vrc THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES FREDERIC THOMAS BLANCHARD ENDOWMENT FUND THE ECONOMY OF MONASTIC LIFE. A POEM. THE ECONOMY OF MONASTIC LIFE, (AS IT EXISTED IN ENGLAND) A POEM, WITH PHILOSOPHICAL, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ILLUSTRATIONS FROM LYNDWOOD, DUGDALE, SELDEN, WILKINS, WILLIS, SPELMAN, WARTON, &c. AND COPIOUS EXTRACTS FROM ORIGINAL MSS. BY T. D. FOSBROOKE, M. A. CURATE OF HORSLEY, GLOCESTERSHIRE. GLOCESTER: PRINTED BY R. RAIKES. AND SOLD BY R. TAULDLR, BOND-STREET ; MESSRS. FLETCHER AND HANWELL, OXFORD : HOUGH, GLOCESTER ; * . -rrcxs' this WORK IS INSCRIBED FROM MOTIVES OF GRATITUDE TO EDW.JENNER, M.D. F. R. S. &c. A GENTLEMAN OF EMINENT KNOWLEDGE IN THE ART OF MEDICINE, AND THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY NATURE. • PREFACE. HTHIS Poem is not intended to reconcile all the different orders. Dugdale in his Preface pronounces fuck a tafli only not im- poffible, and fo great was the variety of rules, that there is a rubric in Lyndwood on this very account, directing founders to receive their Jlatutes from the Ordinary. From the general fa- tutes however in the lafl author, pertaining to all Monks, it is evident that there mufl be points in which they all agreed, and thefe appear to be Society in common, under certain reflriclions of general obligation, and the duties of the Church, Cloifler, and Chapter. By defcribing thefe and adding fuch ceremonial par- ticulars, as he could mofl conveniently procure, the Author hopes he has been able to convey a general idea of the nature of a Mo- naftic Life. The religious fervices are not defcribed, becaufc the invcfigation of the Romifli offices is laborious and nccdhfs, and after all perhaps, if the canonical hours be excepted, not to be reduced to oncflandanl. The The jlanza of Spcnfer is adopted partly from choice, principally becaufe its length enabled the Author to be more concife and co- herent, and to avoid thofe cliafns, which from the detached par- ticulars of 'which the Poem is compofed, might have enfued, had it been written in heroic meafure. The Author has to make his acknowledgments to the Right Hon: the Earl of Berkeley, for the ufe of Mr. Smythe's M. S. hiflory of his family, (i that race of Barons" PRELIMINARY PRELIMINARY DISSERTATION. JiiGYPT has ever been the parent country of Superftition, and the origin of Mo- nachifm is attributed to the perfecutions of Dioclefian, which drove many Chriftians into the defarts of the Thebais 1 , where the traveller ftill vifits the convents of Paul and Antony, enveloped in thick groves of Acacias 1 . The flight of Jacob from Efau, ofMofes from Pharaoh, of David from Saul, and a wrong conftrurftion of many fcriptural texts, authorized the adoption of a fyftem, whofe archetype exifted in the Jewifh feet of ElTenes'. Admiration of the characters and fufferings of the Martyrs increafed the fpirit, which prevailed for embracing the new inftitution 4 . Of the manners of the early Monks, we are told that moft of their time was de- voted to reading the Scriptures, and adapting them allegorically to the Egyptian phi- lofophy — that they compofed hymns in every kind of metre, and practifed extreme abftinencc — that their form was for one to fing in verfe, and the reft to attend in filence, till the laft verfe, when they all joined in chorus— that they lay on beds made of leaves, chaff", and grafs, and fubfifted on bread, water, fait, and hyflbp' — that they wore the fliort cloak of the Greek philofophers 6 , a habit ftill ufed under the name of the angelic drefs, by the moft auftere and admired of the modern Egyp- tian monks 7 . Simeon Stylites, who lived many years on the top of a pillar within ■ Pref. Notit. Mon. 1 Korfter's Travels, p. 295. > Socrat. I, 3, c. 6. Tliy texts are Luke, c. 1 S, v. :j. Id. c. 14, v. 16. Matt. c. 19, v. 19, &C. 8K. * Jortin'i Remarks, V. j, y>. iS. 1 Kuleb. (Haniiicr's tranilit. ed. 6) b. j, c. 17. « Joriiu's Rem. V. 3, p.aj. ' Forfrer's Ttbv. p., joa. B a man- [ 2 ] a mandra, or circle of Hones, is celebrated for this ftrange mode of aufteiity' — I claims the honour of having been the firft Anchoret, Antony the firft fuperior over an incorporated body, and Pachomius the firft who governed by a code of B*i but according to Dugdale (Pref. Monaft. V. i) both St. Fructuofius and St. Bafil claim precedence of this Saint. Besides Seminons or Monafteries, there were Crypts, Martyries, Cemeteries, the habitations of Monks upon places which had been refources in times of perfecution, or where Martyrs or noted perfons were buried 3 . From the refpect thus paid to the tombs of Martyrs arofe the cuftom of cryptical or fubterraneous places of worfhip, where in the lateft periods of Monachifm divine offices were performed'. Indeed the grave of a Martyr, or refidence of a noted Anchoret, was always a favourite fpot for the erection of a religious houfe'. The ancient Canons confider the Monks as an order between Laymen and Eccle- fi.ifiics, forbidding their interference in farcular and ecclefiaftical concerns, and con- fining them to quietnefs, prayer and fafting\ The exiftence of Monachifm in England is coeval with Chriftianity. 7 Great ha- vock was made among the Monafteries by the Danes, 8 and the harraiTed and un- fetded Monks mingling in fociety adopted its cuftoms by marrying." This gave oc- cafion to the ejectment of the married clergy from the cathedrals by Dunftan'°j after which the founding of Monafteries became more general": for five parts in feven 1 Evagr. b. i, c. 13. » Sainicte des devoirs de la Vie Monaft. V. 1, p. 11. j Bingh. Ant. b. 33, c. 1, feft. 1. Bever. Cod. Can. V. 1. p. 457. « Concil. M. Brit. 3c Hib. V. j, p. 145. » Archdall's Monaft. Hybern. V. 1, p, 148. 4 Bever. Cod. Can. V. 1, p. 116. ' Pref. Monaft. V. 1. Gibf. Camd. ed. i6 95 , PP- "9> 555. and prologue to Suffolk. s Pref. Monaft. V. 1. » Andrews^ Hilt. Gr. Br. V. i, p. 3 o. » Seldeni Opera, V. 3) p. mh. In the 10th cent. " Burnett's Hift. Ref. V. j, p. 21. (sss) C 3 ] (555) ofthofediffolved by Henry the eighth, were founded between Harold and John.' Warton, in his difiertation on the Introduction of Learning into Europe, has produced ample proofs of the excellence of the Anglo-Saxon Monks in illu- minating, 1 tranfcribing, fome mechanical arts, and a pompous kind of Latin verfe. The Monks of theft and the Norman times were the only phyficians and practifing lawyers. 5 Sac, foe, toll, theam, infangtheoffe, &c. occur in mod of the charters of Mo- nafleries, and imply the manorial privileges, common inthefeodaltiir.es, of free liberty of fale or purchafe, having markets, fairs, and mills, and exercifing juris- diction over their immediate vaflals. To thefe were added the inferior caftigatories of (locks, cage, pillory or tumbrels, ducking ftools, &c. The Monaftic lands, commonly prefented by the ceremony of laying apiece of the turf upon the altar, the gift being alfo confirmed afterwards by the donor's heir, were held (rce from fascular fervice, except contributions for the King's expeditions, the maintenance of his chaplains, and the building and repairs of caftles and bridges. 4 Amonc the mod important privileges pofTefied by the Monks and Ecclefiaftics, was that of exemption from the fecular power, a privilege finally ratified by Ste- phen. 5 The right of affording fanctuary to delinquents exifled even till the reign of James the firfl:, and enquiry might (till eafily difcover where Monks obtained ex- emptions from tythes and epifcopal jurifdiction. Added to thefe was an extenfive presentation to benefices, which till the reign of Henry the firft had defcended in here- ditary fucceffion. 7 This right of prcfentation became in the hands of the Monks a ■ Andrews's Hid. Gr. Brit. V. 1, p. ixa. ' Ornamenting MSS. with painting. 1 Scldcni Opera, V. 3, 1334. * Id. V.3, 276. 1 Smollet's Hift. Eng. ed. 2, V. 3, p. -3. • Mr. Pcggc on the fubjeft. » Camd. p. 54 -. B great [ 4 ] great abaft,' and was the parent of a much greater, impropriation; for out of the 9284 parilhcs of England 3845 were impropriated." Maefes, 3 or aright to herrings for fall days, each maefe confifting of 500 fifli, Pannage or a light of turning their iwine into neighbouring woods, Mints for coining, &c. &c. are among the inferior privileges. Corrodies, and liberationes or liveries, allowances of bread, beer, and other ne- ceflkries, &c. are penfions, which they granted out of their revenues, to the children of the poor nobility, 4 decayed fervants, 5 the fascular priefts who officiated in the choir, or chaplains," Sec. This cullom on account of abule was reftrained by ftatute. The following ftatutes refpecled the Monaftics of every denomination. They are to be found in Lyndwood's Provinciale, (de ftatu regularium) and the adjoined code of the L.egatinc conftitutions of Cardinals Otho and Ottoboni, de Monachis et Canonicis, &c. The obedientiarii, or officers of monafteries, were to give account of their offices four times, or at leaft twice, in the year — the religious were to be clothed, feed, and deep, in common, their apparel being provided by the camerarius or chamberlain, and the old ones given to the poor — the rule of lilence was to be ftridlly obferved, and no one was to go out, without leave of the fuperior, nor without a companion — no fiefh was to be admitted into the refectory, this being allowed to the fick only — the broken victuals were to be given to the poor — no admiffion was to be granted to 1 Worfley's Ace. of Carifbrooke Priory in Hid. and Ant. of the Ifle of Wight. ' Purchas's Pilgrimage, ed. a, 1614, p. 133. • Aft of DilTblution, or Burn's Eccles. Law, V. 3, p. 381, ed. id, 8vo. ' Burn, art. Monafteries, conclusion of the ar- ticle. 1 Anliquit. Selbonie, p. 369. Lyndw. Conlt. Olhob. Oxf. ed. p. 150. 6 Concil. V. 2, p. 149. Every Monk in Priell's orders in fome lioufcs celebrated divine fervice once at lead in eight days. Concil. V. 1, p. 345. the [ 5 ] the cloifter, but on necefiary occafions — the religious were not to eat or drink, but at dated times, without leave obtained, unlefs they were in the infirmary — thofe who had mifericords 1 , were not to refrefh themfelves, but in the prefence of two feniors — if they eloped, they were to be compelled to return to their monaftcries, by the bifhop or prefident of the general chapter — the conftitutions and decretals of the Popes were to be read over, at the beginning of Advent and in Lent, in full chapter, and taught to the novices — the religious were to have no property, to buy no garments, never to be alone, not to make over property collufively — to ufe none but the com- mon utenfils, in the dormitory and refectory, in which laft at leaft two parts of the convent were always to dine — they were to confefs 1 and take the facrament frequently, of which an account was to be fent in monthly to the fuperior — not to eat before the third hour of the day, during which time, portions offcripture were to be read to them — the conventual property was not to be wafted by the grant of corrodies or liveries — the number of the religious was to be kept complete, and the general chapter of the order, held once in three years, punctually attended. 3 The following canons refpected the novices, or youth educated for the purpofe of taking the vows. No one was to be admitted a Monk, before eighteen years of age, unlefs from very urgent neceffity — if they had palled the year of probation, they were to be confidered as Monks, even though the ceremony of profefiion had not taken place j a fubfequent conftitution ordered them to be pro fe fled, within a month after the expiration of the probationary year, under penalty of expullion. There was little difference of rule between Monks and Nuns. The following conftitution of Cardinal Ottoboni will however fhow that the latter were under ■ Exonerations from the duties of (he choir and cloifter, granted to the Monks alternately by weeks — Lyndw. Oxf. cd. p. 211. An account was given in to the chapter, how they behaved themfelves during that time. — Id. p. 112. " This they ufually did on the eves of Holy. days — Spcnf. Sbeph. Calend, Ed. Fol. 16 1-, p 35 — Eclogue the eighth, J By the Abbats and Priors— Conft. Othob. p. 5». Oxf. cd. greater [ 6 1 !'. dories, and attended by an old Nun ; the times ofconfefiion were excepted — they were not to eat in company, (when out of their monaftery) with any of the other lex, who was not fo allied to them by confanguinity or otlicrwife, that no evil fufpicions could enfue — they were not allowed to go to the infirmary, except when they were themfelves fick — or to the offices, (not even thofe whofe duty it was to infpeel: them) without companions. The abbefs or priorefs herfelf, was not to leave the houfe but on neceflary occafions, and then in refpectablc company — no leave of abfence" was to be granted to the inferior Nuns, but on juft and neceflary caufes, nor without the company of one, of a character which excluded fufpicion their proceffions were to be made, within the yards and gardens furrounding their cloifter, with beating of bells, hoods on, walking two and two, and the crofs borne before 1 . At i 2 years of age they aflumed the veil of profeflion — at 25 of confecration by the Bifliop — the veil of ordination was conferred on deaconefles at 40, the veil of prelacy on abbefles at 60- — there was alfo the veil of continence for widows. 4 The confecrated nuns, a ceremony which could not take place with widows, wore rin^s in token of their marriage with Chrift. 5 ~G* • lor not longer than three days, without the bifhop's leave. I.ynd. Oxf. cd. p. 212. ' I.ynd. Conft. Othob. Oxf. cd. p. 154. > Compare Chalc. Can. 15. Trull. Can. 15, 40. * Lynd. p. 202. Oxf. ed. s id. p. 206. Such E 7 ] Such were the ftatutes which refpected the Monaftics, and they will convey to the philofopher no bad picture of many exifting abufes. He will probably fmile, when he is informed that Ennui, called by John de Athon acedia, was complained of as common to the religious, and denounced as one of the mortal fins'. The principal religious duties were as follow. The fervice of the Romifh Church confided in what is called the Breviary or feven hours, a divifion originating among the ancient Monks 2 . In the Breviary however the fervices are fpecifically eight, Mattins, Lauds, Prime, Thirds, Sixths, Nones, Vefpers, and Completorium or Complin. Among the Monks, the fervices were more numerous. Mattins, the fervice of midnight 3 , was followed by Lauds, probably celebrated about three in the morning 4 , Prime, about fix or break of day 5 . Nine o'clock was the (tated time of Thirds, and immediately preceded high mafs or communion fervice 6 . Twelve o'clock was anciently devoted to Sixths, and three P. M. to Nones 7 ■, but the ety- mology and ufual application of the word Noon, was taken from this hour being hurried back to midday. 8 Vefpers followed immediately after dinner , and we meet with a fecond fervice of that name 10 . Completorium or Complin was cele- brated at twilight, or about fix in the evening" — the fecond Complin or Lucerna- rium", probably at the tolling of the Curfew. V. a, pp. 741, 763. fit. p. 30. Miller's ' Lynd. Oxf. cd. p. 151. - Bingham's Anliq. b. 13, c. 9, feci. 8. ■> Lynd. Oxf. cd. p. 227. * Monafl. V. i, p. 952 Chaucer, Thynnc's cd. bl Tale. > Lynd. ut fupra. • Lynd. Oxf. cd. p. 23S. Which did not occur daily — the Monks received the faerament the firfl Sunday in every month. 1 ynd. Oxf. cd. p. 2io. » Bingh. Antiq. b. 13, C. 9. f Johns. Cler. V. M, e d. 3, V. 2, p. 109. Com- pare Archaeol. V. 6, art. 20. 9 Lynd. Oxf. cd. p. 227. Monafl. V. 2, p. 730. •• Monafl. V. 2, p. 718. Dugdale's St. P p. 38. " Lynd. Oxf. cd. p. 227. " Between Complin and Curfew," a proverbial phrafe. Camden's An- nals of Ireland, paflim. " Monafl. V. 2, 741. Aftatute of the rule of St. AufKn, (Monaft. V. 2) which prefcribes nightly readings at a feafonable time after this fervice, feems to place it earlier, from the fenfe of the pafTaj;e. Though [ 8 ] 1'iiv -.11 the Mlflkl according to the ufe of Sarum' was moflly in vogue, bilhops and abbats made new offices at discretion". The monaftical however differed from - • .clcliatlical offices in being always fung, not faid, as was permitted to parochial pricftV. Their mufic confiftcd of a method of figurate defcant, in which the vari- ous voices, following one another, were perpetually repeating different words at the fame time 4 . That fuch mufic muft ever fail of impreffion, is the opinion of a mal- rer ; of its being often mifapplied and ridiculous, we can (late the following inftance. \V hen the genealogy of Chrift, that darling iubje<5t for tapeftry, painted glafs and illuminations, was fet to mufic and fung, while the bafs was holding forth the ex- igence of Abraham, the tenor in defiance of nature and chronology was begetting IfluCi the counter-tenor begetting Jacob, and the treble begetting Jofeph and all his brethren 4 . If this was the method offinging, called " cantus fractus ct divifus," it did notpafs without cenfurc even in its own time 7 . The education of a Monk, at leaft in the 14th century, confided of church mufic' and the primary fciences, grammar, logic, and philofophy, obvioufiy that of Ari- ilotle*. Some French and Latin muft alfo have been included ■, for thefe were the languages the Monks were enjoined to fpeak on public occafions 10 . They were af- terwards fent to Oxford or Paris to learn theology". Such indeed was the encourage- ment held out to literature, that in a provincial chapter of abbats and priors of the Benedictine older, held at Northampton A. D. 1343* men of letters and mafters of arts were invited to beeome Monks, by a promife of exemption from all daily fervices ,: . ■ Compiled by Ofmund, bilhop of Salilbury, about 1070. • Johns. Cafe in V. i, Cler. V. M. p, 91. J Id. Id. Concil. V. a, p. 144. * Mafon's Eflay on Cathedral Mufic, prefixed to his Collection of Anthems. 1 Jackfon of Exeter Eflay on Mod. Muf. Com- pare Gregorys Comparative View, p. 170 feq. .ifon utfupra. 1 Monad. V. 1, p. 567. » Taught according to the principles of Bocthius de Mufica, and Guy Arctin. Wart. Hid. Engl. Poetry, V. 2, p. 21a — 225. 9 Concil. V. 2, p. 594. Vifit. notab. de Sel- borne. Wart. V. 2, p. 340. I Concil. V. 2, 72;. Wart. V. 1, p. 6. '< Concil. V. 2, 594. Monad. V. 2, 569. II Ccntil. V. 2, 713. We [ 9 1 We have now to go through the divifion of offices in the Monkifh cflablifhments. At the head of all was the Abbat, who had diftinct offices, and lodgings, the prin- cipal of which were the kitchin and hall ; for they kept public tables. 1 Several of them became Barons, in confequence of military or baronial fervice being impofed upon their tenures, before held in frank almoin 1 or free alms — they held vifuations, where the inferior houfes did fealty 3 , and enjoyed, as will be hereafter proved, an un- reftrained intercourfe with fociety — they fometimes exercifed the profeffion of the fchoolmafter to noble children. 4 It is an eulogium on the monks of the 13th cen- tury, that fkill in glofllng the Scriptures, tranferibing, illuminating, chanting, and knowledge of the rules of St. Benedict, were then requifite qualifications of an Abbat of that order. s Priors in priories and cathedrals had the fame offices, but were of inferior rank to Abbats. Under the Abbat was the Prior, and in large houfes Sub- priors, 6 to the third or fourth degree, who affifted the Abbat, or filled his place when abfent. The Magifter Operis infpecled the buildings — the Eleemofynarius or almoner distributed the alms, broken victuals, &c. every day at the convent gate to the poor — the Titantiarius dealed out the pittances or allowances over commons on particular occafions — the Cellerarius was the houfe-ileward, an officer in fome houfes of great importance ; for the Cellarer of Ely governed the city 7 — the Pre- centor 8 , Rector Chori or Chauntor, had the cuftody of the feal, (enjoined by ftatute upon all collegiate bodies 9 ) of the liber diurnalis or chapter book, and provided the writing materials for the copying room, and colours for the limners. Befides thefe, were Deans, additional officers in large foundations, the Thefaurarius or Burfar, Sacrifta or Sexton, Hofpitilarius who took care of the vifitors, Infirmarius of the fick, Refc&ionarius of the hall, Coquinarius of the kitchen, Gardinarius ofthegar- 1 Lynd. Oxf. ed. jo<>. ' Scldeni Op. V. 3, 716. ' MS. Smythc, V. 1, p. 6i. * Wjrt. Hill. Engl, Poetry, V. a, p. 445. ' Id. V. 1, p. 44.6. • Three I'riors to houfes of 300 Monk?, four if .above that number — Uicy were allowed an apart- ment and u future or fcrvant each. Concil. V. 2, 719. I Camd. Brit. He is alfo fometimes accounted the fcrond father in the monadery, and in the abbey of Kdmundfbury, a great part of the houfe, ivc. was devoted to his life. Spelm. Glofs. p. 134. ■ Wart. V. 3, p. 183. » Lynd. Con;!. Othob. Oxf. cd. p. 67. Rubric. den, [ to ] -., J.untor or Porter,' ai.d Portarius, (perhaps a Jay- brother) the errand-man. 1 In Canterbury cathedral, at the difiblution, 31 officers figned the deed of refignation. 