HE WORLDS WORK WAR MANUAL ¥ THE GREAT 1914- ROPEAN CONFLICT 100 Illustrations, Maps a full Reference Index (Direc Maske Wh( opera o: hearing The> with all earn for Hearini great conce: d Setti o their Tibers of ou were se. ists, and ;r which -a-goers. 'or you this Victrolas $15 to $200 Victors SIO to SlOO HIS MASTERS VOICE New Victor Records are un >ale at all dealers on the 28th of each month. THE WORLDS WORK WAR MANUAL OF THE GREAT CONFLICT OF 1914 WITH 100 ILLUSTRATIONS MAPS AND A COMPLETE REFERENCE INDEX OF NEARLY 1300 SUBJECTS GARDEN CITY NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1914 Copyright 1914 By Doubleday, Page & Co THE WORLD'S Vt^ORK WAR MANUAL ARTHUR W. PAGE, Koitor CONTENTS WORLD BA'I HIS Bl-.ING FOUGH 1" AGAIN i THE Ri;TKr:.\T FROM WATERLOO THE BATTLE OF MARS-LA-TOUR KONIGGRATZ THE DEFENCE OF CHAMPIGNY THE BAVARIANS BEFORE PARIS. 1871 THE CHARGE AT REICHSHOFFEN •■THE PIECE IN DANGER" THE CAUSES OF CONFLICT - - - 9 WHY THE NATIONS FIGHT ...... Albert Bushnell Hart 9 THE ALLIANCES rilAr MADE THE WAR Rollo Ogden 15 A WAR CORRESPONDENT'S IMPRESSIONS OF THE FIGHTING ARMIES --- __--_. James F. J. Archibald 19 THE TROOPS THAT HAVE SEEN SERVICE - - - - 21 THE ARMIES OF EUROPE (Illus.) - - - Frederic Louis Huidekoper 22 ASIA, AFRICA, AND THE ISLANDS OF THE SEAS - - - 50 THE NAVIES OF EUROPE (Illus.) - - . . . 53 THE KAISER AND THE "MAILED FIST" 68 MEN WHO CONTROL THE DESTINY OF EUROPE (Illus.) - - - - 72 NEW THINGS IN WAR .... John S. Gregory 97 AUSTRIA'S CIVILIZING MISSION An Austrian Diplomat 103 EUROPE'S FOOD SUPPLY IN WAR TIME - - - - James Middleton 106 THE RED CROSS OF THE WARRING NATIONS - - - - Arno Dosch no THE EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE UNITED STATES - - Charles Frederick Carter 1 1 3 CARING FOR THE SOLDIER'S HEALTH - . . . ,,5 A CHANCE FOR AMERICAN SHIPPING - - - - Sylvester Thompson 119 FINANCIAL ASPECTS 01- THE WAR - - - - Alexander Dana Noves 122 RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE UNITED STATES AS A NEUTRAL Charles Cheney Hyde 126 THE BALKANS 129 ITALY'S HATRED OF AUSTRIA 1:52 "MADE IN GERMANY" - - - . . . ,32 HOLLAND DEFENDED BY WATER ------ ,33 WHAT AMERICA THINKS OF THE WAR Bv C. D. AL \^4 CHRONOLOGY OF THE DIPLOMACY THAT LED TO WAR ----- ,35 Tl'^RMS: S,5.00 a year; single copies, 25 cents. I-'or I-'orcijin Postace add SI. 00; Canada 60 cents. Published monthly. Copyrijrht, 1')14, by Doubleday. Pace & Company. All riKhts reserved. luitcred at the Post (iffice at Garden City, X. Y., as second-class mail matter F. N. Hoi'HiniAV, I'tfsiiicnt II. S. II.ustun, N'iLf-Prfsidrnt S. A. HvtKrn, Tre.isurer KissRi.i. Doublf.d*y, Sfcrctary (f) DOUBLHDAY, PAGE & COMPANY ^'^ country LIFE IK AMERICA THE GARDEN MAGAZINE— FARMING CHICAGO: Peoples Gas Bldg. GARDEN CITY, N. Y. NEW YORK: i i- 13 W. 3jd Street WORLD BATTLES BEING FOUGHT AGAIN TRAFALGAR 1805 IN WHICH ENGLAND DHMONSTRATHD THE TWO-POWl R STANDARD OF HER NAVY AND KEPT THE SUPREMACY OE THE SEA WATERLOO 1815 ENGLAND HAS NOW FOR IHM FIRST TIME SINCE WATERLOO SENT TROOPS TO WESTERN EUROPE, LANDING THEM IN BELGIUM TO KEEP THE KAISER OUT OF ANTWERP AS THEY KEPT NAPOLEON OUT BEFORE KONIGGRATZ 1866 THE BATTLE THAT ENDED THE WAR WHICH PRUSSIA BEGAN TO UNIFY GERMANY JUST AS AUSTRIA-HUNGARY ATTACKED SERVIA TO UNIFY ITS DOMINIONS BATTLES OF THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR >- TO BE FOUGHT AGAIN ON THE SAME GROUNDS FOR THE SAME STAKE, WHICH IS ^ ALSACE-LORRAINE AND THE DOMINANT POSITION IN EUROPE CQ T HE nations of Europe are interrupting history again, fighting over the old ^ I battles on the old battlefields. One hundred \ears ago Napoleon ranged J I himself and the greatest army of the age against all Europe, and almost his most cherished ambition was the breaking of the supremacx' of England on the sea. England then as now had a "two-power standard" for her navy. It was demonstrated at Trafalgar where Nelson met and defeated the combined forces of the French and Spanish fleets. England sent an army into Belgium against the Emperor Napoleon in 1815. There has been no English army in western Europe since, until now when the Emperor William invades Belgium and threatens Antwerp. the best base of operations against England. England again has an arm\- tr\ing to do again what was done at Waterloo. In 1866 Bismarck went to war with Austria because he felt that such a war would unify Germany. In 1914 Austria goes to war with Servia to solidif\' its heterogeneous dominions. Forty-four years ago Prussia went to war with France for Alsace and Lorraine and the dominant position in Europe. For the same stake over the same ground the same people are fighting to-day. With the declaration of war the world turned back to Trafalgar, to Waterloo, to Koniggratz, to the Franco-Prussian War. Nothing has been settled. These same battles are being fought again. The names are a little different, the battlefields a few miles apart, but the same principles are there. In the paintings of these b\-gone fights is a vivid picture of the glory, heroism, death, ruin, waste, and futilit)' of it all. 345568 ENGLAND'S TWO-POWER STANDARD lOO YEARS AGO THE DEATH OF NELSON AT TRAFALGAR, WHERE THE ENGLISH FLEET DEFEATED THE FLEETS OF FRANCE AND SPAIN AND PUT AN END TO ANY DANGER OF INVASION AND OPENED THE SEAS TO BRITISH COMMERCE. ENGLAND HAS THE SAME PROHLI-.M NOW By permission of the Berlin Photo^aphic Company THE BAVARIANS BEFORE PARIS, 1 87O THE BATTLE OF MARS-LA-TOUR IN THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR THE LARGEST NUMBER OF GERMANS UNDER ARMS AT ONE TIME WAS 835,000. IN THE PRESENT WAR EMPEROR WILLIAM HAS AT LEAST 4,000,000 MEN AVAILABLE <-'ipyrji;lii, I.).,;, by Hr.iiMi, ilemcnl \- Cuiiipaiiy, New York IHH PIECE IN DANGER" THE CAUSES OF CONFLICT THE nations of Europe had each marked the course of their ambi- tions — and these courses crossed. The Kaiser's Government believes in the Pan-Germanism that means German influence extending through the Bal- kans to the /Egean Sea, Germany in control of the Dutch and Belgian harbors, in a further development of the German colonial empire, in the maintenance of the divine right of kings, and German supremacy on the sea. Russia, too, has a constructive programme. Some day Russia hopes to reach the open sea on the Scandinavian peninsula, to gain access to the Mediterranean either by ownership or control of the Balkans and to open the Black Sea by the possession of Constantinople. Nor has Russia given up hope of an open port on the Pacific and the control of Manchuria wrested from them by the Japanese. Moreover, Russia e\en more than Germany is the stronghold of autocracy. The Russian and German ambi- tions only clash vitally in the Balkans. in contrast to these constructive desires of Germany and Russia, England has chiefly a defensive attitude. Her empire encircles the globe and she is in command of the sea. She would like to maintain the balance of power as it is. She feels that she would not be safe if Germany had the ports of Belgium or Holland, nor would she welcome her present all\', Russia, in Norway or Sweden. England's eflforts to keep any strong European power out of Con- stantinople maintained the Turk in Europe beyond his time. She docs not want a Russian or German naval base at Constantinople to threaten her Mediterranean supremacy. Of the two, however, she prefers Russia to Ger- many, in the I-'ar East England is allied with Japan, which blocks the Russian advance into Southern Manchuria. Moreover, liberal Eng- land believes very little in the autocracy either of Germany or of Russia. But though Russia is still the same Russia in aims against which Kipling warned England when he wrote: "Make ye no truce with Adam-zad, the bear that walks like a man," it is not the same Russia in activity. Since the Russian-Japanese War, Germany, not Russia, has threatened the balance of power which England cherishes. With one great exception France, like Eng- land, is also content with what she has and is busy with its development; and since the French and English soldiers met at Fashoda on the upper Nile in 1898 their ways have not crossed. The one great exception to the content of France has been the German possession of Alsace-Lorraine. France wants revenge for 1870-71, and French Republicanism is not a good neighbor to German autocrac}-. Germany's aims, therefore, come into vital conflict with the aims of Russia, France, and England. That is why England has made a truce with the Bear and joined with its ancient enemy France. Germany's ambitions have isolated her from the rest of Europe, except Austria. In Austria, Germany has found "a brilliant second" for its policies, although the second has of late tried to pla\- first part. England and Russia oppose Austria, for they feel that it is playing the German game in the Balkans. Italy, too, has added to a historic animosity a dislike of Aus- tria's Balkan polic\', for Itai\' itself wants not onl\- the ports of Albania, but the Austrian ports of Trieste, Pola, and Fiume, at the head of the Adriatic. Such are the conflicting national ambitions which ha\e for a decade kept Europe talking of the war, which is now upon us. WHY THE NATIONS FIGHT BY ALBERT BUSHNELL HART (professor of uistory, harvard university) FUR the wreck of this conflict which will increase from day to da\', is there any good, clear, inevitable reason? No Napoleon has forced his neighbors to war. No Bismarck has racked Prussia in order to make Germany. No Agadir incident has set off the match. No in\incible horde is advancing out of Asia. Europe got through two Balkan conflicts without general war. It is no explanation to say that this king or that emperor or the other president or prime minister wants war. Sovereigns nowada> s are, at their strongest, only train-dispatchers who can order a switch thrown in one or another direction. No monarch can go against the spirit of his people. Ever\' country included is united in what is considered a natural war. It is not a war of dynasties or statesmen or military 10 THE WORLD'S WORK leaders. It is not a war of revenge for Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Questions of trade and markets play a large part in the drama — but it is not the love of money which leads great navies to spend 5,000 million dollars, in order to secure a trade in which the profit cannot be more than 200 mil- lions a year. This is a war of peoples and not of interests. The military spirit, commercial expansion, desire for territory, and the self assertion of gieat nations are things that in the long run may over- crisis, the Irish in Great Britain and the Walloons in Belgium have sunk their consciousness of race in their consciousness of nationality. East- ern Europe stilt bears the marks of the succes- sive waves of barbarian invasion out of the heart of Asia. The Hungarians and the Bulga- rians are both races that forced their way into Europe where they found the Slavs, the Germans, and the Latins. Then the Slavs received the fearful weight of the Turkish invasion and for centuries lost independence and vitality. Yet till recently there was no strong race an- THE GERMANS AND THE SLAVS WHOSE RACIAL ANTIPATHIES AND WHOSE CONFLICTING AMBITIONS TO BE TERRITORIALLY AND COMMERCIALLY SUPREME IN SOUTHhASTERN EUROPE ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WAR. IT IS NOTEWORTHY THAT THE SLAVIC PEOPLES FAR OVERLAP IHE POLITICAL BOUNDARIES, EVEN IN EASTERN GERMANY come all the checks of Parliaments and states- men and The Hague conferences. But none of them could have brought about the fearful conditions of the year 1914. The strongest and determining reason for war is the growth of • e antipathies; the world has at last realized ^t the political boundaries of Eastern Europe cut across older and more persistent divisions of race, language and religion, and thus bring con- flicts with nations and between them. Eunjpe is a mosaic of races. In most countries the race elements have amalgamated or have ceased to conflict with each other. In this tipathy between Germans and Slavs. Ger- many and Russia have not been at war with each other since the O.ar Peter the Third saved Frederick the Great in 1762. Till forty years ago the Bohemians and Germans got on tolera- bly well side by side. The race strains which are pulling Europe to pieces at last have showed themselves by rousing country against country; and inside Austria. There the antipathy be- tween G»ermans and Slavs has grown so bitter that, in the judgment of the Austrian states- men, the Germans must fight Slavs either out- side of Austria or inside of Austria. They have WHY THE NAIIUNS FIGH f 1 1 preferred to make the issue perfectly clear by declaring war on the one markedly successful and independent Slav state outside of Russia. The challenge aroused Russia, but did not iircctly concern other Powers farther west. Most of them, to judge from the proclamations and official communications, are fighting only in self-defense. In the midst of the appalling misery of the time, there shines out a comic gleam in the exchange of discourtesies about mobiliza- tion. As soon as the trouble began, every one of the four Central EiHropean Powers began to the court of war, the only one thi.t executes its own decrees. Perhaps this war is what Tolstoi thought all wars to be, merely a blind movement of human beings, they know not why, and they know not whither, like a foray of soldier ants. Neverthe- less, reasons for war can be found in the make-up of Europe, in the character, in the aims and am- bitions of the great Powers. The continent of Europe is divided into ten groups of nations. Four of these are the minor groups of the Bal- kans; Scandinavia; the neutralized Powers of G C: ^ t\.5r^: y :~^. {, y^Pilsen^^A^ 7 -^^^^^ C ■\ ''^\.s. '^■'. Dijljrm;^, BULGARIA THE RACES IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY , SERVIA's success in the BALKAN WAR ACTED AS A GREAT STIMULUS TO THE PROPAGANDA FOR A GREATER SERVIA AND THE REVOLT OF AUSTRIA'S SOUTHERN SLAV PROVINCES. IN AUSTRIA ITSELF AROSE THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONl-LICT BETWEEN TEUTON AND SLAV move troops with all possible speed toward its threatened frontiers, at the same timo calling the world to witness that they were not "mobi- lizing." Every nation threatened every other, hoping thus to frighten its neighbor into giving way without war. The responsibility for the war rests upon no indi\idual and upon no one nation, but upon the interlocking of Europe commerciall\-, territoriall\-, and raciall\', so that one Power after another was drawn in the maelstrom. Perhaps statesmen felt that the cleaning time had come at last; and that the rival claims and pretensions must bo settled by Holland, Belgium, and Switzerland; and Spain and Portugal. Alongside these and overtower- ing them in wealth and inilitar\' strength, are the six great Powers, ltal\', Russia, Great Bri- tain, France, Austria-Hungar\', and German) . Europe has for some centuries been divided between four main religions. The Moslems up to two years ago still counted eight millions of Turks, Bosnians, and Albanians, but there are now only about three or four millions left in Europe. The Protestants, principall\' Germans. English, Swiss, and Hungarians, are about loo millions. The Roman Catholics in all the Latin 12 countries, Southern Germany, Croatia, Albania, Bohemia, and in Russian Austria and Russian Poland are about i8o millions. The Greek Catholics include Russia, the Balkan countries, and a few provinces in the Austrian Empire, but by no means all the Slavs. Their number is about ! lo millions. Differences of religion have caused many European wars, but during the last hundred years ever\' European country has been obliged to tolerate churches other than that estab- lished by the State. These sects are attached THE WORLD'S WORK SERVIA BEFORE THE BALKAN WARS SEPARATED FROM MONTENEGRO BY THE TURKISH TERRlTORY.TfIt SANUJAKOFNOVIBAZAR IN WHICH GER- MAN AND AUSTRIAN INFLUENCE PREDOMINATED UNTIL THE SUCCESS OF SERVIA IN THE BALKAN WAR EN- ABLED HER TO INCREASE HER TERRITORY to their country. Protestant and Roman Cath- olic Magyars arc a unit when it comes to a dis- cussion of their place in the Austro-Hungarian Empire; and there is no visible difference be- tween the Catholic Bavarians and the Protes- tant Prussians in their support of their country in the present war. Four comparatively small groups of people of Asiatic origin are the linns, Magyars, Bul- garians and lurks, in all abcjut 14 milhons. The Scandinavian group is small, though effective, and the three countries l' or no treat}', in- ternational law, or no international law. Hol- land has no protection from Germany except the troops and ships of the nations that com- prise the Triple Entente. ITALY Italy joined the Triple Alliance about twent\' years ago, because she was then on very bad terms with France. To Germany and Austria the Italian navy and merchant marine were a special attraction. Italy has three territorial objecti\es which must largel\' affect her position: (i) on the other side of the Adriatic Sea, a decided conflict of interest with Austria has developed; (2) Italy desires the extension of her colonies, as Tripoli is at present her only valuable colonial possession. Italy desires to annex Trentino, an Italian-speaking district in the southern T\roI, and Trieste, the population of which is Italian. But they might as well attempt to pluck out the right c\e of Emperor Francis Joseph as to take Trieste for it is the onl\ sea port in the Austrian half of the Austrian-Hun- garian Empire. Russia has for centuries been a reservoir of compressed political gas, pushing in every di- rection for an outlet. When Peter the Great came to the throne two centuries ago his coun- try was almost shut off from the Baltic by the Germans and Swedes — and the Tartars cut him off from the Black Sea. War after war was necessary to gain free access to the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. Meanwhile the Russians pushed into the thinly settled area of North Asia until they reached the Pacific. The obvious line of approach to the world's commerce for Russia is through the Bos- phorusand the/Egean Sea to the IVlediterranean. That route is held by the Turks, who for the last fift>' \ears have been backed up by first the English and French, and then by the Ger- mans. Russia has gradually torn away fragments of the Turkish Empire along the Black Sea and has aided in building Roumania and Bulgaria out of the ruins of Turkish provinces. In 1878 a Russian army marched till it was in sight of the minarets of (Constantinople, but the English under Disraeli compelled r- of food stuffs from other parts of the world Eng- land would be starved out after a few months; while France, German}', Austria, and Russia can probabl}' feed themselves and their troops. The English colonies scattered all over the world are a bait to the Germans. Canada, Australia, and probably South Africa can take care of themselves, but India is a problem which nobody at present can solve. German\', Russia, or France can be badl\' defeated without losing much territor\' or dropping a place in the «cale of nations; but not so with Great Britain. A victory of the German powers would infallibly deprive Great Britain of a part of her coj- onies, a large portion of her trade, and the prestige of being the greatest sea ^ower in the world. Of all the great powers France is the freest from internal dissension. The 207,000 square miles of the main country has but 40 millions of population; and the French have been almost in despair because Germany grows so much faster and therefore has so many more recruits. The colonies of France in Africa and Eastern Asia are nearly as large as the United States and its dependencies; but they contain only 41 millions of an indifferent population. Almost the whole population of France, so far as it has religious affiliations, is Roman Catholic. France is supposed to be the thriftiest large countr\' in Europe, and is able to raise nearly a thousand million dollars a year for national and local public purposes; but the debt is more than six years' national income, and it will be much increased by the war. The country has had a splendid foreign trade of 1,700 miilion dollars of exports and 2,000 million of imports, and it owns a considerable merchant marine. If the central powers should get control of the sea it would go hard with the French colonies, which it is supposed the Germans hope to se- cure. What the French expect from the war is first of all the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine which the school children are taught to con- sider two French provinces temporarily in possession of a foreign power. It was a tactical mistake for the Germans to wrest from France provinces which have shown themselves so French in feeling, that they have nevei been allowed to have a popular government. The French frontier sweeps about within sight of 'Met/., which is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe. If the French have the physical power, and their allies will back them up, Alsace-Lf)rraine will be claimed as their reward at the end of the war. A second important r^bject of l- ranee is to wipe out the fearful disgrace of tin- war of 1H70 and 1H71. Napok-on the I hircl put his countr\' in a position to be disciplined; but it was the I rench nation, the I rench people, and the I- rench army that were defeated an'l humiliated. They mean to prove to mankind that they cannot be so treated a second time. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY The centre of the crater in European affairs is Austria-Hungary, through which for ages has run the boundary between the German and the Slav races. The Austrian-Hungarians have but one sea- coast stretching between the two ports of Trieste and Fiume, beside the mountainous coast of Dalmatia, which has a Serb population. Never- theless she has developed a creditable commerce and her ships run to Constantinople, to India, and to New York. A main object of Austria in this war is to push that coastline farther south, wiping out Montenegro and part of Albania; or even to follow out a plan cherished for half a century to obtain a tongue of land be- tween Bosnia and the /Egean Sea, with the port of Salonica. The three objectives of Austria in the war therefore appear to be: (i) The "execution" of Servia as a lesson to all Serbs of what will hap- pen to any head that raises itself above the level; (2) the extension of territory southward; (3) The holding of the Slav population, partly by force, and partly by tr>'ing to bring those people to feel that their country is in danger. For it must never be forgotten that both the Balkan people and the Austrian-Hungarian Slavs if they cannot be independent will at least not be Russian. Probablv every group of Slavs inside the Austrian-Hungarian boundary will stay there, rather than incur any such danger. Whatever happens to any other power, Austria-Hungary is playing a desperate gam- bler's game in this war. The Magvars who have long hated and thwarted the Germans, have now united with them to keep their Slav fellov. citizens in order. If Austria and Germany are victorious, the empire will be safe fort he time; although no one outside the boundaries of that empire can guess the possibility of Slav risings during the war; or the likelihood that the Slavs will take to heart the lesson that thev must remain inferior and subordinate in Aus- trian-Hungarian affairs. GERMANY By common consent the most formidable military power in Europe is Germany. In area (20c), 000 square miles) it is almost exactly equal to F'rance, but the population is 65,000,000 of whom 52,000,000 are Germans, and 2,000,000 are Slavic Poles. With that exception there is nowhere in the land a seriously discontented race element. In its colonies, which are chiefly African, the million square miles contain only 24,000 white people. In the Empire there are 40,000,000 Protestant, 24,000,000 Roman Cath- olics and half a million Jews. The national taxes are nearly 1 ,(Kto million dol- lars a year and the debt is about twelve years' income. 1 he country has a magnificent sys- tem of railroads, and canals, and a splendid mer- THE ALLIANCES I HA T MADl-, IHL WAR 15 chant marine of more than 3,000,000 tons; and an inward and outward ttade of 5,000 milh'on dollars. No country has ever made such efforts to carry on business, government, and military affairs in a scientific and s)'stematic way. Germany's objects in the war are perfectly clear. First of all, to give notice to all the Ger- mans in Europe, to the Magyars, and to the German, Austrian, and Hungarian Slav^ who "stay good," the assurance that Germans' will fight for them and with them. In the second place the Slavs outside those two empires are notified that the Germanic power is massed against them. In the third place, if only Ger- many can get the command of the sea (in which Austria can be of very little aid) the French and English colonies must fall. A decided land victory over the allies in Europe might justif>' the demand for possession of colonies that had not been taken by the fleet. Germany is not likely to look for Russian territory, except per- haps one of the German speaking provinces on the Baltic; but if she can she will insist upon a free hand in Asia-Minor, either by an under- standing with Turkey or by crushing Turkey. Finall\', if Germany is able to bring it about, Holland will almost surely be annexed. It is the natural distributing point of German commerce, and with Holland goes a tidy lot of Asiatic islands. A victorious Germany will not go into any peace negotiations congress without bringing home a substantial conquest of colonies. THE ALLIANCES THAT MADE THE WAR BY ROLLO OGDEN (editor of "the new YORK EVENING POST"j THERE may be doubt who lighted the match that has wrapped Eu- rope in a flame of war, but there can be no question what constituted the material of conflagration. It was the grouping of the great Powers. They were as a series of powder magazines so con- nected that when one was exploded the others blew up. Fire started in the Triple Alliance set the Dual Alliance ablaze; and the Triple En- tente spcedils' showed that it, too, was highl\' inflammable. The verdict of history will agree with the calmest contemporar\- judgment in holding that but for these various alliances, these balancings of the nations, these arrange- ments, treaties, understandings, Europe could not have been suddenl\' tifrned into a vast shambles. It would be hard to find a swifter conception or clearer statement of this truth than in the col- umns of a leading organ of German public opinion, on the very eve of the war. The frankfurter Zeitung of July 27 had a searching analxsis of the perilous situation created b\' the savage ultimatum of the Austrian (Government to Servia. The significance of that act pene- trated the European mind much more quickl\' than it did the American. This was partl\' because the press of the United States was badl>' served by its foreign correspondents in that affair. They cabled almost nothing about it, even da\s after every intelligent newspaper in England, in France, in Russia and in Cjer- many was expressing a sense of the terrible danger confronting F.urope. It was again a case (as with the lell-tale premonitions of the Balkan War) when those who suppl\- European news to the American press found it easiest to ignore the whole matter, as simply another of those far-off, tedious quarrels in southern Eu- rope in which the public of the United States took no interest. Near by, however, the alarm was instant and acute. To go back to the Frankfurter Zeitung s article of July 27, it began by saying that the Austrian demand on Servia would be a severe test of "the existing system of European politics." It immediatel}' perceived that the Triple Alliance (Germanx*, Austria, Ital>) would be strained in its last fibre. It was in no doubt that the Dual Alliance (Russia, France) would at once vibrate in response, and that, the Triple Entente (Russia, France, England) also beginning to function, the nerves of all Europe would be racked. Then would come the answer to the question whether these alliances were reall\' a splendid "instrument of peace." As such the\' have long and loudl>' been boasted, but the intelligent Liberal news- paper of Frankfort proceeded to say: "We have not shared that belief, but on the contrary have firml\- maintained that European peace did not depend upon an equipoise of Powers in groups, but upon the broad basis of a justly ordered union of the peoples." Then it added that the proof as to who was right would soon be forthcoming. If the Triple Alliance prevented war, it would be trul\' "rich in blessings to European politics," but if not, it would be seen to be "a chain binding the peace of Europe to the will of persons and cliques in whom the citizens of states governed in the spirit of liberty could place small trust." The e\ent demonstrated that the fear was belter grounded than i1k' hope. Directl\' to alliances that were long held up as the surest safeguards of peace, is traceable the most stu- \6 THE WORLD'S WORK pendous and, in nigh probabilit\-, the most de- vastating war Europe has ever known. Almost as the guns began to go off, the President of France and the Czar of Russia were toasting in St. Petersburg the Dual Alliance which, in their phrase, made peace a certainty. Hardl>- had the words "la paix assure" died on their lips when declarations of war were thundering all round the horizon. The famous "Go, m\' son, and see with how little wisdom the world is governed," gains new point from the melan- choly crumbling into ruin of the fabric which the best statesmanship of Europe has been for thirty \ ears erecting. To understand the ss'stem of alliances we must know something of the system which pre- ceded it and which it displaced. This was the old doctrine of a European equilibrium. It was commonly known as the Balance of Power. This has never been described more pictur- esquely, and at the same time philosophically, than b\' Kinglake: Any prince who might be inclined to do a wrong to another State casts his eyes abroad to see the con- dition of the great Powers. If he observes that they are all in a sound state and headed by firm, able rulers who are equal, if need be, to the duty of taking up arms, he knows that his contemplated outrage would produce a war of which he cannot foresee the . scope or limit, and, unless he be a madman or a desperado desiring war for war's sake, he will be inclined to hold back. On the other hand, if he sees that any great nation which ought to be foremost to resist him is in a state of exceptional weakness or under the governance of unworthy or incapable rulers, or is distracted by some whim or sentiment interfering with her accustomed policy, then perhaps he allows himself to entertain a hope that she may not have the spirit or the wisdom to perform her duty. That is the hope, and it may be said in these days it is the one only hope which would drive a sane prince to become the disturber of Europe. This was the general theory of alliances — fluid and changing as will be seen — which ob- tained in Europe for fifty years after the Napo- leonic wars. It was brought to an end by Bis- marck. In place of it he set up the idea of rigid and hard-and-fast alliances. Himself the creator of the Triple Alliance and — by reflex action — of the Dual Alliance, it is the w(jrkings of his mind that we must study if we would comprehend the "system" of modern Europe that emerged from it. A wonderful brain it was, that one of Bismarck's, and for years it was busy combining and shifting and re-combining the Powers, as a chessmaster works (jver the possible moves, f o a statesman who could occupy his sleepless hours by select- ing a new (>abinet for Portugal, the game, or task, of so arranging and allying the countries of Europe as, in the first place, to further Ger- man polic\', and next, to keep the peace as lf)ng as possible, must have been fascinating. He dill not leave the world in ignorance of his view- points or his methods. No more repaying chapters will one lind in his "(jcdanken and Errinerungen" than those in which he unfolds his theories of European alliances. What he writes has to be carefully checked at certain points, but as we read we feel that we are being let into the first plans of the architect who built the edifice that, until the other day, stood be- fore us in its proud and fair proportions. It all dates back to the battle of Koniggriitz in 1866. By this is meant that immediately after that crushing military overthrow of Aus- tria, Bismarck, whose spirit, more truly than Metternich's, ever "wrestled with to-morrow," perceived that Germany might soon need an alliance with Austria, if not her friendship. Thereupon he proceeded to enforce an amazing policy of moderation upon the reluctant King William and the impatient forwards of the Prussian army. He vetoed a march into Vienna. In preparing for the treaty of peace at Nikols- burg, he insisted that no territory should be demanded from Austria. Why take land that would have to be occupied by Prussian soldiers when every available man would soon be needed for the greater struggle with France? It re- quired all of Bismarck's force and authority to carry through a settlement of this tenor. Only by the aid of the Crown Prince was he able to break down the strong opposition of the King. But he succeeded; and his foresight was com- pletely justified later. Having in his pocket the secret treaties of offensive and defensive alliance with Bavaria, Wurttemberg and Baden, and with Austria's benevolent neutrality as- sured, he was free to go on spinning his diplo- matic and military net about Napoleon HI. This germ of an alliance with Austria, Bis- marck set himself to cultivate and expand after the defeat of France and the consolidation of the German Empire. He had no fancy for temporary coalitions. They gave him night- mares, he said. What he desired was an endur- ing combination of great Powers. The Triple Alliance, as he originally conceived it, consisted of an alliance of the three Emperors. Later he hoped to bring in Italy. He had cherished the plan even before the end of the French war, and immediately after the peace of Frankfort set about accomplishing it. Europe soon saw it in apparent effect. The Dreikaiscrbiind — Austria, Russia, Germany — functioned suc- cessfully for three or four years. It was broken up in 1H75, by, as Bismarck maintained, the provocations and lies of GortchakolT. Whether in that year Bismarck really intended to make another war upon France, is still disputed. It is certain that Mollke urged him to do it. It is also certain that luigland and Russia were ser- iously alarmed, and that at this time began the Russian inclination to France, out of which soon grew the Dual Alliance. This compelled Bismarck to alter his scheme, to abandon his hope of a firm understanding with Russia, which he protested to the end that he alwavs would have preferred, since he believed that Russia was the natural ally of (iermany, and at the same time the strongest one she could have, and THE ALLIANCES THAT MADE WAR 17 to fall back on the onl\' powerful alliance then open to him — that with Austria and Italy, in this way was born the Triple Alliance which has lasted for more than thirty years since Bis- marck formed it, and which was the immediate cause, through its obligations and binding mil- itary agreements, of the present war in Europe. Italy's motive for joining the Triple Alliance has always seemed a little obscure. How could Bismarck persuade her to clasp hands with her hereditary enem>-, Austria? It has been said that he did it by pla\ing upon her vanity. Italy was flattered by being invited into the circle of the great Powers. But there was another and a real inducement, which Bismarck knew how to lay before Italy in attractive form. She was jealous of French expansion in North Africa. Against that she could fortify herself by entering the Triple Alliance. And when the lime came for her descent upon Tripoli, she would have, as she did have two vears ago, a free hand. This must have been the chief consideration in the mind of those Italian statesmen who have for a generation held Italy true to what seems for her an unnatural and awkward alliance. Now that she has achiexed the main end she aimed at, it is not strange that she has been showing signs of coldness to an alliance that could here- after mean for her onlv small benefit and great burdens. Bismarck was perfectly frank in stating the object he pursued in forming and maintaining the Triple Alliance. His reasons were partly dvnastic. The houses of Hohenzollern and Hapsburg he would firmly establish beyond the shock of republican or socialistic agitation. The Romanofi"s he would have gladly included, had not Russia drawn apart. He feared that there would be a great struggle between the two European tendencies which Napoleon called the Republican and the Cossack. Bismarck was for the system of order on the monarchical basis, and it was to stilfen and strengthen it that he created the Triple Alliance. But he had also a military purpose — a defensive pur- pose, as he contended. He desired to add to the fighting power of Germany the armies of Austria and Italy, in such a way that the Em- pire could be free from danger of attack, and might enter securely upon that work of national development and increasing influence in the councils of Europe which he thought of as be- longing b\- right to the greater Germany which he had builded. And it is certainly a high tribute to his prescient and puissant statecraft that this creation of his genius should have endured, with scarce a change in form, till this day. The Triple .Alliance has been regularl\- re- newed, at each period of expiration, as if it were one of the fixed institutions of European politics. It is not to be supposed that the Triple Alli- ance was an alliance in ever\thing. Each country in it was free to act as it chose in those matters which lay outside the agreed scope of common action. The result is that there has often appeared to be, in questions not exclu- sively European, a regrouping of the Powers as if in utter disregard of the Triple Alliance. One such case arose at the close of the war be- tween Japan and Clhina. In opposition to England, Russia and France were closely drawn together with Germany in protesting against the proposed cession of territory to the Jap- anese. This they did indeed prevent. At that period both Russian and French diplomacy was strongly anti-English; and an observer at that time knowing nothing of what had gone before, would have concluded that the real Triple Alliance, if one existed at all, was between France, Russia, and Germans! So like a dis- sol\ ing view does the whole s\stem of European friendships and alignments often appear. No student of European politics could, for example, have predicted an\where between iHgc) and 1003 that Europe would in a few years see, over against the 'Triple .Mliance, and supple- mentary to the Dual Alliance, a Triple Entente uniting Trance, Russia, and England and bid- ding fair, as it does at this moment, to refashion the whole political system of Europe. This was, given the past history and diverse interests of the countries composing it, an even stranger mating of opposites than the alliance which bound Italy and Austria up in the same bundle. That England could act in heart>- unison with France seemed only less unlikel\' than that she could so act with Russia. -But she actually joined both in the Triple Entente! Its nature has all along been indefinite; its scope has not been known accurately by the other European Powers; it has been, as it were, the mystery of diplomacy. There was no absolute treaty underlying it. This was made certain by the statement within a year of the British Prime Minister, in answer to a question put to him in the House of Commons, that England had not bound herself by treaty to act jointly with France and Russia. This left the matter still ver\' much in the dark. The first clear light was gi\en by Sir Edward Grey just before the war broke out. He explained that, while no specific and binding agreement had been made with France, an exchange of notes had taken place between the two Governments. The purport of them was that if either countr\- were attacked b\' a third, the two would consult to- gether for common defense. Sir Edward had nothing to say to the Commons about Russia. But in the ofiicial publication of diplomatic correspondence which he authorized shortly afterward, was a telegram from the Czar to King George urging him "to stand b\" Russia and France. This would impl\- that all three were placed very much on the same basis b\' the Triple Entente. Not a formal pact, it was of the nature of "a gentleman's agreement." All depended upon the good will and good faith in which it was lived up to. In the result, it ap- pears to have been as effective as an actual alliance cemented by treat\-; having most of the advantages of the latter without some of the embarrassments. THE WORLD'S WORK How the Anglo-Russian entente cvdiaie was brought about, is not definitel\' and fully known. But the work of perfecting a good understand- ing between England and France was done under the e\'es of the whole world. Sir Thomas Barcla\', in his recent volume of "Anglo- French Reminiscences," has detailed most of the steps. Great difficulties had to be o\er- come. There was inherited suspicion along with historical causes of bitterness, on both sides. Moreover, there has been recent in- stances of severe friction. The position and the interests of France and England in Egypt furnished material for sharp controversies and almost open quarrels during a period of years. The French annexation of Madagascar was a thorn in the side of Great Britain. In 1898, .Major Marchand at Fashoda brought the two countries to the very verge of war. And as long as Lord Salisburx', who neither liked nor trusted the French, was in charge of the conduct of British foreign relations, nothing was possible except the continuation of a policy of pin- pricking on both shores of the Channel. A bet- ter spirit showed itself when Mr. Balfour be- came Prime Minister; and little by little, by the aid of commercial organizations, by the tactful offices of King Edward, and by means of a more intelligent diplomacy in Paris as well as in Lon- don, the two countries entered upon cordial and even close relations. The great outward and visible sign of this significant change was the Anglo-French Arbitration treat\' of 1904. Indeed, in this was the formal decision of France finally to give England an entirely free hand in Egypt, as well as England's consent that Mor- occo should thereafter be ear-marked for France; and any other question that might arise to disturb the good feeling between the two countries, they agreed to refer to arbitration. After this, the pressing on to the fuller and more fruitful Entente, into which Russia was soon drawn, was natural and easy. Thus against Bismarck's Three came to stand a Three which he and all the statesmen of his day would have asserted that it would be absolutely impossible to bring together. But the political impossi- bility of one generation is often the established fact of another. Though the Triple Alliance was in cfTect for a generation, it was until very recently of the nature of a dormant force. Not what it did, but what it might do, was long the chief con- cern of the other Eurrjpean powers, it was plainl\' a high potential. Yet the purely or- namental or, at least, exterior functions of the Triple Alliance were for many years the only public proof that it gave of its existence, 'f here was the annual exchange of ro>aI visits between Vienna and Berlin and Rome; there were the military reviews, the naval displays, the ban- (luels, the toasts, the embracings. Similarly, the Dual Alliance seemed content to take it out in nourishes about the unliving friendship be- tween Russia and France. But a sharp warn« ing was given six }ears ago. An overt act showed that the latent possibility in the Triple Alliance might any day become a threatening reality. In 1908, the Austrian Govern. nent suddenly announced the annexation to Austria of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These two prov- inces had by the Treaty of Berlin been placed under an Austrian protectorate; but their cool taking over as part and parcel of a Dual Mon- archy, was a direct challenge to European dip- lomacy. Russia was deeply moved. Every Slavic fibre in her heart thrilled with remon- strance against this subjection to Austria- Hungar\' of Slav populations. England was the first to protest. Sir Edward Grey urged that no step in disregard, if not violation, of a public treaty of Europe could be warranted except by a congress of the Powers, of which he pro- posed the early summoning. But Germany, of course, aware in advance of the Austrian plans, objected; and when Russia thereupon began to hint at using force against Austria, the action of the Kaiser was swift and menacing. He threatened an instant mobilization on the Rus- sian frontier; and the Czar's military advisers warned him that the Russian army was in no condition to resent this: On the 24th of last Jul}', however, the Minister of War informed the Grand Council at St. Petersburg that 1914 was very different from 1909, and that Russia was now in position to ignore or def\' the mil- itary threats of German\'. This shows how the affront, as Russia considered it, of the annexa- tion of Bosnia and Herzegovina had rankled in the Czar's mind these six \ears, and how he was determined not to be caught again by an an- ticipatory German mobilization. The Bosnian incident may also have had its effect on the year's crisis in another way. It may have made Berlin over-confident. Having fright- ened Russia from interfering with Austria's forward policy once, why not think to do it successfully twice? However this may have been, there can be no doubt that the events of 1908-9 were the sure prelude to the war of 1914. In whatever way that war may end, one re- sult of it is certain to come. The Triple Alli- ance will expire. This would happen even if German and Austrian arms should triumph. In that case Italy would come in for something very different from an invitation to renew the Triple Alliance. Victory by England, France and Russia would clearly make such a renewal impossible. Indeed the whole system of Eu- ropean alliances will be radically altered by the war. Perhaps in time we may see it dis- placed by some form of that ^^olkerveretn of which the l-raukfiirtcr Zeitung spoke. At all events, the Triple Alliance, which was said to have kept the peace of fiurope for thirty years, and which has now plunged it into the most terrible of all wars, will soon be as dead as the Hol\' Allia'Hi- of our grandfathers. A WAR CORRESPONDENT'S IMPRES- SIONS OF THE FIGHTING ARMIES BY JAMES F. J. ARCHIBALD [Mr. Archibald has seen service in fifteen campaii^ns, has been with twenty-six armies in the field, and has seen sixteen armies in actual international war. — The Editors.] FROM a purely military standpoint the Fuiropean crisis of to-day presents a situation that staggers the mind of any one conversant with the technical side of warfare. Bullets and bayonets are the spectacular sources toward which the public invariably turn for their news sensations, but as a matter of fact they are of the smallest import- ance in the military scheme. First of all comes the problem of the commissariat and then that of transportation. It was Russia's line of communication that defeated her in Manchuria, not the Japanese. Her distance from her base of supplies and her_ general unpreparedness brought defeat to her arms, but to-day a different situation arises. The combatants who have cast their lot for war border, geographically, so closely upon one another that the problem of transportation does not enter largely into the present campaign ; the theatre of war is comparatively so small that there remains but one serious problem, the commissariat, and that has been fully antici- pated by Austria and Germany. It remains to be seen whether Russia and France have food supplies sufficient to maintain their forces for the next eight or ten months, while their sea communications are in jeopardy or possibly interrupted. During the last few years 1 have spent many months in the field with these various armies. Tlie Russians impressed me as a magnificent fighting force. They are heavy and slow in movement, but their rank and file knows no thought but that of obedience. I saw the Boers lose fight after fight, and position after position, because the rank and file "thought it out" for themselves and disregarded orders, but the Rus- sian soldier will go unthinkingly into any posi- tion where his officers lead him. I have seen entire regiments of Russians wiped out to a man by the enemy's artillery fire apparently without an idea of retreat. They were ordered to hold their position and they held it, even with their bodies, in death. Such sacrifice is necessary in warfare, and it enables command- ers to play their grim game in their own way. The Ser\ians will be no easy task for Austria, but tlie result as between the two countries is inevitable, for Austria must conquer with her superior force, her superior equipment, and hei splendid training. A comparatively small force can simply hold them in check, while .Austria's main army joins Cjermany on the north to repel Russia, and later when less occupied, if victor- ious, the Cjermans and Austrians can push against Ser\ia. Roumania will be an important element, and, if it is possible for her to remain neutral, she will gain mucii in this struggle. Less than four months ago I had a long talk with Crown Prince Ferdinand of Roumania, and, in antici- pation of some such trouble, he said that he had advised his uncle, King Carol, to remain neu- tral at any cost. However, the engagement of Prince Ferdinand's oldest son to a daughter of the Czar of Russia may have its bearing on the situation. If Roumania remains neutral it prevents Russia from going to Servia's aid ex- cept by frontal attack through Austria and Hungary. If Bulgaria enters the fight with Servia the Russian troops could be landed on the Black Sea and put into action in two da\s by rail communication. j My recent tour of the Balkans convinced me that it will be a most difficult task to bring any enthusiasm among the lower classes in either of these countries except Roumania, where the peasants are of a higher class. Rou- mania is strictly for peace, but I have never seen a more magnificent force of men than con- stitute her army. Her aeronautic corps is highl\' advanced and her artiller\' equal in efficiency to that of the French. The whole country is more like France, and French influence is more in evidence than that of any other country in Europe. In Bulgaria and Servia the lower classes have had their fill of the hor- rors of war, and, although the\' will be com- pelled to fight, their mo\ements will lack much of the zest and patriotic enthusiasm shown at the time the\' fought the demoralized Turks. It is different in .Austria. I recentl>' spent several months in German\-, Austria, and Hun- gary, and found a war spirit per\ading the en- tire countr\'. The Austrian soldiers form an ideal military force. They are as strong and hard\' as the Germans, but have all the ac- tive mobililN of the IVench. The Hungarians are of the same t\ pe and are, if that were possi- ble, even more patriotic and more greatl\- im- bued with the war spirit. An incident which IHH WORLD'S WORK 20 came to my notice recently serves to show that spirit. I was visiting for a couple of weeks in Belgrade, and was invited by the Austrian Min- ister, Count Forgach, to attend a review of several thousand troops at Semlin, just across the river in Hungary. While riding back to the barracks after the review, the commanding officer of the regiment of Hungarian Hussars with whom 1 rode called up man after man from the ranks to speak to me. Every one of them were American citizens, eight of them be- longed to the Penns>lvania National Guard, and each of them had returned to Hungar\- for his military service as a matter of pleasure, not duty. The war spirit is very strong. 1 doubt if there is any other country interested in this war where the patriotism will be as keenly shown, with the possible exception of France. There, of course, the same feeling is universal. Austria and Servia have precipitated this titanic struggle, but underl\ing that local sit- uation which came to a head following the m- vestigation of the assasination of Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo, there is the great problem of an economic war between the Slav and the Teuton for supremacy in the Balkans. Russia has not been supporting Ser- via for the last years for Servia's good; she has not poured arms and ammunition and instruct- ir.g officers into Servia for Servia's good; neither has she made presents of batteries of artillery to the Bulgarian Czar for the good of Bulgaria. Russia has been preparing for this struggle ever since she was checked by Japan in the F'ar East. Austria has known this, Germany has known it — in fact, every one seems to have known it, except the Servians and the Bulgar- ians. The\' apparently wish to believe that Russia is helping them for their own sake as a pure matter of philanthropic aid. Russia has entered upon the struggle to determine what nation will dominate the future of Europe. Turke\' must be seriously considered in this conflict. Her arms might easil>- be the balance of power. There is no better fighting force in the world to-day than the Turks. 1 saw a hun- dred thousand Turks mobilized in Albania during the revolution before the Balkan War, with as little trouble as we would move a brigade — magnificent fatalists, armed and ecjuipped in the most modern manner. These men went down to defeat before an inferior people and an inferior ff)rce, beaten, not by the arms of the enem\', but by politics at home. A few weeks ago I saw these same lurks in Con- stantinfjple. They again had their old spirit — their ec|uipmcp* was even better, and the use- less domains r, leir empire, which has been a drain on them, had been cut off. A new party is in power, and the Turkey of to-day must be reckoned with in this struggle, both in arms and in diplomacy. There is nf) better infantry in the world than the Turkish infantry; their ab- sU-mious habits, their national temperance, which is a part of llii-ir laitli. put. thoni among the best foot soldiers ol the world. France seems to be prepared to the minute, and her patriotism can never be doubted; but her great error was in allowing Germany to strike first. France should have had her mobli- ization well under way, and not allowed herself to be caught unprepared. It would be difficult to find two armies more unlike in every detail than those of France and Germany. The German force is a force of great strength, of solid frontal attack, of slow- moving bodies of great power and heav\' dis- cipline. In France the discipline is different. I would never call it lax; it is friendly. The officers and men are in closer relations than in Germany, but their efficiency is surely just as great. The French army is far more mobile, their artillery is the best in the world, and if it be properly served it should be the mainsta\' of the Republic's fighting force. I have never seen the French force in action except in a small way in Morocco, but even there their adaptability was proven, and they showed their true worth in this small African campaign. The French native force of Northern Africa is bound to be a great element in the present struggle against Germany, and no time will be lost in throwing them in the field in France. They are a hardy, fast, fight-loving mass, and . will glory in doing their share in a European war. No great war has been fought since the de\el- opment of the aeroplane, and all militar}' auth- orities look forward with much interest to the ultimate result of the world's first experiments in this branch. Each country engaged has spent much money and much thought upon this most important arm, and some vital elTects are bound to be the result. The primary effect will be that the present state of aviation will tend toward short- ening the war. Many days and weeks of wait- ing for reports from scouts and scouting ex- peditions will be obviated; great masses oi" troops and important movements will be easil\ detected by this modern method. Thousands of lives were formerly sacrificed in the necessary endeavor to deploy and discover the enemy. I sat on the top of a hill in Manchuria with the stafl" of Lieutenant-General Baron Sassulich, and saw him send three regiments forward to certain death, simply to discover the enemw It took them half of a broiling hot day, and ver\' few of them returned after they had accom- plished their task. To-day one man can ac- complish that work in an hour. Trance is undoubtedly belter prejiared f(jr this branch of the service than an)' other of the countries at war. Each privately owned aero- plane will be placed at the service of the Govern- ment, and the factories in-France will be able to keep the supply equal to the military demand. Tor I-" ranee it will be most important, for it will allow Ihem to keep in constant communii .i- lion willi their allies even should all telegraphic and sea intercourse be interrupted. It will even permit the importation of minor supplies and .immuniliuii into a besieged city. THE TROOPS THAT HAVE SEEN SERVICE 2! As Germany has devoted much consideration to the great dirigibles, she is ready to take the oll'ensive in this aerial warfare, and as the radius of activity of these monster airships is very ing conditions. Even with the poor leadership (from which he suffered in Manchuria) he will stand tremendous losses without breaking. The Manchurian veterans will toughen the fibre of the Russian armw Whether the lessons of Manchuria quickened the intelligence and increased the skill of Russian leadership is still to be seen. Russia's ally, France, has also a body of troops seasoned b\' actual warfare though not nearl\' so large a body. Within the last ten years France has had as man\- as 70,000 troops in Morocco at one time. Though the service in Nortff Africa has not been against such ad- versaries as now confront the' troops of the Re- public, it has been a particularl\' arduous service in a difficult countr\'. Under these conditions the French North African force has become one of the best known fighting forces in the world. England's last active fighting on a large scale was m the Boer War twelve \ears ago, when it had a million men in the field. England should be able to draw on some of those men, and the officers in command of the British armv now- very largel\- got their actual experience in the South African campaign. The best seasoned troops in the war are the Montenegrins and Servians, veterans of two bloodx' wars hardl\- a \ear gone b\-. On the other side the German and Austrian armies are without actual war experience, ex- cept for the Southwest .African campaigns of 1903-6 in which there were nearly 20,000 Ger- man troops at one time. German\- has not had a larger b()d\' of troops engaged than this since the Franco-Prussian War. Austria, except for such comparativel>' small t)perations as the war against the Begs in Bosnia in the late 'seventies, has had no active warfare since the war with Prussia in 1866. THE ARMIES OF EUROPE THEIR NUMBERS, CHARACTER, ARMS, AND THE PROBLEMS BEFORE THEM — THE FORTIFICATIONS AND THE STRATEGY OF THE WAR BY FREDERIC LOUIS HUIDEKOPER [Mr. Huidekoper, who has foUoxved the principal European armies, is a vcriter of acknowledged authority on the campaigns of Frederick the Great, Napoleon, and Von Moltke, as well as on mili- tary subjects of the day. — The Editors] — THE war in which all Europe is em- barked will undoubtedly be the most gigantic struggle in the histor\' of the world — so gigantic that even the Napoleonic wars will seem like dwarfs in comparison. To understand the present situation in Europe one must look at the arms and aims of each country in turn. Ever since the reign of I\an the Great (1462- 1505), Russia has pursued one polic\- with ex- traordinar\- consistency her effort being to im- prove herself by close contact with more civil- ized nations, and to obtain access to the sea, especially in warm waters. The wars which she has waged against Poland, Sweden, the Turks of the Khanate of the Crimea, Prussia, Napoleon, the Turks in 1877-1878, and Japan, her stealthy advance in Central Asia and her intrigues in the Far East, in Persia and the Balkans, are all part and parcel of this policy. She has constituted herself the protectress of the Slavonic people in the Balkans in return for which they may help her to secure Constanti- nople, the plum upon which she has looked with longing eyes for centuries. It is an open secret that Russian expansion deliberately plans access to the North Sea over Scandinavia's prostrate nationalism, while at the same time it is reaching for a United Slavic Balkan peninsula, bordering south and east- ward on the Adriatic, the Marmora, and the Black Sea, with complete control of their strate- gic sea-gates, the Bosphorus and the Darda- nelles. Germany, geographically inside of Rus- sia's enveloping ambitions, is even more re- solved upon an expanding empire, which shall extend evenluall\- from Dutch and Belgian ports on the North Sea, clear through what is now Turkey, along the line of the Bagdad rail- road to the Persian Gulf. Moreover, there is the possibility that if the Austrian Empire breaks up on the death of its present ruler — as has long been expected — the Kaiser or his descendants may become pos- sessed of that territory and the important port of Trieste on the Adriatic. At the present mo- ment, Russia's interests in that part of the con- linent dasli with Austria's. Austria is keenl\ alive to its need to contrtjl the Adriatic, hence her occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, her resolution not to permit the Servi- ans to have the port of Scutari, and her recent creation of the Kingdom of Albania. Her re- cent stand with respect to Servia is based upon her determination to permit no interference with her rights in that part of Europe. Back of these Austrian ambitions is the Pan- Germanic idea — the German slogan of the famous March to the East — which is diametri- cally' opposed, as already indicated, to a Rus- sianized Balkans, or powerful Slav-Balkan state. These facts afford a glimpse into the in- trigues of these nations and the struggle be- tween Russia, on the one hand, and German\- and Austria on the other, to obtain the upper hand in the Balkans politically, commerciall\-, and by the effort of each one to introduce its system of military training — all which were discussed at such length in American news- papers during the late war, but without any at- tempt to throw light on the fundamental rea- sons from which they sprang. The map of Europe shows Great Britain separated from the continent b\' a narrow strip of trouble water which has played a role in history only equalled by the Mediterranean. Her security is dependent mainly upon the ability of her fleets to prevent invasion. Her land forces are a secondary consideration. Her task is to defend the British Isles; to protect the carrying trade of the world which is in her hands; to keep open communication with her colonial possessions scattered all over the globe; and to prevent her food supply from abroad from being cut off lest she starve to death. The main motive in France is revenge for 1870-71 and the reconquest of the lost prov- inces of Alsace and I .orraine. European armament and European armies are at the same time the result of these con- flicting ambitions, just briefly indicated, and the means by which each nation hopes to satisfv its own territorial hunger at the expense of the other nations. For the benefit of the uninitiated in mililai\ matters, it may be said that almost every great nation has a regular army, and one, two, or thrcf reserves. In lime of peace the regular armies THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 23 are kept on a reduced, or "peace footing." When war is imminent, they are enlarged to their "war footing" by augmenting them to full strength, either by additional men drawn from the reserves or by recruiting, and by organizing, equipping, and supplying them for active oper- ations in the field. This is known as mobiliza- tion. Army affairs are administered by a coun- cil presided over by the Minister of War, which includes certain high military ofilcers charged with duties necessary to the proper manage- ment of land forces. One of these is the Chief of the General Staff who is nearly always the commander-in-chief in time of war. The Gen- eral Staff prepares all plans of war, sees to the proper co-ordination of the various branches of the service, and superintends the execution of the plans determined upon. There are two kinds of troops: mobile, and fixed, i.e., sta- tioned in fortifications. The mobile troops are of two sorts: those of the line, i.e., the fight- ing men, which include the infantry, cavalry, and artillery; and those of the staff. Broadly speaking, the infantry is organized as follows: THE ORGANIZATION OF AN ARMY INFANTRY A squad is 8 men under the command of a cor- poral. A section is 16 men under the command of a ser- geant. A platoon is from 50 to 75 men under a lieutenant. A company is 3 platoons, 200 to 250 men, under a captain. A battalion is 4 or more companies under a major. A regiment is 3 or more battalions under a colonel, or a lieutenant-colonel. A brigade is 2 or 3 regiments under a brigadier- general. A division is 2 or more brigades under a major- general. An army corps is 2 or more brigades, supplemented by cavalry, artillery, engineers, etc., under a major- general or lieutenant-general. A section is 8 men under a corporal. A platoon is 36 to 50 men under a lieutenant, or junior captain. A troop is 3 to 4 platoons, 123 to 1 30 men, under a captain. A squadron is 3 troops under a senior captain, or a major. A regiment is 4 to 6 squadrons tinder a colonel. A brigade is 3 regiments under a brigadier-general. .'. division is 2 or 3 brigades under a major-general. ARTlLLIiRY .\ battery is 130 to 180 men, with 4 to 6 guns (8 in the Russian army) under a captain. A group or battalion is 3 or 4 batteries under a major. A regiment is 3 or 4 groups (battalions) under a colonel. When regiments are combined into brigades, brigades into divisions, and divisions into arm\- corps, cavalr\', artiller\', and certain other auxi- liary troops, such as engineers, signal corps, aeroplane corps, etc., are joined with them in such proportions as has been found necessarv. Hvery unit, from the company up, has its own supply and ammunition wagons, field hospitals, el:. In Europe almost every man has done com- pulsory service with the colors, varying from one to four \ears, and aside from the usual ilrills and instruction, has received training in nia- na'uvres, great or small, where the endeavor is made to reproduce the exact conditions whi^^^h will occur in war. At times, however, even the "grands mancifuvres" degenerate into what smacks strongly of opera bouffe, despite every effort to the contrary. The writer vividly re- collects a charge of five regiments of French cavalry across nearly 800 yards of absolutely open country against a battery, a battalion of infantry, and a regimentof dismounted dragoons in September last, and the unconcealed disgust of one old soldier who had fought in the battles around Metz in 1870 at what he characterized as "crass idiocy." Even more spectacular was the charge of eighty squadrons of Bavarian cavalry, numbering more than 9,000 men, across about 1,000 yards of open ground against a strong position held by a brigade of Saxon in- fantry and several batteries, led by the German Emperor in person some years ago. The um- pires decided that it was successful, whereat the military attaches smiled and remarked, as did Marshal MacMahon of the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava, "C'est magnifique, mats ce nest pas la guerre!" (It is magnificent, but it is not war!) Upon another occasion the Kaiser indulged in a similarly preposterous charge, but upon galloping up to the umpires and inquiring, "How's that?" was greeted with the firm but diplomatic answer, "All dead but one, Your Majesty." It must not be supposed that such license is always the case, for the training is often severe, and in the various schools of musketry the utmost attention is paid to good marksmanship — no nation being more thorough in all that relates to military matters than Germany. To understand the efficiency of European soldiers and the never-ceasing preparation for war. let us examine the s\stems of the leading continental powers, beginning with the one which has the greatest reputation. GbRMANY The German arm\' on a peace footing consists of 31,459 officers and 768. S40 men, militar\' service being compulsory and universal with certain exemptions. Liabilit\' to service (Wehr- ptlicht) begins at the age of 17 and ends at 45; actual service (Heerptlicht) commences at 20. With the active army the term of service is seven \ears, two in the ranks and five in the reserve for the infantry, five in the ranks and four in the reserve for the cavalry and horse artillery. The soldier is permanentl\' attached to some corps, and during his reserve service is 24 THE WORLD'S WORK twice summoned for training with it for a period limited by law to eight weeks, but in actual practice rarely six weeks and more usually a month. From the active reserve the soldier passes into the Landwehr or second line army, composed of two "bans," the first of 5 years for the infantr\' and 3 for the cavalry and horse artillery; the second "ban" of 6 to 7 years, or 8 and 9, for the cavalry and horse artiller\'. During the first ban there are two periods of training of 8 to 14 da\s each, in the second none, while the Landwehr cavalry is exempted alto- gether. The final reserve is the Landsturm — a force purel\' for home defence — in which the men remain until the\' have reached the age of 45; in other words, about 6 years. The Land- sturm is composed of two "bans," the first con- prising all men between 1 7 and 39 who for any reason have received no military training; the second includes all men, trained or untrained, between the ages of 39 and 45. The German army admits as volunteers for one year only well-educated young men who pay their own expenses and who serve to supply all the Re- serve and Landwehr otficers. There are alsD a considerable number of reserve troops inter- mediate between the active army and the Land- wehr, and a supplementary (Ersatz) reserve of young men of 20 who are fit for service but in excess of the required number of annual re- cruits. They are liable for three periods of training, one of 10 weeks, one of 6, and one of 4, stress being laid on non-combatant duties, al- though they are also available for depot duty. The object of these various reserves is to keep the active regiments up to full strength and to replace the enormous wastage in men that in- variably occurs in war. in the organization of the German army six battalions form an infantry regiment, two regi- ments a brigade, two brigades a division, and two divisions an army corps. There are 10 divisions composed of 3 brigades each, and in the event of war it is probable that the other divisions will be similarly augmented. Adding the necessary auxiliary troops, viz: an artillery brigade of 12 batteries composed of 6 guns each — or 4 in the case of the horse batteries — a regiment of cavalry of 4 squadrons, an en- gineer battalion, sanitary troops, etc., a Ger- man 3-brigade division at war strength would number about 21,000, and an army corps ^ to which are further attached 4 batteries of howit- zers and a battalion of rilles — about 43,000 combatants. The cavalry division is composed of 3 brigades of 2 regiments each and 2 or 3 batteries of horse artillery, a total of 24 squad- rons and H to 12 guns. Twenty-five corps con- stitute the German arm\', whose war strength is (i) active army, 1,700,000; (2) Landwehr, 1,300,000; and (3) Landsturm, 1,000,000, a grand total of 4,000,000 men. The Infant r\' is armed with the iVIauser maga- zine- ritk-, iS<)S model, with a calibre of .311 inches anil lires a "spit ball," i.e., one pointed like a pencil. The Mauser has a velocity of 2,700 foot seconds, a point-blank range of about 300 yards, and has adjustable sights for ranges up to 2,000 yards. The cavalry is armed with a Mauser magazine carbine, and all carry lances. The artillery, both field and horse, use a Krupp piece of 1 906 model, firing a 151b. shell. The field howitzer is a 30-pounder, the heavy howitzer a 94-pounder. The Arm\- Law of 1 9 1 3 provided for 5 aeroplane battalions numbering 17 companies with about 400 aeroplanes, and that year there were 24 dirigible balloons in the militar\" establishment. The German General Staff has the reputation of being the most thorough body of its kind in the world. The writer has been told upon ex- cellent authority that Field Marshal von Molke used to declare that with the declaration of war in 1870 came his rest. The stor\- is characteristic of the preparedness of the Ger- man General Staff, but if the plans to which the Germans are so wedded are upset the result may be different from their calculations. As indicative of the rule-of-thumb from which no digression is permitted, every observer of Ger- man manoeuvres has been struck b\' the obliga- tion of troops to take the exact position as- signed to them quite regardless of whether cir- cumstances have altered conditions and whether the spot is surrounded b\- enemies. In war such blind adherence to orders might entail anni- hilation. Moreover, the training instils into the men a dependence upon others, especiallv the officers and non-commissioned . officers, which tends to rob them of all initiative; and the most casual observer cannot fail to remark upon the difficulty of the leaders to make their men take and keep open order in skirm.ishes and attacks, quite in contrast to the French, English, and Americans. The loss of life must necessarily be out of all proportion to the re- sults achieved, as was the case when the Prus- sian Guard attacked the village of St. Privat on August 18, 1870, and suffered a loss of 30 per cent, in twenty minutes. The German artillery is distinctly inferior to the French as a weapon, and the Mauser rille has not such a fiat trajector\' (i.e. the bullet does not carry so far in a straight line) as the French small-arm at distances above 900 yards. The administration of an army that includes the commissariat, the quartermaster's department, the medical corps, etc., which supply the troops with food and all necessary stores, is onl\- slightly inferior to the French; but its officials, whose functions are semi-military and semi- civi), have been subjected for \'ears to the most overweening arrogance on the part of the olli- cers of the line, and it would not be surprising to see revenge play its role, especially if the supply system breaks down under defeat. (Germany's railways are admirably situated for military operations in every part of the I'mpire. There is no lack of arms or ammuni- tion so far as is known, and in the tower at THE ARMIES OF EUROPE FRENCH BATTALIONS OF IHE AIR THE PRESENT WAR IS THE FIRST VITAL TEST OF AIRCRAFT. THE FRENCH, OF ALL THE NATIONS, HAVE THE LARGEST AND BEST EQUIPMENT OF AEROPLANES 26 THE WORLD'S WORK P Ek«k'x'.m»««gj|fl^^^| rill iii^l Hwii^ttS**^-^ ;ri*y^;^^'^f!s.