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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ,GIF~T OF- 
 
 
 Received l^C^. , rSf^. 
 
 Accessions No. J^-%^'^^ Siuif No. 
 
 
BOOK-KEEPING BY SINGLE ENTRY. 
 
 Jfor Comman Stljools. 
 
 ADAPTED TO 
 
 PAYSON, DUNTON & SCRIBNER'S COMBINED SYSTEM OF PENMANSniP. 
 
 BY 
 
 L. B. HANAFORD, A. M., AND J. W. TAYSON, 
 
 PBINCIPAL3 OF THE BOSTON MERCANTILE ACADEMY. 
 10 8DUMER STREET. 
 
 /f\P^ OF THB ^ 
 
 ((miveesity] 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 WOOLWOHTH, AINSWORTH, AJSTD COJIPANY, 
 
 is:i. 
 
i(.v> 
 
 ^\rt3^ 
 
 Entered accordin<r to Act of Congress, in the year 185S, by 
 CROSBY, NICHOLS & CO., 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of MassachuMtM. 
 J/ 1/ f ^J 
 
 SLECTBOTYPED BV TIOTiART & ROBHINS, BOSTON. 
 
 F KIN TED nv 
 OFOROE C. BANn U AVF. RY 
 
P R E r A C E 
 
 The importance of the study of Bookkeeping, as 
 a branch of Common School education, is now gen- 
 erally admitted ; and, in offering this book to the 
 public, the only apology which the authors deem 
 necessary is the almost universal demand for a text- 
 book adapted to the wants of pupils in the Common 
 Schools of the country. 
 
 The peculiar feature of this book is, that those 
 portions which are to be written by the learner are 
 engraved in imitation of real manuscript Accou?it- 
 Books. By this means the mechanical part of 
 Bookkeeping, which is no small part, is taught by 
 example. Different styles of writing should be 
 employed for the different parts of the books. The 
 "ledger-headings" should be written in a much 
 larger and bolder hand than the entries in the same 
 book, and the names of persons and places in the 
 Day Book should stand out so as to be seen at a 
 glance. The advantages of this form over the 
 printed one must be evident to eveiy teacher who 
 is interested in this study. 
 
 The manuscript " Forms," with the Explana- 
 tions, will aid the learner both in writing and 
 
 composing similar papers in the transaction of busi- 
 ness. 
 
 The style of penmanship employed in this bock is 
 the same as that of " Payson, Dunton, and Scrib- 
 ner's Combined System of Rapid Penmanship," .so 
 generally used in every part of the Union ; and this 
 book may be considered a continuation of that series 
 of Wiiting Books. The intimate connection between 
 Penmanship and Bookkeeping makes this arrange- 
 ment very appropriate. 
 
 The language of the Rules and Explanations is 
 intended to be as plain and simple as possible, with- 
 out being childish, — such, in fact, as is used by the 
 most successful teachers in addressing their pupils, 
 — language that will not need to be translated in 
 order to render it intelligible. 
 
 Those who may use this book are reminded that 
 it should be studied as other text-books are, and 
 that merely writing the books thi'ough will not give 
 them a thorough understanding of the subject ; — as 
 well might they expect to obtain a perfect knowl- 
 edge of Arithmetic by simply copying the solutions 
 from a key The Authors. 
 
 Boston, September 25, 1858. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 Preface, 3 
 
 Definitions and Abbreviations, ...... 6 
 
 FIRST SET. 
 
 DEALING IN V'AUIOUS KINDS OF GOODS. 
 
 Introduction, 
 
 Remarks on the Daj-Buok, 
 
 " " " Ledger, 
 
 Directions for Writing the First Set, 
 
 " " Posting " " " .... 
 
 " " Balancing the Accounts, .... 
 
 Remarks on the Balance-Sheet, 
 
 Questions for Review, . 
 
 Day-Book, 15 
 
 Ledger, 21 
 
 Balance-Sheet, 24 
 
 SECOND SET, 
 
 RETAIL GROCERY BUSINESS. 
 
 Introduction, .... 
 
 Remarks on the Cash-Book, 
 Directions for Writing the Second Set, 
 Design of the History, 
 History of the Business, 
 Day-Book, . . . . . 
 
 Cash-Book, 
 
 Posting and Closing, .... 
 Review, .... 
 
 10 : Questions, 
 
 11 Examples for Practice, . 
 Day-Book and Ledger Comljiued, 
 Business Forms, .... 
 Explanation of the Forms, 
 
 26 
 26 
 27 
 27 
 27 
 33 
 42 
 45 
 45 
 46 
 47 
 52 
 53 
 59 
 
DEFINITIONS OF MERCANTILE TERMS. 
 
 Acceptance, TIio receiving of a Praft, or Bill of Exchange, in such a manner 
 as to bintl the acceptor to nuiku pnymcnt. This is Uono by writing the 
 word "Accepted, " witli the signature, date, Ac, across tho face of the J3iU. 
 
 Assets. Property ut nil kinds. 
 
 Average. A medium of timo or quantity; ucciamt. 
 
 Balance, The diiTerence between the two .sides of an account. 
 Biti. A written stiiteincnt of particulars; a copy of an account. 
 Bills. A general name for notes, drafts, &,c. 
 Bund. A written obligation to fulfil a contract. 
 
 Capital, Property invested in business. 
 
 Commission. A couipen^atiou f^r buying or selling goods, or for other services. 
 Cmsijnmcnt. Goods scut or delivered to an agent for sale. 
 Cnitra. Opposite side. 
 
 Credit. To trust; confidence. The side of an account on whicli j)ayinont re- 
 ceived is entered. 
 
 Debit. To charge with debt; or the charge itself. 
 
 Dividend. Tlie amount divided; as gains among partners or stockholders. 
 
 Discount. Tu deduct a certain sum or rate per cent, from the principal sum; 
 
 an allowaiico for tho use of money before it is due. 
 Draft, An order fi)r the jiaymL-nt of rnoncy. 
 Duty. A tax imposed by Ooveriuncnt on imported goods. 
 
 Endorse. To write one's name on the back of a note or biil. 
 
 Finn. The members of a partnership; the comi>any. 
 Folio. A page in a book, formerly two opposite pages. 
 
 Guarantee. Assurance for the payment of a debt, or for the performance of a 
 contract. 
 
 Ju.<nrance. Security against loss by fire, or otherwise. 
 Insolvency. Inability to pay one's debts. 
 Interest. An allowance for the use of money. 
 Invitee. A bill of the go<»ds bouglit, or consigned. 
 invaitory, A list of the items of one's propert}'. 
 
 Liability, A debt or obligation to pay. 
 
 Net. » The exact amount after all deductions. 
 
 Note, A written promise to pay in money or goods. 
 
 Order. A Avrittcn request for the payment or delivery of anything to a third 
 person. 
 
 Partnership. A union of two or more persons in trade; joint interest. 
 P'ttry. The written agreement between t!ic insurer and the insured. 
 Principal. The leading member of a firm ; a suui on which interest is 
 
 computed. 
 Protent. A legal notice that a note or bill was not accepted when presented, 
 
 or not paid when duo. 
 
 lirctipt. A writton ucknowlodgmont of the pajTuent of money, &c. 
 
 Resources. Assets available for business. 
 
 ^'ifjht (of a draft or bill). Presentation for payment, or for acceptance. 
 
 tSohcnt. Able to jjay one's debts. 
 
 Stock. A term applied to the person who carries on business. 
 
 Tan: An allowance for the weight of the box, cask, «fcc., in which goods are 
 
 packed. 
 'Transfer. To convoy from one account to another. 
 
 Act. 
 
 Arnt. 
 
 Axi'j. 
 
 Dal. 
 
 Dhl. 
 
 B. B. 
 But. 
 
 Cap. 
 
 C. B. 
 Co. 
 Com. 
 Cr. 
 Cwt. 
 
 D. n. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Dft. 
 
 Dis. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 d. 
 
 d's. 
 
 Doz. 
 
 ea. 
 
 Eng. 
 
 Ex. 
 
 Kxch. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Fr't. 
 
 fol. 
 
 fr- 
 
 Gal. 
 
 Jlltd. 
 
 I. n. 
 
 i. e. 
 Jns, 
 inxt. 
 
 Invt. 
 Jan. 
 
 J. F. 
 
 £ 
 
 ABBREVI 
 
 Account. 
 
 Am omit. 
 
 August. 
 
 Balance. 
 
 Barrel. 
 
 Bill -Boole. 
 
 Bought. 
 
 Capital. 
 
 Cas!i Boole. 
 
 Com pan}'. 
 
 Commission. 
 
 Creditor. 
 
 Hundred weight. 
 
 Day-Eook. 
 
 December. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Discount, 
 
 Debtor. 
 
 Pence. 
 
 Days. 
 
 Dozen, 
 
 Each. 
 
 English. 
 
 E.vample. 
 
 Exchange. 
 
 Ftbruar}'. 
 
 Freight. 
 
 Folio, or page. 
 
 From. 
 
 Gallon. 
 
 Hogshead. 
 
 Invoice-Book. 
 
 That is. 
 
 Insurance. 
 
 The present month. 
 
 Inventory. 
 
 January. 
 Journal Folio, 
 Pounds (money). 
 