5 The menial offices, principally thofe of agriculture, were performed by the Fra- tres converfi, or Lay-Brothers, pious but illiterate perfons, who devoted themfelves to the ferv ice of the religious. They never entered into tiie choir, were not prefent .it the chapter, and made the vows only of conftancy and obedience. By the rules of the Gilbcrtine Canons they are enjoined to hold a chapter of their own body in the evening, the times of hay and autumn harveft excepted, then to fay complin and go to ml. Wz proceed to the Monkifh offices, the principal of which was the conventual church, which was fometimes, as at Abingdon, mother church to the neighbouring villages, to which were annexed chapels of eafe'. The fubfellia, or flails on the fide of the high altar in cathedrals and many churches, are fuppofed to have been devoted to the officiating priefts of the choir. 5 On the fide of thefe is often a pifcina or lavatory, (commonly a ftone bafin inferted in the wall, or niche hollowed at the bottom in the fhape of a quarterfoil) ; in this the prieft wafhedhis hands before the confecration of the elements, a ceremony founded on Pfalm 26, v. 6." A locker was made in the wall for the cuftody of the hoft 7 and a lantern in the roof, or a little penthoufc without, for a fmall bell called the Saint's Bell, rung at its elevation, in order that all perfons without might fall upon their knees.' The roodloft was erected acrofs the great arch, that feparates the nave from the choir or chancel. The legends of the Saints were painted in diftemper, upon the walls and pillars. The altars, images and croffes, were often made of metal, and enamelled by Greek or French artifts. 10 Numerous pennons or ftreamers, hanging over the tombs, dar- 1 Pref. Notit. Monaft. p. 19. ' Monad. V. 2, 737. • Willit't Mitr. Ab. ed. 8vo. 1718, V. i, p. 56. Leland'a Itin. V. 2, p. 42, ed. Hcarne, 1759. » Still the ("object ofconteft. « Sparrow's Raiicn. Comm. Prayer, p. 118. : Lyr.d. decult. Euch. • Id. de celeb. Mifs. » The rood was an image of Chrirt on the crofs, made generally of wood, and erected in a loft, for that purpofr, juft over the pafTage oat of the church into the chancel."— Fuller's Hift. Wdlth. Abb. p. 16.— The images of Mary and John were when the rood_was properly made appendages to it. Id. p. 17. >• Dallaway's Herald. Inq. p. 36. Wart, emend, top. 376 of V. 1. Of Limoges. kened [ » ] kened the choir and aides.' On high feftivals tapeflxy was hung round the choir. 1 In Lent a veil hung between the altar and view of the people. 3 The Abbat's ftall was on the right hand of the entrance into the choir, the Prior's on die left imme- diately oppofite. The canons directed the high altar to be of ftone-work, and to be hallowed by inclofed relicks. 4 Its ornaments were various : in the frontifpiece to Mr. Car- ter's ancient fculpt. and paint, a crofs (fometimes painted 5 ) is elevated behind it, and a dove with rays ifluing from its mouth, (reprefenting the myftery of the Holy Ghoft) fufpended beneath a canopy " often elevated on four very loftv pillars 6 ." Perhaps the mod fplendid ftructures of this, kind are the altars of the Vatican and Efquiline churches in Rome 7 , enriched by the bounty of Charle- magne/ After the church, the principal offices are the Refectory, Fratry or dining hall, which the Monks entered with a falutation to the crofs' — there were feveral tables'" ; the high table was occupied by the Prior," another by the principal Obedientiarii, the reft by the inferior Monks' 1 — the Dormitory or fleeping room, the Cloifter for ftudy, to which no women were admitted but noble foreigners, bencfactrefles, or mothers or filters of the Monks' 3 — the Chapter-houfe for die conventual meetings, penitential difcipline, and the punifliment of delinquents, which confifted of feven degrees, private admonition, publick reprimand, the lefTer excommunication, fading, flagellation or beating, publick prayer for their reformation and expulfion' 4 ; (there alfo occur in the rules of the Monafticon • Wart. V. I, p. 302. 1 Id. V. 1, 202, no. 1 Lynd. p. 342. 1 Lynd. Par. ed. fol. 136. » Walp. Ancc. Paint. V. 1, p. 5, ed. 2. ' This rcprcfentation is truly accurate. See Dm ant de ril. EcC. L. i, C. 15, 16, pp. 37, 40, rd. Rom. 1 591. Dn Frrfne, vcc. Cyboreum. ' Grxvii Thefaurus, V. 3, pp. 915, 329. 8 Eginliart, p. 33. ■> MS. B. Bodl. Archiv. Seld. D. 51. . Cott. Tiberius, A. 3. 10 Quot. inCrit. Rev. 1794, p. 135. " Concil. V. 1, p. 719. ,: Crit. Rev. ul fupi " Concil. V. 2, pp. 246, 722. •> Lynd. Olf. ed. p. 206. C 3 and [ r* 1 and the Councils, as punilhments, dining on the fluor of the Refectory on lhort allowance, and being degraded to the lafl place in the choir, proceffions, &c.) — the firft ftall of the chapter was occupied, and the penances enjoined, by the p r i or ' — the Aul.i Hofpitum, Hoftrey, or guefts' hall, with other Hofpitia for Grangers ; the Monks did not converfe with them, but only faluted them in pafTing : : they were read to from Scripture during their ftay, and the Abbat or Monks waited upon them with water to wafli their hands and feet'. Ac- cording to Fuller the cuftom was this, " Where a ftranger brake his faft there he dined, where he dined there he flipped, where he flipped there he brake his fall next morning, and fo in a circle* — Oratories or places of private prayer — the Calefactorium or place where a fire was kept for the ufe of the limners or Monks — Parletorium or place of converfation, (when permitted) — Muniment room, or evidence houfe, where the records were kept — Library commonly ftored with romances 5 — School where children were taught gratis, grammar and church mufic, and in many houfes had the preference to the alms of the Monaftery". It was the cuftom of the middle ages, to continue boys till fourteen years and girls till twelve years old, in learning grammar, (and I venture to add church mufic.) After they had attained thefe ages, they were admitted to the ftudy of the primary fciences, the tridivium, and quadrivium, which united formed the feven liberal am' — the Scriptorium or copying room, where the fathers, claflics, hiftories, the ledger, and mifials, which in particular were to be written (accord- ing to Warton in his diflertation on the introduction of learning into Europe) by the elder Monks, were tranferibed and illuminated; an employment fubftituted for other manual labour 5 : here the genealogies, and records of the founders were preferved, and publick tranfactions, ecclefiaftical as well as civil, digefted ■ Concil. V. 2, p. 7'9- Ingulph. An. 974, p. 50. ed. Oxf. Prior CroyKindix in futurum liccnliam habcat et poteftatem quolidiani capituli irionachorum pceniicntias injungere. 1 Concordia Regular, p. 86a, 3. < MSS. B. Bodl. Bodley, No. 39, fol. 18. Tur- recremata, p. 15. * Church Hiftory, part i, p. 298. ' Wart. Gcft. Rom. lxv. 1 Lynd. Oxf. ed. 209. ' Lynd. Par. ed. fol. 153, tit. de magiflris et poteftatc docendi. " Concil. V. 2, p. 273. into [ U 1 into annals' — Infirmary or fick-houfe, where the fick in fome houfes were vifited every morning before Prime by the Prior, Subprior, or Coquinarius 1 — the Lava- tory fituated in the cloifter, and fupplied with running water for the offices of clean- linefs — the Sudatory where the towels were hung — Officina? or mops of bakers, weavers, fhoemakers, tanners, fullers, &cc. 3 Every Convent had alfo its paradife, garden, ambulatory, or place of exercife/ with a kitchin garden, phyfic garden, orchard, and frequently vineyard, s a cuftom brought from France by the Barons when at war there 6 — Pifcarias or fifhponds, multiplied in the times of popery, in order that variety might be brought to the table on fall-days 7 — Granges or farms under the efpecial care ofGrangiarii ; indeed the Monks were celebrated for their fkill in agriculture 3 ; and the height to which they carried this fecular employment, was one of the complaints exhibited againft them before the general diftblution.' A rabbit-warren, a corn-mill, and culver- croft or pigeon-houfe, were other appendages. 10 Nor was the laft article of fmall importance; for in the reign of Ed w. 3, "Thomas, the third Lord Berkeley of that name, had a pigeon-houfe in every manor, and almofl each farm houfe, and fome of them two, and in Hame, and a few others of his dwelling-houfes, three ; from each houfe he drew yearly great numbers, as 1300, 1200, 1000,850,700,650 from an houfe, and from Hame one year 2151 yonge pigeons."" It is well known to naturalifts, that 14760 of thefe birds may be produced from one pair in four years." After obferving that all the orders agreed in the general duties of the church, the cloifter, and the chapter, however they might differ in degrees of aufterity or ce- remonial cuftoms, I fliall prefent my readers with a fhort (ketch which I have made by collating the rules in the Monafticon with the vifitations and fynodal ftatutc ' Prcf. Not. Mon. p. 19. ' Concil. V. i, p, 273. > Diigdalcpaflin). 4 Wart. V. 1, p. 453. > Amir. Ilirt.Gr. Brit. V. i, p • MS. Smythc, V. 1, p. 317. Aniiquit. Selbome, p. ■;:<■■ Ir. Hill. Gr. Br. V. 1, p, 151. 1 Baker's Chron. p. 1 ■ . Sell), pp. 413, 414. " MS. Smythe.V. 2, p. 265. mant'S Brit. Zool.ci!. 4, V. I, p, 1.-4. i alerted [ 14 1 inferred in the Councils. This Qatch is intended to convey a general idea in what manner a Monkilli day was pallid. After Mattins,' the Convent aflembled in the cloifler, and went in that pro- cerfion of two and two, which attended all their publick motions, to Lauds," after which they again returned to the Dormitory, till the Sacrift rang the bell for Prime.' From September to Eafter the Conventual Mais was lung, and the private fervices performed, between Prime and Thirds. 4 From Eafter to September the chapter was held after Prime, and the Conventual Mais fung and the private fervices per- formed after Thirds. In the Chapter-houfe the Monks took their feats, fitting in an inclining pofition, after having rifen and bowed to the Prior as he paffed. A reli- gious fervice was then performed, and at the end of every prayer they faid the Dox- ology, or Ki/fie omm (Lord have mercy upon us) and bowed to the eaft. The Precentor then called over the Obituary or Mortilloge, and the Prior faid, " requi- efcant in pace" (may they reft in peace) to which the reft replied " Amen." The " Loquamur de ordine noftro," or let us fpeak of the affairs of the Order, was then proclaimed by the Prior, and the Novices retired. The bufinefs of the Convent immediately commenced, complaints againft delinquents were formally brought for- ward, or they voluntarily acknowledged them, folliciting pardon or offering pen- nance. This and fome concluding ceremonies over, they rofe and turned towards the Eaft ; the Prior began a pfalm, the reft made their refponfe, and then bowed and withdrew, thofe excepted who ftaid for confeflion, penitential exercifes, &c. (I here conjecture the fixth hour to have been fung). After which they proceeded to the cloifter, to ftudy, often to tranferibe or illuminate — they were not to fit oppo- fite to one another, and order was preferved by the Prior of the cloifter, (Prior clauftralis.) ■ Midnight. i 3 Six A. M. « Three A. M. I « Nine A.M. At [ '5 I At mid-day, (after as I conjecture the celebration of Nones) the bell again rang, and having wafhed their hands, they placed themfelves at their feats in the Refec- tory, their faces being turned towards the high table — upon the Prior's entrance they bowed as he pafil'd, a pfalm, commonly the " Miferere" or 51ft, was chanted, and a bell rung. Upon the bell ceafing, certain prayers and a grace were faid, and they crofTed themfelves once. The Prior then gave the Benedicite to the reader of the week, the Monks turned round to the table, and at the end of the firft verfe they uncovered the victuals, which in mod orders confided, or ought to have con- fided, of pulfe made into a foup, or falt-filh, the common food of hofpitals'; eggs and fowls, and perhaps flefli, 2 were often added by evafion of the rule: for to the gluttony of the Monks hiftory and the canons bear witnefs. 3 The dinner over, the Prior bowed to the reader, who immediately began the grace, upon which what victuals remained were covered over. The bell was then rung again, and the Monks rofe and flood at the table, repeating the verfe of a pfalm after the chanter. This over, they bowed and went out two by two, (the juniors firft) finging a pfalm, the right choir finging one verfe, and the left another. They then proceeded to church to Vefpers, and the celebration of any private fervices, after which they went to the Cloifter to read, or to the Dormitory to fieep. Ceremonies nearly fi- milar to thofe of dinner, attended their evening repafts, called collations, after which the Complin commenced, and on the conclufion of this fervice they were not to fpeak till the Prime of next day. The interval between Lucernarium and time of reft was filled up by the nightly readings or noclurns. No particular ceremony was ufed at the Dormitory — they were not to fit upright in their beds, to hide nothing in them, and not to fleep naked ; a cuftom which perhaps owed its origin to Amnon, a Monaftic hero of the fathers, who was conveyed over a river by an angel, that he might not be reduced to the ■ Lynd. Oxf. oil. p. 108. 1 Lopcz'sEpit. S. S. adconc. V. 2, pp. 400, 403. Saintetc des devoirs dc la Vic Mon. V. 2, p. 234 fcq. I.ynd.Oxf. cd. p. 20S. J Id. pp. 147, in. ignominy [ l6 ] ignominy of (hipping himfclf to the fkin, the fight of which he pronounced ciif- graccful. 1 Three lamps in fome houfes were kept burning in the Dormitory all night, and two watchmen guarded it, one before Mattins, the other after, and the fame cuftom was obferved in the Church. 1 On- the abfurdity of Monachifm, on the gluttony, the avarice, the ignorance, and other crimes of the Monks, hiftory has been perhaps illiberally copious. Let us however, who apprehend no danger of the revival of their inftitution, charitably apply a trite remark of Horace. 5 The prefervation of learning, and a beneficial ope- ration on the lavage, warlike temper ofthefcodal ages, may be tributes now ren- dered to a fyftem, which ftill interelts the fancy. The ceremonial routine of Mon- kery was indeed puerile, and the celebrated author of the Hiftory of the Jefuits 4 has obferved, that the tendency of the Monaftic inftitution, like that of all corporate bodies, was to narrow the human mind. Candour however prefcribes a reference, not to the refinement of modern times, but to the manners of the middle ages ; and if it was not abfolutely impoffible, would it not have required a very improbable concurrence of circumftances, to have promoted a general enlargement of mind amidft the influence of the fame manners, and the abfence of the art of printing ? ' Sccrat. 1. 4, c. iS. : The particular authorities in the Mona/licon and Councils will be given in Part the fecond of the Poem. ■ Natararn expellas furcS, Ac. ' . d'Alembert. ECONOMY [ >7* ] APPENDIX (TO DISSERTATION.) 1 Op. 3, 1. 15. Monafteries were often taxed 15U1S of all their moveables. Kxtorquetur ifma, &c. fays Matt, of Weftminfter, in the true fpirit of a Monkifli annalift'. P. 4, 1. 18. The rule of filence — after complin, between mattins and prime, and the exercife of occupations common to all the fociety. To p. 6, 1. 24. The order of deaconefles in the ancient church firft fuggefted the idea of nuns. Spelm. Gl. p. an. ed. 1626. So corrupt were female convents, that an old ballad defcribes fome nuns, as making a rich feaft to receive a vifitor, whom they falute with the title of " Sir Walter my love," and afterwards entertain with minftrelfy and dancing 1 . In p. 7, ref. 6. I have faid that high mafs did not occur daily j " The merry orgon, that on maffe-days" &c. Chauc. N. P's. tale ; but this might depend on the ftatutes. In p. 8, 1. 4. Read " Church mufic was di- vided into the planus cantus and difcantus', (fimple and complex chauntin°) part of which laft was a method, &c." Mr. Mafon here alludes to their cele- brated antiphonars, an imitation of which Paefiello compofed for the Ruffian Court in 1779/ John of Salifbury in his Policraticon inveighs againft the effeminacy of church mufic in his time. 5 In moft churches there was a tomb, for the ceremony of burying our Lord at Eafter 6 , for all the great feafts were performed theatrically. The feftival or legends, auroras or bibles in verfe, romances, &c. were chained in the church. 7 Tables of the names and duties of the officiating miniftert, in- fcribed often on wax in the ancient mode of writing, were hung up in the choir'. The pifcina or lavatory is frequently only a drain", in which cafe the prieft ufed a • B. 2, p. 89. Vitium rapacitatii. Ypodigm. Neuftriar, p. 46. • Wart. Emend. to V. i, p. J Monaft. V. 3. Ecc. Col. pp. 16S, 9. < App. llarr. Philol. Inq. 1 Andr. Gr. Br. V. i, p. • ' Id. Ecc. C'aih. p. 186. Ecc. Cull. pp. Si, 94- A tempore quo corp. Chr. die parafcevea in fepulti furrit podium. Coll. Peer. ed. 3, V. 4, p. 57. Ecc. Coll. p. 80. ' Wan. V. 3, p. 151. Mo naft. V. 3. Ecc. Calh. p. 141. • Becaufc the ule of a bafoti in the wall was obfolele in Lyndw. time (15th cent.) p. 135, col. i, note 7, voc. ablutos. Per ablulioncm lactam in lavatoiio, fed III niter iflud nun fhvalur, nifi quod juxta lav*torium liabelur muiutergium (a towel). pelvis [ I* - ] pelvifl or baton. (This ceremony was not aboliflicd by the Reformation ; for Bifliop Andrews ufed it A. D. 1620'.) For an account of the books, veftments, &c. fee Burn's Ecc. Law, art. Church. To p. 13, 1. n. Baker here quoted adds alio tan- yards, and dealing in wool, cloth, &c. See ftat. 21, H. VIII. Alio a grant for a rnw-pafture for 40 cows, and wood for iron-forges, to the Monks of Holm- coltram', and the corn, horfes, oxen, cows, carriages, fhips, barges, &c. of reli- gious honfes, in ftat. 3 E. I, C. 1, and 3 Ed. II.' Thefe practices, originating in the Itate of fociety in the middle ages, were not peculiar to monalteries ; for the Barons of Berkeley grew their own corn, under the infpection of reeves, fed their own meat, which they faked in large quantities, taught their children hufbandry, and let them out manors to farm, and one of them kept a (hip to ex- port wool and corn, and bring wine in return — fuch cloth too, as was not im- ported from Flanders, they made on their own eflates.* To the monkifh offices add the kitchen, which a charter of the Colleg. Ch. of Battlefield, Salop, enables us to furnifh. " Lego, &c. tres ollas jeneas (three brafs plates) duas fpites (two fpits) ct duas rakkes de ferro (two iron-racks) unum cobbard (one cupboard) unum veru cum rotis ferreis et fuis ponderibus ad afiandum et vertendum cibaria (a jack) unum chafour de laton (a chafing difii of latten) etviginti pecias vaforum de pewtre ma- jores et minores (20 pewter vefiels of different fizes.') Peciae is here u fed in the fenfe of feparate articles, as pieces of goods, furniture, money, &c. ' Form ofconfecr. Church, append, to Sparr. Comm. Pray. cd. 1671, p. 36. ' Stat, at large, - 1. Hawkins, pp. 4«, 160, 1. Lei. It. Addit. p. 3+. Mr. Pennant (Br. Zool. art. Ox) fays that the tcodal laity principally cultivated padurage. Formerly only pafturc lands were inclofcd. Bacon's Hid. H. VII. p. 43. « MS. Smythe, V. 2, p. 316, &c. « Monad. V. 3. Ecc. Coll. p. 1S6. A. D. ECONOMY ECONOMY OF MONASTIC LIFE. PART THE FIRST. W: HAT though our way gaunt indigence denies, Where Plato thronged the academic grove ? That not for us, in heaps of mountain fize, Where bony Gauls for Latian laurels ftrove, Lies the grand dome of Capitolian Jove ; 'Though we but know from antiquarian tale That plain, a youth aftonifh'd chanced to rove, Charmed with the Doric fanes, the fragrant gale And univerfal blufh of Paeftum's rofeate vale.