^i!MBBMl BB A MODERN ARMORED TRAIN, USED BY THE FRENCH ARMY Photographed by James F. J. Archibald THE FRENCH CAVALRY AND FIELD ARTILLERY ARE PROBABLY THE BEST IN EUROPE Copyright by Underwood & Underwood FRENCH INFANTRY ON THE MARCH NOTWITHSTANDING TlltlR CLUMSY UNIFORMS AND HF.AVY EQUIPMENT, FRENCH INFANTRYMEN ARE CREDITED WITH BEING ABLE TO MARCH FARTHER AND WITH LESS FATIGUE THAN OTHER EUROPEAN SOLDIERS THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 27 111,1,1) cl Ns ul nil, 1 KL.M.Il ARIILLERY OF THE TYPE THAT, IN THE HANDS OF THE BALKAN ALLIES, OUTSHOT THE GERMAN KRUPP GUNS IN THE HANDS OF THE TURKS -'"■^ ^^IR^h Copyrijjht by the International News Senile FRENCH INFANTRY IN ACTION THE DEPENDENCE OF THE FRENCH ARMY IS ON THE SPIRITED CHARACTER AND PERSONAL INITIATIVE OF THE INDIVIDUAL SOLDIERS, WHO SHOW EXCEPTIONAL RESOURCEFULNESS IN THE FIELD 28 THE WORLD'S WORK BRITISH CAVALRY THE ENGLISH ARMY IS THE ONLY ARMY IN EUROPE MADE UP OF VOLUNTEER RECRUITS BRITISH FIELD ARTILLERY THE SOUTH AI RICAN WAR SHOWED THE BRITISH ARMY ITS WEAKNESSES IN COMMISSARIAT AND ITS LACK OF MOBILITY. IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE LESSON WAS NOT LOST THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 29 '^"A!iiU'»i'«^. ^i.«' THE COLDSTREAM GUARDS IN SERVICE KIT ONE OF THE FINEST ENGLISH REGIMENTS, ON THE MARCH IN SOUTH AFRICA ■■ ■ j^H •"^^ ^^^|H ^^B ^^^^H ^^^^,i(ft^.. i i jH ^P^RHH 1^1 /y^ "* ^^^^^^^^^^^H^^HE. ^^Htt' uit ^i^^a^ ^^^K frl^^OPvlf^V MmI ^^Hj tm hHHh W ■^^[^HGlI '- ^^^I^H ^^K. ^■. ^^H ^^^^^^^^^BKIi^1__i ^^ ^HHkH^B MK^, M^H-Jl ENGLISH INFANTRY THE BRITISH REGULAR ARMY CAN BE COUNTED ON, BUT THE EFFICIENCY OF THE TERRITORIALS, WHICH CORRESPOND TO AMERICAN MILITIA, IS PROBLEMATICAL. IN THE BOER WAR, GREAT BRITAIN PUT MORE THAN ONE MILLION MEN IN THE FIELD ^0 THE WORLD'S WORK GERMAN INFANTRY IN THt: FIELD EVRRY DF.TAIL OF EQUIPMENT AND OF CARRIAGE, FROM THE MARTIAL LOOKING HELMET TO THE ARTIFICIAL "gOOSE STEP" GAIT USED ON PARADE, EMPHASIZES THE STUDIED UNIFORMITY AND PAINSTAKING PRECISION OF GERMAN MILITARY SCIENCE THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 31 ^^^^^sP^^n^^'^'.- ,V*.A%.:- -^i^;: ^^ ik i ^^^faJlH < "AN ARMY THAI RUNS LIKE CLOCKWORK" THE GERMAN ARMY IS THE MOST THOROUGHLY DRILLED OF ALL ARMIES, AND ITS COMMANDERS PUT THEIR FAITH IN ITS MASS EFFICIENCY DIRECTED BY THE GENERAL STAFF ALONG MINUTELY AND CAREFULLY PLANNED LINES 32 THE WORLD'S WORK ALL GERMAN CAVALRYMEN ARE ARMED WITH LANCES AN AMERICAN MILITARY AUTHORITY HAS CRITICIZED THESE WEAPONS AS OBSOLETE, BUT ADMITS THAT THEY WILL BE EFFECTIVE IF MODERN WARFARE RENEWS FIGHTING AT CLOSE QUARTERS NEWS GATHERERS FOR THE GENERAL STAFF BICYCLE, MOUNTED, AND AEROPLANE SCOUTS BRING NEWS TO THE GERMAN STAFF, WHICH IS THE MOST THOROUGH ORGANIZATION OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 33 Copyright Dy Underwood & Underwood GERMAN ARTILLERY IN ACTION THE GERMANS HOPE IN THIS WAR TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE KRUPP GUNS FAILED IN THE BALKANS ONLY BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT PROPERLY HANDLED ■ A CARAVAN LOADED WITH DEATH GERMAN FIELD ARTILLERY MARCHING THROUGH A MOUNTAIN VILLAGE. A PART OF THE 4 MILLION MEN THAT THE KAISER CAN PUT IN THE FIELD 34 THE WORLD'S WORK ■T" ^ r^^^"^- ^fjl^k #''^^^^^^^^MH^k .!^^_!^^^^^^l ^■^4 f •^^" ^?^P^^*^f 5^'"™ ^*y[^.||l .,. JIpJw^J -". '* ■-'. " - * , ' ^.*'^-'- ■ '' -r . -v*-- . ■ THH COSSACK CAVALRY OF THE CZAR t:.)pyrit;lit by llluk- .d A: Underwood RUSSIAN INFANTRY, ENCAMPED AND MARCHING THE RUSSIAN SOLDIER DOES NOT THINK FOR HIMSELF AND THE MANCHURIAN CAMPAIGN SHOWED THAT HIS OFFICERS DO NOT DO ENOUGH THINKING FOR HIM. DESPITE THIS HE HAS SHOWN THAT HE WILt STAND A TREMENDOUS PERCENTAGE OF LOSS WITHOUT BREAKING THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 35 rhLt-^rait.r I \'x lames F. J. Archibald " THE BEAR THAT WALKS LIKE A MAN " A FAMOUS DESCRIPTION OF THE RUSSIAN SOLDIER, THAT SUGGESTS BOTH HIS MERITS AND HIS DEFECTS. OTHER pictures: RUSSIAN FIELD ARTILLERY RUSSIAN SAPPERS THROWING UP ENTRENCHMENTS 36 THE WORLD'S WORK Photographed by James F. J. Archibald A RUSSIAN PORTABLE SOUP KITCHEN THAT SUPPLIES QUICK RATIONS IN THE FIELD Photographed by James F. J. Archibald A RUSSIAN ADVANCE A FEW OF THE 5,692,000 MEN IN THE RUSSIAN ARMY THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 37 TYPES OF AUSTRIAN AND HUNGARIAN SOLDIERS AUSTRIAN FIELD ARTILLERY AND AUSTRIAN CAVALRY THE AUSTRIAN ARMY HAS NOT BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED SINCE ITS DEFEAT BY THEORETICALLY ITS EFFICIENCY IS HIGH PRUSSIA IN 1866; .'M5568 38 THE WORLD'S WORK AUSTRIAN MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY Photo:^'raplu !■- I- Archibald ITALIAN INFANTRY CROSSING A DANGEROUS PASS THE NEW EQUIPMENT OF THE AUSTRIAN INFANTRY THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 39 SERVIA'S BATTLE-SEASONED VETERAN'S UPPER picture: the battlefield of KUMANOVO. middle picture: a SERVIAN FIELD HOSPITAL NEAR ADRIANOPLE. LOWER PICTURE: SERVIANS IN CAMP AFTER THE BATTLE OF MONASTIR, FOUGHT DURING THE BALKAN V^'AR 40 THE WORLD'S WORK ENEMIES OF AUSTRIA — MONTENEGRIN TROOPS ENTERING SCUTARI, OF WHICH AUSTRIA DEPRIVED THEM AFTER THE BALKAN WAR WAS OVER SERVIAN GUNS ON THE MARCH — THE REALITY WITHOUT THE POMP OF WAR THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 41 Spandau, near Berlin, an enormous amount of gold has been stored for \ears as a war chest. German powder is of excellent quah'tv and fullv abundant. Supplies are ample for a campaign of months, but if Germany is cut ofT from the sea difficulty will be experienced in feeding her enormous armies. Her fortifications are of the latest and most approved type, heavily armed and provisioned for months, and, unlike France, she has wisely put her mortars in the first line, the howitzers, the short range guns, in second line, and the high power guns in the rear. Each fortification is provided with a wireless system for communication with other fortifications, thus rendering it possible for garrisons to unite either to harass the enem\' temporarily or for prolonged operations — ^a performance hereto- fore so hazardous that it has been rarely at- tempted in the presence of the enemy. FRANCE The last few years have witnessed an almost incredible resurrection in the military spirit of the French. Less than two years ago, when Germany increased her standing army, France instantly retaliated b\' lengthening the term of active service from two to three )'ears without creating so much as a ripple in her internal affairs. She is determined to recover her lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, and, if the opinion of military critics is not woefully at fault, she may be counted upon to put up a des- perate fight against her German adversary. The "National Army" of France is com- posed of the "Metropolitan Army" and the Colonial Army, the former numbering 753,403 and the latter about 1 16,000 — 46,000 being in Morocco and 39,000 in Algeria — a total of 869,403, exclusive of 25,000 in the Gendarmerie or militarx' police. Militar>' service is compul- sory and universal from the ages of 20 to 48, the only exemptions being for physical disability. After 3 years in the active army, the soldier passes to the reserve for 1 1 years, followed by 7 \ears in the Territorial Arm\' and 7 in the Territorial Reserve. In the active reserve, the conscript undergoes two periods of training and manoeuvres lasting for 4 weeks each; in the Territorial Army one period of 2 weeks; in the Territorial Reserve, no fixed period. Unlike the Germans, the French have no one-year volun- teers but every encouragement is given for voluntary enlistment for 3, 4, or 5 years, parti- cularly in the Colonial Army. The length of the reserve service produces more than 2.000 reservists per battalion, so that in case of mobil- ization, the active units can easil\' be main- tained at full war strength and each battalion and regiment forms an additional reserve unit with men left over for the depot. As a neces- sary precaution, the troops stationed along the German frontier are kept at a considerably higher strength than the others. In the organization of the French arm\-, two infantry regiments — composed of 6 or some- times 7 or 8 battalions — form a brigade, 2 brigades a division, and 2 divisions an army corps. To every division is attached a field artillery regiment of 9 batteries of 4 guns each. The corps artillery includes 9 field and 3 howit- zer batteries, to which 6 reinforcing batteries are added upon mobilization, so that each corps on a war footing has 144 guns. Furthermore an army corps in the field has attached to it a cavalry brigade of 2 regiments, i chasseur (cavalry) battalion, engineer companies, sani- tary and service troops, etc. The cavalry divisions are composed of 3 brigades of 2 regi- ments each — together with 3 batteries of horse artillery. When mobilized the strength of an army corps is approximately 33,000 com- batants, a cavalry division 4,700. There is also an aeronautical corps with 334 aeroplarres and 14 dirigibles. The French army is localized and terri- torialized. Of the 21 army corps regions, all except Algeria (the 19th) furnishes a complete army corps. The 8 infantry regiments of an army corps are recruited from their respective regimental districts, but the additional regi- ment is obtained from the region at large. Like the chasseur battalions, these additional regi- ments are usually stationed near the eastern frontier, so that the 6th Army Corps at Chalons and the 7th at Besanfon are augmented to 3 divisions each. The Reserve Army has two divisions in each region, corresponding to those in the active army. Upon mobilization the 36 reserve divi- sions contain virtually the same organization and strength as the troops of the first line. The reserves of the regional regiments, engineers and foot artillery can be utilized for garrisoning the various fortresses to which allusion will be made later. The Territorial Arm\- likewise consists of 36 divisions and garrison troops. Upon mobilization the remaining men of the Reserve and Territorial armies are summoned to the depots and are available to maintain tire field army at war strength. The Customs Corps, the Chasseurs Forestiers, the Gendar- merie (25,000) and the Garde Republicaine (2,992) have also had militar\- training and can be utilized in time of war. The French field arm\' is composed of 20 arm\' corps, the brigade of 14 battalions sta- tioned at L\ons, and 10 divisions of cavalry. Raised to their full war strength, the active arm\' numbers 1.009,000, the reserves and depots, 1,600,000, the Territorial arm>' 818,000, and the Territorial reserve 451,000. a grand total of 3,878.000. .^s a matter of fact, F'rance possesses about 5,ooo,ckk) trained men. i .000,000 more than Gernian\- — a thing which not many people know. The infantr\' is armed with the Lebel maga- zine rifle of .315 inches calibre, the cavalr\' with the Lebel carbine, both excellent weapons. The field piece is a rapid-fire gun of 7.5 centimetres (2.95 inches) of the model of 1907, provided NO R T H Flush; ., SEA NETHER/LANDS Amsburg v'Iserlohn . yRemscheid ,;:^>\? 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Cpuc hes x\~/^ I'esoul „ .^^ y —w . — ^ •^-^ /'^Vmerslxel ^\»!^^0^'\ ./j/BASE "^/K V" — ■»>V^;f^ippolyte y'solotliurn.-, J-brftf > [BERI Samen Boiirbon^ Vv* Mont ITj-^rchatiibjulr^ -Xy^Uou )urtf.)rylancy 1 VMLouSTJ^i^'a'* i V .' i-au(anno / I CharolUBH Htlucon ^-\ LaPaliHse^ Gannat Vichey Roann^vJI Villpfrail^ha jiiliV ^ — ' dtellesarde] ,j \Rioin„ Pontaijmur ~ .Thiers KVviU^ Martigny Tr^ui OjieysM.lIt, I / EXPLANATION / ^..y r\\}r^'ll fi 'Annecy CiYics loiV/i m'cr /oo,,/(\|l Cities f rum 20.000 to 100,000 Dijon Cl^Anon'PxZ I ^ ^ L^(>^f'|P'''''v•^ iiXlov/J\*/Al»-les- Sma/;^ IjFiBains ^3^ C/aas f'or/s# «nd Cfaaa ^'orM # ' I Montbrisonair^ Givorstf ^'Hli;__^>y Xci iHHfltreN A mhertV <" wV jj a.. C H^lT/^ V't^^""<^' /"^-^--^^i^ » .„ .. .,v „, ou w ^ THE GERMAN-FRENCH FRONTIER SHOWING THE FRENCH, GERMAN, AND BELGIAN FORTS. TBI. HliAVY BLACK LINES ARE RAH- KOAUS AND THE SMALL TOOTHED LINES ARE CANALS EXPLANATION Om*$ withover 100,000 f/iua. DANZIG CttUt ictth iO.ooo to 100,000 Thorn Smaller Places, Schrimm. tat Clata Forts ||t »nd Class Forts # ■ 6CALE qp MILES , i> 10 8U 80 40 60 60 r ?olange'it'^;»najohrea Hlmmersatii / f Metnel BrusterOrt/ Ela8iiiti_ — ^liholt ^pr jf o^ DASZIO Samlandy Svilpmufi^^ >Hela Twphlau ilbi 'r . ^BUtow Fpcv' Nakel liich.elT ^-./V kneidenri r,v< 4»^ LipiiOrf E XJf^S; ( ^"'" ^Hioheirsalz?^ i 7" ^"^'^''^' -' '^-^ vr- .„„V /' £\ • Wloclawfek '^ ^?>< Novo ^ „ ^. ■: . Jfetr/.alko-.vo ^-^ Konin ^;vI,£ntsclil/4^ ^"" -/^^A^\c7. Schnnim\l^J'[\|_TjlI£li(3 \^ p p. ^^ i >>^i s \, VJ J^iSC^ ^, / ^-Sp lichens I / S , ^V^yVjlola/^lU J""ic.„ice ''Samter'^ I He <^ Mlawa ostrolenU Makow ;;iechan^ ■^vas!a\ g.aluszJ Radom ^Lublin V \ f'.toczew I.. , u vlVrn'rui-^t} Piotrow ^ydK»vie_Cy ^ Wielun Solec N. uisk J .C IN sRt-icft Kieiizburg ^zensta Gr. St^lv^iti XiuS^i\vitz5 yzyrov Pilica ' ' a- j^i^ Jbzefow K^ceL Bodzecho^- - J 7 /^ Opatow k VJapow rf^Xf-^^ SandomierzsjQsC:>^> — ^ Pmezo«1[ (YX f oM- from the Conseil Superieur de la Guerre — which is charged with general military questions under the presidency of the Minister of War — and vested in the Conseil des Generaux, which is composed of the officers commanding the field armies and which has now selected General Joffre for supreme command. The French artillery is generally admitted to be in a class b\- itself and the Intendance (com- missariat, etc.) is excelled by none other. The infantry is most deceptive in appearance, but the ability of the French to march and attack has never been surpassed. On the other hand, its forte is not the defensive, and only last year the writer was struck by the need of firmer dis- cipline and more instruction. The French are peculiar in this respect, but the instant the first shot is fired no soldier rallies quicker to his colors, or is more desperately in earnest than the Frenchman. The cavalry is first class and will give a good account of itself. Its work will be supplemented by the army aeroplane corps and a volunteer aeroplane corps, the latter of which can be counted upon to furnish about 1,000 aeroplanes, which will prove far more than a match for the German aircraft, and ought to keep the commanding generals fully informed of every movement of the enemy. The Minister of War recently stated that there was no provision for the defense of the fortifica- tions against attacks from the air, and there is also some question as to the efficiencN' of the wireless apparatus installed in the fortresses. The French naval powder is notoriously uncer- tain and short-lived, but the same cannot be said of the army powder, and so far as is known abroad, there is no shortage in ammunition. The regimental officers are excellent but the French success will be largely measured by the ability of the generals. If they are able to take and keep the offensive, the French will prove a decidedly tough nut for any army in the world to crack. RUSSIA The peace strength of the Russian army is 1,284,000 men, its war strength 5,962,306. .Military service is compulsory and universal, beginning at the age of 20 and terminating with the end ofithe 43d year. Service in the active army is for 3 years in the case of the in- fantry and artillery, for 4 years in the other arms. The soldier then passes into the reserve (Zapas) for 14 or 15 years, during which he re- ceives two trainings of 6 weeks each. After 18 years in the active arm\' and reserve, he is transferred to the Territorial army (Opolcheni^) for 5 >ears. This embraces also the surplus of the annual contingent, thus forming a supple- mentary reserve, and, in the second "ban," all those exempted from service, those not up to standard, and the older classes of surplus men. There also exists a modified system of volun- teers for one year who supply the bulk of officers required for the reserve upon mobilization. Owing to the enormous extent of the Russian empire, its army is divided into three forces, the army of European Russia, the army of the Caucasus, and the Asiatic army. The Rus- sian battalion contains 1,000 men; 4 battalions constitute a regiment, 2 regiments a brigade and 2 brigades a division. The field batteries are composed of 8 guns, the horse batteries of 6. The ordinary army corps is made up of 2 divi- sions, a howitzer division and one battalion of sappers, and has a fighting strength of approxi- mately 32,000 men. The rifle brigades form separateorganizations of 8 battalions with 3 bat- teries attached. The Cossacks, who hold their lands by military tenure, are liable to service for life, and provide their own equipment and horses. At 19 their training begins; at 21 they enter the active regiment of their district, at 25 the '-'second category" regiment, and at 29 the "third category" regiment, followed b\' 5 years in the reserve. After 25 years of age, their training is 3 weeks per annum. In European Russia the field army consists of the Imperial Guard and Grenadier Corps, 27 line army corps and 20 cavalry divisions; in the Caucasus of 3 army corps and 4 cavalry divisions. The Asiatic army is composed of IVissians with a few Turkoman irregular horse (jigits), and is mainly stationed in East Siberia. Since the Russian-Japanese war these forces have been increased and re-organized into a strong army which would mobilize as 5 Trans-Baikal corps and 2 to 4 Cossack cavalry divisions, number- ing, together with auxiliary troops, over 200,000 men. The system of recruitment is territorial, that is, each army corps draws its recruits from a fixed district and is usuall\' quartered in garri- sons there. In European Russia the majority of the army is stationed west of the longitude of Moscow, so that mobilization is slower under ordinary circumstances than in France or Ger- many because the recruits and reservists have long distances to travel, particularly as many are consigned to corps outside Great Russia. The Tsar cannot mobilize 300,000 of his troops within anv theatre of operations under three weeks, although four times that number could be assembled one week later. The comparative dearth of railways is a great handicap in the matter of supplies. The small-arm of the infantry is the "3-line" rifle of the 1901 model. It has a magazine holding 5 cartridges, a calibre of .299 inches, a THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 45 muzzle velocity of 2,035 seconds, and is sighted to 3,000 yards. The arm of the cavalry and Cossacks has a barrel 2f inches shorter but uses the same ammunition, and is provided with a bayonet which no other mounted troops use. The field piece is a Krupp rapid-fire, shielded gun of the 1902 model, with a muzzle velocity of 1,950 foot seconds, the shell weighing 13^ lbs. Ordinarily speaking, the standard of the Rus- sian arm\' is distinctly below that of the French and German. '1 heir small-arm is slightly better than our old Krag-Jorgcnsen, their field piece is inferior to the French and their movements slower, except in the case of the Cossack cavalry which is no match for other European mounted troops. On the other hand, the Russian has always been a capital fighting man, and too much stress cannot be laid upon the value of actual experience in war. It is highly doubtful that the Russians will encounter any harder fighting than the\' did in Manchuria, and it must be remembered that a great many of the officers and men who fought against the Japa- nese will participate in the present war. The Russian army will therefore be a potent factor in any equation. AUSTRIA-Hl'NG..\RY Austria-Hungary's peace establishment is 472,716, the war strength of her regular army 1,360,000. Militar\' service is universal and compulsory, beginning at the age of 19 — but more usually at 2 1 — and ending at 43. Service with the "Common" or active army lasts for 2 years in the case of the infantry and 3 for the cavalry and horse artillery; in the Landwehr (first reserve") 10 for the infantry and 7 for the cavalr\' and horse artiller\', followed by the Landsturm (second reserve) until the soldier's 42nd birthday. Hungary possesses a separate and distinct Landwehr (Honved) and Land- sturm (Nepfolkeles), which constitute the Hun- garian national arm\-. There is also an Ersatz (supplementary) reserve intended to maintain the units of the Common arm\' at full strength. The Ersatz reservists receive 8 weeks training in their first year and are subsequently liable for the same service as the other reservists of the army Qorps to which they belong. The Empire is divided into 16 army corps districts, each presumed to furnish a complete army corps of 2 di\isions to the active army. Every infantry division is composed of 2 bri- gades of 8 battalions each, i artillery brigade of 10 batteries of 6 guns, a regiment of cavalry, a jager (rifle) battalion, etc. The army corps also contains a regiment of field artillery or howit- zers, a pioneer battalion, a pontoon company, etc., and numbers about 34,000 combatants. There are 6 permanent cavalry divisions, each consisting of 2 brigades (24 squadrons), 3 bat- teries of horse artillery and a machine-gun de- tachment and numbering about 4,000 men. It is estimated that Austria's land forces raised to their maximum war strength would be as follows: Common or active army, 1,360,000; Austrian Landwehr, 240,000; Hungarian Land- wehr, 220,000; Landsturm, 2,000,000; Ersatz reserve, 500,000; grand total, 4,320,000. The infantry is armed with the Mannlicher magazine rifle, calibre .315, 1895 model; the cavalry with a carbine of the same make. The field gun, a Krupp, uses a shrapnel of 145 lbs.; the field howitzer is a 10.5 cm. piece weighing i,cK)o lbs. and firing a 30 lb. shell. On a peace footing all batteries have 4 guns, on war footing 6, except the mountain batteries which are provided with 4 guns. The Hungarian cavalry is admirable; the rest of the army is undoubted I\' a good force but scarcel\' comparable to the French or German armies. It has not fought single-handed since 1866 when it was decisively defeated b>' the Prussians and their allies at Koniggratz. ITALY The Italian arm\' on a peace footing numbers 250,860 ofificcrs and men, exclusive of the troops in Africa. Service is compulsory and univer- sal, beginning at the age of twenty. Two years in the permanent army are followed by 6 years in the reserve, 4 years in the mobile militia, and 7 years in the territorial militia. In the reserve they receive from 2 to 6 weeks' training which may be extended over several \ears; in the territorial militia, 30 days' train- ing. Each division consists of 2 brigades com- posed of 2 regiments, each of 3 battalions, to- gether with a regiment of field artillery (5 batteries) and has a war strength of 14,156 officers and men and 30 guns. Four regiments divided into 2 brigades and 2 horse batteries comprise a cavalr\' division. Each army corps has 2 divisions — save the I Xth which has 3 — a regiment of field artiller\- (36 guns), 2 or 3 heavy batteries, a regiment of cavalry and one of Bersaglieri (light infantry). Aside from the Carabinieri or militarx' police and the usual auxiliary troops including the aeronautical corps with 7 companies, 30 aeroplanes, and 9 airships, are the Alpini, frontier troops orga- nized for the defense of the mountain passes, consisting of 8 regiments (26 battalions) of Alpine infantry and 2 regiments of 36 mountain batteries. The field arm\' comprises 12 army corps and 3 cavalry divisions, its war strength is about 2,600,000, divided as follows: active army 700,000, mobile militia 400,000, terri- torial militia, a large part of whom are onl\' partiallx' trained, 1,500,000. The Italian infantry is armed with the .Mann- licher Carcano magazine rifle of 6.5 millimetres calibre, but the territorial militia still uses the old Vetterli rifle. The fleld artiller\' is now being rearmed with the De Port gun with a calibre of 7.5 centimetres of the model of 1912. The Italian army has recently been engaged in war in Africa, and has doubtless profited by its experience. It is a compact force and well trained. 46 THE WORLD'S WORK Apart from the Indian Arm\- and the Local Forces in the various colonies, the military establishment of Great Britain consists of the Regular Army and the Territorial Army, both being recruited by voluntary enlistment between the ages of i8 and 25. The enlistment is for 12 twelve years, with permission under certain circumstances to prolong it to 21 years. Three to nine vears is the period with the colors, and the remainder with the Army Reserve, heavy batteries and those of the Territorial Army which have 4. The casual reader will probably be surprised at these figures, but he must remember that during the Boer War Eng- land put more than a million men in the field. The United Kingdom is divided into seven "commands" and the London district, all of which include from 2 to 3 territorial divisions and I to 4 territorial cavalry brigades in ad- dition to detachmen':s of varying size from RUSSIA'S TERRITORIAL AMBITION TO GAIN ACCESS TO THE ATLANTIC AND THE MHUll ERRANEAN UNEMBARRASSED BY A BLOCKING ENEMY: AND TO ABSORB ALL THE SLAVIC PEOPLES most men electing to serve 7 years with the colors and 5 in the reserve. Upon mobilization the existing deficiencies are supplied from the Army Reserve or, to a lesser extent, from the Special Reserve of troops not permanently in- corporated but who serve as depot troops, or in fortifications, their term of service being for 6 years. The recruits are subjected to 5 months' training and each year are called out for 3 weeks, supplemented by 6 days' musketry practice for the infantry. The Home Army consists of 0,740 officers and 172,610 men, the Army Reserve of 147,000, the Special Reserve of 80,120, and the Terri- torial Army of 315,485, a total of 724,955. Raised to war strength these forces would number 29,330 officers, 772,000 men and 2,072 guns, the batteries being of 6 guns, except the the Regular Army. Two nearly full divisions are stationed at Aldcrshot and in Ireland, one complete division in the Southern and one in the Eastern "command." There are also 6 aeroplane squadrons, each with 18 aeroplanes. The Lee-Enfield rifle, calibre .303, is the arm of the infantry and cavalry. In the Regular Army the field artillery has an 18-pounder Armstrong gun, the horse artillery a 1 3-pounder, the field howitzers arc 40-pounders, and the heavy batteries are armed with 6()-p()unders. The British army got a severe handling in the Boer War, and profited greatly thereby. The Territorial Army is a force of distinctly uncer- tain value at present, being very much akin to the American militia, and could scarcely be expected to distinguish itself if pitted against the French or German regulars. THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 47 The Belgian army has a peace footing of 3,542 ofTicers and 44,061 men, with a war strength variously estimated at from 300,000 to 350,000. The infantry is armed with the Mauser rifle, the artillery with a shielded Krupp quick-fire piece of 7.5 cm. calibre. In 1913 the Netherlands had in its Home Army 1.543 officers and 21,412 men and 152 guns. On a war footing it could probablv be raised to about 270,000 men. The small arm is 5,460 officers and 98,000 men, on a war footing 5 armv corps and approximately 580,000 men. The infantry uses the Mannlicher magazine rifle, .256 calibre, the cavalry the Mannlicher carbine. The field and horse batteries are armed with the Krupp quick-fire, 75 mm. gun of the model of 1903. In 1912 Greece had a peace establishment of 1,952 officers and 23,268 men, but the recent war has caused her to augment them to 3 army THE PAN-GERMAN DREAM OF A "MARCH TO THE EAST*' BY WHICH GERMANY AND AUSTRIA WOULD GAIN AN AUSTRIAN-OWNED PATH TO CONSTANTINOPLE AND A GERMAN-CONTROLLED COMMERCIAL HIGHWAY THROUGH GERMAN INFLUENCE IN ASIA MINOR the Mannlicher rifie and carbine, the field gun is identical with that of Belgium. Servia has 10 divisions divided into 4 army corps, with a peace footing of 160,000, and a war strength of over 380,000. The rifle is the Mauser, model of 1899, with a calibre of 7 mm., of which there are not nearly enough to arm the reserves; the field piece a quick-firing gun of the French Schneider-Canet svstem. Bulgaria has a peace establishment of about 3,900 officers and 56,000 men, armed with the Mannlicher magazine rifle, calibre .315, the Mannlicher carbine, the Schneider quick-fire gun of 7.5 cm., and a light Krupp of the same calibre for the mountain batteries. On a war footing she could muster 4 army corps and about 550,000 men. Roumania's arm\- on a peace footing is about corps and her war footing is not far from 250,000 men. The infantry is armed with the Mannlicher-Schonauer rifie of the 1903 model and the field artillery with Schneider-Canet quick-fire guns. Few people realize how strongl\' the frontiers of the Powers of central Europe are fortified — in fact the whole continent bristles with forti- fications. Beginning at the point where France, Switzerland, and Germany meet, the eastern frontier of France is guarded by fortresses of the first class at Belfort, Epinal, Toul, and Verdun in the first line, reinforced by Besangon, Dijon, Langres, Rheims, la Fere, and Mau- beuge in the second line, with smaller fortifica- tions (forts d'arrets) close to the German fron- tier at Remirement, Luneville, Nancy, and other points. Along the Italian frontier are 48 THE WORLD'S WORK the strong places of Grenoble, Brianfon, and Nice, with Lyons in the rear. All her naval harbors are fortified and the defense of Paris consists of 97 bastions, 17 old forts and 38 new advanced forts, the whole forming entrenched camps at Versailles and St. Denis. The German frontier facing France is guarded by the fortresses of Neu-Breisach, Strassburg, Metz, and Diedenhofen in the first line, with Rastatt, Bitsch, and Saarlouis in the second line, and Germersheim in the rear. Mainz (May- ence) is situated opposite Luxemburg, Coblentz, and Koln (Cologne) opposite Belgium, and W'esel opposite Holland. The northern coast is stronglv fortified from W'ilhelmshafen to Memmel, the latter forming the extreme end of the cordon of fortresses which guard Ger- manv's eastern frontier, and which consist of Konigsberg and Allenstein in the first line, Danzig, Dirschau, Graudenz, Thorn, and the Vistula Passages in the second line. South of this point are Posen, Glogau. and Breslau facing Poland. Beginning at Neisse the defense against Austria consists of strong fortifications at Glatz, Torgau, Ingolstadt, and Ulm, and the approaches to Berlin are guarded by Mag deburg Spandau, and Kustrin. Russia is protected against attacks from the Germans by the fortresses of Libau on the Bal- tic, Kovna, Ossovets, and Ust-Dvinsk (formerly Dunamiind) in the Vilna district, and in Poland by Novo-Georgievsk. Warsaw, and Ivangorod on the Vistula, and Brest-Litovsk on the Bug — four strongholds known as the Polish Quadri- lateral. Guarding St. Petersburg are the weaker fortifications of Kronstadt and Viborg, with Sweaborg midway down the Gulf of Finland near Helsingfors. On the Black Sea are Sebas- topol and Kertch in the Crimea and Otchokov near Odessa. Austria's fortifications consist of the strong places of Cracow and Premysl on the road to Lemberg in Galicia, facing Poland; in Hun- gar\- she has Gyula-Fehervar (Karlsburg) and Arad on the Maros River guarding the approach from the angle of Roumania, while on her fron- tier facing Servia are Alt-Orsova and Peter- varad (Peterwardein) on the Danube, and Sara- jevo in Bosnia, with Temesvar and Komorn blocking the approach to Vienna from the southeast. On the Adriatic are Cattaro on the edge of Montenegro, and the naval arsenals of Pola and Trieste. All the Alpine passes of the Tyrol arc fortified, but neither Vienna nor Buda- pest have any defenses. Italy's fortifications, aside from those on her coasts, extend in a line from Venice, through Verona, Mantua, and Piacenza to Alessandria and Casale which face the French frontier. GENERAL MILITARY SITUATION "Strategy consists in getting there first with most men," according to the statement ascribed to General Forrest, a Southern partisan leader, and a better definition it would be hard to give. Germany and .Austria being in the centre of Europe have shorter distances to traverse to reach any given point on their frontiers than is the case with their adversaries who are sepa- rated by these two empires. They can also mobilize their forces more quickly than their opponents — with the exception of the French — and their combined armies are more homo- geneous than are the allies. On the other hand thev are inferior in numbers to their adversaries, Germany having 4,000,000. and Austria 4,320,000, a total of 8,320,000, against 3,878,000 French, 5,962.000 Russians, 500,000 Servians, and 3 so, 000 Belgians, a total of 10,690,000. Napoleon declared that "the strength of an army, like the amount of move nent in me- chanics, is estimated as the mass multiplied by the rapidity," and he demonstrated the proper method to pursue in situations almost identical with those of to-day. Falling with the utmost rapidity and all the forces he could muster upon one of his adversaries, he inflicted a crush- ing defeat. Leaving a "containing force" at that point, he then turned with all his strength against the other adversary, repeating his suc- cessive blows in one or both directions until his opponents were destroyed. So long as he kept them asunder their superior numbers availed them nothing, and his own success was assured; once they were permitted to combine, his de- feat was certain. In such manoeuvres the forces must be kept closely united and moved with all possible rapidity, otherwise the advantage con- ferred by "interior 1 ines" will be wholly lost. If the Germans and Austrians are to escape being crushed by the mere weight of numbers they must pursue a similar course. If they elect to attack the French and Belgians, stra- tegic wisdom would require their leaving on their eastern frontiers forces of sufficient strength to be able, in conjunction with their fortifica- tions, to prevent the Russians and Serbs from penetrating in their rear. If they prefer to attack to the east the operation must be re- versed. In either case they ought to be able to outnumber their adversaries on the east or those on the west, but if thev attack in both direc- tions at the same time, they are sure to be defeated by superior forces. The indications are that a first stroke to the east would produce the greater results, since the Russians cannot mobilize under twenty-six days at least, and nearly a month must elapse before thev are fully ready to begin a forward move- ment in anv great force. It would therefore be possible, if the Germans and Austrians act quickly, to inflict a crushing blow upon them before thev are ready. This might open the road to St. Petersburg — which is no farther from Konigsberg than Berlin is from Paris — and so long as the German fleet commands the Bal- tic, the troops could be largely supplied from transports at several points en route. This operation while possible under certain condi- tions, would be extremely hazardous. On the THE ARMIES OF EUROPE 49 other hand, in an advance to the west, the most advantageous lines of advance are from Cob- lenz up the Mosel and through Luxemburg, (jr from Cologne through Belgium, issuing either through Sedan or through the valley of the Meuse into l-"rance, at a distance of about 140 miles from Paris. The violation of Belgium's neutrality and the opposition of her forces is not to be compared to the advantage thus con- ferred. Furthermore the French fortifications up a veritable hornet's nest, for the Swiss have 500,000 well trained men. (Jn the eastern frontiers the fortifications — German, Austrian, and Russian — present analogous difficulties but in a far lesser degree. Russia cannot issue from western Poland with- out exposing her right Hank to a German at- tack from Hast Prussia, and her left to an attack fr(jm Galicia, or Bohemia. The roads into Germany north of Poland are strongly guarded R«rlla n '^VWIIbclmlbafaa 1«HU< And* KarUbon j « JT ^^ P«»r™nUj»<^ ( BULGARIA ) SEA THE FORTRESSES OF EUROPE EVERY PLACE THAT IS NAMED ON THIS MAP IS A FORTIFIED STRATEGIC SITE THAT IS VITAL TO THE DEFENCE OF THE COUNTRY IN WHICH IT LIES guarding these lines are not so strong as they ought to be, whereas those from Epernay south to Belfort will not be easy to break through if reinforced by the French armies. In this con- nection it may be observed that Germany's frontier from Basle to Luxemburg is 242 miles in length, Luxemburg adds 1 1 1 miles, and Bel- gium 70 miles. With several million men packed into this space, and resting on a line of powerful modern fortifications, the difficulty of either side to break through will be apparent, especially if the troops resort to field entrench- ments, as they undoubtedly will do. Under the circumstances, it is difficult to see how Ger- many can. realize her boast that she will crush France and be in Paris in three weeks, particu- larly since Victor Emmanuel has not given his adhesion and ltal\' cannot be utilized for a di- verting attack against southern France. To violate the neutr^l'«^»' f^f "Switzerland would stir by fortifications, so that it is probable that she will invade Galicia between Cracow and Lem- berg, in the effort to crush the Austrians, or to separate them from the Germans. An advance from any of the Balkan states would be less hazardous but, on the other hand, less pro- ductive of results. Should Italy indefinitely join England, France, and Russia, her 12 armv corps in conjunction with Servia's 4 corps could probabl\' neutralize in a large measure Austria's 16 corps and pre- vent their rendering any material assistance to Germany either by holding the Russians in check or by joining in an attack against France. Broadl>' speaking such are the most probable operations to be attempted during the first stage of the war. When the terrific struggle has terminated, the map of Europe — perhaps of certain other portions of the globe — may be materially changed. ASIA, AFRICA, AND THE ISLANDS OF THE SEAS WHERE THE FIGHTING EUROPEAN NATIONS MEET IN OTHER CONTINENTS AND DISTANT OCEANS AND HOW THIS STRUGGLE MAY CHANGE THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD THE third day of August was the critical da\' in this world war. Un- seen underlying causes had been at work for \ears, for generations. But in that one week from July 28th to August 4th the curtain rolled up and one after another the nations in their true colors stepped into the theatre of war. In all human history there has never been a spectacle so tremendous. On the third day of August the Kaiser played his last card. Russia, France, and Ser- via were already lined up against the Austrian- German alliance. Italy, under her declaration of neutrality, hung yet in the throes of inde- cision. The one overwhelming element yet uncommitted was the sea power of England. To hold that element neutral, even for a month, would have justified almost any promise Ger- many could have made. And the price Germany offered is exceedingly significant of the universal stakes for which this war will be fought out to the end. As the price for Eng- land's neutrality, Germany offered to guarantee the territorial integrity of Belgium and Hol- land, and offered to England one half the colonial possessions of France. That was the day of Belgian pluck and British wisdom. On the next day Germany attacked Liege and declared war on England. When this war is over and the smoke has cleared away conquerors and conquered will come together and settle the price of peace. The largest clement in that price will be terri- tory, for in terms of territory arc the hostile ambitions of the fighting nations expressed. Nationality and territory, these will be rede- fined. The map as we have known it is gone. If in the end Germany and Austria prevail, it is difficult to exaggerate the geographical changes that will follow as a consequence of German supremacy on land and sea. If the ill assorted Anglo-Latin-Slav alliance crushes the imperial German incubus, which has threatened them all these last forty years, territorial changes will be less extensive, but equally fundamental. In the latter case some- thing in the nature of balance of power between the victorious allies will restrict the readjust- ment after (ierman expansion has been stamped out. In the former case no such thing as the balance of power, as it has been hitherto under- stood among the nations of Europe, will sur- vive. All that can then restrain a victorious Germanic imperialism will be a possible internal dissension following upon a devastating war, and the creation of a new balance of power, as between Germany, the United States, and the dominant nation of the Far East. In any case the most impressive geographical changes will probably not be made in the map of Europe. A nation cannot be wiped off the map. The great changes in international geography will be made in the colonial possessions of the expand- ing nations. Colonies can be wiped off the map or painted a different color. Besides the British Empire of India, with its three hundred millions of alien population. Great Britain also means the enormous feder- ated territory of Australia and Canada. The highly improbable, but not impossible, event of crushing naval reverses for England, would mean the loss of India. Canada and Australia would at once become negligible as props to England's crippled fortune. So much of the situation is clear, though in its consequences by no means easy to appreciate. In Africa, Asia, and the islands of the Pacific, Germany to-day owns 1,134,239 square miles of territory, with a population of 14,883,950 thoroughly dominated but only partially con- vinced subjects. Germany is an impressive colonial empire, even if one does not count the German dominance in Asiatic Turkey and the outpost colonics of trade-controlling Germans in Spanish-speaking republics of South America. Germany's actual territory outside of Europe is five times larger than all the German Empire in Europe. If you will observe on the accom- panying map the disposition of this territory over the world you will find some very in- teresting phases of a general European war which are not generally understood. Four fifths of Germany's colonial possessions arc in Africa. Bordering north on the British territory, now made familiar in America by moving picture expeditions and the big game hunting of our Ex-president, is (ierman East Africa, almost exactly the size of all our Atlantic Coast states from Maine to l-"lorida. Notched into British South Africa over on the Atlantic side is German southwest Africa, greater in extent than Spain and Italy combined. Farther north, up the west coast, Germany in the Kam- erun and Togoland owns more real estate than is covered by all of France and the British isles. 52 THE WORLD'S WORK The important thing to reah'ze is that nearly all this territory is mutually contiguous and without natural boundaries. Germany in Africa is separated from England only by a surveyor's arbitrary line. Another thing should be carefully noticed: Throughout all central and southern Africa, wherever German soil does not actually touch upon British, the two domains are separated in every instance by either Belgian, Portuguese, or French terri- torw France, Belgium, and Portugal are allies of England. In a general way, to prophesy the redemarcation of the surve\or's lines across Africa when this war shall have been fought out to a finish would not be difficult. The whole political complexion of Africa may be changed. Meanwhile, as the war progresses and the attention of the world is focused upon the main theatre of events in central Europe, it is important to remember that there are large bodies of British, French, and German troops in Africa, and that when it comes to treaties of peace actual possession of colonial territory counts nine tenths in the settlement, such acquisitions being either permanently retained or bartered for a heavy compensating price. There will be some fighting in Africa to keep borders intact until the judgment day of peace arrives. .Already in the first week of the war a British force has promptl\- moved upon and captured Lome, the capital of Togoland, which lies between French Dahomey and the British Gold Coast on the Gulf of Guinea. WAR ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE WORLD In the Far East the situation, as defined by the present stage of this war, is at first glance much less impressive, although on the other side of the world European nations come almost as closel\' into touch on the continent of Asia and the islands of the Pacific as they do in Africa. So far as operations concurrent with those in Europe are concerned, the problem in Africa is a military one; in the Far East it is purely a naval problem. Turning to the map again we shall find Eng- land almost imprcgnably established in another Gibraltar on the small island of Hong-Kong, on the south coast of China. This citadel island, only ten miles long, which is also Eng- land's easternmost naval base, contains, with a strip of adjacent mainland and some other lesser islands, 390 square miles of British terri- tory. This is the only land England owns in China, though in that grab-bag country she has many railroad, mining, and other con- cessions which are as worthy of preservation. So has Germany similar concessions of great value, nearly every one of which has been won after the bitterest kind of competition with F^ngland. With her coal supplies, dry-docks, and forts, Germany is established around a land-locked harbor at Kiao-Chau, on the China Sea, across the way from Korea. This is the strategic position gained by the Kaiser's famous "mailed fist" policy in 1897. it represents the price China then paid for two dead German- Lutheran i - iisionaries. Only a world-dominant "mailed fist" can hold it now, and the price to be paid will exceed many missionaries. It would be a valuable possession for England, and an almost invaluable one for her ally, Japan. As the coastwise steamers sail, Kiao-Chau is 1,200 miles away from Hong Kong and, cor- respondingly to the latter's character, it is the onl\' territory Germany actually owns in China, although a so-called sphere of influence around it in the province of Shantung amounts to nearly 3,000 additional square miles of Ger- manic lands. Hong-Kong and Kiao-Chau — these are the bases of German and British naval operations in the northern Pacific and along the Chinese coast. It remains, then, to speak of the new situation just created in the southern Pacific. Strewn along from the Indian Ocean far out into the Pacific extends a wonderfully vast archi- pelago which includes our own Philippine group. Here, also, with hundreds of leagues of elbow room, Germany and England have been crowd- ing upon each other's toes these many years. Beginning a thousand miles and more south- east of Mindanao, the German fiag waves over hundreds of settlements in what is called, administratively, German New Guinea, in- cluding the Marshall and Solomon islands, the widely scattered Carolines, and the Marianas. Far out in mid-Pacific lie the two Samoan Isles which belong to Germany. Interspersed all through this distributed territory, but far more numerous and populous, are scattered the British Pacific islands: the Straits Settle- ments, Borneo, British Guinea, the Gilberts, Fiji, the Papuans, and many other groups. On the big island of New Guinea England and Germany occupy adjoining quarters of the total area, Holland owning the other half as well as the neighboring rich groups of Java, the Celebes, and Moluccas, on which Germany has looked for years with covetous eyes. The geographical neighborhood southv/ard of British Australia and New Zealand must be particularly noticed since these dominions now maintain a small navy of twelve ships and efficient colonial forces of their own. The joint possessions of Germany and England stretch for nearly ^,000 miles from Singapore to the edge of the Marquesas Islands. 7 he operation of the small Antipodean fieets of Germany and Eng- land will, therefore, probably be confined within easy reach — say, a thousand miles — of their respective coaling bases. The situation con- tains infinite possibilities in the way of preying upon the enormous volume of commerce borne over those long sea lanes in German and British bottoms, with a great scarcity of neutral ports as havens of refuge. Moreover, France has ships and soldiers at Tonkin, in south China; Russia keeps some sea-going destroyers at Vladivostock, and if Holland joins Belgium in defense of their European integrity Dutch men-of-war will be heard from in the Pacific. THE NAVIES OF EUROPE ENGLAND, FRANCE, GERMANY, RUSSIA, AND AUSTRIA THE present war is an exception to the general rule that dominion is won or lost by the preponderance of sea-power or its opposite. At the moment of this writing the navies of all the great Powers except Italy are involved in the struggle. On one side those of Great Britain, France, and Russia; on the other, Germany and Austria. The preponderance of force is thus very great against the Germanic Powers. Great Britain has political dominion over nearly 35 per cent, of the habitable land of the globe and over 27 per cent, of its popu- lation, the total of which is estimated by one of the best authorities at 1,623,300,000. No such empire has ever before existed, and it is for the looking after of these tremendous and wide-scattered interests that the great navy of Britain exists. For all her highways of communication are across the seas. For this duty she has, now completed, 60 modern battleships, 9 battle-cruisers, 34 armored crui- sers, 17 heavy protected cruisers, 70 light cruisers, 232 destroyers now ready and 16 building, 59 torpedo boats (and 50 old ones), and 75 submarines, besides 52 sea-going auxil- iaries of the fleet, such as mother ships for destroyers, mine-layers, distilling ships, oil ships, repair and hospital ships. The following are the details of this great fleet, the types in each class being separated into groups: The first group, completed between 1895 and 1898, includes the following battleships: Magnificent, Majestic, Prince George, Victor- ious, Jupiter, Caesar, Mars, Hannibal, and Illustrious. They are all of 14,900 tons displacement, 12,000 horse-power, and 2,000 tons coal capac- ity. They have a speed of 17.5 knots, 9 inches of armor belt, and from 10 to 14 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, \2 6-inch rapid fire, 16 3-inch rapid fire, 12 3-pounder rapid lire, 2 light rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have one torpedo tube above water and two under water. The next class includes six battleships, com- pleted between 1900 and 1902: Canopus, Ocean, Goliath, Glory, Vengeance, and Albion. They are of 12,950 tons displacement, 13,500 horse-power, and 2,300 tons coal capacit\-. They have a speed of 18.25 knots, 6 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch rapid fire, 12 6-inch rapid fire, 10 3- inch rapid fire, 2 light rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. Then come eight ships, finished between /901 and 1904: h'ormidable, Irresistible, London, Bulwark, Venerable, Implacable, Queen, and Prince of IV ales. They are of 15,000 tons displacement, 15,000 horse-power, and 2,000 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 18 knots, 6 to 9 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 12 6-inch rapid fire, 16 3-inch rapid fire, 2 light rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. During 1903 and 1904 also were finished the Albemarle, Duncan, Exmouth, Russell, and Cornwallis. They are 14,000 tons displacement, 18,000 horse-power, and 2,100 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 18 knots, 6 to 9 inches of armor belt, and from 6 to 1 1 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 12 6-inch rapid fire, 12 3-inch rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. In 1904 the smaller Triumph and Sn-iftsure were launched. They are 11,800 tons displacement, 12,500 horse-power, and 2,000 tons coal capacity-. They have a speed of 19 knots, 3 to 7 inches of armor belt, and from 6 to 10 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 lo-inch, 14 7.5-inch rapid fire, 14 14-pounder rapid fire, 4 6-pounder rapid fire, 2 light rapid fire, and 4 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. Between 1904 and 1906 eight battleships were launched: Dominion, King Edu.ard VII, Commonwealth, Zcalandia, Hindustan, Britannia, Africa, and Hibernia. They are of 16,350 tons displacement, 18,000 horse-power, and 2,1 50 coal tons capacit\-. The\- have a speed of 18.5 knots, 6 to 9 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 49.2-inch, 106-inch rapid fire, 143-inch rapid fire, 14 3-pounder rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. In 1907 came the famous Dreadnought, with its 17,900 tons displacement, 23,000 horse-power (turbine), 21 knots speed, and 2,700 tons coal capacitw Her armor belt is 1 1 inches and the big gun protection from 8 to 11 inches. She has 10 12-inch guns, 24 3-inch rapid fire, 5 machine guns, and three torpedo tubes. In 1908 the Agamemnon^was launched, and in 1909 the Lord Nelson. They are of 16,000 tons displacement, 16,750 horse-power, and 2,500 tons coal capacitw They have a speed of 18 knots, 4 to 12 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 12 inches protection 54 THE WORLD'S WORK for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch 10 9.2-inch, 24 3-inch rapid fire, and 5 machine guns. The>' have 5 torpedo tubes. In 1909 England launched three battleships, Bellerophon, Temeraire, and Superb. They are of 18,600 tons displacement, 23,000 horse-power (turbine), and 2,700 tons coal capac- ity. They have a speed of 2 1 knots, 1 1 inches armor belt, and from 8 to 1 1 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 10 12-inch, 16 4-inch rapid fire and 5 machine guns. They have 3 torpedo tubes. In 1910 three more ships followed: St. Vin- cent, Collingwood, and Vanguard. They are 19,250 tons displacement, 24,500 horse-power (turbine), and 2,700 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 21 knots, 9.75 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 1 1 inches protection for the big guns. The arma- ment consists of 10 12-inch, 20 4-inch rapid fire, and 6 machine guns. They have 3 torpedo tubes. In 191 1 there were four ships launched, three of them, the Neptune, Colossus, and Hercules of one t\pe. They are 20,000 tons displacement, 25,000 horse-power (turbine), and 2,700 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 21 knots, 11 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 1 2 inches pro- tection for the big guns. The armament con- sists of 10 12-inch, 16 4-inch rapid fire, and 6 machine guns. They have 3 torpedo tubes. The Orion, launched in 191 1, and the Con- queror, Thunderer, and Monarch, of 191 2, formed the next type. They are of 22,500 tons displacement and 27,000 horse-power (turbine). They have a speed of 21 knots, 12 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 10 13.5-inch, 164-inch rapid fire, and 6 machine guns. They have 3 torpedo tubes. The King George V,oi 191 2, and ihc Centurion, Ajax, and Audacious, of 191 3, form the next class. They are of 23,000 tons displacement, 31,000 horse-power (turbine), and 3,700 tons coal capacity. They have a soeed of 21.5 knots, 12 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 10 13.5-inch, 16 4-inch rapid fire, and <3 smaller guns. They have 3 torpedo tubes. This year there are two types. In the first are the Iron Duke, Marlborough, Emperor of India, and Benbow. They are of 25,000 tons displacement, 39,000 horse-power (turbine), and 4,000 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 22.5 knots, 12 inches of armor belt, and 8 to 12 inches pro- tection for the big guns. The armament con- sists of 10 13.5-inch, 12 6-inch rapid fire, and () smaller guns. They have 5 torpedo tubes. The second type for this year includes the Queen Elizabeth and IVarspitc. They are of 27,500 tons displacement, 58,000 horse-power, (turbine) and 4,000 tons oil capac- it\-. They have a speed of 25 knots, 13.5 inches of armor belt, and from 8 to 13.5 inches protec- tion for the big guns. The armament consists of 8 15-inch, 16 6-inch rapid fire, and 12 3-inch rapid fire guns. They have 5 torpedo tubes. The four last, though possibly not xet read\' for service, are due for completion this year and will of course under the circumstances of war be hastened to completion. There are also building the Valiant, Barham, and Malaya oi\.\\t same type as the Queen Elizabeth, and the Royal Sovereign, Royal Oak, Resolution, Ram- illies, and Renown, of 29,000 tons, 44,000 horse- power turbines, and of the same armament as the Queen Elirabeth. These last eight ships will not be ready until next year. Great Britain thus has afloat and ready for service sixty battleships, twenty of which are of the Dread naught or big gun type. In addi- tion to these there are ten battle cruisers, equal to taking their place in the line of battle, of which nine are now ready and the other nearly so. They are the Inflexible, Indomitable, Invin- cible, of 17,250 tons displacement and 41,000 horse-power(turbine),the Indefatigable,oi 18,750 tons displacement and 43,000 horse-power (tur- bine): the New Zealand, oi 18,800 tons, and the Australia, with 19,200 tons displacement, both with 44,000 horse-power developed b\- turbine- engines. All these ships have a speed of 25 knots, 8 inches of armor belt, 10 inches big gun protection, and a coal capacity of 2,500 tons. Their armament is 8 12-inch, 16 4-inch quick fire, 5 machine guns and 5 torpedo tubes. The Lion and the Princess Royal, launched in 1 9 1 2, and the Queen Mary, of 1513, are alike, ex- cept that the Queen Mary has 27,000 tons dis- placement and 75,000 horse-power. The other two have 26,350 tons displacement, 70,000 horse-power, and 3,500 tons coal capac- ity. They have a speed of 28 knots, 9.75 inches of armor belt, and 10 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 8 12-inch, 12 4-inch quick fire and 5 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. This \'ear's battle cruiser, the Tiger, has 28,000 tons displacement, her turbines develop 1 10,000 horse-power, she has a speed of 30 knots, 10.75-inch armor belt, and i i-inch protection for the big guns. Her coal capacity is 4,000 tons. She has 8 13.5-inch, 126-inch quick fire, and 5 machine guns. Following these are thirty-four armored cruisers of high speed, which may be called general service ships, to be used for scouting or fighting as the case may be. They have neither the armament nor protection to enable them to take a place in the line-of-battle, but their speed is sufficient to evade action with all battleships now in actual service. The list is as follows: Completed between the years 1901 and 1904 are the Cressy, Siitley, Aboukir, Hague, Bac- chante, and Euryalus. They are of 12,000 tons displacement, 21,000 horse-power, and i ,600 tons coal capacity. They THE NAVIES OF EUROPE 55 have a speed of 21 knots, 6 inches of side armor, and 6 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 2 9.2-inch, 12 6-inch rapid fire, 12 3-inch rapid fire, 5 smaller rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. In 1902-3 the Drake, Good Hope, Leviathau, and King Alfred were launched. They are of 14,100 tons displacement, 30,000 horse-power, and 2,500 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 23 knots, 6 inches of side armor, and from 5 to 6 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 2 9.2-inch, 16 6-inch rapid fire, 14 3-inch rapid fire, 3 smaller rapid lire, and 2 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. In 1903-4 were launched Kent, Essex, Mon- mouth, Berwick, Donegal, Lancaster, Cornwall, Cumberland , and Suffolk. They are of 9,800 tons displacement, 2,200 horse-power, and 1,600 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 23 knots, 4 inches of side armor, and 5 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 14 6-inch rapid fire, 8 3-inch rapid fire, 5 smaller rapid fire, and 8 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. In 1905 the Antrim, Carnavon, Hampshire, Devonshire, Roxburgh, and in 1906, the Argyle were launched. They are of 10,850 tons displacement, 21,000 horse-power, and 1,800 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 22.3 knots, 6 inches of ^side belt, and from 5 to 6 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 7.5-inch, 6 6-inch rapid fire, 24 small rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. The Black Prince, Duke of Edinburgh, Coch- rane, and Natal were launched in 1906, and the Achilles and IVarrior in 1907. They are of 13,550 tons displacement, 23,500 horse-power, and2,ooo tonscoalcapacity. They have a speed of 22.3 knots, 6 inches of armor belt, and 6 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 6 9.2-inch, 10 6-inch rapid fire, 22 small rapid fire, and 8 machine guns. They have 3 torpedo tubes. In 1908 came the Shannon, Minotaur and Defence. They are of 14,600 tons displacement, 27,000 horse-power, and 2,250 tons coal capacitw They have a speed of 23 knots, 6 inches of armor belt, and 8 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 16 6-inch rapid fire, 12 3-inch rapid fire, 14 smaller rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 5 torpedo tubes. The details of the actual fighting ships of importance are completed with the following seventeen heavily protected cruisers: Edgar (1893), Endymion (1893), Hawke (1893), Grafton (1894), Theseus (1894), of 7,350 tons displacement. They have 12,000 horse-power and 1,230 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 19.5 knots, 5 inches of protective deck, ancj 6 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 2 9.2-inch, 10 6-inch rapid fire, 17 smaller rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. The Gibraltar, Crescent, and Royal Arthur, of 7,700 tons, have the same speed, armor, and coal capacity. Their armament, however, is 1 9.2-inch, 12 6-inch rapid fire, 19 smaller rapid fire, and 2 machine guns, and 2 torpedo tubes. The Terrible in 1898 was in a class by itself. She is 14,460 tons displacement, 25,000 horse- power, and 3,000 tons coal capacity. She has a speed of 22 knots, 6 inches of protective deck, and 6 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 2 9.2-inch, 16 6-inch rapid fire, 16 3-inch rapid fire, 14 smaller rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. Between 1899 and 1902 twelve heavily pro- tected cruisers were built, all of 11,000 tons dis- placement. The Diadem, Europa, Niobe, and Andromeda had 16,500 horse-power, the Am- phitrite. Argonaut, Ariadne, and Spartiate, i8,ooG horse-power. Each has 2,000 tons coal capacity; a speed of 20.5 knots, 4 inches of protective deck, and 6 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 16 6-inch rapid fire, 12 3-inch rapid fire, 14 smaller rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. The first eight of these ships are comparable to our Saratoga and Brooklyn. The others are larger, but have not higher speed than these two. They could not stand for a moment before any of the classes preceding them. Following these are eight of 3,600 tons dis- placement which should be ready this year. They were designed for scouts. They have 37,000 horse-power turbines, and a designed speed of 30 knots. The\' carry only the light armament of 2 6-inch rapid fire, 6 4-inch rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. Eight more of 8,740 tons of 40,000 horse-power, and 30 knots, with the same armament, the same fuel capacit\ (of 750 tons of oil) will not be ready until next year. All have a belt of 3-inch steel and 4-inch protection for the guns. They are, of course, in no sense fighting ships, but their role is of the utmost importance; that of suppl\'ing information regarding the where- abouts of an enemy. Of the seventx- protected light cruisers now read\' (twent\-eight of which antedate 1900), var\ing from 2,135 to 5,880 tons, there are twenty-six with a speed of 25 knots. None carry heavier than 6-inch guns and can be reckoned, for war, chiefl\' as scouts. No one of them has more than 1,225 tons fuel capacitx', and most of them much less. Their radius of action is thus moderate. One hundred and thirt\-four of the 232 com- pleted destroxers are of ocean-going t>pe, and nearl\' all these are oil-burners and of from 30 to 35 knots. All exceed 700 tons displace- ment; 70 exceed 800 tons; 40 are about 1,000, and 16 are from 1,200 to 1,350 tons. One, the Swift, launched so long ago as 1907, has a dis- 56 THE WORLD'S WORK placement of 2,170 tons, 30,000 horse-power, and a speed of 36 knots. All are armed usually with 4-inch guns not exceeding four in number, and the majority carry 21 -inch torpedo tubes. Such torpedoes of the best type have a range of more than five sea miles (say six land miles) at an average speed of 24 knots. Great Britain has 75 destroyers and 22 building. In addition to the ships mentioned, England has at command 3 merchant steamers of more than 25 knots; 4 of from 22 to 25; 11 from 20 to 22, and 29 from 18 to 20. These can all be'utilized for cruising, but they can play no real part in the present war except as against like vessels of Germany, which latter is almost equally well off in this respect. The French nav\-, though fourth in rank of naval Powers, naturally comes after that of England as an ally. There are on the list eighteen battleships of the older types which can be considered serviceable, ranging in dates of launching from 1894 to 1909. As generally in France not less than four, and often five, years passed from the time of "la\'ing down" to completion, it will be seen that most of these eighteen are by no means modern. Four up- to-date modern ships are, however, completed and are ready for service. The Carnot was launched in 1896. Her dis- placement is 1 1,954 tons, her horse-power 1 5,000, and her coal capacity 700 tons. Her speed is 18 knots, her side armor 17.75 inches, and her big gun protection 1 3.75 inches. Her armament, like that of the Massena, launched in 1898, is 2 12-inch, 2 10.8-inch, 8 5.5-inch rapid fire, and 28 smaller guns, and 2 torpedo tubes above water, and 2 below. The Massena s displace- ment is 1 1,735 tons, her horse-power 13,500, and her coal capacity 800 tons. Her speed is 18 knots, her side armor is 17.75 inches, and the big gun protection from 8.5 to 16 inches. In 1898 France -also launched the Charle- magne, and Gattlois, and in 1900 the 5/. Louis. They are of about 11,000 tons displacement, 14,500 horse-power, and 1,100 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 18 knots, 14 inches of side armor, and from 8 to 13 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 12 5.5-inch rapid fire, 8 3.9-inch rapid fire, 20 smaller guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. The Bouvet (1898) of 12,000 tons, has 14,000 horse-power, and 800 tons coal capacity; 18 knots speed, 16 inches side armor, and 8 to 14.75 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 2 12-inch, 2 10.8-inch rapid fire 8 5.5-inch rapid fire, and 19 smaller guns. She has 2 torpedo tubes above water and 2 below water. The Sujjrcn (1903), of 12,527 tons, has 16,200 horse-power, and 1,820 tons coal capacity; 18 knots speed, 1 1 inches side armor, and 9 to 13 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 4 12-inch, 10 6.4-inch rapid fire, 8 3.9- inch rapid fire, and 30 smaller guns. She has 2 torpedo tubes above water and 2 below. The Repuhlique (1906) and Palrie (1907), of 14,635 tons, has 18,000 horse-power, and 1,825 tons coal capacity; 18 knots speed, 11 inches side armor, and 9 to 13 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 4 12-inch, 186.4-inch rapid fire, and 28 smaller guns. She has 2 torpedo tubes under water. The Democraiie, the Justice, and the Verite were launched in 1908. They are of 14,640 tons displacement, 18,000 horse-power, and 1,825 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 18 knots, 11 inches of side armor, and from 9 to 13 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 10 7.6-inch rapid fire, and 28 smaller guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. In 1911 came the Danton, Miraheau, Diderot, Condor cet, Voltaire, and in 1912 the Vergnaud. They are of 18,027 tons displacement, 22,500 horse-power (turbine) and 2,100 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 19.25 knots, 10 inches of side armor and from 9 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 12 9.4-inch rapid fire, 16 3-inch rapid fire, and 8 smaller guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. The Jean Bart and the Courhet were launched in 1913, and the France and Paris in 1914. They are of 23,095 tons displacement, 28,000 horse-power (turbine), and 3,000 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 20 knots, 10^ inches of side armor, and from 9 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 12 12-inch, 22 5.5-inch rapid fire, and 8 smaller guns. There are building, to be completed in the next two years, eight more ships of about the same displacement as the four last, six of which are to have one knot more of speed, with 1 1 and \2\ inches of side armor and the last five with 9 to 17 inches of big-gun protection. Three of these ships are to carry 10 13.4-inch guns, and the others 12. None are now ready. France has no battle-cruisers but has nineteen armored cruisers, one of which, the Pothuau, is of but 5,374 tons; one the Jeanne d'Arc of 11,092; three, the Gueydon, Montcalm, and Dupetit Thouars of 9,367; three (completed in 1903), the Dupleix, Desaix, and Klehcr of 7,578 tons; four, the Marseillaise, Gloirc, Auhe, and Condi of 9,856 tons; three (com- pleted in 1904-1906), the Leon Gamhetta, Jules Perry, and Victor Hugo of 12,351 tons; two (1908 and 1909) the Jules Michelet, and Ernest Renan of 12,370 and 1^,42^ tons; and two (1910 and 191 1), the Edgar Quinet and IVal- deck Rousseau of 13,780 tons. The heavier of these ships has a designed speed of 23 to 23^ knots, 6 to 6.| inches side armor, and 8-inch protection to their larger guns. They carry from 2,100 to 2,300 tons of coal. Their main batteries are generally of 2 7.6-inch rapid fire, and 8 6.4-inch rapid fire. The Gambetia class, however, carries 4 7.6-inch with 16 (>. 4-inch, both rapid fire. The Edgar Quinet and fVal- deck Rousseau carry 14 7.6-inch rapid fire. THE NAVIES OF EUROPE 57 BRITAIN S STRONGHOLD IN AdIA HONG-KONG, CHINA, WHERE THE BRITISH FORCES IN THE EAST MOBILIZED TO PROTECT THEIR POSSESSIONS GIBRALTAR, THE KEY TO THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA Britain's most important fortress, the famous rock-chamber batteries appear in the picturp 58 THE WORLD'S WORK " THE MASTERY OF THE SEAS " Britain's naval strength is nearly twice that of Germany, her nearest rival THE "MOLTKE," a GERMAN DREADNAUGHT OF about TML same class as the FRENCH "COUBERT," AND ONE OF THE FASTEST BATTLESHIPS AFLOAT, BEING CAPABLE OF MAKING 28 KNOTS THE NAVIES OF EUROPE 59 lllE BRITISH HOME FLEET STEAMING THROUGH THE SOLENT FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, THE " KING GEORGE," " THUNDERER," " MONARCH," AND " CONQUEROR " jvp^. -t^rr^r?