 \TIONS, & 
 
 L. r. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 Mdsc. 
 
 mo. 
 
 Niw. 
 
 N. B. 
 
 On. 
 
 P- 
 Pd. 
 
 Pr. 
 Poy't. 
 P. 4- t. 
 P. C. II. 
 pr. ct. 
 Prem. 
 Rccd. 
 R. R. 
 
 Sept. 
 Sunds, 
 S. B. 
 
 rdl. 
 
 VIZ. 
 
 Yds. 
 yr. 
 
 m 
 
 6 
 "Ic 
 
 + 
 
 X 
 
 1/ 
 2/6 
 
 Pounds (weight). 
 
 Ledger folio. 
 
 Jlarcli. 
 
 IVIcrcbandise. 
 
 Mouth. 
 
 November. 
 
 TaliC notice. 
 
 October. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Paid. 
 
 Pair. 
 
 i*ayinent. 
 
 Profit and Loss. 
 
 Putty Cash-Book. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Premium. 
 
 Ueceivcd. 
 
 liuil Road. 
 
 September. 
 
 Sundries. 
 
 Sales-Book. 
 
 Last month. 
 
 Namely. 
 
 Yards. 
 
 Year. 
 
 At. 
 
 Cents. 
 
 Account. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Add. 
 
 Subtract. 
 
 Multiply. 
 
 Divide. 
 
 1'4. 
 
 2%. 
 
 1 shilling. 
 
 2s. k Gd. 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 ,f''<^'" OF THR 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Bookkeeping is the art of recording mercantile 
 transactions in a regular and systematic manner. 
 
 There are two methods by which hooks are kept : 
 — one called Single Entry, and the other Double 
 Entry. 
 
 In single entry Boolvkeeping, but one entry is gene- 
 rally made, in the Ledger, for each transaction ; while 
 
 in doiiLle entry the same amount is entered on two 
 different accounts. 
 
 Example : — If I sell John Smith a barrel of flour 
 Avhich he does not pay for at the time, I charge it on 
 his account ; and in single entry this is the only account 
 on which it is entered ; but in double entry, besides 
 being debited on Smith's account, it is also credited on 
 the Merchandise account, — hence the name Double 
 Entry. 
 
 SINGLE ENTRY. -FIRST SET. 
 
 This set is introduced to show the learner some of 
 the simplest operations of Bookkeeping ; such as post- 
 ing, balancing the accounts, &c. 
 
 It represents the business of a small icholesale and 
 retail store, different kinds of goods being mentioned, 
 to give examples of the style of writing, and the abbre- 
 viations appropriate to each. 
 
 BOOKS. 
 
 The books used in this set are the Day-Book and 
 Ledger. The Cash-Book is omitted, to make it more 
 simple, — although a Cash-Book should be kept by a 
 person doing such a business. 
 
 D AY-BO OK. 
 
 In the Day-Book the various transactions are re- 
 corded, each day, in the order in which they occur,- — • 
 tlie debits and credits belonging to different persons 
 being mixed together. 
 
 This book should be a kind of history of the business 
 of each day, containing all the particulars which ai-e 
 worthy of being remembered. Such a history will 
 prevent disputes about many things, which would be 
 forgotten by one party or the other, if trusted to the 
 memory. Agreements, contracts, <fcc., are often written 
 in the Day-Book. 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 LEDGER. 
 
 The Ledger is tlie book in which tlie accounts arc 
 collected and arranged in a more systematic order than 
 in the Day-Book. All the charges which have been 
 made against any one person, throughout the whole 
 Day-Book, are entered in the Ledger, under that per- 
 son's name ; and opposite to these are placed all the 
 credits, if any, in his favor. This gives us a brief state- 
 ment of our dealings with tliat person, and shows how 
 our account stands with him : so that we are ready to 
 settle with him at any time, without being obliged to 
 look through the whole Day-Book while he is waiting. 
 This process of transferring from the Day-Book to the 
 Ledger is called posting. 
 
 When books are kept strictly by Single Entrj-, the 
 onlj' accounts kept are those with persons ; and these 
 show, on the Dr. side wliat they owe us, and on the 
 Cr. side wliat we owe them. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING THE FIRST SET. 
 
 After the learner has studied the foregoing carefully, 
 he should copy the Day-Book into a blank book pro- 
 vided for the purpose, omitting the figures in the left^ 
 hand column until he begins to post. The ruling may 
 be done as he prqpeeds, or he may omit it till ho has 
 written a whole page, and then rule that page at once. 
 The blanks are of the same size as the text-book, and 
 the pupil should write about the same words on a line 
 as are found iu the text-book, so that the pages may 
 correspond. 
 
 POSTING. 
 
 When tlio Day-Book is all copied, the student may 
 open the accounts in the Ledger; that is, write the names 
 of the different persons with whom he is to keep ac- 
 counts in the blank Ledger, placing " Dr.'' and " Cr." 
 at the top of each page. 
 
 This being done, he should begin with the first 
 entry in the Day-Book, and post each one as he comes 
 to it. 
 
 To post this first charge against Amos Bennett, turn 
 to his account in tlie Ledger, and under his name, on 
 the left-hand or Dr. side, write the date in the first 
 column ; the description " To Mdse.," in the second ; the 
 page of the Day-Book where this charge is found, in 
 the third : and the amount, in the fourth, as below : — 
 
 Dr 
 
 
 
 Amos Bennett, 
 
 
 Cr 
 
 ■ 
 
 18.58 
 
 
 D.B. 
 
 Dols. 
 
 cts. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jun. 1. 
 
 To Mdse. . . 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Then put the figure " 1 " in the left-hand margin of 
 the Day Book, opposite to Bennett's name, to show that 
 it is posted on the first page of the Ledger. 
 
 This "postmark'^ should be made as soon as the 
 entry is posted, and not till then, as it serves to show 
 whicli entries are posted, and thus prevents omitting 
 any, or posting them twice. 
 
 Next, post the debit of the second day to the account 
 
BOOKKEEPING 
 
 of Charles D. Emmons, in the same manner, and so 
 proceed till the whole Da)--Book is posted. 
 
 But a word or two should be used for the descrip- 
 tion, so that it may occupy but one line in the Ledger ; 
 and the learner may use his own judgment in selecting 
 such words as will best express the nature of the 
 transaction. Some booldveepers do not insert any 
 description in the Ledger, entering only the date, the 
 page of the Day-Book, and the amount. 
 
 If any mistakes should be made, they should be cor- 
 rected by making another entry, and not by erasing the 
 wrong one. Thus, if a siun is debited on any account 
 where it ought not to be, it may be corrected by credit- 
 ing the account for the same amount ; and if an entry is 
 made on the wrong side of an account, it should first be 
 corrected by entering the same amount on the other 
 side of the account, " To Error," or " By Error," and 
 also by makiug the proper entry where it should have 
 been at first. 
 
 BALANCING THE ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Before beginning to balance or close the accounts, re- 
 view the posting, comparing each entry in the Day- 
 Book with the corresponding one in the Ledger, to see 
 that the right amount is entered on the right side of the 
 right account. If it is all found to be correct, begin 
 with the first account, and add each side of it. Sub- 
 tract the smaller amount from the greater, and the 
 difference is called the balance. Enter this balance on 
 
 the smaller side, and the footings of the two sides will 
 be equal. 
 
 Before balancing, the first account will appear as 
 follows : 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Amos Bennett, 
 
 Or 
 
 1858 
 
 
 D.B. 
 
 Dols. 
 
 ots. 
 
 1858 
 
 
 D.B. 
 
 Dola. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 To Mdse. . 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 1 Jan. 1 
 
 By Cash . 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 "19 
 
 " Cash . 
 
 4 
 
 84 
 
 50 
 
 1 " 7 
 
 ! "12 
 
 1 
 
 " Sundries 
 " Mdse.. 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 69 
 82 
 
 cts. 
 00 
 00 
 13 
 
 The amount of the Dr. side is $77.50, and the Cr. 
 side is $126.13. The dilTerence is $48.63. If this 
 balance is entered on the smallest side, the footing of 
 the two sides will be alike, and the account is said to 
 be balanced. 
 
 Rule as in the text-book, and finally bring doiun the 
 balance below the ruling, and on tiie opposite side, thus 
 beginning a new account, as seen below : 
 
 Dr 
 
 Amos Bennett, 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1858 
 
 
 D.B. 
 
 Dols. 
 
 cts. 
 
 1858 
 
 
 D.B. 
 
 Dols. 
 
 cts. 
 
 Jan. 1 
 
 To Mdse. . 
 
 1 
 
 43 
 
 00 
 
 Jan.l 
 
 By Cash . 
 
 1 
 
 26 
 
 00 
 
 " 18 
 
 " Cash 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 " 7 " Sundries 
 
 2 
 
 69 
 
 00 
 
 " 30 
 
 " Balance 
 
 4 
 
 48 
 $■128 
 
 63 
 
 " 12 " Mdse. . 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 »126 
 
 13 
 
 1858 
 Feb. 1 
 
 By Balance 
 
 $48 I 63 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 When the Dr. side is tlie largest, the balance will bo 
 entered on the Cr. side, as may be seen on Charles D. 
 Emmons's account in tlie Ledger, page 1. 
 