* * The ruins of Pxftum, the claflical " rofaria Pxfti," containing fevcral Doric temples, were accidentally difcovered by a painter's apprentice. D Yet [ '3 ] Ye r we have eyed with awe the ftony heap, Where folemn Druids hymned unwritten rhyme* ; The hills of green turf, where old heroes fleep ; And towers the Norman liegelord reared fublime, Whofe builders fondly fmiled contempt at timet; Much we have loved o'er fallen fanes to ftray, What time we hear the fheep-bell's diftant chime, The beetle's drowfy horn J, and that fweet lay With which Night's folemn bird proclaims the clofe of day. Now we ftray here§, for yonder arch hung high Upholds, in pride of piclure greatly fine, A fcene of magic to the wondering eye ; The meek Moon blends her light and made divine ; A robe, on plates of filver foil where fhine Rich knots of fplangles, covers yonder mound, • Stonehenge. t Moftof the caftles in England were built in Stephen's reign, in confe- quence of an indifcrect permiflion of that Monarch. There were according to Camden 1115 in Henry the fecond's time, who however deftroyed feveral. See Speed, pp.501, § 3, 521, §83. t See Note. § Nettley Abbey. Its [ «9 ] Its Vinca blue* and prickly Englantine ; No flower that grows that beauteous place around, But has its painted head with flame innocuous^ crownd. This arch, more picture thus, the tall afhj (hades, On whofe lank arms, the Autumn's early fpoil^, The hallow'd|| mifletoe a green wreath braids ; Admitted we revere a long-drawn aifle, The church conventual of a ruin'd pile ; Brackets of human faces, pofterns low, And mouldings richly wrought by fretter's toil, And windows, erft where robed in gorgeous fhow Of JefTe's honour'd race were ranged a tinted row**. Time's palfied hand a ragged outline leaves, In every rift, (for he is wont to fling * Periwinkle. t Sec Note. % Fraxinus cxcclfior, Linn. § The leaves of the afh arc the lateft which appear in Spring, and the firft which fall in Autumn. || For the caufc fee Brown's Vulg. Err. b. z, c. 6. ** A favourite fubject for painted glafs, &c. Wart. V. I, p. 210. D 2 The [ *> ] The berry there) fequacious ivy weaves A nappy frieze to hide unfightly thing, The ill-faced owl, and bat with devil's wing ; Beneath the walls in fafeguard fence is fpread The evil race of weeds that quickly fpring, The teachy nettle with its venom dread, And arm'd like porcupine, the thiftle's threatening head. Thus wicked Time with his fcythe-weapon'd hand, Has 'reft the fane of its antique array ; I would, we could fufpend his rafh command, And take the thoughtlefs dotard's fcythe away, More mifchievous than way-ward infant's play ; Thou, hated Hiftory, fhalt pen the ftrain, For thou can'ft hold him by his forelock gray, And ftay his wonted hurry, to explain What ancient glories decked the defolated fane. In [ * ] In days of old, near Egypt's flimy land, Their feathery leaves where nefh Acacias fpread, Leaving the haunts of man, a mournful band By Providence and friendly midnight led, From chafe of fhouting Perfecution fled* ; Of branches lithe their wattled walls they knit, Of mofs and ivy made their evening bed, And on the green banks at their doors would fit, Hymning grave canticles, or conning holy writ. Like birds, unprifoned from a darkling grove, That the bright eye of prowling hawk beguiled, The godly race rejoiced at eafe to rove ; Some reared thatched chapels, that on hillocks fmiled O'er bufhy tufts, and foothed fome region wild ; Some, by a martyr's grave, with bufy fpade A fmall room fcooped beneath thegrcenfward mild+. I DilTcrt. p. i. h Id. p. 2. An [ M 3 An uncouth crofs upon the round roof laid, And of the plot anear a cultured garden made*. Some, where a ring of rugged (tones was laid, Like ftatues, on a pillar's tow'ring height, With knees, which Faith had chang'd to marble, pray'd, Their hoar trefs dripped with harmlefs dews of night, I heir fixed eyes gazed unhurt meridian light; As when Jove's eagle condefcends to play, His plumes he ruffles, droops his winged might, Fronts his full eye to the attacking ray, And dares the fliaken locks of Him the Lord of Day. Some hermits were, who dwelled within a rock Hollow, indented in a Hoping ground, Above, an ancient tree's inclining flock Spread branchy arms, that fhaded all around, • Planter, inferat, riget, aquas ferat, caeteraque Monachorum faciat opera, &c. Lopez's Epit. ut fup. V. 2, pp. 393, 402. The time of Conftantine releafed them from perfecution. Its C *3 ] Its crooked roots for beams the loofe roof bound, Before the entrance rude, a gentle ftream Adown the vale its ferpent courfes wound, Seen here and there through breaks of trees to gleam, Gilding their dancing boughs with Noon's reflected beam. From oozy pores within, depended down, Congealing ftalaclites in whitenefs pale*; Thofe moifes interwove their fibrils brown h, Where flimy Hug and houfe-upbearing fnail Their tardy way in gloffy flreamletsj trail ; Fearful of day, along the midnight walls The armed beetle fhone in fable mail, And infect hammer'd loud§, that much appalls The reft of beldame old, who this the death-watch calls. * See Note. f Owing to moifture. Higgins on calcar. Cem. p. 68. % By means of which they convey themfclves from place to place. Tranf. Linn. Soc. V. 1, p. 183. § See Note. Aged [ 2 4 ] Aged the fires, who dwelled fuch caves within, Head- making fages, prone to moralize, And him difciple, who there made his inn ; Their cheeks were hollow, flender was their fize, And ever on the ground they bent their eyes*; One book they had, the book of holy lore, Againft the wall a crofs flood leaning-wife, A table fmall a fcull and crofs-bones bore, And tufts of ivy hid the bell above the door. In days when fuch was virtue, where a wood Edges a green knoll, and a wide ftream flows, Where he that woos the Moon, the vaffal flood His march announcing, oft to greet her goes+, From royal boon, a holy manfion rofej * This St. Bencdia prefcribed to his monks. Reg. C. 7. Specim. Alonachologise, p. 14. t The Southampton ,Eftuary. % Nettley Abbey, founded by Henry III ; where however the King only joined in a foundation, he was confidered as lble founder. MS. Smythe, V. 1, p. 34. An account of Nettley Abbey may be fcen in Not. Monaft. p. 167, Monaft. V. 1, P-933- Grofe, V. 1, p. 209. With C 3$ 3 With fpires and great tow'r, topp'd with gilded vane, That emblem meet of man inconftant fhows ; The far-off feaman knew where flood the fane By fhades, that laid at length their huge limbs o'er the main. Thence Ve&a's* nymph " who checks the weftring tide" With a fleek fifter-lady, Ocean's queen, Is feen in ftate along the main to ride, Before the team of dolphins yoked, is feen The Triton Herald with his treffes green ; While all the region-nymphs their lyres employ, In pairs parading o'er the marge ferene, To where Southampton's youths and daughters coy Uncoil the tangled dance to tipfy tones of joy. On adverfe fhores, where dark woodsf brow the flrand, And boat of fifherman floats tilting by, • Iflc of Wight. t New Foreft. E «' The r * 1 The many outworks of beaked Calfhot Hand, Breading the noify waves, that quarrel nigh ; Work of that King*, where awe was wont defcry Lull's putrid eye-ball, pride's opprelTing flare, Hatred's black frown, ambition's bofom high Mufing fublimely-wicked deeds of dare — Ah! never Pity's dove was feen to neftle there! 4 In middle front the gate-houfef high was rear'd ; An arch beneath o'erhung an entrance wide ; Within through cloifters dim the rare light peer'd ; The church conventual fill'd one ftately fide, Boafting its window train in mitred pride ; The eaves were hid by an embattelled fcreen ; The vacant court was limply beautified, All Nature's melody of colour, green, Had it not here and there with daifies powder'd been. • Calfliot Caftle, built by Henry VIII. upon a projecting point of land. + Tower over the gate-way. The £ * 7 3 Without the church, on eaft end of the pile, A fhade below, the crofs exalted flung*; From ftraddling arches, o'er the higheft. ile+, Sprung the great tow'r — there the loud bells were hung, Each under each, with graduated tongue, Supreme lords of a boundlefs world of tone ; The great bell fhone its meaner peers among In portly pride, and its high rank was known By learned fcroll, infcribed around its ample zone. Methinks I liften, at what horrid time Forked lightnings cleft the tented fky in twain, Together when thefe madding bells 'gan chime, When pealing organs ftunned the vaulted fane, Mixed with a gabbling wild difcordant (train Of fathers hurrying faft the beadrollj; round, * Stonc-crofs common on the roofs of religious buildings. | The middle ile with its clere-ftory. The height of the vaulting is generally equal to the breadth of the bod)' and fide iles. Willis's Survey of the Cathedrals, cd. 1727, V. 2, p. 763. % Sometimes ufed for the ritual itfclf. " The King's enemies were curft by name in the bead-roll at Paul's." Bacon's Hift. H. VII. p. 72. E 2 When [ 28 ] When wild hail pelted on the painted pane, When thunder roared along the blue profound, And all was one flrange grand bewildering war of found*. From other tower, upon whofe vane the bird Of pcrtnefs would his dufky plumage preen, A {lately horologe+ was hourly heard, At prime it waked the hinds, at eve ferene It timed their goffip on the village green ; To the tow'r corners pinnacles were joined, Of workj that let the blue Iky peep between, With numerous mouldings all about entwined, Fretted in waves, like lakes jufl ruffled by the wind. Within the church, each fide the door of wires§, Were bleffed faints, that flood in rows along||, * This ceremony was fuppofed to repel evil fpirits ; fee more upon this fubject in Hofpin. dc orig. tempi. 1. 4, c. 9, de confec. campan. f Abbey Orloge. Chauc. Nonne's Prieft's Tale. % Tabernacle or open work. § Choir doors latticed. Old prints. || In niches in the fcreen. Id. And [ H 3 And flails, that upwards (hot their many fpires ; Lamps, pendent from a cieling light yet ftrong With groins, bright fields of heraldry among ; A choir of gilded tubes, whofe voices deep With ftorms of mufic fwelled the ritual fong ; Hangings that fhook in undulating fweep ; Taflels that flamed like funs, and cufhions* " foft as fleepf." Aloft the filken gonfalons were reared, That led to Paleftine the bold crufade, Hard by fome blade, that much by Paynim feared Enchanter Merlin's liveried fpirits madej, The bearded martyr in fcooped niche difplayed The lifted crofs and brow to heaven upraifcd ; On high inftalled beneath a fculpturd fhade, * Pulvinaria, quiffini, &c. in okl inventories. t Theocr. Id. 14, V. 1-5. J Spent F. 0; b. 3, c. 4, ft. 59. The [ 3° ] The Patron-Saint's enamelled image blazed, For wonder-working deeds and healing virtue* praifed. Along a tomb, which painted fculpture drefied, Armed as for tourney+, the knight-warrior lay, His crofting legs a couching lion prefled, A helmet was his hind-head's pillowy ftay, His limbs were clothed in battailous array, A plaited gorget girt his moulders wide, His belt was ftudded thick with boflesgay, The fword appendant killed his (tony fide, Of rich work were his fpurs, the knight's diftinguifh'd pridej. * Often on this account vifited by pilgrims. The form of confecrating aperfon for a pil- grimage, though not in point, may amufe my readers. The pilgrim elect, after confeflion, lay proftrate at the altar while an appropriate mafs was performed. After this he arofe, and the prieft confecrated his fcrip and ftaff. The former of thefe he next fprinkled with holy water, and hung around the pilgrim's neck, accompanying the ceremony with certain prayers : the like was alfo done with his ftaff. The whole concluded with the mafs dc iter agtntibus. To pilgrims going to the holy land a garment was delivered, marked with a crofs, both crofs and garment having been previoufly confecrated. Manuale in ufum Ecclef. Sariib. qto. b. 1. 1554. fol lix. feq. + Tilting with fpears within an inclofure — almoft a monthly exercife in Edw. I. notwithftanding a proclamation, (30th of that King) forbidding pcrfons vcl turneare, tordiare, (fight at barriers) jujlas facere, vd aventuras quarere. Rot. clauf. 30 E.I in dorfo apud MS. Smythe, V. 1, p. 129. { See Note. Long [ 3i ] Long iles of arches fharp and pillars fine, A pomp of fretted pinnacles upbore, To form the Founder-Saint's* fuperior fhrine ; Like canopy the pro fixate image wore, A model of the fane its breaft before One hand fuftainedf; in fcrawls and figures quaint^ And letters black, that legendary lore, Monks loved to tattle of their valued faint, They not forgot along the neighb'ring wall to paint. On the high crofsj a bleeding Chrift was raifed, Of ivory wrought, from types of diamonds bright Inlaid in gold, a fparkling " Inri" blazed ; From every gem a drop of twinkling light Shot hues of rainbows on the dazzled fight ; Like glitter on the reliquary^ played, * Often canonized, as St. Altlhclin of Malmfbury, St. Edmund of Edmund's Bury, ice. f Obfervation. % Crucifix in the rood-loft. § A piece of furniture for the altar. Croffes, &c. adorned with jewels, are common in oldfacriflal inventories. Imboft [ 3* ] linboft with fculptures of that heav'nly fight, When fell a fhow'r of Hofts in arms arrayed Through Chaos, and his realm of anarchy difmayed. Beneath the eaftern window's pictured pane, A canopy of fretted ftone was fpread*, Pavilioning an altar's marble plain, Each corner refted on an angel's head, Within lay relicks of the fainted dead ; Two giant torches blazed perennial fires, A fmoak of odours from the cenfer fled, The pall, that gorgeous altar's proud attire, A crimfon noon-day glared around the colour'd choir.+ How changed that choir, when ceafe of noble breath Was thunder'd by the great bell's fudden tongue, And train conventual did the rites of death J; The holy walls in feral black were hung, • Forthehoft. t Lynd. de celeb. Mifs. Par. ed. fol. 138. % See Note. A dim [ 33 1 A dim relief the painted fcutchins flung, A vifta reached down to the doorway wide Of lights, lamps hung the cover'd flails among, Yet darknefs reigned, but in its ftarry pride, Its gloomy majefty attemper'd, dignified. At the choir end, the altar high before, A herfe upreared* its melancholy mien, Its fringes flounced a pomp of fcutchins bore, At here and there, a painted flag was feenf; Where now the nodding of a plume had been, Like that fweet tree of forrow, wont to grow Forlorn, upon fome river's margin green, And weeping, o'er the hurrying waves to throw The graces of its branch, in elegance of woe. * A fabric reared in the church. f See the account of the funeral of John of Gaunt in Dugd. St. Paul's, p. 23. By [ 34 1 By finner reared for wrongful deed of yore, To the fide chantry* a low poftern led ; Shrouded in fuch attire as beadfmen woref, In its dark houfe was laid the founder dead, A row of tapers a bright luftre fried, The name and race armorial enfigns told+, Around the bier a fable pall was fpread, A bright fringe guarded every curling fold, With threads, in warrior files with glittering fpears of gold. About the roof a maze of mouldings flim, Like veins that o'er the hand of lady wind, * Chantries were chapels endowed with annual revenues for priefts to fing mafics for the fouls of the founders. The priefts were not to receive above feven marks per annum, or three and their board. Lynd. p. 24c, rubr. Compare 36 E. III. C 8. 2 H. V. ft. 2, C 2. This prohibition they evaded by celebrating general and fpecial obits for other men, proceffion pence and other perquifites. Fuller's Ch. Hift. p. 352. Their revenues were fubjeft to deduclions. Id. p. 351. An old furvey of the Berkeley eftate taken 36 H. VIII. has this article. " The chantry preft of Stone payth tor faid chantry quarterly vid. ob. &c." All chantries were un- der the controul of the dean and chapter of Paul's. Fuller, p. 353. Chauc. Parf. Prol. Perhaps thefe regulations did not apply to the chantries in conventual churches. f To be buried in a monk's cowl, or with a piece of St. John's gofpel in the mouth of the deceafed, was thought to repel evil fpirits. MS. Sm. V. 1, pp. 87, 90. Penn. Lond, p. 167, &c. X Rofamund Clifford was fo prelervcd unbuned at Godftow. Lei. Itin. V.2, p. 132. Embraced [ 3$ ] Embraced in clofing arms the key-done trim, With hieroglyphs and cyphers quaint combined, The riddling art that charmed the Gothic mind*; To form the floor, a fcroll-depi£ted train Of glofly tiles, one feemly order joined; Deep in the wall, as far as arm could ftrain, An iron lattice mefhed, a richly tinted pane. Beneath that window, flowery arbours lay Their arms abroad where harlot wood-bines flung, And fhamelefs woo'd the winds with them to play, In allies flrait, efpaliers prim among, The rough-ikinned pear and glofly apple hung ; On the carved rood, that filled the central placet, Stood hoary faints and angels " ever young ;" * Alluding to cognizances, knots, &c. " This cloifter was decked and beautified with a boarded roof, having the arms of benefactors carved thereon, with feveral rebuses and allulions to their names that contributed to the building." Will. Cathed. V. 3, p. 403. Dcctipt. of Ofcney Abbey. f Vifion of Piers Plowman in Wart. V. 1, p. 301. F 2 Herbs [ 3<5 ] Herbs of ill favour filled the vacant fpace, With thyme, and baum, and rue, a plant renowned for grace*. An adverfe window, fhaded by a tree, Betrayed the fchool-houfe, with its little fry Buzzing, as if a civil polity Of bees were wont there to and fro to fly, And diveife trades within their ft raw (hops ply ; More pleafing founds, when to the chanted rite Of holy church, they wound their voices high, Soft was the winged mufic's downy flight, And Echo filent was from exquifite delightf. There too, before the monkifh cowl was worn, Two hoary pedagogues j tyrannic reign, * Phyfic garden — fee Note. f Sec Diflert. Hired preceptors, called informatores, fometimes taught in monafteries. Wart. V. 2, pp. 439, 435. The grammar in ufe was called a Donat, becaufe compiled by ^!lius Donatus. Id. V. 1, p. 281. J The mafters of the novices were to be old men. Lynd. Conft. Othob. Oxf. ed. p. J44. (Soon [ 37 ] (Soon as his youthful locks were clofely fhorn) Tutored the novice to a life of pain, Harfh as of maids, whom aunts unmarried train Deceiver man at diftance meet to hold ; When of the bright-haired monarch's fiery wain One journey through the pictured figns was told, In lift of monks profefled that novice was inrolled. He, on fuch day, in a fequefterd cell, On all the hierarchies of Heaven would call, To witnefs that he bade the world farewell ; Ere long the prior filled his fretted flail, And hooded conclave lined the chapter wall, Ere long the found of coming feet they heared, A gentle buz began of murmurs fmall, Againft the door a trembling form appeared, Whofe pale looks marked how much the folemn fcene he feared. Slowly [ 38 ] Slowly lie moved with head upon his brcaft, And bent his knee the prior's throne before ; His hands were by the trembling prior preft ; All filent gazed, the book of holy lore In folemn flep the grave Precentor bore, A due paufe made to aid his fault'ring tongue, A triple piety of vows* he fwore, His lips thrice on the quiv'ring volume hung, And thrice a loud Amen along the arches rung. Then two and two they marched, and loud bells tolled, One from a fprinkle+ holy water flung, This bore the relicks in a cheft of gold, On arm of that the fwinging cenfer hung, Another loud a tinkling handbell rung, Four fathers went that ringing monk behind, . Who fuited pfalms of holy David fung, * Poverty, conftancy, and obedience. f Holy-water fprinkle. Then C 39 1 Then o'er the crofs a (talking fire inclined; And banners of the church* went waving in the wind t. Next, while the fane with unwont fplendor blazed Againft the lighted altars velvet plain J, Behold him kneel, his hands to heaven upraifed ; Vifions of glory fire his inftant brain, Jefu's meek form, and the immortal train Of white-robed faints, a bright proceflion hold, To cherubs carolling a heavenly {train ; While feraphim that float in air, unfold Their fkirts of woven light, and white wings dropt with gold. Louder and louder fwells the choral pfalm, The mighty founds frefh ecflafy infpire ; The faints applauding wave the branch of palm. * As of the Trinity, the Saints, &c. f Befides thefe there were the ceroferarii orcan- dleftick-bearers, the deacon reading the gofpel, &c. J Highly illuminated on teltivals and great occafions. Monall. V. 3. Ecc. Cath. p. 241. 