*T^'r v-zi: 4 ONE OF France's big battleships THE DREADNAUGHT "COUBERT," WHICH HAS A DISPLACEMENT OF 23,400 TONS AND CARRIES TWELVE 12-INCH GUNS AND TWENTY-TWO 5^-INCH GUNS 6o THE WORLD'S WORK BRITISH COAST GUARD MANCEUVRES TRAINING THE DEFENCE FORCE WHOSE DUTY IT IS TO REPEL INVASION CLOSING A BRITISH PORT TO FOREIGN WARSHIPS THESE HUGE BOOMS, MADE OF HEAVY TIMBERS ABOUT THIRTY FEET LONG, LASHED TOGETHER WITH STEEL CABLES, KEEI' OUT DESTROYERS AND OTHER SMALL HOSTILE CRAFT THE NAVIES OF EUROPE 6i ■^^^Ik^ ■ '""'■ >p^ " 1 ^ 1^ ^^w^Hi^'j^l If^^^^^^lH^B^E^^B^ ^^^^ A NIGHT VIEW OF THE BRITISH HOME FLEET WHEN THE SHIPS ALL TURNED ON THEIR SEARCHLIGHTS DURING THE DEMONSTRATION AT SPITHEAD ON JULY l8, 1914 t r "^^'-^■-'*^'-^'^ ~-'r^i> . ' .:>■■■■■ '.ti>si AN ARMORHI) TRAIN FOR IHH DFFHNCH OF THE ENGLISH COAST PART OF THE SCHEME OF QUICK MOBILIZATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE EASTERN COAST THE NAVIES OF EUROPE 63 POSSIBLY THE DECISIVE WEAPONS OF THE WAR C3RMAN SUBMARINES IN PORT AT WILHELMSHAVEN, THE GERMAN NAVAL BASE ON THE NORTH SEA. SOME EMINENT AUTHORITIES BELIEVE THAT SUBMARINES HAVE MADE BATTLESHIPS OBSOLETE A FLOTILLA OF GERMAN DESTROYERS IN PRACTICE MANOEUVRES IN A HEAVY SEA 64 THE WORLD'S WORK (,'Ml'yrii;lu by Illubtrations Bureau Germany's foes on the water FRENCH AND ENGLISH SAILORS FRATERNIZING ON A FRENCH WARSHIP; AND A GROUP OF RUSSIAN SAILORS AN AIRSHIP ON A SEA SHIP A SCOUTING HYDRO-AEROPLANE AND LAUNCHING PLATFORM ON THE DECK OF A BRITISH WARSHIP THE NAVIES OF EUROPE 65 1 wo protected cruisers, the D' Entrecasteaux and Guichen, and 10 light cruisers of no fighting importance complete the list of French ships. France is, however, strong, so far as numbers go, in destroyers, topedo boats, and sub- marines, having ready H4 of the first with dis- placements from 276 to 804 tons and speeds of 28 and 31 knots. She has 135 torpedo boats and 78 submarines, but many of these are of small size. One hundred and one of her torpedo boats are of but about 95 tons, and 20 of the submarines have a displacement of but 67 tons. They can hardly cut any figure except for purely locai defence. Thirty-three of the submarines, however, have a surface displacement of 390 tons; 2 of 410; 6 of about 550; 2 of 785, and 7 of 830. The surface displacement is usually * (roughly) about 70 per cent, of the submerged. These larger submarines carry froin 6 to 8 tor- pedo tubes. Twelve now building of 520 (surface) tons displacement have Diesel motors of 2,000 horse-power. They are expected to have a surface speed of 17^ knots and a speed of 8 knots submerged. This last class will carry four small guns. There are attached to the fleet 16 auxiliaries as mine layers, submarine destroyer:, and aeroplane mother ships, of from 300 to 7,898 tons; half, however, are under 1,000 tons. Russia, since her fateful struggle with Japan, has diligently labored to reestablish her fleet, but she has not as yet made any great actual headway. But three of her old battleships were left from the wreck of the war, the Tri Sviatit- elia, the Panteleimon, and Czarevitch. The Tri Sviatitelia, of 1896 (in the Black Sea), has a displacement of 13,318 tons, 10,600 horse- power, a speed of 17 knots, and coal capacity of i,ooo tons. Her side armor is 16 inches and the big gun protection from 12 to 16 inches. She has 4 12-inch, 10 6-inch rapid fire, and 44.7-inch rapid fire guns and 2 torpedo tubes above water. In the Black Sea also is the Panteleimon (1902), of 12,480 tons, has 10,600 horse-power, and 1,250 coal capacity, 17 knots speed, 7 to 9 . inches of side armor, and 10 to 12 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 4 12- inch, 16 6-inch rapid fire, 14 3-inch and 28 smaller guns. She has 5 torpedo tubes under water. The Czarevitch (1902), of 12,912 tons, has 16,300 horse-power and 1,360 tons coal capac- ity; 18 knots speed, 10 inches side armor, and 8 to 1 1 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 4 12-inch rapid fire, 12 6-inch rapid fire, 20 3-inch rapid fire, and 28 sm.aller guns. She has 2 torpedo tubes under water. The Slava (1906), of 13,516 tons, has 16,000 horse-power and 1,250 tons coal capacity; 18 knots speed, 10 inches side armor, and 8 to 1 1 inches of protection for the big guns. Her armament is the same as that of the Ciarevitcb. The Ivan Zlatoust (1910) and the Elstafi (191 1) are both in the Black Sea. The\' are 12,733 tons displacement, 10,600 horse-power, and 1.400 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 16 knots, 7 to 9 inches of armor belt, and from 10 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 4 8-inch, 12 6-inch rapid fire, 14 3-inch rapid fire, and 8 smaller guns. They have 5 torpedo tubes. In 191 1 the Andreas Pervoivanni and the Imperator Pavel I were launched. They are of 17,200 tons displacement, 17,600 horse-power, and 3,000 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 18 knots, 6 to 1 1 inches of side armor, and from 10 to 12 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 14 8-inch, 20 4.7-inch rapid fire, and 14 smaller guns. They have 5 torpedo tubes. There are altogether six armored cruisers, none of which are in the Black Sea. T\\ear, the Nassau and IVcsijdlen in 1909 and the Rheinland and Fosen in 1910. rhey are of 18,600 tons displacement, 20,000 , horse-power, and 2,700 tons cf)al capacitx'. rhe\ have a speed of 19.5 knots, 9.75 inches of >ide armor, and r 1 inches protection for the big guns. Ihe armament consists of 12 ii-inch, 12 5.9-inch rapid fire, 16 3.4-inch rapid fire, and 2 smaller guns. They have 6 torpedo tubes. In i()ii three ships vsi-re launched, llie OstfrieslanJ, the Heligoland, and ihe Thuringen. in 1912 there was but one, the Oldenburg. They are of 22,440 tons displacement, 25,000 horse-power, and 3,000 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 20.5 knots, 11 inches of side armor belt and 1 1 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 12 12-inch, 14 5.9-inch rapid fire, 14 3.4-inch rapid fire, and 2 smaller guns. They have 6 torpedo tubes. In 1913 there were five battleships: the Fried- rich der Grosse, Kaiser, Kaiserin, Kbnig Albert, Frini Regent Luitpold. They are of 24,310 tons displacement, 28,000 horse-power (turbine), and 3,600 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 21 knots, 13 inches of side armor, and 1 1 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 10 12-inch, 14 5.9-inch rapid fire, 12 3.4-inch rapid fire, and 2 smaller guns. They have 5 torpedo tubes. For 1914 there are the Markgraf, the Grosser Kurfurst, and the K'dnig. They are of 26,575 tons displacement, 35,000 horse-power (turbine). They have a speed of 22 knots, 13 inches of side armor, and 1 3 inches protection for the big guns. The arm- ament consists of 10 14-inch, 14 5.9-inch rapid fire, 123.4-inch rapid fire, and 2 smaller guns. They have 5 torpedo tubes. The Von der Tann (1910), of 19,400 tons, has 43,000 horse-power (turbine), and 2,800 tons coal capacity; 25 knots speed, 4 to 6 inches side armor, and 8 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 8 ii-inch, 10 5.9-inch rapid fire, and 16 3.4-inch rapid fire guns. She has 4 torpedo tubes. The A/o//A't'(i9i 1) andGofZ)^»(i9i2),of 22,640 tons, have 52,000 horse-power (turbine), and 3,100 tons coal capacity; 25.5 knots speed, 4108 inches side armor, and 8 inches of protection for the big guns. They carry 10 ii-inch, 12 5.9- inch rapid fire, and 12 3.4-inch rapid fire guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. The Seydlif- (1913) is the same as the Moltke, except its displacement is 24,610 tons and its horse-power 63,000. The Derflinger (19 14) of 28,000 tons, has 100,000 horse-power (turbine), and 30 knots speed; 9! inches of side armor. Her armament is unknown except that she has 6 torpedo tubes. The Fiirst Bismarck (1900) of 10,570 tons, has 14,000 horse-power and 1,250 tons coal capacity, K) knots speed, 4 to 8 inches side armor, and 8 inches of protection for the big guns. She car- ries 4 9.4-inch, 12 5.9-inch rapid fire, 10 3.4-inch rapid fire, and 18 smaller guns. She has i tor- pedo tube above water and 2 below. Frini Heinrich (1902) of 8,759 tons, has 1 5. 000 horse-power, and 1,500 tons coal capacity; 20 knots speed, 2 to 4 inches side armor, and 4 to 6 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 2 9.4-inch, 10 5.9-inch rapid fi.e, 10 3.4- inch rapid fire, and 14 smaller guns. She has i torpedo tube above water and 2 below. The Prini Adalbert (1903) and Friedrich Karl (i<)04) of 8,858 Ions, have 18,500 horse-power, anti 1,500 tons coal capacity; 21 knots speed, 3 to 4 inches side armor, and 4 to 6 inches of protec- THE NAVIES OF EUROPE 67 tion for the big guns. They carry 4 8.2-inch, 10 5.9-inch rapid fire, 10 3.4-inch rapid fire, and 14 smaller guns. They have i torpedo tube above water and 3 below. The Roon and the }'t)rcA (1005), of 9,350 tons have 19,000 horse-power, and i,0oo tons coal capacity; 21 knots speed, 3 to 4 inches side armor, and 4 to 6 inches of protection for the big guns. They carry 4 8.2-inch, 10 5.9-inch rapid fire, 16 3.4-inch rapid fire, and 14 smaller guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. The Scharnhorst (1907) and Gneisenau (1908) of 11,420 tons, have 26,000 horse-power, 22.5 knots speed, 4 to 6 inches side armor, and 6 to 6.75 inches of protection for the big guns. They carry 8 8.2-inch, 6 5.9-inch rapid fire, 20 3.4-inch rapid fire, and 18 smaller guns. They have 4 torpedo tubes. The Bliicher (1909), of 15,550 tons, has 32,000 horse-power, 24 knots speed, 4 to 6 inches side armor, and 6 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 12 8.2-inch rapid fire, 8 5.9- inch rapid fire, 16 3.4-inch rapid fire. She has 4 torpedo tubes. The Magdeburg, Bresh7n,Sfrassburg,andSiral- surid "were launched in 1912. They are of 4,478 tons displacement, 22,300 to 25,000 horse-power (turbine), and 1,200 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 26.75 knots, 4 inches of side armor, and 3 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 124.1-inch rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. The Karlsruhe and Rostock were launched in 191 3. They arcof4,820tonsdisplacement, 30,000 horse-power (turbine), and i ,300 tons coal capa- city. They have a speed of 26.75 knots, 4 inches of side armor, and 3 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 12 4.1- inch rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. Though these are reckoned by an English authority as armored cruisers, their armor, and particularly their gun protection, is too slight to bring them properly in the category. They are really scouts and of a high quality, as on their trials the\' were nearly a knot to two knots above their designed speed, the Strasshurg show- ing 28.8. Some of the next class, the protected cruisers, 39 in number, have practically equal value as scouts, the Kolherg, Maini, Koln, and Augsherg, of 4,281 tons, with turbines of 19,600 horse-power, showing on trial from 26.32 to 27.23 knots, and 28 of them from 21 to 24. Germany is unusually strong in destroyers, of which she has 143. Forty-two of these are from 350 to 413 tons; 5of4So; 13 from 530 to 560; 47 of about 650; 36 of 840 and 900 tons. Along with these are 27 submarines, 16 of which have a surface speed of 18 knots and 12 under water. What is known as the type U21, one of which passed into service last year, has a length of 213 feet 8 inches, and 20 feet beam. .Austria, Germany's supporter, has nine battleships ready, all which have been com- pleted since 1905, as follows: In 1906 the F.riheriog Karl and Eriheriog Friedrich were launched, and in 1907 the Er^her- iog Ferdinand Max. They are of 10,433 tons displacement, 14,000 horse-power, and 1,315 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 19.25 knots, 6 to 8.25 inches of side armor, and 9.5-inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 9.4-inch, 12 7.6-inch rapid fire, 14 3-inch rapid fire, and 16 smaller guns. They have 2 torpedo tubes. In 1910 came the Er^hcr^og Frani Ferdinand, and in 191 1 the Radet:ky and Zrinyi. They are of 14,268 tons displacement, 20,000 horse-power, and 1,200 tons coal capacity. They have a speed of 20 knots, 9 inches of side armor, and 9.75 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 4 12-inch, 8 9-inch, 20 3.9-inch rapid fire, 6 smaller rapid fire, and 2 machine guns. 7 hey have 3 torpedo tubes. In 191 2, the Virihus Unilis was launched, in 1913 the Teggethoff and the Priii^ Eugen. They are of 20,000 tons displacement, 25,000 horse-power, and 2,500 tons coal capacit)-. They have a speed of 20 knots, 1 1 inches of side armor, and 1 1 inches protection for the big guns. The armament consists of 12 12-inch, 12 5.9-inch rapid fire, 18 14-pounder rapid fire, and 4 smaller guns. The\' ha\e 4 torpedo tubes. '\h.i^ Kaiserin Maria Theresia (1895), of 5,187 tons, has 9,000 horse-power and 740 tons coal capacity; 19 knots speed, 4 inches side armor, and 4 inches of protection for the big guns. She carries 2 7.6-inch rapid fire, 8 6-inch rapid fire, and 22 smaller guns. She has 4 torpedo tubes above water. The Kaiser Karl VI (1900), of 6, 151 tons, has 12,000 horse-power and 820 tons coal capacity; 20 knots speed, 8.5 inches side armor, and 8 inches of protection for the big guns. She car- ries 2 9.4-inch, 8 6-inch rapid fire, and 28 smaller guns. She has 2 torpedo tubes abo\e water. The 5/. G^or^ (1906), of 7, 185 tons, has 12,300 horse-power and 1,000 tons coal capacity; 21 knots speed, 6.5 inches side armor, and "5 to 8 inches of protection for the big guns. She car- ries 2 9.4-inch, 5 7.6-inch rapid fire, 4 6-inch rapid fire, and 17 smaller guns. She has 2 tor- pedo tubes. The ten light cruisers of Austria, var\ing in size from 1,506 tons to 3,966, call for no par- ticular remark excepting the two last completed : the Admiral Spann, of 3,500 tons, 20,000 horse- power, and 27 knots, and X\\c Saida, of the same tonnage, but of 25,000 horse-power and (proba- bly) 28 knots. Both ha\e turbine engines. Their chief value in war could be onl\' as scouts There are 18 destro>ers; 12 of 384 tons with 28i knots speed, and6of 800 tons and 32', knots. These latter carr\- 4 12-pounders and two 21- inch torpedo tubes. The\' ha\ e oil fuel. Of the 63 torpedo boats, 33 are of 250 tons and 24 of 197 tons, and are thus capable craft of their kind. The role of such can only be, as a rule, that of inshore work. The six submarines are of but moderate size, ranging from 216 to 23=; tons at the surface. THE KAISER AND THE "MAILED FIST" BLOOD AND IRON — -MANILA BAY — THE KRUGER TELEGRAM — BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA — AGADIR — AND THEN THE DELUGE THERE is an explanation of the "blood and iron" policy of Ger- man\', of the "mailed fist" of the Kaiser, of what Mr. H. D. Wells calls "that tramping, drilling fool- ery in the heart of Europe that has arrested civilization and darkened the hopes of mankind for forty \ears — German imperialism and German militarism." The explanation is in th^ history of the rise of Prussia. Bismarck lifted Prussia from a second rate member of the German Confederation, which was dominated by Austria, to a first place among the German states and then formed around it a new nation — German\', and made that nation one of the great powers of the world. Bismarck believed in autocrac\', he belie\ed in "blood and iron," in the "mailed fist." He achieved his success by war, deliberatel\' planned, prepared for and efficientl\' carried out. Look closels' at the lessons of war and diplo- mac\' which Emperor William inherits from his grandfather and the Iron Chancellor. In 1862, Emperor William I, the grandfather of the present ruler, was struggling to get the Prussian Diet to grant him money to double the size of his army. He had been unsuccessful in this effort. He was about to give it up when as a final experiment he consented to invite into his ministr\' the then \oung reactionar\' leader. Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck's political ideas centred around the belief in the Prussian mon- arch>'. It had been the Prussian kings, not the Prussian people that had made Prussia great. Bismarck believed in the king and disbelieved in the people. He hated democracy'. He also believed in war as a means of national progress. In the most famous speech of his life in 1863 he announced "Not by speeches and majority votes are the great questions of the day decided — but by 'blood and iron.'" These are the views of the man from whom the present Em- peror learned his statecraft. In 1863, Prussia and Austria went to war, a war chiefly of Bismarck's contriving, against Denmark and took the duchy of Lauenburg and the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein, in which the Kiel Canal and the (jerman naval base is now. Austria was to administer Hol- stein and Prussia, Schleswig. Prussia paid Austria Si, 800, 000 for the duchy of Lauen- burg. Bismarck approved this whole arrange- ment because he thought it would lead to war with Austria, and it was a part of his "bluijd and iron" policy that a Ijerman nali(jii under Prussian domination could come onl\ after a war with Austria. There was not room in a German Confederation for both Austria and Prussia — "one or the other must bend." Within a }ear after the division of Schleswig- Holstein, Bismarck had obtained a promise from Napoleon III to remairuneutral if Prussia attacked .Austria. He also made a treaty with Italy providing that Italy would join Prussia in a war on Austria if Prussia began the war within three months for the sake of reforms in the German Confederation. The enemy was thus isolated, and Prussia was prepared to use both "blood and iron." Bismarck immediately and quite unexpectedly introduced into the Diet of Frankfort, the governing body of the German Confederation, a new plan for the federation of German states. With this as a background, to satisfy the Italian treaty, Bis- marck picked a quarrel with Austria over its administration of Holstein, declared the old confederation dissolved, attacked Austria, and invited the other German states to do likewise. None of the other important states sided with Prussia. Four of them stood with Austria. But Prussia was prepared, trained and ready for war. In seven weeks Austria was defeated and soon after all Germany was at the mercy of the Prussians. Prussia now annexed the kingdom of Han- over, four duchies and the free city of Frankfort, bringing under the Prussian king practically all the peoples and land along the north coast from the Russian border to the border of Hol- land. There was no thought of having the people of these states vote on the question of annexation as had been done in Italy. They were annexed by the right of conquest on de- crees issued from Berlin, where one king who ruled by "divine right" deposed two or three others whose thrones were similarly bolstered up. Thus increased, Prussia became the leader in a new German Confederation which included all but four German states and from which Austria was excluded. The "blood and iron" policy had triumphed. Prussia had humbled Austria and become the dominant power in German}'. Yet German}' was not united. The four southern states still were outside the Confederation. So there was need for more "blood and iron." Bis- marck believed a war between France and Prussia inexitable and (Hazen's " Europe Since 1815," pp. 289-290) "in his opinion it was di-- sirable as the only way of completing the unification, since Napoleon III would never uillingly consent to the extension of the Con- federation to include the South German states. All that he desired was that it should come at TllF KA.SI-R AND THE "MAILED FIST" 69 precisely the right moment, when Prussia was entirely ready, and that it should come by act of France, so that Prussia could pose before Europe as merely defending herself against a wanton aggressor. In his " Reminiscences" he avows that he entertained his belief as early as 1866. 'That a war with France would succeed the war with Austria lay in the logic of history;' and again, '1 did not doubt that a Franco- German war must take place before the con- struction of a United Germany could be real- ized.' The unification of Germany being his supreme aim, he was bound by logic and am- bition to see that that war occurred." He explains frankly in his "Reminiscences" how he brought the war about. There was a delicate diplomatic situation between Prussia and France in 1870 which arose over the succession to the Spanish throne. The King of Prussia was at Ems. The French ambassador went to see him and made certain demands. The Em- peror telegraphed these to Bismarck saying that he could use his discretion about publish- ing them. Von Moltke and Roon, the great Prussian soldiers, were with Bismarck when the telegram came. They were in a dejected mood for they saw no chance of war. Then, says Bismarck, "1 reduced the telegram by striking out words but without adding or altering. . . . After I read out the concentrated edition to my two guests Moltke remarked: 'Now it has a dilTerent ring; it sounded before like a parley; now it is like a flourish in answer to a challenge.' I went on to explain: 'If in execution of his Majesty's order I at once communicate this text, which contains no alteration in or addition to the telegram, not only to the newspapers, but also by telegraph to all our embassies, it will be known in Paris before midnight, and not only on account of its contents, but also on account of the manner of its distribution, will have the effect of a red rag upon the Gallic bull. Fight we must if we do not want to act the part of the vanquished without a battle. Success, however, essentially depends upon the impression which the origination of the war makes upon us and others; it is important that we should be the party attacked, and this Gallic overweening and touchiness will make us if we announce in the face of Europe, so far as we can without the speaking tube of the Reichstag, that we fearlessly met the public threats of France.' He adds that 'this explanation brought about in the two generals a revulsion to a more jo\ous mood, the liveliness of which surprised me.' " The trick had its desired effect. France de- clared war against Prussia. The ever ready "blood and iron" were loosed again. Everything was as Bismarck wished. The South German states joined Prussia. The French were defeated quickly and completel\-. In less than six months, after the opening gun was fired, on January 18, 1871, King William thel First was crowned Fmperor of a united Ger- man)', the four southern slates had joined the Empire, and Alsace and Lorraine i.ad been annexed to Prussia. In less than ten >ears the great Chancellor had turned a second rate German state into an Fmpire, a first class power among the nations of the world. He did it by "blood and iron," by unscrupulous diplomacy backed by the best trained army in Europe, and by unhesitatingly throwing the country into war where the army could be used. Ihe present Emperor inherited German militarism and German Imperialism, a belief in the divine right of kings and the strength of the German Arm\'. The lessons of the history of his country and of his famil\' are plain. Ger- many was built by "blood and iron." On his accession to the throne, in the speech he made to the army and navy three days be- fore his speech to the people, he reiterated Bismarck's doctrine in these words: "The soldier and the army, not parliamentary majorities, have welded together the German Empire. My confidence is placed on the army.'' At the centenary of the firm of Krupp, at Essen, the Emperor said: "The history of this firm is a piece of Prussian and German histor\'. Krupp guns have been with the Prussian lines and have thundered on the battlefields which made ready the wa>' to German unity and won it at last." William II broke with the great Chancellor, not because he believed more in the people than Bismarck, but because he believed so much in the rule by di\ine right that he was unwilling even to be overshadowed by the Chancellor who had made the Empire. Bismarck's use of "blood and iron" made Germany the strongest nation on the European continent. But he recognized very clearl\- that "blood and iron" was a policy to be used with great care. Before every one of the three wars he precipitated he was careful to do two things: (i) to isolate the countr\- he was going to attack by arrangements that would keep other nations from interfering with his war and (2), be certain that his arm\' was better prepared than the enemy. This was the game that Bismarck pla\'ed b\' which he achieved the great ambition of his life — the unification of German)'. Emperor William has an even larger vision. "Our future is on the water," he announced. "The more the Germans go upon the water the better it will be for us." This announcei.ient was in iqoi. But the date of the first naval progranmie was 1893, three \ears after Bis- marck's retirement. The Kiel Canal was opened in 1895. To further his imperialism, the Emperor has used the "mailed fist," the ♦hreat of his arm\- rather than the arm\' itself, .t is interesting to see what the Kaiser's im- perialism, backed by the "mailed fist," has achieved, and its influence in the present crisis. 70 THE WORLD'S WORK yoKTH i;'7v>- SEA Cl^??^^^ ^ iTPH.U-U-lC.-.C:^^,--VJ/ ^n/ :,/^ <> .+03^-.'>jx.^ ^> J?^- ■-^''XBOHEMlX-v/^■\..JV- t^CA> "Vf^xE D ESR A T I O N,#^ /SWITZERLAND^'^ ITALY HUNGARY 1850 PRUSSIA UP TO 1863 THE KINGDOM WHEN BISMARCK BECAME CHANCEL- LOR TO KING WILLIAM I A DIVIDED STATE, A MEM- BER OF THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION WHICH WAS DOMINATED BY AUSTRIA UNDER FRANCIS JOSEPH II THE PRESENT RULER In 1895, the \car in which the Kiel Canal was opened, German\' joined France and Russia in a demand upon Japan that it give up Port Arthur, which it had just taken from the Chinese. The interest of Russia and therefore of its all>', France, was plain enough. Russia wanted the port itself. German>'s inter- ference seemed entirels' uncalled for and pro- voked much resentment in Japan. This com- bination against Japan threw that country upon England and resulted in the Anglo- Japanese alliance which now gives the Japanese fleet an excuse to attack the German port of Kiao-chau. In i(St)6, the da\' after the Jameson raiders were captured by the Boers, Emperor William congratulated President Kruger that it had been done "without appealing to the help of the friendl\' powers." This direct slap at England was met b\' the formation of a tl\-1ng squadron and by calling attention to the London Con- vention reserving supervision of the foreign relations of the Transvaal to England. Later the Emperor snubbed Kruger and was very friendl\- to Ivngland, but the incident served to set English |)ub!ic opinion against the Kaiser almost until the rise of the(" BO H E M I A""-- ' s..-<7"' ''\Sj^''0%tp-E D E\R A T I NrV' ^, N J/6^'*-''"'^i BAVARIA ^ ^-^ \i, >— ^ -^ ^ ^j"^ Z' SWITZERLAND- HUNGARY 18G4 PRUSSIA AT THE END OF 1864 THE FIRST "blood AND IRON" WAR IN WHICH AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA TOOK THE DANISH PROVINCE OF HOLSTEIN AND PUT IT UNDER AUSTRIAN AD.MINIS- TRATION AND THE PROVINCE OF SCHLESWIG WHICH WAS PUT UNDER PRUSSIAN ADMINISTRATION In 1905, the Emperor in person landed in Morocco, where France felt it had particular claims. As a result of this visit the Sultan refused to accept the French programme and asked for a conference with representatives of the leading powers to advise him. M. Delcasse, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, pro- tested that France would attend to the matter alone. The German Chancellor, Von Bulow, used threatening language. France gave up, M. Delcasse resigned. The "mailed fist" had been successful and another countr>' was pro- voked against Germany. In 1908 Austria took over Bosnia and Herze- govina, England and Russia protested that this was against the stipulations of the treaty of Berlin. Russia intimated that the annexation of Slav provinces might lead to its interference. The German Emperor responded with a threat of instant mobilization. Russia had not recovered from its Manchurian campaigns, and the Czar had to back down. Again the "mailed fist" was successful and another nation was given a grievance against Germany. In 1909 an agreement was made with. France concerning Morocco. All was seemingly satis- factory when on the first of Jul>', 191 1, the I-"irst Secretary of the German Flmbassy called upon the F'rench Foreign Minister to inforui him of Germany's decision to send a warship U) Agadir. The cruiser Paulhcr served as the "mailed list" this time. She failed of her mission. F'rance was not intimidated as before, but the incident was fresh fuel to the I-Tench feeling against Germany. In juh', i<;oo, at (he launching of the IVitich- /',;./', William II lieJaretl that the "ocean was iiuiisi)ensable to German greatness": THE KAISER AND THE "MAILED FIST" 71 Nauru \' '^ lii N J/'j?''""^''} BAVARIA ^ E '^'X — .:;.^'_ .^» AUSTRIA/ ^•^SWITZERLAND 7 I T A L -^Y J HUNGARY 1800 AFTER THE PRUSSIAN-AUSTRIAN WAR Bismarck's second "blood and iron" venture was to provoke a war with austria, defeat that country at sadowa in 1866, join the two parts of the prussian kingdom, and enlarge it by territorial conquests "The ocean teaches us that on its waves and on its most distant shores no great decision can any longer be taken without Germany and without the German Emperor. I do not think that it was in order to allow themselves to be excluded from big foreign affairs that thirty years ago our people, led by their princes, con- quered and shed their blood. Were the German people to let themselves be treated thus, it would be, and forever, the end of their world- power; and 1 do not mean that that shall ever cease. To employ, in order to prevent it, the suitable means, if need be." The Emperor has carried out his policies. Germany has not been excluded from big foreign affairs. No great decision has been taken without Germany and the German Em- peror. But the net result of the activity has been to leave Germany nearly isolated when the great war came — in the very predicament in which Bismarck used to manoeuvre the enemies of Germany before provoking war. Moreover, he has forgotten Bismarck's maxim that "suc- cess essentially depends upon the impression which the origination of the war makes upon us and others; it is important that we should be the party attacked." Whatever the provocation in this war, Ger- many actually declared war first on Russia, France, and England. There is another policy or rather belief which Emperor William inherits. It is exem- plified in the speech he made as late as 19 lo, in which he said: "Considering myself as the instrument of the Lord, without heeding the views and opin- ions of the da\', 1 go m\' wa\'." Against the spread of democratic principles V''^''4'i'uRTj.,BAVARIA\ E ^.^J.^.^t^^^.i AUSTRIA r /SWITZERLAND^ / ■ — • ; J HUNGARY ( y" ITALY -'^-J /^._. 1871 AFTER THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR Bismarck's third experiment in "blood and iron" was to engineer a war with FRANCE, DEFEAT ITS ARMIES, TAKE ALSACE AND LORRAINE AND CREATE A NEW GERMAN EMPIRE WITH PRUSSIA AT ITS HEAD the Kaiser stands as the first defence. Behind him are the Emperor of Austria and the Czar. But the German Emperor, the champion of Teutonism against the Slav, is the defender of autocracy of which the Czar is the best ex- ponent. The German Emperor's insistence of his divine right has lost Germany the sympathy of the democratic countries of the world. At the Oxford Commencement this \ear the German Ambassador to England was given an honorary degree, and in giving it the college authorities dwelt upon the fact that the strained situation between England and German\' that was acute in 191 1 had been entirely relieved. A few days later six English battleships were in the friendly harbor of Kiel during the great Kiel Week. Officers of both nations danced gaily on the decks of the British dreadnaught Aiax. Five weeks later the A]ax with a great fleet was in the North Sea "to capture or destroy" their hosts of but a short time before. The German Emperor cut short his Nearfy visit to Norway. President Poincare hurried back from Russia to France, Earl Kitchener was stopped at Calais on his way to Eg\pt and brought back to organize England for war. Germany's threat prevented Russia from disturbing Austria's Balkan policies once before. The "mailed fist" had worked against almost every country in Europe and yet no war had occurred. Then suddenly it fails, German\''s threat of mobilization is met by mobilization elsewhere, and the Emperor finds himself isolated, fighting half the world and with little s\mpath\- from the other half. With him is onl>' .Austria, which precipitated the struggle and to whose assistance he went. MEN WHO CONTROL THE DESTINY OF EUROPE SIR EDWARD GREY SIR EDWARD GREY has been at the head of the British foreign otfice for nine years. He has been in the British public ser- vice 30 \ears, in Parliament, as under Sec- retary of State under Gladstone, and in his present position. The striking fact about him — that which Englishmen of both parties place in his hands the fate of the nation with implicit confidence is the honest}' and frankness of his ever\' public action. He is not a diplomat in the old sense of the word. He has no tricks or wiles. He is en- tirely straightforward. With all the cards on the table, he conducts the foreign affairs of the British Empire in much the same way as other business is conducted. He has had the least possible hand in the intrigues, compacts, plots, plans, and strata- gems of the European diplomatic arena. As far as her situation would permit he endeavored to realize for England the venerable American policy of a friendship for all, entangling alli- ances with none! The other day in the House of Commons he made it clear that England was under no agreement or contract to fight for France or Russia. His natural disposition to avoid the compli- cations of the continental game of empire, may be clearl\' seen in a speech he made in Januar\', 1912. " Let me put \'ou on your guard against people who, as I think, are very bad advisers with regard to foreign policy. There is a certain section, I have no doubt, in the Liberal Part\-, Nvhich think we do not interfere nearly enough, especially' in certain parts of the world, in Asia. Mongolia, I think, was the last selected as a part in which we should take an itctive interest. Believe me if you are going to pursue a foreign policy of that kind, and this country is going to interfere actively in (A-nlral Asian (|uestions far beyond our own Indian frontier, you are going [y incur, not only the very heavy naval expenditure which we have alread\', but a vastl\' increased mililar\ expendi- ture as well; and the pecjple who press upon me a different foreign policy to that which is now being pursued are, it seems to me, people who are reall\' advocating as a foreign policx' the maximum of interference in the alfairs of the world al large and the niiiniimm ol Iriciulship; because llu- polii\', if il ucic i.iiiicd uul, ssoiild soon leave us without a frieiul in !■ mope." '1 he policy of n(jt meddling v\ il li ol her nal ions and provoking their hos[ilit\ seems well repaitl when in a crisis like this the long expected German-English war comes and finds England with niany allies and Germany almost isolated. COUNT BERCHTOLD COUNT LEOPOLD BERCHTOLD, whose aggressive polic\' toward Servia precipitated the war of the world, is the second Austrian statesman with a foreign policy more active than playing "a brilliant second" to Germany, In 1908 Count d'Aeh- renthal, who, as Ambassador to Russia, had feared the revolutionists, risked starting a Euro- pean war by annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria. Berchtold took the same risk this \ear in undertaking to discipline Servia. But this time Russia had recovered from the Jap- anese War! Count Berchtold is an intellectual and cour- teous diplomat, of unmilitary training. He succeeded d'Aehrenthal not onl\' at the Foreign Oflice in Vienna but previously at the .-Xustro-Hungarian Embassy at St. Petersburg. He was know as a protege and to some extent a disciple of d'Aehrenthal. He was a young Ambassador in St. Petersburg when he was sent there in 1907 by d'Aehrenthal — apparently under forty — of a tall and exceptionally grace- ful figure, long limbed but not athletic. A healthy pallor lent distinction to regular fea- tures, and scant, soft, brown hair of an in- definite tone added to the height of a broad brow and gave an intellectual cast of countenance. An aristocrat to the fmgcr tips, at home, like his predecessor, rather in the cirawing room and the cabinet than in the field. Berchtold has shown the same calculating daring — intellec- tual rather than physical. It is not to be supposed that Austria's ulti- matum to Servia on July 26, 1914, was made with any less knowledge of consequences by Berchtold than the annexation of Bosnia- Her/egovina by d'Aehrenthal in 1908. If any foreign diplomat to-day knows the aims of Russian diplomacy, it is Berchtold. When, in l"ebruar\', 191 3, Prince Gottfried Hohenlohe reached Petersburg, the bearer of a letter froni Francis Joseph to the Czar, with powers to ne- gotiate if necessary the menacing situation in the Balkans, Berchtold showed an appreciation of the possibilities of friendly diplomacy, for I lohciilohi' is not only intimate with the most pears of age — stands against a picturesque background in the European conflict. His voice was first heard by the world-at-large when, in the heroic defence of his little kingdom, he called upon his soldiers in a spirited proclamation to defend their country to the last drop of blood and to stand shoulder to shoulder against a common foe. The full name of the Belgian King is Albert- Leopold-Clement-Marie-Menard. He was born in Brunswick on April 8, 1875, and is the sole surviving son of the Count of Flanders, who died in 1905. He is of a studious disposition, and bears a striking resemblance, to his uncle, King Leopold II. He was married in 1900 to Eliza- beth, Duchess of Bavaria, third daughter of Duke Charles of Bavaria, and was crowned King of Belgium in 1909. He knows America well, having spent almost an entire year in 1898 in this country while still heir-presumptive. In 1910 he dispatched to Washington Baron de Beaulieu, one of the dis- tinguished members of the Belgian diplomatic service, for the purpose of officially notif\'ing the President of his accession to the throne, being the first European sovereign to send a special ambassador to the United States to formally announce his accession. He resembles liis late uncle in the attentive- ness with which he reads the leading newspapers of Europe. Every morning the London Times, the Paris Temps, the Berlin Krcui Zett un g,-dnd the Vienna Ncue Freu Prcsse are placed upon his study table. He likewise reads the scientific press, particularly those papers which pay attention to electrical subjects. His hobby is engineering. Some months before he ascended the throne he ran a locomotive from the Belgian (>apital to the I'rontier. He is now striving to make himself an authority on wireless telegraphy, and has had a complete radio-telegraphic sys- tem fitted up at his palace at Lx'ken for experi- ments. He is a hard working, modern con- slilulional monarch. MEN WHO CONTROL THE DESTINY OF EUROPE 75 ARCHDUKE FRANCIS-FERDINAND THE whole world was startled when the news was spread broadcast that the heir to the Hapsburg's imperial throne, together with his morganatic wife, the Duchess of Hohenberg, had been assas- sinated at Sarajevo. When the news of the assassination of the Archduke and the Duchess was broken to the aged Fmpercjr, Francis Joseph, he cried: "Horrible, horrible! No sorrow is spared me." For the last lwent>' years Francis Ferdinand had been the dark horse of Europe. Perhaps his divergence in many ways from popular ideas of what an Emperor ought to be may be ac- counted for by the fact that up to the time he was twenty-six years old he never expected to be within reach of the crown, as he was not first in the line of succession. He was born in 1863. His mother, Maria Annunziata, was a daughter of Ferdinand II of Naples. Through the tragic death of Crown Prince Rudolph in 1889, Archduke Charles lAidwig (the Emperor's brother and Francis Ferdinand's father), was made heir to the throne. Charles Ludwig, however, on account of age, asked to be excused from the succession, thus leaving the way to the throne clear to his son. When Ferdinand calmly announced in 1893 that he was not in love with any of the Arch- duchesses at the Imperial Court but with one of their companions, an obscure Bohemian countess, the Emperor was dumfounded, and the countess was promptly discharged, and the Archduke set out on a trip around the world. He attempted to return through the United States without disclosing his identity, but was recognized at Chicago and New York, where he received much attention. Eventuall\' the Em- peror gave his consent to a morganatic marriage with the Countess (Sophie Chotek) but the Archduke was compelled to take a solemn oath that he never would attempt to place his wife or her children on the throne. The Countess, on her marriage, took rank, as Fuerstin of Hohenberg, and in 1905 was given the rank of Duchess. Francis Ferdinand had been brought up in the army and had no particular training for statecraft, but at the time of his death he wielded a great influence in the affairs of State. In the crisis attending the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908, and in the Balkan wars of 191 2- 19 1 3, he was one of the leaders in the group of men who pulled the dual monarchy out of the fire in one of the most remarkable triumphs of modern diplomacy. Ferdinand was made a general and re- organized the Austrian general stafY with great success in 1891. He took up locomo- tive engineering as a hobb\', and was recog- nized as one of the best shots in the countr\ . The walls of his castle at Konopischt were hung with the antlers of 2,000 stags and chamois, as well as with the heads of tigers killed in India, the tusks of elephants slain in Ceylon, and the pelts of bears shot in the Rocky Mountains. HORATIO HERBERT KITCHENER THE eyes of all England are focused at present on Earl Kitchener, the "organ- izer of victory" who stands to-day in supreme command of the destinies of the British land forces, both as Secretary of War and as commander-in-chief of the Arm>'. Earl Kitchener is a tall man, 64 years old, with heavy gray moustache and wavy gray hair, which he wears parted in the middle. He has a sunburnt, determined-looking face, large steel-blue e\es, and square jaws. Until the events of the moment, Kitchener has never commanded against the organized army of any Power of the first rank, but he is prob- ably the best known military leader in Europe. He was born in County Kerry, in 1850, of English parentage. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich and en- tered the British army when twenty-one years of age, receiving a commission in the Ro\al Engineers. OlTered a post under the Palestine Exploration Fund, he spent some }ears in Pal- estine, and was employed to make a survey of the Island of Cyprus. When Lord Wolseley waged the campaign of Tel-el- Kebir in 1882, Kitchener was given com- mand of the Egyptian cavalry. Then, from 1884 to 1885, he was with the Nile Expedi- tion. He commanded at Suakim in 1887 and he succeeded Sir Francis Crenfell as Sirdar in 1890. Kitchener stepped into world fame and inTT the heart of every Englishman in 1896. It wr^ then that he began the reconquest of the Soudan, and two }ears later the Soudan was conquered. Thereupon, he was promoted to the rank of major-general, received a grant of $150,000 with the thanks of Par- liament, and was raised to the peerage. Thereafter he was popularl)' referred to as Kitchener of Khartoum. The da>s of glory for Kitchener c.tme again in 1899, when he was sent to South Africa as chief of staff with Lord Roberts. How he fuiished the Boer War, how he arranged the Peace of N'ereeniging, and how he came home to be made a N'iscount, with the thanks of Parlia- ment and a grant of $250,000, are all matters of recent histor\-. From 1902 to 1909 he was commander-in-chief in India, and after that re- turned to Eg\pt in the capacit\' of British agent and consul-general at Cairo, thus return- ing to the scene of his first triumphs. Kitchener of Khartoum has proved his mettle in many and varied capacities. He is one of those remarkable Englishmen whose mission it is to rule cuuniries which have come undii British dominion during the extension of world- wide empire. He was recentl>- created an earl 76 THE WORLD'S WORK by King George and has received many dis- tinguishing honors. .Manv stories are told of him, a characteristic one being his reply to the War Office, which sent him obsolete guns when he asked for the newest. He is reported to have sent the sarcastic reply, " I can throw stones at the enemy myself." THl SIR JOHN RUSHWORTH JELLICOE SIR JOHN RUSHWORTH JELLICOE, has recently been made Vice-Adrniral Commander-in-Chief of the British Home Fleet. He is fifty-five years old and has spent fort\-two years in the Navy. As a lieutenant he was present at the bombardment of Alexandria and afterward took part in the battle of Tel-el-Kebir as a member of the Naval Brigade. At the end of this war he was presented with the Khedive's Bronze Star for his gallant service. When the ill-fated Victoria was rammed by the Camperdown and sent to the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, Jellicoe was seriously ill with the Malta fever and confined in the hospital quarters of the ship. Sir John Tryon and more than six hundred oftlcers and men lost their lives, but "Jack" Jellicoe escaped. "How?" he exclaimed recently, in speaking of the incident. " I do not quite know m\self." Suffice it to state that his temperature registered at 103 shortly before the collision, and when he was fished out and landed aboard the rescuing ship it was normal, and normal it remained. Admiral Jellicoe was sent to China in com- mand of a naval brigade in 1898 to help subdue the Boxer Rebellion, and later he acted as Chief of Staff to Admiral Edward Seymour during the attempted relief of the Peking Legations in 1900. Severely wounded by a bullet through his lungs at Teitsang, when he recovered the Ger- man Emperor conferred upon him the Order of the Red Eagle and presented him with swords for his great service to the world in general and the Germans in particular who were in- volved in the Chinese Rebellion. Returning from China an invalid, he married Florence Gwendoline Cayzer, in 1902. This picturesque sea-fighter served as rear- admiral in the Atlantic Fleet in 1907-8 and be- came Lord Commissioner of the Admiralt\- and Controller of the Navy in 1908-10. He be- came commander of the Second Squadron of the Home Fleet in 1911-12. On July 23d last, he was appointed Vice-Admiral and Commander- in-Chief of the British Home Fleet, and to him was sent that m(jmentous cablegram when England issued her declaration of war — "Cap- ture the enemy or destroy them." Ailmiral Jellicoe is regarded by the English as responsible mf)re than any other officer for the marvelous progress in the naval gunnery in the English fleet. The destinies of the British Navy are now in his hands. MARQUIS ANTONIO Dl SAN GIULIANO IE Marquis di San Giuliano controls the foreign destinies of Ital\-. He is cre- dited with plunging Italy into one war and keeping her aloof from another. He brought about the war with Turkey, but is opposed to helping German>- and .Austria. The Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs belongs to an ancient Sicilian famil\' of Norman descent, and was born in 1853. He is an aristocrat to the core. Devoting himself to national pro- blems, and being well informed, he entered public life as a senator. At first, on account of his great fluency, he was regarded as a seeker after place and power. His first official ap- pointment was to an inferior position of Under Secretary in the Department of Agriculture. Upon his own urgent appeal he was transferred to the foreign department — a really moment- ous event, as it proved for Italy. He made such an impression that when the Pelloux Cabinet came into power, in 1899, he was made Postmaster-General, a post that was entirely uncongenial to him. But upon the Cabinet's reconstruction he attained his goal, becoming head of the foreign office. Here he came in direct contact with the King, who for long was unable to understand the extraordinary secretiveness of his Minister. But the King's confidence was at last gained by their mutual interest in old coins, curios, ancient monuments, etc. San Giuliano has been an extensive traveler in Soudan and Ab\ssinia, in Asia, and especially in the Balkan States. Through the Triple Alliance, he became the repository of the secrets of the Austrian and German Alliance, of the intrigues between Russians and the Turks, and the spy system of Austria, all which, keeping to himself, made him the mystery incarnate of Europe. Pressed to tell what he knew, he always replied: "I'll tell everything when the time comes." As a former Ambassador to Britain he ap- peared everything that an Italian should be, polished and suave, unpeccable in taste, original and brilliant — indeed, Machiavillian. At home he exhibited many talents, literary and artistic, which he attributed largely to the influence of his mother, a daughter of the Prince of Cassaro, a great social leader. At one time he owned the leading journal in Italy, and to that and other periodicals he contributed largely. Upon the drama of the day, he is a recognized authority, as well as on art. He is a student and a lecturer. The distinguished Italian is well remembered in America, having spent a considerable time in the United States during the Interparliamentary Union at St. Louis in 1904, as the president of the Italian Delegation. As a result of the I t;ilian- Turkish War, the King created him a Knight of the Order of the Annunciation, which invested him with the titular designation of cousin of the King and almost royal prerogatives. MEN WIKJ CONIRUL ihl. DHSilNV Oh l-URUPh 77 PRIME MINISTER NIKOLA FASHITCH NIKOLA FASmiCH. ilu; i^rinic Min- ister ol" Servia, llio little kingdom around which rages the European War, is a lillle gray-eyed man, 08 \ears ol" age, of medium height, high forehead, and long bearded face that shows virility and intellect. He was born at Zayenchar, Servia, in 1846. Sjon of a very good family who gave him a good education, he later on v/as sent to the Technical Institute in Belgrade, where he remained for four \ears, from 1868 to 1872. At thirty years of age, . Pashitch became a military engineer in the Servian-Turkish War in 1876. He remained there two years. After the war he appeared as a very active member of the National Deputies in the old Radical Party. During the struggle of the Serbs he forced his way to the official leadership of the Radical Party which is now in power in Servia. That happened in the year of 1881 . Realizing that his people were not making progress, his spirit revolted, and, in 1883, he joined the Zayenchar Mutiny, but escaped to Russia while twenty-one of his confederates were sentenced, executed, and shot. It hap- pened that at this time Pashitch was near the border of Bulgaria, and therefore he was able to escape, only to return later and pick up the struggle where he had been forced to stop. During the amnesty of 1889 he was made the mayor of Belgrade, and it was now that the people were able to see this man play an important part in the aid of his countrymen. He became Prime Minister of Servia. He was sent to St. Petersburg as ambassador of Servia in 1893, where he won the great admiration of noted diplomats in that capital. It was at this time that he cemented the friend- ship of Russia and Servia which exists so strongl\' to-day. Pashitch was accused in 1899 of stirring a mutin\-. He was tried and sentenced, but fought imprisonment. The charge was finalls' suppressed at the intervention of Russia, where he had already gained impressive respect. The people believed in his great personality and character, and he was made Minister of I'oreign Affairs after the assassination of Alex- ander, King of Servia. When Peter became King of Servia he was made Prime Minister. In German\', Pashitch is looked upon as the creator of the Balkan Alliance. ADMIRAL HUGO VON POHL THE chief of the admiralt\' staff in Ger- many is a mild gentleman S9 years of age. Admiral Hugo Pohl was born in Breslau on the 25th of August, 1855. When he was only twenty-one years of age, in 1876, he became lieutenant in the Imperial German nav>- and three \ears later was made a first lieuten.inr. He became lieutenant-captain on the scouting cruiser Carola in 1887. His next commission was with the military department of the Imperial naval 'ffice, and later he be- came ofificer on the ironcia i tVurltemberi;. His ability gained his steady promotion and he was made korvette-captain and leader of the central office of the Imperial naval board in 1894. Four years afterward he became frigate- captain and commander of the ironclad /€^;>. His next ship was the cruiser Hansa. He be- came captain at sea in 1900. Within five years he was a commodore in charge of the scouting ships, with the duties of second ad- miral of the first squadron. It befell him to take charge of the work of setting up the new naval stations from Kiel to Sonderberg in Schleswig in 1908. He was awarded for his work in connection with that undertaking by being promoted to vice-admiral in 1909. Admiral Pohl (up to the outbreak of the pres- ent European difficulties) is one of the few commanding (lerman naval authorities who have been on a German ship when it exchanged the actual shots of war The only opportunity Germany has had to try out the navy, since Admiral von Tirpitz renovated it, was at the forts at Taku, China, in 1900, while the Boxers were active. Admiral Pohl, like his superior, Admiral von Tirpitz, is an exponent of a large navy for Ger- many. He would divide the fleet into two squadrons, one to be kept in the North Sea in order to protect the German coast, and the other squadron to roam the world's waters seeking prizes and doing what it can to destroy property of the enemy. With the Kaiser he is extremely popular and wears, as a gift from his sovereign, the medal of the second class (with black) Order of the Crown. The Czar, whose ships Von Pohl must try to destroy, has bestowed on him the St. Stanislaus Order. COUNT HELMUTH VON MOLTKE GENERAL MOLTKE, w^o, as chief of staff, is credited with the disposition and direction of the German forces at the outbreak of this war, is four years older than his French antagonist. General Jotfre. General von Moltke looks what he is, a t>pical product of German militarism, face like a mask, rigid, formal, official. Like .Admiral von rirpilz. Chancellor Beth- mann-Hollweg, Furslenberg, and Von der Goltz, he is a "Kaiserman"; that is to sa\-, he is now, and has for man\- \ears been, a fav- orite of the Kaiser, holding his position bv a combination of favor and abilitv — though rumor has several times declared that his star at court had grown dim and that only the Kaiser's inability to find a suitable successor had kept him where he was. When his uncle, the famous field marshal Von Moltke, died in 1891, the present General became aide- de-camp to the Kaiser and has been chief of the general statf of the arm>' since Fi'bruar\-, 1904. 78 THE WORLD'S WORK General von Moltke has not shown himself to be a great mih'tary p^nius. Many beh'eve him a less able strategist than General von der Goltz. His promotion to chief of staff caused a good deal of unfavorable comment which has how- ever disappeared with time and the evidence that Von Moltke is able to handle an extraor- dinary amount of work. EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH A BROKEN down old man, eighty-four years of age, who holds down the destinies of Austria, precipitated the present war in Europe. His tragic career began sixty-six years ago, when, on December 2, 1848, as a slim, pale, delicate youth of eighteen, he found himself suddenly confronted by a throne. Two weak-willed gentlemen, in turn, somewhat frightened at the responsibility of warring states within their Empire, succes- sivel\' laid down its crown with immense relief, and left the beardless student, only recently out of the famous Thercsianum College, to assume its burden. As to whether he, too, at that age, might have exhibited some of the wavering spirit of his father. Archduke Francis Charles, and his uncle, the Emperor Ferdinand of Austria, had it not been for his mercilessly ambitious mother, the Princess Sophia, only the words in which he greeted his new honor can give us any clue: "Oh, my youth! Thou art forever gone from me!" Yet with those words on his lips he put that youth behind him, mounted the throne, and became Emperor of Austria, destined to go down in history as one of the commanding figures of his age. He found his empire composed of seventeen warring kingdoms, chief of which was Hungary. For nineteen years, internal dissensions and external aggressions engaged his attention, yet in all this time only two little principalities slipped from his grasp. Recognizing in Hungary, however, a spirit of independence that could not be quenched, he granted in, 1867, the organization of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, each country retaining control of its internal affairs, but uniting in the selection of ministers of finance, war and foreign affairs, to act for both countries under one Emperor. With inimitable diplomacy, Francis Joseph, "the Reform Emperor," as he came to be known at the time of the establishment of the dual monarchy, while thus granting constitu- tional government to his people, has managed, because of the warring elements which make up his two Parliaments, to retain the real reins of government in his own hands. His people have sorrowed with him in the succession of tragedies which he has suffered: first, the execution of his brother, the Emperor Maximilian, in Mexico; then the tragic death of his son, the Crown Prince Rudolph, found slain in his hunting lodge with the Baroness Maria Vetsera; to be followed in the year of his golden jubilee by the assassination of his wife, the Empress Elizabeth; and, finally by that event which has plunged all Europe into war, the assassination of the heir-apparent, the Archduke Ferdinand and his morganatic wife, the Countess Sophie Chotek, while on a visit to the Servian capital. For years the press and public have been awaiting the death of this wonderful wise old Emperor, and the loosing of the bends which have held his varying peoples together, as the signal for a general Continental war, \ct it seems that not even to Death is he willing to- delegate his kingly prerogative. Years ago, the old German Emperor said of him: "Francis Joseph has three ministers of the whole mon- archy, eight of Austria, ten of Hungary, and three of Croatia — in all, twenty-four — yet when anything is to be done, he has to do it himself." S' SIR JOHN DENTON PINKSTONE FRENCH IR JOHN FRENCH, sixty-two j^ears of age, is one of the two foremost active gen- erals of the British Army. He stands, with the one exception of Secretary of War Earl Kitchener, as probably the most striking military figure in England. His eventful career has led him to India, Africa, and Canada, and always with brilliant results. In the Boer War he was the one English general who was uniformly successful. His soldiers were popularly supposed to have had no sleep. At the time of the Siege of Kimberley, he was shut up in Ladysmith with *he Boer lines ever circling closer and no retreat possible for the English troops even if they had wanted it. But if Kimberle}', with its great treasure of diamonds, was to be saved from the Boers, the beleaguered troops had to be relieved and Sir John was apparently the only man who could accomplish it. The Boers were allowing trains to run out of Ladysmith carrying the women and children to safety, and in one of these — by squeezing under the scat of a second-class carriage — French managed to escape. Once outside the Boer lines, he made his way to the Cape, where he was put in charge of about eight thousand cavalrymen With horses dropping every mile, stopping only long enough to annihilate every Boer force sent to impede his progress, he swept through the Free Slate, riding both day and night ;untii he reached Kimberley. He was just in time, fwo days more would have seen its enforced surrender. his faniilv intended Sir John for the Church, but when he was fourteen he chose the navy instead and joined the Briiayuiia. However, he left the navy for the army in 1H74 and in a long series of battles he soon proved his military skill. He commanded the lyth Hussars from MEN WHO CONIROL IHB DtSTINY OF i:UROPE 79 1889 lo 1893, rising steadily in rank after that until, in 1907, he was made Inspector General of the Forces, and in 1915 liold Marshal. His once fair hair is gray now, but his Irish blue eyes have not lost their sparkle, and his keenness for long tramps has kept down the extra pounds which his short, stocky figure has shown a tendency to put on. WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL THE commanding personality in the Admi- ralty Office in London during the present crisis is a tall, slender, clean-shaven, gentleman of scholarly bearing, a journalist and soldier, forty \'cars of age, who came to the front in the South African war. Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty since 191 1, is half American in his parentage. His mother was Jennie Jerome, of New York, before her marriage to the late Lord Randolph Churchill. The young states- man was horn November 30th, 1874, and sent to Harrow when 14 \'ears old. His military training began at nineteen years of age, when he entered Sandhurst in 1893, and became lieutenant in the Fourth Hussars two years later, when he entered the army. He served with the Spanish forces in Cuba, where he won his first order, "Military Merit of the First Class," and incidentally acted as spe- cial correspondent of the Daily Graphic. Churchill's first experience in actual warfare was when the Fourth Hussars were ordered to India. Here he fought on the Malakand Front- ier. In 1898 he was attached as orderly to the first expedition, joining the Twenty-first Lan- cers to accompan)' Lord Kitchener up the Nile for the re-conquest of Khartoum. His inter- esting and outspoken correspondence for the Moriiing Post attracted wide attention. Continuing as war correspondent, he rushed off to South Africa, where he was captured by the Boers and made his adventurous escape from Pretoria prison. It was at this time that the Boers, with what Mark Twain designated as "unconscious humor," posted the following description of him: "Englishman, 25 \-cars old, about five feet eight inches high, indifferent build, walks a little with a bend forward, pale appearance, red brownish hair, small mustache, hardly perceptible, talks through his nose, can- not pronounce the letter "S" properly and does not know an\' Dutch." The American people first made their ac- quaintance with their brilliant x'oung English cousin when he visited the United States in i()oo to lecture on the Boer War. (Churchill was elected member of Parliament for Oldham, as a Conservative. He soon went over to the '.iberals, and returned to the House as Under Secretary for the Colonies (1906-1908). UjTon the reconstruction of the Government under Mr. Asquith in 1908, Churchill became president of the Board of Trade (1908-11)10). lie was advanceo '<) the post of Home Secre- tary in 1910 and he became head of the navy, as first Lord of the Admiralty, in 191 1. He announced that he purposed io make British naval supremacy endure at any cost, a policy that has given the British Navy a 60 per cent, advantage in dreadnaughts over Germany in the present conflict. GENERAL PAU GENERAL PAU is the French Com- mander next in rank to General Joffre. It is proof of his popularity and effi- ciency that, having been retired for age at sixty- seven, he had resumed active service before the outbreak of the present war as a result of a popu- lar campaign to reinstate him. Short, thick-set, thoroughly French in manner, he is even a more complete contrast than is General Joffre to the rigid type of German commander. CROWN PRINCE FREDERICK WILLIAM VICTOR THE most extraordinary figure in Europe to-day is the young Crown Prince of German\', thirty-two years of age. Riding at the head of his troops, the most sig- nificant of his characteristics is a profound ad- miration for Napoleon. He believes in rule by divine right, and is said to be impatient to have this divine right go into effect. Several years ago his appearance at the Reichstag, to dissent from the Chancellor's proposed peaceful ar- rangement with France about Morocco, made him the leader of the war-seeking element in Germany, and incidentally led to considerable friction with his imperial father. The Crown Prince, is tall, slim, and impul- sive. His full name is Frederick-William- Victor-August-Ernst. The late Queen Vic- toria, his great grandmother, was his godmother. After completing a course at the military cadet institution at Ploen, like the Kaiser, and his grandfather, Emperor Frederick, he attended Bonn University. On the completion of his university course in the spring of 1903 he set out on his travels. To train him for his future responsibilities he was first sent to the offices of the Potsdam provincial government for stud\' of local admin- istration. Then he was turned over to the Prussian Ministr\' of the Interior to acquaint himself with the intricate routine through which two thirds of the German people are governed. Since then the Crown Prince has studied naval administration at the .\dmiralt\', besides ac- quiring some knowledge of the workings of Bismarckian diplomac\' at the Foreign Office. He married tlie Duchess Cecilia of Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, in 1905. The Kaiser has re- marked of his hotheaded son: "Well, William is no diplomat. I will admit it, but 1 believe the fellow has got marrow in his bones. He will turn out 'o bi' our Mollke >'et." 8b THE WORLD'S WORK RENE VIVIANM RENE VIVIANI, the present Prime Minister in France, was born in Algeria. His success in French politics has been due to his interest in labor. When the office of Minister of Labor was created by the Clemen- ceau Government in 1906, he was the first man to fill it. Although the next Government was of an opposing faction, M. Viviani still was kept at his post. In accordance with his labor sym- pathies, he worked consistently against the law providing for a compulsory three-year period of service in the army, in favor of which the country recentl\' voted. M. Viviani is an able man, but his strong points are not particularly war and diplomacy. BARON VON DER GOLTZ WHEN the Bulgars and the Servians drove the Turks out of Thrace and Macedonia two years ago, the rest of Europe took the rout as a German defeat. Superficially, they were right. The organiza- tion and mobilization of the Turkish army were entirely German in plan and the beaten Turks fought in German uniform with German artil- lery and rifles. The correspondents who so glibly drew these conclusions very rarely modi- fied them by additional information as to how plans and organizations, excellent in themselves, had been disregarded or inefficiently carried out. One can no more blame a German rifle for miss- ing fire with French ammunition than one can draw conclusions about Krupp artillery served by raw recruits. Field Marshal von der Goltz taught the Turkish army all that it ever knew about modern fighting except courage, which it is un- necessary to teach a Turk. He has also taught the German army much of what it knows of the technique of fighting, and the German army is not handicapped by Kismet nor by unmilitary politics. Baron von der Goltz out of his uni- form would fit convincingly into a professor's chair at a university. He is now seventy years old, and for more than fifty years of his life has been working and writing and fighting. Being a first rate fighting man has not hindered his writing a number of historical books which are standards in and out of Germany. PRIME MINISTER IVAN GOREMYKIN OF RUSSIA A STRONG hand on the wheel of state- craft in Russia to-day is that of the economist and sociologist, Prime Min- ister Ivan Goremykin. Goremykin was born in St. Petersburg in 1H48. He received a good academic training in that city and graduated from a university. He became interested in his country and when twentv-onc vcars published his first book. Later on he wrote a history of the Polish peasants, and with the success of this effort he added another volume entitled "The Land of the Russian Peasants." These efforts of study in things pertaining to his country directed the attention of his Government sufficiently to make him Chief of the Emigration Department into Siberia. Eventually he rose to be Minister of the In- terior, and in 1906, Prime Minister. The country was in a revolutionary state. Count Witte had resigned. Goremykin declared to the Duma that amnesty was impossible in Rus- sia in the case of persons guilty of murder or other acts of violence. He also declared that the agrarian possibilities could be worked only by time. He then submitted a programme of reform. The Duma would not accept these reforms. Revolutionary disturbances recom- menced. The massacre of the Jews took place and a clash came when the agrarian proposals were renewed. Gorem>'kin was immediately replaced by Stolypin, who was later assassinated. During the next few years Goremykin took no active part in any official position, but acted as advisory functionary to the Czar in all mat- ters relating to economic and social questions. Goremykin's plan for the salvation of Russia is economic. His whole wish is to distribute the people over the different territories. They call him an old-time conservative who desires things to go his way in slow, steady paces. GENERAL PUTNIK OF SERVIA THE commander-in-chief of the Servian army, General Radumil Putnik, is a self-made man about sixty-five years of age who has worked himself up through the Servian wars and revolutions until to-day he stands a conspicuous figure before the world. He was born about 1849 in a small place near Belgrade in the southern part of Austria. He is a thorough-born Servian despite this fact. He is a small man, of large, round head, chestnut brown eyes, and a beard cut in Van Dyke fashion. His whole occupation has been as a soldier. General Putnik gained his earliest training in a military academy which then existed in Ser- via. He joined the army voluntarily. Later on he went to France to study the military tactics of Napoleon. Ihese experiences merely gave him satisfaction, as he has not succumbed to any other method but his own. He is prac- tically a self-taught man. In the recent war between the Balkan allies he was chief of staff of tiie Servian arm\'. As a general he strips his uniform of all its trappings and tinsel and appears in plain reg- imental apparel with the two straps on his shoulders as insignia of his rank. He has every opportunity to make large sums of money, but as his wants are simple he used his funds to en- dow schools. During the Balkan troubles he directed his forces from a small shanty by the use of the telephone. MEN WHO CONTROL THE DESTINY OF EUROPE 8i CHILI- OF STAFF GENERAL PUTNIK (RIGHT) WHO DIRECTED SERVIA'S ARMS AGAINST TURKEY PRIME MINISTER N. P. PASHI fCH THE GUIDING SPIRIT IN ShRVIA KING PETER OF SERVIA AND THE CROWN PRINCE WHO SERBS HOPE WILL RULE OVER A GREATER SERVIA IN THE BALKANS KAISER WILLIAM II OF GERMANY "NO GREAT DECISION CAN ANY LONGER BE TAKEN WITHOUT GERMANY AND WITHOUT THE GERMAN emperor" — EMPEROR WILLIAM's SPEECH, JULY, 1 9OO MEN WHO CONTROL THE DESTINY OF EUROPE THE IRON CHANCELLOR AND THE PRESENT GERMAN EMPEROR WILLIAM II INHERITED FROM BISMARCK THE TRADITION OF GERMAN IMPERIALISM AND MILITARISM, BUT NOT THE SAGACITY WITH WHICH BISMARCK USED THEM CROWN PRINCE FREDERICK WILLIAM WHO IS IN COMMAND OF AN ARMY CORPS IN THE PRESENT WAR OTTO VON BISMARCK WHO MADE A UNITED GERMANY, "NOT BY SPEECHES AND MAJORITY VOTES BUT BY BLOOD AND IRON" 84 THE WORLD'S WORK gP|'" '^5Ht^ Bfjftp*^ y -^^sr , ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^&. f^^ Bl SEA LORD AND CHANCELLOR ADMIRAL VON TIRPITZ (lEFT), CHIEF OF THE admiralty and creator of the german navy; and dr. von bethmann-hollweg (above), imperial chancellor, THE fourth to hold the office since BISMARCK ^H«% ^M^L ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^w^^^^^^H ^^^^^^^^^^^j^^^H ^^^^^1 GENERAL VON MOLTKE, CHIbh OJ- SIAIh A NEPHEW OF the FAMOUS VON MOLTKE IN COMMAND IN 187O-7I MINISTER OF WAR, GEN- ERAL VON FALKENHAYN EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH A MUCH BELOVED RULER WHO HAS REIGNED 65 YEARS OVER A POLYGLOT DUAL MONARCHY WHICH MANY PEOPLE HAVE BELIEVED WOULD DISINTEGRATE UPON HIS DEATH 86 THE WORLD'S WORK COUNT BERCHTOLD. THE AUSTRIAN PREMIER WHO PLANNED WAR AGAINST SERVIA TO SUBDUE SERB AGITATION IN HUNGARY AND TO STOP THE SLAV DOMINATION OF THE BALKANS. OTHER PICTURES: (aBOVE) COUNT VON H07ZEND0RF, HEAD OF AUSTRIAN ARMY; (beLOW) ARCHDUKE CHARLES FRANCIS, HEIR TO THE AUSTRIAN THRONE MEN WHO CONTROL THE DESTINY OF EUROPE 87 Coiiyrigtii by Uudenvood & Underwood EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH AND THE MURDERED ARCHDUKE, FRANCIS FERDINAND THE ARREST OF THE ASSASSIN IN THE STREETS OF SARAJEVO, BOSNIA THE ASSASSINATION WAS USED AS A CAUSE FOR WAR BY AUSTRIA THE WORLD'S WORK LEADERS OF FRANCE GENERAL JOFFRE (lEFT) SUPREME COMMANDER OF THE FRENCH ARMIES; M. DELCASSE (upper) PREMIER IN 1898, THE FATHER OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE WITH ENGLAND; PREMIER VIVIANI (lower), whose CABINET WAS FORMED SHORTLY BEFORE THE WAR M. RAYMOND POINCARE, PRESIDENT OF FRANCE "our words of peace and humanity will be all the more likely to be heeded if we ARE known to be MORE DETERMINED AND BETTER ARMED" — PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE, FEB. 20, I9I3 THE WORLD'S WORK SIR EDWARD GREY (LEFT) AND PREMIER ASQUIIH THE GUIDING SPIRITS OF THU BRITISH CABINET IN THE WAR CRISIS. SIR EDWARD GREY HAS DIRECTED ENGLAND'S FOREIGN POLICY FOR THE LAST NINE YEARS. MR. ASQUITH, WHO WAS WAR SECRETARY AS WELL AS PRIME MINISTER, RESIGNED THE WAR PORTFOLIO FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF EARL KITCHENER MEN WHO CONTROL THR DESTINY OF EUROPE 9i EARL KITCHENER. OF KHARTOUM (LEFT), AND SIR JOHN D. P. FRENCH EARL KITCHENER IS GENERALLY CONSIDERED THE ABLEST ACTIVE SOLDIER IN GREAT BRITAIN. SIR JOHN D. P. FRENCH, WHO WAS ONE OF THE FEW ENGLISH OFFICERS WHO GAINED DISTINCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA THE WORLD'S WORK Copyright by American I'rcss Association THE DIRECTORS OF ENGLAND'S DESTINY AT SEA SIR JOHN R. JELLICOfc (UPI'ER LEFT), IN COMMAND OF ALL THE FLEETS; SIR GEORGE CAL- LAGHAN (right), COMMANDING THE NORTH SEA FLEET; FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY WINSTON CHURCHILL (LOWER LEFT), WHOSE PROPOSAL TO GERMANY IN I912 TO REDUCE NAVAL ARMAMENTS WAS MET BY AN INCREASE OF SIX BATTLESHIPS IN THE GERMAN FLEET AN UNNATURAL ALLIANCE — THE CZAR AND KING GEORGE V RULERS WITH A LONG-STANDING COLONIAL RIVALRY AND OPPOSING POLITICAL BELIEFS; AUTOCRAT AND CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCH, DRAWN TOGETHER, AS AGAINST NAPOLEON ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO, BY THE KAISER's AMBITIONS IN THE NEAR EAST AND ON THE OCEAN 94 THE WORLD'S WORK THE RUSSIAN MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, M. SAZONOFF AND (ON THE RIGHTj THE RUSSIAN AMBASSADOR TO GERMANY GRAND DUKE NIKOLAS NIKOLAIVITCH COMMANDER AT ST. PETERSBURG, AND, WITH GENERAL SUKHOMLINOFF, CHIEFLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY MEN WHO CONTROL THE DESTINY OF EUROPE 95 GENERAL SUKHOMLINOFF THE RUSSIAN MINISTER OF WAR THE CZAR AND PRESIDENT POINCARE ON HIS VISIT TO RUSSIA IN JULY FROM WHICH HE HURRIEDLY RETURNED JUST BEFORE HOSTILITIES BEGAN 96 THE WORLD'S WORK THE MARQUIS OF SAN GIULIANO AND VICTOR EMMANUEL III . THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND THE KING WHO REFUSED TO PLUNGE ITALY INTO THE WAR STARTED BY ITS ANCIENT ENEMY AND PRESENT ALLY, AUSTRIA ^. .^JK jy ]~^^^^H| 1^ -P-:: ^m ■•Jft^^^J IHL KING Ol " lllh COCKI'IT OI- EUROPE" KING ALBERT OH BELGIUM. THE GERMAN VIOLATION OF HIS TERRITORY WAS MET HY AN UNEXPECTED RESIST- ANCE FROM BELGIUM AND BY ENGLAND'S ENTRANCE INTO THE WAR NEW THINGS IN WAR GUN-TURRETS ON LAND — RUSSIA's MONSTER AEROPLANE AND SUBMARINE — THE FRENCH ZEPPELIN DESTROYER — MINES ON LAND AND AT SEA BY JOHN. S. GREGORY WAR is now waged on earth, in the air, on the sea and beneath the waters thereof with the aid of numerous devices never before tested in actual hostilities. Aero- planes, automobiles, and submarines have been used in previous wars, to be sure, but on scarcely more than an experimental scale. All have been greatly improved since these tests and many accessories have been added. Rad- ical changes, believed to be improvements, have also been made in more familiar material and methods. Altogether, some of its devotees profess to believe that the art of war has been revolutionized. Whether it has or not the world will soon know. Most spectacular of new developments in warfare is the advent of the airship and the aeroplane on an imposing scale. Military authorities of all Europe appear to have be- come convinced of the value of these new fight- ing machines. At least, France, Germany, and Russia, and more recently', England, have dis- played an energy amounting to frenzy in the development of these machines. With a cur- rent appropriation of $32,500,000 for the pur- pose, Germany set out to offset England's naval supremacy by building a great fleet of dirigibles. At first the British war department professed to scoff at German\''s purpose; but after con- templating the possibility of a fleet of airships flying across the North Sea a comprehensive programme for building air craft was under- taken in haste. Millions have been lavished on experiments with air craft, aviators have been drilled by hundreds, every contingency in war that could be foreseen has been tested at the annual army manoeuvres of the great nations. The result has been the development of two widel\' differ- ent types of fl\ing machines, each of which has its own peculiar sphere of usefulness. German\- pins her faith to the dirigible, "The Drcadnaught of the Air," of which two principal t\pcs have been developed, the Zep- pelin, and the Schuette-Lanz. These monsters are from 400 to 500 feet long, ha\e a speed of 50 to 70 miles an hour, a cruising radius of i ,200 to 3,000 miles, and a carr\'ing capacit\' of from eight to ten tons. They are armored against rifle and machine gun bullets, carry small guns, wireless telegraph, and a crew of 20 to 30 men. As an indication of their reliabilit\ , the Zep- pelin Company announced that out of 334 days from January i, to December i, 1912, their airships flew on 308 days, being up a total of 1,167 hours and covering a distance of 41,145 miles and carrying a total of 10,291 persons, including 5,609 members of the crews and 4,682 passengers, all without a single fatal accident. From the German point of view these craft are battleships of great destructive power, for they can release half a ton of explosives at once; and in experiments they have completely shot to pieces the silhouette of a village from an alti- tude of six thousand feet. Another, flying at an altitude of three thousand feet, got the range of a canvas target represcaling a boat on Lake Constance at the third shot, and then scored nearly one hundred per cent, of hits. These big ships have a platform on top of the gas bag on which a machine gun is mounted as a pro- tection against aeroplanes. Against these bulky and somewhat clumsy dirigibles France has developed the "Zeppelin Hunter," an aeroplane, armored against ma- chine gun and rifle bullets, carrying two or three men besides the pilot and a couple of machine guns. The French regard an encounter between an aeroplane and a dirigible as a climb- ing contest. The strategy of the aeroplanist is to get above his big and awkward antagonist just as a king-bird gets abo\e a hawk, and from this superior height to drop explosives upon the big fellow. The dirigible, on the other hand, de- pends ifpon its superior armament and the far greater steadiness of its gun platform to protect it from the aeroplane. These widely different t\pes of air craft are expected to play two distinct roles: the dirigible is a fighting machine to be directed agains( troops in the field, and more especially against the works of the enem\', trains, bridges, maga- zines, etc., and to protect its own lines from in- cursions by hostile aeroplanes on scouting expe- ditions. The chief value of the aeroplane is ir reconnaissance. Its superior sbeed is expected to enable it to elude dirigibles. Only in an in- cidental way is it expected to assume tl,. offen- sive, with its machine gun or by dropping bombs. An exception to this is the giant Sikorsky aeroplane, a Russian machine capable of carry- ing seventeen men. Wiili its great bulk and comparativel\- slow speed this recently invented type must necessarily be a fighting machine rather than an aerial scout. 