 Thoso accounts wliicli arc settled, arc ruled and 
 footed in a similar m;uinor, as in Frank Gardner's ac- 
 count, on the second page ; and any accoinit which has 
 liut one item on it, may be left as it is, like James K. 
 (jvman's, on the third page. 
 
 The c?o.su/;/ cntvjj, " To Balance, i, $48.63," is often 
 made with red ink, in order to distinguisli it from the 
 other entries, which ai'e real debits or ci'edits ; and if 
 red ink is iised lor the ruling, it will improve the ap- 
 pearance of the books. But tliose who do not wish to 
 take the trouble to change the ink, may use but one 
 color for the whole. 
 
 In actual business, the accomits are generall}- balanced 
 at the end of- the 3'car ; and if there is room cnougli in 
 the Ledger for another year's business, tlie balances are 
 brouglit down, and tlie accounts are continued for 
 another year. Those accounts which are settled before 
 the time for closing the books, should be balanced on 
 the Ledger at the time of settlement ; so, in this book, 
 whenever an account is settled, it should be closed, 
 without waiting till the whole Day-Book is posted. 
 
 BALANCE SHEET, OR BALANCE ACCOUNT. 
 
 After closing the accounts, the unsettled balances 
 7n;iy be collected together on wliat is called a " Balance 
 Sheet," or each of these balances may be carried to the 
 
 10 
 
 j Balance Sheet, as soon as the account is balanced. 
 
 ' This Balance Sheet, or Balance Account, is convenient 
 even when the balances are browjld doion to new ac- 
 
 ! count, because it shows all the Inilances at one viow. 
 
 I All the balances due from others, together with the 
 
 ! cash, notes, merchandise, materials, and all other pi'op- 
 crtij on hand, should be placed on the Dr. side ; and 
 the balances due from us fo others, as well as the notes 
 we owe, if any, on the Cr. side. This will be better 
 understood by referring to the engraved form at the 
 end of the Ledger. 
 
 The amount of Merchandise on hand at closmg 
 the books ($1217.73) is supposed to be taken from an 
 Inventory-Book ; and the Cash ($112.04) from the Cash- 
 Book. 
 
 The difference between the assets on one side, and 
 
 j the debts on the other, must be the " net capital," or the 
 "net insolvency." When the assets are more than the 
 debts, the diiference is the net capital ; but when tliey 
 
 I are less, it is called the net insolvency. Tliis account 
 will be closed like other accoxints, by entering the balance 
 (which in this case is the "net capital") on the smaller 
 side, and ruling and footing as usual. 
 
 The Balance Sheet, in this book, is placed at the end 
 of the Ledger, for convenience ; though in practice it 
 may bo put in some other book. Whenever a new 
 Ledger is to be opened, the balances, as well as the 
 
 { names, may be taken from this sheet more conveniently 
 
 ; than from the old Ledger, wliere they are scattered 
 
 ! throuii'liout tin; liook. 
 
BOOKKEEPING 
 
 QUESTIO NS ON 
 
 What is Bookkeeping ? 
 
 How many methods uro there? 
 
 Whut are they called ? 
 
 In single entry, how many entries are made in the Ledger for each 
 
 entry in the Day-Book ? 
 How many in double entry 7 
 Give an example in single entry. 
 What else would be done in double enti-y? 
 Whj- is double entry so called ? 
 
 What kind of business is represented in the first set of books? 
 Why are difl'erent kinds of goods mentioned? 
 What books are used in this set ? 
 Why is tlie Cash-Book omitted ? 
 Should a Cash-Book ha kept in such a business? 
 What are recordeti in the Day-Book? 
 When, and in -nhat order? 
 What should these records contain ? 
 What will such a history prevent? 
 What is said of Agreements, Contracts, &c. ? 
 What is the Ledger, and how is it used? 
 What does it show ? 
 What is the process of transferring from the Day-Book to the 
 
 Ledger called? 
 What accounts are kept in single entry ? 
 What do they show on the Dr. side? 
 What on the Cr, side? 
 
 In studying this book, what is the first thing to bo done? 
 What should bo omitted in the copying? 
 What is said of the rulmg ? 
 What of the blanks? 
 
 How much should be \vritton on one line ? 
 What is nii'ant by opening the accounts? 
 In what order should the entries be posted? 
 How will you post the first entry ? 
 
 THE FIRST SET. 
 
 When should the fost-marh lie made? Why ? 
 
 What should be posted next? 
 
 What is said of the description ? 
 
 How are mistakes to be corrected ? 
 
 When the Day-Book is all posted, what should be done next ? 
 
 Where will you begin to balance the accounts ? 
 
 How do you balance an account? 
 
 What do you mean by the bahnre ? 
 
 On whicli side must the balance lie entered? 
 
 How will the account then stand ? 
 
 After closing an account, what is to bo done with the balance, if 
 
 any? 
 How do 3'ou close an account which is settled, or paid in full? 
 What will you do witli one which lias but one item on it? 
 With what kind of ink is the closing entry often written? 
 Why is it used ? 
 What is said of the ruling? 
 
 How often do business men balance their accounts? 
 In what case arc the balances to be brought down ? 
 Slay an account be closed at any time? 
 What is to bo done with the unsettled balances, after closing the 
 
 accounts? 
 Can the Balance Sheet bo made as fast as the accounts are closed? 
 What is the advantage of the Balance Sheet ? 
 On which side do we place the balances duo to us? . 
 On wliich side do we enter the property? 
 On which side those duo from us to others? 
 What is the difference between the assets and the debts called ? 
 When is it called net capital ? 
 When net insolvency ? 
 How will this account be closed? 
 
 Why is the Balance Shoot put in the Ledger, in this liook ? 
 Of what use is it in opening a new Ledger ? 
 
 ~u 
 
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SINGLE ENTRY. -SECOND SET. 
 
 The books nsocl in this sot are the Cash-I>ook, Day- 
 Bo6k, and Lodger. The Day-Book aud Ledger are 
 similar to those in the first set. 
 
 C ASn-B OOK. 
 
 The main object of keeping a Cash-Book is to pre- 
 vent mistakes in regard to the money, or to enable us 
 the mc-o easily' to correct them, when they are made. 
 
 All the money received, as weO as that paid out, 
 should bo entered in the Cash-Book, specifying for 
 what it was received or paid out, so plainly as to be 
 perfectly understood, even by a stranger. 
 
 Tbo amount of Cash on hand at the commencement 
 of business, and all that which is received from day to 
 day, is entered on the left-hand or Dr. side ; and that 
 which is paid out is entered on the Cr. side. 
 
 The difference between the two sides, at any time, 
 will bo the sum which ought to he on hand ; and the 
 amoixnt actually on hand, including that in the Bank, if 
 any, should agree with this balance. If it does not 
 agree, some mistake has been made, or a fraud com- 
 mitted. ^ 
 
 To balance tho Cash account at the end of Sept. 4, 
 let us suppose tho amount in the Bank to bo §200, and 
 tho amount in the drawer, or safe, $36.05. The amount 
 in Bank, and that in the Safe, added to tho amount paid 
 
 26 
 
 out, should be equal to tho amount on hand at first, 
 added to that which has been received since, as ibllows : 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cash. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1858 j 
 Sept. 1 To Stock . 
 
 " 3 " H. Rand 
 
 $250167 
 1500 
 
 $265'g7 
 
 Sept. 6|Bal. brought down(|?236|05 
 
 1858 
 Sept. 1 
 
 Ey Expense 
 
 Bal.inB'k §200.00 
 " in Safe 36.05, 
 
 $1937 
 1025 
 
 236:05 
 
 liS266|67 
 
 The Cash-Book 'sliould bo balanced daily, in order to 
 find the errors, before it is too late to correct them ; but 
 the ruling and footing need not be done on tho book 
 every day. 
 
 As no more Cash can be paid out than has been re- 
 ceived (including the amoimt on hand at first), the 
 amount of the Cr. side, if either, will always be the 
 smallest ; and tho accomit will be balanced by entering 
 the difference between the two sides on the Cr. side. 
 
 The Cash-Book for this set is represented as balanced 
 only at the middle, and at tho end of tho month ; but 
 this is done to bring it within the space of two pages. 
 Tho several items received, or paid out, during the 
 week, are added, and the amounts are carried into the 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 outside columns of tlic two pages, respectively. This 
 might as well bo done every day, if the entries were 
 numerous ; but each bookkeeper will suit his own taste 
 or convenience in matters of this kind. 
 
 The '■■ Balance on hand " should include the amount 
 in the Bank, Avhicli should also he specified in the 
 closing entry. 
 
 It is customary, in retail business, to keep an account 
 on a slate, or in a Potty Cash-Book, of the cash received 
 for small sales, and to enter the whole amount on tlio 
 Cash-Book, once a day. Such an account is supposed 
 to be kept in this set, and the amount entered on the 
 Cash-Book, once a week; and whenever the Cash ac- 
 count is balanced, the amount on the Petty Cash-Book, 
 if one is kept, must be added to the amount on the 
 Cash-Book. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING THE SECOND SET. 
 