24 lights behind the high altar, three nights before Eafter. The [ 40 ] The Hitting feraphs ftrike the golden wire, Their beamy treffes fparkle in the choir, Defcending clouds upon the altar reft, And light exccfiive vaults the fane with fire ; I le joins the bright procefiion of the blefr, And glides fublime along a Heaven-admitted guefl*. * The novice to be profefied, went to the chapter, rcquefting the fociety of the houfe. This being granted, he took, the oaths upon the miflal, the abbat or prior holding his hands between his own. He then earned the milTal to the altar, a religious fervice was performed, and the drefs of the order delivered to him. Lyndwood fays, habitus profeflbrum datur in capitulo, habitus novitiorum in choro — he adds habitus profeflbrum benedicuntur, habitus vero novitiorum non. p. 203, col. r, note?, voc. religionis habitum. Pref. Monaft. V. 1. Id. V. 2, p. 500, of the knights hofpitallers ; but the form was fimilar among all the religious, as well monks as lay. brothers. See V. 2, p. 740. END OF PART THE FIRST. ECONOMY C 41 3 ECONOMY OF MONASTIC LIFE. PART THE SECOND. w ITH clouted fhoon at tiptoe peep of morn, Oft as the herdfman fhook the dews away, He eyed from window fmall, the forehead {horn Of elder monk, with roundhead curl of gray, Gazing if foul or fair uprofe the day; And chanced the bell of prime to tinkle, while His lowing herds would wander from the way, To top the wall he fcaled the neighboring Mile, And viewed the gownfmen march by pairs into the ile. G In C 42 ] In ftately wife firft {talked the abbot proud. And every footftep fhook his hood behind, A man, much greater than the monkifh croud*, And called My Lord, his ceremonious mind Was to the ftudy of his flate confined, The monks that heard him, ever would commend What fine words he with lordly geftures joined, This abbat when he willed to condefcend, Would courteous fmile, and call ignoble monk his friend. Next hied the cell'rer, to whofe belt was joined A clang of keys ; a man quite lank and fpare Through fretting much left ought mould be purloined, Whenever he aflized the daily fare, He furely talked of lofs, and wafte and wearf; Next he J, to whom, at to-fall of the year, * Vcflri autem oculi omne fublime viderit, &c. St. Bern, of Abbots in Ep. 42. Ad Hen. Senon. Arch, npud Lopez's Epit. V. 2, p. 401. Quando plus defiderant in palatio regis ver- fari (viri religiofi) St. Greg, in p. 405. See alfo L. 14, C. 30, 31. f This charader is entirely fictitious. See p. 103. J Thefaurarius, or burfar. The [ 43 1 The louting vaffals were enjoined to bear, The portioned kingly coin, or autumn's cheer*; They knew how much he chid, nor dared to leave arrear* With an hoar compeer next the facrift went, Of things religious he had cuftody, It was his blifs, the holy ornament At the magnificence of mafs, to fee In order meet and feemly decency ; The pure ftream he in filver vafe+ would bring For pious needs, and on his doubled knee Would bid a bead, and wet each holy thing ; No lurking fiend but yelled, and fped his leathern wingj. His compeer hoar the leech's^ calling plied, Herbs aromatic, dangling in a noofe, * Full. Ch. H. 298. Spelm. in Firmis. f One of filvcr, cnchafcd with images and vine-leaves, a handle of two dragons, and a fprinkle of ivory, belonged to St. Paul's Cath. Monaft. V. 3. Ecc. Cath. p. 310. % Seethe form of conlecrating holy water in the Salif- bury Manual. § Phyfician. G 2 For C 44 3 For med'cincs to the fick-houfe beams he tied ; He knew the learned name of each, the juice, And moon's age, when it mould be culled for ufe, If 'chance his herbs were unavailing found, He would from a much-treafured volume, chufe The powers of words of moft unweildy found, And add the geftures meet that to thofe words were bound*. Then with the dean came he+ who bore the feal> In him the chapter band were wont confide Concerns to chronicle of common weal, Evening in vain in vernal fkies has tried The tints to pencil}; this old fire fupplied ; Within his flail, lefs noble monks before, A Hand was raifed, and there in lifted pride Leading the choir his arm aloft he bore, And ft range grimaces made, and flamped the founding floor. * See Note. \ Precentor or chauntor. X For the limners. Last [ 45 3 Last came the trufly man of watch and ward, A maffy key from his bent elbow hung, Of goers all he kept a keen regard, Or queftioned them with peremptory tongue ; At prime and eve his larum bell he rung*, If to his lodge enquiring Grangers went, His turning window^ on its hincre he flunsr, And, if he fo could tell his mind's intent, Would talk by alphabet of arms and fingers bent J. At ceafe of bell, ere yet the rites began, By marly bolts the latticed doors were bound^, The fpeeding chantor through the office ran ; And now the choir turned to the eaft around, Or bowed at name of Jefu to the ground ; The prying dean would fum the gather'd band, And truant monk if frequent truant found, * Spenf. F. Qi b. 2, eg, ft. 25. t Fencftra \rrfatilis. Monaft. V. 2, p. ;5^ % Id. p. 714. All monks were if pofftble to convcrfc by figns. § Concil. V. 2, p. 249. Vis. not. Sclb. it. 5. With [ 4* ] With purfcd-up brow and angry waving hand, To fcanty fare, and jail of fearful thought command*. (For fome there were, when blew the taiTel'd horn, And all the bofky vallies fhook for dread, On the hill tops who met the Youth of Morn, As from the waves he reared his glorious head ; O'er goiTy heaths on fleeting palfreys fped ; With profane hunters not aihamed to hoot, Haply if roufed from her rufh-woven bed, Upfprung the fearful game with flying foot, And all the chafe began a mufical purfuit+.) On that mofl holy day that heads the feven, Acting his wavy arm and goggling eyes, The preacher monk would mix the lore of heaven, * Confinement^ in fome ergajlulum, with cxclufion from the common table, chapter, and dormitory. Lynd. Par. ed. fol. 71. -f The religious were very fond of hunting. Chauc. Monk's Prol. Monaft. V. 3. Ecc. Coll. pp. 155, 168. Lynd. tit. de clerico venatore. With [ 47 ] With tales the Phrygian fage* was wont devife, And Fancy's wildeft world of quaint furprizef, (Scorn not the light ftep of the airy maid, Nature herfelf, albeit that fhe is wife, To make the infecYs wing befought her aid, And fweetly fmiled to fee what beauteous tints fhe laid.) To chapter nextj, the gowned proceffion came For fage confult, and founder's^ daily rite To chant, at each articulated name|[ A faintly form fhot by in robes of white, And features indiuinct of paleft light ; Selected next from guiltlefs monks among, Expofcd delinquents trembled with affright, Thefe on their breads their filly faces hung, While language barbed with fire flew from the prior's tongue.** * Efop. + See Note. J Held after prime or thirds, according to the time of the year Monaft. V. 2, p. 722. V. 3, Ecc. Cath. p. 240. Compare Concil. V. 2, pp. 246, 594, &c. § See Note. || When called over in the obituary or mortiloge. •••Who was however to keep bis temper. Concil. ut fup. While [ 48 ] While thus the monks*, before the open'd gate, A mincing palfrey, with a waving load Of gorgeous trapping, fhook his bellst in ftate, Seeking his neighbour baron's armed abode, O'er quilted fellj the lordly abbot ftrode, Spurring his palfrey o'er the field amain, With tarfcH perched upon his fift he rode, And now he leaned upon the jingling rein, And his lank dogs of fpeed|| ran ftretching o'er the plain. While thus the abbot, to the elmy made That girt the grange,** the humbler cell'rerH hied, A fwinging porthofe from his girdle played, Clofe to his cheek his ruffet hood was tied, Unlike that abbot fwelled with worldly pride, * See Note. f Common appendages to bridles. Chauc. Monk's Prol. Ploughman's tale. Spcns. M. Hubbcrd's tale, &c. J Saddle. § No perfon of rank rode out without a hawk upon his fift. In fuch regard was this bird held, that in A. D. 1337 the bifhop of Ely ex- communicated certain pcrfons for ftealing one from her perch in the cloifters of Bcrmondfey abbey. Wart. V. 1, p. 167. || Greyhounds. See Wart. V. 2, p. 221. ** Ab- bey granges abounded with timber. Fuil.Ch. H. 337. if See p. 42, note f. He [ -19 1 He rode a fteed* of moft ill-favoured view, Peaked hips, and flaring ribs, and fhaggy hide ; Going, the fhame of loit'ring monk he knew, The fhame of fhoulders ftreaked with ftripes of livid bluet. Meanwhile along the cloifler's paintedj fide, The monks, (each bending low upon his book With head on hand reclined) their ftudies plied ; Forbid to parly, or in front to look, Lengthways their regulated feats they took ; The flrutting prior gazed with pompous mien, And wakeful tongue, prepared with prompt rebuke, If monk afleep in fheltering hood was feen ; He wary often peeped beneath that ruiTet icreen.§ • Ordered to be defpe&i et deformes, in Moiiaft. V:2, p. 750. t No monk. inConft, I. 12 Nigr. Monach. was to travel without his hood clofe, and portvoifc, porthole or breviary, and if he exceeded liis allotted time, was to carry halt-naked a ferula from the parle- tory door through the cloiller to the chapter, and there be beaten. Concil. V. 2, p. 6c8. X With texts called carols, kc. Wart. V. 2, p. 42.).. § Monad. V. 2, p. 774.. Concil. V. 2, pp. 245, 610. II Hard [ 50 ] Hard by, againft the windows' adverfe light, Where defks were wont in length of row to (land*, The gowned artificers inclined to write ; The pen of filver gliftened in the hand+; Some on their fingers rhyming latin fcannedj; Some textile gold from balls unwinding drew, And on {trained velvet itately portraits planned ; Here arms, there faces fhone in embrio view, At laft to glittering life the total figures grew^. Perchance with train immenfe of knights and fquires, Some noble dame admires the cloifter wall, Its fcrolls of texts and painted gefts admires, The prior points with white wand|| long and fmall, And whifpers low what this, what that to call ; * Thefe in illuminations are fimilar to modern ones, with veflels for the colours like inverted cones, fufpended from the fides by loops. f See Note. % The Leonine verfe, whofe origin Warton leaves uncertain, Lord Rofcommon attributes to the Druids. Poems, ed, Tonf. i- 17, p. 47. § Embroidery for the facings of veftments. Dali. Her. Inq. p. 116. i Coll. Peer. V. 6, p. 419. Perchance [ 5i ] Perchance he (hows in pictures of the loom, Some chief who fills in Glory's fane a ftall, Some king, who living looked a nation's doom, Or hero armed, whofe nod fhook conqueft from his plume*. At noon-hour (if no flefhlefs day betidet) On pofied trenchers^ the plain cates were fpread, The fhow-white egg, the fifti's corned fide, Domeftic fowl by barn-door plenty fed, And beft of nutriment fermented, bread§ ; No thirft was their's, but what that juice could pall. The fugar'd ears of bearded barley fhed|| ; An aged monk** was marlhal of the hall, There walking to and fro the fervitours+T to call. * Tapcrtry, in which the gens of Alexander, the Trojan heroes, &c. were favourite tub,. Wart. V. i, p. 210, V. 2, p. 227, &c. 1 When they farted till the evening collations. X With flowers in the centre, and pofies round them. Gent's. Mag. 1794, p. 407. § See Note. || This rtanza is founded on a quotation in Crit. Rev. 179+, pij5; but wine and pinicnt, a mixture of honey, wine, and fpices, were often drunk. Wart. V. I, p. 178. *» The refectioncr. -f f- Famuli rcfcclorii, &c. Concil. V. 2, p. 246. II 2 AB- [ 5« 3 From due ablution, at the vaulted door. The entering monks flood each one with his mate, At the two tables of the loweft floor, Their looks directing to the fpiry ftate Of chair much-fculptured, where the prior fate ; To this where tranfverfely a board was fpread, Inferior great ones of the convent ate, As palled the prior, all deprefTed the head, Loud rung a tinkling bell and wonted grace was faid. The prior gave the fignal word, aloud The reader 'gan the lore of God reveal, At the firfl ftated paufe, the holy croud Turned to the board in inftantaneous wheel, And folemn filence* marked their inftant meal ; The prior to the reader bowed, again They turned, the facrift rang a tinkling peal, • In this as in other refpefls refembling the Eflenes. Prid. Conned*, ed. 1 1, 8vo. V. 3, p. 485, feq. alfo the ancient monks, Lop, Epit. V. 1, p. 552. Laft C 53 1 Laft grace was faid, and carolling a ftrain Of David two and two withdrew the hooded train.* Then while the bright fun marched along the iky, With his fpread banner broad of golden fheen, Kind Sleep his foft hand laid on monkifh eye, Silence referved enjoyed the peaceful fcene, And mufing ftalked the fpace of beds between ; He who did nought thefe brethren friends efteem, Would at a cloifter window ftudious lean, Gazing with fixed eyes in a kind of dream, Or ftooping with low brow to pore upon his theme t. (He thought, where ancient Ifis winds her way, To hear Apollo's lute of filver found, And fiftcrs nine chant their alluring lay, * Monaft. V. 2, pp. 568, 728. Concil. ut fup. f Monaft. V. t, p. 730. Dormitur in niedios dies, fays Erafinus of the courtiers of his time; perhaps it was a general cuftom. Morise Encom. Ed. Lcyd. 121110, p. 278. To C 54 ] To fee by all their worfhippers renowned, About his brows a laureat wreath be wound, A train of convents to parade his praife, A train of abbots proud, with mitres crowned, Of knights, whole helmets ftole the funny rays, And barons with wrought cloaks of gorgeous noon-day blaze.*) Then where the porter in his lodge fecure, With open porthofe+ fat, and conned his prayers, A multitude of old and female poor AlTembled, canvafling their own affairs, Ufage unneighbourly or houfhold cares, Ere loner the almoner in lifted view Beckon'd their way unto the gatehoufe ftairs ; Their pucker'd apronsj into folds they drew, And almoner therein the viftual fragments threw^. * The monks took their degrees with prodigious parade. Wart. V. i, p. 290. -\ Bre- viary — fufpended to the monks' girdles, for their conftant ftudy at times ofleifure. J The barme-cloths of Chauc. Mill. Tale. § The almoner or fervants of the refectory only, were to colled the fragments after dinner and diihibute them to the poor. Concil. V. 2, p. 246. Soon [ 55 ] Soon as the weary day was weft'ring far, And nightmares on their fhort fquab legs upfprung, To drag fome ugly dream's fantaftic car, The branchy lamp a yellow radiance flung, And to his harp the hofted minftrel lung*, His chiming fongf of Wizard, Fay, or Sprite, Along the wires his lightning fingers rung, His meteor eyeballs blazed with ftrange delight, And fparkling flames outrufhed and fkirmifhed with the night. Or p'rhaps while melody that minftrel made, Some proper tutor and the novice train, In drefs dramatic holy writ arrayed ; Here with bright eyes and cheek of rofy ftain A fmiling David tripped o'er Elah's plain, * To minftrels flipping in the painted chamber with the fubprior, &c. &c. Comput. Maxt. Pri. in Wart. V. 2, p. 106. See more in V. i, p. 8ofeq. t The minftrel verification is remarkable for alliteration, or words beginning with the fame letter, and a monotonous mo- dulation proceeding from the abfence of the caefura, There 5< ] There in the ftudied looks of Saul were mown, Moped and yet feared fuccefs, diffembled pain 5 [A youth by his ungainly limbs o'ergrown, Strutted with weighty fword the man of mighty bone*.) (Were it a certain confecratcd day, The bilhop-boy, and his proceflion fmall Of hornbook people marched in long array, Decked with the mitre, fandals, {faff, and pall, He fcaled the laughing choir's fuperior Hall, His little train paired off on either fide, Strange was the fcene, when they endeavour'd all The chanted mafs with difcords to divide, And howled and yelled and grinned and hided and laughed and cried. +) * See Note. t It was a cuftom on St. Nicholas or Innocents' day for one of the pneri eleemofynarii, or choir-boys, attired like a bifhop, to go in proceffion, and perform mafs lu- .licrouiiy, and other pieces of mummer}'. Wart. V. i, p. 248. A ring, mitre and cope for him, occur in the inventories in Monall. V. 3. Ecc. Cath. pp. 169, 170, 279. From this cuftom came the Eton Montem. Or C 57 ] Or perhaps was dragged into fome area forth. To fturdy maftives that ftood watching nigh, A Bear, the hairy native of the North ; Methinks I fee him roll his angry eye, Againft his furry fides the maftives fly, They fnap, and fhow their teeth's embattled row, He growls and on his hind feet ramping high, Between his clofed paws grafps a dying foe, Whofe eyes jut from his head, and flaggy tongue hangs low.* Or perhaps a train of jigging puppetsf dance Their wooden mufcles hard and nerves of wire, Or here and there the nimble fingers glance Of Tregetour.;;, with him in quaint attire Who ribbands eats, and vomits flames of fire ; Quite happy monks, did nature's general law * In gifts to a certain boar- ward 4c!. Cooiput. Biccfter Pri. in Wait. V. 1, p. 90 f The moft ancient amufement in this country. Wart, from memory. J Juggler. I Let [ 58 ] Let fimplc man to feats fo great afpire, But no. beneath the coverd board thev faw, The grand fiend's vifage grim and horns and horrid claw. Or perhaps to gambol in the ilanting fun, The menial train to graffy leas withdrew, With penfioned fires* whofe days of deed were done, Then where two banks of green turf met the view, They tugged alternately their bows of yew, And "chance the grove ofbriftling fhafts among, A gifted one had pierced the center true, With peals of loud applaufe the welkin rung, And the gray fires 'gan tell what they atchieved when voung.t All fudden ftopped — the great bell's fullen roar Proclaimed the day's, the toil's, the paftime's clofe, * Prel. Did", art. Corrodies. f Antiq. Selb. p. 414. Servants were even obliged to tra- \c! with bows and arrows, in order to pra&ife with them. Daines Barrington's letter on Ar- chery, in Archxol. V. 7. The C 59 1 The dormitory oped its mafly door, From pendent lamps a circling imoak arofe*, The fleecy pallets lay along in rows, Each proper one by wall between confinedt, There couched the monk, nor doffed his ruffet cloaths, For he who dared his cover'd limbs unbind, Was furely chid, and deemed to freakifh fins inclined};. * Concil. V. 2, p. 247. f Lynd. Oxf. ed. p. 205. Monaft. V. 2, p. 568 (Cellulae diftincta;). % Vif. not. Selb. It. 10. Monaft. V r . 2, p. 495. Did. Arts and Scien. 8vo. art. Benedictine. This part is neceflarily fliort, becaufe the greateft part of the day was con- fumed in religious fervices, which from their fimilarity, number, &c. could not be detailed. UNO OF PART THE SECOND. I 2 ECONOMY C 61 3 ECONOMY OF MONASTIC LIFE. PART THE THIRD. I N iron times, when laws of battle were, That weakly folk of prowefs fmall in fight, The galling gyves of vaflalage mould bear* ; Ere Caftle Senefchalls with pale affright Heard the fhrill horn wind of the errant knight. A foeman firm affianced to be, To all who wronged the feeble of their right! ; * The fcodal fyftem. \ The grand sra of chivalry was the reign of Edw, F. Such [ 62 ] Such folk the church let from their thraldom free, A deed that had not fhamcd the knight of chivalry*. The holy church too in thofe iron times, With dreadful fan&ity of forms arrayed, A pomp of fhows for cognizance of crimes, It might falfe charge uncourteous rumour laid, Of fouleft blot on fame of gentle maid ; Her eyes were veiled, her lilly feet were bare, A burning row the ploughfhares nine difplayed, The guilelefs maid was heaven's peculiar care, Angels her veil upheld, and Cherubs cried " Beware.'" Was it that fin fo much to belldames' fhame, Of horfing broomftaves through the vault of night, 1 Manumiflion of flaves. Roberts. Ch. 5, ed. 8vo. V. i, p. 329 f eq . Slaves were ex- ported from England for fome years after the Norman invafion. And. Hift. Gr. Br. V r . r, p. 262. Manumiflion began in the reign of Conftantine, Euf. Vit. Conft. b. 2, c. 32, and was performed in the church before three witnefles. Dion. Exig. Juftell. Biblioth. Afr. Can. 64. Bcvcr. Trul. Can. 85. And [ 6j ] And calling taloned devils up by name, Who coming would for fport the neighbours fright ; Such belldames' arms and feet they corded tight, Plunged them in pools, and on the green banks flood Wond'ring, if they to the arch-wicked fprite In hcllifh deed had figned their names in blood, For fuch bad belldames always funk beneath the flood.