98 THE WORLD'S WORK Notwithstanding the frequency of tragedies in the air the aeroplane also has been developed into a fairh' trustworthy machine. Colonel Seelev surprised the British House of Commons last April by informing it that there were only six da\'s in the preceding \ear on which there had been no flights by British army a\iators, and that there had not been a single fatal acci- dent or the breakage of any main part of a ma- chine while in the air. In France, where the aeroplane is considered more valuable than the dirigible, the aviation corps has been organized with the Escadrille as the unit. The personnel and material of the Escadrille is designed with the object of keeping six machines in the field. Its transport con- sists of three automobiles for the crews, two motorcycles, six motor trucks with "prolonges," an extra pair of trailing wheels on which the aeroplanes, folded, are hauled, and two work- shops on motor trucks. One of these aviation camps was struck, packed, and read\' to move in less than an hour at the 19 13 manoeuvres. THE NEW ART OF OBSERVATION IN MIDAIR The aeroplane scout must fly high and swiftly to avoid hostile bullets. At an altitude of three thousand feet, at which he is fairly safe, he has a range of vision of four to five miles. Troops on the march can be seen and their number esti- mated b\' the road space occupied. Artillery in action is easil\' distinguishable, as are cavalry and transport of all kinds on the move. Massed infantry in th» open is fairlv distinct, though khaki-clad men in open order or moving over stubble or plowed fields are ditficult to distin- guish, and the\- are not always readily seen on grass. The fl\ing scout can readily obtain an idea of trenches, outposts, and methods of oc- cupation of bridges and fords. Field works, if their color and outlines do not blend with the landscape, can be seen at a distance of five miles, though they are not readily distinguish- able. It is difficult for the aviator to tell "dummy" trenches from real ones. French aerial scouting is superb. The com- manding general can count on having any speci- fied region examined. The art of observation from midair has been reduced to a system as ex- actly regulated as that of cavalr\' reconnais- sance. British aviators have also distinguished themselves by their success in aerial scouting. Yet there is another side to the story, for aviators are as far from perfection as their fellow mortals are in other ways. At the 1913 man- fruvrcs, a French general and his staff were sur- prised and captured despite the utmost vigi- lance of his aerial scouls. A British "Blue" division of twelve thousand men with horses stole a march of sixteen miles on the "Red" division while the aerial scouts of the latter were hunting for it. The men skulked along under hedgerows and other cover while guns and transport wagons were hidden under straw .so that they might be mistaken for farmers' wag- ons. Whenever a "Red" aero[)lane came into view a whistle from the "Blue" lookout Warned every man to crouch in his tracks, or under the nearest cover. Aerial scouts have been repeat- edly deceived in German manoeuvres. Although the Germans claim to have dropped bombs from an altitude of five thousand feet on a target fifteen feet in diameter, extravagant claims regarding the effectiveness of aerial bombs must be accepted with reservations. In a lecture before the Brooklyn Aeronautical Association, Mr. Hudson Maxim, who must be conceded to be an authority on explosives, said that explosives so powerful and destructive when emploN'ed in aerial bombs as to fulfil expectations and predictions of the scare- mongers could not be made. The destructive power of torpedoes and shells is enormous under favorable conditions, but never so great as the average man supposes after a short course in blood-curdling aerial fiction. Experiments with dropped li\e shells and explosives showed that although thev might land within a remarkably short distance of the target it was just that dis- tance that made all the difference in the result- ing damage; for the effects of high explosives are very local. Furthermore, the momentum of a heavy object falling from a great height is so great that it is buried in the ground and the force of the explosion is thus neutralized. Judging from analogy with artillery practice against towns, aerial bombs are not worth the time, energy, ammunition, and risk to life in- volved. In the Boer War, Ladysmith withstood the battering of twenty thousand or more shells with practically no damage. Similar results were observed at Pretoria. Lyddite shells dug caves and made breaches in the walls of a fort at Omdurman, but did little real damage. Experiments in defense against hostile aero- planes and airships have been quite as elaborate as those in offensive operations. It has been found, for instance, that at 3,000 feet an aero- plane is a hard thing to hit, though experience in actual warfare has shown that an aeroplane affords a pretty good target. AEROPLANES VERSUS SUBMARINES A curious development in aerial navigation has been the pitting of the airship against the submarine. In fairly clear and smooth water submarines and even submarine mines can be readily seen from the lofty outlook of an air- ship or aeroplane. As the submarine moves slowly when under water a battleship guarded by aerial scouts might be able to mancxnivre out of the way. It has also been proposed to use the airship as a mine destroyer by dropping bombs near enough to the mines to explode them, the ships following close enough in the wake of the aerial pilot to avoid other mmes outside the cleared zone. At all events, l-"ngland regards the airship as such an important naval auxiliary that the dirigibles have all been turned over to the navy, the army retaining only aeroplanes. The navy also has a numluT of seaplanes, and the naval NEW THINGS IN WAR 99 appropriation for the current year carries an item of ^400,000 for the construction of a new ship for carrying seaplanes. This will be the first vessel of the kind ever constructed for this special purpose, though France has two make- shift vessels of the kind. Accessories to be used by or in connection with air craft are innumerable. Although Ger- many has no fewer than thirty airship sheds between Berlin and the frontier of France, spe- cial railroad cars have been provided with steel bottles to be kept filled with hydrogen gas with which to inflate the huge dirigibles. These cars are always ready and can be rushed any- where they may be needed in a hurry. The airship stations are equipped to facilitate night work, being provided with colored elec- tric flashes, each station having its own code of signals for aerial pilots. The dirigibles are equipped with searchlights to aid in alighting. The actual number of craft in these aerial fleets is known only to their respective govern- ments. Published statements differ so widely that the following figures can be offered only as probably the most trustworthy approximation: Germany . Austria-Hungary DUAL ALLIANCE DIRIGIBLES AEROPLANES 22 .... 7 320 100 29 420 TRIPLE ENTENTE AND ALLIES DIRIGIBLES AEROPLANES France Russia Great Britain Belgium . Servia Montenegro . 16 8m 10 164 250 2 40 — ID I 34 1,299 A German bomb designed for use from the air weighs twenty pounds and is charged with four pounds of trinitrotoluol and 340 steel balls. To guard against mishaps it has a safety catch so that it will not explode until a fall of at least two hundred feet allows a revolving vane to unscrew the safety catch and bring the firing pin in contact with the explosive. A slight touch will then set off the bomb. The Krupp works have devised a fire bomb vhich sheds a bright light during its flight to the earth and after it strikes so that airship gunners may be able to aim accuratel\' during the dark- est night. Another German bomb for the use of aero- planists and airships releases a tremendous quantity of dense smoke which spreads in a great cloud, under cover of v.'hich the aviator may possibly have a chance to make his escape. Still another bomb is charged with 15c pounds of chemicals which, upon exploding, is supposed to fill the air with gases so poison- ous that evt-ry living creature within a radius of a hundred yards will be killed, and the influ- ence of the gas is expected to extend to a lesser degree to twice that distance. The French have a message carrier, to be dropped by an aviator who wishes to continue- his flight, consisting of a brass tube in which the message is enclosed with a charge of Bengal fire, which is ignited by a firing pin on striking the earth. The Are and smoke mark the spot long enough for a man to reach it from a dis- tance of three hundred yards. Progress in submarine craft and projectiles has been as marked as in airships. Submarines are older than the fl>ing machine but, even so, their size, trustworthiness, and radius of action are amazing. A typical submarine ma>' be said to be 148 feet long, by 15 feet in diameter, and to be capable of a speed of eleven knots on the surface and five knots submerged. Some of the more recent have a radius of action of 4,500 miles; that is, they could cross the North Atlantic without replenishing their fuel and stores. While cruising on the surface they are propelled by gasolene engines. In running sub- merged they use electric motors that are driven by storage batteries, which are charged by the gasolene engines while on the surface. They are not a particularly comfortable craft, even for the most seasoned mariner; but they can go anywhere at any time. If the weather gets too rough they can submerge and thus escape the worst of the wave motion. In tests sub- marines have stayed under water for twent}-- four hours at a time. Russia, which has produced a successful aeroplane vastly larger than any other nation has ever thought of building, also has under construction a submarine so enormous that all others seem pigmies by comparison. This great submarine cruiser is 400 feet long, 34 feet beam, and of 5,400 tons displacement, which is eleven times the size of the next largest craft of the kind. Its engines of 18,000 horse-power are capable of driving it at a speed of 26 knots on the surface, and its motors of 4,400 horse-power are capable of maintaining a speed of 14 knots submerged. Either on the surface or beneath the waves the giant Russian is capa- ble of swiftly overhauling an\- other vesse^.of its kind. It has a cruising radius of 18,500 miles, and can run under water a distance of 275 miles at a stretch. Its armament consists of five 4.7 -inch, guns for surface fighting, and 36 torpedo tubes, of which 16 are on each broadside. It carries sixtx- torpedoes and 120 mines, for it is equipped for la\ing mines. It is capable of creeping into an ene- m\''s harbor under cover of darkness so that no lurking aeroplane can discover it, surrounding the hostile fleet with mines so that certain destruction will follow any attempt to mo\e. and creep away again, and be not only out ol sight but also be\ond suspicion when the tragedy it has prepared is enacted As a protection against their new enfin\-, Uu- fl\ing machine, German submarines are now equipped with a machine gun which folds down loo THE WORLD'S WORK within lue hull when cruising either on the sur- paign will be the wonderful revolution wrought face or submerged. If an inquisitive aeroplane in transportation methods by the automobile comes too near, the submarine can rise to the and motor truck. On the battlefield, as else- surface while a man climbs out, fishes up the where, the horse is yielding to motor-driven machine gun, and attacks the aerial enemy. vehicles the place he has held so long. In The unvar\ing accuracy of the new gyro- recent years Germany, France, and England scope compass is expected to be of great value have systematically subsidized motor trucks on in enabling the submarine to stalk its prey with condition that they should be available for the least possible risk to itself. A hostile ship governmental use in case of need. In German}', can be located at a distance of eight miles, after by complying with certain conditions, the pur- which the submarine can run fully submerged chaser of a motor truck receives a subsid\- of with the aid of the gyroscope compass to within $i,ooo, to be applied on the purchase price, and striking distance. $2 50 a \ear for upkeep for four years. These . subsidized trucks must carry a load of 13,000 A TORPEDO THAT WEIGHS 1600 POUNDS pounds and haul a trailer besides, be capable Great improvements have also been made of running ten miles an hour with full load, be recentlv in the torpedo. Lieutenant Hard- able to climb a 14 per cent, grade, and be able castle, of the British Nav\', has perfected a tor- to haul a second trailer if necessary. Eight pedo that weighs 1,600 pounds and that carries hundred subsidized trucks were available, up to a charge of 250 pounds of guncotton, enough to January i, 1912. The number has since been blow the whole side out of a battleship. It has materiall\' increased, and, besides, the Govern- a range of 7,000 yards, or about four miles. In ment has the power to requisition every motor this case, too, the g\'roscope plays a vital part. vehicle in the Empire. At the very beginning .A torpedo fitted with the new gyroscope is of hostilities it even exercised the privilege of more certain of hitting its mark than the big requisitioning the automobile of a party of guns. Furthermore, the gyroscope rudder can American ladies who had innocently crossed be set so that the torpedo can be fired from the the frontier. broadside of a ship, when it will turn through Even the motorcycles are subsidized. When an angle of ninet}' degrees and run dead ahead the war began a force of 2,000 subsidized motor to its target. cyclists, or schnellfahrer (fast riders), as tlie Ger- Other great improvements that have com- mans call them, were ready for instant service pleted the revolution of the torpedo are the sub- in carrying dispatches, reconnoitring, and the stitution of the turbine engine for the old three- like. In times of peace, these schndljahrcr cylinder engine of the original Whitehead tor- have the blessed privilege of disregarding all pedo, and a method of heating the compressed speed limitations, are paid $2.50 a day at man- air that furnishes the power. Air under high oeuvres, are protected against loss of their po- pressure is contained in a flask within the tor- sitions while serving the Government, have pedo. When the latter is fired a valve is opened, their machines repaired at the Government's admitting air to the engine through a reducing expense in case of accident, and are themselves valve which brings down the pressure to 300 cared for in hospitals without expense if they pounds. As the flask is emptied the temper- get hurt while riding. In case of mobilization ature falls, sometimes below zero. This they are paid full value for their machines, freezes oil on the bearings and generally retards In France the owner of a three-ton motor the torpedo and renders it ineffective. By truck can get a governmental subsidy of ^600 adding a flask of alcohol with a method of ig- and $200 a year for upkeep for three years, niting it when the torpedo is fired, the air is Here, too, the Government freely exercises the heated after leaving the reducing valve and right to take possession of all motor vehicles before entering the turbines, thus greatly in- if needed. All the taxicabs in Paris were coin- creasing its efficiency. When the pressure in mandeercd at the beginning of hostilities. the air flask is reduced and the temperature Great Britain allows a subsidy of only $40 falls another burner is automatically lighted to $60, and $75 a ye^rr Tor upkeep. Austria- that heats the air flask itself, thus preventing Hungary also subsidizes motor vehicles and freezing. This quadruples the range of the pro- requisitions all that are needed, jectile. According to the best available in- The result of all this is to render the armies f()rmatif)n the submarine equipment (jf the five in the field to-day mobile beyond the wildest warring nations is as follows: dreams of strategists of a former generation. Artillery, which has been so radically im- suDMAKiNks proved that it now plays a far moreimportanl Great Britain 64 part in deciding battles than it ever did before, France 61 js hiuled by motors to a large extent in the '^"5^'''' 29 armies of all the countries now at war, especially Germany 18 ^|^^^, Y,\g guns. Ihe I rench gave their artillery Austri..-Hung.iry (. tractors an elaborate lest in the IQH man'ing on the ground, can be laid from a reel on an auto at ten miles an hour, or it can be carried on horseback, or a man on foot wearing a reel strapped to his breast can creep right up to the firing line, where he can establish a station sim- pl\' b>' thrusting a steel ground rod into the earth. The commander can maintain commun- ication with each unit of his force at all times, for these lines can be laid as fast as troops can advance against the enemy. However, the modern commander is by no means dependent on the field telegraph or tele- plione to keep in touch with his troops. He now has aeroplane and motorc\cle messengers, besides the signal flag and the heliograph, all which have their place in the equipment of the modern arm)'. Even the homing pigeon, which wa^ used for carr\ing messages in the da\s of the Pharaohs, still has its place in the scheme of military organization, for the wireless telegraph and the motorcycle can no more supplant these time-tried messengers than the aeroplane scout can take the place of cavalry. But e\'en the homing pigeon has been modernized. In no previous war did pigeons have the advantage of military training The famous performance of these winged messengers during the siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian war, when they carried up- ward of forty thousand messages, was the re- sult of an inspiration rather than of forethought. Private citizens who chanced to have pigeons offered them to the Government. Their per- formance was such a splendid success that France has ever since maintained large flocks in charge of the engineer corps. The birds are carefully trained as soon as they are able to fi\' and are then drilled daily for the rest of their useful life. They are taught to fly and to alight on signal. The first thing Bismarck did after the treaty of peace was signed was to establish pigeon lofts in Berlin and elsewhere throughout the Empire. Every other nation in Europe followed his example, and to-day every Government has thousands of pigeons, all ready to carry messages in time of war. At the siege of Port Arthur the Japs made such effective use of improvised hand grenades that the attention of militar>- experts was at- tracted, with the result that this ancient weapon has also been modernized. One t\pe of modern hand grenade, the Aasen, weighs one kilogram, and contains 190 bullets. As these fly in all directions, it can be used only from under cover. Another form of the grenade can be fired from a "howitzer" weighing about twent\-four pounds, which can be carried in a case like a rifle. It throws a murderous missile weighing about two pounds to a distance of three hundred yards. It explodes on contact, scattering 215 bullets over an area of about 100 square \ards. Still another t\pe of this so-called grenade can be flred, with the aid of a stick thrust into a rifle barrel, to a distance of four hundred \'ards. Most deadly of all is the mine "grenade," weighing eight pounds and containing 400 large bullets. This is buried a few inches under- ground. When the enemy is over the mine the touch of an electric button causes it to spring out of the ground until it is checked by a chain at a height of a \ard above the surface, when it explodes, mowing down every man in the vicinitw The mine at sea is not a new de\ ice, but it has been brought into particular prominence b\- the sinking of the first British warship, the cruiser Ampbiou. In the Russian-Japanese war the Japanese used electro-mechanical mines as well as free mines around the harbor of Port Arthur. The Russian flagship, the Petro- piivlofsk, was blown up by the mines set off by electricitw On the other hand the Japanese themselves were literally hoist by their own petard, for they lost two of their largest ship^, the Hatsiime and the Yashima, from the free 102 THE WORLD'S WORK mines that they loosed for the destruction of the Russian battleships. Ever}- decade in the last half century has seen an improvement in the accuracy, range, and power of heavy artillery and the destructive power of the projectiles. The Belgian resistance at Liege has drawn public attention to modern fortresses and their defence. Heavy shells fired from long ranges will penetrate as much as twenty feet of sand, which offers more resistance than other soils. Moreover, a shell which explodes after it has penetrated soil will cause more damage than if it explodes in the air, on account of the confine- ment of the earth it has penetrated. Walls exposed to fire are therefore made of from five to ten feet of concrete, sometimes reinforced with steel. Over these there is a few inches of dirt as a bed for grass, so that the fortification ma\' be concealed. In practicall\' ever\' European countr>' either turrets or iron and steel revolving cupolas containing guns such as those at Liege are in use. The cupolas are a kind of flattened dome, and the turrets are flat topped like those aboard ship. There are " disappearing " cupolas mounting small guns, oscillating cupolas set up on edge and balanced by springs which turn the cupola forward after a shot is fired until the gun is under cover, and others that move on a central pivot. There are large single gun cupolas with very heavy armament and smaller ones of light batteries. There are even portable ones. The value of night attacks, always more or less appreciated by military commanders, was emphasized in the Russian-Japanese War, with the result that troops have been specially drilled in this form of operations, and numerous devices for . off"ense and defense have been invented. One of these is the portable search- light with which all European armies are pro- vided to some extent at least. These consist of a generator driven by a gasolene engine mounted on an automobile. These are especially relied upon for protection in case of attack by a dirigi- ble, and also in attacks on the ground. With- out light, artillery would be of little use in a night attack; but with a searchlight playing upon an assaulting colunm, it can be used with deadlv efl'ect. In the absence of a searchlight a force may be equipped with parachute lights, a sort of grenade weighing fourteen ounces which, with the aid of a firing stick, can be shot from a rifle to a distance of fifty to a hundred \'ards, where it will float in the air and burn brilliantly for a half to three-quarters of a minute. A larger form of parachute light fired from a field gun with a small charge of powder floats in the air, giving a dazzling light for several minutes. A phase of the war of interest to the military expert is the fact that an American invention, the gun silencer, devised bv Hiram Percy Maxim, of Hartford, will be given a thorough trial. Ihere arc Maxim silencers in small numbers in each of the nations now at war. The inventor expects that the military advan- tages of the silencer will be developed, just as Great Britain demonstrated the value of ma- chine guns at the battle of Khartoum. When the inventor's father. Sir Hiram Maxim, first presented his Maxim gun it was considered an extremely clever and interesting novelty, bu! impractical under the conditions of warfare. The old argument against Catling guns was revived against it — that ammunition could not be supplied fast enough. If it taxed the organi- zation to keep the firing line supplied with am- munition when men with repeating rifles were firing twenty shots a minute, what would happen if an attempt were made to supply machine guns firing 650 shots a minute? But when the Eng- lish at the great battle of Khartoum were able to rout an enormous rush of mounted Eg}ptians they decided that the machine gun was a pretty good thing, after all. No world power has been at war with another world power since the Maxim silencer was in- vented, though very elaborate field trials have been conducted. Some of the silencer's ad- vantages are, according to official reports, the muffling of the noise of firing, allowing the voice of the officer to be heard, thus giving better control of firing. The nervous strain and con- sequent fatigue of the soldier due to the distress- ing noise of firing is abolished. Another im- portant aspect is that it not only muffles the noise but at the same time reduces the recoil, so that it becomes a gentle push instead of a sharp blow. The soldier no longer flinches instinctively as he pulls the trigger. This is conducive to better marksmanship, and, by abol- ishing nervous strain, the soldier is less liable to yield to pani'c. The diminution of the noise of the report increases the enemy's difficulty in locating the firing line. The difficulty is stiH further increased by the fact that the flash is absolutely annulled in the dark. All the foregoing facts show what a huge experimertt the present war is. It will settle not only the fate of Europe for many years to come, as all the diplomatists are predicting; it will settle the future of warfare itself. In many respects these new contrivances, like the aeroplane and submarine, introduce elements that really put a premium upon military skill. In others, such as the new bombs and the pro- posed use of gaseous fumes, they simply add to its most brutal horrors. After considering these new engines, the conviction remains that there is only one possible "improvement" in modern accoutrements. The newspapers have recently described the so-called invention of a young Italian by which explosives could be shot off at a distance, something on the wire- less principle. That invention seems clearly to have been a fraud. The idea, however, seems to be about the only thing that could make warfare more horrible than it is. Before this conflict is over, possibly some one may Actually make it work. AUSTRIA'S CIVILIZING MISSION UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE UPON THE INITIATIVE OF THE EMPEROR — AUSTRIA'S RELATIONS TO BOSNIA LIKE THOSE OF THE UNITED STATES TO TEXAS — SERVIA's OPPOSITION TO AUSTRIA'S BENEFICENT WORK BY AN AUSTRIAN DIPLOMAT AT THIS portentous moment in history, when tlie activities of Austria-Mungarv in the Near East ha\e stiddenl\- been made a world- issue b\' the outbreak of the most terrible war in the history of civilization, the aims and methods of the dual monarchy are of paramount significance. Situated upon the outskirts of (Central Europe, in the debatable region between the West and the East, Austria stands in a peculiar sense as the connecting link between civiliza- tion and vanishing barbarism, between to-day and yesterday. The double eagle of Austria is the symbol that connects racial fragments in a civic bond which spells progress and peace. The aims of Austria, whether in the Balkans or further east, are mainly commercial and cul- tural. They are political only in so far as the geographical situation of the dual Empire makes it incumbent upon her statesmen to maintain her territorial integrity and to provide for the normal expansion of her industrial output. The attempt to centralize and Germanize the Austrian Empire as a whole has been twice made — once under the Emperor Joseph II, toward the end of the eighteenth centur\', and again under Erancis Joseph after the suppression of the revolution of 1848. In each case the attempt failed, and it was abandoned as im- practicable by the present Emperor-King. Hungar\- had always retained its old liberties under the hegemony of the Magyars. By the compromise of 1867 the dual form of the mon- archy was defmitcly fixed. So carefully were the rights of the various races in the Empire safeguarded under this readjustment that in Hungary, for instance, the Croatians were recognized as a separate entity, under their own Ban or Governor, their separate diet, and their distinct machinery' of local and provincial administration. In Austria proper the constitution of 1867 created a central parliament in Vienna and icft a large measure of autonomy to the old provinces. One of the most important articles of the constitution guarantees to every nation- ality the free use of its language "in word and writing." B\' this means it made forever im- possible an\- attempt to interfere with the legiti- mate aspirations oi the various races in t'^e Empire. In fact, the entire spirit of the new constitution was to assure to each race the great- est and freest use of its language in its educa- tional system, from the primary school to the university, in the diets, in the provincial legis- latures and in the administration, excluding only the ministries at Vienna, and in the courts with the sole exception of the Supreme Court in the imperial capital. Even to this last reservation in favor of a central authority an exception is made. In Polish litigation the entire process of litigation and judicature, including the highest court, ma\' be carried on in the Polish language. Only in the army common to the Empire is there a common language, and that language is the German. This arrangement is not based upon any propaganda, but is the outcome of the entirely practical consideration that an arm\- made up of so many races as is the Austro- Hungarian would be badly handicapped in the performance of its duties if it did not have a common language of command and communica- tion. The selection of the German language for this purpose was the logical outcome of the German origin of the Empire. The tangible result of this practically unlim- ited freedom of race-development is presented by the present complexion of the Reichstag in Vienna. So long as the franchise was based upon property qualifications the votes of the landed proprietors kept a disunited German majority in the Reichstag, but the granting of universal suffrage upon the personal initia- tive of the Emperor a few \ears ago resulted in the return of a Slavic majority in the imperial legislative chamber — a remarkable result if one is to believe the persistent charges that Austria has sought to destro\- or Germanize the Slavic nationalities within its boundaries. I his presence of a Slavic majorit\' in the chamber has brought about a state of affairs wherein no Austrian administration can neglect the wishes of the Slavic groups without being forced to resort to the short-li\ed and unpopular expedient of imperial decrees. Thanks to its liberal treatment of the claims of contending nationalities, the German element in man\' parts of Austria is alread\- on thetk- fensivc, and the ascendanc\' of the Sla\ (.'IcnuMii is more and more felt in the [)i.)litic-al and inu-i- lectual life of the Empire. The Slav has taken 104 THE WORLD'S WORK the offensive all along the line, and the Germans have lost many important positions in the civil and financial administration and in the courts. Bohemia is the centre of the Slavic movement. In Prague, the capital of Bohemia, the new Czech university is a dangerous rival to the old German universitx', the renowned Carolina, founded in 1348 by the Emperor Charles of Luxemburg. This Czech university has be- come the focus of Slav science, literature, and thought — and, unfortunately, also of pan- Slavic agitation, as hundreds of Servian and Croatian students have flocked to its gates to be imbued with the dreams of the future uni- versal Slavic domination. In the midst of these contending racial forces, the mission of Austria has been, first, to intro- duce among the great Slavic populations within her borders the ideals of German culture and German civilization. Her greatest achieve- ments in this direction have been in Bohemia. It is recognized by the Slavic world universally that the Slavic movement in Prague is the out- come of German culture inculcated by Austria. It is one of the tragic circumstances of history that the German culture imparted to the Czechs is now operating in favor of the pan-Slavic cause, intellectual and political. In the east, the mission of Austria has been suggestively indicated bytheflowof the Danube. Eastward and southward, with the current of the mighty river, have gone Austrian cultural and industrial activities, hand in hand. And one of the earliest stations of the commercial and moral expansion — the stations of Austria's Drang nach Osten — are Bosnia and Herze- govina. The destinies of Bosnia and Herzegovina came under the purview of Austria in 1876-77, when the revolutionary movement in the prov- inces, in conjunction with the Servian war against Turkey, was suppressed with unex- ampled severities by the Ottoman government. At that time the natural refuge for the stricken Christians of Bosnia-Herzegovina was Austria. Two hundred thousand of them were cast upon the resources of the authorities and had to be taken care of. As there was no promise of the immediate amelioration of the stricken prov- inces the question of the day at Vienna became the final solution of the problem of introducing order and personal security in the territory infested by brigands and terrorized by official severities, just across the Turkish border. The relation of Austria to Bosnia and Herze- govina duplicated in a marked degree that of the United Stales and Texas during the 1 exan uprising against Mexico, and the solution of the problem in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as in that of Texas, appeared to be an Austrian occupation. This destiny of the distracted provinces was recognized by the Congress of lUrlin, which adjusted the affairs of south- eastern Europe after the defeat of Turkey by Russia in 1877. The congress, after a thorough balancing of international interests and inter- national jealousies, handed over the two prov- inces to Austria for pacification and administra- tion, and conceded to Austria the right to occupy the Sanjak of Novibazar, the narrow strip of territory which lay between Servia and Mon- tenegro. This occupation was in the nature of a condominium with Turkey. Installed in Bosnia-Herzegovina by the man- date of Europe, Austria entered upon its task of cleaning the Augean stable of Bosnian affairs with an energetic realization of the difficulties of its undertaking. The first obstacle that confronted the newly installed authorities was an uprising of the Begs, or Mohammedan nobility. Aroused by the land-owning Mos- lems, secretly instigated by the Sultan, they undertook to oppose by force of arms the peace- ful entrance of Austria into its new functions. The outcome of the contumacy of the Begs was a six months' war, which ended in the suppres- sion of the Moslem resistance and the restora- tion of internal peace. Next, Austria undertook the task of cleaning out the brigands who in- fested the country and made travel and com- merce practically impossible. Side by side with measures for the pacification of the provinces and the restoration of internal order, the new Austrian administration accom- plished wonders in the construction of a system of roads, the first that Bosnia and Herzegovina had had since the Ottoman conquest. The land question in the newly occupied provinces was extremely delicate. When Aus- tria marched into Bosnia she found there a survival of the feudal ages in the distribution of the land. The entire area of the provinces, with rare exceptions, was owned by the Begs, and the tenants who cultivated them for the scant reward of one-half the produce were in a condition of peonage. Two alternative solu- tions of the question presented themselves. One was the forcible expropriation of the lands of the nobles, and the other was the gradual distribution of the holdings through a period of years. It is one of the foremost grievances of the Servian agitators on the Austrian border provinces that the administration of the dual monarchy did not at once proceed to the seizure of the land and its distribution among the peasantry by arbitrary means, after the method employed by the Servians after the fall of the Ottoman power in Servia. Such, however, was not the Austrian method of dealing with the rights of property, and it had been under- stood by the signatories to the treaty of Berlin that no agrarian revolutionary measures would be undertaken by Austria. Baron Kallay, the first Austrian civil ad- ministrator of Bosnia-Herzegovina, however, adopted the much more equitable and on the whole far more successful plan of encouraging thrift among the peasants, and at the same time enabling them to achieve independence by the gradual acquisition of the lands they cultivated. This conservative reorganization of the agrarian AUSTRIA'S CIVILIZING MISSION 105 system of the count rv wasaccompilished through the aid of the Land Bank of Bosnia, an insti- tution of private finance under the rigid super- vision of the Government. Baron Kallay's project, which produced highly satisfactory results, was carried on by his successors, Burian and Bilinski. The educational problem of the provinces was no less difficult than that presented by the distribution of the land. When Austria entered Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1878, she found no schools there, with the exception of a few mosque classes and madrasahs for the chant- ing of Arabic prayers and verses from Al Koran. Far from attempting to make German the language of the people, or even the language of the more highly educated among them, the Austrian authorities at once undertook the establishment of native schools, in which the instruction should be carried on in Serb or in Croatian, the former written in the Cyrillic or Bulgarian alphabet, and the latter in Latin characters. Not only was no attempt made to introduce German schools, but the Govern- ment declined to permit the expenditure of public money for instruction in any language except the two named idioms of the Slavic language. This liberal polic\- stands out in sharp con- trast to the destructive activities of the Servians in the newly occupied Macedonian lands, where they have closed all the Bulgarian schools amid circumstances of severity, to which some reference is made in the Report of the Carnegie Commission. Certainly there is nothing in the establishment of Serb schools by Austria in Bosnia and Herzegovina to justify the con- tention of the Servians that Austria is seeking to crush out Serb nationality under the rule of the double eagle. Nevertheless, the Servian propaganda in Bosnia and Herzegovina, following closely the Servian propaganda in its first stage in Mace- donia, was conducted along cultural lines, quite regardless of the palpable fact that the people of Servia themselves stood in need of all the cultural efforts of which their Government and their financial resources were capable. This fact is easily demonstrable when it is remem- bered that in 1909 the Slavs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, after thirty \'ears of Austrian administration, stood higher educationally than any of the independent Slavic nations of the Balkan Peninsula. Despite the mani- festl>' hostile purposes of the so-called cultural Servian propaganda in the border provinces, the Austrian authorities took no measures to com- bat it until it had entered the phase of bomb- throwing, in which the Servians had become adepts in the course of their abortive struggle for the conversion of Macedonia to Serbisni. And that final and intolerable phase of the Serb nationalist propaganda was close at hand. Ihe crisis began in 1909, when the Austrian Government declared the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This annexation was based upon three essential considerations, each one of which would have been considered sufficient in itself by any nation. The first of these considerations was the mandate of Europe; the second was the right of conquest, established at the be- ginning of the occupation by the suppression of the armed resistance of the recalcitrant Begs; the third was the expenditure ofabout S250,- 000,000 by the dual monarchy for the construc- tion of railroads and other means of communica- tion, public works of various sorts, and educa- tion and local improvements; and the fourth was the duty of continuing a regime which had brought peace and prosperity to the country itself. All the signatories to the treaty of Berlin readily acquiesced in the accomplished fact as a logical outcome of accomplished events. Servia, however, conceived that it had been robbed by the act of the Austrian Government, and the press of that countrv launched a cam- paign of bitter and indecent vilification of the dual monarchy. The contention of the Serbs that they were entitled to the annexed provinces was based upon two considerations, each easily demonstrable as absurd. The first was that Bosnia and Herzegovina had been a part of the great Servian Empire under Stefan Dushan about five hundred years ago. This argument may best be compared with a Mexican claim to* Texas because that state had formcrl\- been a part of Mexico. And the Servian pretension to Bosnia-Herzegovina is very much weaker than the h\pothetical Mexican claim to pos- session of Texas, because the inclusion of the contested provinces in the gigantic empire of Dushan (The Strangler), which was only one tenth as large as the State of Texas, lasted, as did the empire, only about twent\' }'ears. The second basis of the Servian claim to Bosnia-Herzegovina is the allegation that the provinces are inhabited by people of Serb race, of Servian language and of Serb faith. Not one of these contentions even approaches the facts. Of the less than two millions of people who populate the provinces, onl\' 800,000 at the most are orthodox Serbs. The remainder are Roman C^.atholic Croat ians, whose written language the Orthodox Serb cannot even read unless he has a knowledge of the Latin char- acters, or Mohammedans, who detest the Servians heart il>' and despise them profoundly. The frothing protests which the Servian press continued to make against the act of annexation, it was realized clearls' at Vienna, were instigated partl\' from St. Petersburg, where the statesmen saw, or pretended to see, a fresh sign of Austrian encroachment upon the Southern Slavs, those dear Southern Slav^ whose destinies have been for centuries tht pawns on the chessboard of Russian diplomacy. But the Russian statesmen did not observe, or, observing, did not care to admit, that Austria, while annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina, had definitely abandoned her alleged road to io6 THE WORLD'S WORK Salonika b\ the withdrawal of her troops from the Sanjak of Novibazar, which was the key to the militar}- situation in an\- advance further south and east. A glance at the map will convince even the most hostile critic of Austrian polic\- in the Balkans that the abandonment of Novibazar by Austria is incompatible with anv suspicion of an Austrian design of terri- torial expansion in the direction of Salonika or of Constantinople. Thus events wore on toward the culminating traged\- of Sarajevo. In 191 3 the Serbs had attained a wild dream through the annexation of a large part of Bulgarian Macedonia by the defeat of Bulgaria in the second Balkan War. The Servian campaign in Bosnia-Herzegovina, following out its previous metamorphosis in the Macedonian agitation that preceded the alliance with Bulgaria for the first Balkan War, emerged from the "cultural" stage and entered the bomb-throwing phase. The assassination of the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his con- sort at Sarajevo b\- a young Serb patriot this summer startled the world and aroused Austria to the imperative need of energetic action to put a check upon a political and racial move- ment which had degenerated into a conspiracy to commit murder. The tremendous events which have cast the world in gloom since July 23d are the outcome of Servia's resistance to Austria's demand for a cessation of this orgy of violence. The Servians have opposed Austria's civilizing mission with unpardonable venom, and Austria has not flinched before the task of undertaking to crush that opposition. EUROPE'S FOOD SUPPLY IN WAR TIME England's SUPPLY depends entirely upon her supremacy at sea — Ger- many's LARGE importations OF WHEAT — FRANCE, RUSSIA, AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY ESSENTIALLY SELF-SUPPORTING BY JAMES MIDDLETON READERS of history are fond of de- tecting a resemblance between the present European situation and that which prevailed a century ago. Then the greatest European Pow- ers were united in a struggle against one coun- try — France; now they seem united against another common encm\', Germany. Now, as in 1814, all the forces of Europe are determined to humiliate one overweening personality. In one respect, however, and this is a fundamental one, the situation is entirely different. A hundred \ears ago practically every great Euro- pean power was an economic entity. Each one could have built a Chinese Wall about itself and lived indefinitely. Each one, that is, raised on its own soil enough of the essential foodstuffs to support itself Even England, in the Napoleonic wars, was largely an agricultural communil)'. It raised both cereals and meat in sufficient quantities to stand an indefinite siege. Even as late as the Crimean War, in 1853, England could go cheerfully to war with no fear of national starvation. If, as some one has said, an army travels upon its stomach, the same statement may be made of a nation itself at war. Clearly, any |)fopU- that has its supply of food cut olf woukl immediately have to submit io an\' humilialing Icrms proposed, its position would he that of a huge beleaguered fortress. And there is at least one of the nations engaged in the present struggle, England, that faces this contingencs'; and another, German\', that certainly has rea- sons for apprehension. A remarkable devel- opment of the present international situation is the dependence of one nation upon others for its food supply. There is no country of im- portance that does not import large amounts of food from almost every other. The United States, huge as are its foodstuffs, adds millions of dollars' worth to its supply from other sources. Even China, content, as we have supposed, with its staple rice, purchases immense quantities of American canned goods, especially salmon. Looking over the statistics, one is forced to con- clutle that there is no longer any such thing as a national taste in foods; each nation is rapidly picking up all the good things of another. The extent to which almost the entire world depends upon one or two countries for its coffee and tea — foods which, in the Middle Ages, were prac- tically unknown in Europe — sufficiently il- lustrates the growth of this international taste. In the present conflict, however, these special foods will cut no particular figure; the great staples of life are the important considerations in an international war. In this struggle, wheal, not cotton, nr- six and one half weeks. Eng- land has a larger supply, however, than that stored up in its own larder. There is always an immense amount floating in ships — in thousands of English vessels, crowding the trade routes in all parts of the world. This io8 THE WORLD'S WORK usually amounts to from three to seven weeks' starved into submission in a few weeks. The supply. An interesting fact herein disclosed Ro\-al Commission, which investigated this is that England's lowest stock on hand is subject, came to this conclusion. The enor- reached in August — the very month in which mous navy which England maintains in the she now goes to war. The whole food situation North Sea, therefore, has ample justification, was well summed up in a formal declaration England will probably control the sea in the made to the Roval Commission by the most present conflict; there are other problems, how- influential members of the wheat trade in ever, that she will have to solve. Many ships London: "We, the undersigned, concur in the are drawn from the mercantile marine for the opinion that, if Great Britain should become use of the admiralty; inasmuch as there are involved in a European war, the country must thousands of English ships, however, this be prepared to see bread at practically famine probably will not seriously interfere with trans- prices." portation facilities. Nor does there seem much , _ ^ _ _^ danger that the German and Austrian navies THE UNITED STATES SENDS L TTLE WHEAT TO ■,,'^ . . . r- r i u- • Will prey to any extent upon English shipping. The days of the privateer are over; the steam- From 1870 until 1902, the United States did ship, involving the difficulty of coaling, has the larger part in feeding the British Isles. practically made impossible "this old fashioned We not only had a large surplus of food stuffs, roving of the sea. Nor is Germany likely to but the shortness of the voyage gave us an ad- send any of her rapid cruisers to prey upon vantage over competitors. The enormous English trade; she will weaken her fleet, al- increase in our population forces us now to ready considerably overmatched, by doing so. keep the larger part of our food, especially Neutrals ought not to suffer, especially as the wheat, to feed our own stomachs. Although Declaration of London has settled the fact that we are still the world's largest wheat producer, food, unless intended for military purposes — we send comparatively little of it abroad. Eng- such as the feeding of armies and fortresses — land now draws its supply from Russia, Can- is not contraband. Some English ships un- ada, the Argentine, British India, and Aus- questionably will be captured; but there will be tralia. The figures for 191 1 are as follows: few in comparison with the depredations that seem likelv to be made on German commerce. PRESENT SOURCE OF ENGLAND'S WHEAT SUPPLY Qne Consideration that especially protects R •.• K r A- (Hundredweights) England's food supplv is the fact that it is British India 20,161,518 °, r ^^ ■ .. u ^ r r R„^^:_ ,Q ,r.r^ ,r>r, "ot drawn from any one country, but from five KUSSia 1(5,100,100 , I I • 1 o /^ 1 A Argentine 14,748,600 — the United States, Canada, Argentine, Canada ......... 141373,700 Russia, and British India. It comes over three Australia 13,910,720 great trade routes — the North Atlantic, the United States 12,939,229 South Atlantic, and the Mediterranean. The . . . first has its most important port in New York, England likewise imports two thirds of all its the second in Buenos Ayres, while the third meat. It gets a small supply fresh killed from jeads to Bombay and Australian depots. There Holland and Denmark and a far greater seems no likelihood that Germany can control amount in the shape of live animals from Can- these three transportation routes, or any one ada and the United States. Its frozen car- ^f them. When the Royal Commission made casses come mainly from the Argentine and jts investigation, the Mediterranean route was Australia It usually has about one month's the one that gave the greatest anxiety. The supply of all kinds of meat on hand. ^„/^„/^ cordiaJe was then not a factor in Euro- SEA POWER ENGLAND'S ONE SALVATION P^^^" P?'!f.''-"^'' ^"^ ^']: with France was not an impossibility. I he Republics naval strength The practical question that has agitated in the Mediterranean, in that event, would have England for many >'ears has been: How are endangered such of England's food supply as we to protect our food supply in case of war? came by way of Suez. The present European Some authorities have advocated the building alignment makes this same Mediterranean of huge granaries that would hold a large re- route perhaps better protected than either of serve supply. There are many practical ob- the other two routes, jections to this proposition and it has never i„|- , I , * ' 1 A/l^ r- I- u UNITED STATES AS A FOOD SUPPLY IN WAR enlisted popular approval. Most Englishmen vho have had the courage to face the situation have reached the same conclusion: that there With an English fleet victorious on the sea, is only one way of protecting the food supply therefore, the English food supply seems abund- and that is the navy. Even with England in antly safeguarded. In all probability, if the command of the sea, there would be certain war lasts any time, the United Stales will difficulties in feeding the nation; without this largely increase its exports. Our natural posi- control. most people agree that the game would tion should make us the largest storehouse of W f;iirl\ up. With a hostile nav\- blockading the Englishman's food. The route to the River llie inipdrtaiU p(irls aiul sd shutting out the Plata is 6,500 miles; that to Bombay is 6,250 foodships, England rould undoubtedl)' be miles by the Suez Canal and K),500 by tlie EUROPE'S POOD SUPPLY IN WAR TIME 109 Cape. New Zealand and Australia are 10,000 quent shifting of the population from town to miles away; the distance to American ports, city, the imperial polics' has still promoted agri- however, is only 3,500 miles. Moreover the culture. Agrarianism has long been a politi- ships coming this short distance can carry more cal issue. As part of its monarchical system, than those sailing on the other routes. The the ruling forces have used the powers of govern- longer the voyage," the more coal the ship has ment to sustain the landlord class. The junker to carry, and, proportionately, the smaller is aristocracy has been the mainstay of the its cargo. Inasmuch as England will naturally throne and the prevailing social system. The import from the places whence the food will government has, therefore, protected its inter- come quickest and in the largest amount, it ests by placing high tariff duties upon agri- should naturally draw tirst of all upon the re- cultural and meat products. As far as food !$■ sources of the United States. It will do this concerned the empire has been in about the particularly this year, as our grain crop is un- same position as England before the passage usually large and that of the other agricultural of the corn laws; it does not raise food enough nations unusually small. for its own purposes, and has difficulties in im- When we look to German\', however, the op- porting it. Especial restrictions have been portunities for food importations do not seem so placed upon the importation of meats. As a reassuring. In all probability (jerman ships result, large supplies are grown in the empire will not be able to use the North Sea. With itself. Germany produces almost one third as both the French and.the British fleets in the .Med- many cattle as does the United States — about iterranean, there is apparently no hope of ob- 20,000,000 to our 71,000,000 — and stands laining supplies from that source. It is even second to the United States in the growth of probable that the larger part of the mercantile hogs. In times of peace this protective policy marine which Germany has been building up at has great disadvantages. As one result meat such enormous cost will be swept from the sea. famines have become almost chronic. In re- That scurrying to friendly ports that marked cent years to supply the need, the municipalities the first days of war will probably develop have themselves erected slaughter houses and into little less than a stariipede. Moreover, swineries. The increased cost of living has been while the blockading of the English coast is a an even more acute problem in Germany than difficult problem, owing to its character and here, and has figured largely in politics. All extent, the blockading of the German North popular appeals for the removal of restrictions, Sea sealine presents comparatively few prob- however, have failed. And in times like these Icms to a victorious fleet. Germany will find the policy has certain compensations. For it has some embarrassment also in the fact that she furnished Germany a large supply of meat; in has gone to war with the country that furnishes all likelihood it can worry along for an indefi- the larger part of her additional food. This is nite time without any imports. Russia. She takes from the Czar's empire Their embarrassment will come only from large quantities of wheat, barley, oats, and corn the destruction to crops that is incident to war, every year. In fact she imports foodstuffs and to the removal of large masses of cultivators from about the same countries as England her- to face the cannon. No one can estimate, of self. The following table, showing her impor- course, to what extent these circumstances will tations of wheat, illustrates this point: affect the food situation. The other three great countries, as already GERMANY'S IMPORTATIONS OF WHEAT s^jj _ France, Austria-Hungar)', and Russia — P . (Tons) 1912 2Pg practically self-supporting, so that their Ar"gemine lll'lll provisioning will involve no particular problem. Q^^ada 260 s^o ^ crisis ot the most serious character for the United States ....... 4465 12 German farmer arose in the "four years of Australia '. '. ^22^500 gloom" from 1896 to 1900. The competition of agricultural exporting countries, such as the The Germans, therefore, use the same trade United States, Argentina, and Uruguav caused routes as the English ships. With the English a drop of more than 2=; per cent, in prices, and Irench commanding the sea, however, Mortgages increased, market value of land the (jermans can not draw much wheat from decreased, and in those four years alone the these sources. indebtedness of the farms increased by hundreds Germany's LARGH SUPPLIES OF MEAT of millions of dollars. Irretrievable ruin taced the German agri- I he cuttmg off of these foreign supplies culturists and immediate steps were taken to would not affect Germany to the same extent save the situation. The protectionist policy that a similar scarcity would embarrass England, was made more rigid, railroad rates were In the British Isles such a calamity would mean lowered on behalf of the home producer to starvation; in Germany it would mean a severe enable him to meet foreign competition more scarcity of lood. For Germans- still produces successfulh', government education of ad- the larger part of what it eats. Although in vanced agricultural methods was widelv used, the last lorty years the empire, like England, has and a widespread svstem of credit in the agri- become a great industrial state, with the conse- cultural department was organized. THE RED CROSS OF THE WARRING NATIONS THE EFFICIENT RED CROSS OF RUSSIA — HOW IT WORKS IN FRANCE AND GERMANY BY ARNO DOSCH TilE women of many nations wearing trie Red Cross are following the armies on to the battlefields. The work of the Red Cross is more rapid and efl'ective than ever before. Hospital corps have trailed ammunition wagons and the wounded have often been moved to field hospitals before the first numbness of injury has given way to pain. This is modern warfare, as unbelievably humanitarian as it is barbarous. Every European nation in the war has an efficient Red Cross of its own. in every one the Red Cross has a somewhat different stand- ing. In Russia it stands higher than anywhere else, it is given great freedom and deserves it. At the same time it is more of a state affair than anywhere in Europe. It is supported by special taxes and is given unusual privileges at all times. The nurses of the Red Cross form a sisterhood. They are, in a measure, con- secrated to the cause. The Russians have come to a better understanding of the usefulness of women nurses on the battlefield than have the people of any other nation. At the outbreak of the Spanish War, the Russian Red Cross, which was at the time al- most the only effectively organized Red Cross in the world, offered its services to both the United States and Spain. The United States declined, but Spain accepted. The United States might have done better to accept. Lack of a modern Red Cross was responsible for much suffering and loss of life in Cuba and Porto Rico. Tampa and Chickamauga might have had other stories to tell if the Russian Red Cross had been there to help. Now, of course, such conditions would be impossible. Our own Red Cross has learned how to handle the situation. The Russians divide the field work of the Red Cross into five divisions: Handling supply depots; taking the injured back from the firing line, which means an emergency trans- portation s\'stem; assistance to the regular surgeons; direct relief on the battlefield; and caring for the feeding stations in the rear of the army. In war time the Russian Red Cross does more than the Red Cross of any other nation. Russia began developing the Red Cross in the Crimean War. When the Russian- Japanese War came on, tiic "while trains" given by wealthy nobles were particularly conspicuous. Altogether, the Red Cross took to the front 3,000 carloads of material and food. The nurses were as elllcient at the front as the organization was in forwarding supplies.' At the fall of Port Arthur all stray ends of that ugly business were left to them. The Red Cross really did the evacuating. When Muk- den was evacuated there were many hundreds of wounded whom it was impossible to move. Surgeons and nurses remained behind with them and were given every courtesy by the conquering Japanese. The Japanese themselves developed the Red Cross into the best possible field force in a very short time. Taking advantage of the patriot- ism, the women of all Japan were organized. The nurses and cooks formed one body and went to the front. Another body developed lunch and refreshment rooms, and women everywhere made bandages and helped prepare field outfits. Now the Red Cross operates hospitals throughout Japan, and one out of every forty persons in the empire belongs to the Red Cross organization. In contrast to Russia's attitude is Germany's limitation on all volunteer nursing. It is con- trary to the German character to leave matters of that kind to any chance. It is all worked out methodically by the army medical corps, and the volunteers are held in check. They are used to help expand the regular forces, but they have no such independence of action as they enjoy in Russia. The French Red Cross has more of the liberties of the Russian. It is a question of national temperament. The French in their nursing make up for lack of drill by the en- thusiasm with which they enter into the combat. The volunteer French Red Cross is composed, as in the United States, of the best trained nurses in France. They have no experience in that particular service, but they understand nursing and sanitation. They are organized according to army divisions and do better work perhaps because of their freedom from red tape. »• The Italian Pod Cross is admittedly the best organized for war, and here again its effectiveness is due to the lack of restraint. Ihe Austrian Red Cross has also been giving a THE RED CROSS OF THE WARRING NATIONS III good account of itself for several years. Its organization is much like the Italian. Almost every nation was represented in the Red Ooss in the Balkans, but tlie absence of Red Cross organizations in the Balkan states themselves brought about in the first battles suffering to which only the battlefields of the Middle Ages could offer comparison. Stories that came to the outside world from the few nurses present roused the world and made the later battles less awful. The graphic account of twcnt\-four hours at an operating table in the rear of the Servian arm\', as told by the Countess Maggiolini, did more for humanitar- ianism in the Balkan wars than any other single influence. The Red C^ross will probably be even more conspicuous in this war than in any previous one. Where lines are so tightly drawn and the fighting is frequentl)' in a comparativel\- small area, the crossing of lines and the invasion by hospital corps of hostile territory bring up fine points. It is a question how far the Red Cross may go toward relieving the suffering of the noncombatants without interfering with the brutal purpose of war. There will be charges of violation of the Red Cross, and the extent to which the Red Cross will be permitted to go will depend largel\' upon the humanitari- anism of the individual commanders. Despite its many other activities the Red Cross is always associated with the battlefield. There it has certain coveted rights in the name of humanity, and it never yields any. If any- thing, it is inclined to stretch them. At its conventions war is always foremost, as it has a perennial discussion as to its rights. Part of the purpose of war is to lay waste the invaded country and make its inhabitants suffer want. The Red Cross stands for the alleviation of suffering wherever found. These two cross purposes constantly clash, and the needs of war generally win. 1 he Red Cross can go no further than it is permitted. It can be only so bold before it is interfered with. Besides tr\ing to define and enlarge its rights on the battlefields, the Red Cross conventions bring out new inventions for giving better service. The Dowager Empress of Russia contributed a fund of about $50,000 to stimu- late the inventive ability. The first prize is of 6,000 rubles, about $^,000, the second of 3,000 rubles, and the third i ,000 rubles. These prizes, known as the Marie Feodorovna prizes, have been won for the invention of a consider- able list of handy contrivances — from stretch- ers which can be changed to meet almost any condition, to handy kits for the uses of nurses in war. They ha\'e been awarded for practical things, and the work of the Red Ooss in the present war, as well as the work of the medical corps, will be greatly facilitated by the fact that those prizes were given. When the Geneva Convention was held in 1S64 the world had been sickened with the smell of blood. The horrors of war were upper- most in the minds of people. It was possible to gain a wide appeal for the movement. But it was found (nit before long that work of the Red Cross was not alwa>s to the best interests of a conquering arm\', and this, added to the poor handling of the Red Cross, caused a reaction. In England's various campaigns, particularly in b^gypt, the Red Cross met almost violent opposition from the English army offi- cers. It was not until army officers discoverec in the Spanish War that the Red Cross could be efiectivel)' used for repairing broken men that it began to gain in standing. From the devoted labors of scattered volun- teer nurses, tNpified and ennobled in Clara Barton and Fljrence Niglitingale, the imme diate care of the wounded has become a part of the modern fighting machine. It was found in the last war in the Balkans that it paid as a mere nialtcr of repairing the injured men. Unless a man was mortally wounded or re- quired a capital operation, he was usually back in the ranks fighting in two weeks. The Red Cross had become a repair shop. Efficiency has come in the Red Cross, as a matter of fact, onl\' with the passing of the compassionate women like Clara Barton. She was frequently alone on battlefields in the Civil War where hundreds lay wounded. She was nothing short of the "angel of the battle- field." The same was true of Florence Night- ingale in the Crimea. Those tVv'o women made names for themselves that will outlast war. But the movement languished. The American Association of the Red Cross, of which (2lara Barton was president for twenty-two \ears, consisted chiefly of a dozen women. 