 The learner may now compare the Historij of the 
 Business with the icritten Day-Book of this set, to 
 see what the transactions arc, and the proper form in 
 which to enter them in the Day-Book. 
 
 "When he has become sufficiently familiar with this 
 subject, he may proceed to write the entries in the 
 blank Day-Book ; not merely copying them from the 
 text-book, but referring, constantly, to the printed 
 " History," instead of confining himself to the written 
 Day-Book. 
 
 The cash items must be transferred to the Cash-Book, 
 as thov are met with, thus carrying the Dav-Book and 
 
 Cash-Book along together, as in real business. Those 
 cash items for which any person is to bo debited, or 
 credited, must be entered in the Cash-Book and Day- 
 Book also, so as to be posted from the Day-Book ; and 
 in the Cash-Book the mark "D. B." should be placed 
 opposite to each of these entries, to show that they are 
 in the Day-Book. 
 
 The following History is not to bo regarded as one 
 of the books that would generally bo kept in business, 
 but as given instead of the real transactions. The 
 learner is to imagine that these transactions actually 
 occurred, and make the entries corresponding to them 
 in the Day and Cash Books following them. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE BUSINESS. 
 
 Cincinnati, September 1, 1858. 
 
 I commence business with the following resources : 
 Cash, 82o0.67 ; Merchandise, $2560 ; Notes duo me, 
 §692.80 : Charles Smith owes me, on account, $83.52 ; 
 James Carlton, $60.49 ; Henry Rand, $48.20 ; Orlando 
 Palmer, 825..32. 
 
 I owe as follows : On Notes, $175 ; to Preston and 
 Evans, on account, $90.44 ; to Harlow & Co., $25.56. 
 
 Sejit. 1 . 
 
 Paid John Sawyer, for repairs on the Store, $19.37. 
 
 Sold Orlando Palmer, on credit, a bbl. of Flour, for 
 $7.25. 
 
 =^?= 
 
 27 
 
BOOKKEEPING 
 
 Sept. 2. 
 Sold James Carlton, on account, 12 gallons of Sperm 
 Oil, at $1..J0 per gallon : * and 25 pounds Powdered 
 , Sugar, at 10 cents per pound. 
 
 . — 3 
 
 Bought of Ilarlow & Co., on account, 4 boxes Havana 
 Sugar, 1642 pounds net weight, at 7i cents per 
 pound. 
 
 ti . 
 
 Paid in Cash, for a set of Account Books, $10.25. 
 
 4 
 
 Ileury Rand has paid mo $15, on his old account. 
 
 Sold Dr. George Hammond, on account, 30 pounds 
 Crushed Sugar, at 10 cents a pound; and 50 pounds 
 Brown Havana Sugar, at 8^ cents per jjouud. 
 
 6 
 
 Bought of Preston & Evans, on account, Goods amount- 
 ing to $203.29. Paid them $150 in Cash. 
 
 Bought of "Wm. Lord, for Cash, Merchandise amount- 
 ing to $145.20. 
 
 .lames Carlton has paid mo $20 on account. 
 
 * The student should Cud the amount, himself. 
 
 Sept. 8. 
 Orlando Palmer has been painting in the store 4^ days, 
 at $1.25 per day, for which I am to give him 
 credit. 
 
 And 1 sell him 2 pounds of Coffee, at 12J cents 
 per pound; and 4 pounds Crushed Sugar, at 12J 
 cents per pound. 
 
 , 9 
 
 Sold Charles Smith, on account, a barrel of Flour for 
 $7, and a barrel of New Orleans Sugar, weighing 
 234 pounds, — weight of cask 20, net weight 214 
 pounds, — at 6 cents per pound. 
 
 10 ; 
 
 Paid Cash for provisions, for my house, $7.08. 
 
 Sold James Carlton a barrel of Plour for $7, and 2 
 23ounds of King Yong Tea, at 45 cents a pound. 
 
 Bought of him, 2 cords of Oak Wood- for the Store, at 
 $5 per cord. 
 
 11 
 
 Tho amount of Cash received for Sales to this date, is 
 $324.75. 
 
 Sold Henry Rand a tub of Butter, CO pounds, — (tub 81,) 
 51i pounds net, — at 22 cents a jiound ; and IGJ 
 pounds Cheese, at 13 cents a pound. 
 
 28 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 Sept. 13. 
 Chai'les Smith has given me liis Note for $100, payablo 
 in 30 clays, in part payment of his account. 
 
 Paid Cash for I)ci5k, Chairs, Stove, &c., per bill, $26.50. 
 
 Sold Dr. Geo. Hammond a barrel of Flour for $7.25, and 
 10 gallons of Sperm Oil, at $1.50 per gallon. He has 
 presented his bill for "doctoring" my family for tho 
 past year, amounting to $16.53, and has paid the 
 balance of his account, $12.85, in cash. 
 
 U ___^ 
 
 Paid Harlow & Co. $100 on account. 
 
 Received of Samiiel Carter the amount of his Note : prin- 
 cipal $350, with interest for three months, $5.25. 
 
 Bought of R. B. Simpson & Co. a bill of Mdse. amoiint- 
 ing to $123.45, for which I gave my Note, payable 
 2 mouths from date. 
 
 15 
 
 Sept. 16. 
 Sold Samuel Shipman a barrel of Flour, $7.50 ; a quintal 
 of Fish, $4.25; 10 gallons Molasses, at 35 cents a 
 gallon, and a pound of Black Tea, 45 cents. 
 
 Received of Orlando Palmer, on account, $10. 
 17 
 
 James Carlton has given me an Order on Smitli &Farnum 
 for Mdse., to the amount of $40 ; and they have de- 
 livered me the goods. 
 
 Wm. Grimes brought an Order from Charles Smith, re- 
 questing mo to sell goods to Grimes, to tlio amount 
 of $18.46, and to charge the same to his (Smith's) 
 account ; and I have delivered the Goods. 
 
 Paid my Note, No. 1, for $175, with interest, 6 montlm 
 and 15 days, $5.69. 
 
 Sold Dr. Hammond a tub of Butter, 56 pounds .net, at 
 
 21J cents per pound. 
 ___^ 18 
 
 Bought Mdse. of Harlow & Co., on account, amounting 
 to $167.19. 
 
 Received of Henry Rand, on account, $17. 
 
 Paid Cash for a ton of Coal, for the Store, $6.50. 
 
 The Cash Sales this week amount to $207.38. 
 
 29 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 Sept. 20. 
 Sold James Carlton a harrcl of N. 0. Sugar, 208 pounds 
 net, at 5^ cents a ponn<l. 
 
 Lent A. ]>. Lunt $500, talcing liis Note at 60 days, for same. 
 21 
 
 Received of Orlando Palmer $7.25, on account. 
 
 92 
 
 Delivered to Stephen Williams, on Henry Rand's Order, 
 
 goods amounting to $12. 
 23 . 
 
 Charles Smith has paid me $25, on account. 
 V- 24 
 
 Samuel Sliipman has sold mc 6 harrols of Apples,at $2.12| 
 per barrel, and paid the balance of liia account in 
 Cash, $2.95. 
 
 Sejd. 27. 
 C. F. Gerry's Note, No. 2, was paid in to-day, amounting 
 
 to $342.80. 
 « : 
 
 Gave Harlow & Co. Charles Smith's Note, dated 13th of 
 September, for $100 ; and also my Note, payable 60 
 days from this date, for $40. 
 
 The Cash Sales last week amounted to $295.16. 
 
 28 
 
 Henr^' Rand has passed a Note to mc, which he had pre- 
 viously received of Zenas Upham, for $25. 
 
 . 29 
 
 Gave Preston & Evans my Note, on demand, for the 
 balance due them, $93.73. 
 
 30 
 
 Paid Preston & Evans $50, on account. 
 
 ^0 
 
 Paid a l)ill for Clothing, for myself, $23.95. 
 
 Paid Harlow & Co. $50 on account. 
 
 Sold James Carlton a barrel of Molasses, containing 30 
 gallons, at 28 cents per gallon, and took his Note, on 
 demand, for the balance of his account, $38 73. 
 
 Paid my Clerk's salary for the month, $30. 
 
 Cash Sales for this week, $169.48. 
 
 The Butter which I sold to Henry Rand on the Uth day 
 of this month, not proving as good as I thought it 
 was, I have made him a deduction of $1.50. 
 
 Having taken an Inventory of the goods in the store, 
 I find the amount to be $2543.21. I have Notes against 
 various persons, amounting to $563.73. I owe Notes 
 amounting to $257.18. 
 
 30' 
 
SECOND SET. — DAY-BO OK. 
 
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BOOKKEEPING 
 
 DffiECTIONS FOR POSTING AND CLOSING. 
 
 When the learner has written the Day-Book and Cash- 
 Book, he may proceed to post, as in the first set. The 
 Ledger should contain only the Personal Accounts, and 
 therefore no entries will be posted but those in which some 
 person is debtor or creditor. 
 
 Although this set represents the business of only one 
 month, yet everything is done in the same manner when the 
 books are closed only once a year. 
 
 In practice, the Personal Accounts are not closed till 
 they are settled, unless the Ledger is full, and a new one is 
 to be opened. 
 