* Judicial duels, (fo the times behoved, When men were wont oft from her lifted throne To moulder Juftice) holy church approved, With heaps of arms the facred courts were ftrown, And glittering death on points of lances fhone, A beauteous band of blue-eyed maidens came, And fhe whofe guilty love was over-thrown, Would hide her eyes, and hang her head for fhame, Tearing the fil ken gifts ofthatunworthv ilame.+ * Ordeals abolifhcd H. III. + Kampfight or (ingle combat. In a charter of York Cath. the combatants are directed to take the oaths upon thegofpel or iclicks, and the duel over, to offer the arms of the conquered to the church, and return thanks to God, and St. Peter the patron faint. MoiuiL V. 5. Ecc. Cath. p. 136. The lall inftance of an appeal ofthis kind was in the reign ofEliz. but the duel was not fought. Stowe's Summaric. And I 64 ] And in thofe iron days, if fell defpight Of feodal chieftain galled (he bofom fore, The relick hoard was funned by unknown light, And on the thighbone of a faint he (wore, Spite to efchew as taught God's holy lore, Nor dared falfe fear that feodal chief to fei^n, For monk would deep in his remembrance ftore, The ruthful banquet of a bragging Dane, Who was by fword unfeen of (corned St. Edmund (lain*. And in thofe iron times, no foreft wide But fhrouded robbers and afaflins fell, For Jultice knew not well her way to guide, Not having Cuftom's clue, to that lorn cell Where they were wont 'mid ferns and briars dwell+; * Swearing upon relicks. King Sweyne was thus faid to have been punifhed at Gaiaibo- rough, for having threatened to plunder the monaftery and relicks of St. Edmund's Dury. I. yd. Life of St. Edm. in Wart. V. 2, p. 56. f The Foreft of Dean, among others, was much infelled by robbers, who were not fuppreffed till 8 H. VI. Camd. p. 232. Can C 65 3 Can there be one in better ages born, Who has not heard delighted infants tell, Of Robin Hood, his bow and bugle horn, And how he chafed the deer o'er Sherwood's wilds forlorn ? Ah me ! much irks it fearful mind to tell, Such trefpafs vile how holy church difpraifed, In middle mafs, the great reluctant bell By minutes tolled, the crofs on high was raifed, And now the lighted torch, that fudden blazed, As fudden quenched, a dreary fymbol fhowed*; The kneeling finner in dumb horror gazed, The mafs prieft's cheek with burning blufhes glowed, While Ilowly fyllabled thefe formal curfes flowed. " Dark be thofe eyes, that dare with lull behold " Another's earnings, in eternal night ;" Amen, and Ilowly once the great bell tolled ; * Ceremonies of the greater excommunication. K « Thofe [ 6C ] " Thofe hands be fhrivell'd by a withering blight, " That wealth purvey by deeds of unjuft might," Amen, and once the great bell tolled again ; 11 Like fortune on the guilty limbs alight, " Such hands that aid;" at end of every ftrain The great bell tolled, Amen refponded all the train. '* Be all thy days inceffant curfed with toil ; " Be void of reft, and yet to reft inclined ; " Be all thy booty but another's fpoil ; " Bewild'ring jeopardies o'erhang thy mind, " Nor backward look but foes purfuing find ; " Of peril quit, ftill to thy liftening ear " A fpeeding horfeman found in every wind ; " Till lacking crimfon life thy carcafe fear, " Through never-ceafing pain fhall prefs an early bier» " And foon as doomed to prefs that early bier, u In damned talons be thy foul conveyed, "To [ 67 ] " To the accurfed houfe of Death and Fear " And Darknefs* ; there be thy allotment made 11 With Judas+ who the Lord of Life betrayed ; ct Refining in expurgatory flame, cc Be there thy agonizing fpirit laid, " Until immaculate of fin and fhame, " It meet be to invoke a Savior's hallowed name.' 11 Long as fuch fins thy guilty foul imbue, * So long thefe curfes in dread force remain, " So long thefe curfes fhall thofe fins purfuej ;" Amen — Amen returned the total train, Fiat — a general Fiat (hook the fane ; Still kneeled that robber, with ere&ed hair And features fmiling horribly with pain, * Both the Greeks and Jews fuppofed the foul conveyed to its place ofdeftination by fpirits. Plat. Dial. Oxf. ed. 2, 8vo. p. 287. Whitby's Paraph. V. 1, pp. 381, 399. f A common denunciation in early charters. Sec Monaft. V. 3. Ecc. Cath. pp. 129, 3°3» 4> 5-> & c - Canute configns the infringers of one of his charters to torture by devils in iron frying-pans — ferreis fartaginibus. Id. p. 130. J Roberts. C. 5, ed. 8vo. V. 1, p. 398. Compare an anathema in Concil. V. j, p. 283. K 2 Now [ 68 ] iw Frenzy rolled his eyes, and now Defpair Changed them to fightlefs orbs with petrifying fta re. Such were the cuftoms of our days of old, For not thofe days the fun of fcience cheered ; Our fonjr hiftorical muft now unfold o More mournful tales ; when holy Henry* fteered The bark of ftate, a novel race appeared, Who rules to preach and profelyte obeyed, Tnough for their home a proper fane was reared, No annual bounty to the fane was paid, For all the friar race were mendicants by trade, Unwise it was, for mendicants by trade Are fkilled their tongues, as chryftal fmooth, to file,. Their fanes were with unequal pomp arrayed, In near proportion as thefe fons of guile, Could flatter, talk, profefs, and cringe and fmile j " For ever they to confeience would appeal, * H. III. A. D. 1221. " If [ h ] " If idle monk ought live by other's toil, " No envy their's, it was becoming zeal " To fpeak the truth of thofe, who damaged public weal.*" Who fees not faults ? and faults in monks there were, The monk not fcorned to play the juggler's partf, Penance aloft his whip of wire might bear, More mighty Nature would difdain the fmart ; The hand that toiled not, could but wafte the mart ; And crimes were rife, for crimes through them had gracej, The monk not knew within his bounded heart, That fcope of feeling for our general race, That like the eye of God admits no bound of place. * The jefuitical practices of the begging orders firft brought the monks into difrq See their character in Wart. V. i, p. 294; in Jack Upland, (Thynne's Chauc. p. 617) and Sompnour'stale. The writings of Wicliff deftroyed their reputation in return. Confcious of the fuperior learning of the friars, the monks built fmall colleges at Oxford for the better education of their novices, and thus began our Universities on their prefent footing. Wart. V. 1, p. 2S8feq. t Falfe miracles, images with fprings, &C. % Sanctuary or fridftoll, (a ftone feat near the altar. Monaft. V. 3, Ecc. Cath. p. 135). The died of far.Jtuarics is beautifully pointed out by Tacitus. " Incedeh.it enim dctcrrimo cuique licentia in, probia &c. arrepta imagine Csefaris." Lips. ed. fol. p. 88. The [ 7° 3 The clay was come, and what has not its clay ? All things regard from ufe or pleafance gain, Nor longer needed was the dread array Of fuperftitious thunder, to reftrain Hunters and warriors in a feodal reign ; Commerce was building bourfes* on the land, Aided by Induftry, Art's handmaid train, And Plenty boon, a nymph was with the band Called Printing, almoft deemed to wield a magic wand. The day was come — Fame trumpeted abroad An eight-times wedded monarch's ban of wrath; Upftarting War unfheathed his inftant fvvord, Rebellion^- led her rabble-legions forth, Her flag unfurling in the ftormy North ; Along the clamorous vanguard ftalked Defpair, » The term is here ufed figuratively. 1 In A. D. 1529, on account of the diflblu'ion of monafteries. It was called the Pilgrimage of Grace, and in their enfigns they had our Sa- viour crucified, the hoft and chalice, &c. Medull. Hiftor. p. 207. Godwin's Annals, p. 65. While [ 7' 1 While bufy Superilition nerved the loth ; Pale Inj'ry laid her bleeding bofom bare, x\nd Rev'rence fhowed with dull defiled his hoary hair. This horrid while, againft the fane forlorn The banded fiends of hell unwearied toiled, High on a pinnacle ftood grinning Scorn, The axe of falfe Zeal charms of art defiled, And talon'd Sacrilege looked up and fmiled, With fevering engine as fhe veftments more, Recorded good erafing Envy ipoiled, Wnile matching Violence the charters tore, And fcrambling Rapines off the flying fragments bore*. For monk until a figure new they made, Four fiends were bufied in a fecret nook, * The vifitors deftroyed the monaftcries immediately on their falling into their hands. Will. Mitr. Abb. Introd. p. 53 fcq. Id. Princ. rclig. Houf. p. 274. Religious buildings did not ceafe to be plundered till the 14th Eliz. upon a criminal procefs being iffued againfl the offenders. Dugd. St. Paul's, p. 45. The [ n 3 11 ic fit materials Hammering Ign'rance laid, For Prejudice, that could but one way look, Hypocrify, that thumbed the facred book, And crabbed Auflerity, that fmiling blamed ; For fpeech the)' texts of holy fcripture took, For his {tiff neck a band dependent framed, And this their figure new a Puritan furnamed.* Sedition meanwhile in black gall imbued, A fheaf of arrows from her quiver'd flore, And with that archery the monks purfued, Who fled the Giant Danger's (brides before, And trunk of tree his breadth of fhoulder bore+; The deed was done ; the looking fiends were dumb ; * Puritanifm arofe from the tranflation of the Bible becoming common, being mifunder- flood, and the averfion from popery producing a contrary extreme. Wart. V. 2, p. 547. Bands are faid to be an invention of this feet, f The Court of Augmentations appointed the difincorporated monks to vacant benefices, in order to eafe the exchequer of their falaries ; and the endeavours ofthefe men to reftore their pcrhhed institution, produced the proclamation 0/ if 47 againft preaching. Id. V. 3, p. 197: When [ 73 ] When fleeing all at once, the air they tore With yells that midnight travellers benumb, Groans of the damn'd in hell, and fhrieks of Doomfday come. So fell the monkifh fane, and we might deem Were here and there not ivied ruins fpread, It ne'er had been, or but a firft fleep's dream ; It fell, and doomed to hide her banifh'd head For ever, Gothic Architecture fled*, Forewarned Hie left in one mod beauteous placer, That much might of her ancient fame be faid, Her pendent roof, her window's branchy grace, Pillars of clufter'd reeds, and tracery of lacej. * Gothic architecture firft became mixed with the Greek Iryle in H. \' Ill's, i t H. VII's. chap, at Weftm. % Characlcriflics of the florid Gothic. It owed its 01 to a focicty of ingenious workmen of all countries, calling themfelvcs Frcc-mafv.s, who offered their fcrviccs to H. III. and other opulent princes. Andr. Hilt. Gr. Br. V. i, p. 450. In the reign of H. VI. William Horwod, who contracted for rebuilding the collegiate church at Fo- theringay, is (tiled a Frtt-maftn, Monaft. V. 3. Ecc. Coll. p. 162. L F>: L 74 ] Be courteous, Commerce — in no fullcn mood Too hardily gibe the monk's lefs a£tive bent ; For from thy foeman baron's waflails rude, Ys'here fan£tuary a holy dwelling lent, The wattled flocks, the craftfman's canvas tent, The morrice-dancer with his marrion queen, And the famed dog of Britifh hardiment Baiting the bull and bear, were frequent feen In motley crouds to fport along the peopled green.* Be courteous, Commerce — there are bridges high. Ranging their falient angles o'er the ftrand, Which the monks reared ; where fome proud dwellings lie, A fane exorcifed agues from the land+; Hard by conceive its buttrefs rows to ftand, And fine perfpeclive of a range of fpires ; Where lie yon leas, upplucked by monkifh hand, * Monasteries aflifted commerce by procuring markets and fairs. Spelm. Glofl*. p. 264. t Croyland Abbey reared upon piles in the fens of Lincolnshire. Bibl. Topog. Brit. No. q Their [ 75 ] Their rufhes crackled on the daily fires, Monks delved that fofs where-through the brumal flood retires.* Be courteous, Learning — think what Monks would write, Figuring ftrange figns they had wizards feen ; Seen dapper fairies by the Moon's pale light, In quaint rings dance about their tiny queen ; Grim ghofts with ftony eyes flit o'er the green ; Steeds of bright brafs that to the board updrew, Where fat the Soldan with aftonifh'd mienf; Or dragons, fuch as George of Britain flew, Spout fmoky hurricanes of flame and fulphurs bluej. (Truth, I would fain but cannot thee commend, For thou art Superftition's enemv v , * For the improvement of defart lands by monaflcries. Sec Roberts. C. 5th, cd. 8vo. V. I, p. 244. Andr. Anec. art. Lazy Monks. f Chauc. Squier's tale. Milt. P. L. b. 1, v. 763. To ride through the hall to the high table, was a favourite cullom in the days of chivalry. % The monks often wrote for the rainftrels. Wart. V. r, p. 87. L 2 And [ 76 ] And fhe to Song has been an ancient friend ; Canst thou not hide the terrors of thine eye, Hold down thy mirror, and pafs finding by ? Muft wc thy beams depopulating rue ? Yes, and the vifionary race muft fly; But flay thy fteps, imperious maid, and view One backward glance of fcorn, their noble proud adieu.) Be courteous, Learning — tales of times of old Of Troynovant, of ancient Britifh land, For you the monkifh Chroniclers have told ; Before you, lo ! the greybeard Fathers ftand, Holding the holy Martyrs by the hand ; Lo claflic Bards, with their thrice triple train Of Attic ladies, fing at your command ; Say could a gifted Poet form a ftrain For Oxford's earl*, that not attends the monkifh fane ? * Alluding to the Harlelan collection of MSS. Learning [ 77 ] Learning, fome monks were very deeply taught, Speech they could all into its parts divide,* But thefe knew how to prank a fhowy thought,* And a minutely-fubtle fcience plied, Drawn from the lore that man to God alliedj; Our laws they tinctur'd with that emp'ror's page, AmalfVs rocks were fated long to hide§, Who could like them with mighty quibbles wage, The fvllogiftic war of famed Stagyra's fage ?|| Learning, this lore is deemed of nought to be, Unlovely we from trial fad atteft, Yet hence the fcornful Nymph Philofophy, In robe fuccincl for Ioofely-floating veft, Was by the matron ftri£t Precifion dreft**; * Grammar. f Rhetoric. % Scholaft. Theology. § Pandccls of Ju ftinian , Andrews from Pfcffel alTerts, that the civil law was ftudied before the difcovery of Jullinian's code at Amalfi, (Hift. Gr. Br. V. i, p. 145) for the hillory of which romantic place, fee Swinb. Trav. V. 2, p. 149. || Logic. ** ScbolafUc learning introduced precifion into Philofophy. Life of M. Turgot, p. 11. And [ 73 J And had not hooded Superftition flung On fpeech o'er vulgar wont her high beheft, The fluggard fchoolbpy ne'er had lifped the tongue, That Tully chaftely fpoke, and Maro chaftely fiing.* Shades of paft fame, farewell! the glooms ye caft! Tlie melancholy pleafure ye have bred! There are, who fain would fly into the paft, And where I but a weeping pilgrim tread, As cowled monks hide for aye the aching head ! Alas ! there now are no Elyfian bowers, To fepulchre among the living dead, A loft thing, when Life's day in tempefts lours, And Grief the painted wings rends of the fhrieking Hours. * Life of M. Turgot, p. n. The acquifition of grammar and orthography, a general knosvledge of the ftruclure of languages, an accurate acquaintance with the etymology of words, the obtaining an elegant and innocent amufement, the knowledge of the manners of ancient times, much moral inftruction, and the acquifition of tafte, &c. are advantages of claffical edu- cation. Manchert. Mem. V. 4, pt. 1, p. 116 feq. Pause, C 79 ] Pause, cries a willowed Youth, in fhades like thefe, With hopelefs flames a virgin victim glows, The pride of needy ancientry to pleafe, For ever loft to love, my only rofe, The fweeteft flower of all my Eden blows, Go, weeping girl, and this thought with thee bear, That fcarce awifh my jealous bofom knows, Save that of trowing thy torn limbs in air, But greater virtue checks the greatnefs of defpair.* * M. Schiller's " Robbers," a German Tragedy, Eng. tranf. p. 216. Abbeffcs " with their furred mantles and large and wide veils" were commonly perfons of " gentle blood." Lydgate's dance of Machabre, in Monaft. V. 3. Ecd. Cath. p. 370. The cuftom of im- muring girls of noble birth ftill prevails abroad. Not long ago many abbies of monks in France were converted into nunneries for this purpofc. Domeft. Anccd. Fr. Nat. p. 115, END OF PART THE THIRD. ECONOMY [ 8i ] ECONOMY OF MONASTIC LIFE. NOTES. X HE beetle s drowfy horn, isc. The beetle of the poets is the fcarabaeus fterco- rarius Linn. Before its appearance at the approach of autumn, it is buried under cow-dung. Its nidus is made of cemented earth, with an oval cavity for the beetle within, and every individual has a fimilar habitation. Flame innocuous, &rV. According to M. Bouguer, the light of the fun is 300,000 times greater than that of the moon. The largeft known mirror will not increafe the light 1000 times j the lunar light ofcourfe, even in the focus of the largeft mirror, will ftill be 300 times lefs, than the intenfity of the common folar heat. Prieftley's Hift. Vifion, &c. p. 546. The moonbeams however promote putrefaction and vegc - tation. Wilf. Oblerv. Infl. Clim. ch. 6. Congealing Stalaflites, &c. Stalactites calcarcus, &c. Mageil. Cronft. V. 1, p. 29. A peculiar acidulous gas, called aerial, carbonic acid, or fixed air, a conlli- tuent part of atmofpheric air, in the ratio of 1 to 100, has the power of acting very powerfully upon lime. Hence by the exudation of water impregnated with that earth, proceeds the formation of ftalactites or ftone- icicles, and the induration of mortar in buildings. M [ 32 ] oboftly beldame old, &c. The ptinus fatidicus Linn, or deathwatch, com- mences its found (by (hiking the fhield or forepart of its head on any hard fubftance) ■ibout the advanced (late of lpring. This noife is the fignal, by which the two fexes attend to each other. It is not to be confounded with the termes pullatorium Linn. which makes a conftant found, like the ticking of a watch, whereas the noife of the ptinus is intermittent. Shaw's Natur. Mifcell. V. 3, pi. 104. Along a tomb, &c. If a hero was buried with his legs acrofs, he had either made or intended to make a crufade. If he died in war, a lion was put at his feet ; if in peace, a greyhound, (St. Foix in Crit. Rev. 06V. 1793). The crofs-legged monu- ments are faid to be peculiar to England, not of an earlier date than Stephen, nor later than Edw. III. (Nafh's Worcefterfhire, in a M. Rev.) Gilt fpurs were proper to knights, white fpurs to efquires. Guillim's Heraldry, p. 387. ed. Blome, 1679. How changed that choir, oiY. " Monafteries were in chiefeft reputation for burial, and if the dead chofe, had a preference to any parochial church.