1 he American National Red Cross of to-da\', in- corporated in 1905, after Clara Barton's death, has 3,500 trained nurses, all with three \ears' hospital training, ready to mobilize as rapidly as the arm\'. If the United States were to go to war the volunteer organization of the Red Cross would in fact be mobilized with the army. Ihis was made possible b\' an Act of Congress two \ears ago authorizing the spending of the mone\'. Much the same thing happened when the European armies mobilized. Not onl\' the highl\' de\eloped hospital corps were imme- diatelx' behind the artiller\-, but the Red Cross came in behind as medical reserve full\' as well equipped. In most of the armies, in fact, every soldier has had an emergenc\- kit the existence of which was due to the Red Cross movement. The Red Cross has become what it is in this country to-da\' largely on account of the un- necessar\' sickness at Chickamauga during the Spanish War. The modern saiiitation campaign carried on since by army surgeons, for that matter, also had its rise in the Spanish War. 1 he cleaning up of Ha\ana led to the sanitation of the ('anal Zone. The English learned their lesson m South Africa, although the peculiar unheaUlifulmess of much of India had H2 already forced Some measlifes of care. Both the Japanese and Russian armies were followed in the Russian-Japanese War by very good Red Cross corps. They worked together sometimes, in sorting the wounded, and, through the French Red Cross, which was also ver\- active in Manchuria, the names of the dead were listed to be sent back to friends and families. The French Red Cross served as a news agency. It has all been within fifteen years that the Red Cross has come to play the part it now plays in warfare. It was thirty-five years, following the organization of the international Red Cross at Geneva, in 1864, before it became what it was planned to be. This was alm.ost sim- ultaneous with the discovery in poverty of the man who was responsible for it. Jean Henri Dunant, the Swiss author, the founder of the Red Cross, who stirred Europe with the horrors of war and brought about the international convention at Geneva, was found in an old .man's home in Switzerland, in 1897. It was at this time that the Spanish War showed how the development of the Red Cross had been neglected and Dunant began to assume the position in the world he deserved. Four years later, the Nobel Peace prize, given for the first time, went to him and to Frederick Passv'. His share of that was 104,000 francs, about ^20,000, which, with a small pension from the Dowager Empress of Russia, served him until he died in 1910. He, with his horrible description of Solferino, and Florence Nightingale and Clara Barton, with their vivid experiences, launched the international Red Cross with much more to go on than it took advantage of for many years. Clara Barton even foreshadowed the industrial activities of the American Red Cross by help- ing organize workshops in Paris and Strassburg to save the women left destitute by the Franco- Prussian War. The report of the Sanitary Commission of the (j'vil War, which raised by voluntary sub- scription $500,000, was also largely responsible for the shaping of the original Red Cross. The Sanitary Commission used a [Greek cross sur- rounded by an oval band. But the red cross has long ago become standard throughout the world except where the red crescent is used. Attempts have been made to protect the insignia from indiscriminate use. It is fre- quently abused in war for scouting purposes and noncombatants adopt it as a shield. There is nothing to prevent it. Even at catastrophes where the red cross serves merely as a con- venience in facilitating progress it is usually abused. At the San Francisco fire after three days every automobile displayed the red cross and it came to mean nothing at ;ill. As a result, those who were entitled to use the red c'oss changed suddenly to the use of a piece of red flannel, and the red cross insignia u;is not honf)red. The sluwness of ''te Red Crcjss mo\ement to TKE WORLD'S WORK get under way, in fact, was due to the fflisiise of it. In the Franco-Prussian war it fell into disrepute. Ignorance of the rules laid down b\' the Geneva Convention was largely respon- sible. Though it had been carefully laid out just how far the Red Cross could go without being looked upon as succoring the enemy, the volunteer field workers paid no attention. There were also jealousies between the various Red Cross organizations. The Red Cross got such a bad name among military men in that one war that volunteer nursing was discouraged up to the time of the Spanish War. There is hardly any chance that there will be any accidental complications of this kind in the present war. The Red Cross may be deliber- ately used to get information or to advance supplies, but the volunteer organizations are so completely tn hand now that they act under the orders of the military surgeons. The Red Cross is to the armies of the world now what the volunteers are to the regular army. It is officered by army surgeons and becomes a part of the army sanitary body. A dispatch dated Washington, August 6th, said: "Committees of the American National Red Cross to-day were at worw on plans to rush aid to the sick and wounded in the Euro- pean war. Surgeon-General William C. Brai- sted and a party went in search of a ship to carry doctors, nurses and hospital supplies across the Atlantic, and others were receiving and disbursing funds for supplies. "The ship will be painted white with a red cross on the funnels, and will sail under the Red Cross flag. She will also be under the treaties of Geneva and The Hague, and will be able to enter any harbor." The American Red Cross has played a leading part in alleviating the suffering caused by every kind of catastrophe, except war, during the last ten years. Even in war it has done its part, especially in Turkey, feeding and clothing the noncombatants when the Bulgarians made their spectacular dash at Constantinople. From the plague in Manchuria to the Triangle Building fire in New York, the American Red Cross met the emergency. But when it came to general European warfare, every army had worked out a complete Red Cross system. The American Red Cross did not jump directly into the field in Europe because there was no place for it. It would not fit in. It could be useful only as an organization handling and forwarding supplies. Ikit once the armies are disorganized or the initial organization is broken up by defeat, the American Red Cross, or any body of foreign nurses, could do as good work as the nurses of the country. At present, however, the Red Cross societies of the warring nations, with the same sympathy ;ind heroism that prompted Florence Nightin- gale and Clara Barton, and with modern organization and cITecliveness, are caring for the sick and wounded on the stricken fields of Europe. THE EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE UNITED STATES AN ERA OF HIGH PRICHS — A RISING COST OF LI VING — INTHRRU PTHI) IRADL AND IMMIGRATION — BUT ALSO AN OPPORTUNITY TO TAKE THE COM- MERCIAL AND FINANCIAL LEADERSHIP OF THE WORLD BY CHARLES FREDERICK CARTER LI KE the rain, the penalties of a great war fall alike on the just and on the unjust. Al- though the United States is innocent of ^ blame /or the present conflict (with all the parties to which we were, and still con- tinue to be, on terms of impartial friendship) the Nation has already paid a heavy toll because of the war, and it will be obliged to pay an increas- ingly heavy one as time goes on. First came the great demand for gold for export and an endeavor by European investors to realize on American securities at any price, that compelled the shutting down of the stock exchanges. Financial and commercial opera- tions on a large scale were reduced to the lowest limits pending the taking of necessary precau- tions against total demoralization. Business everywhere felt the shock keenly. Foreign trade was practically brought to a standstill. The sea-borne traffic of the world is carried in a fleet of approximately 31,000 vessels having an aggregate capacity of 47,000,000 gross tons, in round numbers, of which Great Britain owns 40 per cent., Germany 11 percent., France 5 per cent., and the rest of the nations at war enough to bring the aggregate to nearly two-thirds of the grand total. Barely 10 per cent, of our foreign commerce is carried in American ships, and on the north Atlantic we have but a single line of four venerable vessels. With hostile warships scouring the seas, the owners of commercial craft naturally prefer to keep their ships in some safe port. This ap- plies not merely to the north Atlantic trade, but to the traflk with the West Indies, South America, Africa, the Far East, and Australasia. Until one side or the other gains the mastery of the sea, or until we can provide ourselves, by purchase, with a merchant marine, under the new law, the embargo on commerce must continue. Some of the finest vessels in the trans-Atlantic trade were built with the aid of governmental subsidies on condition that they should be con\erted to military use in case of war. These will not be available for commerce in any case until the war is ended. The situa- tion may at any time be further complicated b>' blockades, so that the acquisition of vessels of our own would not help us out altogether. The embargo on shipping and the dislocation of the exchange market caused congestion of wheat at the ports, which reacted upon the railroads and thence to the farmers in the West. The stevedores and kjngshoremen were the first Americans to suffer from the consequences of the war, but in a very few da\s the effects had spread over all the country. A still more serious aspect of the situation is that the nations at war are our best customers. Of our total exports, amounting in 191 3 to $2,465,884,149, these warring nations took $1,190,463,425, sending us in return goods valued at $709,498,119. In other words, 44 per cent, of all our foreign trade is with those nations which are now at war. Practically the entire able-bodied male population in all these countries has been withdrawn from industrial pursuits, leaving only women, children, and old men to do whatever useful work is done. The women of Europe are accustomed to doing much of the drudgery, because even in time of peace all able-bodied young men are compelled to give at least three of the best years of their life to the arm\-; but there is a limit to what the women can do. The purchasing power of these nations has already been reduced to the lowest possible figure, and it will continue at the minimum for a long period afler peace has been declared. Our trade must decline because there will be fewer p'ople with whom to trade. Some industries will doubtless be seriously affected, others to a lesser decree, but thousands will be thrown out of work, while the cost of lixing increases, and the Government, deprived of customs duties, may be obliged to levy a war tax, which will make things still more uncom- fortable for the .American citizen who has no part in the quarrel. Whatever the seventeen million men \yho are tr\ing to kill each other, and their families ma\' do without, at least the\' must have food. It happens that although the wheat crop of the rest of the world is short about 438,000,000 bushels, or 14 per cent., that of the United States shows an increase of I48,ooo,(M)o bushels. The corn crop is 187,000,000 bushels larger than a \'ear ago, and the oat crop is 31,000,000 bushels larger. The total increase in the three 114 THE WORLD'S WORK great cereals over last year is 366,000,000 bushels. This surplus we shall be able to dis- pose of at prices that have already advanced materially and that are pretty certain to go still higher. This is all very well for those who have grain to sell; but, unfortunately, we cannot have one price for foreign customers and another for the home market. There are more consumers than producers of cereals, so the great majority will find nothing agreeable in the increased cost of grain and flour. There is another consideration. Though our exports of foodstuffs for the year ending June 30, 1914, totalled $430,296,666, we im- ported $475,070,689 worth. In other words, we are unable to feed ourselves, but must go out into the world's markets and make up the shortage in provisions at the same increased prices that others pay. The tariff was taken off sugar for the benefit of the consumer. But an important part of the world's supply of sugar comes from beets grown in the countries now at war. It is uncertain whether the present crop can be harvested or not. On the prospect of a shortage sugar ad- vanced a cent a pound to the consumer before the war was a week old. Meat, butter, eggs, cheese, and other articles of food also promptly started to climb. Steel advanced a dollar a ton. Many chemicals, drugs, and innumerable other manufactured articles come almost wholly from the war zone. The opening of hostilities promptly cut off the supply. As it is extremely uncertain when this source of supply will again be avail- able, or when, or to what extent, American manufacturers will be in a position to supply the demand, the consumer may confidently count on paying fancy prices for all these articles or going without them. Germany supplied an important part of the fertilizers used on American farms. If this supply, now entirely cut off, is not forthcoming when needed, the result may be a decreased production next year which will offset any benefit the farmers affected may gain through increased prices for their crops. In short, there is no lack of ways in which to collect from America the penalty for Europe's crime. The penalty has cen passed along to the average man everywhere in the form of a prompt increase in the cost of living, with the comforting assurance that the increase is likely to go on indefinitely. In all probability there will be a temporary slowing up in all lines, which will make dollars scarcer for the average man at the same time that the purchasing power of the dollar is shrinking. Another very serious result of iht- war will be to shut off the supply of foreign capital. Amer- ica has always been a heavy borrower, and could continue to borrow with profit to herself. The railroads alone need billions in the next few years if they are to be developed on a scale that will allow the country to grow. But after such a titanic struggle as is now going on I" iiropc will be hopelessly bankrupt. No mailLf who wins the nominal victory all the nations involved will be the real losers, and their neighbors will suffer to a lesser degree. Countless billions in capital and property will be destroyed utterly, and the best lives of the countries will be wiped out by scores of thousands. It is, obviously, impossible to make any sort of guess at the number of lives to be lost, but perhaps past experience may serve as a guide in appreciating the awful cost in blood. The Japanese death rate in the Russian-Japanese war on the battle- field, from wounds and from disease, was 79 per thousand per >ear. Assuming that the nominal strength of all the nations, amounting to 17,000,000 men, is actually called out, and that the war lasts one year, the death roll would total, at the Japanese rate, 1,343,000. What- ever the number of lives cut off before their time may be, the productive power and pur- chasing capacity of the nations will be reduced b}' just that much. To this must be added the productive capacity of other scores of thousands doomed to drag out the rest of their lives as hopeless cripples or invalids, unable to take care of themselves, to say nothing of caring for others. Finally, the birth rate will be reduced by all these horrors, so that altogether the warring nations will be set back many years in the march of progress. Taking all these things into consideration, it must be conceded that our trade with Europe is not likely to be what it has been for some time to come. All this is but the climax to a ruinous drain that had continued until the world was suffering from a famine of capital. The belligerents had been spending upward of a billion dollars a year in preparation for war, which was the best possible way to make war inevitable. This vast expenditure served no useful purpose, but, together with the earning capacity of four mil- lion men withdrawn from useful labor to serve in the armies, was as utterly lost as if it had been sunk in the depths of the ocean. Besides this, financiers had just completed the task of raising considerably more than a billion dollars to foot the bill for the wars in the Balkans, added to which England was still paying interest on a debt of more than a billion dollars incurred in the Boer War. The economic convalescence of the nations must be slow, because they were financially anemic before the war began. Still there is a streak of silver, even in this sombre cloud. The warring millions will have to be fed and clothed somehow. At whatever sacrifice, they will have to raise money with which to buy the necessaries of life, and to a 'arge extent they will have to buy from us. They must find some means of getting provisions across the sea. if they ha\e to send a whole lleet of battleships to con\o\- each freighter. Also, the rest of the world must turn to us now for the manufactured goods formcrl) purchased from the warring nations. A little more than half our foreign trade last >car was with nations not direcll)' coiKernt'ii in tlu' war. There is now a chance for us to obtain the Inilk of the CARING FOR THE SOLDIER'S HEALTH "5 trade Europe formerly enjoyed with these na- .ions. The prompt action of New York bankers in establishing a sort of international clearing house to offset the collapse of all ordinary foreign exchange indicates a disposition to take advan- tage of the opportunity. Indeed, some of the ablest financiers now assert that the present situation is this Nation's great opportunity if we but have the wisdom to grasp it. We can become the leader of the world in industry, commerce, and finance if wejwill, so these far-seeing men aver. In order to do this wo must economize. The rich have been economizing in recent jears, but the farmer and the workingman have been growing ever more profligate. As the second step toward world leadership they say we must enact the trust bills over which Congress has been deliberating all summer. Everybody knows there are underlying evils that need to be cured, and which these bills are intended to cure. They may not be perfect measures, but at least they make a beginning and they can be improved later as experience may suggest. One eflect of the present situation will be to compel us to linance our own ventures, since we can get no capital from Europe. The bankers say we can do it. Another effect of the war will be to cut off immigration. Naturally, no man capable of bearing arms will be allowed to leave any of the nations involved while hostilities last. After- ward they will be even more urgentl)' needed than they are now. This will not be a serious drawback, because there is labor enough here now to meet the demand, though the restriction of cheap labor will check the wasteful develop- ment of natural rescjurces and compel the con- servation of which so much has been said, but toward which so little has been done. Another effect will be to compel the United States to provide its own merchant marine so that we may no longer be dependent on foreign ship owners to get our prf)ducts to market. The Administration has already perceived this, and has begun the task of modernizing our archaic shipping laws. Another effect which will inure to our benefit is that we will be compelled to man- ufacture our own cotton instead of sending so large a portion of it abroad to be man- ufactured. CARING FOR THE SOLDIER'S HEALTH REDUCING THE LOSS FROM SICKNESS AND WOUNDS — BUSINESSLIKE HUMANITY — BURYING 140 MEN AN HOUR SOLDIERS who escape death on the battlefield in the great conflict now going on will have a far better chance of returning home alive than any soldiers ever had before. It must be remembered that in all previous wars the real enemy was not the one with gun in hand under the opposing flag, but disease, which mowed down troops on both sides impartially. It has taken the world a long time to grasp so obvious a fact, but the lesson has been thoroughly learned at last, and it has been ap- plied in all civilized armies. Sick soldiers of an earlier day received no at- tention whatever. If the wounded received any care it was from a comrade or from the women who followed in the wake of the army. Then the barber became the army surgeon, when there was an\', to give way later to monks. Napoleon paid little or no attention to sick and wounded. In the Peninsular campaign about do, 000 French soldiers were killed in battle in Spain, and about 400,000 died of disease. In the Russian campaign of 1812, of 500,000 who crossed the Dneiper in June scarcels' 20,000 returned in December. Bullets killed some, to be sure; the deadl\' cold claimed others; but the great majority perished of disease. The 1813 campaign after Leipzig was no less dis- astrous. Of an army of 100,000 that left Leipzig in October only a few fragmentarx' battalions followed the eagles across the Rhine in November. The total ruin of this armv was due to sanitary neglect. Soldiers died of disease by thousands, scattered among the villages along the route from Germany, leaving pestilence in their wake. In the Crimean campaign 230 out of each 1,000 British soldiers died annuall\- of txphoid fever, dysenterx', and other infectious diseases. In the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71, the annual death rate from disease among French troops was 140.8 per thousand; among the Ger- mans, 24.5. In the Boer War, lasting two \ears and eight months, 5,774 British soldiers, in a force having an average strength of 208,326, were killed in battle, and 2,108 died of wounds, a total of 7,882, or about 14 per thousand a \ear. Disease claimed 14,210, or 25.!;8 per thousand a \ear, which was almost double the number slain b\' Boer bullets. The total death rate was 39 per thousand a year, and the total wastage, in- cluding invalided, missing, and prisoners, amounted to 40 per cent, of the total strength of the arm\' annuall\'. Nearly 3 per cent, of the total strength was constantly sick. In the Russian-Japanese Wan which lasted « 9 ii6 IHK WURLU'S WORK twenty months, the number of Japanese alone, in killed and death from wounds, averaged 54 per thousand a >ear. Disease claimed 27,142, or 25 per thousand a \ear, a showing no better than that made by the Germans in the Franco- Prussian war. The foregoing figures serve to give an idea of the magnitude, as well as of the character, of the task confronting the medical staff of the modern army. All the world seems to have realized after the Russian-Japanese War the ab- solute necessitx' of caring for the health of troops in the field. Soldiers are no longer re- garded merely as "food for cannon," but as valuable property belonging to the State, which it is good business polic\" to care for with at least as much pains as are bestowed on other war material. In the last ten \ears the medical staff of every army has been completely reorganized and brought up to date. In every language elaborate treatises have been written on the proper methods for preserving the health of troops and for taking care of the wounded with a view to returning them to the ranks as soon as possible. Text books containing "problems" are prepared for the \'oung military surgeon who aspires to promotion, so that he may become skilled in the art of providing for large numbers of wounded under various difficult conditions, on paper at least. The most minute studies have been made of every detail in the daily life of the soldier in barracks, on the march, in battle, and after he has been wounded. The first department of the army with which the prospective soldier comes in contact is the medical staff, which examines all applicants for enlistment and decides whether they shall be accepted or rejected. In England, the onl\' country now at war in which military service is voluntary, the physical examination is rigid and the percentage of rejections is high. Even in those countries in which military service is compulsory and universal the unfit are excluded from the ranks. The volunteer, or the unwill- ing \'outh who reports for his compulsory tour of military duty, who is accepted as a recruit is never thereafter free from the watchful care of the medical department until he is discharged or dies and is buried under the direction of that department. The medical stafT prescribes, or at least modi- fies, the exercises and setting-up drill for the raw recruit to make sure that he is not over- worked; for in Europe the \oung recruit is likely to have been underfed. The medical depart- ment makes a point of feeding up these weak- lings while it begins their physical educatit)n. Hygiene is now all-important in the militar\' world, for the fact is recognized that it is much cheaper to keep the soldier well than to cure him after he becomes ill. Besides, the com- mander wants a fighting force, not a hospital population. Thanks to vaccination, t\phoid fever is be- coming a negligible clement in the military or- ganization. The United States army leads the world in the extent to which this preventive is used, and France is foremost in this regard among European nations. Owing to the great numbers in continental armies, t\'phoid vacci- nation is proportionately less used than in this countr}'; but American military surgeons pre- dict that if the war is prolonged all the troops will be inoculated against their deadliest foe. Vaccination against smallpox is practically universal. Besides these there are numerous infectious diseases for which vaccine therapy has, as >'et, pro\ided no remedy; and these cause the army medical officer no end of trouble. Soldiers seem prone to mumps, measles, and kindred ailments, which run through a camp or a garrison as through a boarding school. The medical staff is consulted about the soldier's clothing, and especially about his shoes; for if these are not properly made he be- comes footsore on the march. England, like the United States, provides socks for her soldiers; but troops on the Continent, if they want such luxuries, must buy them themselves. Ger- many, by unanimous consent, is conceded to provide worse boots for her troops than any other nation, though improved footwear has recentl)^ been adopted. Extraordinary care has been bestowed upon the soldier's ration. Since the work men and steam engines can do depends upon the amount and quality of fuel fed to them, the continental soldier is nourished as carefully as a locomotive is stoked by an expert fireman. The army medi- cal staff of each nation has made exhaustive experimental studies in order to arrive at the proper quantity of food required by the average individual to do the average day's work for a soldier. This amount is measured in calories, which is the standard heat unit used by phy- sicists, a calorie being the amount of heat re- quired to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water from zero to one degree Centigrade. The Russian soldier either requires more food than other men, or else he is blessed with a more liberal government, for his daily field ration amounts to 4,929 calories. The French soldier is the next best fed, his daily field service ration providing him 3,340 calories. England ranks third with a field ration of 3,292 calories, and the Dual Alliance is at the bottom of the list, the German ration being 3.147 calories, and the Austrian only 2,620 calories, or but little more than half the Russian ration. From the military surgeon's point of view this inferiority in rations bodes no good to the Dual Alliance. The British ration is not much different from that of the American soldier, consisting of a pound of bread and three quarters of a pound of fresh meat with bone, or seventeen ounces of preserved meat when in camp or abroad. In addition to these staples, he is allowed a mess-' ing allowance of twelve cents a day with which If) i^urchase vegetables and the like. For service in the fickl, the 1 lench and (jermans use to CARING FOR THE SOLDIER'S HEALTH 117 some extent tinned meats put up with vegetables and consomme. In some of their African cam- paigns the Germans found that contractors, with a view to economy, had filled the tins chiedy with water; so now the Government puts up its own tinned meats for army use. Food may contain proteins and carbo- hydrates in the proper proportions and be in good condition, yet so unappetizing as to cause aversion, or even loathing; so the army medical officer must see that the troops have the proper condiments to season their food and that it is well cooked. For this purpose they visit the men at meal time. Only last year the sanitary chief of the French Army reported that the food of the soldier had been most carefully considered and regulated with proper regard to obtaining the highest cfliciency from the individual fed on a scientific diet. Since 1905, when the doc- tors recommended a better cooked and more varied diet, a system of instruction in cookery had been introduced in the army with gratifying results. One of the results is a death rate in time of peace of onI>' 3.75 per thousand as com- pared with a fraction more than 20 for the nation, and 8 per thousand for the civilian popu- lation between the ages of 20 and 22. The motor omnibuses, familiar to visitors to Paris, are now being used, with wire screens re- placing the windows, to convey fresh meat to the French troops in the field. One of these vehicles can haul a load of two and a half tons of frozen beef imported from Argentina, or fresh killed beef from the herd, about forty miles back from the front. To wash down his carefully measured dose of proteins and carbo-hydrates the English soldier is allowed twenty-two hundredths of an ounce of tea daily. On the Continent the average soldier prefers coffee. The French soldier is pro\ided with a coffee mill; but the Germans, at least in some of their African campaigns, had to use the butts of their rifles, which proved to be a very poor substitute for a cofTee mill. From the military surgeon's point of view, water is e\en more important to the soldier than food. The classic example illustrating the con- sequences of a hard march without water is Napier's description of the march after Sauro- ren, when "many fell and died con\'ulsed and frothing at the mouth, while others whose spirit and strength had never before been quelled leant on their muskets and muttered in sullen tones that they ) ielded for the first time." It is an axiom aniong mountain climbers that "the more \ou orink the farther \ou go." The soldier is not allowed to drink whenexer he pleases. On the contrary the medical staff in- sists that water discipline is as essential as firing discipline. They say a man is not allowed to expend a single round of ammunition without authorit\-, and that he should not be allowed a -Irop of water without specific permission while nn the march. Indeed, in some native regiments in India, the water bottle is carried so its owner cannot reach it while marching. He can get a drink only when halted for that purpose. The time for drinking and the quantity to be allowed have been carefully calculated on a scientific basis. It has been found that the evaporation of two grams of water abstracts one calorie from the body and that the average expenditure of energy per man in marching is 90 calories per mile, which is equivalent to the evaporation of 180 grams of water. In six miles the evaporation amounts to one litre, or ij pints, or, say, one-fortieth of the water in the body, which is about as much as should be lost without replacing, if full vigor is to be main- tained. But as it takes a march of about three fourths of a mile to raise the temperature to the evaporating point, the military surgeon cal- culates that the men should be halted after marching the first seven miles, when they should be allowed the contents of their water bottles, which hold one litre. After that they should be allowed one litre every six miles. In the Ger- man Army during manoeuvres mounted officers, or orderlies on bicycles, are sent ahead of a marching column to warn the inhabitants of villages to turn out and have water ready. on both sides of the road for the troops. If pos- sible a short halt is made while the men refresh themselves; if time presses they must snatch a drink as the\' pass and if they can manage it, they also fill their water bottles. The medical staff" is keenly interested in the equipment the soldier carries and the manner of its adjustment; for every pound added to his load means the expenditure of energy at the rate of 4.5 small calories a minute, and an awk- wardly placed load ma\' interfere with his breathing, ur do some other mischief. Foreign v/riters pay the American army the compliment of sa\ing that it has the best se- lected and best managed equipment in the world. Something appears to be wrong with all other equipment and the way it is carried, according to medical writers on the subject. Here is what every soldier must carry about with him all the time while in the field: a rifle, weighing about 9 pounds, with ba\onet, cleaning materials for keeping his gun in order, ammuni- tion, and an entrenching tool; his clothing, in- cluding coat, trousers, puttees, boots, neckcloth, handkerchief, a change of underwear, identi- fication disk, and first-aid dressing; food, in- cluding one reserve or emergency ration, or, in the case of the Germans and Austrians, two re- serve rations, and in the case of the Russians two and a half; water bottle, mess tin, knife, fork and spoon, though the Russians carry merel\' a wooden spoon stuck in the boot in lieu of these refinements; accoutrements, including knapsack, belt, and braces; a great coat, and half a shelter tent, 4x6 feet which, upon being buttoned or hooked to another half carried by another man, forms a shelter for the two; per- sonal necessaries, including toilet articles and spare linen. In the case of the British soldier tliis totals 47 pounds; in the case of '.he Ger- ii8 IHH WORLD'S WORK mans, 38 pounds, and the PVench, 44 pounds. These lighter weights are due to the fact that the P'rench and Germans carry fewer rounds of ammunition than the British soldier, who never has less than 150 rounds. The Russian soldier has the heaviest load of all to carry, 61 pounds; or, when he sets out with four da\s' rations and extra ammunition, 72 pounds. The medical department also prescribes rules for the sanitation of the camp, disposal of waste material, and sees that public as well as personal cleanliness is enforced. Though it finds its sphere of greatest useful- ness in maintaining the troops at the maximum of physical efficiency, thereby contributing directly to their fighting eftectiveness, the medical department has a second important function, and that is to relieve the field force of the incumbrance of sick and wounded. In this work the authority of the medical director, or chief surgeon, is supreme. In time of peace the medical department has constantly under its care from 3 to 4 per cent, of the entire force; in war, more than twice this proportion. The de- partment must provide ever\thing required for the well-being of the men, their medical and sur- gical treatment, food, clothing, and transporta- tion, from the time they fall out of the ranks till they return. Every soldier carries, in a sealed tin box, a first-aid packet, consisting of a bandage, gauze, and adhesive plaster. If the wound is but slight and in an accessible place the soldier may apply the dressing himself; if more severe, a comrade ma>' appl\' it for him. The importance of this first-aid may be better understood when it is said that infection is the most frequent cause of death from wounds not immediately fatal. This first-aid serves the double purpose of preventing infection to a large extent and of checking hemorrhage, which ranks third in causes of death from wounds, shock being second. Mili- tary surgeons say that the great majority would recover from gun shot wounds if infection could be prevented. The fate of the wounded is in the hands of the man who applies first aid. The wounded soldier, with or without first- aid dressing, passes back to the rear by way of dressing stations beside an ambulance in a spot that is more or less sheltered from hostile fire to the field hospital. As soon as he can stand transportation, he is passed on to the general hospital, and thence in due time to the convales- cent camp to recuperate. A large proportion of the wounded require transportation by litter and ambulance to the field hospital, which is located as near the firing line as prudence will permit. Though the medical staff of no two nations is identical, it may he said, in a general way, that equipment is provided on the theory that 10 per cent, of a division will be killed or wounded in a single battle. If the number engaged is l8,cxx), 20 per cent., or 3,600 will be dead on the field; 8 per cent., or 1,440, will be so Severely wounded that it will be inadvisable to mo\e them; 40 per cent., or 7,200, will be able to walk, one half of them to the station for the slightl\- wounded at the rear, the rest to the dressing station, and 32 per cent, will require transportation. In recent wars the mortality among the wounded collected and transported to the rear has averaged from 3 to 6 per cent. In the Manchurian campaign, one third of the wounded Japanese returned to the ranks within a month. In deciding on his arrangements for a battle, the chief surgeon bears in mind that the wounded will be distributed in "zones of losses." The usual proportion of wounded is 20 per cent, up to 1,000 yards range; from 1,000 to 400 yards range, 60 per cent.; in the final rush 10 per cent ; in pursuit, 10 per cent. The field hospital is not pitched till the tactical situation develops and the point where the main attack is to be made is known. Then a site is chosen bc\ond range of the enemy's fire, accessible to front and rear by road, \'et off the route of march of ad- vancing troops, convenient to wood and water and, if possible, near buildings which may be used for the overflow of wounded, for, of course, casualties in battle are not limited by rule, and the facilities provided may be overwhelmed. Conditions on the battlefield are all unfavorable for clean surgical work, and it is often impos- sible to reach many of the wounded for hours. The results achieved by modern military sur- geons under the difficulties inherent in their work seem little less than miraculous. A pleasant fiction widely credited is that men have been studying for years to make war more humane — ^ as if war could be humane! For example, one of these "humane" devices is the small bullet at high velocity. Stories are told of men who, after being shot through the chest or head with a modern bullet, about the dia- meter of an ordinary lead pencil, have walked long distances to the dressing station and have then recovered in a miraculously short time. Military surgeons who have seen actual ser- vice tell a different tale. It is true that really slight wounds made by modern bullets heal more quickl\' and thoroughl\' than in former days. But severe wounds are no less severe and much more frequent. The Germans use a steel-jacketed bullet with a core of lead hardened with antimony. The steel jacket frequently comes olT in jagged frag- ments which horribly lacerate the llesh. The French bullet, a mixture of copper and zinc, is not jacketed, but is longer and sharper than the German bullet. Bent by ricochelting, it often enters the body as a hook; sometimes it "tumbles" and enters broadside on, making a long, gaping wound. Up to a range of about eight hundred yards one horror is as bad as the other. These "humane" bullets have three general cftects: up to a range of 500 yards they have an explosive eff'ect, splintering the bone so thoroughly as to explain the frequent accusa- tion that explosive bullets have been used; at ranges of 500 to 1,500 yards the ell'ect is cum- A CHANCE FOR AMERICAN SHIPPING 119 minutivc, grinding the bone to powder, and not infrequcntl>' earning with it into the wound fragments of soiled clothing, thus causing gan- grene. The third effect is contusive. A bullet fired into an empty metal vessel enters and leaves by a small hole. Fill the vessel with water, and the bullet will still enter by a small hole, but will make a large, jagged wound in leaving. The bullet has exactly the same effect on the body or the head. In any case the bullet st.ikes a heavy blow as with a club. Modern bullets are "humane" only when compared with the effects of shells, and it must be remembered that a far greater proportion of casualties are due to shells than ever before. In the Franco-Prussian War, shell wounds were 91 per thousand; in the Manchurian campaign the ratio had increased to 176 per thousand, and in the Balkan War of 1912 the proportion was ^64 per thousand. The Russians in Man- churia called shrapnel "the devil's watering- pots." When they burst they scatter hundreds of round bullets as well as fragments of the shell itself. They are most deadlv within a radius of ten to thirty yards, but even at a hundred yards the "dewdrops" are lively enough to penetrate six inches of pine. The common shell is still more terrible. 1 he fragments, heated to a very high temperature by the explosion, burn the flesh so as to compel cries of agony that only morphine can quiet. The large shells of the navy not only cut like razors, but asphyxiate, amputate portions of the body, and crush. Altogether, the experienced military surgeon is not unduly im- pressed with the "humane" aspects of war. The last service rendered to the soldier by the medical department is to see that he is promptly buried after the battle; for as, he has now become rubbish, or waste matter, his disposal is properly a part of the sanitar\- work of the medical staff. The widow and orphans, waiting at home until anxiety deepens into dread, and dread into despair, may be able to form some estimate of the rexerent care with which this last rite is performed for their loved one, "humanely" killed by modern methods, when they know that the chief surgeon, according to the standard authors, counts on a burial squad of five hundred men disposing of 140 bodies an hour, after the bodies have been collected. A CHANCE FOR AMERICAN SHIPPING POSSIBILITY THAT THE UNITED STATES MAY CAPTURE SOME OF THE GERMAN CARRYING TRADE — ENGLAND LIKELY TO HOLD HER OWN — CONTROL OF THE SEA THE DETERMINING FACTOR BY SYLVESTER THOMPSON M ANY .Americans have found one pious hope in the present European struggle: that it might stimulate the long deferred building of an American merchant marine. Ap- parently American enterprise has here a fairer opportunity than millions spent in subsidies could provide. The great carrying nations no longer sweep the seas. There are just about as many cargoes, however, to be carried; why should we not carry them? — carry them not only for the few months the war will probably last, but for all time? The United States apparently occupies the position of a com- mercial house whose chief rivals have suffered re\erses that amount to a practical suspension; ordinary business sense would spur us to take over their business. Not only our business enterprise, but our position as a shipping coun- try, should lead us to do this. The American who first glances at the figures of the world's shipping has something of a shocked surprise. He has heard so much about America's decline on the sea — about the possibility of sailing around the world and never seeing the American flag at a masthead — that he naturall\' regards himself as belonging to a nation of landlubbers. In fact we are the second largest shipping nation in the world: England ranks first, and Germany makes not a particularl)' respectable third. 'Fhe actual figures are 16,541,000 tons for England, 7,886,000 for the United States and 4,593,000 for Germany. But the disturb- ing fact about our large shipping industrx' is that it limits practicall)' all its activities to the Great Lakes and our two great coast lines. Nearly all English and German shipping goes over seas; nearly all of ours stays at home. Our shipping, therefore, helps us out little in the present crisis. Possiblx' a few of these lake and coast \essels might be transferred tem- porarily to the transatlantic lanes; for the most part, however, they have plenty of em- plo\ment in their accustomed waters. Shipping them to the high seas would cause a complete disorganization of coast and lake commerce; demoralize it as completely as the present ocean Watfic is demoralized. .•\merican maritime hislor\' discloses a series of ups and downs; accidental causes at times I20 'IHE WORLD'S WORK have built up our mercantile marine, at other times have destroyed it. We were not much of a sea-faring people in colonial times; the polic\' of Britain always aimed at keeping this valuable business in the hands of Englishmen. But national independence swept aside all these antiquated navigation laws. The year 1790 saw the >oung United States with prac- ticallv no mercantile marine; Englishmen were then our carriers, just the same as they are now. The first year of the century witnessed a change; we were then carrjing 80 per cent, of our own products in American bottoms. By 181 o we were carrying go per cent.; a few years after- ward we were carrying not only our own, but a considerable part of the world's. And then followed one of the most splendid periods in American commercial history. As a maritime nation .America led the world; we held the position as a carrier that England does now. What had caused the sudden rise of America as a great maritime power? This question has the utmost interest in view of the present situ- ation. For the conditions that faced Europe in the early part of the nineteenth century strongly resemble those which face it now. It was the era of the Napoleonic wars. These struggles had one effect, practically identical with that we are witnessing to-day — the utter demoralization of European commerce. Eng- land and France were constantly preying upon each other's mercantile marine, the result being that the ships of both nations no longer felt secure upon the high seas. Both, as great maritime people, suffered a tremendous de- cline. Herein was America's opportunity, and splendidly she seized it. As a consequence — and here is another point that has a present practical application ■- we retained this sea supremacy after the Napoleonic era closed. The years from 1830 until about 1855 repre- sented the greatest glory of the American merchant marine. By the time the civil war started, however, the decline had set in; b>' the time the war was ended, the greatness of our shipping, although the famous American clippers still sailed the seven seas, had disap- peared. Authorities differ as to the cause of this change. A considerable number attribute to the civil war itself. The fact is, how- ever, that our shipping had begun to de- cline several years before the civil war. By 1855, as already said, its greatness was a matter of history. A new material found use in the construction of vessels — iron. When this substance supplanted wood in ship building the knell sounded for the American merchant marine. There was then practically no Ameri- can iron or steel industry, England, on the other hand, had greatly developed its iron resources. There was only one way, in those days, in which we could still maintain a stand- ing at sea; that was by purchasing the new langled ships in I!unjpe, mainh in England. But this ihe law forbade. No ship that \v;is not constructed in the United Stales could lly the stars and stripes. However, this idea, ana the many others used to explain the disappear- ance of American foreign shipping, are now purel\' academic. The one fact is that, al- though Americans have built up a large mer- cantile marine in their own waters, they have practically none on the high seas. We annually pay about $200,000,000 to foreign nations for the transportation of our products. It is not surprising, therefore, that many should see in the present European conflict a chance to regain our marine suprem.acy. Wc did this when Europe was convulsed with tl.e Napoleonic struggle; why should we not repeal the performance now? One or two considerations at once come to mind that apparently discourage such an enterprise. The Napoleonic wars, for example, lasted a long time — about fifteen years. This is long enough to permit pretty radical and permanent readjustments. It gi\es plenty of time for the creation of a mercantile marine, and for the establishment of new trade rela- tions. The present large shipping interest of Germany is little more than a matter of twenty- five years; a generation ago Germany had to go to England for her warships. No one be- lieves, however, that the present conflagration will last fifteen years, or anywhere near that long; if it lasts fifteen months, most observe;-s will be surprised. The creation of an inde- pendently constructed American marine lleet, therefore, is not likely. Before we could actually launch any new ships, the war would be ended. One fact, therefore, is at once ap- parent. The commerce of the world has got to use such shipping facilities as it now possesses. About 15,000 ships now furnish the world's marine transportation. These ships will con- trive to do so throughout the war, and probably for some time afterward. They may change their flags or their ownership; if they arc kept off the high seas, however, the business of man- kind will largely stop and many millions of people will starve to death. One can imagine what would happen to the United States if all our railroads stopped running. That is pre- cisely what is happening now, so far as maritime commerce is concerned. Forces are already at work to put an end to this paral\sis; and these efforts must succeed. An analysis of foreign shipping by nation- ality will simplify the situation. Take, for example, American exports last year, and the nations that carried them. We find that 60 per cent, were shipped in British vessels 1 5 per cent, were shipped in German vessels 9 per cent, were shipped in American vessels 4 per cent, were shipped in I-'rench vessels. These figures bring out, as do all other similar statistics, the tremendous leadership of British foreign shipping. It not onh' sur- passes that of an\' other countr\'; it is greater than that of all the other countries combined. A CHANCE FUR AMERICAN SHIPPING 121 if the American people are going to carry most of their own commerce in this war they must i^et not only (ireat Britain's business but Great /Britain's ships. EVERYTHING DEPENDS ON SEA POWER Before that happens, however, certain im- portant preliminaries must be settled. From whatever point of view we survey this war, we invariabl\' come back to the same point. It all hinges upon one thing: the control of the sea. With the English navy dominating the situation, England probably cannot lose. With the English navy destroyed, England's surrender would come within a few weeks. And this question of sea supremacy has the most important bearing upon the question of the possible boom in American shipping. If England destroys or effectively bottles up the German fleet, there is no reason wh\' she cannot resume the greater part of her shipping. Her vessels can carry nearly 60 per cent, of our commerce this \ear, as they did last. The only possible danger is an occasional capture by Cjerman cruisers. This danger is so slight, however, that it can be practically disregarded. England has nearly 10,000 vessels engaged in commerce. Where can Germanv get any war- ships to prey upon this enormous fleet? She cannot detach them from her main squadrons. After all, the chief business of warships is to destroy the enemy, hot to destroy its commerce. Every cruiser that is taken from the battle line will weaken a force already enormously outclassed. Supposing there arc a few German cruisers prowling the ocean, what will happen to them? England's fleet is so large that she can easily set aside a few warships to destroy them. If she does not do so, where are they to get their coal? Where are they to take their prizes, in case they capture them? It is possible, again, that the English Govern- ment may press into the navy part of the mer- chant marine.' But, with 10,000 ships, a good many can be used this way without ma- terially decreasing its efficienc}'. germ.\ny's shipimng our opportunity Most naval authorities believe that England and France will secure the command of the seas. At the present writing the indications are that the great German high seas fleet is bottled up. Again the English Government has assumed the insurance risk on British shipping. It practically sa>s to the shipowner: "Go to sea with >our cargo; if \ou lose it, the govern- ment will reimburse you." These and other considerations apparentl\' dispose of the idea that Americans can supersede England on the high seas as a result of tiiis war. If these predicted events ct)me to pass, how- ever, there still rem;iins the question of German cununerce. With the Britisli llid ■ 'iitrolling the situation, Germany's piercantile marine, for all practical purposes, will cease to exist. Germany carried 15 per cent, of our commerce last year, against England's 60 per cent. Small as this seems in comparison with her greai rival, this still represents a prize well worth striving for. Herein unquestionably lies the real American opportunity. Under normal con- ditions the sudden wiping out of Germany's mercantile marine would mean one thing; that England would capture it. But, with a tremendous war on her hands, England is not expanding her industries in an\' direction. The war expenses have so strained her credit that she would have the utmost dillicult)' in financing any new shipping enterprises. The same state- ment applies to France, the only other nation that could possibly step into the breach. The opportunity, in all its aspects, therefore, seems made for the United States. Germany now has about 2,000 ships, most of them engaged in the foreign trade. The present likelihood is that most of these will stand useless at the docks during the war. They represent a ver\' large investment; how large there are no avail- able statistics to show. Their loss of earning power will sadly inconvenience their owners, especiall}' if the war is continued for an\' period. The companies will be so badly crippled that it will take them a long time to recover, when peace returns. In man\- cases offers to purchase would find a read\' response. The extent to which America profits from the promised stagnation in German shipping depends upon the extent to which our capitalists stand read\' to purchase these vessels. Congress will doubtless pass the legislation required to ' permit their transference to the .American fiag. There seems little likelihood that friendly nations, like England, will refuse to recognize this transfer, so long as it is actual and repre- sents a permanent ownership. If the present aspirations materialize shipping acquired in this wa\' would not represent a temporary, but a permanent holding. It would be. the be- ginning of the long hoped for American mer- cantile lleet on the high seas. It is true that the removal of this prohibition on the purchase of American ships would take awa\' only one disability that prevents our competing with Europe. The others are the higher cost of iron and steel and labor here and the higher cost of navigating. The first disqualification is rapidly disappearing. If we can make steel rails and compete with England in all the markets of the world, we can do the same thing with plates for steel ships. We still pay our workmen higher wages, but we ha\e the com- pensation of an increased etficiencN'. Onl\' one dilficult\' still remains in the way of building up an American marine. Our sailors get about twice the pay of English sailors and demand a belter maintenance. How that will affect 'he situation remains to be seen. FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE WAR BY ALEXANDER DANA NOYES TO EXPLAIN the extraordinary finan- cial phenomena which have accompa- nied the outbreak of European war in the closing week of July — phenomena which, in their character and scope, have never been paralleled in the history of in- ternational finance — something of retrospect is necessary. As every one knows, predictions and apprehensions over a possible general European war have been recurrent on Europe's financial markets ever since the Franco-Prussian conflict of 1870. Sometimes, as in the case of the Bal- kan War, the\' have reached proportions which caused grave disturbance on Europe's markets. If the\' have never been received with entire credulity, the reason undoubtedly was that the consequences, which experienced financiers could foretell from such a conflict, were, in their own words, so unthinkable that the war itself seemed inconceivable. European bankers, when asked, during these many past >ears, what would be those financial consequences, have usuallx' replied that the sequel simply baffled financial imagination. All that they could say was that a general European war would neces- saril>' bring to a halt the ordinary operation of civilized finance and trade, with what actual outcome on the markets no one cared to predict. It cannot be said that this conflict of all the great European nations was expected, even by the states which have been involved, until a very few da\'s before the war broke out. Never- theless, there were many evidences in the mar- kets of a peculiar character, which indicated at least, the strongest kind of uneasiness in that direction. In one sense, it may be said that financial preparation for this very war has been in progress ever since the Balkan conflict came to its end, early in 1913. The situation in which that peace agreement left the great Eu- ropean powers was by no means reassuring, and the first visible reflection of that uneasiness was that the Imperial Bank of Germany began the most urgent efforts to build up its gold reserve. Tradition on the markets has it that when war between France and Germany threatened, in the Morocco conference in iQii, the Kaiser asked the German bankers whether the finan- cial situation was in shape to confront a war and that they answered, "It is not." He then, according to the story, warned them to lose no time in getting themselves into proper shape. Whether this anecdote be authentic or not, the fact is that through employment of most un- usual expedients, the \'>:ink of Germany has added more than $100,000,000 to its gold re- serve since that Morocco episode. A very sub- stantial part of this addition has been locked b\' the Government itself in the Castle of Spandau, along with $30,000,000 gold placed there out of the Franco-Prussian war indemnity. But other European banks have not been idle; in the year since the Balkan War, the Bank of France has added $170,000,000 to its gold re- serve, mostly obtained through import from the United States, and the Imperial Bank of Russia has increased its own gold holdings b>- $150,000,000. Now it is perfectl\' true that, unless perhaps in Germany, this heaping-up of gold by the great state institutions was declared not to have been inspired by apprehension of war. In France particularly. Governmental and finan- cial authorities were careful to explain that the Bank was strengthening its reserve because of the difficult financial position at Paris, and be- cause of the very general hoarding of cash by the French people, which began with the out- break of the Balkan War, but which did not stop when that war was over. The explanation was no doubt correct; yet, in the light of wlrat has happened since, it is not unfair to say that both the hoarding by the people and the subsequent accumulation of gold b\' the Bank of France must have been largely due to growth of the instinctive belief that war was imminent at an\- time. So much for the longer period of preparation. Except for the inconvenience caused by these gold accumulations in a few great cities, the international market was not greatly disturbed. When, howi'ver, Austria declared war on Servia on July 2cS, themarketsof Europe at once became greatly excited. At Vienna, panic of the most formidable sort broke out immediatel\-; at Ber- lin, the crash on the Stock Exchange was em- phasized by the actual public recommendation by some large financial institutions to their clients that it was best to sell their investment securities. Here, in the United States, we saw the reflection of this European apprehension in the engagement at New York, for European markets, of no less than $45,000,000 of our gold during the ten days following Austria's war declaration. It was in this period that the Kron- prin:cssin Cecilie sailed with her $10,000,000 in gold for London and Paris — an extraordin- ary incident when one considers that the vessel, belonging itself to Germany, was carr\'ing the treasure for the two nations which were des- tined to be at war with German\' by the time the cargo could have been delivered. It was FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE WAR 123 not strange that the ship should have been ordered back to America from mid-ocean, and that the gold should never have reached its destination. But meantime, and in advance of declaration of war between Germany and France and F.ng- land and Germany, the demand for American gold b\' Kurope grew to a climax. While the enormous shipments of the closing week of Jul\- were being made, the foreign exchange market facilities for the resultant operations of finance suddenl\' broke down. In addition to actual gold engagements, it was apparent that all Europe was calling back, through instant trans- fer, its American credit balances. This made necessary the bidding for drafts on liurope, in such quantity that the New York exchange market simply could not provide them. It had not sufficient foreign banking credits. As a rule, the highest rate to which exchange on London can go is around 4.89 to the pound sterling; for at an\- higher figure there is a hand- some profit in remitting with gold instead of drafts. But in the last week of July the rate of sight exchange on London rose, first to $'y in the pound, then to $6, and at length to ^7 — something never previouslx' witnessed in the New York market. It meant that the drawing of exchange on London had become virtually impossible, and that situation in a day or two avowedl\' existed. It can best be described as a panic in foreign exchange — which, as the meas- ure of international finance, was appropriately the field where all that was to follow should have been first foreshadowed. It was in this same concluding week of July that the other foreign financial markets began their reflection of the expected war. Although England did not declare war on Germany until the evening of August 4, the London markets were undoubtedl\- anticipating such declara- tion during the five or six preceding days. From a rate of 3 per cent, in the middle of the pre- ceding week, the Bank of England's official discount rate advanced on Saturda\', August i, to 10 per cent., a rate only three times matched in the history of the institution, never exceeded, and never reached at any time since 1866. This remarkable action in reality reflected a run on the Bank of England through which, between July 30 and August 6, that institution lost no less than ^52,500,000 gold; its banking reserve against its deposits being meantime so far drawn down that the ratio of reserve to liabilities fell from the 40 per cent, of the pre- ceding week — a low rate for the bank — to '14I. Meantime throughout the week, sales of securities by Continental bankers and investors, on markets from which the\' were soon to be cut off by war, became so prodigious that the Paris Government closed the outside stock market and prohibited all but cash sales on the official Bourse. But this converged the full force of Continental security liquidation on London; where, on Juh' 31. the Stock Fxchange closed its doors for the first lime in a ceiUur\ . The Stock Exchanges at New York and elsewhere in the world immediately followed suit. To trace the further progress of financial demoralization — which began, as we have seen, even before the declaration of war by Lngland — it must first be kept in mind that in the present day all the great markets of the world are bound together as never before in a networl of interlacing credit. Berlin bankers carr\ deposit balances in London to the extent of hundreds of millions sterling; so docs Paris, and so also does New York. This indebtedness is not all one-sided; an enormous mutual indebted- ness exists on all these markets, constantl\- maturing, constantly being paid off in the ordinary processes of exchange, and constant l\' subject to renewal. When England actuall\- went to war the great Lombard Street banking institutions had their names affixed to bills of exchange, payment on which was due day after day but payment for which depended on the arrival of cash remittances or merchandise from the Continental markets. Both were cut off by the war, the seizure of railway facilities on the Continent, and the temporary embargo on ocean traffic. Technically, therefore, numerous London houses of the first importance were confronted with bankruptcy and in view of the whole abnormal character of the situation it was quite evident that the Government would have to intervene in their behalf During the first week of August, in which war was declared by England, Monday was a regular bank holi- day and therefore no business was done in financial London. The British Government first extended this holiday b\' decree until the following Frida\'; but the situation then being still impossible, the Government declared a general moratorium of one month — an expedi- ent which meant that all financial and commer- cial liabilities maturing within that time should automaticallx' be extended; but that the same postponement should not appl\' to salaries, rent or taxes. The decreeing of a moratorium was in itself sensational enough. England had never before since the modern credit s\stem was created resorted to that expedient; the ver\' same action excited surprise and comment when adopted by the Balkan states at the outbreak of their war in 1912. But the moratorium did not show all of financial London's particular pre- dicament. Tlie run on the Bank of Fngland so weakened the position of that institution as to threaten inability' to maintain an\' reser\e at all against its deposit liabilities in case the re- quirements of the Bank Act of 1844 were con- tinued. whereb\- all notes issued must be fully co\ ered b\ gold held in the instil ution's \aults. Therefore, on August 8. the Bank Act was sus- pended; a poIic\- adopted onl\ on three occa- sions since the passage of the law in 1844, all of them London panics, occurring in 1847, 1857, and in i8()(>. Altlunigli lii^loiicall\' an event oi such unusual importance, the suspension of the Bank Act created no \er\' anomalous situ- 124 THE WORLD'S WORK ation, since it simply means that the bank is authorized to issue additional notes without full gold "cover" in its vaults. It does not mean that the bank will have suspended specie payment on its notes, or that inflation of the British currency is at hand. On the contrary, even with the large additions made to its circu- lation in the shape of notes not directly secured in gold, the Bank of England still held a larger proportion of gold as security for its outstanding circulation than is held habitually by the Im- perial Bank of Germany, by the Bank of France, or by the United States Treasury. All of this, like every important movement on the world's financial markets, must be judged partly as reflecting the actual political and commercial conditions of the moment, but largely also as foreshadowing the longer results. Precisely as the London stock and money markets fell into panic four da\s before Great Britain de- clared war on Germany, and thereby filled the prophetic role for which stock markets are al- ways watched by the com.munity at large, so the initial movements of the markets around the outbreak of any great war are a forecast of much that may be expected to happen after- ward, quite outside the banks and the Stock Exchange and in the domain of general pros- perity and industry. It is not too early to ask what the character of these later results may be expected to be on this occasion. From the broadest view the economic cfi'ect of such a war as this can hardly fail to be un- fortunate. Wholly apart from the suspension of peaceful commerce, finance, and industry, the waste of capital involved in such a contest is bound to be enormous. Five or ten m.illions of men, withdrawn from peaceful production and supported, while they engage in wholesale destruction, by money drawn by Governments from the private stock of capital, must neces- sarily arrest in some degree the development of the civilized world. The Franco-Prussian War certainly had this result on the states engaged in it, and, in a measure, on the rest of the world; so did the Boer War, and so the Russian-Japan- ese conflict. All were followed, especially in the belligerent states, by a period of financial lassi- tude and reaction which more or less faintly re- produced the prolonged and paralyzing effects following the 12-year Napoleonic conflict in which all Europe was engaged between 1803 and 1815. Even Prussia, emerging victorious as the head of the German Empire in 1870, was hit with the full force of the panic of 1873. The noteworthy exceptions to this rule, in modern history, were the respective sequels to our own C^.ivil War and to our Spanish-American conflict of 1898. In both cases — though the later after-effects of the Civil War were uncjuestionably serious to this country — it was the enormous expansion of natural resources not yet developed, and a combination of economic and intluslrial condi- tions highlv favorable to the United States, which averted what miKlil otherwise have been expected. This should be kept in mind on this occasion; for although not a participant in this conflict, we still have to measure what our probable share will be in the resultant economic losses, just as our financial markets are suffering now from the outbreak of the war in common with those of Europe. But at this very point there are some exceed- ingly interesting distinctions to draw. Severe as the shock of the sudden European convulsion has been on the markets of the United States, the resultant demoralization of trade and in- dustry was nothing whatever akin to that which prevailed in the neutral states of Europe. Not only so, but there was evident from the start an undertone of hope and confidence as to the eventual hearing of this foreign war on our own trade situation. 1 shall presently endeavor to show how far this initial feeling was justified by the circumstances. But as to the economic effects of this war on Europe itself, there can be no doubt whatever. Campaigns such as are now in progress are bound to cost every great belligerent state, according to the estimates of European experts, two to five million dollars per day, and seven powers are now engaged. As far back as 1896, a much discussed Austrian estimate figured out at least I5, 000, 000 a day as the necessary expenditure for France, or Ger- any, or Russia. The estimate of Dr. Charles Richet, a statistician of the University of Paris, made the extraordinary calculation t+rSf if Germany, Ent^and, France, Russia, Italy, Austria, and Roumania were all engaged in a first-class war, the aggregate daily expenditure would run to upward of $50,000,000. On such a calculation, it would follow that, if the war lasted only as long as the short Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the total outlay, exclusive of war indemnities, would exceed five thousand million dollars. The effect of all this on the financial and in- dustrial prosperity of Europe itself for a very considerable time to come is bound to be far reaching. Indeed, not only is the private capi- tal of Europe now being diverted from peaceful pursuits into the prosecution of war, but the repairing of destruction to property under the activities of the rival armies will necessitate a continuance of that drain even when the war is over. Already the German Reichstag has granted a war credit of $1,2 1^0,000,000 to that Cjovernment, while tlie British war credit has now reached the figure of ^1,025,000,000. This leaves the other belligerent states, such as I'rance, Austria and Belguim, still to be reck- oned on. The longer efl'ects of such prodigious waste of capilal are diflicult to trace out with any accuracy. The break-down of our market for foreign ex- change, the closing of our Stock Exchange, the tcmii(irar\ rmltargo on cxiidrl trade, have all sufficienll\ iiuiiiated ih.il ewn a neutral state like ourselves cannot escape ihe indirect con- sequences of such a conflict as this. For one thing it will not do for our finance and indus- FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE WAR 125 tries to rely on European capital for a consider- able time to come. A very large and lucrative import trade from (Continental Europe has been cut off, and a good part of it will not be resumed during the progress oi the war. At the start, indeed, even our export trade, as we have seen, stopped short because of the risk of capture, the enormous cost of war insurance, and the im- possibility of negotiating foreign payment for consignments of merchandise while the free operation of foreign exchange was blockaded. The first clear evidence that our situation had in it certain peculiar and unusual elements of strength appeared in the wheat market. Our enormous winter wheat crop had already been harvested when the war broke out; with the ex- pected vield of spring wheat, it should give by far the largest harvest in our history, exceeding the next largest actual yield, according to the Government figures, by 150,000,000 bushels, or 20 per cent. This would leave by far the lar- gest available export surplus of wheat on record, and at the very moment when Europe's need of it, with her own early wheat crop having al- ready run short and her harvesters for the autumn crops ordered to the army, is urgent and paramount. The obvious difficulty at the start to arrange for shipment of this wheat brought at first great diversity of opinion as to values in the grain trade. But Europe, recognizing her own need, proceeded at once to guarantee the war risks, to make sure of the ocean highway and in- dircctlx' to facilitate exchange. The response of the wheat market was a rapid and continuous rise in price, despite the enormous congestion of supplies at our storage markets of wheat which was temporarily shut out from the export trade — a condition which ordinarily would mean a fall in prices. This action of a highlv speculative market was as significant an index to the general nature of the situation as an ad- vance in stocks would have been had the Stock Exchange been open. It meant, indeed, more than merely breaking the blockade of wheat, and more than the mere possibility of creating for us in Europe a credit balance of from 8150,000,000 to $300,000,000. Its real significance was that means exist and can be found for prompt restoration of a neutral market's trade. The larger significance of this must be judged in the light of the success with which European manufacturers in general, and German manu- facturers in particular, have captured Jof recent years the neutral export markets. This has been especiall\' true of China and South Amer- ica, and has been ver\- marked in products like steel and textiles, in which trades we are a close competitor of German\'. The United States is bound to supply a great part of the shortage thus created in the neutral export markets. Perhaps the most serious problem in the matter has to do with the actual a\ailable suppl\- of ships, when German)', whose vessels usuall> carry something like 4,500,0^30 tons out of the 37,500,000 total tonnage cleared from our ports each year for foreign markets, is shut off from the ocean highway. The process of obtaining transportation facilities to offset the idlenes.'' of the Cjerman merchant fleet will probably bi slow. It should be effective in the end. But in the meantime there is also the home consumer, who is now cut off from nearly ^200,000,000 annual imports of merchandise from Germany — not to mention the effect of war on the total of something like $900,000,000 in merchandise sent to us annually from the whole of Europe. These home needs must be provided, and, in the main, our domestic manu- facturers must undertake the task. There is, however, another side. Even granting the necessary supply of ships for an in- creased ocean trade to be obtained, our finance and industry must largely do without European capital. Even if we gain ground rapidly in the neutral export markets, we have lost for the time certain European export markets — [Ger- many, for instance, to which in the fiscal year 191 3 our merchandise exports were $142,000,000 greater than our imports. No doubt this loss during war time will be largely compensated for by greatly increased exports, even to Europe when the war is over; for a great waste will have to be made good quickly; but, meantime, the problem of certain raw materials essential to some of our manufacturers, and obtainable largel)' or wholly in Europe, is extremely diffi- cult. Chemicals especially, in many industries, and d\es in textiles will not be easy to replace during the trade embargo on central Europe. Such circumstances will probably alter the character and scope of many of our productive industries, and no doubt will seriously impair the activities of others. Back of all this stands also the awkward problem of the un- doubted failure of our customs revenue under existing circumstances to meet the requirements of our own governmental expenditure. This' may bring about the singular result of a Govern- ment loan or an increase in taxes, placed on a neutral community because foreign nations are at war. There are few American business men who do not recognize the possibility- that this coun- try may be left at the end of the present conflict with vastly heightened industrial and commer- cial prestige. The result ma\' even be restor- ation of the American merchant marine, which held its place among the great merchant fleets of the world between 1812 and 1862, but which now carries barely 14 per cent, of the tonnage cleared from our ports for outside nations, and which transports scarcel\- one fourth as much of our own exported commodities as do vessels under the British flag. All this max-, and, to a great extent, certainly will happen. But the intervening process will be tr\ing both to producer and consumer, even in the neulrjl United Slates. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE UNITED STATES AS A NEUTRAL THE APPLICATION OF THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS OF I907, AND THE DECLARATION OF LONDON OF I9O9 — RULES GOVERNING FOREIGN SHIPS IN AMERICAN WATERS — AMERICAN EXPORTS AND THE LAW OF CONTRABAND BY CHARLES CHENEY HYDE (PROPESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY) U' PON the outbreak of the European war the United States finds itself placed in a new relation to each belligerent Power, and suddenly sub- jected to a variety of duties, and possessed of certain rights that accrue only in such abnormal times. With a merchant marine shrunken to insignificance, with a vast export trade threatened with paralysis by the lack of neutral bottoms, and with American citizens stranded by tens of thousands on European soil, we nevertheless face a situation that Washington would have rejoiced to substitute for that which confronted him in 1793, for to-day the United States as a neutral enjoys rights that were not dreamed of at the close of the eighteenth century; and those rights are in large degree codified. To The Hague Conventions of 1907, concern- ing the rights and duties of neutral powers in naval war, and the rights and duties of neutral powers and persons in case of war on land, the United States is, happily, a party, it has also accepted the Declaration of London of 1909, concerning the laws of naval war. The pur- pose of that agreement was to make clear the law to be applied by the proposed International Prize Court, the arrangement for the establish- ment of which was formulated at The Hague in 1907. Though the powers have not estab- lished the Prize Court or accepted gener- ally the Declaration of London, the United States has formally ratified both agreements. By so doing it has recorded its approval of the rules enunciated in the latter document. It cannot, therefore, complain of the conduct of any belligerent which may seek to conform to or rely upon them. Although the Parliament of Great Britain has acted adversely upon the Declaration of London, that country is, never- theless, free to change its position and to make that arrangement the guide of its own prize courts. Deriving their law from that source, their decisions' cannot be denounced by us as unjust. For these several codifications the United States has had to pay a price the extent of which is hardly yet appreciated. However useful may be the knowledge at the very com- mencement of hostilities of what a neutral may reasonably expect, the rules themselves are in certain respects so adverse to interests of such a state that it is only through the grim experience of a general European war that the United States can fairly estimate how well it has conserved its vital interests in accepting as law principles that may now be relentlessly applied. According to The Hague Conventions^ the United States as a government is obliged to refrain from taking any part in the war. Im- partial participation does not suffice. We could not excuse the sale of arms to Germany by pleading readiness to suppy likewise France or Russia. The scope of the duty of abstention is broad. The government must not furnish a belligerent with anything that will serve to increase its fighting power, such as ammunition or other war material, or warships. Incidental to this general duty to abstain from participa- tion, the neutral finds itself burdened with a still more onerous duty to prevent its territory and resources from being employed to strengthen the military or naval power of a belligerent. The diligence required of a neutral is measured by the "means at its disposal." Those means must be used to prevent the commission of war- like acts within its waters, or the passage of belligerent troops over its territory. The neu- tral is obviously not responsible for what it is powerless to prevent. I'rom the rules of the Treaty of Washington of 1H71, which made possible the (leneva Arbitra- tion of the so-called Alabama Claims, has been derived the well-known principle expressed in happier terms in 1907, that "a neutral Govern-- ment is bound to employ the means at its disposal to prevent the fitting out or arming of any vessel within its jurisdiction which it lias reason to believe is intended to cruise, or engage in hostile operations, against a Power with which that Government is at peace." The same \igilance is required of a neutral to pre- vent the departure from its territory of a vessel there aelajited entirely or partly for warlike RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE UNITED STATES AS A NEUTRAL 127 use, and intended to cruise or engage in hostile operations. Pursuant to this obligation the United States has already taken extraordinary precautions to prevent the departure from At- lantic ports of merchant vessels sailing under belligerent flags if equipped in such a way as to fight for their own countries, and under con- tract for public service in case of war. In sharp contrast to these obligations is the express understanding that a neutral is not bound to prevent the export or transit for the ,use of a belligerent of anything which can be of use to an army or a fleet. Thus the United States is not required to prevent its citizens from selling or exporting arms or war material of any kind. Such transactions would, never- theless, constitute direct participation in the war, and hence be regarded as internationally wrongful, so as to subject the participant to serious penalties in case of the capture of his property. Such conduct would also, moreover, disregard the spirit if not the letter of President Wilson's Proclamation of Neutrality of August 4th, in which it is declared that "the statutes and the treaties of the United States alike require that no person within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States shall take nart, directly or indirectly, in said wars." Whether war is waged on land or sea, neutral territory is deemed inviolable. As to this re- quirement The Hague Conventions are explicit. Acts of war in neutral waters are forbidden. Thus if the Kroupriniessin Cecilie had been captured by any enemy cruiser just as she entered Frenchman's Bay on August 4th, the Un'ted States would have had good cause to demand reparation from the government of the captor, and would also ha\"e found itself com- pelled to demand the release of the vessel. A prize court can not be set up on neutral territory or in neutral waters. Nor can belligerent warships make use of such waters for the purpose of increasing supplies of war material or of completing their crews, or as a base of operations against the enemy. For numerous purposes a belligerent warship may endeavor to make use of neutral waters. The Hague Convention of 1907 indicates the scope of the privileges that such a vessel may be permitted to enjoy, and thereby enables the neutral to follow with certainty a course that shall not expose it to the charge of unneutral conduct. Let us consider a situation that might arise. A French cruiser, short of coal and provisions, and in an unseaworthy con- dition, is pursued by the enem\', and puts into Portland harbor to escape capture and to rehabilitate herself generallw Just inside of Cushing's Island she finds herself in the unwel- come company of a German warship that made the same port a few hours earlier. The Hague Convention has marked out the general course which the United States should follow; and by his Proclamation of Neutralit>', President Wilson has indicated with precision what we would permit. Accordingly, the F"rench ship would be allowed fuel sufficient to enable her to reach her nearest home port, or half of that amount if she were rigged to go under sail and also be propelled by steam. Although the United States could, without impropriety, if it had adopted that method of determining the amount of fuel to be supplied, allow the vessel to fill its bunkers built to carry fuel, and thereby greatly increase her efficiency, the President has announced a rule that is consistent with our previous policy and in harmony with what was, prior to 1907, generally regarded as sound practice. The latitude accorded the neutral in 1907 was not sought by the United States, was vigorously opposed by Great Britain, and was the result of a compromise to satisfy the far- reaching demands of Germany. With respect to provisions, the French ship could suppl\' herself with garlic and Aroostook County potatoes ad libitum, so long as the revictualing did not exceed the so-called "peace standard." If it were in a seaworthy condition the Ger- man cruiser would be obliged to depart within twenty-four hours after its arrival. The French vessel might, however, be allowed addi- tional time if needed for recoaling or repairs. The latter might necessarily consume a few days. Repairs would not be permitted that would serve to do more than place the ship in a seaworthy condition, and even such repairs would not be allowed if they necessitated along sojourn. If, as in the case of the Russian ship Lena, that entered San Francisco harbor in September, 1904, during the Russian-Japanese war, necessary repairs would require a stay of several weeks or months, the vessel would be promptly interned by the U.'nited States. By interning the ship the United States would be taking measures to render her incapable of putting to sea during the war. It was declared in 1907 that the citizens of a state which is not taking part in the war are considered as neutrals. To the Americans that are now in belligerent European countries that status is precious. It enables the pos- sessor to escape numerous burdens which the state that is engaged in war justl\' and of necessity imposes upon its own citizens. One cannot, however, avail himself of his neutralit\- if he commits acts against a belligerent, or if he voluntarily enlists in the ranks of a part)' to the conflict. There are, nevertheless, services which the neutral citizen on belligerent soil may render without losing his distinctive char- acter. Americans in Paris or Berlin might, for example, organize for the purpose of assist- ing in matters of police or civil administration. The>" might also furnish loans (if their means permitted) to one of the beHigcrents in whosr territor>' they did not reside. Neutrals on belligerent territorj' where mar tial law has been declared necessarily feel the rigor with which the government asserts its authorit>'. It must be obvious that measure^ which, in seasons of peace, indicate abuse of power, in times of war lose their arbitrary aspect 128 THE WORLD'S WORK and, despite harsh aspects, cease to be regarded as wrongful. Thus the movement of neutrals on belligerent soil may be restrained, and they mav be even temporarily prevented from leav- ing the countr\'. Slight ground for suspicion that they are acting as spies justifies arrest and ample inquiry to determine the grounds for such a charge. To the people of the United States as a whole the war presents no graver aspect than in its bearing upon our right to export and transport to the belligerent countries food, clothing, fuel, and other things known as conditional contra- band. To make clear the problem now con- fronting us a brief explanation of the law is necessary. "Contraband" is the term em- ployed to describe an article which is liable to capture because of its use in the prosecution of the war, and because of its hostile destination. Contraband is subject to capture on a neutral vessel and is liable to condemnation. Goods which belong to the owner of the contraband and which are on board the same vessel are also liable to condemnation. Moreover, ac- cording to the Declaration of London, the vessel carrying such articles may be confiscated if the contraband forms "by value, by weight, by volume, or by freight, more than half the cargo." Maritime states have long been aware of the imporKince of the distinction between articles adapted solely for use in war, such as guns and projectiles, and those susceptible of use in the pursuit of peace as well as in that of war, such as food and coal. Articles of the former class have come to be known as absolute contraband, those of the latter as conditional contraband. The purpose of the distinction is to limit the right to capture articles of the latter kind to occasions when they are destined for an essen- tially hostile end, and to permit the capture of those of the former kind whenever they are bound for the territory of a state engaged in war. in order to protect neutral commerce from interference, the United States has strug- gled hard for recognition of the principle that what is capable of feeding and clothing, and otherwise ministering to the sustenance of the people of a belligerent state, should not be subject to capture and condemnation, unless shown to be not only capable of use in war, but also destined for that use. Though maritime states are not indisposed to accept this prin- ciple, there has been diversity of opinion respecting, first, what articles should be treated as conditional contraband, and secondly, under what circumstances articles recognized as such should be subject to capture. The Declaration of London appears to have solved the first difficulty by specifying in appropriate and careful lists certain articles as absolute, and others as conditional, contraband (and still others as not cfjntraband at all). Thus arms of all kinds, gun-mountings, clothing and har- ness of a distinctively military character, ani- mals suitable for use in war, and armor-plate are among the articles placed in the first cate- gory. They are subject to capture if destined to territory belonging to or occupied by the enemy. This is true whether the carriage of the goods is direct, or entails transhipment or subsequent transport by land. What is deci- sive is the destination, not of the vessel but of the goods. Thus a consignment of uniforms, shipped from New York on an American vessel bound for Naples or any other neutral European port, would be subject to capture, even within sight of Nantucket, if it were shown that the ultimate destination of the goods was Trieste. Articles in the second category', and described by the Declaration of London as conditional contraband, include foodstuffs, gold and silver, paper money, boots and shoes, veh,:ies, material for telephones and telegraph, fuel, lubricants, and harness. These articles furnish a substantial portion of the export trade of the United States. The second difficulty already noted — con- cerning when conditional contraband is subject to capture — is the all-important question before the United States to-day. In more concrete and simpler form the question is: When is such contraband to be deemed to be intended for a hostile use so as to justify its capture? The vital significance of the answer that the belligerents may give is hardly \'et appreciated. Thus far popular attention in this country has been focussed on the lack of American and other neutral ships available for our foreign trade. Relying upon the assurance that "free ships make free goods," we have concerned ourselves about vehicles of transportation rather than with the safety of our produce. It is important to note what assurance the Declaration of London affords. It is there provided that conditional contraband is liable to capture if shown to be destined for the use of the armed forces of a belligerent, or for a department of its Government unless, in the latter case, circum- stances show that the goods cannot in fact be used for the purposes of the war. (This ex- ception is not, however, applicable to a con- signment of gold or silver, or paper money.) It is further provided that a hostile destination is presumed to exist in case the goods are con- signed, not only to enemy authorities, but also to a contractor in the enemy country who as a matter of common knowledge supplies articles of the same kind to the enemy. Again, a similar presumption arises if the goods are con- signed to a fortified place belonging to the enemy or to another place serving as base for its forces. In the meantime American exporters must face the fad that, if propriet)' of conduct is to be tested by the Declaration of London, the belligerent Powers are in a position to capture and condemn foodstuffs, coal, and other articles within the same category, with an ease tliat renders shadowy and dangerously vague the distinction between what is con- ditional and what is absolute contraband. THE BALKANS THE GREATER SERVIA IDEA WHICH BROUGHT ON THi: IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT — THE SANJAK OF NOVI BAZAR, AN UNHEARD OF WASTE THAT WAS ONE OF THE PRIME CAUSES OF WAR AT THE present time the most inter- esting thing about the Balkans is the idea of a greater Servia. In Servia itself including terri- tory recently acquired, there are about 4,500,000 Serbs. In Montenegro there are perhaps 500,000. In Austria there are nearly 3,500,000 Serbs and Croats who belong to the Servian Race. The Servians dream and talk and write of a greater Servian kingdom that shall take in all the Servian race. Ihey want it to take in more than that. They want it to take in Bulgaria, also. They look back to the time of King Stephen Dushan (fourteenth century) and his French wife, when Servia was supreme in the Balkans and was nearly as advanced in civiliza- tion as the most advanced nations of Europe. They feel that the recent battle of Kumanova against the Bulgarians, atones for the battle on the plains of Kossovo in 1389, which put Servia under Turkish rule — a battle about which the Servian peasants still sing folk-lore ballads. The reestablishment of this ancient kingdom has become a passion with the Serbs, not only those in Servia, but many of those in Hungary as well. These Serbs might have become satisfied with Hungarian rule if it had been more enlightened, but the Magyars have followed a repressive policy in trying to Mag\arize the races under their domination. No matter whose fault it is, the fact is that the Serbs of Hungary have watched with eagerness and delight the recent successes of Servia. As explained by Mr. Morton Fullerton, in his "Problems of Power": "Up to 1905 this little nation of farmers and stock-breeders (in 1912, Servian exports amounted to about one hundred million francs, out of which 62 per cent, was represented by the products of the soil, and 20 per cent, by cattle and pork), remained in economic subjection to Austria. Austria's dream was to annex Servia to her great com- posite Empire. Whenever Servia displa\ed signs of political independence, Austria, who all but monopolized Servian exports, began the economic blackmailing of her emprisoned neighbor by closing her markets to Servian pork and beef. A Servian statesman, M. Pashitch, resolved to put an end to these humiliations. In 1906 he proposed a customs union between the three Slav states of the Balkans; he thus took the first step for the formation of that Balkan Confederation which six years later was to astonish the world. Servian live-stock was partially di\erted from the old Austrian routes and transported by the Danube, the Ludwigs-Canal, and the Main to (jerman markets. A second outlet for Servian products was procured at Varna by means of concessions accorded on the Bulgarian railways. A favorable treaty of commerce was arranged with France. Little by little the old trade- current through Bosnia and to the Dalmatian coast was diminished and Servia was now selling her pork and cereals, without the .-\ustrian middleman, through the channel of the Black Sea ports and Salonika, in all the .Mediterranean ports, from Syria by way of Egypt to Ital\-. The need of direct communi- cation between the Danube and the .Adriatic became steadil\' more obvious, and Servian claims to economic autonomy', the onl\' form of independence which in the modern world is the sign of political autonomv, became more and more legitimate. Austrian imports fell from 60 per cent, to 35 per cent. Then came the war of 1912. Within only a few days after the opening of hostilities, Austria beheld the Servian troops in possession of Uskub, of old Servia, of a large portion of the sanjak of Novibazar, and rapidl\- making for the Adriatic coast-line. A national policy of more than thirt\- years was thereby suddenl>' stultified. Ser\ia had burst her bounds, and was no longer the ward of the Dual Monarch)-. In an adroit appeal addressed to English s\mpath\', through the Times (November 24, 1912), the Servian Prime Minister, M. Pashitch, explained that independence of trade and economic liberty were not onl\- necessar\- for Servia's de\elopment, and even for her existence, but also advantageous to the world; an .Adriatic outlet, he argued, would give Servia new neighbors, "since every maritime nation would then be Servia's neigh- bor as much as Austria is to-daw" Servia was particularl\' happ\- at the thought that she was thus to secure direct contact with England, and to live henceforth in close relations with the nations of the West." In 1908, when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, Servia felt that at any time it might be the next victim. The arm\' which was launched first against the Turks and then against the Bulgars was ori- ginall\' prepared to meet an Austrian-Hungarian advance. It is now fulfilling that mission. Austria-Hungar>' has naturally chafed at the growth of a greater Servian kingdom which would mean not only the loss of her Serb pro- vinces but also the end of her ambition for further outlets on the .Adriatic and the /Egean. 130 THE WORLD'S WORK The dual monarch\- has felt that not only Servians individuall\- but the Servian Gcern- ment itself was preaching this hostile doctrine. A former prime minister, Count Aehrenthal, tried to shown the complicit\- of the Servian Government in the famous Agram trials, but it was shown that his evidence was forged. Nevertheless, the fundamental situation re- mained. Servia's success in the Balkan War was propaganda enough. Sooner or later, without the Servian Government's moving a finger, the Serbs of Hungarx' were likel\' to revolt. .X successful Servia was therefore a perpetual menace to Austrian peace and integ- rity. When a Serb killed the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Austria saw its opportunitx- to remove the constant menace from its fron- tier. It took his death as the excuse, and de- clared war. If this were all the story the war would have been localized to these two countries. But Russia's policy has been to encourage the Slav kingdom of Servia in territory where the powers will not let her go herself. On the other hand, German\- has alwa\s hoped to reach the east through its ally, Austria. Before the last Balkan War there was a strip of territory, the Sanjak of Novibazar, belonging to Turkey, which ran up between Servia and Montenegro and touched Austria. Through this route Austria, and through Austria, German\-, hoped to reach the /Fgean and the East. After the Balkan War Servia and iMontenegro took this territor\' and put a solid line of Slav domination across the path of German-Austrian ambitions. Unless the policy of \ears — the Drang nach Osten — was to be given up, here was another fundamental reason wh\- Austria and the greater Servia idea could not live peaceably together. In no country in the world has the question of population caused so much bitter dispute as in the Balkans. Because of racial and national animosities and jealousies, census figures have been deliberately padded and falsified, especi- ally in that territory which was, until recenth', European Turkey. Only in Bulgaria, Servia, and Greece proper have genuine census enu- merations been made. Bulgaria claims to have had a population, in 1910, before the war, of about 4,337,()()o, this being increased since the war, through new territory, by about half a million. Servia re- ported 2,900,000 in 1910, the new territory increasing this by a little more than 1,500,000. In Greece the population was 2,730,000 before the war and now is almost 4,400,000. Little Montenegro, one hundred miles in length by a bare eighty in width, adds a trifle more than 500, ofX) to the total. The estimate for Albania, on a conservative basis, is about Hoo.ooo. It is in the proportionate numbers of the various races and nationalities, h(jwever, that the greatest confusion exists. Nowhere in the world is there such a variet\' of different peoples intermingling with each other. Broadl\- classified, the Slavs, Turks, and the Greeks are the chief elements. Of these three, the Slavs predominate by a vast majorit\-, but the\- again are sharply sub-divided into two branches; the Bulgars and the Servians. The consensus of opinion would indicate that the Greeks predominate in the large cities and towns and along the sea coasts. In the interior the\" are not found much north of Salonika. Greeks in the cities are found as far north as Varna and Bourgas, and even on the other side of the Danube, in Roumania, most of them being engaged in commercial vocations. In the interior the Bulgarians claim that the\' constitute the main bulk of the population down almost to the foot of Mt. 01\mpus and as far west as Albania, up to Old Servia although the Servians claim that many of these people are really Servians Bulgarized. Thence, up to the old frontiers and over into Montenegro the Servians preponderate. The Turks are nowhere found in a solid mass, but they are scattered over almost the entire Balkans, even up in the Austrian provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nowhere are they more numerous than in northern Bulgaria, along the banks of the Danube, and in the north- ern cities of Varna and Bourgas they still form a considerable portion of the population. The Bulgarian census figures give their number at almost 500,000, about a seventh of the total population. Servia only admits having 14,000 Turks within her territorx', but this is undoubt- edl\- an underestimate. There is no doubt that the Servians have been energetic in driving the Turks out of Servia during their longer period of independence. Of the minor race divisions the Albanians deserve first mention. They are supposed to be the direct descendants of the ancient Illyrians, who have remained racially pure on account of the mountainous character of their country. While the majority are Moham- medans by faith, the\' differ markedly from the Turks, being rough in their manners, less fanatical in matters of religion, and not at all inclined toward steady pursuits. They are still in the patriarchial stage of social develop- ment, living in clans as did the Scottish high- landers two centuries ago. Next to the Albanians in numbers come the Jews. These are the direct descendants of the Jews who were driven out of Spain during the period of the Inquisition by Torquemada and were so hospitably received by the Sultan of Turkey. To this da\' their speech docs not differ very much from modern Spanish. Up in Bulgaria they number nearly 40,000, and farther south they become more numerous. In Salonika, now a Greek city, the Jews form a big majority of the population, numbering about 100,000 out of a mixed total of 174,000. Almost to a unit they are engaged in trade. They have always had friendly relations with the Turks and have enjoxed many special favors under the Turkish Government. THE BALKANS 131 The Wallachs are another considerable por- tion of the population throughout the Balkans, especially in the mountainous regions. They have usually been classified as Roumanians, but they difter somewhat from the Roumanians in Roumania proper. Another scattered element is the (lipsv, especially in Bulgaria and Servia. Fhese people are the lowest in standards of living and culture of all the Balkan races. While all of them speak Turkish, their natural tongue dilfers from any other Balkan dialect. They call themselves "Copts," which alone would indi- cate their Egyptian origin. Although the Servians and the Bulgarians, forming the biggest element in the Balkans, are classified as Slavs, there is still a striking difference in racial characteristics between them. The Bulgar, slow, heavy, inclined to be morose and tongue-tied, suspicious of strangers, un- couth, is not really a pure Slav. Originally the country which he now occupies was populated by an Asiatic race, called Volgars, because of their having come from the River Volga. It is supposed that they and the Hungarians and the Finns are of the same origin. Later the Slavic hordes overran the country, sweeping down to the borders of Greece. The Bulgars were completely overcome and assim- ilated with the Slavs. To-day not a trace of their original tongue remains, the language of the Bulgarians being the purest of all the Slavic dialects, not excepting even the Russian. But they still retain certain ph\sical and tem- peramental characteristics that are distinctly not Slavic, such as their rather dark features and stoliditw The Servians are everything that the Bul- garians are not. Physically they are fairer and more refined in appearance. By tempera- ment they are light hearted, joyous, frivolous, and charming to deal with. Their country being more suited for defence, the\' were never completely overrun by the Turks, and as a consequence they still retain, like the Greeks, a native aristocracy of culture. The Turks, too, present some wide differences of race. In the North of Bulgaria, along the banks of the Danube, there is a strong Tartar strain among them, whereas farther south many of them are simply converted Bulgars, called Pomaks, speaking the same tongue as their Christian neighbors, but hating them cordiall\'. Nor is there to be found a permanent friend- ship between any of these elements. That they could unite, even temporarily, during the attack upon Turkex* was the wonder of wonders to all who ha\e an acquaintance with the peo- ples of the Balkans. This mutual animosity has its foundation in historx' as well as in dif- ference of race. In recent times Servia and Bulgaria have fought each other twice. The Greeks have a universal prejudice against all Slavs, wherever they live. In 1884, when Bulgaria took over the rebell- ing province of Eastern Rumelia from Turkey, Russia, fearing the menace of a territorially aggrandized Bulgaria, yet not daring to inter- fere openly on account of the attitude 6f Great Britain, persuaded the Servians to attack Bulgaria. The Servians were completely routed in one three-day battle, for which defeat Russia was never able to forgive Bulgaria. On their side the Bulgarians, though feeling a warm affinity for the Russian people, have always violently hated the Russian autocracy. No- where in Europe have the Russian political exiles found a surer refuge than in Bulgaria. Of all countries this is the only one which has steadily refused to molest these refugees at the behest of the Russian police. Servia, on the contrary, has always looked to Russia as its protector against the aggressions of the Austrians. As a natural political result Bulgaria has found it necessary to maintain an understanding with Austria, to counteract the continual Russian intrigues against Bul- garian independence. Aside from that policy, of which the mass of the people know little, the Bulgarian has little sentiment to waste for the "Schwab," as he calls all Germans. In any general upheaval it is more than likel\- that politics would be forgotten if the will of the people were consulted, and Bulgaria would stand side by side with the Russians. With the exception of the northern Albanians, who are chiefly adherents of the Roman Catho- lic Church, all the Christians of the Balkan countries belong to what is generally known as the Eastern, or Greek, Catholic Church. At one time it was reall\' the Greek Church, with the Patriarch at the head, which included them all within its flocks. But after the libera- tion of Servia and Bulgaria these countries formed separate churches, between which and the original Greek Church there existed an an- imosity which was not felt toward the Roman Church. As the various governments have warred for territor\', so these churches have fought for adherents. The original Greek Church carried its propaganda so far that.it organized bands of armed men who overran parts of Macedonia, forcing the adherents of the other churches to declare themselves Greeks, the alternative being the destruction of their villages, catties, and even themselves and families. Nor were these empty threats; actuall\- thousands of people, both men and women, were killed b\' these terrorists of the Church and dozens of villages were burned. The peasants, on their part, organized armed bands to protect themselves against the Greek Church, and man\' were the bloody fights engaged in by these armed bands, the Turkish soldiers supporting the forces of the Church while the peasantry gave aid and comfort to the informal militia bands. Hardl\' a peasant in the mountain regions but has been out at least once in a general or local insurrection against the Turks or against the terrorist bands of the Greek Church. ITALY'S HATRED OF AUSTRIA WHY IT HELD BACK FROM ITS ALLIES OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE THE reason that Italy held oflF from its allies in the Triple Alliance is written large in her history. The grandfather of the present king ®f Italy, Victor Emmanuel, of Sardinia, with Cavour's guidance, made an alliance with Napoleon III and picked a quarrel with Austria in 1839 much as Bismarck in 1866 made a treaty with Italv and picked a quarrel with Austria. In each case these nation-builders deliberately provoked war as a means to the unification of their country. In the campaigns of 1859 Lombardv was taken from Austria. In 1866, in alliance with Prussia, Italy went to war with Austria again, this time, chiefly as a result of the Prussian victory at Sadowa, receiving Venetia from Austria. Austria was held to be the chief enemy of Italy's independence and unity. Despite this, however, in 1882 Italy joined Germany and Austria in the Triple Alliance. This unnatural alignment was en- tered into chiefly because France, Italy's normal allv, had blocked her colonial ambitions in Tunis. Yet the alliance never made Austria popular with Italians, nor did it cover the Mediterranean or the Adriatic. The head of the Adriatic is a constant source of enmity be- tween Italy and Austria. In Trieste and Fiume, seaports of Austria, the population is chiefly Italian. Italy has always coveted not onlv these ports but the Albanian shore of the Adriatic as well. She looks with suspicion upon the German-Austrian attempts to domin- ate the Balkans. Early in the Italian-Turkish War Italy began to bombard the Albanian coast, then held by Turkey. She was imme- diately warned off from Avlona by Austria. This added fresh vigor to the old antipath-y. Again, the tension over the control of the Adriatic was so acute during the Balkan War that there was even a possibility of hostilities between Italy and .Austria. When, therefore, the question of renewing the Triple Alliance came up in 191 3, it was only with great dif- ficulty that Germany succeeded in getting Italy to join it again, even though it was only a defensive alliance and did not include Ihe Mediterranean. The Italians look upon secur- ing Trieste and the control of the Adriatic as the French look upon reconquering Alsace and Lorraine. Austria stands fair in the path of this ambi- tion. The memory of former wars and the recognition of present conflicting policies make the Italian people unwilling to support Austria. The Italian Government's decision that it was / not bound to help Austria and Germany be- cause they were not engaged in a defensive war relieved it from entering upon a warlike policy which would probably have failed of public support. Moreover, Italy has nothing to gain by a war against the Triple Entente, unless it might be part of France's North African possessions. The chance of acquiring these would hardly be worth exposing a long coast line to the French and English Mediterranean fleets. On the contrary, a German-Austrian victory would almost certainly work harm to Italy's hope to control in the Adriatic. "MADE IN GERMANY" JEALOUSi' OF "MADE IN GERMANY" — THE FLAG THAT FOLLOWS TRADE THERE," said a famous German diplo- mat, pointing to a box marked Made in Germany, "is the Briton's grievance against us. Too many things are made in Germany." Germans generally believe that it is jealousy of Germany's phenomenal industrial progress and her fast growing merchant marine that has caused the talk of war between England and (iermany for the last decade. In a meas- ure this is true. The old agricultural Ciermany has become a vast workshop. It imports food for one seventh of its population of 64,000,000 people. It has become to a measure a nation like England that must ha\e outside markets to prosper, for its home consumption will -not take up the goods it makes. To get oversea markets it has built up its great merchant marine and to protect its merchant marine it has built its great navy. The German Gjovcrn- ment is intimately linked with German trade. German diplomacy, like most others, is "dollar diplomacy." Germany's foreign policies are designed to find larger markets for the ever increasing German manufactures. With Ger- many, as with other countries, the flag is likely to follow trade. German manufacturers want a trade outlet to the East. For example, the HOLLAND DEFENDED BY WATER '33 German Government, through its Austrian ally, is tr\ing to reach the /Egean Sea. In its rapid commercial and maritime rise the Euro- pean countries that it has most often met in competition are England and France. Nat- urall\ their policies and their colonial empires were used to encourage their own trade rather than Germany's. To ensure the future of its foreign trade Germany has in the last decade risen to contest Great Britain's supremacy on the sea. "Germany's expansion," says a writer in the New York Evening Post, "is a natural phe- nomenon. The country is overpopulated. it must expand. The Atlantic Ocean is a barrier to its westerly expansion. The north is unin- viting. The south is being drained of its re- sources by active and intelligent inhabitants. The Drang nach Osten of German Imperialism is therefore inevitable. The line of least resist- ance points to the east, where fertile territory awaits development. "Little wonder, then, that the attention of Germany's far-seeing statesmen has been di- rected toward Oriental countries, whose wealth of natural resources and genial climate combine to render them ideall\' attractive. The ver- dant vales and forest-clad mountains of Ser- via, Greece, and Bulgaria abound with raw material necessitated by Germany's increasing industries. Beyond the narrow watercourse intervening between Europe and Asia at the Dardanelles and Bosphorous lies Asia Minor, a land marvelIousl\' rich in minerals and suscep- tible of great agricultural development. Farther toward the dawning sun the exceedingly fertile Mesopotamian valley, once the granary of the civilized world, stretches between the western Euphrates and Tigris, and bids fair to provide humanity anew with vast supplies of grain and cereals. "This is the vision which has dangled allur- ingly before the minds of German and Austrian statesmen, working hand in hand, Austria paving the way in the Balkans, German\' forcing herself successfully in the control of Asia Minor, which to-day is a German colony all but in name. By their joint efforts, the Teuton brothers have laid the foundation of an empire whose northern sh(jres will be washed by the Baltic and whose southern boundary will be formed by the Persian Cjulf." To the east, in South America, in China, the great German fleets are carrying the products of German mills and German factories. That phen- omenal growth, however, like most such things, has developed certain weaknesses. The iron ore of Germany is not inexhaustible and already the Krupps, the German steel king Thyssen, and others have gone into Scandinavia, into Belgium, and into Morocco. As Germany is likely to need raw materials from abroad in the future, it already is a great borrower of capital. There is not money enough in the country to finance its industry. But over the border in France there are available funds. So in times of peace the French bankers finance German industry. But in times of war or threatened war there is no French money to be had. In the fall of 191 1 for instance, when the Agadir incident seemed capable of pro- ducing war between the two countries, Ger- many had to borrow 60 million dollars from the United States at twice the usual interest rate. It is generally believed that Germany's financial dependence prevented a war in 191 1. Since then both Germany and France have been hoarding gold for the struggle which is now on. HOLLAND DEFENDED BY WATER BY LETTING IN WATER THAT KEEPS OUT THE ENEMY WATER istheonly means of defense of the low countries. Belgium in her splendid fight against Ger- many's breach of her neutrality has had the advantage of the high hills which make the eastern frontier of her country easily defendable. The Kingdom of the Netherlands has no hills and to keep the heart of the country intact it is obliged to sac- rifice many miles of territory which during the course of ages she has gained upon the ocean. Instead of a defensive line of hills Holland has a defensive line of water. The Dutch govern- ment never has been very liberal with the details of its waterline defense and the fortifications which in time of peace look like artificial hills covered with a luxurious coat of grass, can never be approached by the curious tourist without an immediate warning not to come too near and to refrain from getting a very thorough look at these strangely shaped mounds. In case of danger the government would be removed from The Hague to Amsterdam. The troops in the outl>ing provinces would slowly retreat, destroying the bridges across the large southern rivers and thus stopping the progress of the enemy for several days. They would then occupy the fortifications around Amster- dam and make ready for a siege. The German invader might come as far as the dikes of the old bed of the ri\er Rhine but from there on he would meet with grave diftkulties. The large artificial lake which would be formed by open- ing the locks of the canals near Ymuiden and 134 THE WORLD'S WORK Katwyk and the dikes near Amsterdam would, within twent\-four hours cover the entire countryside with a coat of water which is too deep to be crossed by a wading force, and which at the same time is too shallow to allow the use of armed vessels. It is true that modern siege guns might fire across this expanse of water. But the nature of the ground of the outl\ing territory is such that it will be so thoroughl\' drenched after a few hours contact with water that no heavy siege gun can be posted upon the muddy substance. The system of defense is a desperate one. It will mean the loss of untold millions. It will mean the undoing of the work of five or six centuries. But in case the independence of Holland is attacked it is the only means by which the people can show their aversion to foreign domination; and in the past they have several times made the sacrifice. WHAT AMERICA THINKS OF WAR A UNIVERSAL FEELING THAT THE KAISER HAS FORCED' ON THE CONFLICT BY C. D. M. AT THE outbreak of the great war in August, 1914, I made it my business to ramble about the streets of New York among the crowds watching the newspaper bulletins, at cafes, on street- cars, talking with everyone I came across. The current of popular feeling was not difficult to trace. Denunciation of the Kaiser was in most cases a sure passport to the ap- proval of the little knot of listeners who gather to every argument. From the Battery to the Bronx, everywhere I found a definite anti- German sentiment. Not against the German people, of course, who are bound to us by close ties of blood and commerce; but against the Kaiser and the whole armor-plated superstruc- ture of German militarism which seems to have cudgeled into war a people flourishing in the arts of peace, a people whose genius is for lit- erature and art and commerce, the kindest- hearted people in the world. Sympathy with the Germans there exists in abundance, and horror at the task which their troops are called upon to perform. But approval of the German war office? No! Unless it comes from Ger- mans or Austrians themselves. Near the Siaais-Zeitnng office, or at the Kaiscrhof, Lijchow's, the Hofbrau, Little Hungary or any other of the well-known pan-German restaurants one may hear " Hoch der Kaiser" uttered in all sincerity; but even there one finds thoughtful souls who think that the War Lord is costing the Fatherland dear. Any serious attempt to find the prevailing national sentiment behind the street clamor must reckon with the tremendous growth of socialistic and anti-autocratic feeling which the war is causing. A Europe generally un- desirous of war has been hurried into conflict by a few men — such is the prevailing idea. The death of M. Jaur^s, foully murdered for having been brave enough to prf)tesl against warlike preparations, has not gone unnoticed. A handbill on the street announces a big anti-war meeting of socialists. The legend began: / "WAR IS HELL / And the workers of the world Are roasted in its fires." The sentiment is crudely expressed but can any one doubt its essential truth? So in a way the war is acting as a terrible public educator. "I hope the war will be sharp enough to cure the Germans of their Kaiser folly" said one man to me. The New York Evening Post voices a large public when it prophesies the defeat of the Kaiser's armies and says: "Out of the ashes must come a new Germany, in which pure democracy shall rule, in which no one man and no group of professional man- killers shall have the power to plunge the whole world into mourning. If this be treason to Germany, our readers must make the most of it. To our minds, it is of profound significance that so many Americans are saying to-day: 'We wish that the Kaiser might be beaten and the German people win.' " Undoubtedly Americans are realizing (what has never been so plainly brought home before) the cruel folly of a nation hurried into war by an, unrepresentative military clique, it is sig- nificant that so many editorial-writers have now for the first time appreciated the value to this country of President Wilson's policy in Mexico. in the crowd circulating in front of the Hor- ace Greeley statue by the Tribune Building I asked fifty men of all classes, all Americans as far as I could judge, whether they were for the Germans or against. Fhe count was 8 for and 42 against. If hard words could have killec* the Kaiser, he would have perished speedily or (j'ty Hall Square. The verdict of the American people undoubtedly is that the war was "Made in (jermanv." CHRONOLOGY OF THE DIPLOMACY THAT LED TO WAR ON JUNE 28th a Shv who thought he was a patriot killed the German Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria. An inquiry was begun in which evi- dence was introduced to show that the assas- sin's work was part of a plot for the revolt of the Southern Slav provinces of Austria, in- stigated by Servians if not by the Servian Government. On July 23d, however, before the investigation was completed, Austria sent an ultimatum to Servia demanding that it use every means in its power to punish the assassins and also to stop all further anti-Austrian propa- ganda. Austria demanded that she be permit- ted to have representatives in the work of in- vestigation. JULY 24TH On July 24th, Russia joined the little Slav country in asking for a delay. Austria refused to grant this. 25TH On July 25th, ten minutes before 6 p. m., the hour when the ultimatum expired, the Servian Premier gave his reply to the Austrian Am- bassador at Belgrade: Servia agreed to all the conditions and apologies demanded by Austria, except that allowing Austrian officials to par- ticipate in the inquiry to be conducted in Servia into the assassination of the Archduke. Even this was not definitely refused. 27TH On July 27th, the Austrian foreign ofTice issued a statement in which appeared these words: "The object of the Servian note is to create the false impression that the Servian Government is pre- pared in great measure to comply with our demands. "As a matter of fact, however, Servia's note is filled with the spirit of dishonesty, which clearly lets it be seen that the Servian Government is not seriously determined to put an end to the culpable tolerance it hitherto has extended to intrigues against the Austro-Hungarian monarchy." Russia notified Austria that it could not allow Servian territory to be invaded. The great Slav nation had come to the rescue of its little kinsman. Semi-officially, Germany let it be known that no one must interfere with the Austrian-Servian entanglement — an intima- tion that Germany would back Austria. To stem the trend toward war Sir Edward Grey, the British Foreign Secretary, made the definite proposal that mediation between Servia and Austria be undertaken by a con- ference of the .'Embassadors in London. France and Italy accepted the proposal. Germany and Austria declined. 28TH On July 2Sth, came the official announcement that turned Europe into an armed camp: Vienna, July 28. — Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Servia was gazetted here late this afternoon. The text is as follows: " Ihe Royal Government of Servia not having replied in a satisfactory manner to the note remitted to it by the Austro-Hungarian Minister in Belgrade on July 2}, IQ14, the Imperial and Royal Government finds itself compelled to proceed itself to safeguard its rights and interests and to have recourse for this purpose to force of arms. "Austria-Hungary considers itself, therefore, from this moment in a state of war with Servia. (Signed) "Count Berchtold, "Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria-Hungary." 29TH On Julv 29th, the Czar issued an imperial ukase calling all reservists to the colors. On Jul\- 30th, the German Chancellor, Von Bethmann-Hollweg, showed where he stood in the following telegram to the German Am- bassador at Vienna: "We cannot expect Austria-Hungary to negotiate with Servia, with whom she is in a state of war. The refusal, however, to exchange views with St. Peters- burg would be a grave mistake. "We are indeed ready to fulfil our duty as ally. We must, however, refuse to be drawn into a world conflagration owing to Austria-Hungary not respect- ing our advice. Your Excellency will express this to Count von Berchtold, Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, with all emphasis and great seriousness." In reply to this communication Count Berch- told told the German Ambassador that the Austro-Hungarian Ambassador at St. Peters- burg had already been instructed to begin negotiations with Sergius SazonofF, the Russian Foreign Minister. But nothing came of these efforts. 30TH On July 30th, German\' asked Russia to stop its mobilization and asked for a reply within twent\-four hours. England notified Germany that if a general conflict should occur it could not stand aloof and see the balance of power in Europe destroyed. 3 1 ST On Jul\' 31st, Premier Asquith announced in the British House of Commons: "We have just heard, not from St. Petersburg, but from Germany, that Russia has proclaimed the gen- eral mobilization of her army and her fleet, and that, in consequence of this, martial law is to be proclaimed in Germany. 136 "W'e understand this to mean that mobilization will follow in Germany, if the Russian mobilization is general and is proceeded with." Russia paid no attention to the German ultimatum, but M. Gorymy.kin, president of the Council of the Empire, issued a manifesto which read: "Russia is determined not to allow Servia to be crushed and will fulfil its duty in regard to that small kingdom, which has already suffered so much at Austria's hands." The German Ambassador, Baron von Schoen, went to the French foreign office and expressed the fear that dangerous friction might arise between the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente in the event of the Powers of the Triple Entente not taking steps lo localize the conflict between Austria and Servia. AUGUST 1ST On August 1st, the German Ambassador handed the declaration of war to the Russian Foreign Minister at 7.30 p.m. The French Government mobilization order. THE WORLD'S WORK issued a general On August 2d, Germany began the invasion of France through the Duchy of Luxemburg. As this territory was neutralized by the Powers, including Germany, in 1867, this act was gen- erall\' criticized as involving a breach of treaty. England asked Germany if she would respect the neutrality of Belgium. Germany replied that she could not answer the question at that time. The British Cabinet spent the day in secret session discussing what attitude England should assume. 3D On August 3d Germany sent an ultimatum to Belgium demanding free passage for her troops. Germany said that it already had information that France was to use Belgium as a military base. Belgium refused entrance to German troops and demanded that Germany respect her neutrality. She followed up her reply by proclaiming martial law. The French Govern- ment declared martial law in France and Algiers. Sir Edward Grey, the British Foreign Minis- ter, in the House of Commons, read a telegram addressed to King George by King Albert of Fielgium, asking "the diplomatic intervention of Your Majesty's Government to safeguard the integrity of Belgium." So far as England's treaty obligations with France were concerned, said Sir Edward, "we have perfect freedom to decide." For years England had "had a friendship with France. Whether that friend- ship' involves obligations, let every man look into his own heart and feelings and construe the obligations for himself. If the German fleet bombarded the unprotected French coast," he added, "I-'ngland could not stand aside with its arms folded." The German Ambassador had made a strong bid for British neutrality. The Emperor had promised not to attack the northern and western coast of France if England would remain neutral. John Red- mond, the Nationalist leader, aroused great enthusiasm by pledging the support of all Irishmen, Protestant and Catholic, to whatever course England decided on. Italy proclaimed her neutrality. Although a member of the Triple Alliance, this alliance, her statesmen explained, was intended to pro- tect the parties to it against an attack. Italy interpreted Germany's and Austria's acts as amounting to an aggressive war. The German Emperor gave the Russian Am- bassador his passports. 4TH On August 4th, England sent an ultimatum to German\', demanding a satisfactorv reply by midnight on the question of the neutrality of Belgium. King George's proclamation com- manding the mobilization of the British Army was read from the steps of the Royal Exchange. Parliament voted a war credit of $525,000,000. No reply having been received from Germany the British foreign office announced that a state of war existed with Germany, dating from 1 1 p. M. August 4th. Meanwhile Germany had given his passports to the British Ambassador in Berlin. 5TH On August 5th, President Wilson offered the good offices of the United States in an at- tempt to bring about a settlement of the Euro- pean difficulties. The Germans began an attack upon Liege, Belgium, and were repulsed. 6th On August 6th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. The Austrian Ambassador left St. Petersburg. 7TH On August 7th, the German Government used strong representations to Italy, in its efforts to enlist its participation in the war. Italy, how- ever, maintained her neutrality. The Kaiser issued a proclamation asserting that jealousy of German progress was the real cause of the war. 8th On August 8th, Portugal announced its decision 10 support Great Britain. QTH On August Qth, Servia declared war against Germany in order to get rid of the German Am- bassador. lOTH On August luth, France declared war on Aus- tria as a resultof Austrian troopsaidingGermanv. I 3TH On August 13th, Austria and Great Britain each declared war on the other. THE ROYAL RELATIVES OF EUROPE EUROPE at war can almost be likened to a huge fainil\' quarrel. The ro\al houses, especiall\' of the countries which are most vitall\' concerned h\' the war, are practical!)' all of the same Germanic stock, and almost of one blood. There have been so many intermarriages between these houses that German blood dominates every European throne with the exception of the two small kingdoms of Servia and Montenegro. In several great family groups the custom of intermarriage is continuous!)' carried on from generation to generation, but very seldom ex- tends to the families of other groups. Some- times, as between the House of Hapsburg and the royal House of Hohenzollern of Prussia, a direct matrimonial alliance almost never oc- curs; there has not been a marriage between these two houses within the last two hundred years. In the south of Europe the houses of Hapsburg, Savoy, Bavaria, Saxony, and Bour- bon seem to form one combination of these famil\' groups, while in the north the principal combination is made up of the houses of Hohen- zollern-Prussia, Great Britain, Denmark, Rus- sia, and the Saxon Duchies. All the reigning princes of Northern Europe are closely related in this way. Thus, Emperor William of Germany is a first cousin of King George V of Great Britain and Czar Nicholas 11 of Russia. George and Nicholas are first cousins through their mothers, who were daughters of the King, Christian IX of Den- mark. William 11 of German\' is the first cou- sin of George V, as his mother, N'ictoria, was the sister of George's father, Edward VI 1 of Great Britain. Moreover, Nicholas married another first cousin of both George and William, the Czarina's mother being another sister of King Edjvard VI 1. Finally George, William, and Nicholas are, through their fathers, great- grandsons of Charles, Duke of Mecklenburg- Strelitz, who died in 1752; and William and Nicholas are descended from King Frederick- William 111, of Prussia. Other cousins of King George and Czar Nicholas are Christian X of Denmark and Constantine 1 of Greece. There are in all more than forty sovereign houses of Europe, but all do not reign over in- dependent lands or principalities. Although many of these houses possess only the title of sovereignty and the right of royal privileges, they are equal in rank to all reigning houses, and their members intermarrx' freel\' without loss of title or rank. This is a limited class, however, for below these in rank are other houses desig- nated as "mediatised" houses, and ranked be- low these in turn are the non-ro\'al houses. Of these sovereign houses of the first rank, man\' ha\'e arisen from cadet lines of older houses. The most striking development of such a cadet line to ro\'al power is that of the House of Saxe-C^oburg-Gotha. To-day princes of this house are reigning in Great Britain, Belgium, and Bulgaria, and one of them also held the throne of Portugal until that country became a republic. Princes of the cadet House of Olden- burg to-day reign in Denmark, Greece, Nor- way, and Russia. The House of Bourbon, at one time might\' in the extent of its cadet lines, ruled in I'rance, Spain, Naples, and Parma. The princes of Hohenzollern to-day reign in Prussia and Roumania. Thb House of Hohen. ollern-Prussia: In Prussia, the eldest son is known as the Crown Prince; all other males of the family become Princes of Prussia. Emperor IVilliam II of Germany has six sons, four of whom are mar- ried. The tendency of this generation is to go northward for their matrimonial alliances. There seems to be a tendencx' to solidif>' all parts of the German Empire b\' bringing all parts of other princely possessions into closer contact with the ro\al famil\'. The marriage between the Emperor's daughter, Victoria Louise, and the young prince of Cumberland, now the Duke of Brunswick, was also probably made with this end in view. The House of Hapsburg-Lorraine: This famil\', belonging to the great famil>' group of Southern Europe, is mainl\' allied with the houses of Bourbon-Sicilies, Bavaria, Bourbon- Parma, Spain, Sa\'o\-ltal\', Belgium, and Sax- ony. The famil\' takes its names from its earlier possessions, the Duchy of Lorraine, which it ga\'e up when the first of its princes, Francis-Stephen of Lorraine, married the Aus- trian heiress of Hapsburg, .Maria Theresa, and succeeded to the empire. The Emperor Erancis Joseph of Austria- Hungary is eight\'-four \'ears old and has reigned since he was eighteen. His favorite brother was known as Maximilian, the short-lived Em- peror of Mexico. His grand-nephew, the .Arch- duke Charles Francis Joseph, is next in line of succession. He is twent\'-seven \ears of age, the son of the .Archduke Otto, and Marie Jose- phine, sister of the King of Saxony. He is mar- ried to Zita, Princess of Parma. Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, is the onl\' rul- ing connection of Emperor Francis Joseph, with the exception of King Frederick .August 1 1 1 of Saxon\' who married an .Austrian .Archduchess. The King of Spain inherits the famous "Haps- burg lip" which is seen in so man\' of the male members and descendants of this famil\' — a heav\', overhung, pendant lip. The Saxon Houses: The Saxon Ro\'al House has given more kings and important princes to Europe throughout its histor\', and 138 THE WORLD'S WORK to-dav is better represented b\- descendant sovereign families than any other royal line. After many early vicissitudes it di\ided deti- nitel\' in 1640 into two branches, Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Gotha. Saxe-Gotha again di\ided in 1672 into four main sub-branches, Saxe- Gotha Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe- Hildburghausen, and Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. The Family of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha: From the least important this family has come to be the greatest and largest of the Houses of Saxony and has alread}- given birth to four lines of kings: 1. Prince Leopold in 1816 was married to Charlotte, only child of King George IV of Great Britain and heir to the British throne. But Princess Charlotte and her baby both died in 1 8 1 7. Later, probabl\- because of his importance through this marriage and because of his well- known popularit\', the Belgian people, when they became an independent nation in 183 1, offered him that throne; he accepted and be- came the first King of Belgium as Leopold I, and the founder of the present line of kings of Belgium. The present King Albert of Belgium is his grandson. 2. In 1 8 18 Leopold's sister, Victoria, was married to Prince Edward of Great Britain. The only child of this marriage was Queen Vic- toria, who succeeded to the English throne in 1837. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha became the husband of the Queen in 1840, the Prince Consort of Great Britain, and the founder of the new German dynasty in England. 3. Of the children of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the eldest of his three sons became by his marriage to Maria 11, Queen of Portugal, titular King of that country as Ferdi- nand II, and so founded the Saxe-Coburg dy- nast\- of Portugal. Manuel II, ex-King of Portugal, through his grandmother. Princess iVlaria-Pia of Savoy, is related to the ro\al family in Italy, as she was a sister of King Humbert I of Italy and also of Amadeus of Aosta, who was King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. Through his wife, he is the son- in-law of William, the present royal prince of Hohenzollern, and a nephew of Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Roumania. 4. The youngest son died childless and the second son, August, became the founder of the German branch of this family. August married a Princess of Orleans and of this marriage in 1843 there were four children, three of whom are now living. The youngest son was elected Heri'ditary Prince of Bulgaria in 1887 and be- came its O.ar {C{ar h'erdinand I oj Bulgaria) in it)()8; he founds a new reigning dynasty, the fourth, of the Saxc-Coburg-Cjothian family. All the heads of these Saxon families — the reigning princes — are Dukes. This title in Germany and Austria is higher than that of Prince and indicates, along with the increased dignity of the title, the holding and government of landed possessions. Dukes rank between Kings and Princes; (Jrand Dukes are a higher class of Dukes and are Kings in ever\- way ex- cept in actual title. The famil\- name of this illustrious House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is Wcttin. So it is, there- fore, correct to speak of the King of Great Bri- tain as George Wettin, the King of Belgium as Albert Wettin, and the ex-King of Portugal as Manuel Wettin, etc. The Royal Family of Great Britain: Although the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha d\nast\' was founded in Great Britain by the marriage of Prince Albert to Queen Victoria of the House of Brunswick-Liineburg, the ro\-al d\nasty really began with the accession of Queen Victoria's oldest son to the throne as King Edward VII. His son. King George V oj Great Britain, has three sisters, of whom one is Maude, the Queen of Norwa\'. King George V is brother-in-law to King Haakon VII of Norway. He is first cousin on his father's side to Emperor William II of Germany and his sister, the Queen of Greece; to the Czarina Alice of Russia; to the Crown Princess Marie of Roumania; and to Queen Victoria-Ena of Spain. On his motlver's side King George is first cousin to King Chris- tian X of Denmark, King Haakon VII of Nor- way', to King Constantine I of Greece, and to Czar Nicholas II of Russia. The Royal Families of the House of Holstein- Oldenhurg: The kings of Denmark, Greece, and Norway, and the Emperor of Russia are all descended in direct line from the early German kings of Denmark and Norway. The Royal Family of Denmark: King Christian IX (18 18-1906) and Queen Louise had three sons and three daughters who all became famous. The eldest son succeeded his father as King Frederick VI II, and his eldest son in turn succeeded him as King Christian X of Den- mark. The eldest daughter became the wife of Edward, Prince of Wales, and is now the Queen- Mother of Great Britain. The second son, Prince William, was elected as King of Greece, and began his reign there in 1863, as King George I. His eldest son, Constantine, now reigns as King Constantine I of Greece. Con- stantine is married to Sophia, a sister of the Emperor of Germany. The second daughter of King C^hristian was the wife of the Czar Alex- ander 1 1 1 of Russia, and is, therefore, the Queen- Mother of that nation. The second son of Frederick VIII is Prince Charles, who was elected King of Norway, as Haakon VII. The Russian Royal Family: There has not been a Slavic Emperor in Russia since the bloody da\s of strife and intrigue following the death of Peter the Great. The male line of the House of Romanoff died out. The present C{ar Nicholas 1 1 of Russia belongs to a wholly Ger- manic family. King Peter I of Scrvia is married to Princess Zorka, the sister of the King of Montenegro. King Nicholas I of Montenegro married Milena Vucotilch. Of this marriage there are six daughters and three sons: the third daughter is Queen Helen or Elena of Italy. COMPLETE DESCRIPTIVE INDEX OF THE WAR MANUAL Aasen loi Ahoukir S4 Achilles 55 Admiral ^fakharojff 65 Admiral Spaun 67 Adriatic 9 Adriatic Sea 129,132 Aegean Sea 9.73. 129, 133 Aehrenthal, Count 72, 130 Aeroplane. See Aviation. Africa 52 fighting in. ..... 52 French expansion in 17 possible consequences to 5°, 52 Agadir 9.70.133 Agamemnon Si Agram trials 130 Agrarianism a political issue 109 ijax 54 /l;(i.r.dance on 71 Alabama Claims, arbitration of 126 Albania, when held by Turkey 132 shores. Italy's ambitions to own. . . 132 population of 130 ports of 9 Albanians. Mohammedan 130 Xorthern Roman Catholics 131 Albemarle 53 Albert, Kingof Belgium 74,96,136 Albion S3 Aldershot 46 Allcnstein 48 Alessandria 48 Alliances, general theorj' of 16 Alliances That Made the War, The fRoUo Ogden) 15 Almaz 65 Alsace-Lorraine 1. 14.22, 69, 132 Alpine Infantry. See Italian Army. Alt-Orsova 48 America and war 134 Amphritrile 55 A mphion loi Amsterdam 133,134 A ndrcas Pervovanni 65 A ndromeda 55 '". Anglo-French Reminiscences," by Sir Thomas Barclay 18 Anglo-Japanese alliance 70 Antrim 55 Antwerp. threatened by Xapoleon. .. 1 Arbitration, .Anglo-French, 1904 .... 18 Arad 48 Argonaut SS Argylc 55 Ariadne 55 Armament, French Army 44 Army organization 41 Armies of F.urope, The (Frederic Louis Huidekopcr) 22 Armstrong, gun. See England, Army. Artillery, organization of 23 Asia, .Africa, and The Islands of The Seas 50 Asia Minor. German influence in . . 15, 133 Asia.possible consequences to 50 Askold 65 Assassination of the .Archduke Fran- cis Ferdinand 106, 135 Asquith, Premier 73.79.9°. I3S A ube 56 A udacious 54 A ugsburg 67 A urora 65 A usiralia 54 Austria 129.136 aggressions on Servia 131 aims and methods of 103 army 19, 21,38, 45,48,74. 117 civilizing mission of 103 connecting link between civiliza- tion and barbarism 103 defeated by Prussia 68 demands on Servia 15 foreign policy of 72, 73 imports 129 navy. , 67,100 possibility of disintegration 22 relation to Bosnia and Herze- govina 103, 104 ultimatum of 13s Red Cross in 1 10, 1 1 1 war against Denmark, 1863 68 war with Italy in 1859 132 war with Servia i and the Adriatic 132 Austria-Hungary 11 declares war 135. 136 jealousy of Greater Servia 129 race friction in 14 territorial ambitions of 14 trade with India 14 Austrian-Servian entanglement. Ger- many and the 135 Austria's Civilizing Mission. (An .Aus- trian Diplomat) 103 Australia 14 possible consequences to 50 Autocracy and republicanism 9 Automobiles, commandeered in war . 21 .Automobiles in French commissary 117 Automobilesfor French artillery .... 100 in transportation 100 requisitioned 100 subsidized 100 .Aviation 19-21, 44. 64,97-99 Avlona, Italy warned from 132 BalacLiva, Light Brigade at 23 Balance of Power 9. 16, 50, 135 Balkan .Alliance 77 confederation 129 Peninsula 105 states, possible advance from 49 Balkans 19 conflict of Russia and Austria in . . . 22 Red Cross in the . 1 1 1 Russian and German ambitions in 9 Serv'ia's success in 130 Baltic Sea I3.i33 Bank Acts, suspended 123 Bankers, German, unprepared for war in 1911, report to William H 122 Bank of England, advance in dis- count rate; run on; gold re- serves 123,124 Bank of Germany, gold supply of 122 Bankruptcy threatened by war .... 123 Ban. See .Austria. .Army. Bannerman. Sir Henry Campbell... 73 Barclay. Sir Thomas, e.xplams En- tente Cordiale x8 Barham 54 Barton. Clara 11. 112 Battalion 23 Battery 23 Bavarians Before Paris. 187 1, The 5 5anube River 129 Danzig 48 Dardanelles 133 Dead, jKrrcentage in battle n8 " Death of Nelson atTrafalgar" . ... 2 Death rate in French army reduced by co'. See Austria. Hungary, Serbs of 130 Illustrious S3 Imperalor Pavel 1 63 Implacable $j Imports, loss of from Germany 123 Iniefaligable 34 India I4, SO Indomitable 34 Industry, opportunity for the United States 113 Infantry, organization of 23 Inflexible 34 Ingolstadt 48 Insignia of Red Cross 112 Interior lines, importance of 48 International Prize Court 126 Invincible 34 Irish 10 Iron Duke 34 Irresistible 53 Italian-Turkish War 132 Italy II, 13 army 38, 43. 49 accepts England's proposal . 135 alliance with Prussia in 1S66 132 ambition to own Albania 132 ambition to own Fiume 132 ambition to own Trieste 132 and Triple .Mliance alliance with Prussia in 1866 132 Bismarck's treaty with 68 Colonial possessions 31 enters Triple .■Mliance, 1882 132 neutrality of 32, 136 possible influence of 49 R?d Cross in no wars with .Austria in 1839; in 1866 i 32 Italy's Hatred of .Austria 132 Italian view of .\driatic control. . . . 132 Ivan. The Great 22 Ivangorod 48 Ivan Zlatoust 65 Japan, alliance with England 70 army 113, 116 navy loi Red Cross in no Jaures, M 134 Jean Bart 56 Jeanne d'Arc 36 Jellicoe, Sir John Rushworth 76, 92 Jerome, Jennie 79 Jews 130 Joff re. General 44, 79, 88 Jules Ferry 36 Jules Michelet $6 Jupiter S3 Justice 56 Kagul 63 Kaiser. See William I. Kaiser and the "Mailed Fist," The 68 Kaiser Barbarossa 66 Kaiser Friederich III 66 Kaiser Kaiserin 66 Kaiser Karl VI 67 Kaiser Karl der Grosser 66 Kaiser Wilhetm II 66 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grossc 66 Kaiserin Maria Teresa 67 Kallay, Baron 104 111 Karlsruhe 67 Katwyk 134 Kent 55 Kertch 48 Khartoum, machine guns at 102 Kiao-chau 52, 70 Kiel 74. 77 Kiel Canal 68, 69, 70, 71 King Alfred 35 King Edward VII 53 King George V 54 Kipling 9 Kitchener, Earl' 7i. 7Si 91 Kleber 56 Kotberg 67 Koln 48 Kaln 67 Komorn 48 Konig Albert 66 Konig 66 Koniggratz; Overthrow of Austria, i, 4, 16. Konigsberg 48 Korea 52 Kossova, Battle of 129 Kovna 48 Krag-Jorgensen rifle 45 Kronprinzessin Cecelie 122, 127 Kronstadt 48 Kruger, telegram from William II . . 70 Krupp, guns and works 43, 47, 64, 99, 133 Kumanovo, Battle of 129 Kustrin 48 Label magazine rifle and carbine. . . 41 Ladysmith 98 Lancaster j j Land Bank of Bosnia 105 Landsturrn. See Austrian Army Or- ganization. Landwehr 14 Landwehr. See Austrian Army Lanenburg, Duchy of 68 Language, question of, in Austria. . 103 Latin Powers, Population of 12 Lee-Enfield Rifle. See English Army Arms 46 Lemberg 48 Lena, Russian warship dismantled, 127 Leon Gambetta 36 Leviathan 55 Liege attacked 102, 136 Lion 54 Lieutenant 23 Lieutenant colonel 23 Lieutenant general 23 Living, cost of, going up 114 Lombard Street, banking houses of. 123 Lombardy, added to Italy in 1859. . 132 London 53 London districts, defences of 46 Lord \elson 33 Lorraine 132 Lothringen 66 Luneville 47 Luxemburg 48 Luxemburg, Emperor Charles of. . 104 Luxemburg, German advance through 136 Lyddite shells 98 Lyons 48 MacMahon, Marshal, 23 Macedonia, terrorists in 131 Macedonian lands 105 Madagascar, annexation by France 18 ''Made in Germany" 132 Madrassahs 105 Magdeburg 48 Magdeburg 67 Magnificent $i Magyars 12, 103 Mainz 67 Mainz 48 Majestic 53 Major 23 Maior general 23 Malaya 54 Manila Bay," mailed fist at". ..... . 70 Mannlicher rifles and carbines. . . . 45. 47 Mannlicher-Carcano rifle 45 Manoeuvres (1913) in France 88 Mantua 48 Manufacturers, success of German 125 Maps, present day. altering 50 March to the East. See Drang nach Osten 3 J IV Marchand. Major, at Fashoda i8 Maria Annunziata 75 Marie Feodorovna m Markgraf 66 Marlborough 54 Maros River 4S Mars 53 Mars-la-Tour, The Battle of 5 Marseillaise 5^ Massena 50 Martial law declared in France .... 136 Mauser rifle 47 Ma.xim gun and silencer 102 Maxim. Hiram Percy 102 Ma.xim, Hudson 98 Ma.ximilian, Emperor of Mexico. . . 78 Meat. Germany's large supply of . . 109 Measles, effect on soldiers 116 Mecklenburg 66 Medical staff, burial of dead. ..... 119 reorganization of, its functions in peace and war 116 prescribing shoes, prescribing diet 116 inspection of water; interest in soldier's equipment 117 Mediterranean, supremacy of 9 Mediterranean route 108 Memmel 48 Merchant vessels in sea traffic. . 113, 119 Merchant marine, necessity for America iiS Germany's 109 Merkurya 65 Mesopotamian Valley, future of . . . 133 liletropolitan Army. See French army, organization of 41 Metternich 16 Metz 14, 23, 48 Middleton, James, Europe's Food Supply in War Time. . . ._. 106 Militarism ' 10, 134 Mine 97. loi Minotaur 55 Miraheau 56 Mobilization facilities compared... 48 Mohammedans 105 Moltke, Field Marshall.. 16, 24, 66, 69 Monarch 54 Mongolia 72 Monmouth 55 Montcalm 56 Montenegro '. . . . 4°. 104. 130 Moratorium declared in England. . . 123 Morocco, Emperor William in. . . . 70, 133 Moslems n. 104 Motor trucks. See Automobiles. . . 100 Motor cyclists to carry despatches. loo Mukden 21, no Mumps, effect on soldiers 116 Nancy 47 Napier, description of death 117 Napoleon 1.9. 13 prophecy, Cossacks vs. Republic- anism 17 "strength of an army" 48 Napoleon III 14, 68 Napoleonic wars, effect upon Eu- ropean shipping 120 Napoleonic wars, England in. .... . 106 Napoleonic wars small in comparison 22 Nassau 66 Natal SS National Army. See French Army. Navy. See under England, France, etc. Near East, question of 13 Neisse 48 Nepfolkeles. Sec Austria, Army, Neptune 54 Netherlands, Army, strength 47 topography of 133 Ncu-lireisach 48 Neutral Government, its duty in time of war 126 Neutral nations. 13 Neutral nations, rights of their citizens 127 Neutrality, American precaution. . . 127 New Things in War 97 New York crowds, opinions of 134 New York Evening Post's opinions. 134 New Zealand 54 Nice 48 Nicholas. Emperor 72 Niciola Pashitch 77 Nightingale, Florence iii, 112 THE WORLD'S WORK Nikolas Nikolaivitch, Grand Duke. Commander Russian Army 94. 95 Nikolsburg, Treaty of 16 \iobe 55 North African force 20 Novibazar, Sanjak of 129 Novo-Georgievsk 48 Oat crop 113 Ocean 53 Odessa 48 Oldenburg 66 Oleg 6s Open order, difficulty in German Ar- my 24 Opolchenie. See Russia, Army. Oriental trend of Germany 133 Orion 54 Ossovets 48 Oslfriesland 66 Otchokov 48 Ottoman Government 104 Pacific, Islands of, possible conse- quences to 5° Pallada 65 Pamyat 65 Pan-Germanism 9. 22 Panic of 1873, effect on Germany. . 124 Pantelcimon 65 Parachute lights 102 Paris 48, 107 Paris 56 Pashitch, M 81, 129 Patrie 56 Pau, General 79 Peninsular Campaign ns Persian Gulf i33 Peter III, Czar 10 Peter, King of Servia and Crown Prince 81 Peter, The Great 13 Petervarad 48 Petropaxiovsk loi Piacenza 48 Piece in Danger, The 8 Piedmontese help defeat Russia .... 