 The Ledger is omitted here, that the learner may be 
 obliged to rely more upon himself, and prove his own work. 
 
 REVIEW. 
 From the statement on the first page of the Day-Book, it 
 appears that I commenced business with resources of various 
 kinds, amounting to $3721, and that I owed, at the same 
 time, $291, making the Net Capital §3430. 
 My present Assets are: 
 
 per Invt.-Book, $2543.21 
 
 Cash-Book, TSG.OO 
 
 Bill-Book, 
 
 Ledger, 
 
 Merchandise, 
 
 Cash, 
 
 Notes, due me, 
 
 Henry Eand owes me, 
 
 0. Palmer, " 
 
 Dr. riammond, " " 
 
 My present Liabilities are : 
 
 I owe, on Notes, per Bill-Book, . . 
 
 " " Charles Smith, per Ledger, . 
 
 " " Harlow & Co., " 
 
 My present Net Capital, therefore, is 
 
 45 
 
 563.73 
 15.21 
 10.44 
 12.04 $3900.63 
 
 $257.1jf'C 
 3.18 
 25.90 $286.26 
 . . . $3614.37 
 
 Net Capital brought lip, $3614.37 
 
 From which subtract the original Net Capital, . 3430.00 
 
 And the difierence is the Net Gain, $184.37 
 
 But I have spent iti Cash, for my own 
 
 use (see Cash-Book), $31.03 
 
 And I have also paid Dr. Hammond's 
 bill, for my family, in goods, per Day- 
 Book, page 4, ■ . 16.53 47.56 
 
 Total Net Gain, $231.93 
 
 The amount spent on my own personal account, $47.56, 
 should be counted among the gains ; because, if it had not 
 been spent, it would now be on hand, either in Cash, Goods, 
 or something else. 
 
 This set of Books, together with the first, is an example 
 of what might be called pure Single Entry, as the Ledger 
 contains only Personal Accounts. 
 
 A Stock Account, to show the amount of capital invested, 
 &c., would be convenient ; but, as it properly belongs to 
 Double Entry, it is not inserted. All the necessary facts 
 can be obtained from the statement of the resources and 
 liabilities on the first page of the Day-Book. 
 
 The Net Capital niay be found, at any time, by subtract- 
 ing the whole amount of the debts from the whole amount 
 of the property, including what is due from others. But 
 when the debts exceed the assets, the difierence is called 
 the Net Insolvency. 
 
 The Net Gain, or Net Loss, may always be found by 
 comparing the Not Capital at the commencement with that 
 at the close of the business. 
 
B O K K E E P I -X G 
 
 QUESTIONS ON THE 
 
 TVhat kill (if/bueiness is represented by this set? 
 
 What )>()aks lire uted? 
 
 "Why il) hjbness-men keep a Casli-Book? 
 
 "Wliat if entered in it? Why? 
 
 What is put on tlio left-hand side ? 
 
 Whtjt on the right-hand, or Cr side? 
 
 Wliijt will the diffevenco between tlio two sides show? 
 
 Wl^t must agrco vitli this amount? 
 
 If tt'daos not agree, what is tlie conduKion? 
 
 Pj/aso state the wliole process of balancing the Cash-Book. 
 
 Hi6w often should tlic Cash-Book l)0 balanced? Why? 
 
 What is said of tlic ruling and footing ? 
 
 Can the amount paid out ever exceed that received ? 
 
 Which will bo the largest, if cither, the amount received, or that 
 
 wliich is jxiid out? 
 IIow often is the Cash-Book in this set balanced? Wliy? 
 Wliat sliould be included in the "Balance on hand " ? 
 For what is t!io Potty Cash-Book used ? 
 IIow often is the amount transferred to the Cash-Book? • 
 IIow often in tliis set? Wliat is said of Iiahmcing? 
 IIow will j-ou commence the study of tliis sc^t? 
 IIow sliould the entries be made in the Ijlaiik Day-Book? 
 What is said of the Cash items? 
 
 IIow shoulil Cash on account bo entered, and how marked? 
 What is said of the " History " ? 
 Is such a book now generally kept? 
 Wliat is the first record in tlie history ? 
 What is the first transaction wliich is recorded? In which book 
 
 sliould it lie entered ? 
 What is the second transaction, and liow should it bo recorded ? 
 
 SECOND SET (SINGLE). 
 
 Please state how each of the records in ihe History should be 
 
 entered in the Day or Cash Book ? 
 What statements are made at the end of the Day-Eoolc? 
 What is the lirst account in the Ledger? Why is this put 
 
 first ? 
 What entries are to bo omitted in posting ? 
 What length of time is covered by this set? 
 Would the hooks be opened and closed in tlic same manner if the 
 
 time were longer? 
 How often arc the personal accounts balanced by bookkeepers? 
 On what accounts are the balances in my favor? 
 On which are they against mo? 
 Whicli accounts arc settled in full? 
 Which lias but one ilcm on each side? 
 With what capital did I commence? 
 What is the value of the JIdse. i-cmaining unsold? 
 How much cash is there on hand ? 
 Wliat IS the amount of the notes duo me? How much does Henry 
 
 Band owe me ? — Orlando Palmer ? — Dr. Hammond ? 
 Wliat is the wliole amount of my assets ? 
 IIow much do I owe ? 
 Of what items do my debts consist ? 
 W hat is ray presrait not capital ? 
 How much have I gained by the business ? 
 How much have I spent for my ovm use? 
 Should tliat bo counted as a part of the gain? Why? 
 Wliat is said of the first two .sets of Boolcs? 
 AYhy is there no stock account in this set? 
 How may the net C!f[>ital always bo found ? 
 How the gain or loss ? 
 
 46 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE. 
 
 (adapted to the business of FAHMEIiS AND MECHANICS.) 
 
 The following iiistoiy of supposed transactions is 
 given to afford the learner more practice, not only in 
 posting and balancing the accounts, but also hi making 
 the original entries in the Day and Cash Books, which 
 should be made in a style similar to that in the fore- 
 going sets. 
 
 Let the Day-Book first be written out from tlie 
 history ; then posted to the Ledger : and, finally, let the 
 accounts be balanced, and the whole work be proved, 
 as in the preceding Sets. 
 
 Worcester, October I, 1858. 
 
 My Farm and Buildings are valued at ... 
 Stock of Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Swine, &c.. 
 Carriages, Farming Tools, &c., .... 
 Household Furniture, Clothing, (tc, . . 
 Produce of various kinds, on hand, . 
 Cash, on hand, 
 
 $4500 
 950 
 325 
 275 
 480 
 50 
 
 $6580 
 
 Oct. L. 
 
 James Murray lias commenced to work for me, at $22 a 
 
 month, boarding himself 
 2 
 
 Sold- Daniel Warren, on account. 40 bushels of Corn, at 
 $1 a bushel, and 25 bushels of Oats, at 42 cents. 
 
 Oct. 4. 
 Sold Edward Sumner, on account, 10 bushels Potatoes, 
 at 75 cents ; 2 bushels White Beans, at $2.25 ; and 
 10 bushels Wheat, at 90 cents. 
 
 . 5 ' 
 
 Bought of George Pierce, on account, 50 pounds Brown 
 Sugar, at 8 cents ; 20 pounds White do., at 10 
 cents; 2 pounds Black Tea, at 45 cents; and 10 
 pounds Ground Coliee, at 15 cents. • 
 
 6 ^ 
 
 Sold George Noyes, 2 cords Maple Wood, at $5.50, 
 and 1 cord Pine do., at $3.25. 
 
 Paid, in advance, for a Newspaper, 
 9 
 
 Received of Daniel Warren, Cash, on account, 
 
 u 
 
 Balance of Cash on hand, $77. 
 11 
 
 Paid J. S. Smith, for a Wheelbarrow, $5.25. 
 13 
 
 Bought of George Pierce, on account, 1 bbl. Molasses, 
 containing 33 gallons, at 26 cents. 
 
 47 
 
BOOKKEEPING 
 
 Oct. 15. 
 Paid John Kelly, Cash, for 5 days' labor, harvestiug, at 
 
 90 cents per day. 
 16 
 
 Sold Owen Taylor, on acct., 2 tons Clover Hay, at 
 $15; 1 ton Rye Straw, $6; and 50 bushels Oats; 
 at 40 cents. 
 
 I owe Charles Woodman, for 4 days' labor, building 
 Fence, this week, at .$1 per day. 
 
 Amount of Cash on hand, $67.25..- "" 
 18 
 
 I owe Edward Sumner, for mending my Ox Cart, $4.62. 
 20 
 
 I have ploughed for Lyman Capcn 3 days, self, 1 man, 
 and 2 pairs of oxen, at $3.25 per day. 
 
 21 
 
 Paid Charles Woodman, in past. 
 
 f' 
 
 Bouglit of Daniel Warren, on account, — 
 
 1 piece Sheeting, 31 yards, at 8 cents per yard. 
 22 yards Ticking, at 15 cents. 
 10 yards print, at 12J cents. 
 
 ■ 48 
 
 Oct. 22. 
 Bought of Edwin Wyman, 1 pair thick Boots, $2.50 ; 
 1 pair Ladies' Kid Slippers, 75 cents; and 1 pair 
 Boys' Boots, $1.75. 
 
