ■p CO -p o •H o •H U O C3 -P ^ c"i O Sh •H O a, C) o o o CM ■P d o cii o •H P Cu p s: +0 - Oj w O S-, •H a o r-f bO P C O O ^ r-4 x: M o !^ •H o - o CD c P 1-3 - u CO +■> £: CI, •H CO >i r-l •H a !>> O rH s 0) » O i-t a, E o c: OJ 03 0) o •p 'H d 0) 03 o rH o > G3 03 S-. >» (0 •5 to !>> rH rH fH d CD x: X3 03 C(-t -p d 3 O o O CI ■n I o £: CD •Ct > •H XJ 01 •H 0) 03 o -p 03 03 o C C O, • o Cj o d «M fH o c O c 0) o d o e t>i a. p CD rH 03 03 o CO P ^ o • U p •p o x) O d P Sh o •H o P. G) x: ft) d a, «D P a E E x; LO 03 -a cx u a. p -p OJ GJ •H o •H d 0) > P> ■p x. Cm x: +i x; d d 03 03 ■p d o 6 CD x; x: O •H 6 M X) O P c,3 •H vc5 03 .H ^-1 CO 0) 0) -P ft) 'O x: o CD Oh a, o -P P CD >> 03 no d x: p: d d X) * -p p CD o %-i CD o p CD CD CD d CX X3 21 o TABLE 4 Summary of Seasonal Labor Needs by Months imperial County 1935 Month Required man-days of seasonal labor Available work days Required man-months of seasonal labor January 59,901 26 2,396 February 89,786 24 3,741 f March 93,719 26 3,605 April 97,439 25 3,898 May 109,445 26 4,210 Juno 106,399 26 4,093 July 46,676 26 1,796 August 7,530 25 302 September 10,989 26 423 October 68,484 ^ 26 2,634 November 71,930 26 2,767 December 71,406 25 2,857 Total 833,704 32,722