13 Pigeon lofts in Berlin loi Pigeons, homing loi Platoon 23 Poincare, President... 16, 71, 73. 85, 95 Pola 9. 48 Poland 13 Poles in Germany 14 Polish litigation 103 Polish Quadrilateral 48 Pomaks 131 Pommern 66 Poscn 66 Posen 48 Port .Arthur, demand for evacuation 70 Red Cross at no siege of loi Pothuau 56 Portugal II Portugal supports Great Britain. . . 136 Powder, French Navy, French Army 44 Powder, German, of good quality . . 41 Prague 104 Premysl 48 Press in United States iS Pretoria 98 Preusscn 66 Prices, Rise in America 114 Prinz Adalbert 66 Prince Eugen 67 Prince George 53 Prince lleinrich 66 Prince of Wales 53 Prince Regent Luitpold 66 Princess Royal 54 Princess Sophia of .Austria 78 "Problems of Power" 129 Progress in submarine craft and projectiles 99 Protestant religion 1 1 Prussia, rise of 68-6g victory over Austria 68 war against Denmark, 1863 68 Putnik, General Radumil 80,81 Queen 53 Ouren Elizabeth 54 (Juecn Afary 54 Quick action, importance of 48 Race antipathy cause of war 10 Race conflicts 10, 13 Races in the Balkans 130 Radetzki 67 Railroads in Germany 24 Railroads, Bulgaria 129 Ramillies 54 Rastatt 48 Rations. Russian soldiers 116 British soldiers 116 German soldiers 117 Raw materials for Germany 133 Redmond, John 136 Red Cross no, in Red Cross of Warring Nations .... no organization, founder, develop- I ment 112 position in present war in, 112 insignia 112 Regiment 23 Reichstag in Vienna ._ 103 Reichstag, grant of war credit by . . 124 Reichshoffen. The Fatal Charge of the French at 7 Religions n Remirement 47 Renown 54 Republicanism and autocracy 9 Republique 56 Resolution 54 '■Retreat from Waterloo" 3 Rhine River 133 Rhcintand 66 Richet, Dr. Charles, Calculation on cost of war 124 Rights and Duties of the United States as a Neutral (Charles Cheney Hyde) 126 Roberts, Lord 75 Roman Catholic religion n Romanoffs, Bismarck's designs on 17 Roon 67 Roon 69 Rossia 65 Rostock 67 Roumanian army 19, 47 Roumanians, the 13 Roumania, Greeks in 130 Roumania, position in the present struggle, French influence in 19 Roxburgh 55 Royal A rthur 55 Royal Commission 108 Royal Oak 54 Roval Sovereign 54 Rurik 6s Russell 53 Russia ; II aeroplane and submarine 97 advance in Central Asia 2i ambassador leaves Germany, ... . 136 army: 19, 21, 34-37. 44. 45. 48. 95. "S 116, 118, 13s colonial possessions 51 desire for Constantinople 22 Germany's declaration of war against 71 mobilization cause of war 136 instigates Servian attack on Bul- garia _...., 131 intrigues against Bulgarian inde- pendence 131 navy 64, 65, 100, lor police 131 Red Cross no support of Servia 20 territorial ambitions, map 46 w'ar against Napoleon 13 wars to gain access to sea 13, 22 weak flanks 49 Russian-Japanese Wa 9. loi. I'S Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria. 75, 78 Rumelia, Eastern, taken by Bul- garia 131 Saarlouis 48 Sadowa, battle of 132 Saida 67 St. Denis 48 St. Georg 67 St. Louis 56 St. Petersburg 48 St. Vincent 54 Sanitation, Army. See Medical Staff. Salonika 106, I2g San Giuliano, Marquis Antonio de 76, 96 Sanjak of Novibazar 72, 104, 129 Saraje,vo 19, 20, 48, 106 COMPLETE DESCRIPTIVE INDEX Saratoga Sassulich.Lieutenant-General Sazonoff, Sergius, negotiatioDS with q4, Scandinavia • ■ • German trade in Russian intentions toward Scharnhorst Schlesien Shleswig, Province of Sclileswig-Holslcin Schwahen Schnclifarrer (motor cyclists) Shrapnel in Manchuria "Schwab," Hulgarian for Germans. Seaplanes in navy . . Seaplanes, appropriation for ship carrying Sea power England's one salvation Searchlitht, portable Sea traffic Securities, no market for American Seeley. Colonel Serb race in .Austria-Hungary 14, 129, in Montenegro in Servia Servia 10, 104, area increased by Balkan War. . Army: 19-21, 39, 40, 47, 48, 80, 81 Austria's demands on characteristics of people declaration of war dream of a greater German interest in its products. . . necessity for economic indepen- dence opposition to Austria Old population before Balkan War. . . population since Balkan War. . .. premier's reply to Austria trade routes war against Bulgars in 1908 war against Turkey war against Turks in 1908 war-tired Sevastopol Seydlitz Shannon Shipping, affected by Napoleonic wars affected by the Civil War. ....... analysis by nationalities, British preponderance chance for American danger to Germany's decline of .American England first, America second, Germany third Germany's rise Ships, 15,000 for world's commerce Sick, Lack of attention in war Siege of Port Arthur Siege of Paris Signal corps Signal flag Slav domination, obstructing Ger- many Slav kingdom, Russia's encourage- ment to Slav majority in imperial legislative chamber Slav Powers, population of Slavs, predominance in Balkans. . . . Slav States Slava Smallpox vaccination Socialists and war Sonderberg in Schleswig Sophia of -Austria, Princess S»uth Africa South .America, Germany in South German States South German States, annexed to Prussia Spandau Spandau, treasx.re castle 41, Spartiale Squad Squadron Staats-Zciiung Stock Exchange closes Stolypin Stralsund Strassburg Strasshurg Strategy defined 133 9 67 66 68 66 66 100 119 131 Q9 108 102 113 113 98 130 129 129 136 130 .84 IS 131 136 129 133 129 103 130 130 130 13s 129 129 104 129 19 48 66 5S 120 120 119 121 119 120 120 IIS lOI lOI 130 129 6S 116 134 77 78 14 133 68 69 48 122 SS 23 23 134 123 80 67 48 67 48 Submarine equipment of nations. . . 100 Submarines in war 97 Submarines, radius of action, arms, 99 size of, speed of gg Subsidies for foreign ships 113 Sufolk 55 Sujren 56 Sugar, prospect of shortage of 114 SukhomlinofI, General, Russian Min- ister of War 95 Sultan 104 Superb 54 Sutley 54 Sweaborg 48 Swijt 5S Su'ijisure 53 Switzerland ii 48 St. Petersburg, possibility of entering 4 St. Privat 24 Tariff duties upon agricultural and meat products 109 TaritT. loss in 125 Tariff, removed on sugar 114 Tartars fighting Russia 13 Tcggcthof 67 Tcmcraire 54 Temesvar 48 Terrible 55 Territorials. See English Army. Territorial ambitions 13 Territorial expansion 10 Terrorist bands of Greek Church . . 131 Teuton Empire 133 Theseus 55 Thorn 48 Three-line rifle, arm of Russian Army 44 Thunderer 54 Thuringen 66 Thysbcn 133 Tiger 54 Tigris River 133 Torgau 48 Tourists, stranded in Europe 126 Trade, American declining 113 Trade, American foreign at a stand- still 113 Trafalgar 2 Transportation, problems of, in Manchuria 19 Transvaal, foreign relations of 70 Treaty, .AnKlo-f''rench, 1904 18 Treaty of Berlin 18 Treaty of Washington, 1871 126 Trentino 13 Trieste 9, 13, 14, 48 Trieste. Italian population of 132 Triple Alliance: 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 76, 132 136 Triple Alliance, Formed by Bis- marck 17 Triple .Alliance, Italy's relation to. . . 132 Triple Entente: 13, 15, 17, 73, 99, 132, 136 Tripoli, Italian invasion of 17 Tri Svialctilia 65 Triumph 53 Troops That Have Seen Service, The 21 Troop 23 Tunis, Italy's colonial ambitions in .. 132 Turk maintained in Europe g Turkey, army 20 European 130 Servian war against 104 Turkish Empire, on Black Sea 13 Turks 130 racial differences among 131 Tartar strain in 131 Turkoman, irregular horse. See Or- ganization of Russian .Army. Typhoid in Crimea 115 United States after the war 50 United States as a source of food in war time 108 colonial possessions 51 effect of war on 113 financing Germany 133 precautions to obser\-e neutrality. 127 Red Cross in in and Te.xas 104 Uskub 129 Ust-Dvinsk 48 Vaccination against smallpox 116 Valiant 54 Vanguard 54 Varna. Greeks in 130 Venerable 53 \'enetia added to Italy 132 Vengeance 53 \'enice 48 Vergnaud 56 \'erna 129 Verile 56 \'erona 48 N'ersailles 48 Vetsera, Baroness Maria 78 \'etterli rifle 45 Viborg 48 Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy. . .96, 132 Victor Hugo 56 Victoria, Queen 79 Victorious 53 \'ienna 48 Vilna 48 Vi/ibus Unilis 67 Vistula Passages 48 \'iviani, Rene 80, 88 Volgars, the 131 Voltaire 56 Von dcr Goltz, Baron 77. 80 \'(>n iler Tann 66 \'on Bcthmann-Hollweg, Theobald 73, 77 note of 13s Von BUlow 70, 73, \'on Falkenhayn, General, German Minister of War 84. \'on Hbtzendorf. Baron Conrad ... 74, 86- Von Moltke, General, Chief of Ger- man staff 74, 77, 84 Von Moltke, Field Marshal. . 16, 24, 69 Von Pohl, .Admiral Hugo 77 Von Schoen, Baron 136 Von Tirpitz, Admiral 74. 77, 84 Waldeck Rousseau 56 Wallachs, The 131 Walloons in Belgium 10 War by Russia for ports 22 caused by religion 12 War Correspondent's Impressions of the Fighting .Armies (James F. J. .Archibald) 19 War, chronology of 135 cost of 114, 124 economic effect of 124 effect on United States 113 financial preparations for 122 responsibility for 11 new things in 97 Warrior 55 Warsaw 48 Wars pile 54 Water for troops 117 \\'ehrpflicht 23 Wells. H. G., opinion of militarism 68 Wesel 48 Westfalen 66 Wettin 66 What .America Thinks of War 134 Wheat market and supply: 107-109, 113 125 \\ hitehead torpedo 100 Whv the Nations Fight (.Albert BushneU Hart) 9 Wilhelmshafen 48 William 1 68, 69 William II: i, 3, 9, 13, 18, 23, 50, 68-71 73. 74. 77. 82, 83, 186 \\ ilson, President 127, 134, 136 Wireless, and German fortifications 41 Wireless telegraph, portable loi Wittelsbach 66 Wolseley, Lord 75 Wounded, percentage of in battle. . 118 Yorck 67 Vumiden 133 Zdhringen 66 Zapas. See Russia, Army. Zealandia 53 Zemtchug 65 Zeppelin Destroyer 97 ''Zeppelin Hunter" 07 Zrinyi 67 WAR AND WASTE DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN in his book, "War and Waste," gave the following graphic prophecy of the European war. His calculation is of a war involving England, German}-, France, Austria, Ital\-, Roumania, and Russia. All these countries, save Italy and Roumania, are engaged as this is written, and they may be drawn in: "What shall we say of the Great War of Europe, ever threatening, ever impending, and which never comes ? We shall say that it will never come. Humanly speaking, it is impossible. "Not in the physical sense, of course, for with weak, reckless, and godless men nothing evil is impossible. It may he, of course, that some half -craved archduke or some harassed minister of state shall half-knowing give the signal for Europe's conflagration. In fact, the agreed signal has been given more than once within the last few months. The tinder is well dried and laid in such a way as to make the worst of this catastrophe. All that Europe cherishes is ready for the burning . . . "The gains of war and war talk go to the vultures. The cost falls on the people. What- ever else happens, the common man stands to lose in war." Dr. Jordan believes that the expenses of the proposed general war have accurately been calculated by Prof. Charles Richet of the Uni- versity of Paris in the following tabulation which is referred to by Alexander Dana Noyes on page 124 of "The War Manual." Daily Cost of a Great European War Feed of men . ?^i2,6oo,ooo Feed of horses 1,000,000 Pay (European rates) 4,250,000 Pay of workmen in arsenals and ports 1,000,000 Transportation 2,100,000 Transportation of provisions 4,200,000 Munitions: Infantry 10 cartridges a day 4,200,000 Artillery: 10 shots per day 1,200,000 Marine: 2 shots per day 400,000 Equipment 4,200,000 Ambulances: 500,000 wounded or ill ($1 per day) 500,000 Warships 500,000 Reduction of imports 5,000,000 Help to the poor (20 cents per day to i in 10) 6,800,000 Destruction q^ towns, etc 2,000,000 Total per day o 5^49,950,000 NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS HOW LAMSON CUT A CROQUET BALL AND BROUGHT FORTH NINETY-EIGHT VARI- ETIES OF service! SOME AMAZING ACTIVITIES: CARRIER EXTRAORDINARY OF MONEY, MAIL, MERCHANDISE, BOOKS, DOCUMENTS, POWDER, PROJECTILES, HATS, SHOES ^ — WHATEVER YOU WILL. BETTER BUSINESS — BIGGER PROFITS BY F. BURNHAM McLEARY BACK in the Golden Age, when Vul- can was Captain of Industry, it is reputed that a host of winged ' messengers were always at his : beck and call. In those days the lightning was still in the sky. Benjamin Franklin had not yet been heard from. Now, somehow or other, with the dawn of the Electric Age romance languished, and all these lightsome messengers took flight. Meanwhile, in their splendid offices, our modern captains of industry longed for a service that would lift the burden of detail and intelligently scatter it in a thousand different directions. What they fmall\' found — and how they found it — is the theme of this story. PRESENTING LAMSON, WONDER-WORKER Up on the Mohawk River — Schenectady, to be exact — a group of more than one hundred and fifty buildings are forever humming in an effort to supply the world with things electrical. Consider for a moment the volume of mail, of orders, of blue-prints and memoranda, that every day must be sent out among the 1 5,000 workers. They themselves are scattered over a ffoor space of two hundred acres. Consider the need for a service that is instant, pre- cise, and unfailing! Forgetting now the swift little agents of the gods, let me introduce "Lamson," the impersonal hero of this romance. It is to him — or perhaps 1 should say, to the system that bears his name — that this greatest of electrical plants is indebted for its speedy and reliable messenger service. Thanks to the Lamson S\stem, over 15,000 pieces of mail — to say nothing of messages and blueprints innumerable — are daily despatched at express-train speed to all parts of the offices and factories of the General Electric Company. Moreover, they are frequently hastened on their way by sundry other devices — all of which, after the methods of Darwin, may be di- rectly traced to one primordial croquet ball! Here follows the authentic story of their origin, now published for the first time: HOW A CROQUET BALL WENT INTO BUSINESS In the days of cash-boys and one-horse buggies, when the business world was still asleep, there lived a man named Lamson. He was only a shop-keeper, the proprietor of a little notion store in Lowell, Massa- chusetts, yet so attractively did he present his wares that often it seemed that the whole world was beating a path to his door. Strange as it may appear, on such pros- perous occasions Lamson was well nigh driven to distraction. Money drawers would be rattling back and forth, cash boys would be rushing this way and that, and still poor Lamson and his clerks could not make change fast enough to satisfy his customers. In this dire emergency a bril- liant notion came to him. " Bring me a croquet ball," said he to one of his minions. It was instantly forthcoming. After a considerable struggle, Lamson sawed it in two. Then he clumsily hollowed it out, and devised a way to reunite the two hemispheres. When next the Lamson store was struck by a wave of prosperity, the proprietor met it fair and serene. "Change, Madam?" Jog-a-log-a-log — rolled the The World's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS croquet ball down a V-shaped trough that sloped to the cashier's desk. Crish — out came the crinkly greenback to make room for the silver. Then kerthump! — and along the return trough rolled the thirty- seven cents, bumpety-jingle! - — Lamson had set in motion a System of Service that was to quicken the conduct of business all over the civilized world. WHEREIN THE CROQUET BALL TRANSMOGRIFIED BECOMES Rarely does the Creative Mind allow a potentially big idea to stay little. First in the evolution of the croquet ball came a tin\- cash carrier that started from a spring- gun and sped over taut wires suspended from the ceil- ing. Next came a parcel- basket that hung from these same wires and made lively journeys to and fro. Third came a long procession of faith- ful messengers that jaunt- ily traveled along a continuous cable. Lastly came pneumatic carriers — of which more later. Meanwhile, let me take passage on the moving highway and tell you just how it takes care of the pilgrims: An important paper, let us say, must be in the treasurer's hands at 10:30. Three minutes before that time, the auditor sets the index finger at X, drops the paper in a little tray, and straightway forgets all about it. Zip- p-p! Along comes a pair of nippers that pinches the paper, flits to the ceiling, disappears through a partition, climbs seven flights of stairs, crosses thestreet,and emerges in the treasurer's office, on time to the minute. Without a word it drops the message and flits away. Perhaps it was the fascination that always attends the working out of a big idea, per- . . . FLITS TO THE CEILING, CLIMBS SEVEN FLIGHTS OF STAIRS, CROSSES THE STREET, AND EMERGES IN THE treasurer's OFFICE, ON TIME TO THE MINUTE." haps it was the desire to be more useful, perhaps it was just the ambition to make more money. At any rate, about the year 1890 the Lamson Company went into pneumatic tubes, and came out with the swiftest messenger service in the country. The big stores of the future, they figured, would need such service; so, too, would the office buildings, banks, hotels, and the great factories. The Lamson Company, as pioneers in the expeditious conduct of business, must keep up with this new era of speed or collapse by the wayside. For all these reasons, the old croquet ball now took on a fourth shape: it became, if you please, the Lamson pneu- matic carrier, a little mis- sile that has since popped up by the thousands in practically every depart- ment store from here to Jericho. With it, as a logical outgrowth, came the eight-inch projectile for the quick despatching of first-class mail. It is interesting to note that it was John Wanamaker, Postmaster General, who first recommended pneu- matic tubes for the hand- ling of United States mail. That was in 1890. In 191 3 — just to show how the world wags — approximately 18,154,000 letters journeyed through Lamson tubes every day — a total for the year of 5,682,202,000 letters! HOW LAMSON TRIMS THE PAY-ROLL Not long ago, 1 was inspecting the manu- facture of automobile tops in a large factory in Hetroit. It was the method of this manufacturer to cut the cloth to size and then to send it by messenger to the work- men, who tailored each piece to fit the in- dividual car. They found that every now and then, in spite of the most scrupulous care, the finished cars would leave the department with strange little scratches on the bodies. Whence these came was a profound mystery. Then one day the superintendent watched the messenger boys The World's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS — and discovered the source of the scratches. Passing close to the cars, the boys Httle thought or cared about the superbly finished bodies. Why should they worry? This discovery meant the installa- tion of a wire carrier system, whereby the merest pull (jn the spring-gun sent the basket speeding along an aerial trolley to the cutting department. Without a moment's delay back came the cloth in just the quantity wanted. The whole outfit was not es- pecially ela- borate, y e t greatly io the surprise of the supcrinten - dent two help- ers whom he had regarded as indispens- able were now no longer needed. 6,000 LETTERS DISTRIBUTED IN ALMOST NO TIME Still con- ducting my investiga- tions, this time in New York, I was directed to the Metropolitan under ground, I of tubes, the terminal senger boy would have needed at least six or seven minutes to deliver those docu- ments, and even then his schedule would have been contingent upon quick connections at the elevators. Once, so they told me, while the system was being extended, it was necessary for a time to employ boys to carry messages and deliver the mail. Thirty boys were re- quired, yet it was not humanly possible to take care of the 6,000 communications that were daily re- c e i V ed and transmitted, with a n y- where near the prompt- ness and cer- tainty that Lamson had been accus- t o m e d to achieve, day in and day out. In fact the whole working effi- ciency of a great institu- tion was ma- terially i m - paired by this forced return to primitive methods. A CENIKAL STAllON IN ONL OF THE NEW YORK DEPARTMENT STORES. NOTE THE BULGING POCKETS IN THE TUBES AT THE RIGHT. A DEVICE INSIDE AUTOMATICALLY SEPARATES THE "CHARGE" CAR- RIERS FROM THE "cash." Building, came upon a of Two stories a battery pneumatic system that radiates to ninety-six different stations. From the muzzles of these tubes kept popping long leather-jacketed projectiles, sometimes four or five a second. A squad of four men were returning the fusilade. 1 timed some of these projec- tiles. It was easy to tell when they ar- rived because the air supply was automatic- ally "timed off" in order that the whole system could be operated at a minimum of expense. One carrier sped under the street and up to an office on the eleventh floor in thirteen seconds. The distance was surely not less than four hundred feet. A mes- ANOTHER OCCUPATION — NIMBLE CHANGE-MAKER In spite of these valiant services, 1 am sure that we often fail to appreciate " Lam- son," he operates so noiselessly and in such covert places. Who would guess, for ex- ample, while walking down the aisles of Altman's or Macy's in New York, Gimbel's in Philadelphia, Marshall Field's in Chicago, or Famous and Barr's in St. Louis, that under his very feet hundreds of dollars are likely enough speeding this way and that? Almost never do the carriers travel at less than twenty miles an hour; and they double that speed on the grades. From sales-girl to cashier races the money, and back flies the change, the whole transaction The Worxd's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS completed in less than 30 seconds. For once in its checkered career money has no chance to talk. All this great network that binds to- gether the several departments, that pro- vides for making change on any floor, in any corner, and arranges for the expeditious delivery of the thousands of parcels that are daily sent out from these giant stores, is one of the most surprising examples of business efficiency that the twentieth cen- tury affords. In Stern's, New York, for instance, one may see in the basement a long row of vertical pipes terminating within a wire cage, where some fifteen or twenty cash girls are busily making change. Now, here's a perplexity. Some of those sales slips are "charge" and some are "cash." How are they to be separated? The solution is decidedly picturesque — and typical of Lamson Service. When the regular carriers come whizzing through the tubes top speed, they strike a little trip- finger which saves them just in time from being ambushed. The charge carriers, on the contrary, are so constructed that they fail to engage it. Whereupon a spike jumps out from above and knocks them head over heels. They fall in a heap on the other side of the table. Probably no system in the world so com- pletely protects the merchant from petty thefts as this scheme for centralizing the change-makers. The sales-slips, numbered and made in triplicate, must represent the amount of the transaction, else the cus- tomer himself will protest. The cash record for the day must tally with the money received at the central station, else the auditing department, by the help of adding machines, will detect it inside of twenty- four hours. When some fifty or sixty people — or even five or six — must con- spire before they can work chicanery, the chance for collusion is practically nil. GATHERING AND SORTING 6o,O00 PARCELS Did you ever wonder how that box of handkerchiefs or that fine Etruscan vase you ordered "sent out" ever got to your home so quickly? Let us suppose, for example, you have come in from the suburbs of Philadelphia to shop at Wanamaker's. You make, say, half a dozen purchases: a set of flannels, a bath robe, twq or three turkish towels, a pair of slippers, a smoking jacket and the latest novel. A few hours later you get back home and find your trophies, all in one bundle, waiting in the hall for you. This is what has happened in the meantime: One by one the separate packages, each marked with the same number, slide down a spiral chute, or — if the purchase is made on the first or basement floors — through a trap door under the counter, and at on(ie start traveling along endless belts at the rate of 120 feet a minute. From perhaps six different directions the bundles make their way to the "trunk line conveyor," whence with hundreds of others they are presently swept off upon the assorter's table. A transfer system whereby all your parcels are labelled with the same number (756) now arrests progress via the City Delivery belt, or the Express, or Parcels Post, or C. O. D. Instead of following these channels, they travel along a special belt and are shortly assembled in the bin of the corresponding number. Once bun- dled, they join an endless procession of packages, from which they are shortly diverted to their particular "route" com- partments, and are hustled away to the delivery wagons. Taking this as an example, and bearing in mind the fact that during the Christmas rush Lamson takes care of 60,000 parcels a day at John Wanamaker's, one has only to contemplate the numberless transactions that take place in our giant retail stores, and to visualize the countless parcels that go out to all points of the compass, to per- ceive the debt that the American Depart- ment Store owes to Lamson. It is no exaggeration to state that but for Lamson and the Service Idea, the success of retail stores on such a prodigious scale would never have been possible. LAMSON BECOMES LORD TREASURER And now for some of the amplifications. Often in the course of a day's work it is necessary to send jewels or fine gold with safety and despatch. Here again is a task The World's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS which Lamson has taken upon himself, and it is interesting to see how well he per- forms it. Just as 1 was leaving Wana- maker'smy attention was attracted by two brass tubes which terminated in a cage at one end of the watch counter. A Lamson carrier came shooting out, coursed around a retarding curve, and came to rest on a special shelf. The watch-maker produced a key, unlocked the carrier, and drew forth a watch. It had come down from the repair department on the tenth floor, it had dropped sixteen feet the first second, thirty-two the next, and six- ty-four the next — yet so nicely had its reception been planned that the watch was as safe as if it had been all that time in the vest pock- et of a mag- nate. In the other tube the watchmaker now inserted the empty carrier. 1 t disappeared, sucked upward at the rate of thirty feet a second. STILL A NEW ROLE — CUSTODIAN OF BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS At the offices of the Curtis Publishing Company, which 1 next visited, 1 found these enterprising people employing Lam- son for all he was worth. A pick-up system was conveying sundry memoranda to vari- ous desks in the subscription department. Priceless documents — magazines and con- tracts, 1 dare say — were being despatched by pneumatic tubes all over a city block. The boy who managed the thirtx-two sta- tions was under constant bombardment. There, too, 1 also saw the automatic tray conveyor — another Lamson feature. From the outside of the shaft it looks something "ONt BY ONE THE SEPARATE PACKAGES START 1 RAVELING ALONG ENDLESS BELTS AT THE RATE OF I20 FEET A MINUTE." like a dumb waiter, but it carries itself in a much more intelligent fashion. For one thing, it keeps moving. For another, it discriminates. C)pen the slide, place a tray on the shelf, and set the index fmger for a particular station. Half a dozen little catch-shelves may climb the elevator shaft and skip the tray before the right one comes along. Then the tray is lifted, borne to its destination, perhaps straight up to the ninth floor, and dropp^ed automatically. It is this type of conveyor in the big libraries that gets >our books to you so quickly. In Boston, where books are so highly es- teemed, Lam- son may be seen at the Public Libra- ry trundling volumes out from the stacks and safely back again. 1 watched one of the basket- carriers load- ed with books roll out along its steel rails to a position elevator well. had returned at the very brink of the There it waited until the lift from a trip and had snapped securel\' into place. Then it slid onto the elevator, as- cended, and rolled out on a desk in the distributing department. When the Duke of .Marlborough visited the Boston Public Librar>' on a recent trip to America, it was not the pictures of the Holy Grail b\' Abbey, or Sargent's "Prophets" that he found most interesting. Strangel\- enough, it was Lamson's pick-up svstem, his pneumatic tubes and automatic elevators. " More polite than most people," remarked the Duke to the superintendent, as the carrier drew back to wait for the elevator to come to rest. He might also have added : " Far more capable, and far less expensive;" The World's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS for this has been proven time and again. Once in St. Louis it was necessary to re- move 25,000 volumes from the Court House to the new law Hbrary on the seventeenth floor of the Pierce Building across the street. Every one of those 25,000 volumes traveled the whole distance on a Lamson conveyor; and thereafter the system was used to quicken the journey of books from library to litigant. Though so extensive a trip is not the rule, this St. Louis installation shows in a measure the high regard in which Lamson is held by the book people. A further indication is the use that is made of Lamson Service by still other libraries. Notable among them are the New Widener Library at Harvard, the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburgh, the New York Public Library, the Chicago Public Library, the Congressional Library at Wash- ington, and the National Library at Rio de Janeiro. LAMSON — POST-MASTER GENERALISSIMO So much for the gentler pursuits. To me it is even more illuminating to reflect upon the varieties of service that Lamson daily performs for the business man. After the style of the modern romance, let us con- sider the Broker "on the Street." Among the many letters that come to his desk — all forwarded by Lamson tubes from the Grand Central and Pennsylvania Stations, or from branch post-offices — is an im- portant communication post-marked South Chicago. Its history shows how Uncle Sam keeps Lamson forever on the qui vive: ACTS I TO 5 Time: only yesterday 12.10 p.m. Place: South Chicago, III. 12.10: Letter drops through the "special" window at the Stock Yards Post- office. 12. ly. Letter is shot by compressed air through an eight-inch pneumatic tube at the rate of 30 miles an hour. 12.26: Letter arrives at the Chicago Gen- eral Post-office, five and a half miles away. 12.28: Letter is relayed through a Lamson tube to the La Salle Street Station, half a mile distant. 12.30: Letter boards the Twentieth Cen- tury, and at 12.40 starts for New York. ACTS 6 TO 10 Time: 9.40 this very morning. Place: New York City. 9.40: The Twentieth Century pulls in at the Grand Central Station. 9.41: Mail pouches are removed from the mail car. 9.43: Letter shoots under 42d Street, down Fourth Avenue and Mul- berry Street to the General Po^t- office. 9.54: Letter is relayed to the Wall Street Station by Lamson tube. 10.10: Messenger boy delivers the letter at the Broker's office. And now the battle is on; the Broker is in the thick of it. Quick! A dozen tele- grams! Who's the messenger? Lamson, again — shooting the telegrams so adroitly that although the offices, of the Western Union and the Postal are at different dis- tances, the messages arrive all at the same moment. Even yet it's Lamson who keeps things moving. A clerk O. K's the messages and places them in little trays. Click- click-click. . . . One after another the mechanical pick-ups snatch the telegrams and flit to the ceiling. Number i opens its fingers at Station A. The telegram flutters down through a hollow cylinder of dangling cords and lands right side up in front of the operator. Telegram Number 2 goes to Station E. Telegram No. 3, to Station X. Meanwhile, the Broker, still in the fight, has turned his mind to other devices. . . . TAKING A FLYER IN STOCKS — AND STEAKS An interesting figure was John W. Gates, in the days of his financial activity. Not a waking hour but he was close in touch with the money news of the world. In his room at the Plaza Hotel were private ticker, telephone, and Lamson tubes. The latter were piped direct to the central main ofifice and through them came hundreds of mes- sages — which, 1 dare say, his rivals would have given their eye teeth to read. You, yourself, in ways that are less spectacular, make use of Lamson when you The World's Work Ad\ertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS least suspect it. In New York you call on a guest at the Astor, the Belmont, the Bilt- more, the Ritz-Carlton, the St. Regis, the Waldorf, or at any one of a score of hotels; in Boston, perhaps it's the Copley Plaza; in Philadelphia, the Bellevue-Stratford; in Chicago, the Blackstone; in San Francisco, the St. Francis. . . . Your card fleets through Lamson tubes to the fifth, tenth, twentieth floor. In a jiffy back comes the response — Hall-maid to Lamson to Clerk, with an assist for the Force of Gravity. Over the same winged route fly letters, telegrams, checks, cash, keys — and, alas, the inevitable bills. Perhaps your room is on the fourteenth floor; you wish for cigars and a dinner for two. Zip! The maid in the hall has shot the order to the butler's pantry, and the steak is al- ready on the griddle. The same quick ser- vice at Sherry's and Delmonico's. S o , too, at the finest clubs in America. Observe for yourself how Lamson serves you next time you call for your pipe, your bowl, and your fiddlers three. HITTING IT OFF WITH THE BANKERS it may be utterly fanciful, but I won- der if this pneumatic carrier of Lamson's did not acquire in previous incarnations a predilection for handling money. Certainly the extent to which it hob-nobs with bankers bears out the suspicion. In Boston, for instance, I dropped in at the "Old Colony," the State Street Trust Company, the Merchants' National Bank. and the National Shawmut Bank. Lamson A TRAY CONVEYOR IN THE WALKOVER FACTORIES. EIGHT CARRIERS MAKE A COMPLETE CIRCUIT OF THE THIRTEEN DEPARTMENTS EVERY SEVEN MIN- UTES. QUIETLY AND AUTOMATICALLY THEY CALL AT OFFICES ON FOUR DIFFERENT FLOORS. carriers were on the jump in all these places. In Chicago, last spring, I watched a score of little missiles popping out from their terminals at the Corn Exchange National Bank. In New York I lately pried into the affairs of the Guaranty Trust Company, the First National Bank, and J. P. Morgan & Co. Lamson was the trusted servant of all these great institutions. Sometime, when I am on the Pacific coast, 1 am going to renew associations in other places. 1 shall visit the First National Bank at Los Angeles and the Wells-Fargo Nevada National Bank in San Francisco. Strange, perhaps, such a fascination; and if money were all they carried, I'll grant you they couldn't interest me. More often, how- ever, it's papers, documents, and con- fidential informa- tion under lock and key. At the Hano- ver National Bank in New York, for example, checks, notes, etc., go up by tube to the eigh- teenth and nine- teenth floors. At the Merchants' Na- tional Bank in Bos- ton — one of the newest installations — letters are sent by tube to be signed just the minute the girls get them type- written. And now for a com- parison. Transfer your thought from this splendid bank building to the largest mail order house in the world. Line the ceilings with Lamson tubes — pretty near six miles of them. Increase the bank's conservative mail pouch till it holds no less than a ton of correspondence. Stand at a central station while thousands of carriers shoot out at you. The World's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS Listen to a roar like the sound of a young cannonade. There! You now perceive why Sears, Roebuck & Co. are known all over the world for their promptness. Letters shoot through those tubes every day by the tens of thousands; every night sees those letters answered, and the goods ordered, shipped and billed — all because Lamson makes possible a practically in- stantaneous service between departments. THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS SAVED Practically instantaneous service! It is certainly startling what economies a system of Lamson tubes will bring about. Out at "The Hump," for example, 1 know of a Lamson installation that saved a railroad 350,000 inside the first four months. This .particular equipment was at the freight terminals of the Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad, at Gibson, Indiana. The proposition that Lamson had to solve was the quick transference of bills of lading from arriving trains to "The Hump" (the central freight office, situated on a little eminence), and then from "The Hump" to the departing trains. The old way was by messenger bo}'s. The distance was always half a mile or more; and sometimes a train and her entire crew would be held up for several hours, waiting for bills-of-lading. In bad weather a special locomotive was detailed to make the trips. Now a curious thing about the part the Lamson Company played in the solution of the problem was that no one at the home office knew what the tubes were to be used for until a month after they had been installed. The business came unsolicited, it was a new departure in Lamson Service, and its application to railroad needs was due wholly to thoughtful analysis on the part of the railroad's executives. — All of which provokes me to observe that there are probably hundreds of instances right now — unknown to the business heads and unknown to the Lamson Company — where some feature of Lamson Service could be utilized to keep things moving, to eliminate the fallible human element, and to save both time and money. The greatest efficiency comes only to those who study their problems closest. QUICKENING THE SPEED OF THE CANNON BALL Nowhere is this truth better illustrated than in the gunpowder mills and the fighting towers. The first of the two systems is at the Winchester Repeating Arms Company (New Haven, Conn.). At these mills it is necessary to transport powder from the bunker house (four hundred feet removed from everything) to the various loading magazines. Boys used to do it. They do it still in some factories; and every so often you read of dangerous explosions. Lamson does it for the Winchester people; and at these factories explosions and injuries have been eliminated. The second system — the bravest of them all — was wasting for a fight down at Vera Cruz while this article was being written. The ground end of the installa- tions terminated in the magazines of the Massachusetts and New Jersey; the sky end was up among the eight-inch and twelve- inch guns. At the first provocation, so I am assured, both powder bags and shells would have shot up through these strong pneumatic tubes direct to the gunners. Eight-inch and twelve-inch shells would have made the journey this way, and at intervals of five and eight seconds respec- tively. Incidentally the larger shells weigh close to 900 pounds! UNCLE SAM's RIGHT HAND MAN From all these things it is apparent that "Lamson" is in high favor with the Federal Government. Its functions in time of war 1 have mentioned. Some of its civil duties as post-master generalissimo, 1 have like- wise sketched. One last patriotic service 1 must mention — a service which makes possible the expeditious handling of mail in our great post-offices. Look behind the scenes sometime at Chicago, St. Louis, Washington — or at the splendid new post-office near the Pennsylvania Terminal in New York. The interior of these post-offices is just a vast network of Lamson devices — structural dumpcars on overhead tracks running automatically to any of a dozen stations and dropping thousands of letters into a The World's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS receiving hopper, endless belts conveying these letters to the cancelling machines, baskets singing along the wires and sweep- ing off special delivery letters and "nixies," tray conveyors carrying letters already faced and cancelled to their proper station, great runways thnnigh which the mail bags are despatched on endless belts to trucks or trains, and fmally — this in New York — bucket lifts that hoist the mail bags direct from the incoming trains on the Pennsylvania to the post-office overhead, and chutes that send the outgoing bags directly into the mail cars. A NOSE FOR NEWS For my own part, scouting up and down the world and viewing " Lamson" in his multitu- dinous activ- i t ies has given me a genuine res- pect for his ingenuity. Take your daily news- paper, for ex- ample — say the Atlanta Journal, the Birmingham Ledger or the Toronto Glohe. — Or in New York, consider the staid and dignified Times. Between the hours of one and four in the morning 260,000 copies come hot from the press. Six giant octuples slap off the papers so fast that it makes one dizzy to watch them. But lo — as might be expected — right at the muzzle is Lamson, picking them up without the least smudge and whisking them straight up through the ceiling! It's the neatest scheme you ever saw. The papers fall from the press on an endless conveyor, each one lapping on the next. Held firmly between two tapes they thus travel, a great continu- "CLIMBING FKOM FLOOR TO FLOOR, RUNNING ALONG THE CEILING, PLUNGING THROUGH BRICK WALLS, CROSSING STREETS, — AND ALL THE TIME CARRYING ON ITS BROAD BELTS A STEADY PROCESSION OF STETSON HATS." ous newspaper, direct to the distributing rooms. LIGHTENING THE WORK OF THE WORLD And so they fly on these modern wings of business: money, merchandise, docu- ments, books, letters, telegrams, way-bills, powder, projectiles, invoices, mail of all sorts, newspapers — all fleeting through the air in the swift despatch of the world's affairs. Meanwhile, the Lamson Company itself keeps everlastingly moving — as wit- nessed by recent notable achievements in the industries. Among the enterprising manufacturers that have speeded up both office and factory routine by putting Lamson into harness arethe Boston Woven Hose Company, the George E. Keith Com- pany (Walk- over Shoes), the Elgin Na- tional Watch Company, the General Elec- t r i c Co m - pany, and the John B. Stet- son Com- pany. Most fascinating of them all, I found to be the installa- tion at the hat factories, where I saw in operation practically every form of Lamson service. For the despatching of mail, orders, memoranda, etc., at the Stetson plant, a pick-up system has entirely replaced a large staff of messenger boys. One line serves six floors in four buildings. Another gives service between the five departments on the third floor and the Drying depart- ment on the sixth floor across the street. A third line connects the Leather depart- ment with the Soft Hat Trimming depart- ment. And this is onl>' a beginning. The same The World's Work Advertiser NEW WINGS FOR BUSINESS extensive conveyor system that gathers 60,000 parcels a day from all over two city blocks and swiftly distributes them, may be seen at Stetson's, climbing from floor to floor, running along the ceiling, dodging beams, turning right angles, plunging through brick walls, crossing streets — and all the time carrying on its broad belts a stead}' procession of Stetson hats in every stage of manufacture. Even when finished and cased it's Lamson that conveys them to stock or shipping rooms. A special con- veyor, which accommodates packing cases and boxes up to 120 pounds in weight, takes them from the first floor, by a vertical lift, to the fifth floor, and thence on endless chains to the warehouse. Such efficient service in the Stetson factories — the largest hat factories in the world — leads to the reasonable prediction that inside of a few years scores of plants — and plants even more extensive than that of the John B. Stetson Company — will find their logical extension in the in- stallation of Lamson Service. The Stetson people estimate that by eliminating in large measure their old burden of trucking, and by expediting material in its progress through the factories, they save every year the cost of the entire system. Only a large manufacturer can appreciate how much such economies mean to them, both in better hats and bigger profits. LAMSON ABSOLUTELY AT YOUR SERVICE Now, though 1 am only an observer and do not pretend to expert knowledge in trade and manufacturing systems, one thing in particular impresses me as eminently fair and worth while: The Lamson Company, in its thirt\'- five years of experience, has acquired perhaps a greater fund of information concerning store, office and factory economies, as effected by mechanical, electrical and pneumatic carriers and conveyors, than any similar institution in the world. No one whose business has expanded beyond a "one-man proposition" can tell whether or not he needs Lamson. The varieties of Service are infinite. \ No one who is conducting business of big and far-reaching proportions can afford to dismiss the Lamson Service Idea without first giving it careful con- sideration. He may not be able to tell with certainty how much Lamson can save him, but he can feel sure it will save him something. Now then, the Lamson Company has a force of trained engineers in all of the large cities. These men can tell where Lamson Service should be introduced, and what it will save; they are pre- pared to study your store, your offices, your factory, your business, and submit definite plans — all at absolutely no ex- pense to you. If first you wish to ac- quaint yourself more fully with Lamson devices, they will send you booklets de- scribing any or all of these installations. That is my idea of an eminently fair and reasonable proposition. Some of the biggest merchants and manufacturers have thought so too; and have found the acceptance of it very much to their advantage. The address is The Lamson Company, 161 Devonshire Street, Boston, U. S. A. An inquiry will, 1 am sure, bring you a courteous response and a sincere effort to help you. The World's Wore Advertiskr THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER I^HflM^^^^curacy WW'^'^''^-' •'mk f^ #*^'^. 'il'llTlilMiiMlirifMiM These Engineers, Conductors and Trainmen of Fast Limited Passenger Trains, and thousands more, carry the Hamilton Watch because of its accu- racy. Railroad men's judgment of a watch commands respect. They agree on Hamilton Accuracy. Jewelers know how watches wezur and they agree on Hsunilton Durability. Write for the Hamilton Watch Book—** The Timekeeper ** It pictures and describes the various Hamilton models and gives interesting watch information. There are twenty-five models of the Hamilton Watch. Every one has Hamilton quality and Hamilton accu- racy. They range in price from $12.25 for movement only (in Canada $12.50) up to the superb Hamilton mas- terpiece at $150.00. Your jeweler can show you the Hamilton you want, either in a cased watch or in a move- ment only, to be fitted to any style case you select, or to your own watch case if you prefer. HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY Dept. Q. Lancaster, Pennsylvania ^ J. i.vi>--'»vta^,faG»»»iUAji-.«rt;5.A»-i>es Save time in your office work. The Readers' Service is acquaiiued with the laicsi device* BUILDING HELPS — and the Lamps of the Earth THOSE wonders of the heavens, studied always by a multitude of astronomers have been unfolded more rapidly because the scientists have worked together, comparing and sharing their individual discoveries. In electric lighting the same principle of multiplying brain power is exemplified in MAZDA Service to manufacturers. The sum of accomplishment in electric lighting science shines today in the MAZDA lamp, which at the present time gives from three to six times as much light as the old style carbon lamps at the same cost for electric current. To carry for-ivard their work on the great world-problem of the best and cheapest light, the distinguished technical experts in the Research Laboratories of the General Electric Company at Schenectady are pursuing ceaseless investigation and experiment. In their selective labors they are not only sharing the advantages of individual research and discovery in this country but are keeping in close touch also with great experimental laboratories of Europe. MAZDA Service means that the Research Laboratories are furnishing the fruits of the sustained investigation at home and abroad to the factories of the General Electric Company and of other Companies entitled to receive this Service and the progressive results of this Service to manufacturers, are embodied only in lamps that are marked MAZDA. So that the mark MAZDA on an incandescent lamp means today, and ivill alivays mean, the operation of this important manufacturing aid — the concentration in this lamp of the latest and best thought of the world's masters of light. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work BUILDING HELPS Save time in your office work. The Readers' Service is acquainted with the latest devices BUILDING HELPS -,rsrSJESESSISSSIEmiSISI3IEI3SSISISSSISSSISIEIEISSESESSIEIEIEIESEIESEISiSr^^ Good Light For the Home For Business Good light is soft, agreeable and easy on the eyes. It is neither brilliant nor dim. Brilliant or dazzling light is the worst kind of poor light, and should be softened by globes, shades or bowls into an agreeable, comfortable illumination that is easy to read by, work by and li ive m. Alba Bowl on Macbeth-Evans Fixture — an attractive and efficient lighting unit. Macbeth-Evans Lighting Equipment (with Alba and Decora Glassware) makes seeing easy and comfortable, brings out the beauty of the sur- roundings, gets more and better illumination from the same current, softens the light and directs it where needed. Send for one of these Lighting Pamphlets 1 — -HOMES: Good light in the home is beautiful, makes seeing easy and comfortable, the evening hours cheerful, and brings out the beauty of the surroundings. It pre- vents eye-strain. 2 — DEPT. STORES: Customers staylonger and buy more where seeing is easy and comfortable, speak well of the store and visit it often. 3-RESTAURANTS: Good light attracts patrons and makes them more comfortable. It is soft, agreeable, rest- ful, promoting relaxation. '1— STORES: Well-lighted stores and windows attract cus- tomers, and display merchandise well. Customers stay longer and buy more. 5-7-OFFICES: Good light means more work with fewer mistakes, less fatigue, without eye-strain. Seeing is easy and comfortable. '• — CLUIJS: The illu^iination should be ample, restful, at'recal)le in color, beautiful, in harmony with the surround- liiK'' a'l'! t-iitircly without strain. 7 — HOTELS: Good light is beautiful, bringsout the beauty of the surroundings, and makes seeing easy. People enjoy themselves more. 8 — BANKS: Good light is handsome and in harmony with the surroundings. It makes seeing easy, often pays for it- self by increasing efficiency and preventing errors. 9— THEATRES: Good light is subtle, soft, restful and cheerful. It is beautiful, in harmony with the sur- roundings, and creates a receptive attitude in the mind of the audience. 10— HOSPITALS: Light should be ample, cheer- ful, and restful for comfort and quick recovery of patients. (Jood light is needed in operating rooms for precision and accuracy. 11— CHURCHES: Light should be sub- y^^y tie, soft and agreeable. Harsh or brilliant spots, which distract eye and attention, should be avoided. <^' >! Use the Coupon: To get the best light /or yowr purpose, scud for one of the articles listed above, and for a Port- folio of Individual Lighting Suggestions. Macbeth-Evans Glass Co Pittsburgh y^ >! sj^ y Send me '(^ / Individual '^- / Suggestions and ^ / Lighting Informa- tion on Subjects No..,. Sales and Showrooms also in New York Chicago, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston Cincinnati, Cl^eveland, Dallas, San Francisco Macbeth-Evans Glass Co Ltd Toronto Mkk II. K. I'at. 0(T. Namt. Street .... City and Stale . . Macbeth-Evans Glass Co Pittsburgh GgigjaJHjgjajgfgfgjgjgjgjHiHO'EfHfagjgjgjajgjgjg^/^^^ The Readers' Service will ^-ladiy furnish information about foreign travel THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER Reprinted from New York ^^d Philadelphia newspapers In Time of Famine a Miller Who Raised Grain Prices Lost His Right Hand for It — Old Danish Law A Prolonged War Will Mean a Scarcity of Foreign Goods Already in New York and Philadelphia the prices for many fabrics and articles have been marked up. In two instances for next winter's goods we have been asked — in one instance $1.25 on what we usually pay one dollar for, and in another instance $1.50 for one dollar values. So long as the men are in the army, so long will all the foreign mills, workshops and studios be closed. But why harp on foreign goods? Just because A Proper Store is a Public Servant and we must have everything the people want, and it is difhcult to get trans- portation over the ocean for our purchases abroad. Possibly four-fifths of our merchandise is American manufacture, but the one-fifth of our customers who want the fashions and fabrics of the old world are entitled to our best efforts. Important and Timely War Notice Though prices abroad and in New York Importers' hands have advanced We Will Not Raise Prices on fabrics or articles made abroad that we have on hand such as — Handkerchiefs Neckwear Curtains Linens Hosiery Marabous Woolen goods Underwear Furs Fine veilings Lingerie Men's furnishings Embroideries Laces French millinery Art needlework Notions and trimmings China Toys Fine gloves Perfumes Silks Even though it comes to a time that we are at the last French handkerchief in the box or the last German tablecloth on the shelves we shall sell at the old prices. This is the way we con- duct our business from (SIGNED) one end of the year to the (un! /f,- m other, giving the people //W y/7^^^^^^^^^ every advantage possible. August 7, igi4 (/ j The Readers' Service will give information about automobiles BUILDING HELPS The 4,000 Window Frames in the World's Largest Office Building Were Made of Armco Pure Iron Because ARMCO IRON Resists Rust Before placing this big order the architects made exhaustive tests to prove the rust-resisting quahty of Armco — American Ingot Iron. They knew that a metal that would resist rust and corrosion would cut out big up-keep costs. Armco Iron, because of its unequaled purity and evenness, was found to be that metal. Armco Iron has resisted the corro- sive action of salt air and salt water, the fumes of sulphur and all conditions of weather. It has proved that it is far superior to ordinary sheet metal. Armco Old Style Tin Roofing or Terne Plate, with its base of rust re- sisting Armco Iron coated with pure tin and lead, makes roofs that last like those of our grandfathers' time. Armco Iron lath resists rust. AMERICAN \ ¥^^fd Railway Exchange Building, St. Louis. The largest mer- cantile and office building in the world. Maiiren. Russell & Crowell. architects. 4.000 Armco Iron window frames furnished bj- J. E. Ruth, of St. Louis Thetrade \ M mark ARMCO carries the assurance that iron \ ^ bearing that mark is manufactured by The Ameri- ^^ can Rolling Mill Co.. with theskill, intel- ligence and fidelity associated with its products, and, hence, can be depended upon to possess in the highest degree the merit claimed for it. It has behind it the guarantee of that company concerning the purity of the iron and the accu- racy and thoroughness with which each step in its manu- facture has been conducted. It is being used in some of the largest build- ings of the country, such as the Woolworth Building in New York. Armco lath, either in the Herringbone pattern as made by the General Fireproofing Co., or the Imperial Spiral Lath and several other styles made in our factory, results in lasting plaster work. Because of its purity, Armco Iron shows prac- tically no dissolution when the zinc is applied in the process of galvanizing; therefore the galvanized coating is purer and will last many times longer than that on steel or ordinary iron. Architects, builders, contractors and all who arc s interested in reducing the cost of mamtainmg tluir buildings should read = " Defeating Rust," the Story of Armco Iron 1 It explains why iron that is pure will resist corrosion when steel and other iron rapidly S rust away. It tells of the hundreds of widely different uses in which Armco Iron has = lieen replacing other sheet metal. .Send your address for a free copy of this interesting = and valuahU hook. = ARMCO is best for Roofing Terne Plate Flashings Cornices Ventilators Skylights Window Frames Metal Lath Heating Pipes Ventilator Ducts Drain Pipes Gutters Eave Troughs Water and Gas Tanks Thit Hanc/iijiiicly Jllustraled Bock Sent FREE on Request THE AMERICAN ROLLING MILL CO., 509 MIDDLETOWN, OHIO J.nrtt'fJ Manufarlurm uvJrr I'ltlrnH ^ranlrd T/ir I ntrrnalional Melal I'roilurU Company Branch Offices in Chicago, I'ittsluirgh, Detroit, New ^'ork, St. Louis Cleveland and Cincinnati In writing to advertiser.s please nienlinn 'I'mk World's Work BUILDING HELPS The Handy Man's Lock Can be applied in a few minutes by any man who can bore a hole and drive a few screws. Fits doors of any ordinary thickness, right or left hand, swinging in or out, and has all the security of the best door locks of any kind. Different sizes, finishes and functions to suit all requirements. Sold by the best hardware dealers. P. & F. GORBIN The American Hardware Corporation Successor NEW BRITAIN, CONNECTICUT Chicago New York Philadelphia The Readers' Service will gladly furnish information about foreign travel THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER What the Telephone Map Shows 56.8% Exchanges Bell-connected, ' but not Bell-owned. 23.5% Exchanges Bell-owned. 10.5% Exchanges not Bell- owned or connected. 9.2% Places served by two companies. EVERY dot on the map marks a town where there is a telephone exchange, the same sized dot being used for a large city as for a small village. Some of these exchanges are owned by the Associated Bell companies and some by independent companies. Where joined together in one system they meet the needs of each community and, with their suburban lines, reach 70,000 places and over 8,000,000 subscribers. The pyramids show that only a minority of the exchanges are Bell-owned, and that the greater majority of the exchanges are owned by independent companies and connected with the Bell System. At comparatively few points are there two telephone companies, and there are comparatively fev/ exchanges, chiefly rural, which do not have outside connections. The recent agreement between the Attorney General of the United States and the Bell System will facilitate connections betw^een all telephone subscribers regard- less of who owns the exchanges. Over 8,000 different telephone companies have already connected their exchanges to provide universal service for the whole country. American Telephone and Telegraph Company. And Associated Companies One Policy One System Universal Service In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work BUSINESS HELPS m'- The latest books on travel and biography may be obtained through the Readers" Service WHAT TO WEAR "r/w*s IS the Best Underwear we can (CUJSZDVjCFOICh) BENhaNGTON.Vr. x Every Dealer well versed in men's wear holds Cooper-of- Bennington Spring-Needle Underwear in highest esteem. He knows Cooper-of- Bennington in- vented and makes the machines that knit this beautiful, springy fabric and that for nearly forty years he has been gaining an efficiency in manu- facturing Spring-Needle Underwear that has never been equaled. Take home a suit of the Original Spring-Needle Knit Underwear Made by Cooper-of-Bennington and get the expert opinion of your wife, or mother, or sister. She knows fabrics almost instinctively. She will know at first sight and feel that this underwear is unexcelled in fineness and luxury of softness and that it will wash beautifully. In the best men's stores and departments. M^k^^St^recf Sole Distributors New York 218-220 Fifth Are. St. Louis 1021 Waihington Ave. Chicago 528-536 S. 5th Ave. Louisville 225-226 Tyler Bldg. Paris 28 Rue de Trevise In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER The Readers' Service will give information about automobiles BUILDING HELPS Get Acquainted ^with the Pleasures of Your Breeje-S^vept PorcK — Gain Time, Comfort and Contentment by Cleaning with a Frantz Premier Electric Cleaner! It means Freedom from the Heavy Task of Sweeping and Dusting! 9 A. M. and the day's work done! Not a bit of dirt, dust or lint to be found the floo purified All pounds of concentrated, dirt-cleaning coverings have been cleaned and 1 he home fairly glows with sunny freshness. And time gained to spend in the alluring green outdoors. 1 hat's the program of seventy-five thous- and American housewives on these hot summer days, 'i'hey use a Frantz Prcmirr. more than a mere vacuum cleaner. It is the logical answer to the housewives' demand for an efficient portable cleaner at the right price. No wiring, piping or installing expense. It comes willing ^ and ready to work. It's the cleaner ,^s you have desired so long. The price of the Frantz Premier has been reduced from $30 to $25 — West of the Rockies $27.50. Our multiplied output (100,000 this year) and efficient factory methods enable us to make thi.s attractive price to you, and without any sacrifice of quality. Profit by this big saving 'Phone or call on the FRAN'I Z I'REMIKK dealer to-day. If youdon't know who he is, drop us a postal. \Vc will be dclii;hted to give you the name of your nearest / dealer and arrange lor a dcinonstration on your own rugs. WRITE TO-DAV. / The Premier Vacuum Cleaner Company Cleveland, U. S. A. / Cotnplote AHorliutoii ts $Z50 Extld Save time in your office work. The Readers' Service is acquainted with the latest dcvic r THE W R L D ' S WORK AD Y !£ R T I S E R Nerves frazzled, temper on edge, stomach in rebellion, kidneys kicking over the traces, losing weight, no ambition — Thousands of business men today can say, "Yes, that's me." It's the price we pay for keeping on the jump in the modern business race. Our systems are full of poison; our digestive organs are overtaxed and cannot assimilate all that we crowd into our stomachs; result, indigestion and consequent defects of metabolism, followed by Bright's disease, renal calculi, stone in bladder, albuminuria, rheumatism and gout. Buffalo Lithia Springs Water is Nature's own remedy for these ills. Physicians have pre- scribed its use for over forty years with wonderful results. Among them HUNTER McGUIRE, M.D., LL. D., late President American Medical Association, who said: "BUFFALO Lithia Water, as an alkaline diuretic, is invaluable. In Uric Acid Gravel, and, indeed, in diseases generally dependent upon a Uric Acid Diathesis, it is a remedy of extraordinary potency. I have prescribed it in cases of Rheumatic Gout, which had resisted the ordinary' remedies, with wonderfully good results. I know from constant use of it personally and in practice that the results obtained from its use are far beyond those which would be warranted by the analysis gi\-en. I am of the opinion that it either contains some wonderful remedial agent as yet undiscovered by medical science, or its elements are so delicately combined in Nature's laboratory that they defy the utmost skill of the chemist to solve the secret of their power."' If you are not "right," try a course of Bufifalo Lithia Springs Water. Buy a case and drink from 6 to 8 glasses a day; then see how improved you are. Write for booklet, "Springs of Ileal th:' BUFFALO LITHIA SPRINGS WATER COMPANY Buffalo Lithia Springs, Virginia The latest books on travel and biography may be obtained through the Readers' Service THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER =i Why Not Do Your Washing By Electricity? THE easiest way, the quickest, the most thorough — yes, and the cheapest. The cost of cxirrent is so small that it is not to be considered; the saving of the clothes and saving of time will quickly repay the cost of the machine. Electricity is doing the hard part of the household work in all modem homes. The vacuum cleaner has banished the broom, and the electric washer should take the place of the washboard in your laundry. In any home where there is electric light, a Wesfem Electric Washer and Wringer ^A^ill pay for itself, no matter who does the washing — the housewife, the servant or the laundress. The revolving cylinder sends the hot, cleansing suds through every bit of fabric without injury to even delicate laces. The wringer is reversible and wrings into the rinse tub and back again. Learn All About It Without Obligation This machine is perfection in construction and simplicity. We can- not tell you all about it in this advertisement, but we w^ill send illus- trated literature on request, and you can arrange to have a w^asher sent to your home for a two weeks' trial. Take advantage of this opportunity to test this wonderful machine. Write our nearest house for booklet No- 83 S. WESTERN ELECTRIC COIVIPANY Manufacturers of the 8,000,000 "Bell" Telephones New York Atlanta Chicago St. Louis KansasCity Denver San Francisco Buffalo Richmond Milwaukee Indianapolis Oklahoma City Omaha Oakland Philadelphia Savannah Pittsburgh Minneapolis Dallas Salt Lake City Seattle Boston Cincinnati Cleveland St . Paul Houston Los Angeles Portland New Orleans EQUIPMENT FOR EVERY ELECTRICAL NEED Detroit In writing lo advcriibcrs please mention T;ie Worlp's Worh AUTOMOBILES Why the Shults Bread Co., of New York, Purchased 2 B*©k Trucks in February, 2 More in May and 2 More in June TTtis fleet averages 50 miles a day delivering Bread in the suburbs Their Dependability, Durability, Economy Won After study of our specifications the first two trucks were purchased. Those two made the repeat business. You cannot get away from actual tests and records. Radiator at Dash Is Our Dealer Sign We have furnished ch asses with various types of bodies for over se venty lines of business. We have furnished from 1 to 9 cars for over 30 Department Stores 5 Hardware Stores 10 Wholesalers 5 Liquor Dealers 18 Grocers 5 Bottlers 10 Butchers 5 Furniture Dealers 5 Florists 15 Manufacturers 11 Bakers 10 Funeral Directors 10 Confectioners 5 Delivery Service Cos. 5 Druggists 5 Contractors 12 Dairies 15 Public Service Cos. 6 Laundries 5 Clothiers U. S. Army U. S. Parcel Post ffltoRTRVCKS READ THESE REASONS FOR OUR SPECIFICATIONS Eisemann Magneto Gives very hot spark on low or starting speeds as well as on high speeds. Cone Clutch For simplicity and great depend- ability. Brown-Lipe Transmission Timken Axles and Bearings both of recognized QUALITY and standard excellence. WRITE US ABOUT THE SIZE TRUCK YOU ARE INTERESTED IN ^ Ton 1 Ton iVt Ton 2 Ton that gives rapid service ind long. with 8 to 9 ft loading space,J50wer that fills the gap in light and A big seller in wholesale and con- run satisfaction in light delivery that never fails, durability unsur- heavy duty trucks with great tracting trades. The big truck work passed economy. that produces bii; results, $1650. $2000. $2300 $2600. 1727 Elmwood Ave., Buffalo, N. Y, LIPPARD-STEWART MOTOR CAR CO., Continental Motor 35 H. P. (2 and ij Ton). 30 H. P. (I Ton. J Ton). Selected for great durability and "get there" power. The long stroke motor for trucks. Automatic Speed Governor An absolute protection against fool- ish waste of power and ignorant driving. Worm Drive (David Brown) (Standard on i Ton, i^ Ton, 2 Ton.) On J Ton e.xtra above bevel drive with minimum loss of power. More dependable and durable than chain or bevel-spur gears. The kind that gained fame on the London omni- buses after other drives had failed. Wheel Bases that suit the load. Big Size Tire Equipment. Left Steering — Center Control. IMstrlhiitorN anil Sorvloi' Worm Drive Trucks purchased by the U. S. Army for duty on the Mexican Border Save time in your office work. The Readers' Service is acquainted with the latest devices ^ C I T Y E O mJ 1 P ME N T ^^S^:^^^ •CONDUCTED -BY-F • VAN-Z-LANE- CONSULTINC-ENGINEER- Information concerning citv equipment and materials will be given free of charge. Subjects covered include Road Building and Paving, Street Lighting, Water Supply, etc., etc. Address City Equipment Dept., World's Work, ii W. 32nd St., New York WHILE attending a house party not very long ago with a friend from a city of 400,000 people not very far from New York, this friend asked one of the ladies present if she had ever been in his city. The lady replied that she had been through it while motoring and declared that it must be a terrible place in which to live. When asked why, the lady said because the paving on the main street, which was also part of the direct route between other very large and populous cities and com- munities, was in such very poor condition. So here was a city being judged by the con- dition of the paving on its main street and by one who it would seem would not naturally think verv much about these things. This quite obviouslv establishes the fact that cities are very frequently judged by their street paying and that the opposite sex are interested in city equip- ment. And the more that this idea is turned over the more reasonable it seems to be. There can be no question but that the women of a city should be equally interested in city equipment with the men. They are just as dependent on it and if they would lend their influence and direction in putting the city equipment in order and in keeping it there, the outcome would never for a moment be in doubt. There can be no question also that it is a dead certainty that the paving condition of the streets of a city determine to most people just what kind of a city it is. The surface condition of a city's streets are always and at all times open to view not only to the residents, but also to visitors and to even those just parsing through the city. A city may have a first-class school system, fire department, park department, hospital, etc., but it takes something unusual to impress these facts on the minds of the community and mere passers-by do not realize this at all. Every one uses the streets and arc dependent on them. They may unnecessarily entail a great burden in their upkeep and in their use, or they may be a delight to use at a cost com- parable with the service rendered. When it is considered that the streets of a city constitute about 30 per cent, of its area and \.\ t ever\'one is so dependent on them, that more con- sideration would be given to constructing them, so as to be more available for transportation purposes, so that upkeep would be reduced to the lowest possible minimum and so that they would present a better appearance. The character and amount of traffic, grades, etc., should all be considered in determining the type of pavement to be put down as well as the general character of the community and buildings adjacent thereto. When the type of pavement has been decided upon great care should be exercised in its construction. It has been my experience that generally speaking the pavements of the streets of the cities of this country, when they do fail, fail mostly because not enough attention is paid to a suitable selection of the type of pavement and to the manner in which it is put down. 1 have been an inspector on the construction of city pavements together with other men who in no way were qualified to pass either on materials or workmanship. These men gained their positions either because of political reward, or because of book study and coaching they had succeeded in passing an examination. This is the rule rather than the exception and, it has alwa}S seemed to me that if those people — the tax-payers and rent-payers — who pay for these payments reallv understood this, that they would demand and receive more intelligent supervision in the construction of their pavements and more care would be shown in selecting the most suitable material. I do not believe that city engineers are as yet thoroughly impressed with the necessity of con- sidering street construction from a traffic stand- point, and 1 am convinced that when they do realize the necessity of such consideration we will have pavements that will last longer, be minor- repaired less frequently and look better. And, consequently, a great saving will not only be effected in their construction, maintenance and cleaning, but that a great saving in time and so, of course, money, will accrue to all of those using the streets because a better movement of traffic will result and delays will be eliminated. B U 1 1. 1:) I N G H E L P S How to reduce your road taxes- THE modern way to build macadam roads is to bond them with Tar via — a dense, viscid, coal, tar binder. It adds a little to the first cost of the road, but it saves a lot in the annual maintenance charges. A Tarvia-bonded road will keep its contour for many years. It will shed water. Automobile traffic does not tear it to pieces. It produces little or no dust. It does not ravel on grades, for the waterproof character of Tarvia prevents such damage. Booklets Tarvia Road, MiddJetown, R. I. After a hard winter the snow melts from the tarviated road and reveals the sur- face in good condition. Tarvia has won its way among up-to- date engineers, simply on the basis of the money which it saves. Town after town has learned that it can reduce the cost of its highways by the steady ex- tension of Tar\-ia treatment. The art of road building has now reached a point where the dusty road is in itself proof that the road is wasting the tax- payers' money, because it cannot with- stand modern traffic. on request. BARRETT MANUFACTURING COMPANY New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis_ Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Seattle THK PATERSON MFG.CO.. Ltd.; Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver St. John, N. B. Halifa> In writing to advertisers please mention The World's \\'ork THE \¥ORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER EsterbrooK Radio Pens 26 Styles o Finished in a new way that gives a new smooth- ness and a new durability. Triple Silver Plated — won't corrode or tarnish; makes writing easier; in- sures longer wear. Put up in handsome leatherette gold-embel- Hshed cases — a highly ar- tistic packing which they truly deserve. At all dealers. "^ Esterbrook ^^^ Pen Mfg. Co. New York Camden, N. J. r\ NLY one form of graphite ^^ is fit for auto lubrication. This rare flake graphite is found only in DIXON'S Graphite Lubricants It builds a permanent oily veneer around the bearings and prevents metal-to-metal contact. Equally good for motor boats and motor cars. Write for the Dixon Lubri- cating Chart. The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co.. Jersey City, N. J. Indepenident Trips A.ROUND >VORLD A realization of Jules Vernes' dream at a moderate cost, with so many comforts that a woman can make the trip unaccompanied. First-class through- out. Start anytime from any point, remain as long as you please in the places that most interest you. Tickets good two years. Travelers' Check* Good All Over the World Write for "Independent World Journeys"Booklel OELRICHS & CO., Gen. AgU., 5 Broadway. N. Y. II. Clnnsseoiiis & Co., Chirago Uobi-i-t Ciiprlli', San Francisco AlloH.iy & Chiimpion, Winnlprg t'ent'l Nat'l Bank, St. Louis NORTH GERMAN LLOYD PARIS G/IRTERS No metal can touch you When your dealer offers you Paris Garters it's a sign that he wants you to have the best. He may make more money on others ; but as a good merchant he wants you to get the greatest possible value. 