 ^23^ 
 
 Paid for Shoeing my Horse, 80 cents. 
 
 Charles Woodman has worked lor me, this week, 5 days, 
 at $1. Paid him Cash, in full. 
 
 QSlx on hand, $57.45. 
 
 25 
 
 Bought of Daniel Warren, on acct.,- 
 10| yards Print, at 14 cents. 
 12 yards Silk, at 75 cents. 
 2 yards Ribbon, at 20 cents. 
 
 27 
 
 Bought for Cash, a Hat for $3.75 ; a' pair of Kid Gloves, 
 $1 ; and a Black Silk Cravat, $1.50. 
 
 28 
 
 Sold, for Cash,— 
 
 A tub of Butter, 48 pounds net, at 19 cents. 
 12 bushels Corn, at 95 cents. 
 20 bushels Oats, at 40 cents. 
 
 29 
 
 Paid my taxes, aniounling to $41.67. 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 Oct. 30. 
 John Kelly has worked for me, this week, 6 d.iys, at 92 
 cents. Sold him 3 hushels Potatoes, at 65 cents. 
 
 Nov. 6. 
 Paid for labor this week, $15; — Cash on hand, $50.05. 
 
 8 
 
 Sold James Murray, 6 bushels Potatoes, at 60 cents ; 2 
 bushels Corn, at 90 cents ; 1 bbl. Apples, $2. 
 
 9 
 
 George Noyes has painted my house, for which I am to 
 give him $36, as agreed. . 
 
 11 
 
 Bought of J. S. Smith, for Cash, a Market Wagon, for 
 
 $45. 
 
 ^9. 
 
 Samuel Rockwood has Lathed and Plastered a Room, 
 the basement of my house, 47 square yards, at 18 
 cents. 
 
 n 
 
 Received of Owen Taylor, Cash on acct., $25. 
 
 (I 
 
 Paid George Pierce, Cash, on acct., $10. 
 
 ii 
 
 Cash on hand, $53.05. 
 
 Nnvpm.bp.r 1. 
 
 Bought of Lyman Capen, a quarter of Beef, weighing 
 185 pounds, at 7 cents. 
 
 3 
 
 Sold John Kelly, 2 bushels Corn, at 90 cents. 
 
 4 
 
 Received of Edward Sumner, on acct., $12. 
 
 5 
 
 Bought of George Pierce, 1 quintal of Fish, $3.50; 
 10 gallons Sperm Oil, at $1.25 ; | povmd Nutmegs, 
 75 cents ; 2 pounds ground Cinnauion, at 40 cents ; 
 ^ pound Allspice, 35 cents ; 1 pound Black Pepper, 
 25 cents; 2 pounds Ginger, at 18 cents. 
 
 Sold Edward Sumner, 20 bushels Corn, at 95 cents ; 
 J ton Hay, $7.50 ; 10 bushels Oats, at 40 cents. 
 
 , 13 
 
 Sold for Cash, 3 tons -Hay, at $15 ; 2 tons Oat Straw, at 
 $9 ; 64 bushels Oats, at 40 cents. 
 
 Sold Samuel Rockwood, 4 bbls. Winter Apples, at $2.25 ; 
 1 1)1 il. Sweet do., $2.50. 
 
 Paid for Labor, $12.50 ; — Cash on hand, S A^^ 
 
 
 49 
 
7/-' 
 
 BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 Nov. 15. 
 Horace Cutter has made mo a " Suit of Clothes," for 
 $35, for which I am to pay him in Produce. 
 
 \ . IG 
 
 Edwin Wyman has made me a pair of Calf Boots, for 
 
 $4; and 2 pairs Boys' Shoes, at $1.25. 
 17 
 
 James Murray owes me, for Pasturing his Cow 3 
 months, $1.50; and for 4 pounds butter, at 20 cents. 
 
 18 
 
 Paid for Threshing Grain, $11.75 
 " " Mending Plough, 2.37^ 
 
 MJl. 
 
 Sold Daniel "Warren, a tub of Butter, 40 pounds, at 
 20 cents ; a quarter of Lamb, 9 pounds, at 7 cents ; 
 \ bushel beans, $1.25. 
 
 • 19 
 
 Sold George Pierce, 1 ton Hay, $15 ; 15 bushels Corn, 
 at 88 cents; 25 bushels Oats, at 42 cents; 20 
 bushels Potatoes, at GO cents. 
 
 20 
 
 Paid my Subscription for the support of Preaching, $15. 
 Amount of Cash now on hand, if^-fid 
 
 Daniel Warren has given me his Note, payable three 
 months from date, for the amt. he owed me. 
 
 Nov. 22. 
 
 Sold George Noyes, 2 bbls. Apples, at $2.37 J ; 12 
 
 bushels Potatoes, at CO cents ; 4 gallons Apple- 
 Sauce, at 20 cents. 
 
 Samuel Eockwood has had my Horse and Wagon 2 
 days, at 75 cents. 
 
 23 
 
 Paid Cash for 8 Thousand No. 1 Shingles, at $2.75. 
 
 " " " 50 pounds Nails, at 5^ cents. 
 24 
 
 Sold Horace Cutter, 6 bushels Corn, at 88 cents; 
 5 bushels Potatoes, at 62 cents; 18 pounds Butter, 
 at 20 cents. 
 
 Received of Owen Taylor, Cash, in full, of his acct. 
 
 Settled with Lyman Capen. Balance p:iid in Cash. 
 25 . 
 
 Sold Edwin Wyman, 10 pounds Butter, at 20 cents. 
 26 
 
 Edward Sumner has been Shingling my Barn, 3 days, 
 self and 2 men, at $3.50 per day. 
 
 . It 
 
 Paid James Murray, Cash on acct., $10. 
 
 50 
 
BOOKKEEPJNG. 
 
 h 
 
 Nov. 26. 
 Sold Edwin Wyman, 25 pounds Salt Pork, ;it 11 cents; 
 1 bushel beans, at $2.50 ; 2 gallons Vinegar, at 
 17 cents. 
 
 -27 
 
 Paid, for Mending Harnesses, $1.25. 
 
 " " a pair of Buckskin Gloves, $1.50. 
 
 28 
 
 John "Kelly has worked for me three days more, at 80 
 cents per day. Paid him Cash, in full. 
 
 Received George Pierce's Note, on demand, for the 
 balance of his acct. 
 
 29 
 
 Paid Edwin Wyman, for the balance of his acct. 
 
 (1 
 
 Sold Horace Cutter a Cheese, 28| pounds, at 10 cents: 
 3 cords Hard Wood, at $G ; 1 cord Pine do., $3.50. 
 Received of him the balance of the acct. in Cash. 
 
 30 
 
 Settled with James Murray. He has worked for me 
 2 months, at $22. Paid him Cash for the balance 
 
 of his acct. 
 
 , II 
 
 My Farm and Buildings are now worth . . . $4G00 
 
 Cattle and Personal Property, 1700 
 
 Produce on hand, 365 
 
 Cash, 
 
 DAY-BOOK AND LEDGER COMBINED. 
 
 After writing up this set in the common form, the 
 learner is advised to go through it again, in the follow- 
 ing form, which will be found very convenient for 
 Farmers, Mechanics, Professional Men, <tc., who are 
 doing a very limited business. 
 
 The entries, instead of being made in the Day-Book, 
 and afterwards posted to the Ledger, are made directly 
 upon the several accounts in the Ledger, which is ruled 
 like a Day-Book, so as to allow room for recording all 
 the particulars, as fully as Avould be desirable in the 
 Day-Book itself The debits and credits may be 
 entered on the same page, in the order of the several 
 transactions, the amounts being carried into separate 
 columns ; or the debits and credits may be entered 
 separately on opposite pages. The former method 
 takes less space, and is therefore preferred ; but it 
 requires care to avoid carrying the amounts into the 
 wrong columns. A few accounts are given (in part) on 
 the next page as illustrations. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP. 
 In opening the books of a partnership, each partner 
 should be credited for the amount invested by him, and 
 subsequently for his share of the gains. He should also 
 be debited for such of his old debts as the firm agree to 
 pay for him, and for the money or other property which 
 he takes out, from time to time, for his own use. In 
 other respects, the books of a partnership are kept in 
 the same manner as those of one man. 
 
 51 
 
DAY-BOOK AND LEDGER COMBINED. 
 
 Daniel Warren. 
 
 Dr. 
 
 Cr. 
 
 1858 
 
 
 October 
 
 2 
 
 
 It 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 (I 
 
 
 a 
 
 1858 
 
 
 October 
 
 5 
 
 i( 
 
 « 
 
 (( 
 
 a 
 
 « 
 
 ti 
 
 « 
 
 13 
 
 1858 
 October 6 
 
 To 40 busbels Corn, at $1, : . ' $40 00 
 
 " 25 " Oats, " 42 cents, 10 50 
 
 By Cash, 
 
 " 31 yards Sheeting, at 8 cents, 
 
 " 22 " Ticking, " 15 " 
 
 " 10 " Print, ' " 12J " 
 
 George Pierce. Dr. 
 