* The abbat's mor- tuary was the apparel of the dead, his horfe and his cow." Selden's Hift. Tyth. ch. 9, art. 4. The following account of the conveyance of the corpfe oflfab. Mar- chionels of Berkeley, (8 H. VIII.) from Coventry to the Auguftine Friers in Lon- don, (where the Marquis lay, Lei. V. 6, p. 48) may amufe my readers : (Endorfure) " This bill bee delivered to mye right worfhipful and fpeciall good « mailer Sir Maurice Berkeley, Knight. " Plefith your good mafterihip, the ordering at thenterment of my Lady your " mother hereaft followith. Item. Firft when I pr'eved (perceived) (he began to " draw from this lyff, I caufed prefts to fay dyvers orifons, and alfo to (hew " hir of the pafTion of Crift, .and of the merits of the fame, whereunto (lie gave mer- " velous goodly wordes, for after hir aneyling (extreme unction) (lie came to good " and p'fit (perfect) remembrance. Item. Aft (he was dep'ted (departed), I caufed " David Sawter (Pfalter) to be faid continually, untill the day of her buryeing, for • See an exception in Leland's Itin. V. :, p. 83. ed. 1759. [ 83 ] " as forme as oon company had feid, an other company of preftes began, and foe fhe rt was wached with prayer continually, fro Wenfday until Monday. Item. Ryngyng " daily with all the bells contynually, that is to fay at St. Michell's xxxiii peles, at " Trintye xxxiii peles, at St. John's xxxiii peles, at Babyllake bycaufe hit was fo " nygh hyr lvij peles, and in the Mother Church th xxx peles, and every " pele xiid. Item. Upon Sounday, when hir hors letyr (horfe litter) was app'eled " (apparelled), and wax and all other thyngs redy, fhe was fet forwards aft this " manner. Item. Firft xxx women of her levery*, in black gowns and kercheves " upon their heds, of kerchew which was not furveled neither hemmed, be- " cawfe they mought be knowen latly cutout of newe cloth, and everye woman be- " ryng a tapyr of wax, of lb. weight and a half. Item. Aft theym fowlowed xxxiii " crafts (tradcfmen, common attendants in procelfions of great perfons) with their " lights, to the nomber of torches. Item. About hir horfeleter, was hir " owne fervaunte and other, beryng torches of cleyne wax, tonombrofxxx in " blacke gownes. Item. The orders of friers why t and gray, with their crofTes next " after the lights of the crafts. Item. Prefts to the nombr of and more, w which went with their crofTes next before the herfTe (the horfe litter). Item. After " the horfeleter v gyntylwomen mourners. Item. Aft theym Mr. Recorder and I, " Mr. Bonde and my cozen Porter in ftede of thexecuitors and fup'vifors. Item. " Then Mr. Maire, the Matter of Yeld, (guild or townhall) Aldermans, Sheriffs, " Chamb'leyns, and Wardens. " And foe fhe was co'veid to the Mothir Chirch the where fhe refkd in the " queere before the high auter, all that nyght and had their a folemn dcrige, (Pf. 5) " and the Maire and his bredren went into Saynt Ma: 7 Iiall, wher as a drynkyng " was made for them, fyrfr. kakys (cakes) comfitts (common at funerals, fee Coll. " Peer. V. 4, p. 67) the fecund courfe marmelot, reddwyne and claret, and the " thirde courfe wafris and blanch powdir, with romncy and mufkedele (Genoefe and " Hungarian wines. Wart. V. ■:, p. 253. Both of them occur in the " Squire of • The Baronial retinues were iiimunfe. For the rcafon fee Smiih'i Wcalih of Nat. eJ. -, V. -i, p. 119 feq. M ? " ! [ 3 4 ] " low degree") and I thank God, noe plate ne fpones waft loft, yet ther was xx ti " defyn (decent) fpones. " Upon Monday, (he fate forward aft maffe, with the faid lights and crafts, the " faid v mourners rydying in fed-faddles*, and ther horfes traped with blacke, Mr. " Recorder and I, Mr. Bonde and Porter rydyng aft theym, and then Mr. Maire, " Aldermen, Sheriffs, Wardens, and Chamb'leynes, rydynge in like order as they " were, and at Bynley Brigge (Bridge) met my lord th'abbot of Combe with his <( mitre, fenfyng the herfe, and in his company Mr. Browne, Mr. Broughton, and " many othir, ye may be fu re to the nombr of v or vi thoufand pepull. I am of a " furety ther was at everye fittynge above eleven or twelve fcore meffes, and the " bordes (tables) was divers times fet, and Thomas Berkeley's preft, (prieft) fay " the orderynge of all. Written at Caloughdon the xvi day of Aprille. " Your fervaunt, Thomas Try." MS. Berkeley Caftle. Beneath that window, &c. Walpole has proved that there exifted no difference in gardens between Trajan and W. III. The religious were the firft who imported fruit-trees from Italy. Nat. Hift. Selb. p. 223. " A Lord Berkeley (iftEd. 3) " fent a difh of peares to a Ladye Mortimer pro novitate frutliis." MS. Smythe, V. 2, p. 295. Aherbary for domeftic medicines was a common appendage to all arc en: gardens. Wart. V. i, p. 453. Arbours occur often in Chaucer and Spenfer. His compeer hoar, &c. The art of medicine, in the middle ages, was founded on herbs, charms, judicial aftrology, fuperftitious ceremonies, and the virtues of pre- cious (tones, circumftances which betray an oriental origin. Wart. V. 1, pp.439, 443, and emend, to V. 2, p. 5. Redi in a letter to Kircher, mentions fome Arabic and Abyffinian MSS. of this kind. Exp. Nat. ed. i2mo Amft. pt. 2d, p. 19. With * Ann, R. II's. queen, brought up this cufiom, herbs [ S 5 ] herbs and charms*, ventoufing or cupping, and phlebotomy occur as parts of fur- gical pradYice in Chaucer's Knight's Talc. " In 8th R. II. Margerye Legat, of " Wootton, widowe, left a Lord Berkelcye by will a brafs morter and iron peftle." MS. Smythe, V. 2, p. 350. Theophilus de fpec. et differ, urinar. Egidius de uri- nis, &c. are books in the catalogue of St. Paul's Cathed. Library, compiled in the 15th cent. Monad. V. 3. Ecc. Cath. p. 359, and Lydgate in his dance of Macha- bre makes hisphyfician an adept in the fame fcience. Id. p. 372. The firfl. public furgical lecture was held A. D. 1584. Stowe's Summarie, ed. Harrifon, bl. let. i2mo. 1 6 10, p. 342. On that moft holy day, &c. The monks of Durham preached fermons every Sunday afternoon in their Lady Chapel. Willis's Cathedr. Ichno°r. pi. in V. 1, p. 223. ed. 1727. The monkifti fermons contained mixtures of Efop's fables, (Wart. Gefl. Roman, pp. 1 xcii fcq.) fcripture, fcholaftic theology, legends of the faints, tales from the Speculum Hiftorialef, and Gefta Romanorum, all which were uttered with various gefticulations. If the text was Charity, fays Erafmus, they would begin their difcourfe with the river Nile ; if the myftery of the Crofs, with Bel and the Dragon ; if Fading, with the twelve figns of the zodiac, &:c. Morisc Encom. p. 260 feq. To chapter next, l£c. Founders were received in Monasteries by Procefiion5, Ccn- fings, Sec. a privilege which defcended to their heirs. MS. Smythe, V. 3. pp. 484, 525. Their effigies were reprefented kneeling before Chrift in the great weft win- dow. Wart. V. 1, p. 300. Their names inferibed on tables, hung in the church. Id. Id. and their arms embroidered in the philactcries or edges of their mafs-pricft's robes. MS. Smythe, V. ;, p. 363. The following extract from the chai tulary of the abbey of St. Auguftine's, Briftol, will explain the ceremonial of an obit. " For " this good Lord Sir Robert Fitzharding our primer foundator, and the LaJy Eve • A fimilar abfunlity marks nations which have no religious iJea« of any kind. Tench's Port Jjckfon, p. 185. t A collection ot legend*, romances, &c. written by Vincent de Beaurdi, about A. D. njo. " hii [ 86 ] " his wife, tiieis bene the fpecial things done for them, befides the general prayers " continually done in divine fervice, by day and night ; Firft dayly there is a maffe " faid, for them and all other foundators and benefactors, at the hour of feven in the " morning, and alfo they bene prayed for dayly by name openly in our chapiter houfe, «' and alfo they have their placebo, (pf. 114) and dirige (pf. 5*) folemnly fung with " rynginge in the eve of their anniverfary, and on the morow com'endations and maffe, " the abbot for the foundator, and the prior for the foundreffe, executing the fervice. u And on die day of our faid foundator's anniverfary, there fhall be 100 poore men re- " frefhed in a dole, made unto them in this forme ; every man of them hath a chan- " non's loafe of bread called a myche, and three herrings therewith. There fhall be " doled amongft them alfo two bufliels of pefys, (peafe) and an other dole alfo that " fhall be made in money, cakes, and lofes of three to a penny, under this forme. " The abbot fhall have a cake price iiij d. with two cafts of bread, and iiij d. for " wine. Alfo the prior, and fubprior, and the almoner, every of them fhall have " two cakes, price of every cake ij d. with one caft of bred, and ijd. for wine. And " every channon after, both of priefts and alfo of the novices, fhall have a cake of " ijd. with a caft of bread, and ij d. for wine. Moreover every fazcular fervant of " houfhold within the monaftery, fhall have a cake of i d. with a caft of bread, and " alfo every ffryar of the fower orders of Bryftowe, fhall have a loafe of bread, and " likewife every prifoner within the goale of Newgate in Bryftowe, and all the rem- " nant of bread not divided, fhall be doaled at the gate of our faid monaftery, unto " poore people, and everye man takynge part of this dole, fhall have forty dayes of " pardon." MS. Abbot Newland, temp. H. 7. While thus the monks, &c. Proofs need not to be brought of abbots hunting and going to war at the head of their vaffals. The farm-houfes of a Lord Berkeley, were the hoftries of Lords and Abbats, travelling through the manor. MS. Smythe, V. 1, p. 145. When William de Kingefcote, of Kingefcote, Gloucefterfhire, in the reign of Ed. II, was to prove himfelf to be of full age, he did this by many to- • Brev. Rom. Atitw. Off. DefunCt. Often bound up feparately at the end of miflals. kens [ 87 ] kens and obfervations taken upon his birth, as that fuch a priefle then fung his firft mafie, and fuch an one then became a profefled monke, and fuch perfons, as Sir Sy- mon Bafiet and the abbot of Kingefwood, were at the feaft of his mother's churching. Id. V. i, p. 144. This lhows that abbats mingled in general fociety. Hard by againfl, &c. The illumination of MSS. is of moll remote antiquity. Montfauc. V. 3, p. 349. The cuftom of adding portraits to books, feems to have originated with Varro, the friend of Cicero. Plin. Nat. Hift. b. 3$, c. 2. A metal pen was ufed in the art of illuminating. Wart. DiiT. 2d. About A.D. 1546, limners and fcribes were reduced to great diftrefs, for want of employment, on account of the diflblution of monasteries*, and the invention of printing. Id. V. 3, p. 145. The laft fpecimen of this art was the le&ionaryf of Cardinal Wolfey at Oxford, (Id. V. 3, p. 146) and the art of engraving invented about 1460 (Walp. Catal. Engr. p. 3) fuperfeded its ufe round the initials and margins. Thus the invention of this laft beautiful art became one means of restoring the art of painting, to its proper rank as a Mufe, and of looking for fupport from other caufes, than embellimments merely mechanical. Andbefl of nutriment, l£c. The formation of bread is owing to a ftoppage by the application of heat, of three incipient fermentations of different kinds, in the farina or flour. This art was brought from Greece to Rome ann. 583 U. C. Pliny in Chaptal's Elem. Chym. Eng. tranf. V. 3, p. 106. Or perhaps while melody, &c. Myfleries or facred dramas originated among the monks. Wart. V. 2, p. 374. At the revival of clafllcal literature, the foreign re- ligious formed dramas, from the clafTical fymbols and mottoes, derived from the chiefs of the Neapolitan wars J, and common in England in the 16th cent. (Sydney's works, cd. 10, Lond. fol. 1655, p. 30, 62, 179, 180, &c.) Some Augultin monks in • Whore libraries wore fhamcfully deflroyed. Spclm. Hift. Sacrilege, p. ioi. + A code of proper leflons for the year. Spdm, Gl. p. 4*1. J In llic latter end of the 151I1 cent. Dall. Her. Inq. p. 391 . Flanders, [ ss ] 1 Lnders, reprefented the whole life of that faint, in a ("cries of theft impreffes. Phi- lof. Imag. vel Syllog. Symbol. Mencftr. Amft. 1685, p. 3S5> APPENDIX. I. Supplementary Obfervations. II. Rubricae Conftitutionum Angliae quae ad rem Monafti- cam attinent, ex Provinciali Gulielmi Lyndwood ex- cerptae. III. Charta Coenobii Wygornienfis formam admittendi la- icos vel fundatores vel alios in focietatis privilegiorum communionem oftendens. IV. Fuller's Account of the Offices, Officers, and general Cuftoms of Abbies, abridged from p. 2 84 feq. of his Church Hiftory. V. Improved mode of reference to Lyndwood, Gloflarv, Memorable Periods in Monaftic Hiftory previous to to the DilTolution, Contrarieties of Authors, Errata, &c. [ 8 9 ] SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS. J7 AGE 21, I. 2. The mimofa nilotica and asfchynomenc fefban. Linn, are the kinds of acacia alluded to. Pinnate or featheiy is a botanical term, and for the propriety of the epithet " Nefh" I refer the reader to Gilpin's For. Seen. V. i, p. 68. P. 27. The ftone-crofs on the roofs of religious buildings was perhaps fet up to fhow an exemption from the power of the feodal lord. See ftat. 1 3, E. I. C. 33. Stat, at large p. 108. P. 27, I.4. Six kinds of bells were common in monafteries, fquilla in the refedtory, cymbalum in the cloifter, nola in the choir, nolula or double bell in the horologium (clock-tower*) campana in the belfry, fignum in the tower, (perhaps the roodftccple or tower between the tranfepts) different authors however ufe diffe- rent names. Sp. Gl. p. 118, voc. Campana. As to the faints, fanctus, faunce, fans bell, it was the prieft's proper bell, and rung at all times when he wifhed to com- mand the attention of the congregation ; for fays Bifhop Jewell " The pried turneth his backe upon his brethren, and fpeaketh out two words aloud " Pater nofter," and caufeth the fanctus bell to play the part of a deacon, to put the people in remem- brance that now they muft pray." Repl. to M. Hard. b. 1. fol. 1609, p. 133. P. 32, 1. I. The magnificence of altars may be conceived from the following paffage in Dev. Vie Mon. V. 2, pp.435, 6. " Dans un chapitre general dePannee 1263, il fe trouve un commandement fait a l'Abbe de Royaumont, d'ofter Ies peintures, les images, les fculptures, les colonnes ornees de figures d'Anges, qu'il avoit fait mettre depuis pcu a l'entour du grand Autel, &rc. II eft auITi defend u aux Abbes de fe fervir de tapis dc pied loriqj ils officient." P. 34, Note. Cath. Queen of H. VIII. fo preferved unburied in Peterborough Cathedral, is another inftance. Will. Cath. V. 3, p. 491. P. 35, 1. 9. The fchool-houft or fong-fchole, and treafury are two apartments which form the ground- floor of the dormitory in \\"ill:s's plan of • Ufed in this fenfein Monaft. V. ;. Add. p. 20. Lei. It. V. 3, p 117 V. 6, p. 4. N Dk C 9° 1 Durh. Abb. V. 1, p, 213. P. 36, 1. 4. St. Ecncditt orders the novices to be harfhly treated, in order to try their fitnefs for their profeflion. Prazdiccntur ei (the novice) omnia dura et afpera, per quae itur ad Deum. Reg. C. 58. P. 41, 1. 6. Among the faecular clergy the canonical hours might be fung at times convenient to the celebrating pricfb, provided that mattins, lauds, prime, and thirds, were fung before high mafc, about 9 A. M. Lynd. Oxf. ed. p. 236. rubr. This accounts for the different times at which thefe fervices were performed among the faecular ca- nons (modern prebendaries) in Monad. V. 3. Ecc. Cath. p. 241, and Ecc. Coll. p. 56. P. 42, 1. 1. The place here referred to reprefents abbots, as fervile courtiers. Lydgate defcribes his abbot as a bcn-viiant, and paints him with a brode hat, grete head and belly large and fat. D. of Mach. The Englifla abbots, fome in- ilances of learning and ingenuity excepted, feemed to have little differed from the :t feodal laity. Their feparate tables, a practice founded on the 56th ch. of the rule of St. Benedict, muff have been fupported at a great expence ; their halls were very fumptuous, for the abbat of Ofeney " had a hall more befitting a common fo- ciety than a private man; the great flairs leading up into it were broad enough to contain five or fix perfons walking up abreaft." Will. Cath. V. 3, p. 404. The hall of the abbat of St. Peter of Gloucester (now the bifhop's) feems to have been an ereftion of a fimilar kind. They had their great officers, as buifars and chap- lains, (Will. Mitr. Abb. Intr. pp. 56, 60) and country refidences with the addition of parks on the convent eftates. See an inflance in Lei. It. V. 8, p. 35. They had alfo (at leaft the mitred abbats) town habitations, for I remember fomewhere read- ing, that at the Tabard in Southwark, whence Chaucer and the pilgrims fet out for Canterbury, were the lodgings of a certain abbat when he went to London. P. 42 feq. All the great obedientiarii in large houfes had feparate apartments. Will. Cath. V. 2, p. 624, P. 46, 1. 14. Sometimes a doctor prsedicans or itinerant doctor in theology of one of the mendicant orders went about preaching to the religious houfes for 6d, a fermon. Wart. V. 2, p. 106. This fum or a fimilar one feems to have been no uncommon fee for religious offices ; for at a funeral of a Lord Berke- 31ft H. VIII. the fees were as follow: " For maffes the xixth day of Sept. at [ 9' ] at Iiis death iijs. — for dirige the fame day ijs. — to the poore in almes the fame day xiid. — to pall and three children for bearing of torches xiid. — an 1 at dirge on Thnrfday 2 priefts viijd. — and at dirige on Friday 7 priefts iiijs. viijd. — and five mafles of the five wounds xxd. — and three mafles done of the trentall* xiid. — and remaineth more of the trentall ixs. — and offering pence ijs. viijd. — and to the clarke iiijd." MS. Sm. V. 3, p. 558. Mafles, fays a marginal note, were always 4d. each. Compare Liber Niger Scaccarii, Vol. 2, p. 598, edit. Hearne, 1774, and Will. Mit. Ab. p. 52. Perhaps one of the itinerant preachers aforefiiid is al- luded to in that common bequeft in old wills : " I woll have a fermoft by a doctor of divinity at the mafic of requiem." P. 46, note. This ergaflulum is a final! room on the fide of the chapter in V ground-plan of Durh. Abb. P. 47, 1. 1. Twenty-nine ofEfop's fables formed part of a book entitled the Rudimentum No- vitiorum, evidently intended for the inftrutftion of the novices. Wart. Gift. Rom. p. lxxv. P. 51, 1. 5. St. Benedict prefcribes fafling from Holy-Crofs day (S r4)toEafier, and from Pentccoft to Iloly-Crofs day every Wcdnelclay and Frid On the fafts prefcribed by the order, the monks were to make but one repaft at Nones (3 P. M.) and on the church fafts not till the evening collations. Reg. C. 41. St. Auftin prefcribes during Lent, reading, fading, and praying, inftead of manual la- labour. He adds " Fratres ad vigilias furgite maturius, ad tertiam, ad fextam, ad nonam convenite." Lopez's Epit. V. 2, p. 5. P. 51, 1. 6. Since this fheet \ printed, I have feen fome of thefe polled trenchers of the date of 1589.! They arc entirely flat, about fix inches diameter, circular, with a gobonated border round the margin, containing flourifhes, &cc. the pofics being in the center. They could not have been devoted to the purpole mentioned in the Poem. P. 51, I. St. Bened. forbids the eating of the flefh of quadrupeds (carnium quadrupedum omnino ab omnibus abftineaturcomeftio. Reg. C. 39.J) This the monks conftrued into a permiffion of eating fifh, flefh, fowl. &c. P. 51, I. II. It is a curious cir- cumftance, that no drinking cup with a (land was allowed in the hall of St. Alb. Abbey. Wart. V. 1, p. 4:2. P. 52, 1. u. The reading was divided by weeks • Or month's mind, an office lor the dead lading 30 days, and confiding of as many malTeS. ■) At T c annderj's, F.f<|; I'pton-Grovc, Gloccfle rfhire. t From Saint. Dl ■ \ Monad. \ among C 9» ] among the Gilbert. Canons. Monad. V. 2, p. 732. (Lector Ebdomadse prece- dents. ) The following verfes mentioned by Athon, Conft. Othob. Oxf. ed. p. 150, N. f. col. 1, voc. in comeftione, were a kind of rubric respecting Monkifh dinners. " Sit timor in dapibus, benedidtio, lectio, tempus, " Sermo brevis, vultus hilaris, pars detur egenis, " Abfint delicia?, detractio, crapula, murmur, " Ebrietas, nimis affectus et hiftrionatus " Finitoque cibo reddatur gratia Chrifto." Thb hiftrionatus perhaps alluded to the frequent introduction ofjugglers, minflrels, Sec. at their repafts. P. 57, 1. 13. Chaucer in his third book of Fame pretends to have feen a tregetour carrying a windmill under a walnut fhell. P. 59, 1. 4. The dormitory of Ofeney was alfo a long room, divided into feveral partitions. Will. Cath. V. 3, p. 403. P. 63, 1.8. According to Munftcrl. 3. quoted in HakewilPs Apologie, ed. fol. Oxf. 1635, p. 362. No women nor children were admitted to the campfight — the priefts only attended praying in filence. The idea was bor- rowed from the combat of David and Goliath. Sp. Gl. p. 394. The reader will fee the miftake I have made in the Poem. P. 68, 1. 2. I have no authority for this lingular form of excommunication having been literally ufed in England, but that robbers were to be publicly excommunicated, fee Conft. Peach. A. D. 1279, art> 9« Concil. Reding, and Concil. Lameth, A. D. 1281, C. 11. P. 69, note. Pope Ben. 1 2 (whofe conftitutions from Wilkins's Councils are often quoted in this work) on account of the ignorance of the monks fubftituted ftudy for manual labour, and in- troduced the univerfity education according to the author of Dev. Vie Monaft. V. 2, p. 371. P. 69, 1.4. Athon enumerates twelve evils incident to the monaftic pro- feffion : " Prelatus negligens, fubditus inobediens, juvenis ociofus, fenex obftinatus, habitus preciofus, cibus exquifitus, rumor in clauftro, lis in capitulo, difTolutio in choro, irreverentia circa altaria, monachus curialis, monachus caufidicus." Conft. Oth. Oxf. ed. p. 144. Note 0. col. 1, voc. in regula. P. 70, 1. 