 By 50 pounds Brown Sugar, at 8 cents, 
 
 " 20 " White " " 10 " 
 
 " 2 " Black Tea, " 45 " 
 
 " 10 " Ground Coffee, " 15 " 
 
 " 1 barrel Molasses, 33 gals.," 26 " 
 
 George Notes. Dr. 
 
 To 2 cords Maple Wood, at $5.50, 1100 
 
 " 1 " Pine " 3 25 
 
 $30 00 
 
 2 48 
 
 3 30 
 1,25 
 
 Cr. 
 
 4 00 
 2i00 
 
 90 
 150 
 8 58 
 
 Cr. 
 
 52 
 

 
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BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF BUSINESS FORMS. 
 
 THE BILL-HEADING. 
 
 This is the common form for a Bill of Parcels, written 
 at the time of the sale, and given by the seller to the 
 buyer. If the payment is not made at the time, the 
 signature is omitted ; but if the payment is made, the 
 bill should be receipted and signed thus : 
 
 If the payment is received by a clerk or other person 
 who is not fully authorized to sign the name of the 
 firm, he should add his own name, thus : 
 
 The Bill, after it is receipted and signed, is kept by 
 the purchaser, as evidence not only of the payment, but 
 also of the time, price, quality, &c. 
 
 RECEIPTS. 
 
 When money is paid by one person to another, it 
 is not enough that the parties are respectively debited 
 or credited; because such entries might be made by 
 one, without the knowledge of the other. But the 
 receiver should state in writing that the money was re- 
 ceived frora the other person, at such a time, and for 
 
 ' such a purpose. This statement signed by the receiver 
 of the money, and called a receipt, is kept by the other 
 person, and is conclusive evidence, unless it can be 
 shown that the paper is a forgery, or that a mistake has 
 been made, or something omitted. 
 
 Receipt on Account. — This may be either for a part 
 or the whole amount due from a person on a Ledger 
 account, and he should be credited for it on the Day- 
 Book or Journal. 
 
 Receipt in Full. — A receipt in full of accounts has 
 refei'ence to accounts only ; but? a receipt in full of all 
 demands cuts off all notes and claims of any kind, to 
 that date, betweeen the parties themselves. 
 
 The Receipt for a Sum to be Endorsed is given 
 when the Note, on which the endorsement is to be 
 made, is not at hand. But when the Note is found the 
 endorsement is also made. 
 
 Receipt for a Sum paid by a Third Person. — The 
 names of both the debtor and the messenger are in- 
 cluded ; but the debtor only is credited on the books. 
 
 A Receipt for Property of any kind, left in the care 
 of the receiver for storage, or for any other purpose, 
 should specify the facts in all their particulars. 
 
 D U E-B ILLS. 
 
 A Due-Bill is paper by which a debtor indirectly 
 promises to pay a certain sum in Cash, or some specified 
 kind of property. If payable on demand, or in mer- 
 chandise, it does not bear interest till payment has been 
 demanded, unless interest is mentioned in it. 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 A Note is a written promise to pay a given snm to a 
 certain party, at some future time. If it is made pay- 
 able to a certain person, and dues not contain the words 
 " or order," or " or Lcarcr," it can bo collected by that 
 pers(5n only. But if it i.s jiayablo to the hearer, or to 
 some person, or hearer, any person, who may liavo it in 
 his possession when it falls due, may collect it ; and it 
 may be sold or passed from hand to hand indefinitely. 
 
 If it is made paj'able " to the order of" any partic- 
 ular person, or to that person or his order, then, if he 
 transfers it to another person, he must write his own 
 name across the back of it. This is called an endorse- 
 ment, and is either in hlanh, consisting of the name of 
 the endorser only, — in which case the bearer or holder 
 may collect it when it becomes due, — or the endorse- 
 ment may be in full, consisting of the name of the 
 endorser, and also that of the person to whom it is 
 transferred and thus made payable. 
 
 A Note on Demand is payable whenever payment is 
 demanded in the presence of a witness, and bears 
 interest from that time, or from the thne when a suit 
 for its collection is commenced, whether interest is 
 specified in the Note or not. 
 
 A Note payable at a specified time boars interest 
 from the end of that time. 
 
 A Joint and Several Note, so called, is ono which is 
 signed by two or more persons, not partners, and the 
 j)aymoiit may be demanded of all the signers together, 
 or of either one of them, as the holder may choose ; 
 
 but when jiaj-ment has been made by ono or more of the 
 signer:;, tlio others arc released from any further liability. 
 
 A Note Payable in Mepx-iiandise i.; not entitled to 
 grace, because it is i)resinned that the merchandise or 
 property is on hand, and can be paid at ono time as well 
 as another, though the cash might not be. 
 
 Notes for Different States vary in foi-m, to comply 
 with the recpiirements of the laws of the several States 
 where they are made. 
 
 A Note to be Discounted at a Bank should not 
 specify interest. Wien it is left at the Bank to bo 
 discounted, the person to whom it is payal)lo must 
 endorse it; and then, if the officers of the Bank arc 
 willing to discount it, they compute the interest on 
 the sum named in Iho Note for the time it has yet torun, 
 and subtracting it from the former, they give to the 
 holder of tlie Note the remainder, which is thence called 
 the 2^>'occcds or avails. The Note itself is taken and 
 kejJt by the Bank, till it is paid l>y the original signer. 
 
 Days of Grace. — Generally three days, called days 
 of grace, are allowed to the payor, in additiJfi to the 
 time specified in the Note, in which to pay it ; and if 
 it is not paid at the end of this time, it is protested. 
 The process of protesting is as follows: 
 
 An officer, called a " Notary Public," takes the Note, 
 calls on the signer, and requests him to pay it. If he 
 refuses or neglects to do it, the Notary notifies the 
 endorser, in writing, of the non-payment, and the Bank 
 then looks to the endorser for the payment of the Note, 
 with the cost of protesting, <fec. If both the signer and 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 endorser neglect to make payment, the Bank, or the 
 holder of the Note, may sue either or both. 
 
 An Order is a written request for the delivery of 
 goods or property of some kind to a third person, and 
 is kept by the deliverer as evidence of his authority. 
 
 An Order for the payment of a sum of money at 
 some future time named may be accepted by the person 
 on whom it is drawn, who is thereby bound to pay it 
 when it is due. 
 
 DRAFTS. 
 
 A Draft is an order for the payment of a sum of money, 
 either at sight, or at the expiration of a certain time. 
 
 A Draft at Sight is payable when presented, eitlier 
 with or without grace, according to the laws of the 
 several States. In Vermont, Connecticut, New York, 
 Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Mis- 
 sissippi, Tennessee, Missouri, and California, no grace is 
 allowed. But in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
 N. Carolina, So. Carolina, Alabama, Indiana, Iowa, Michi- 
 gan, and Wisconsin, grace is allowed ; while in the other 
 States of the Union there are no laws on the subject, 
 and the practice is not perfectly uniform. 
 
 Drafts or Bills payable on demand are not gen- 
 erally entitled to grace. 
 
 A Draft on Time is payable at the end of a speci- 
 fied nimiber of months, or days, with the usual days of 
 grace. It may be drawn so as to be payable at a certain 
 length of time from its date, or from sight, — that is, from 
 the time wlicn tlie person on whom it is drawn first 
 sees it, — or the time when it is presented for acceptance. 
 
 BILLS OF EXCHANGE. 
 
 A Bill of Exchange is similar to a Draft ; but/when 
 drawn on a distant place, several copies (usually three) 
 are made; and these are called a Set of Exchange. 
 These several copies are sent by different conveyances, 
 so that there may be no delay in regard to their arrival. 
 They are so written that when one of them has been 
 paid or accepted, the others are of no value. The first 
 contains this clause, " Second and Third of the same 
 tenor and date unpaid, pay to the order," &c. ; by which 
 is meant, that if neither the second nor third copies 
 of this biU have been paid or accepted, then the party 
 on whom it is drawn is requested to pay or accept 
 this. The other two copies are written in a similar 
 style, except the variation of the words first, second, 
 and third. 
 
 A Bill of Exchange or Draft is accepted by writing 
 across the face of it, usually with red ink, the word 
 " Accepted,'"' with the signature of the party accepting 
 it ; and if payable at a certain time " after sight," the 
 date of the acceptance should also be added. Thus : If 
 A. E. accepts a Draft on the lOtli of Sept., 1858, payable 
 60 days after sight, the form of his acceptance would be : 
 "Accepted, September 10, 1858. 
 
 ©^ ^r 
 
 The Protest for non-payment of a Draft or Bill of 
 Exchange is similar to that of a Note ; but a full state- 
 ment of the process, and of the laws and customs re- 
 lating to Bills, would occupy more space than can 
 profitably be devoted to it in this work. 
 
A TIME TABLE, 
 
 To find the exact mimber of tnonths, or days, from any day in one month to tlic same day of any other month, not mare 
 
 than a year distant. 
 
 - 
 
 No. ofl 
 Month. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 ' Days in a Month. 31 28-9 31 30 31 30 31 81 30 31 30 81 
 
 
 From To 
 
 JAN. 
 12 
 
 365 
 
 FEB. 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 MAE. APE. ' MAT. JUNE. JULY. 
 
 2 3 4 5 6 
 59 90 1 120 1 151 181 
 
 AUG. SEPT. 
 
 7- 8 
 212 243 
 
 OCT. 
 
 9 
 273 
 
 NOV. 
 
 10 
 
 304 
 
 DEC. 
 11 
 
 334 
 
 
 ^-™--{ D'^^f- \sL 
 
 12 
 365 
 
 1 2 
 28 1 59 
 
 3 
 
 89 
 
 4 
 120 
 
 5 
 150 
 
 6 
 181 
 
 7 8 9 10 
 212 242 273 303 ' 
 
 
 ■Kir „ ( Months. ! 10 
 
 March. -^ t~v onn 
 
 \ Days. j 306 
 
 11 12 
 337 1 365 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 2 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 122 
 
 5 16 17 8 
 153 184 1 214 245 
 
 9 
 
 275 
 
 
 ^■— j D™:."'- 
 
 9 
 
 275 
 
 10 11 
 306 334 
 
 12 
 365 
 
 1 ! 2 1 3 1 4 
 30 1 61 i 91 i 122 
 
 5 i 6 
 153 183 
 
 7 
 214 
 
 8 
 244 
 
 
 .. ^ ( Months. 8 9 
 ^^^- ] Days. 245 276 
 
 10 
 304 
 
 11 12 
 335 365 
 
 1 2 3 
 
 31 6*1 1 92 
 
 4 , 5 1 6 
 123 1 153 1 184 
 
 7 
 214 
 
 
 T„x.r, ( Months. 7 
 J™^- i Days. i 214 
 
 8 ' 9 10 1 11 12 
 245 i 273 i 304 ' 334 365 
 
 1 
 30 
 
 2 
 61 
 
 3 
 
 92 
 
 4 
 122 
 
 5 
 153 
 
 6 
 183 
 
 
 July. \ ?!«"«-■ 1 ^ 1 
 j Days. ,184 21 o 
 
 8 
 243 
 
 9 
 
 274 
 
 10 11 12 
 304 335 1 365 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 2 
 62 
 
 3 
 92 
 
 4 
 123 
 
 5 
 153 
 
 
 A „„ \ Months. 
 August. ■>, j^ 
 
 ( Days. 
 
 5 6 7 
 153 184 212 
 
 8 
 243 
 
 9 
 273 
 
 10 
 304 
 
 11 12 ' 1 
 334 365 i 31 
 
 2 
 61 
 
 3 
 92 
 
 4 
 122 
 
 
 September.-! JJ^^^'^^" 
 ( J >ays. 
 
 4 5 
 122 i 153 
 
 6 7 
 181 212 
 
 8 
 242 
 
 9 
 273 
 
 10 
 303 
 
 11 
 334 
 
 12 
 365 
 
 1 
 30^ 
 
 2 3 
 61 91 
 
 
 October. \ JI""*^" 
 Days. 
 
 3 4 
 92 1 123 
 
 5 ' 6 i 7 8 9 10 
 151 1 182 1 212 243 273 304 
 
 11 
 335 
 
 12 
 365 
 
 1 
 31 
 
 2 
 61 
 
 
 November. 1 J?™*''- 
 
 2 
 01 
 
 3 4 5 
 92 1 120 151 
 
 6 
 
 181 
 
 7 8 
 212 242 
 
 9 
 
 273 
 
 10 11 
 304 : 334 
 
 12 1 
 365 30 
 
 
 T-i^ „,. „„ ( Months. 1 
 
 De(;ember. - t\ n. 
 
 Days. 31 
 
 2 
 62 
 
 3 
 90 
 
 4 
 121 
 
 5 
 151 
 
 6 
 
 182 
 
 7 8 1 9 
 212 243 , 274 
 
 10 
 304 
 
 11 ! 12 
 335 i 365 
 
 
 Exi'LASATioxs. — Til llnil ihc numlitr of months or days from Ajiril 1 to .Tuly 1, look for 
 April in the column at tht; left, ami follow that line to tlie ri;:lit, lilt under .Tuly,* at the top, 
 will lie tounil 3 for the months, and 01 for the days. The lime from .luly 1 lo the preceding 
 April 1 is found In the same maimer ; that ia, proceed from the earlier lo the later date. 
 
 How many days from March 10 t ■ ?"pt. 16? 
 
 Opposite March, ami un.ler S-plemhcr, you will find 1S4, to which add 6, the numher 
 from the 10th to tlie Ifllh, and the whole number will be 190. An». 
 
 "What is the numlxir of tl:iy3 fn)in June 12 lo August 8 ? 
 
 Opposite June, and under Au^ist^ find Gl, which is the number from Juuc 12 to Auf^st 
 12, inm which .tub tract 4, because the second <l;ae is 4 days earlier in the mouth than 
 the first, and the answer is 57 dayj<, or 1 month and 27 days. 
 
 Iltnv many days from Jan. 1 to Marcli 1 ? 
 
 From Jan. 1 to Marcli 1, by the Table, there are 69 days -, for there are 30 after the 1st 
 io Jan., 28 iu Feb. (in Leap-Vear 29), and 1 in March. 304-284-l=59. Jns. 
 
 
BOOKKEEPING. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 1. Is finding the number of dajs between two dates, the first is omitted, 
 and tlie last is included. Thus, Irum July 4 to September 1 there are U9 
 days ; tor there are 27 in July, ajter the 4th, 31 in August, aud 1 in Sep- 
 tember ; aud 27 -)~ ■ - ~1~ 1 =^ '^''*- 
 
 2. In leap year February has 29 days ; and when the number of the 
 year is divisible by 4 it is leap year, as 1852, IC'.G, 18C0, &o. When, 
 thorcfjre, the end of February, in a leap year, is i ludcd between the two 
 dates, one day must be added to the number given in llio tabb. 
 
 3. From any day in one month to the same day in the next is called a 
 month, without regard to the exact number of days. Thus, from the 1st 
 of January to the 1st of February is one month ; and from January 12 to 
 March 12 is 2 months. 
 
 4. When the time between two dates is to be expressed in months and 
 days, the number of whole months may be ascertained by counting as 
 dircotetl in Remark 3, to which add the days remaining. 
 
 5. When a fractional part of a month is to be expressed in days, the 
 whole month is considered as 30 days, a half 15, a third 10, and so on. 
 
 6. When the two dates are more than a year apart, tlie time is found for 
 the part of a year ; and then the whole years, or the number of months or 
 days in the whole years, are added to the first answer. Thus, find the 
 days between April 7, 1858, and October 16, 1859. From April 7 to Oc- 
 tober IG is 192 days ; and 192 -f- 3G5 = 557 days, or 1 year, 6 months, and 
 9 days. 
 
 7. When the time of a Note, Draft, &c. , is specified in days, it must not 
 be reckoned in months; for GO days, 90 days, &c. , are not exactly the 
 same as 2 months, 3 months, c&c. 
 
 8. Notes, &c., falling due on Sunday, or any legal holiday, must be 
 paid on the previous day. 
 
 9. To find the date at which a given number of days will expire, counted 
 from a given date, look in the table for the given number, and over it will 
 be the month sought for ; and the day will he the same as the given date. 
 If the given number is not in the bible, take the next less number, and 
 proceed accordingly, adding the excess. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. IIow many months and days from June 25, 1856, to September 1, 
 in the same year ? Jlns. 2 months and 7 days, or 08 days. 
 
 2. What is the time from January 1, 1856, to March 17, 1856? 
 
 Ans. 76 days, or 2 months and 16 days. 
 
 3. How many days from December 15, 1855, to February 23, 1856? 
 
 Jlns. 70 days. 
 
 4. How many months and days from November 13, 1858, to March 1, 
 1800 ? Ans. 15 months and 17 days. 
 
 5. What is the time from December 30, 1858, to Feb. 23, 1861 ? 
 
 Ans. 2 years, 1 month, 24 days. 
 
 6. On what day will a Note be due which is dated May 12, payable in 
 2 months? Ans. July 15. 
 
 7. A Note was dated October 12, 1851, payable in 90 days. When was 
 it due 7 Alls. January 13, 1852. 
 
 8. When should a Note be paid which is dated December 30, payable in 
 2 months, without grace ? Ans. Last day of February , — 27, 28, or 29. 
 
 ?. A Draft was drawn on the 1st July, 1858, payable 60 days from 
 date. When was it due? Ans. Sept. 2. 
 
 10. A Draft, dated May 7, payable 30 days and grace, after sight, was 
 accepted May 18th, 1858. When was it due ? Ans. June 19. 
 
 11. A Note, (® 30 days, was due at a hank on Friday, July 3, 1857. 
 What was the date of it? Ans. May 31, June 1 or 2. 
 
 12. A Draft, payable 30 days and grace, after sight, was due June 7. 
 VAhit was the date of the acceptance ? Ans. May 5. 
 
 IS. A Note, I® 60 da.y8,fell due on Saturday, Mar. 1. What was the 
 date of it ? -^'ts. Dec. 28, 29, or 30. 
 
 14. A four-month Note, without grace, was payable.at a bank on Satur- 
 ' day, Feb. 27. What was its date? Ans. Oct. 27, 28, 29, 30, or -31. 
 
 ' 15. When should a two-month Note be paid which was made on Sun- 
 I day, April 13, 1856? 
 
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