6. Bourfe is a term which has been applied to the Royal Exchange of London. It is not in Johnfon, and I do not know whether it is applicable to other fimilar edifices. Spelman calls it " a purfe,'' ^-'C Gl. p. 113. Rubric* [ 93 ] Rubricce Conjiitntionum Anglice quae ad rem Monaflicam attinent, ex Provinciali Gulielmi Lyndwood excerptce. I j % 2, Tit. 13. De teftamentis. Cap. 1. Cum viris. Religiofus in ordine regular! non teftabitur, nee teftamento relinquat cum nihil proprium habeat. Cap. 3. Religiofa finceritas. Religiofus non permittatur fieri executor teftamenti*, nifi cum debita cautione fuperioris, fince qua nee diftributor legatorum erit, aut anathema fit. Tit. 17. De regularibus et tranjeuntibus ad religionem. Cap. 1. Quia verb. Nemo ante xviii annum monachatum fine necefiitatef aut evident! utilitatej profiteatur. Cap. 2. SanHimoniales. Quicunque in habitu et ccenobio feu conventu religiofo- rum ultra annum probationis vixerit, licet folenniter profeffus non fit, ipfo facto cenfeatur profeffus, et in religione permanere cogatur. Tit. 18. Devoto et voti redemptione. Cap. 1. Quia juxta Scripture. Formam pro- feffionis, ut melius obfervetur a profitentibus, Epifcopi bis in anno faciant pro- nunciari. Cap. 2. Prxcipimus. Adrnoneatur populus non facere vota fine matura delibe- ratione, nee mulieres fine maritorum confenfu et facerdotum confilio. Tit. 19. De fiatu regidarium. Cap. 1. Ut renins. Tarn obedientialcs quam pne- lati faciant de rebus monaftcrii quater aut faltem bis quotannis coram fuis rationed) ad quam de propriis, fi qua habent, non tenentur pntlati (abbates vel priores.) • Tlic mendicant orders wore notorious for getting wills made in their favour. Chauc. Jack I'pland. t Quia fcilicct mooa/lerium caret minilliis inibi Deo fciviiuris. p. :oj, note e. col. i. voc. necefiilas. J Ponderatur utilitai 1 Dtentic (the benefit derived from the connections of monks of noble birth* Fuller'* 1 h. 1 lift, p, 2.^7) fcientix, vel artificii vel quia fiint in temporalibuj providi. p. 201, col. i, N. :, voc. ulililM. Cap. [ 94 ] Cap. a. Sttia nomumquam. Coenobitse in uno dormitorio dormiant et in uno re- fcflorio reficiantur, ex communi veftiantur, ncque pro veftitu pecuniam rccipiant, fed in pios convertatur ufus vetus amictus, dum novum recipiunt. Cap. 3. Adl\tc quoniam. Mulieres et virgines Deo dedicata? utantur veftibus pro magnitudine corporis decentibus, non fericis, nee auro, aut argento ornatis ; uno amuilo quo confecratae funt, contentas. Quas lex monachis quoque et canonicis regularibus indicitur. Cap. 4. Ul Jeciindum Cancnicas. Abbates capellanum aut capellanos fuos fingulU annis, fi fieri poteft, mutent. Cap. 5. hhibemus. Moniales non recipiant prater epifcopi fui alTenfum coha- bitriccs. Nulli autem religiofo fit loquendi nimia libertas, aut egrediendi comme- atus, nifi approbatae vitas, et id cum confocio certo die redituro. Superiori autem fit eocum iii aliam domum tranfmittendi poteftas, ubi confuetas fubjaceant difciplinje. Onufque recipiendum per alium ejus loco milium, aut per veftitus aflignationcm fublevetur. Cap. 6. Qmnem autem. Vi&us, nifi valetudo fit diffimilis, fit correligiofis unus, totufque apponatur, fragmenta autem quae fupererant, tota in eleemofynam erogen- tur, nee fit cuiquam contradicendi jus. Contradicens autem ab officio celebrandi, aut a communione fufpendatur. Moniales non vefcantur contra morem in refec- torio carnibus, nsc quifquam in aliam domum recipiatur fine epifcopi aut fuperioris approbatione per literas facia. Nee fiet approbatio ultra debitum numerum in onus domus recipientis. Confiteantur autem moniales ab epifcopo deputatis. Nee altcn pateat fine rationabile caufa ad clauftrum acceffiis. Cap 7. inter alia. Religiofi et regulares non indulgeant commeffationi et compotationi, fed folum ftatutis horis reficiantur, nifi obtenta venia, aut infirmi fint, aut in praslatorum obfequio. Qui vero ex jufta caufa feojfum commurantur, habeant fecum pro teftimonio ad minus duos feniores. Cap. 8. Sanilimomales. Monialis qua: non cogitur mendicare, non fit ultra tres dies naturales etiam cum focia, quantumcumque fit bona; famse, apud parentcs aut notos fuos, nifi urgente neceffitate aut caufa legitima cum epifcopi affenfu inter- veniente. i*it. [ 95 ] Tit. 20. De religiofis domibus. Cap. 1. Plures invemmm. Domus qua; per ex re- monias ab ordine Sancti Auguftini alienate funt, cogantur nihilominus falvis cxre- moniis capitulo generali interefie, aut int/r fe novum conftituere. Cap. 2. Shtoniam religionum. Religiofi novi, qui fibi domum, hofpitale aut xeno- dochium conftituunt a loci ordinario regulam vivendi accipiant. Anachoritte non fiant fine fpeciali epifcopi approbatione ; nee fafti fa?cularibus hofpitia fine honeftfi caufa pratbeant. Tit. 29, Cap. 1. Cum viris religiofis. Nee monachus nee regularis quicquam ec- clcfias fus ad firmam retineat, nee cuftodiam pra^dii aut manerii ad longum tempus fufcipiat, nee ecclefiam, in qua fibi aliquidjuris vindicat, ad firmam capiat. L. 5, Tit. 2. Defimonia. Cap. 2. Pr, voc. viderit expedire. The words corroborating the text are, quia ipfe abbas non debet efie fine hofpitibus fecundum regulam. From this long note we learn, that fwans, geefe, peacocks, partridges, pheafants, aliique ejufmodi, by a purpofed evafion of the rule of St. Bene- dict, which forbids the flefh of quadrupeds, were introduced into the refectory. In p. 9, ref. 9, to Conft. Othob. p. 67, add rubric, (and ftat. 35 Edw. 1. C. 1, in flat. at large, ed. Hawkins, V. 1, p. 157.) In p. 10, ref. 7, to Lynd. de cuft. Eucli. add 247 rubric. In p. 10, ref. 8, to Id. de celeb. Mils, add p. 231 rubric. In p. 11, ref. to Lynd. p. 342, add col. 2, note c, voc. extra velum. In. p. 11, for Par. ed. fol. 136, read Oxf. ed. p. 249, col. 1, note /, voc. altaribus, and note /;;, voc. loco reliquiarum. In p. 12, ref. 1, top. 206, add col. 1, note r, voc. difci- plinse. In p. 12, ref. 8, to p. 209 add col. 1, note h, voc. egencibus. In p. 1 :, ref. 9, for Par. ed. fol. 153, read Oxf. ed. p. 283, col. 1, note /, voc. pueros, and P rote, C ** 1 note?, voc. alios. In p. 15, ref. 1, 2, to p. 208 add note£, col. 2, voc. viderit expcdirc. In p. 15, ref. 3, for p. 147, read Con.ft. Othob. p. 147, rub. to p. 211 add rubric. In p. 32, note* for Lynd. de celeb. Mils. Par. ed. fol. 138, read Oxf. ed. pp. 235, 236, rubr. tit. linteamina. In p. 36, to Conft. Othob. p. 144, add col. 1, note m, voc. magiftri novitiorum. In p. 46, for Lynd. Par. ed. fol. 71, read Conft. Othob. Oxf. ed. p. 142, col. 2, note h, voc. monafterium exie- rit, &c. In p. 59, note f to Lyndw. Oxf. ed. p. 205, add rubric. GLOSSARY. JylAESES. See Bail. Diction. In the afl: of diffblution it is Meafes. Idem quod melluagium. Spelm. /Edes cui adjun&a certa agri portio. Du Cange. Surveled, not in Junius or Skinner, but perhaps derived from Servclleria, caffidis fpecies, quae fuperiorem capitis partem operit. In Italian cervelleria, in French cervelliere. Cervellerium, Idem. Du Cange. Sac, Jcc, a court and jurifdiction. 'Toll, a tax paid for paffage, buying and felling, &c. or an exemption from it. Tbeam, a right to the pcrfons, &c. of villains, hifcuigthefe, cognizance of thefts. Spelm. in verb. Compare Hoveden, p. 605. Ccrrcdies, a conradendo, from eating together. Full. Ch. H. p. 326. Tridivium, grammar, logic, rhet. ghcadrivium, arithm. muf. geom. aftron. Lynd. loc. cit. P. 13, 1. 10. Granges, a grana ge- rendo, Full. Ch. H. 286. Hame, a manor within the manor of Berkeley. Prior claujlralis, fo diftinguilhed from Prior cenventualis, a head of a houfe. Lynd. 210, col. 1, N. 0, voc. obferv. In monafteriis creatus erat prior clauftri, qui fratres aut legentes aut colloquentes obfervaret. Concord. Regul. p. 808. Antiphonar, a choral fei vice confiding principally of alternate chanting. Spelm. in verb. Er- gajiulum, a prifon, locus carcerofus of Athon, locus arctioris regulje, Concil. Later, apud Dev. Vie Monaft. V. 2, p. 49. Court of augmentations, the court instituted at the diflblution for the fettlement of monaftic affairs. Full. p. 348. Many of the grants of this court may be feen in MSS. B. Bodl. Rawlinfon, No. 1290. Comfits [ io 7 ] Comfits, fweetmeats, preferves (Johnf.) Chatterton fpeaks of the comfrcy plant as a favourite difh. Rowl. Poems, ed. 8vo, 3d. p. 3. Marmelot, perhaps marmalade. ITafers, cakes, Johnf. Comendations, a ceremony in imitation of the diptichs (folded tables, out of which the names of patriarchs, martyrs, &c. were recited at the altar) of the ancient church. The form, too long to tranferibe, may be feen in Man. Eccl. Sarifb. fol. exxix. Channon with an h, fo diftinguifhed from a fecular canon (modern prebendary) Full. p. 286. Chauc. Plowm. tale. Myche — unam bifam michiam — unam falam michiam — Regift. Ofeney apud Lib. Nig. Scacc. V. 2, p. 654. Bifa michia, a corruption of manchet derived from manger to eat, fignified a brown loaf ; fala michia (from fala a hall, whence faloon) a loaf of a purer kind, but not fo pure as the panis dominicus. Id. 655. Hqftries — hofpitia — inns — and fo alfo the town refidences of the great in the middle ages were called — in hofpitio epifcopi Sarum in Flete-ftrete — in Holborne ad hofpitium Domini Epif- copi Elyenfis — Will. Wyrceft. in arm. 1465 — the Abbot of Battaile's inn — Stowe's Lond. p. 459. This term well accorded with ancient cuftoms : for, fays Mr. S my the, Lords ufed to make progrefles from one manor to another, flopping at each of them one or two nights, and foe back to their ftandinge houfe, where their wives and family remained. At Lent they ufed to goe where there was a conveni- ence of fifh. V. 1, p. 144. In the fame manner the court was perpetually moving from place to place. Wart. V. 3, p. 34. Kercheve, " the coverchief, or as it is of- ten contraftedly written kerchef, &c." Strutt, in the habits of the Anglo-Saxons, pt. 1, p. 20. A hood or head-drefs. Junius in verb. Mitred Abbots, Abbots with epifcopal jurifdi&ion. Spelm. in verb. Mitred parliamentary Abbots, Abbots who added to this privilege a feat in Parliament. Id.* Monks' cells. This term, except in orders eremite, is proper only to monasteries in early periods. Monalterium pcr- luftrans fingulorum cafas ac lecTros infpexi. Domunculrc qute ad orandum vel legen- dum fadtae erant. Beda, L. 4, C. 25, p. 338, ed. Weelock. • Abbots' mitres fomewhat differed from thofe of biftiops, and they carried their croflcrf in their right hands. Pref. Not. Monad. j>. xxv. P 2 Memorable [ io3 ] Memorable periods in Monajlic Hiftory, previous to the Diffolution. i. JYJoNASTERIES flourifhed in learning and the arts till the irruption of the Danes, who difperfcd the Monks. Wart. Did". Intr. Learn. Europe. " The monaftic orders likewife in that age ferved God, &c." Weever Difc. on Fun. Mon. p. lxiv. ed. 4to, 1767. " In magna erat veneratione tempore illo religionis habi- tus, &c." Beda, L. 3, C. 26, p. 243, ed. Weelock. After the Danifh invafion the fcene is thus : Monaftica vita deferta. AlTer Menev. p. 29. In quo monafterio diver/t generis monachos «W/'j«^ congregavit (Aluredus) Id. id. About A. D. 1000, Monachi unius bominis conftitutiones tenent Jancli videlicet Bened. Archaion. Lam- bard, p. 135, ed. Weelock. InA.D. 1008, Monachus qui non habet monaJlerium> &c. is bound to obferve his purity, the monkifli tonfure, and to ferve God as well as he can. Leges iEthelredi apud Wilkins in p. 107. Nulla ufpiam monafteria per ducentos annos reaedifkabantur. Hovedenp. 455. 2. In the 10th cent. Dunftan began a restoration of the decayed infUtution by ejeding the married clergy from the cathedrals and placing monks inftead. Spelman fays, " Ordo clericalis plurimum ea tempeftate erat corruptus, et canonici cum prefbyteris voluptatibus carnis plus sequo inferviebant quod malum Dunftanus corrigere cupiens," in Concil. V. 1, p. 4B2. Lond. ed. 1639. Defuncto tamen Edgaro Clerici quondam ab ecclefia expulfi. rediviva prcelia fufcitarunt. W. Malm. L. 11, C. 9. p. 61. (de Geft.) 3. At the conqueft VV. I. converted the tenures of monafteries, before held in free alms and fubject only to contributions for the King's expeditions, the building and repairs of caftles and bridges, into baronies, knight's fees, &c. A barony con- fifted of 13 knight's fees, and a knight's fee of 640 acres*; but in the reign of • Quamvis autem quid fuerit feodum mU'uare exploratiflimum habeamus, (acras namque c.c.C.C.C.c.x.t. complc&cbauir, &c.) Hearne in Lib. Nig. Scacc. Tit. Saiopefcire. H. II. [ ,0 9 ] H. II. every tenure in capite of the King was accounted a barony, and this was the cafe with the 26 abbots who fat in Parliament.* 4. In the 1 2th century monasteries began to decline through the abolition of their exclufive right of instruction and the better cultivation of learning in other places. f 5. In A. D. 1 221 the begging orders were introduced into England, who by their fuperior learning and popularity confiderably injured the monaStic reputation. Park. Antiq. Brit. p. 21 1. 6. In the 7th Ed. I. the Statute of mortmain was enacted, forbidding religious perfons to enter into the fees of others without leave of the chief lord. To evade this law the religious obtained penfions, exemptions from tythes, and the advowibrrs of livings, the great tythes of which they impropriated.^ The 1 8th ConSt. Condi. Weft. A.D. 1 102, apud Holinfhed, p. 30, is an inStance of impropriation earlier than the palling the Statute of mortmain. * Spelm. in Baroniis, Baro pro Magnate Ecclefiaftico, and Abbat. Mitr. Full. Ch. Hift. 292. And this was the reafon why the Bifhop of Sodor and Man was never called to Parliament, thai Prelate lioldin" his tenure immediately from the Earl of Darby, not from the King. t Wart. DifT. Intr. Learn. Eur. % The reafon of this liatute being palled is thus given by Fuller, tent. 13, p. 77 • << The alienation of lands in mortiuaine fettled on monafteries (which as corporation*, neither married nor died) afforded neither wards, marriages, reliefs, nor knight's fervice, for the defence of the realm." This is fanially true. Wardfhip, originating among the Goths and Lombards, (Spelm. Hi. Sacrilege, p. 231) was when the heir of a deceafed feudatory being under age, the lord took pofTeffion of his property, to regain which, (if a male at 21 years of age, if a female at 14) he paid to the lord a certain fum of money called a Ttl'uf. Hearne in N. L. Scacc. til. Sutfolc. It appears from MS. Smythe, that Wardjllpi were often bought and (old, and that the ceremony of Knighthood avoided it. Maurice, foil of Maurice the 41I1 lord of Berkeley of that name, was knighted at leven years old forthat purpofe. V. 2, p. 316. Monafteries could not of courfe b' liable to Wardjlip. As to Marriages, perhaps by them Fuller raeam a fum paid to the lord on the mar- riage of the feudatoiy. See Spelm. voc. Chevagium. If he means the common aid of contributing a fum towards the portion of the lord';, eldclt daughter, this, with fending men to his banner in time of war, the furnilhing of a fum for the accoutrement of his elded (on when knighted*, and a tight to Corrodies for his decayed fervants, is among the privileges mentioned by fuller, b. 6, p. 328, as referved by founders. As to both this aid and knight's fervice being rendered to the King by monasteries, fee the black b the Exchequer, paffiui. The fail was, that the King's lofs was in the Efcbeats, (lapfes of property thi the failure of heirs into the hands of the chief lord) ; but there is an inllance of tlul'e having been claimed on the demife of an abbot. M. Paris, p. 1065. Yet mcj} lands were held as in p. 3. Chart. i:i Dugd. * Tandem igitur (U'cllm. 1 C'a. J -, J Ed. I.) caurum fu • litem faciendum ante jrtatem 1- annnr. nee ad mariond .1* fing. frod nullit. fan'umiemque e fmguli- 20 !i : ' I umri(ct,as much . ettly. Hkuiit. da Ulticj, ten p t nam C>ccagium (fctvititumarafri t» Soc, .irjirum) vocaiit. Spelm. 01. voc. amilium. 7. About [ no ] 7. About A. D. 1330 the conftitutions of Ben. XII. for the Benediftines intro- duced the cultivation of literature* and the univerfity education, and perhaps from this period we may date the origin of theological lectures and difputations being held in the larger abbeys. 8. In the 14th cent. Wickliffe began to write, and both monks and friers declined rapidly in general eftimation. Harpsfield, p. 687. 9. In the reign of H. V. the alien priories were diflblved. • Charlemagne before attempted to introduce learning. Pfallendi atquc legendi difciplinam diligentiflime emendavit. Eginhartus, p. 31. Nullus nifi legcrc fciens et cjntarc chorum ejus aufus eft introirc. Mi>- naeh. Sangollenfis, L. 1, ^7. P. Steph. fent him 1 1 learned religious to inftruft the others. ^10. See alfo Anfcgifus Abb. et Ben. Lcvit. p. 905. Append, prim. Tit. I, 2. CONTRARIETIES OF AUTHORS. JVtATTINS, a Jefarate Jervice from Lauds. Brev. Rom. Antw. Matutini. VigilijE nocturnae. Du Frefne — Du Cange. Vigilias noclurnas et matutinas laudes. Concord. Regul. p. 321. Vigiliarum et laudum. Monaft. V. 2, p. 741. Mattins and Lauds the fame Jervice. " Mattyns or Laudes which is all one, Matyns which wee call the Laudes, Matyns or Lauds which is all oon upon the Sonday." Bifhop Fox's R. of St. Ben. b. 1. 15 16, C. 8, feq. (a laudibus quas matutini dicuntur) Turrecremata, p. 180. Circa horam dicendi nocturnos cum laudibus poftquam fimul recitari cceperunt, nihil ab ecclefta certum, &c. Durant de rit. Eccl. L. 3, C. 6. ed. Rom. 1591. The Benedictines, at lead between Novemb. and Eafter, always celebrated this fervice at 2 A.M. as obferved by Fuller. Reg. C. 8. MSS. B. Bodl. Bodley, No. 39, fol. 1 2. Lucerttarium, the laft of the hours in St. Auftin's arrangement. Lucernalis vero hora dicitur, quod turn lucernas accendi folebant; deinde vefpertinum officium lucernarium appellator. Durant, L. 3, C. 1 1, p. 316. Time of dining. "Monks by their old conftitution were not to eat till they had [ III J had laid thole prayers which were intended for that hour, (Nones, 3 P. M.) but they afterwards eluded this by laying thofe prayers at midday." Johnf. on Laod. Can. 18. By the rules they dined — from Eaft. to Whitf. and all fummer (except. Wedn. and Frid. when they fafted till 3) at 12 at noon — from Sept. 14 to Shrove- Tuefday at 3 P.M. — on the Church-fafts and in Lent they fafted till 6. Thus Full, and fup. obferv. to p. 51, 1. 5, ut fup. and Concord. Reg. p. 741. Preferring cuftoms to Jlatutes where I could obtain them, I have followed Johnf. perhaps wrongly, for Hearne obferves, ftatuta ex maxima parte obfervafie (monachos) non eft, quod du- bites. In W. Wyrceft. fub. ann. 1432. Addenda to Fuller's general conformities. Seniors called the junior monks brethren ; the juniors called the feniors nonnos*; the abbat domnus or pater. The monks ufed no oath ; only Crede mihi, or plane, or certe. The phrafe of falutation was benedicite. They role* from their feats when a fenior paffed — they ufed the expref- fion our {tiofter) to every thing but their faults, then mens or my — upon lofing or breaking any thing in the refectory, kitchen, &c. they held up the broken thing in their hands, and lay proftrate on the ground. When a brother was lick, he told his difcafe to the chapter, and after the benedicite retired to the infirmary. (This laft is an addition of K. Edgar to St. Ben. Rule, C. 36.) MSS. B. Bodl. Archiv. copied by Selden himfelf from MS. Cott. Tiberius, A. 3. A Benedittine Monk was thus to be profefled. At his firft admiffion into the fociety, a fenior attended him, aptus ad lucrandas animus. After two months the rule was read to him — after fix months had elapled again — after four more again — on the day of profeiuon, he laid a writing of his intention of taking the vows, inferibed " ad nomen fanctorum quorum reliquia: ibi funt et abbatis praefentis" upon the altar, and afterwards pro- ilratcd himfelf at the feet of the brethren, requefling their prayers. f Turrecremata, p. 28, 256. Reg. C. 56. Concord. Regul. p. 934. Reg. C. 65. • Vocem Egyptiacam quidam putanl, alii ex domnus effitfam Salniafius; parum confulic ex H--'?i Flet- wodus in fyllog*} vet. infeript. p. 386, a venoa avunculus aul "-'•'■''' inateilcra. lulib eliamnulXI nonno avus dicitur paler patris vel paler mains aique eiiam paler mariii ut avia la nonna. L)u Cange. + I much doubt whether this rule was obferved, never having heard of the cxillcncc offuchtwril as the above. THE END. LITERARY OBLIGATIONS. For the ufcrcnce; lo Bevercge, Archdall, Tanner, p I, 19, (it mould be 29) Sftlmun't Councils, Dion. Exig. and Juftcll. Bibl. the Author 14 indebted to the Rev. G. W Hall, Pcmb. Coll. Oxford — for Du C.ingc's definitions of Meafe and Ser\ellcria, to the Rev. H. Wintlc, Ditto — and for that to Hofpinun, to the Rev. G. Hormdge, of Gloccfter. The reader will obferve, that the rule of St. Benedict, though not particularly quoted, is adhered to all along, as being the great rule of Monachifm in the Weft. ERRATA, CORRIGENDA, &c. P. 3. 1. 11. For Itaiirth read tumbrel. P. 6, 1. 20 Yards and gardens. Athon's words arc Intra fepes, i. e. bayas vel. vineas, &c. P. 6, 1. 22. Read " The veil of ordination ■which was formerly conferred, &c." P. 7, I. 10. For three read two. Rcf. 6. For the firft Sunday read " at Icall on the firft Sunday." Ref. 1;. For fcffm read A. D. 1326. P. 13, ref. 3. For Dugd. pa.T. read rules in the Monafticon. V. 15, I.9. The common food of hofpitals. I.yndwood's words are, depifcibus falitis ct duris, qualis eft fungia et aliis- con- (imilibus dc quibus ut communiter vivunt llcffimln, P. 19, 1. 1. For Enplamine read Eglantine. P. 23, 1. 6. Forafcti/ read within. P. 49, 1. 2 The fbture orders the horfes to be rendered dcfpecli et deformes by ceremonies nearly (imilar to thofe of nicking, cropping, and hogging (Curtcntur ctiam et circumtondcantur caudar colli et comae.) 1 had not then noted the pailagc ofAthon, cited above, which mentions the monks keeping their horfes in good condition. P. 51, I. 5. For //read did. Tonotc f add" on the Church Farts and in Lent." P. 52, I.7. For great c-nti read chieftains. P. 53. To Moriae Encore. &c. add, cum Gerardi Liftrii comment. T2mo. Leyd. 1648. P. 69, 1. 10. For Uundtj read narrow. Note % For fanffuary crftiJJioll, read the privilege of a fancHuary or a fridfloll. F. 70, note \ For A.D. 1529, read 1536. ForGodw. Ann. p. 65, read p. 86. P. 73, note t. For it cued in origin, read Gothic architecture owed itsorigin. P. 34. 1. 3. For Beadfmcn read Bcadfmcn. P. 40. 1. I. For fluting read rejoicing. P. 42. N. * For viiltrit read vident. P. 77. I. II. For Pihhftphy read Philofophy. P. 79. I. 8. For troxuing read ftrewing. P. 104 I. o. For Reiularium read Regularum. , .. ,_ P 11T. I. 18. After Archiv. infert Seld. D. 52. (No Pages) the part quoted is intitled D. Bcned. Regul. interim, (.ax. and Lat.) therefore a proper appendage to Fuller's Account profeflcd to be compiled from Authors preceding or contemporary "'slpptnl P.'l. T3lff. P. 17*1. 16. Before " mofl churcha" infert p. 11. L 1. In p. 18 * Ref. 1. and 3. are rnilplaccd. For Lei. It. read Monaft. V. 3. Addit. p. 34. Moft of thefe Errata proceed through alterations, additions, &c. made to the proef-fheet, anil the Inability of the Author to attend the prefs perfooally on account of the duties of his Curacy. [ »3 1 SUBSCRIBERS. ^ILESBURY Rt. Hon. the Earl of, To'tenham Park, Wilts Arden Rt. Hon. Lady, Admiralty, London Auftin Major, Wotton-Undercdge, Glocef- terfhire Auftin Ifaac, Efq; Ditto Auftin Humphry, Efq; Ditto Adcy Charles Efq; Ditio Adams Rev. William, M. A. Fellow of Pem- broke Coll. Oxford Afkew John Efq; Univerfity Coll. Ditto Arnold Mr. Frith-ftreet, Soho, London Arnold Mrs. Ditto Atkinfon Mr. Salifbury A. B. by Richard Wetherell, Efq; Univerfity Coll. Oxford, 4 copies B Berkeley Pt. Hon. the Earl of, Berkeley Caftle, Gloccfterlhire Berkeley Fitzharding, fc.fq; Ditto Berkeley Pr deric, i fq; Ditto Berkeley Hon. George, M P. Bathurft Rt. Hon. Earl, Cirenccfter, Glocef- terfhire Bathurft Rt. Hon. Countcfs, Ditto Boevey Sir Thomas Crawley, Bart. Flaxley Abbey, Ditto Bcnfon Rev. John, D. D. Prebendary of Can- terbury Beach Michael Hicks, Efq; M. P. William- firip Park, Ditto Beach Mrs. Ditto Burges Sir John Smith, Bart. Havering Bower, EfTex Burges Lady, Ditto Bramfton Wither, Efq; Oakley Hall, Hants Beddoes Thomas, M D. Briftol Burland Morris, M. D. Wotton-Underedge, Glocefterfhire Bayly Mr. Ditto Boodle Edward, Efq; Lower Brook-ftreet, London Baxter Efq; Grays Inn, Ditto Burrell William, Efq; Univerfity Coll. Oxford Burrell Henry, Efq, Ditto Bithurne Rev. George, B. A. Ditto Blatch Efq; Magdalen College, Ditto Bigge Efq; Ch. Ch. Ditto Black Mrs. Berkeley, Glocelterfhire BourkeE. F. Efq; Woodend Houfe, Ditto Brooke Mrs. Henbury, Ditto Brooke Mifs M. Ditto Burgh Henry, Efq, Stroud, Ditto Barker Mrs T. Awre, Ditto Blifs Mrs. Chipping Sodbury, Ditto Bayntun Rev. Andrew, M. A. Pern. Coll. Oxford Bcnnion Mr. Surgeon, Glocefler Volunteers Blackwell Archer, Efq; Ch.tlford, Gloccfter- lhire, 2 copies Blackwell Mr. Diirflcy, Ditto Berwick Thomas, Efq; Frampton, Ditto Q_ Benfon [ H4 ] Benfon Rev. Martin, M. A. Reaor of Mort- main, SuiTy Benfon Mrs. Beard Thomas, Efq; Leonard- Stanley, Glo- cefterlhire Brock Mrs. Much Eafton, EiTex Boughton Rev. William, M. A. Vicar of Blockley, Worcefterfhire Bufh A. Efq; Eroughton C. R. Efq; Brifcoc C. Efq; Buckle Mr. Chepflow, Monmouthfhire Baily Mifs M. Ditto Bea\an Rev. Samuel, Hereford Beavan Rev. Henry, Whitton, Radnorfhire Bunn Thomas, Efq; Froome, Somerfetfhire Bunn Mil's, Ditto Bunn Mifs A. Ditto Burton Rev. James, D. D. Canon of Chrift Church, Oxford Baily Robert, jun. Efq; Thatcham, Berks Collet Rev. Henry, M. A. Tewkefbury, Glo- cefterfhirc, 2 copies Clutterbuck Rev. Lewis, Rector of Ozleworth, Ditto Colebourne Rev. Jofcph, M. A. Ditto Chdlon Rev. Jofeph, M. A. Glocefter Olivers Rev. T. Coates Rev. R. Trotman, M. A. Fellow of C. C. C. Oxford Cockle Rev. B. A. Fell, of Magdalen Coll. Ditto Cholmcley Efq; B. A. Ditto Cholmeley jun. Efq; B. A. Ditto Cooke Lfq; Ditto Clarke Efq; Ditto Carelefs Efq; Univerfity Coll. Ditto Cliffe Allen, Efq; Pern. Coll. Ditto Cox Rev. George, L. L.B. Ditto Carent Mrs. Salifbury Cropper Mr. Edward, Queen's-fquare, Briftol Craddock Mrs. Elizabeth, Enfield, Middlefex Carr Mr. Robert, Chepftow, Monmouthfhire Chohvick J. B. Efq; Farringdon-Houfe, Devon Curtis John, Efqj London Court David, Efq; Ditto Calvrrt Felix, Efq; Ditto Calvert Robert, Lfq; Thamcs-ftrcct, Ditto Calvert Charles, Efq; Ditto Crufe Mifs, Amberley Caftle, Suffex Cripps Jofcph, Lfq; Circncefter, OloccAerfhirc Cooper R. B. Lfq; Du;lLy, Ditto Cooper iVlrs. Ditto Cooke Henry, Lfq; Lodgemorc, Ditto Cooke Richard, Efq; Cooke Mifs Cro.ime Mr. Breadftone, Ditto Croome Mr. Berkeley, Ditto Clutterbuck Mr. Edmund, Holcomb, Ditto Chance W. Efq; Ebley, Ditto Coley Mr. W. Ulocefter Coles Mr. J. Ditto Collier Rev. Richard, B. A. Blockley, Wor- cefterfhire Curtis Rev. J. B. D. Fellow of Mag. Coll. Oxford Carey Rev. Nicholas, B. A. Fellow of Pern, Coll. Ditto Couchman Mrs. St. Mich. Hill, Briftol Ducie Rt. Hon. Lord, Tort worth Court, Glocefterlhire Dobbs Mr. Newnham, Ditto, two copies Dobbs Mr. Michael, Blakeney, Ditto Draper Rev. Edward, Rector of Leckhamp- ton, Ditto Day Mr. Jeremiah, Horfley, Ditto, three copie> Day Mrs. D. Ditto Dimock Nathaniel, Efq; Stonehoufe, Ditto Dimock John, Efq; Univerfity Coll. Oxford, three copies Dimock Mrs. N. Stonehoufe, Glocefterfhire Dimock Mr. Ditto, two copies Denifon Rev. R. M.A. Nettleton, Wilts Duddell Rev. John, M. A. Fellow of Pem. Coll. Oxford Darrell C 115 ] Darrell Efq; C. C. C. Ditto Doyle Efq; Magdalen College, Ditto Dyer Henry, Efq; Wotton-Underedge, Glo- ceftcrihire Danvers Captain, Ditto Daubeny Rev. Andrew, M. A. Briftol Daubeny Rev. James, Stratton, Glocefterfhire Dorney Mifs, Bencomb, Ditto Dyer Mr. Nailfworth, Ditto Dorrien George, Efq; London Dobfon Dr. Clofe, Salifbury Downing Mr. Homcrton, Middlefex Davies Rev. Henry, M.A. Arlingham, Glo- cefterfhire Davies Rev. Richard, Vicar of Tetbury, Ditto, three copies Davies Rev. William, Rector of Eaftington, Ditto, three copies Davies Mrs. Ditto Davies Mifs, Ncwhoufe, Herefordfhire Davies Mrs. Rolls Court, Glocefterfhire Davies Mr. Robert, Shoreditch, London Davies Mr. Robert, Eaftington, Glocefterfhire Davies Rev. William, M. A. Magdalen Coll. Oxford, three copies Davis Mr. Chepftow, Monmouthfhire Dwyer E. Efq; B. A. Pemb. Coll. Oxford Dcverell Mrs. Alary, Nailfworth, Gloccfterfh. Day Mifs, St. Mich. Hili, Briftol Ely the Hon. and Rt. Rev. the Lord Bifhop of Eden Rev. Thomas, Whitehall, near Briftol Evans Rev. D. Queen-Anne-ftrcet, London ivans Rev. Arthur, Glocefter Evans Charles, Lfq; Highgrove, Glocefterfhire Evans Mil's, Horfley, Ditto Evans Mr. John, Chq ftow, Monmo.ithfrire Earlc Mr. :>urgeon, Frampton, G locefterfhirc Folks Lady, Hillingdon Hall, Suffolk Fryer William, Efq; Eaftington, Glocefter- fhire, two copies Fryer Mrs. Ditto Fendall William, Efq; Matfon, Ditto Fendall Mrs. Ditto Fryer Rev. William, Newnh.im, Ditto Fofter Efq; B. A. Lincoln Coll. Oxford Fifher Mrs. London Felton Mr. W. B. Homerton, Middlefex Felton Mr. John, Ditto Glocefter Rt. Rev. the Lord Bifhop of Graves Hon. N. Univerfity Coll. Oxford Grey C. Efq; M. P. Guife Sir William Berkeley, Bart. Highnam Court, Glocefterfhire Guife Mils, Ditto Gordon Richard, Efq; London Gwatkin Mrs. Bath Guatier Mifs A. A. Enfield, Middlefex Graves Rev. John, M. A. Claverton, Somer- fetfhire Greenfted Mrs. Frances, Maidftone, Kent Gardner Mr. Frampton, Glocefterflure H Huntley Rev. Richard, M. A. Redor of Box- well, Glocefterfhire Hornidge Rev. Thomas, M. A. Beverftone, Ditto, three copies Hei^hway Rev. RLhatd, M. A. Vicar of Ofbo<-rne St. Andrew, Wilts, two copies Hall Rev. G. W. M. A. Pern. Coll. Oxford, two copies Hill Edward, Efq; Stonchoufe, Glocefterfhire, two copies Hicks John Heathfield, M. D. Glocefter, two copies Hicks Henry, Efq; Eaftington, Glocefterfhire, two copies Hicks Mrs. Ditto Ilkk> Rev. George, M. A. Rcrkclcy, Ditto Hkks Rev George, R. A. Pedington, Ditto Henry Rear Admiral, Rolvenden, Kchl Hormdgc Mr. T. Suigcon, Hattun Garden, London Hor>u:i [ n6 ] Horsfall Mrs. Harley-ftreet, London Hardey Mr. Joliah, Maddox-ftreet, Ditto Halliday W. Efq; Froomc Hall, Sonicrfctfliire Hornidgc Rev. G. W. Glocefter Heane Mr. Rowland, Ditto Hickford Air. r> athaniel, Ditto Hall Mr. Robert, Ditto Hughes Rev. John, B. A. Ditto Hoar George, Efijj Twyford Lodge, Hamp- fhire Home William, Efq; B. A. Magdalen Coll. Oxford Head Efq; Ditto Helelden Efq; Ditto Heleltine Eiq; Univerfity Coll. Ditto Herriott J. Efq; Hardwicke Rev. James, L. L. D. Reflor of Sopworth, Wilts Hollings John, Efq; Stroud, G locefterfhire Holbrow Mrs. Stanley Houfe, Ditto Holbrow Vv illiam, El'q; Leonard Stanley, Ditto Holbrow Samuel, Efq; Stonehoufe, Ditto Hobhoufe Ifaac, Lfq; VVeftbury College, Ditto Hobhoule Mrs. Ditto Hawker John, Efq; Dudbridge, Ditto Hawker Peter, Eiq; Pembroke Coll. Oxford Hawker Rev. Peter, Rector of W oodchefter, G locefterfhire Hailing Mr. Berkeley, Ditto Hodges Mifs, Arlingham, Ditto Hodges Mifs Anne, Ditto Harnage H. Efq; Gannicocks, Ditto Harnage Mrs. Ditto Hayward Rev. George, M. A. Vicar of Fro- cefter, Ditto Hayward Mrs. Ditto Hayward Rev. George, B. A. Sodbury, Ditto Huntley Rev. Wadham, B. A. Boxv.ell, Ditto Hill Thomas, Efq; Bnftol Harewill Mrs. Sodbury, G locefterfhire, three copies Jones Lady, Ramfbury Manor, Wilts Jenner Rev. Stephen, B. D. Berkeley, Glo- cefterfhire, fix copies Jenner Edward, M.D. F. R. S. Ditto, three copies' Jenner Mrs. Ditto, three copies Jenner Mr Surgeon, Ditto Jenner Mr. iff Lieutenant of Marines, Bur- bage, Wilts Jenner Rev. Henry, M. A. Ditto Jenner Rev. G. C. Harbor Grace, New- foundland Jenner Rev. W. H. M. A. Fellow of Wor. Coll. Oxford Jenner Rev. William, B. D. Fellow of Mag. Coll. Ditto Jelf Mr. Banker, Glocefter Jackfon Rev. Thomas, Vicar of Arlingham, G locefterfhire Jenkin Rev. William, M. A. Vicar cfFramp- ton, Ditto James Mr. Stoke Bifhop, Ditto Jayne Rev. Thomas, Ruidcombe, Ditto Jones Roynon, Efq; Hay-Hill, Ditto Jones Edward, Efq; Ditto Jones Mifs, Ditto Jones Rev. Wickwar, Ditto Jones Rev. Haresriekl, Ditto Jones Rev. Glocefter Jones Rev. W. Briftol Jones Rev. J. M. Ditto K Kingfcote Colonel, Kingfcote, Glocefterfhire, three copies Kingfcote Thomas, Efq; Randalls, Surry, three copies King Richard, Efq; Eaftington, G locefterfhire Keck Rev. Anthony, Horfley, Ditto Ladbrooke [ "7 ] Ladbroke Robert, Efq; M. P. Gatton Park, Surry, three copies Loveden Edward Loveden, Efq; M. P. Bufcot Park, Berks Ladbroke Felix, Efq; Bank Buildings. London Ladbroke Henry, Efq; Ditto Ludlow Daniel, M. D. Corfham, Wilts, two copies Lockton John, Efq; M. A. Temple, London Lockton Rev. Thomas, M. A. C. C. C. Ox- foid Lovell Efq; Magdalen Coll. Ditto Lavicount J. Efq; V ickwar, Gloceflerlhire Larton William, Efq; Alderley, Ditto Louis Mifs, Woodend Houfc, Ditto Lees Mr. Surgeon, Hampton, Ditto Leverfage Mr. Peter, Lypiat, Ditto Lafhbrooks Mr. T. Mile-End, London Lalhbrooke Mr. C. Ditto Line Mr. Seamore Place, Ditto Littler Thomas, Kfq; Devonfhire-ftieet, Ditto LeflieMrs. Portland Place, Ditto Lew in Mifs, Styles Hill Lighton William, Efq; Charlton, Kent Lewis Thomas, Efq; Chepftow, Monmouth- fhire M Moira Rt. Hon. the Earl of Morton Hon. Thomas, Tortworth Court, Gloceftcrfhirc Morton Hon. Augullus, Ditto 1 [ill Lady, Arlingham Court, Ditto Manley John, Lfq; Bath Manley Mrs. F. Ditto Manley Mifs, Ditto Manley Mifs Louifa, Ditto Manley J.jun. Efq; Eaft Woodhay Manley Mrs. Ditto Manley Captain Ifaac, in the Navy, Braziers Manley Mrs. Ifaac, Ditto Manley Captain Robert, Sligo, Ireland Manley Mrs. Robert, Ditto arkloveMr. Berkeley, Glocefterfhire Maikiovc Mr. John, Ditto AJitchell Rev. M. M. A. Wadham Coll. Ox- ford Mant Mr. Trinity Coll. Ditto Moffat Rev. Malmlbury, Wilts Martin John, Efq; Barridge Houle, Wool- wich Margrave Mrs. London Meyer James, Efq; Ditto .Mitchell J. Efq; Ditto Maber Rev. (',. M. M. A. Ditto Mail is Rev. Wm. B. A. Ditto Morfe Rev. J. Blayzon, Glocefterfhire Matthews Mr Attorney, Ncwnham, Ditto Mutlow Mr. Glocefter N Ncavc Lady, Dagnam Par!-., I Notiidge Jofias, Efq; Bocking, Ditto Nottidge Mrs. Jolias, jun. Ditto Nottidge Mifs, Ditto Nottidge Mr. W". Birmenfey, Ditto, two copies Nelinee Thomas, Efq; Bradley, Glocefterfhire Nicholls Rev. Robert, M. A. Chavenage Houfc, Ditto Neale Rev. J. Staverton, Ditto Nicholls Mifs, Old Sodbury, Ditto, three copies Nicoll John, Efq; Barrifter at Law, M:JJ'. Temple, Londou O OxdaleMr. Attorney, New London-nreet Pcrcival Hon. Mrs. Lincoln's-Inn Fields, London Peyton [ n8 ] Peyton Sir Henry, Dart. Hagbcck Hal!, Cam- bridgeshire Peyton Lady, Ditto, two copies Peyton Mifs, Ditto Paul Sir G. O. Bart. Rodborough, Gloccfter- fhiie Parr Rev. Samuel, L.L. D. Parry Caleb Hillier, M. D. Bath, two copies Paytherus Thomas, Efq; London, two copies Paytherus Mrs. Ditto Pollok Rev. Thomas, D. D. Grittleton, Wills Phillips Rev. Samuel, Kington, Herefordfhire Pepys John, Efq; Charlotte- lb eet, Rathbone- Place, London Phillips W. Efq; Pall Mall, Ditto Pinnock Rev. James, Ditto Porker John, Efq; Bank Buildings, Ditto Porker John, jun. Efq; Ditto Pointer James, Efq; Ditto Peachey William, Efq; Inner Temple, Ditto Price Richard, Efq; B. A. Univerfity Coll. Oxford, three copies Pratt John, Efq; B. A. Ditto Percell Matthew, Efq; Ditto Pinckncy Mr. Scholar of C. C: C. Oxford Pennant D. Efq; Rofe Hill, Devonshire Pennant Mrs. D. Ditto Page T. 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Charlotte-flreet, Portland Place, Ditto Raynsford Robert, Efq; Birchanger, Effex Rofs Alexander, Efq; Univerlity Coll. Oxford Reeves J. Efq; Rickards R. T. Efq; Dudbridge, Glocefterfh. Remmington John, Efq; Horfley, Ditto, two copies Remmington Mrs. Ditto Roberts William, M. D. Monmouth Rowberry Mrs. Hereford Richens Mrs. Durfley, Glocefterfhire Rolph Mr. Surgeon, Thornbury, Ditto Read William, Efq; Ebley, Ditto Raikes Mr. Glocefter Raikes Thomas, Efq; London Raikes William Matthew, Efq; Ditto Raymond Mrs. L. St. Mich. Hill, Briftol Shaw Rev. John, B. D. Fellow of Mag. Coll. Oxford Simpfon Rev. Francis, B.D. Fellow of Uni- verfity Coll. Ditto Swire Samuel, Efq; B. A. Ditto Saxton Efq; Ditto Scott [ »9 1 Scafe Efq; Ditto Stewart Efq; Ditto Scott John, Efq; Ditto Sewell John, Efqj L. L. D. Pern. Coll. Ditto Stockford Rev. a. P. M. A. Fellow of Ditto Shorold Efq; Magdalen Coll. Ditto Savage Efq; l'embroke Coll. Ditto Stephens Mrs Chavenage Houfe, Glocefterfh. three copies Smith Rev. Richard, M. A. Fellow of Trin. Coll. Cambridge, (even copies Shcppard Edward, Efq; Cley, Gloccfterfhire Sheppaid T. tfq; London Sheppard Walter, Lfq; Froomc, Somerfetfhire Shcppard William, Efq; Ditto Sheppard Mifs, Ditto Sheppaid Air. Henry, jun. Ditto Sheppard Mr. George, Ditto Shepherd Mr Horfley, Glocefterfhire Stone Rev. John, B. D. Rector of alimbridge, Ditto Smith Thomas, Efq; Pudhill, Ditto Smith Mr. William, Durfley, Ditto Smith Mr. W. B. Nailfworth, Ditto Scott Rev. B.D. Rector of Kingftanley, Ditto Sandford Robert, Efq; Cirencefter, Ditto Staker Edward, Efq; Binfted, ouflex Staker Mifs Eliza, Ditto Stumpe Mr. Charlton, Wilts Scrope William, Efq; Caftle Combe, Ditto Shrapnell W. F. Efq; Surgeon to the South Battalion of the Royal Glocefter Militia Stephens Thomas, Efq; Kinncrton, Hereford- ihirc Society the Bocking Reading, Effex Society a Reading, London Scott Claude, Efq; Fenchurch-ftreet, Ditto Staples Mrs. Albion Place, Ditto Staples Mofes, Efq; Cornhill, Ditto Spencer Edward, Efq; Bridge- ftreet, Ditto Stulpncr Mr. J. H. Greenfield- ftreet, Ditto Saunders Thomas, Efq; Upton Grove, Glo- ceftcrfhirc Saunders Mrs. Froceftcr, Ditto Simon Mrs. Sarah, Eriflol Soame Mrs. Stride John, Efq; Carey-ftreet, London Snell Powell, Efq; Guiting Grange Sheppaid William, Efq; Styles Hill, Somer- fetfhire Short Mifs, two copies Spragge Rev. London Shoreland Efq; St. Philip's Plain, Briflol Talbot Rt. Hon. Lady Mary Thomas Doctor, Kington, Herefordfhire 1 homas T. B. Efq; Arlingham, Glocelierfh. Tatterfal Rev. W. D. M. A. Vicar of \ ton-L'nderedge, Ditto Taylor Air. Surgeon, Ditto Taylor Mrs. Hackett, Thcrnbury, Ditto Taylor Air. Thomas, Newnham, Ditto 'I urnbull Robert, Efq; Cirencefter, Ditto Tippets John, Efq; Durllcy, Ditio Thatcher Mr. Job, Saul, Ditto Talker Rev. William, Tranflator of Pindar Terry A'frs. Tweddle -Mr. Tovey Mr. Attorney, Newnham, Glocefterfh. Vines Goodfon, Efq; Wottou-Cnderedge, Glocefterlhire Vines Mils, uitto Veel William, i lq; AI. A. Ditto W Winn Sir George Allanfon, Bart. A I. P. t«o copies Winn Lady Allanfon Wilfon Lady, Charlton, Kent Womb well Lady, Harley-ftreet, London Woodhoule Olyatt, l.lq; Banifter at Law, l'cm. Cull. Oxford W ilhbourne [ I2 ° ] Wafhbourne Rev. John, D. D. Fellow of Mag. Coll. Oxford 'Viatic Rev. Henry, M. A. Fellow of Pern. Coll. Ditto Wetherell Richard, Efq; Univerfity Coll. Ditto Whittaker Mifs, Danfham Hall, Suffolk, three copies Webflcr Rev. James, L.L. B. Archdeacon of Glocefter Wall Colonel, Tewkefbury Lodge, Glocef- terfhire Winchcombe Nathaniel, Efq; Stratford Houfe, Ditto, two copies Winchcombe Mrs. Ditto Wilbraham Edward, Efqj Horfley, Ditto WilbTaham Mrs. Ditto Wilbraham Mrs. Cirenceftcr, Ditto Woodward D. H. Efq; Boxwell, Ditto Woodward D. H. Efq; Fellow of New Coll. Oxford Woodward Chriftopher, Efq; Chavcnage- Houfe, Glocefterfhire Warren Rev. M. A. Kingftanley, Ditto Williams Rev. Wickwar, Ditto Williams Mr. Surgeon, Ncwnham, Ditto Wathen Samuel, Efq; New-Houfe, Ditto Wathen Jofiah, Efq; Ditto Wathen Nathaniel, Efq; Ditto Wathen Paul, Efq; Woodchefter, Ditto Watts Nathaniel, Efq; Stonehoufe, Ditto Watts Mifs, Ditto Watts Mr. Jofeph, Stroud, Ditto Wilton Rev. William, M. A. Reclor of Over- fwel!, Ditto Willis Henry, Efq; Chavcnagc-Houfe, Ditto White Thomas, Efq; Cuurt-Houfe, Stone- houfe, Ditto Wintle John, Efq; Froccftcr, Ditto Wintic Mr. J. Wine-merchant, Ncwnham, Ditto White Mr. D. Blakeney, Ditto Wintle Mr. J. Glocefter Wintle Mr. J. Surgeon, Ditto V. hire Mr. Dublin Webb Mr. T. K. Berrow, Worceflerfhire Ward Rev. Henry, M. A. Havering Bower, Eflex Williams Rev. — Wroughton, Wilts Wall Rev. John, Kington, Herefordfhire Wyatt Thomas, Efq; Salifbury Weftcott Mr. Bifhop Down, near Ditto Watfon Efq; London White Mr. George, Mile-End, Ditto Wakeham Rev. Henry, Bocking, Effex Williams Mr. C. F. Briftol Willis Shirley, Efq; Willis Rev. J. L. Wefton William, jun. Efq; Wallace Mifs Weir Captain Yorkc Hon. Mrs. Ely Palace, Cambridgefhire Yorke Mifs, Ditto Yorke Mifs Eliza, Ditto Young Mr. Great Bedwin, Wilts 'Yeates M. L. Efq; Ebford, Devon