25c -50c Tailored to fit the leg A. Stein & Company, Makers Chicago — Newr York The Readers' Service will give informaiion abcjul tlic lalcsl automobile accessories CITIES AND LANDS OF OPPORTUNITY $3,000,000.00 BEING INVESTED IN PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS AT TUCSON, ARIZONA To Meet the Requirements of a Rapid Business Growth and Heavy Increase in Population J.ikiii* Western Terminal of the Rock Island-Et Paso and Suuthwestcrn System, just completed at a cost of Sj^opoo. Tucson is the railroad, distributing and supply center for a territory as large as New England, and the greatest copper mining district in the world. 30,000 acres of rich, agricultural lands have been developed in a little over two years. Thousands of acres are still available. Tucson has the finest climate in America. It is the educational center of the Southwest, and a wholesome and beautiful home community. Spend the coming Winter in Tucson! Get away from the ice and snow. Live every day in the health-giving outdoors. And in the meantime investigate the opportunities for investment and better your financial condition. Write for Illustrated Booklets and Information ADDRESS CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, BOX W. TUCSON, ARIZONA Chamber of Commerce Membership Campaigns To build a Chamber of Commerce by a civic revival and a spectacular hurrah, experi- ence has demonstrated, is about as successful as trying to produce effective concrete without the aid of cement. The cement necessary to make a cohesive and effective organization finds its source: First: In the brmgmg in of members with a proper conception and a thorough appre- ciation of what constitutes membership in such an organization. Second: The entire community must have a complete understanding of the purposes and the ideals of the organization. Third: The public generally must be brought to a realization of its moral if not finan- cial responsibility in city building. Fourth: The organization itself must be of such a type as will eliminate the old threadbare practices accountable for so much discouragement in organization work, and it must be modernized — put upon a scientific business working basis. Fifth: It must have a working plan, corrective of such retarding influences and condi- tions as the city may have, and a thoughtful and constructive platform of activities for the future, touching upon every phase of community life whether it be commercial, industrial, civic or agricultural. Town Development Company, Inc., offers a service to commercial organizations seek- ing to secure for themselves cohesion, efficiency, membership, personal interest, development of its men in addition to members and an adequate working fund. This service is rend- ered by men who are constantly dealing with commercial organizations and community problems of every character; men actuated by sincerity of purpose to give to each commun- ity the very highest type of commercial organization efficiency. TOWN DEVELOPMENT CO., Inc., 118 East 28th Street, New York In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Wof THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER EVERYBODYS-MSCLUR^S^Mul^rEY^^-otrT^^^^ WORl ear -tsta bui shed to give reliable in formation to readers of these magazines in travel planning, [write:, -to these adv e.rt i se.r s for further (=« rti c u i_ a r s .OR TO C.E.. BEMME.'. PRE:S.WH ERE-TO-Q O. S BE;<\C0 N ST, B O STO N . M ASS_ NEW YORK If Conung To New York Why Pay Excessive Hotel Rates? CLENDENING 'T.ZV- Select, homelike, economical. Suite of parlor, bednn-m. private bath for two persons. $2.00 daily per suite. Write for Booklet H .. witli map of city . HOTEL CHELSEA West 23d St. at 7th Ave., New York 500 Rooms, 400 Baths. Fireproof. REST.41 K.\NT A LA CAKTK k TABLE UHOTE. Rooms ad joinins; bath. SI u\\ with private bath,S2. Write for colored inaii "K" of city. CHICAGO ILL. The Chicaoo Beach Holel onlu len minuies from Ihealres and ^hoppino cenien Dalhino, canoeino, uachnncj. lennis. oolf ndino molorino all ihe sports oI'laKe andtoutilrv Larof aifu rooms, smdle or en suiie, u iih priiaie Daihs I \t Sen ite and cuisine un- -^' -^^ri excelled American or I i •. European plan Wrile i *J^ '<"■ '^aies and booklel V, CMJCaeO BEACH MOTEL DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HOTEL DRISCOLL Faces U. S. Capitol. Near riiion Station. Amidst Show Places. Running Water, Klectric Fans in lloonis. Bath Gratis. (Jaraje. Music. Am. g3, Kur. ?1.50 up. Booklet. SEATTLE WASH Unt^il Coirntr "12 stories of solid com- nUlCl Oa.\Vy. fort." concrete, steel & marlile. At center of thincs. Entrlish 'jrrill. Auto lius. Rooms gl up. With hath g2 up. Where-To-Go forms close for Oct. Mag- azines. Sept. 1st., for Nov., Oct. 1st. ATLANTIC CITY N.J. Atlantic City, b l e n h e i m. Above illustration shows but one section of this niacniiicent and sumptuously fitted house— tlie (ii)en Air Plaza and Enclosed Solariums overlook the Board-walk and the Ocean. Tlie environment, convenience and comforts of the Marll)oroush-l!lenheini and tlie iuvir;oratins: climate at Atlantic City make this the ideal place for a Summer or Fall sojourn. Always open. Write for hand- somely illustrated booklet. Josiah White v a spnrisinan wlio hllcd liis license— 1 .Nloosc 1 < 'arUmu. 2 Deer, 1 Bear. Write for frt'c (■oi)y. General Passenger Agt., Canadian Gov't R'y"s, Moncton, N.B. ~ MAINE FALL HUNTING. Plan to go into the KAMiEI.EY LAKES OR DEAD RIVER REGIONS where big game abounds. Camps and boarding houses as you may require. Send for booklets. Sandy Rivtr & Rangeley Lake s R.R., Phi lli ps, Me. MINNESOTA CnRCQT UniUiP ^I"«ise,neer,Partridge rUnLOl nUmCand Duck Hunting. Best of bass fishing at my camps. Write M. Matelski, Deer River, Pines Sta., Minn. >Vhere-To-Go is seen by 12,000,000 highest-class readers every 30 days. CITIES AND LANDS OF OPPORTUNITY Money-making Farms — 21 States Jio to $50 an acre: live stock, tools and crops often included to settle (Hiickly. Big Si^ecial Bargain List free. E. A. Strout Farm Agency Station 2718 47 West 34tii Street, New York A LAND WORTH WHILE Climatically, Agriculturally, Geographically and Industrially the Southern States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky is a land worth while. Land values are 50 per cent, lower than in other regions, while the crop varieties are fully 50 per cent, greater. Business openings for farmers, manufacturers and investors are numerous in every state. Write for the " Southern Field" magazine, "Business Openings" folder, booklets on each state and lists of farms for .sale. M. V. RICHARDS, Land and Industrial Agent Room 99 SOUTHERN RAILWAY Washington. D. C FREDERICTON, N. B. Offers striking opportunities for the establishment of In- dustrial Plants. American manufacturers looking for a Canadian site should investigate its advantages. Generous concessions granted to new industries. B Smiths $23 to ,$r.O I'nilenvaoils $:(5 to $60 liovals $»i) to $40 L. C. Smiths $30 to $50 Olivers $30 to $40 W'e lK-i\e others, of course. Send f3r catalog describ- iiiLi them, .ind adtiress of nearest branch office. American Writing Mach. Co. Inc. , 345 Brdy., N.Y. This Publication is Printed With Branch Offices : BOSTON. ST.LOUIS CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA BALTIMORE CINCINNATI Manufactured by INKhuber 150 WORTH ST. NEW YORK ^, Koh-i-noor Propelling Pencils Just a twist with thumb and forefinger makes this pencil ready for use, and reverse twist sends the lead back again. The lead is perfectly rigid when writing and does not slip under pressure. Made in a variety of charming styles to suit every taste and pocket. Each pencil charged with the famous silken -smooth " Koh-i-noor " lead. Supplied by high-class Slafioners, 6rc., eocrj/wherr. Jlluslratcd lisl from L. & C. HARDTMUTH, 34. East 23rd Si., New York : and 107, Notre Dame St. West, Montreal. wi In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work BUSINESS HELPS Call a Meeting of Your Department Heads ! Do as a number of the largest business institutions in the world have done — investigate the ^'reasons why" the Corona Typewriter will immeasurably increase the efficiency of your organization. For example, if each of your salesmen carried a Corona Folding Typewriter they could report full details regarding every customer called upon. Ask the Sales Manager what such information would be worth to him? ^ our \ari()us department heads often have to dictate to a stenogra- pher matters of vital concern that should not be made public in the office. Infor- mation gathered on confidential trips for the firm should always be typewritten. There are a thousand uses for the Corona — many of them are applicable to \()ur business. Corona FOLDING TYPEWRITER — is a real standard machine with all modern improvements — including back spacer, vis- ible writing, stencil cutting device, full width universal key-board, etc. The frame is made of light aluminum. The Corona weighs but 6 lbs. It has a folding carriage that makes it possible to reduce the dimensions to}^4"\io}4"xg". And last but not least, it costs less than the heavy, cumber- some machines. But you must first see this machine to appreciate its use- fulness and worth. So write us now for the name of the nearest Corona dealer. .Ml our dealers are now holding n special demonstration. It will be the endeavor of the Cor- ona dealer to acquaint you with the advantages of the Corona Fold'ng Typewriter. Lfl U! hear from you no'.v — get our little booklet So. 74 snv.ray — ue uill mail it to you immediately upon receipt of your name. CORONA TYPEWRITER COMPANY, INC.. GROTON, NEW YORK (Formerly Standard Typewiiter Compar}y^ 141 West 42nd St.. at Broadway New ^'ork City Agencies in principal Cities of the World UNITED TYPEWRITER CO.. LTD., Distributors for Canada In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work BUSINESS HELPS Soltf bv Stationers, Druggist*, Jewelers, on JO days " trial. $2. SO. $3. 00. S3. SO, S*- 00. $S. 00 and up. Write for catalog. Modern Methods A Monthly Magazine for Business Men Tells the man in the office, store and factory', what he Avants to know about salesmanship, business management, organization, credits, accounting and buying. Subscription Price $1.00 Per Year Special Offer — Send $i.oo to-day and we will send you Modern Methods for one year and include a copy of J. Horace Lytle's book — "Letters That Land Orders." Modern Methods Publishing Co. 50 R & B Building DETROIT MICHIGAN $4 Per Month! FREE TRIAL! « '/enuinc Oliver Visible Typewriter. We sell direct; save you a$:ents* commissions and ex- penses. Ship on a[iproval. $4 per month if you keep it. Send for firee booklet. See how you save $41. so on hi^h-prade machine. TyppHrilcrs Distributing STndirate ir>r..V»3 N. MirhiL-nn Rnulpvard, f'hirngo Wanfpd If1pa« Write for List of Inventions Wanted by TT amcQ lUcaS manufacturers and prizes offered for in- ventions. Our four books sent free. Patents secured or Fee Returned. VICTOR J. EVANS & CO., 82g F. Washington. D. C. MEN OF IDEAS and inventive ability should write for new "Lists of Needed Inven- tions," Patent Buvers and "How to Get Your Patent and Your Money." Advice FREE. RANDOLPH & CO. Patent Attorneys, Dept. 5S. Washington, D. C. Three Magazines for Every Home COUNTRY LIFE IN AMERICA Beautiful, practical, entertaining. $4.00 a ycac. THE WORLD'S WORK interpreting to-day's history. $3.00 a year. THE GARDEN MAGAZINE — FARniNQ telling how to make things grow. $1.50 a year. DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY Qarden City, New York In writing to advertisers please mention Tut: World's Work I I N S r RUCTION B Y jM A I L The First R^tult Of Training More money is not training but it is the Whether you are training position or to enter a new field, new training is in your pocket Prepare yourself to EARN better pay. You cannot GET it unless you are qualified to EARN it. The International Correspondence Schools will bring right into your own home all the help you need to train in a /if/Ze of your spare time for whatever position you mark on the attached coupon noza. Just as surely as the mercury in a ther- mometer rises in proportion to the heat, so will your salary go up in exact proportion to jour training. Training does not necessitate a college education any more. No matter what education you have missed ; what you do ; how old you are or where you live, you can win like all the rest, through I, C S. training. Mail the coupon today i the only result of first. to advance in your present the first place you feel your -book — your pay envelope. INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS I Box 815 SCKANTON, PA. (Explain, without Turther obligation on my part, how I can qualify for the position before which I mark X n Salesmanship Civil Service Electrical F,ngi'>eer llallnav Mail Clerk Elec. LiehtinBSupt. Bookkeeping Kleplrlc Cur Kiinning Stenograph viTiDewrltlnr Electric Wircman Window Trimming Telephone Expert Show Card Writing Architect Lettering i Sign ralnting Building Contractor Advertising Arrhitertiiral DraftMiian Commercial Illustrating Structural Knchiper Industrial Designing Conrrpt<» Const rud ion Commercial Law Mechan. Endineer Auloniohlle Knuning Mrrhanii'al Drul'tsiuan Teacher Kefrifreratioii Kiigint'er English Rranchei Civil Engineer Cood Kngli^bfurtTe^} On* Surveyor Agriculture Mine Superintendent Poultry Farming Metal Mining I'lumlilnir ^ Steam Fitting Locomotive Fireman iF.nB. Sheet Metal Worker Stationary Enuinoir >aTlgation Spanish Textile Maniifactiirlns Languages French Gas Engines Chemist liernian Name- Present Occupation Street and No I State :r^_J In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work INSTRUCTION BY MAIL irti ^^; Lawyers Earn * $4,210 Per Year '^ $351 Per Month or $13.50 Per Day That 13 the average earnings of New York lawyers eight years after graduation. In cities of less than 100,000 the average is S3,550. That is certainly an excellent income, especially in view of the fact that a thorough knowledge of the law can be easily obtained at home, during spare moments, at small cost, through the excellent course of instruction offered by the HAMILTON COLLEGE OF LAW. The question is: Will you in eleven years (3 for study and eight for practice) be earning $3,550 to $4,210 or even a great deal more each year? The first year of practice shows an earning capacity of S7S3.00 That is more than many men ever earn in one year. Also remember that the profession of law is one of the most dignified, interesting and pleasant professions known. If your future prospects are not bright why not begin now to STUDY LAW at Home-Become an LLB. But be very careful and select the rl^ht law school. There is more difference in law schools than in lawyers. A poor law school cannot turn out high grade lawyers. The Hamilton College of Law is absolutely the ONLY law school of its kind in America. It is the only recognized resident law school in the United States conferring the Degree of Bachelor of Laws— LL. B.— by correspondence. Only law school in U. S. conducting standavd resident school and giving same in- struction by mail. Only law school giving over 450 class-room lectures to its extension students. Only law school giving a full 3-^ear. University Law course, by mail, having an actual faculty of over 30 prominent lawyers in active practice. Only law school in existence giving Complete Course in Oratory and Public Speaking in conduction with its law course. WRITTEN BAR GUARANTEE We give an absolute written guarantee to prepare our students to pass bar examinations. The Hamilton College of Law is a regular, thoroughly recognized, bona-fide College of Law, and not an "institute,'' ' correspondence school," etc. It occupies the entire third floor of the New Advertising Bldg., where its large and commodious resident class-rooms and executive offices are located. We ofTer no "would-be" "free scholarships," cut prices, nor do we resort to catch-penny schemes to secure students. The Hamilton College of Law is hiRhly endorsed and recom- mended by Government Officials, Business Men, Noted Lawyers, Graduates and Students. Remember when you sat- isfs'-tonly complete our course you get a Genuine Sheepskin— a Bachelor of Laws, LL. B., Degree, just the same as Harvard, Yale or any University or College in the U. S. can confer— not a ^'diploma," "certificate" or some other make-shift like mau/ would-be" correspondence schools "issue." - OUR LAW LIBRARY consists of 24 volumes of Student's Standard Text Books, two volumes bound together under one cover, making a total of 12 books. These books were prepared at an enormous cost especially for the students of the Hamilton College of Law, by one of the larg- est and best known law book publishers in America. "This is the only set of law text books ever prepared exclusively for student's use. We would be glad to have you submit these books to any lawyer or judge in the country and get his opinion regarding them. MAIL COUPON TODAY and get our Big, Beautifully Illustrated Prospectus and complete information. Placs you under no obligations whatever. This niiiy m -an the turning point in your career. Hamilton Collage of Law, 703 Advertising Bldg., Chicago Gent), mfn:— Kindly send me your Illustrated Prospectus and full particulars regarding your method of teaching law by mail. Write plain and in full French, German Spanish or Italian To speak it, to understand it, to read it, to write it, there is but one best way. Vou must hear it spoken cor- rectly over and over till your ear knows it; Vou must see it printed cor- rectly till your eye knows it. You must talk it and write it. .■Ml this can be done best by LANGUAGE-PHONE METHOD Combined with RosenthaFs Practical Linguistry This is tlie nat.iral way to learn a foreii,-n U:ij:uasc. Vou hear the living voice of a native Professor pronounce each word and phrase. He speaks as yon desire — slowly or quickly, night or day. for minutes or hours at a time. Anyone can learn a foreig-n language who hears if spoken often enough, and by this method you can hear it as often as you like. It is a pleasant, fascinating study: no tedious rules or memorizing. You simply practice during spare moments or at convenient times, and in a surprisingly short time you speak, read and understand a new language. The method is highly endorsed and recommended by well-known members of the faculties of the following universities and colleges: Yale, Columbia, Chicago, Brown, Pennsylvania Bos- ton, Princeton, Cornell, Syracuse, Minnesota, Johns liopklns, Virs^inia, Colorado, Michig:an, Fordham, /Man- hattan, St. Joseph's, New York, U. S. Hilitary Academy. Our system is arranged on both Disc and Cylinder talking machines. The Disc records can be used on Columbia, Victor, or any make of disc talking machines. Vou or your children can now use your own talking machine, or phonograph, to acquire foreign languages. U'rite tO'dny for free " Treatise on Language Study,"" f articular s of free trial offer, and terms for easy payfnent. THE LANGUAGE PHONE nETHOD 912 Putnam Building 2 West 4Sth St., N. Y. Prepare for College at Home Pennsylvania, Mass. In and other leading uni' You can prepare for College or complete your high s.hool work at home by our sim- plitied correspondence methods. Our courses meet all entrance re- ntiirenients; they are written by mem- bers oi the faculties of Columbia, Cornell, , of Technology, Illinois, Chicago, Michigan ties. The American School is one of the largest educational institutions in the world and employs no agents, solicitors or collectors. Write for special College Preparatory Booklet. American School of Correspondence 5768 Drexel Avenue Clilcago, U. S. A. % SHORT-STORY WRITING A course of forty lessons in the history, form, structure and writinjj of tlie Xhort-story taught by Hr. J. Berg Ksenwcin, Kdltor, Upptnoott'* -Masazlne. -'fti/oxi" ""■■'•''''.■"<■/"'■ /'If'^^f addrrss The Home Correspondence School I'lsenwein l»ept. 118, SpriiivOvld. MaHH. The World's Work gives infor- mation concerning Schools. The University of Chicago HOME STUDY in addition to resident work, ofTers also instruc- tion by correspondence. For detailed in- formation address U. of C.(Div. z) Chicago. III. The Readers' Service will give information about the latest automobile accessories I N S T R I' C T ION BY M A I L The War — How will It Affect You? As soon as the tremendous extent of the conflict became certain, our corps of research specialists set to work to gather the facts affecting" American business and to analyze them. The task occupied their days and nights for over a week. Then Joseph French Johnson, Chairman of our Advisory Council, prepared a concise report that summarized the whole situation. It was issued as a part of the Special Service given to all subscribers to The Modern Business Course and Service of the Alexander Hamilton Institute The report was in their hands within two weeks after hostilities began, and was of vital importance to them, as such executives as Morris May, Second Vice-President of A. B. Kirschbaum & Company, have testified. This is but a. single instance of one kind of service that the Alexander Hamilton Institute is continually giving, and that its subscribers find of inestimable value in meeting their indi- vidual problems. All this service is in addition to the regular reading course, which in itself gfives a business man command of principles in every department of business, and thus makes him better able to grapple with emergencies. Only the man -who is a master of business as a whole — not sim- ply of one narrovp- specialty — can measure up to the big opportunities of today. And this is as true for the younger depart- ment heads, assistants and clerks as it is for the officers and executives of the biggest corpora- tions. No matter what your business position, you need the organized knowledge of business that the Modern Business Course and Service gives you in systematic, time-saving form. Today can be your opportunity. Are you ready for it? If you wish a copy of Joseph Fjench Johnson's report, "The War and American Business," we will gladly send it to you upon request. At the same time we will send you also a copy of ■William H. Lough's 116-page, bound book, "Forging Ahead in Business," which contains a message that has appealed to over 20,000 live, progressive, business men. Ask for them on your business letterhead or fill out the attached coupon. Alexander Hamilton Institute 15 Astor Place New York City The authority bf'nind Alexander Hamilton Institute is shown by the membership of its Advisory Council: JOSEPH FRENCH JOHNSON. D.C.S., Dean of the New York University School of Commerce, Accounts and Finance. FRANK A. VANDERUP, L.L.D., President of the National City Bank of New York. EUJAH W, SELLS. M.A.. C.P.A.. Senior Partner in Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants. JEREMIAH W. JENKS. L.L.D., Professor of Govern- ment, New York University. ELBERT H. GARY. L.L.D.. Chairman of the Board U. S. Steel Corporation. Alexander Hamilton Institute 1 5 Astor Place. New York City I should be glad to have you send me, without cost oi obligation on my part, a copy of Joseph French Johnson's report on "The AVar and American Business," also a copy of " Forging Ahead in Business," together with full infor- mation about your Modern Business Course and Service. Name. Address Business Position With Number of years in business- In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER For Sore Muscles Sprains, Cuts, Bruises here is an antiseptic germicide liniment — one that is healing, cooling and sooth- ing. Absorbine, Jr., is more than a germicide, more than a liniment — it is both. It means prompt reUef from aches and pains ; keeps little cuts and bruises from becoming more serious. It is especially good for children's hurts because it is so harmless and safe to use — made of pure herbs and con- tains no acids or minerals. Absorbine J- THE ANTISEPTIC LINIMENT is needed daily in and about the farm — for the numerous Uttle hurts that come through work in the kitchen and about the house, the stable, the garage and the grounds. Use and prescribe Absorbine, Jr., wherever a high-grade liniment or germicide is indicated. To reduce inflammatory conditions — sprains, wrenches, painful,' swollen veins or glands. To reduce bursal enlargements and infiltrations. Absorbine, Jr., is a dis- cutient and resolvent. To allaj- pain anywhere — its anodyne effect is prompt and permanent. To spray the throat if sore or infected- — a io% or 20% solution of Ab- sorbine, Jr., is healing and soothing and will destroy bacteria. To heal cuts, bruises, sores and ulcers. Absorbine, Jr., is concen- trated, requiring only a few drops at an api)lica- lion. Abtorbinc, Jr.. $1.00 and $2.00 a bottle at mofldrufgittt or postpaid. A Liberal Trial Bottle will 1m; stnl postpaid to your aflflrcss upon receipt of icx; in stamps. Send for trial tottle or procure regular size from your druggist today. W. F.YOUNG, P. D.F. 125 Temple St., Springfield. Man. ABSORBINEJP I^^IQJ^P OZONE IN THE AIR IN THE LAND OF THE SKY WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA P. ^LAY hard — sleep sound — feel fine. It's the air, the sunshine, the bracing effect of the mountains. Eighty peaks over 5,000 feet high and now tinted in the million colors of Autumn foliage. Golf, motoring, riding and driving in their most attractive and satisfy^ ing forms. Ahost of excellent resorts to choose from : Ashcville, Tryon, Waynesville, Hendersonville, Brc^ vard. Lake Toxaway, Saluda, Black Mountain, Flat Rock, Hot Springs, N. C. All these directly accessible over the rails of Southern Railway, Premier Carrier of the South. Luxurious through trains also to Aiken, Augusta, Charleston, Columbia, Camden, Summcrvillc, Savannah and Florida Points. Our travel literature is full of illust7-atio7is and accurate facts. Painstakingly prepared so as to be of real service to you. Sent on appli- ed I ion I0 an y representative of Sovth- ern Railway or connecting lines. NEW YORK - PHILADELPHIA BOSTON - WASHINGTON - CHICAGO ST. LOUIS - 2G4 Fifth Avenue S28 Chestnut Street '.Vi2 WashinKton Street TO.'i Fifteenth St., N. W. - 56 W. Adams Street - 719 Olive Street Excellent investment opportunities in fruit-culture, farming and manu- facturinK all alon^r the Southern. SOUTHERN RAILWAY Fremier Carrier of the South Are you lliinkinK of buiidiiiK? Tiic Readers' Service can give you helpful suggestions THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER i Which Will YOU Keep? || «( Acid-Mouth'' or Sound Teeth? "V'^OU can't have both ** acid -mouth" and sound -■- teeth. They don't go together. Acid-mouth ' ' gradually but surely eats away the enamel and lets decay strike into the soft interior of the tooth. In time you won't have a sound tooth left — unless you remove the cause of the trouble. The sure way to counteract "acid-mouth" is by the regular daily use of pcBeco TOOTH PASTE Pebeco is the scientific den- tifrice de- signed to neu- tralize the mouth acids formed by food- ferment. By doing this it removes what aiithori- use '^ of Brushfui ^ ' ^ j, chuni is thechief cause of tooth-decay. Pebeco also cleans and whit- ens the teeth, purifies the mouth, drives out bad odors and tastes, and leaves a feel- ing of clean freshness that nothing else can equal. 'J'lie delightful tingle of its taste is a revelation. You are invited to find out whether you have acid-mouth," as 9 out of 10 people are said to have. If you have acid-mouth, " Pebeco is a necessity. Send for Free Ten-Day Trial Tube of Pebeco and Acid Test Papers The Test Papers •will show you whether you too have acid-mouth" and how Pebeco counteracts it. Pebeco originated in the liygienic laboratories of P. Boiersdorf & Co.. Hamburt;, dcrmany, and is sold everywhere in cxtra-larpre size tubes. As only one-third of a brushful is used at a time, Pebeco saves money as well as teeth. Manufacturing Chemists 138 William Street New York Canadian OflRco : 1 and 3 St. Helen Street. Montreal •^^y^^^x>y/yx>vyy/v/y/Avy^>'/y^y/^>vy'/vvv^/xy/^/>'/y/yxv///xv//>y^^^ The Readers' Service will give information about automobiles THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER ■mm^&^mmi V> aie com when v6u use lie complimeni pne compiimen o\ tne salad QJ omtoiL -I THE OIL OF THE EPICURE T is as though you should say: "Mine friend, you and I know the great difference in flavor between mere pure oHve oil and this pure olive oil — come let us enjoy its exquisite bouquet and pity those who do not know." At your dealer's or delivered direct in gallon or half-gallon cans or in bottles securely packed Uf>on receipt of the following prices: Gallons $3.85. half-gallons $2.25, 21 ounces $1.00, 10 ounces 60c, 5 ounces 35c. Send to-day for the interesting McNally Olive Oil booklet with which we shall forward 6 beautiful post cards showing famous Bcenic spots in California. Address Chicago Office McNally Ranch, 105 Rand-McNally Building, Chicago F H. E E Six scenic post cards and beautiful booklet. Write for them to-day. Choose the Jersey To Supply the FamUy Milk An eminent doctor says: "Those buying milk by the quart, sold at a uniform price for all breeds, will get more commercial value by purchasing Jersey milk." Nobody attempts to deny the truth of this statement. Jersey milk is richest in butter fat (cream) and the other soUds which make milk really valuable. If you keep one or a number of cows for your own use, there is all the more reason why those cows should be Jerseys. Your Jersey cow not only sup- plies you with rich milk, but she keeps it up. One of the well known Jersey qualities is her persistency in milk. She is easily kept, she produces milk economically, while her beauty and gentleness single her out as emphatically the cow to supply milk for the home. A membership in this Club will prove valu- able to all Jersey owners. We have no Jerseys to sell, but we will gladly supply you with convincing Jersey mcts. THE AMERICAN JERSEY CATTLE CLUB 324 W. 23d Slreet, New York Cily The Readers' Service gives informa- tion about investments Shirley President Suspenders 59 Have a pair for every suit «' Satisfaction or money back" Be sure "SHIRLEY PRESIDENT" is on buckles The C. A. Edgarton Mfg. Co., Shirley, Mass. >(;>\V\ ^ ^' Direct Service to f \ Brazil-Uruguay-Argentin* Luxurious Steamers of i2,ooolons, especially designed tor travel in the tropics, leave New York on alter- nate Saturdays. Plan to Viiit South America at Your Earlieft Opportunity Writr for iHustr.llril b..i,klc-t, tour v.hrilulcs, el. . Bufk & Danielt, Gen. ARt.<;. 3^7 I'rodnic Kxchange.New York I Hi I IK ..\i, .\r,H.s rs gHOlTllNE In writing tf) advcrliscrs please meiilion Tiiii World's VVokk THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER OatSr-i . andan t,lCfin HERE'S the story, as it comes from Illinois, vouched for by the superin- tendent of the grain elevator where the thing happened : " Here's to the Elgin Watch ! While clipping oats a few days since, our man in charge of oat clipper found one of your watches in the oats. That watch in the oats had been unloaded from the cars with power shovels- down through iron grates to hopper — onto con- vey or bel t — to elevator — up 110 feet — discharged into garner over scales — dropped into scale hopper — then out to another conveyor belt — unloaded by tripper into storage bin — drawn out on third conveyor belt — into elevator — up 110 feet — down through garner and scales again — to clipper bin — out over clipper riddle to trash box, where we found it. "The case was only slightly sprung, and the crys- tal broken. We wound the watch and it started right otf, and seems to run as well as any watch." This watch was not an expensive Elgin I The incident goes to prove the fact that all Elgin Watches, both for men and women, are built to withstand all the strenuous moments in busv folks' lives. ELGIN Watches See your local jeweler — your Elgineer, master of watchcraft. And write us for booklet. LORD ELGIN— The Masterwatch. S/JJ to SSj. LADY ELGIN — A Dainty Timekeeper — pendant and bracelet. A wide range of prices. B. W. RAYMOND — The Railroad Man's Watch. S8o to SJ2.SO. G. M. WHEELER- The Foremost Medium Priced Watch. S.'fO to S^J. KLCIN NATIONAL WATCH CO.. Elgin, Illinois The Readers' Servicf jrives information about insurance THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER I S T E R I N E Use it every day EVERY home medicine cabinet should include its bottle of Listerine — the safe and thorough antiseptic. In case of cuts or burns, Listerine applied promptly will render the wound aseptic. As a mouth-wash Listerine is as efficient an antiseptic as can be safely used. Dentists urge its use regularly in cleansing the teeth. Listerine has been endorsed by physicians for 30 years. Imitated freely, but never improved upon. All Druggists Sell Listerine LAMBERT PHARMACAL COMPANY, St. Louis, Mo. 'Chance is Literature." — Independent. Third Large Printing CHANCE By JOSEPH CONRAD "With an instinct that is marvel- ous he selects from all the words in the vibrating vocabulary of the English language, the veritable one needed for his use, and he em- ploys it with a sureness that leaves nothing to be de- sired." — Chicago Tribune 'Ve/$1.35 "It's great." — One Boys. "Everybody's reading if' New York Globe PENROD By BOOTH TARKINGTON " 'Penrod' is a book that hits the soft spot in the heart of every man who can remember that he was a boy once ^ himself, and among boyhood class- ics is deserving of a high place." — Tlie Brooklyn Eagle. KeaHy lllustyat,\i /•_>■ (-' don Grant. AV/fi.25 FOR LIQUOR AND DRUG USERS A scientific treatment by specialists in authorized Keeley Institutes only T \ \ \\ FOR INFORMATION WRITE TO / J M \\ FOLLOWING KEELEY INSTITUTES: / rolumbla, K. T. 1 Dallas, TciBs 1 '^^J ' 1 Hot Sprlnft", Art. i^ wf 1 ifintwn, i:-.!. .Salt Lake City, Itali I MLIT 1 DwlBllt, III. 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But — and make special note of this — the grand- est way to keep a supply of Nnce Albert the national joy smoke at home is in the one-pound glass humidor. Boys ! there never was a better tobacco than good old P. A., made by our wonderful patented process that makes it as biteless as a day-old kitten. And there never was a better container than the glass humidor that goes with the 1-lb. purchase of P. A. It keeps it all good and as prime as the day it left the factory, and all you got to do is fill your little old pouch and you've got pipe food or makin's for cigarettes that stands without a rival. Save time in your office work.. The Readers" Service is acquainted with tiie latest de\iccs ^ /?■-. j^ If You Want to be Tickled, use WHITING-ADAMS BRUSHES Over 10,000 Kinds and Sizes made ^ Send for illustrated literature telling about Whiting-Adams Brushes, manufactured by John L. Whiting J. J. Adams Co., Boston, u.s.a. Brush Manufacturere for Over 100 Years and the Largest in the World PHOTOGRAPHS Of the New Forests, England. Beautiful Landscapes, Sunsets, Moonlight Views. Gypsy and Nature Life, and almost every subject you can think of, for ad- vertising and publishing purposes. Illustration Department. DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY I 1 West 32nd Street, New York City WE WILL HELP YOU We have helped many young men and women to make money. If you have the time we have the opportunity. We want new sup- scribers to The World's Work, Country Life and The Garden Mag- azine. For particulars address Circulation Dept. Doubleday, Page & Company, Garden City, New York y=^i:^^: fo/jff-^^ HARTSHORN SHADE ROLLERS Bear the script name of Stewart Hartsliorn on label. Get Improved," no tacks required. Wood Rollers Tin Rollers llartror'l. Conn walls, a darker .Mit...ii>-.(.rr .Most pteasinK and durable covering; ( shade on roof. 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The Peerless Check Writer has met with remarkable success because it writes and pro- tects exact to the cent in one oper- ation by an indelibly inked im- print broken through the paper where the paying teller must see the amount. Once you have seen the Peerless, the "somewhere near" protection which you may be using now will seem absurd. If you will sign the coupon below and pin to your busi- ness card or letterhead we will send you samples of checks which have been raised, showing how eas- ily your checks can also be raised. We will, of course, send descriptive literature of the Peerless machines at the same time, and arrange for a demonstration, if you desire. In your interest and protec- tion, mail the coupon now. Peerless Check Protecting Co., <») Rochester, N.Y. COUPON — Sign and mail with your business card or letterhead. (4) Name. .Business- -Address. .\re you thinking of building? The Readers' Service can give you helpful suggestions THE WORLD'S \\ORK ADVERTISER \\7 A 1? WHAT IS ITO W /\ IX. All AROIJT • i Are Europe's millions mad for blood just because a Prince was shot? Are swords rattling, cannon rumbling, mailed armour glistening just because Russia wants to show her love for the little brother— Servia? Has the whole world gone stark mad over a very foolish and trivial question? 'Tear aside the curtain of Europe's politics and see the grim and sinister game of checkers that is N being played. See upon what a slim, yet desperate, excuse the sacred lives of millions may be sacrificed. Read the nistory of the , past one hundred years, as written by one of the greatest authorities the world has ever known, and learn the naked, shameful \ truth. Just to get you started as a Review of Reviews subscriber, we make you this extraordinary ofler. We will give to you \ 17 O 17 17 f DURUY'S WW \ r" Ivllilli; HISTORY OF THE WORLD Review ^ '" '°"' splendid volumes, well bo\ind in cloth, and full of por- the Balkans, whom they are batting about like a shuttlecock. (r » I \. "aits, sketches, maps and diagrams, with a full index and with This tn.ister of the pen shows you the glory that was Greece's and orKevien-H, •%^ j,„j volume of the history of the List fifty years by Professor the grandeur that was Rome's. He guides you through the Middle to Inlne Plare, \ Grosvenor of Amherst. Ages, the picturesque old days of feudalism and the crusades; Hew York V Today is the climax of a hundred years of preparation. Read through the Renaissance, with its revolution in art, science and % in this timely, authoritative, complete, AND TIIH ONLY letters, up to contemporaneous history, with liurope's game of Send me, on ap- "^ CONDENSED, classic worldhistory— of whichtf7'f>-2,'xx),ooo checkers, which I'rof. Grosvenor completes in brilliant manner. proval. charges paid -^ copies hm'e been sold in 1-ratice alone— )n%X what has In the story of the past lie the secrets of today. When you know by you, Uuruy's His- ^ taken place in the inner councils of Europe during the the motives of men in tie past, their desires and their ambitions, then tory of the World in 4 '^ ^^^^^ one hundred years. Read in these entrancing you can understand the history that is being made so fast today. And volumes bound in cloth. \^ pages how Russia — a Gulliver imprisoned by Pigmies you will understand th.it better when you get the Review of Reviews Also enter my name for the "S.^ has for years craftily been trying to es ape from for a year — for the Review of Reviews will give you a sane interpre- Review of Reviews for one '^ her darkness— to get a year. round open l)ort, with tation of the events that are taking place with such r.ipidity. It Is year. 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In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER ( Tflc With vio- ^^ ]/ lets and champagne and elec- Jw^ tricity to help, he dared to * kiss her — there in that Spanish // built town on the border, where the color of the Mexican has fired the cold courage of the Anglo-Saxon to a spirit of love and adventure — where men kill and women kiss on the jump. There this sly young man kissed the beautiful girl — and later, carefully dressed in an elaborate wrapper with her little bare feet in white swansdown slippers, she waited for him to come. And when he did, just by accident she turned the light the wrong way. A laugh, a whifl of heliotrope, a groping little hand on his arm. What he did was the last thing you'd expect. Read this story and you will know why they call O W ¥ 17 TWT TyXT" MASTER OF THE • Jrl Hi 1^ IV X UNEXPECTED ENDING Send the coupon for 274 O.Henr>' Stories considered to be the biggest, strongest, livest in 12 handsome volumes for 25 cents a force that has broken loose in English litera- week. Send the coupon and see for ture for many a long year. yourself why memorials to O. Henry are Send the coupon and you will understand being prepared; why universities are why, to women good or bad. grave or planning tablets for him; why textbooks gay. weak or strong. O. Henry is always uf English literature are including his the big. clean minded, understanding, sym- stories; why colleges are debating his place pathetic brother. Never has there been / in literature; why theatrical firms are a man who could write of forbidden ^ ■.^ vying with one another for rights to things with so delicate a touch, so ^ JJ dramatize his stories — why O. 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The Readers' Service can give you helpful suggestions The Day of the War Correspondent Is Gone McMillan, the greatest living war correspondent, has wired these words to a big New York newspaper. In the hotels of Paris the most daring war photographers and writers we have are cooling their heels. They cannot get within loo miles of the actual fighting. They try every trick. They rage and they fret, but they never see a battle. None dare even carry a camera. The most they see is some dim far off army march- ing awav in the dark. THE ONLY MIGHTY WAR EVER PHOTOGRAPHED was our own Civil War. Then for the first time the camera could be used. Then for the last time during a mighty war was the photographer allowed to come close to the real thing. You will NEVER see a photo- graph of this mighty war now going on. But you can judge what it is like from the 3S00 pholograpJts of the Chil War, taken by Mathew Brady and his daring helpers. They followed the armies of the North and the armies of the South and their camera plates caught them in battle, in camp, in the hospital; they caught the navies on the sea. For the first time and last time in all history they transferred an undying camera story of the war. , j • .u d;.,. And now these photographs and the others of that war reproduced in the Photo- eraphir History of the Civil War with the authoritative story of the war told by men of the North and South in these 10 volumes you go to war yourself. In these 10 volumes are crowded more sorrow and joy, more excitement than comes into most men's lifetimes. The camera saw more of these four terrible years than the eyes ot the million soldiers. FREE — Enlarged for Framing \ 18 OF THESE \ PHOTOGRAPHS REVIEW OF V REVIEWS CO. \ New York City \^ Knclosrcl find loc \ In slaiiiiii to cover \ co5t of iiiailint; to tne \ your [Kirtfolio of beauti- \ lul Civil War photographs \ suitable for framini;. It is X understood that you are to \ give them to me FREH and \ are to send me information about \ the Photo;rraphic History of the V Civil War in lo Volumes. V SendlOc for Postage Addrtss W. W. p.-U To show you the power and the wonder of these photographs we have put eighteen of them into a portfolio. Each is 12x11 inches beautifully reproduced on heavy coated paper ready for framing. In these 18 photographs you will see the Union soldiers getting their mail, you will see the great leaders planning the campaign on the field; you will see whole regiments in camp; you will see the first war balloon. You will sec the wounded in the hospital. You will see the shattered tlefcnces of a city. You will see the signal corps at work. All this and much more you will have free in the portfolio. We have only 1800 portfolios. Send 10 cents for postage for yours at once. It bindsyouto nothing. Send the coupon noa. REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO. 30 Irvinu Place New York City Why You Will Never See Another War in Photographs Before the Civil War there were no cameras. Since the Civil War no camera has ever gotten close to the real action. The opportunity has pa^ed forever of seeing a war as it really is. The famous Mathew Hrady and his followers did what will never be done again; they crept close to the trenches and the earthworks and showed us the face of a whole great war in progress. The Photographic History is pic- ture after picture taken while the enemy was not a mile away, cannoneers actually working their guns under fire, in sight of ramparts and buildings sheltering hostile forces. Above all — the war corres- pondent today has become virtually a war prisoner. He is suspected as a possible spy. lie is kept away from head- quarters and from the firing line as well; from any scene that might betray losses suf- fered, or the lie of the lacid, or the disposition of forts and earthworks. Often he doesn't cet within a hundred miles of the real fighling. Urady and his men were everywhere. There was no "censor," no orders restricting photogra- phers, no suspicion in 'dl. And now these photographs arc yours in such beautiful form. Send the coupon for eighteen of them. In writing lo advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WOKK ADVERTISP:R I' Are You Efficient? Trjr Thi4: Te^t GLANCE at this picture for three seconds. Put it aside. Write down what you saw on this table. ,(You can try it by having someone put objects on your own table.) If you don't get all the ^ objects exactly right, your observation isn't 100 per cent, efficient — and you may be losing money, pleasure, health, because of it. And J Observation is only one of the things you've got to be Efficient in to win in this strenuous day. All that you know. But you didn't know, perhaps, that the time has come when you can learn to be Efficient, just as you might learn business or law or medicine, through a Course in Personal E^fficiency Prepared by Harrington Emerson Conducted by the Review of Reviews Company RAILROADS and Industrial corpora- tions have learned Efficiency from Har- rington Emerson. Brandeis called him be- fore Congress to show how the railroads might save a million dollars a day. One corporation alone paid $50,000 for his ad- vice. Now you can have it all for a few cents and a few minutes a day for six months. As a trainer handles a racer, as a coach handles the crew of a boat, so this Course will train your faculties, each and every one. Efficiency has nothing to do with be- ing strenuous. It shows you the easiest way to reach your goal. Efficiency has nothing to do with complicated systems; it shows the simplest way. Efficiency has nothing to do with theories ; it shows the quickest — the most practical way. Efficiency for the Individual •nrHIS course is for you — the Department Manager— ■'■ it is for You the Ensrineer, for You the Bookkeeper, for You the Machinist, for You the Professional Man, for You the Business woman, for You who keep the home. The Efficiency principles that helped the U. S. Navy shoot 1200 times as well, taught the Editor of Tin- New York Financial Bulletin to cut down his work three hours a day and get back a Health_ long lost. The Efficiency that saved the Santa Fe a million and a half a year showed G. Douglas lones of California how to save $2700 on one job : the Efficiency that helped the Steel Trust showed J. B. Burbank of Montclair, N. J., how to get an education. What you do makes no difference ; How you do it is what counts. This course will show you How. Throw off the Burden of Useless Drudgery Reviewr of RcTiew* 30 Irving Place •yHROW off the burden of worry ; throw off the burden of fear and wasted work. Walk >^ V^ New York ■*- straight and sure in the short, quick way to your goal. You are as valuable to ^i$?/ ^ At ( h yourself as any corporation; and if corporations are willing to pav Emerson thousands ^'>^/ u c "^^."■** ''' f ^1?^ of dollars to learn how to make the most of themselves, uoa can pay a few small ^^Xv r}.f^rlT in Pel- dollars to make the ,„ost of yourself. y^^ sonTTmciencr Aho ^fM First Because this is too big a thing to tell about in any advertisement. .^jV^p.P."*"^"'^'^ ^^°"' **!fm;^';Ji;^' because it is so new. w.- must send you the first lesson to show >^V*X This puts me under no obligation. Send the coupon for it today. Minutes are don't waste them. Send this coupon now. Lesson . . r K CE^ your capital ; REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO., 30 Imng Place, New York Address In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work Name. THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER THE AUTHOR OF "PENROD" BOOTH TARKINGTON SAYS: "1,600 *Penrod' sold in a week is splendid! I am inclined to believe in the return of prosperity!" PENROD FOURTH LARGE PRINTING The booh about a boy that's set the country laughing. Pure fun from beginning to end Really Illustrated by Gordon Grant. Net, $1.25 Many people cannot get books. If there is no bookstore near you we shall be glad to send books on approval. We do not wish to interfere with the trade of the bookseller; we wish that every locality in the United States had a good bookseller and that you would buy the books selected from him; our suggestion is addressed to readers who have no convenient bookstore to go to. Garden City DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY New York In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER You Meet Shakespeare's Characters Every Day There are more than two hundred and fifty completely delineated characters in Shakes- peare's tremendous dramas. Not a commun- ity of shadows and dolls, but living, human beings — the kind of people you meet every day. Do not study him as though he were a language or a theory. He is living — vital — part of your life. See for yourself in the Thin Paper Booklovers' Shakespeare 20 Limp Leather Volumes — Dark Red and Gold. 7,000 Pages Some day you are going to buy a set of Shakespeare. You have promised yourself that. You know your library is not complete without the master of all. For the Student and rhoseWho Read for Fun All the wonders that caused 50,000 people to buy the old Booklovers' Edition have been preserved in the new. The de- tailed perfection, the beauty of type, the profusion of fine pic- tures, the authority of text — the multiplicity of notes, glos- saries, study plans — all those things that made the old Book- lovers' so welcome to the stu- dent and such a delight to those who read for fun — all these things you get in the new edition. And modern progress has added one important feature — the bible paper — so that the old forty volumes fit now into twenty — and the twenty have a flexi- bility, a convenience, that was not pos- sible with the former heavy paper. Successful Men Read Shakespeare Secretary of State Bryan and Andrew Carnegie have chosen as their guiding motto those ringing words that Shakes- peare wrote 300 years ago — "To thine own self be true and it must follow — as the night the day— thou canst notthen be false to any man." Business men read Shakespeare Their whole lives are influenced by him. WHOLE SET FREE Send No Money S:iS?°i:IIIVv'*fE 20 Volumes — 5 X yj in. — 7000 pages — 400 pictures in the text — 40 full-page illustrations in 6 to 1 2 colors — clear type— bible paper— flexible backs stamped in gold. We cannot send this set on approval except to the first few — so that they may show it to their friends. To get a set on approval — free of charge — send this coupon today. Send it at once without money. It will bring the whole 20 volumes, all charges pre- paid — and if they're not the best investment for THE UNIVERSITY SOCIETY, 44-60 E. 23rd St., New York inspiration, for pleasure, tor education that you have ever made — send them back at out expense. But send today — and then see the red and gold beauty of these 20 volumes spread along your library shelves. Take out the ^^WW "Merry Wives" and be merry your- ^^ 9^ self; take out "Othello" and weep. ^^UnivenitT But send the coupon right now ^^ Society, 44 -without obligation or money, ^r Eut 23rd St. New York Send me, charges prepaid, for my exam nation, the complele set of the Booklovers' Shakes- peare, twenty volumes, in full p leather binding. If the iKjoks are satisfactor>-, 1 shall pay you $1.50 within 5 days after their receipt, and $2.00 a month for fourteen months. If they are not 1 shall notify you and hold them subject to your order. Also send, prepaid, the $ 8.00 Art Portfolio which I am to retain without cost if I keep the books. (If you wish cloth binding change 14 months to 9 months.) In wriiing to advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER The World's Work The present number is an earnest of what the magazine expects to do for its readers during the war period In October The WORLD'S WORK will enable its readers to have an effective background for the events which are recounted in the daily newspapers including several quite unique features For November We are preparing a new kind of man- ual, the general title of which will be United States The Re-builders Our obligations, opportunities, and poten- tial power in diplomacy, trade, finance, and shipping at home and overseas ,The Readers' Service will give information about the latest automobile accessories THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER and the War In this way we shall again serve our readers through this great manual covering the next huge move resulting from the conflict in Europe. A moment's consideration of a few of the subjects indicates its value: United States as a world banker The new export opportunities Where the trade waits The American worker and what it means that eighteen milHon work- ers have gone to war Our colonies and the effect on them Up-building American popularity in foreign lands England and our ties of blood Gold — its supply and production Investments — now on forced sale The great melting pot — our foreign population The farmers' day — the world's de- pendence upon the American farmer American diplomacy— what our am- bassadors have done and are doing American travel abroad — what it has meant in numbers, money, and influence Personalities, men who are active in this work of re-building What the U. S. A. should do first, a series of short articles by high authorities Government cooperation and foreign trade Shall the government be constructive in place of critical And many further great and notable subjects If you are not now a subscriber to the WORLD'S WORK, fill out the coupon and send 50 cents for a three months', "GETTING ACQUAINTED" sub- scription. If you are a reader, fill the coupon with the name of a friend and send it as a present. Or, better yet, two friends and send us a DOLLAR. If desired, subscriptions can begin with the War Manual (September number). To the WORLD'S WORK, Garden City, N .Y. I enclose $ for three months' subscriptions for The WORLD'S WORK beginning with the current issue, to be sent to the following addresses : In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER He's as Busy as You Are and He Says: Michigan "I am a very busy dry goods merchant, and when 1 find that the figures run together and columns do not add up right I put on my hat, jump in my car (in summer), and in five minutes I am among the birds, wild flowers, and butterflies, and insects so plainly described in the Nature Library, and after an hour's 'bunt without a gun,' come back full of life and vigor, and in a short time make up the stolen hour. If on my trip I have found several new flowers or have seen and heard a new bird, I can, by the use of my library (which is upon my desk at all times), find the name, habits, and life history of such, and with such diversion life is more pleasant and our hairs do not get gray quite so fast." F. E. Yakeley The Bare Titles Like the modest veil of the Mo- hammedan beauty, the titles of these volumes conceal rather than reveal what they have to give. Bird Neighbors Shells Game Birds Bird Homes Butterflies Moths Trees Mosses and Lichens Mushrooms Animals Reptiles Fishes Frogs Insects Spiders Grasses Wild Flowers Some of Those Who Wrote Them John Burroughs, Introduction. Dr. David Stark Jordan, Chancellor, Leland Stanford University; Presi- dent California Academy of Science. Dr. 'Barton W. Evermann, Ichthyol- ogist, U. S. Fish Commission. WiTMER Stone, Curator, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Nina L. Marshall, Specialist in na- ture study. Dr. William J. Holland, Director Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg: fore- most authority in Zoology. Neltje Blanchan, Author of the most widely sold books on birds in America. A. Radclyffe Dugmore, famous na- ture photographer. Dr. L. O. Howard, Head of the Ento- mological Division, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Raymond L. Ditmars. Curator of Rep- tiles, New York Zoological Gardens. 8 Vol- umes Like This The New Nature Library, the greatest work of its kind in the world. As scientifically accurate as it is interesting. Read these few bare facts and see why: Some of the questions you'U be able to answer after you get the books — What is the relation between butter- flies and the showers of blood that have occurred at intervals through the ages? What common American bird is the counterpart of the courtly Falcon? What kind of deer signal to each other by flashing a white flag? What bird breaks the eggs of other birds so they will not hatch? What bird impales smaller birds oo thorns? What plants steal their living from others? What little flower is a weather prophet ? What causes the autumn colors in leaves? What insects use tools? Why an ant's head may often be seen walking by itself without a body. Thesenuestions and ten thousand more you will answer. And you will dis- cover new questions for yourself and find the answers to them too. For your own sake and your children's, so that they may learn now what Darwin learned in his childhood — what made him the master that he was — Send the Coupon Now' In writing u> advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER ss Open Your Eyes to a New World Open }our eyes and look on the great world of living things. Look and Learn. There is more mystery in a frog than in any detective story. The mystery of the world — of why — of what — of who — we are lies in the unsolved mystery of that frog. And in looking for that mystery you look upon the astound- ^ ing life that your closed eyes have missed, for the eye is closed that does not know how to see. Let the New Nature Library teach you how to see. Let the New Nature Library make the wooded path before you as dramatic as the city's liveliest theatre. The fancied thrills from your two-dollar orchestra seat you know in advance. But the thrills on the wood road or the city park are as new and fresh as the new day. Because we of this generation learn all things from books, the New Nature Library is in eight crowded volumes. But, in truth, the New Nature Library is the great teacher, leading you into that living world that is the answer to those who say: "It'e were dreamers, dreaming greatly in the man- stifled town We yearned beyond the skyline where the strange roads go down." The New Nature Library takes you down the "strange roads." New Thin Paper Edition at Less Than Half Former Price The New Nature Library's first edition was in 17 volumes, and cost $68. Many thou- sands bought it, but we thought of the many other thousands to whom this sum would seem high. So we devised a way to make the New Nature Library so 3'ou could have it at less than half that old price. And the waj- lies in the new use of the thin paper that has come to be recognized as the thing for fine books. By rising the thin paper, we made the 17 volumes into 8, without taking out one page, one glorious color plate, even one letter. Because the binding cost is the biggest item in the making of books, and because paper is paid for by the {jound, we are now able to gi\-e }ou & these eight volumes at less than half the old price. / Not for long, though, because you can see for ^^ yourself, a price like this can only be used • for introductory j)urposes. ^^ Remember, every magnificent color ^ page is here — the 8,000 pages — y^ Doubleday the 6,000 text illustrations — the >' Page & Co. 420 full page color plates — the y Garden City, N.Y. 2,500,000 words of brilliant W.W. 9-14 text-the loi pages of index / preS.'fortn'dL^? — all are here. .\nd yet ^ cxamin.Ttion The New you pay less than halt. • Nature Library in eicht l)is •^ ^ y vi'^^"' ^""■'' The result you have here. Each Minute You Spend With It Worth $5 to YOU 7 Big Thick Volumes EACH volume 6.^0 inches and if inches thick. Bound in strong imported buckram with gold backs, title pages in 2 colors —more than 5,000 pages — thousands ot illus- trations—photographs—diagrams, line drawings, sketches, plans, 3,000,000 words — a special cross index so you can find what you want at a glance — and every word worth money to you. Every word of the 3,000,000 will come back in bigget crops, more product per acre — more money — and less work. W/U^rvlx^ Q.r»f «.« A»».'<^ir'a1 Send the coupon. It will bring you the com- WnOle Oet on Approval pj^t^ s^t — the whole seven volumes — all charges prepaid on approval. Look them over at your leisure. If you don't find in them ideas for more money and less work, if you don't find you 11 get your investment back many times just from the ideas in its pages — send the books back at our expense. Otherwise send $2 in 10 days and $2 a month for 10 months. But act quickly or you may have to wait si\- months for your set. For prompt acreplance of this offer we will include l^j^J] CoUDOD WithoUt MonCy Country Life in America for One Year \\. \V. Q. 14 As a monthly addition to the Farmer's Cy- ^/ Doubledav, Page & Co. clopedia to keep you informed right up to »* ^->„^j^^ r^;*-., IM^^at 'V<->*-lr theminuteonthclatest knowledge about / Garden City. INeW YorR farming, a year's subscription to Coun- •* ggnji ^e. all charges prepaid, the complete set try Life in America is included in ^^ of xhe Farmer's Cyclopedia (Abridged Agri- this offer. Country Life will contain ^al. Massachusetts, Wilbrabam, Box 290. Wilbraham Academy A school which fits boys for useful, sane and successful living and gives thorough preparation for college work. Gavlord W. Douglass, Headmaster. Massachusetts, Concord. ^t AnArc-aT*ti ^hnol Preparation for all colleges and 01. .ft.nOreW S OCnOOl scientific schools. Fine equipment. Extensive ground.s and woodlands. Tennis courts, athletic fields, board tracks, canoeing. Offers exceptional opportunities. Illustrated booklet. ROGER E. E. CLAl'P, Headmaster, Box W. .Massachusetts, Billerica. (jo miles from Boston.) The Mitchell Military Boys School h'uT boys from eight to sixteen. A country school with every modern equipment. Booklet upon request. Alexander H. Mitchell, Princip;il. Box W. Massachusetts, lioston, 565 Boylston St. (Copley Sq ) Chaoncy Hall School Established iH-^H. Prepares lK>ys exclusively lor MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF Ti;CHN(>I.O(,V and other scientific schools. Every teacher a speti.illst. FRANKLIN T. Kt'KT, Principal. Massachusetts, Bradford. Bradford Academy for Yowngf Women 112th year opens Sept. i6th. Thirty miles from Boston. Address the Principal, Miss Laura A. Knott. A. M. Massachusetts, Boston, Box W. 4 Arlington Street. Miss McCIintock's School for Girls A combination of city and country life. Arts and Crafts. Native teachers in languages. Resident and day pupils. All athletics. Miss Mary Law McClintock, Principal. Massachusetts, Boston, Huntington Chambers. Emerson College of Oratory Largest School of Oratory. Literature and Pedagogy in America. Summer Sessions. 34th year opens Sept. 22d. Address Harry Seymour Ross, Dean. Massachusetts, Andover. Abbot Academy A SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Founded 1828 23 miles from Boston. General course with Household Science. College Preparation. Address Miss Bertha Bailey, Principal. Massachusetts, Natick. Walnut Hill School A College Preparatory School for Girls. Seventeen miles from Boston. Forty Acres. Athletic Fields. Five Buildings. Gym- nasium. Miss Conant, Miss Bigelow, Principals. Massachusetts, PittsfielH. Miss Hall's School for Girls Miss Mika H. Hall, PrincipaL Massachusetts, Barre. Elm Hill A Private Home and (School for Fceble-Mlnded Youth. Skillful and allii tionnte (are. Invigorating air. z5u-a( re farm. Home dairy. All nirxicm < ()n\6th ycir. Address GKcjKC.K A. HKoWN, M. D. *l,,_,r„„|-^j (JKOItUK W. <WirK. nircotor. P|eW|IM|lanQ - Tho l,nrt-i»i and Itint Kquli.p.d .Srhoul of MH.Ie. ^Qu^£pYyVTORy I'r.ictical and theoretical instruction with highly OF MUSIC Boston, Mass. eflicicnt teachers. Free Concerts and Lecture Courses. For particulars and year book, address RALPH L. FLANDBKS, Manager. The Readers' Service will ii,\\c information about the latest automobile accessories DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS NEIV YORK Riverview Academy has had a national reputation for more than three-quarters of a century for success in fitting boys for college — and for life. INDIVIDUAL TRAINING for younger boys and for back- ward students who need to be interested, encouraged, taught how to study, and rna.le self-reliant. TUTOKIN(; and COACHING for "cod. ditions" and for those who make unsatisfactory progress under a rigid class organization. ^U/ acixc/rmic studies are lauj;ht iiith Jintshin^ courses m yoCA TIONAl. STUDIHS. Required recreation nnd exercise atford scientific course in physic.il culture, developing health and strength. The buildings are Situated on a commanding lull overlooking the Hudson. Comfortably furnished dormitories, sunny, attractive recitation and study rooms, large, expensively equipped gymnasium, fine athletic field, all games and si>orts. The in- struction is thoro, the equipment modern, the associ.itinns pleasant and refined, the cost moderate. |>&00 covers e-xpcnses for board and tuition for academic year. Exceptional opixiriuniiics for self-help t* capable young men of high character. Fall term befflns 8ept. Ifith. For catalogue address CLEMENT C. GAINES, M.A., LL.D., Box 704, Riverview A cademy Poughkeepsie, New York. St. Paul's School Healthfully located in beautiful Garden City, Long Island, i8 miles from New York. Buildings completely equipped. Gymnasium, swimming pool, fine athletic fields. Prepares for any college or scientific school. Competent master at the head of each department. A Lower School for Younger Boys For information and Catalog address WALTER R. MARSH, Headmaster, Box 25. Garden City. L. I. New York, Ossining-on-Hudson. too years old in June. Mount Pleasant Academy I'^rZl^l ""'ll'slnes"". Rationalized military system. Manual training. Mount Pleasant Hall is for boys under 13. Summer Camp in the Berkshires, under Mr. Brusic's personal charge, for young boys under 15. Send for catalogue. CHARLES Frederick Bkusie. Box 506. New York, Monroe, (formerly at Dobbs Ferry). Mackenzie School On Lake Walton, 50 miles froiu New York. 1000 feet elevation in upper Ram. apo region in famous Orange County. 9 new buildings. Extensive property for all land and water sports. Unusual record in recent preparation of 200 graduates for highest l-.ngineering .ind Academic Institutions. New York, Ossining-on-Hudson. Qx Ti-wt»«'* Q/>U<"kAf ^'^^ MANI.Y BOYS, Special opportunities OX» JOmi S OCDQOl for quick college preparation. Military drill. Parental discipline. Gymnasium, swimming pool. Athletic field. Manly sports encouraged, yunior Hail, a separate school for boys under 13. Summer Session. Catalogue. REV. W. A. Ranney. a. M.. Pd. B.. Principal. H ,rt-.^---g^.--^ >v!-,'--uW '^.y-t-y^i-i^-^^A ascadilh Cascadilla has a 40- years* reputation for the achieve- ments of its graduates in college and business. It is admirably located on Lake Cayuga, near Cornell, and offers unsurpassed oppor. tunities for both mental and physical development. At- tendance limit 125. Small classes. Certificate privilege. Recreation building. athletic field and gymnasium. Navy outfit of rowing machines, shells, etc. Reg- istration 191U.14. from 36 states and X3 foreign countries. Terms. $675 to I775. Catalogue. 0. T. PAESELL. A. H.. Principal, Ith&ca, New York. i^^S^Z New York, Syracuse. Rogby School for Boys Country site. New dormitory and school buildings. Gymnasium and swimming pool. Small classes — per- sonal attention for every boy. Strong faculty. Sends 25 boys to college yearly. Highest efficiency at low- est cost. Home for young boys. Rates but $350 and $400. Address Frank R. Shkrman. Director. New York. Tarrytown-on-Hudson, Box C-g. Repton School For the careful training of a limited number of young boys. Organization, buildings, equipment and environment are complete and up-to-date in every particular. The fees are moderate. Illustrated Catalogue and Book of Views will be forwarded free on request. New York, Ossining-on-Hudson. The Holbfook School for Boys belte^i.^'th'^at^. logue." 500 ft. elevation, commanding a 4o-mi]e view of the Hudson. 30 miles from New York. Complete equipment. All sports. College pre- paratory. Character references required. Catalogue on request. New York, Tarrytown-on-Hudson Ifvingf School for Boys ^"tifu.h^t^ic-i^ing-co'i^try' 77th year. 23 years under present Head Master. New site and buildings 1904. Prepares for all colleges and technical schools. Individual instruction. Athletic Field. Swimming Pool. New Gymnasium. J. M. FURMAN, a. M., Head Master, Box 914 MANLIUS SCHOOLS MOST successful application of the military principle to preparation for college, technical school or busi- ness. ST. JOHN'S SCHOOL— College and Business Preparatory. Beneficial military training. For ten years ranked by U. S. Government as "Distinguished Institution," the supreme honor granted. VERBECK HALL — Separate school for boys from 8 to 14 years. SUMMER SESSION. For Catalogue Address WM. VERBECK, President, Box W, Manlius, New York Best books for your wants; Ask for selections bv The Readers' Service. TENNESSEE Tennessee, Nashville. Ward-Belmont Union of Belmont College (25th year) and Ward Seminary (50th year). Opens Sept. 24th in half-million.dollar plant. 12 schools. Academic. College Preparatory, Music. Art. Hxpression. Domestic Science, Physical Education. Apply early. Registration limited, Jennik B. Masson. Registrar. PEEKSKILL ACADEMY 83rd year. College Preparatory and Business Courses. Junior School. Peekskill, New York. Miss C. E. Mason's Suburban School for Girb. "The Castle," Tarrytown-on-Hudson, N. Y. Only 40 minutes from N. Y. City. Upper School for girls 13 to 25; Lower School for girls 7 to i-?. AH departments, including vocational. Special courses in Art. Music. Literature. Languages. Certificate admits to leading colleges. F.uropean travel class. Illustrated cat- alog. niu C. E.«aMB, LL. ■., Lock Box 70S. In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Wore DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS PENNSYLVANIA MILrlttAFOrCO] Our mil- ^=^ Chester, Pa. 1 t a r y training is an effi- rient means of education which results 52 years of success in prepar ing boys for their life work Degrees granted in Civil Engi- neering, Cheniistr>', and Arts. Four years' College Course for boys who have had two years of high school work its equivalent. A one t in physical fitness, mental equipoise and moral balance Infantry, caval- ry and artillery. year preparatory course if needed. For cata- :ue and details address Colonel Chas. E. Hyatt JNIilitary duties are not permitted o inter- fere with studies. The classes are small, and are conducted by experts. The ; ability to handle men /in business charac- J terizes our graduates NEW JERSEY L^ Bordentown Military Institute Bordentown-on-the-Delaware, N. J. 30th Year Purpose: Our purpose is the individual de- velopment of a boy's character and scholar- ship for the work of the world in college, scientific school or business. Faculty : A large, sympathetic, and efTicient body of experienced instructors. Instruction : Thorough in method and re- <;ult, but flexible enough to suit the individual needs of each boy. Location: Healthful location on the Dela- ware, midway between Philadelphia and New Vork. No malaria. Remarkable health record. School Life : High standard of social and moral student life. Supervised athletics, wholesome food, carefully regulated daily pro- gram of work and recreation, and partial student government in military organization and drill produce sound bodies, capable minds and cheerful dispositions. ^ For catalogue, address W^ Kev. T. II. Landon, A.M., D. D.. Principal ^ ^ Col. T. D. Landon ^ .-^■■ ^ Commandant / 4.V .« , / (i KISKIMINETAS SPRINGS SCHOOL FOR BOYS stuf^dan^Si^ work adapted to his needs. Character developed along positive lines. Known and indorsed by every American University. Broad business courses for boys not going to collesie. Two beautiful new dormitories and 136 acres of land have just been added to equipment. Opens 27th year, under same management, September 22, 1914. Write for catalog. KISKIMINETAS SPRINGS SCHOOL, Dept. 14, Saltsburg. Pa. Pennsylvania, Factoryville, Box D. Keystone Academy High-grade boarding school for boys. Prepares for all colleges and business, for catalogue. Mountainous location Yearly rate $300. Send B. F. Thomas, Prin. Pennsylvania, Chestnut Hill Chestnut Hill Academy Vc^ToX'^u^lsVAttll standard of scholarship, the attractive and healthful location, in the elevated country north of Philadelphia, and the unsurpassed equipment for physical training are some of the features which commend this school to parents and boys. Catalogue. J. L. PATTERSON, Head Master. Pennsylvania, Mercersburg. Mercersbufg Academy ?n'?'^^rS°S'a1fl;?^;^'t\.T|e°'^r business. Under Christian masters from the great universities. Located in the Cumberland Valley, one of the most picturesque spots of America. New gymnasium. Equipment modern. Write for catalog. Address Box io6. William Mann Irvine, LL.D., Headmaster Fennsvlvania, Hollidaysburg. Miss Cowles' School (Highland Hall) l?i^s Emma Milton Cowles, A. B., Head of School. Prepares for all colleges. Certificate privileijes. Strong general course. Music. Art and Domestic Science. Healthful location. Gymnasium. Swimming Pool and Sleeping Porch. Resident Physical Director. For catalogue address Thb SBCRETARY. Pennsylvania, Tenkintown, Box 407. 'a^^^U^.^^A C-U^M FOR YOUNG WOMEN. A Cultural OeeCnWOOO OCnOOl and Practical School. Fits for any voca- tion. College Preparatory; College Departments: Conservatory of Music; Art, Arts and Crafts, Oratory. Domestic Arts and Sciences, Secretaryship, Nor- mal Gymnastics, Normal Kindergarden. Swimming pool. M. H. Reaser, Ph. D.. President. NEW JERSEY New Jersey, Wenonah, Box 406, (12 miles from Philadelphia). Wenonah Military Academy Prepares for college or business, in town without factories or saloons. U. S. Army Officer detailed. Sftcial Sciioot /or yuniors. Catalog. Dr. C. H. Lorence, Pres. Clayton a. Snyder, Ph. B., SUPT. New Jersey, Montclair. Montclair Academy For Boys. Orange Mountains. Correspondence or, better, a personal visit invited from those desiring the best. Booklet. "Your Boy and Our School" will interest jou, no matter w here your boy is educated. Address John G. MAC\'ICAR, Headmaster, Box 62 New Jersey, Essex Fells. Kingsley School for Boys In the New Jersey hills, 22 miles from New York. Prepares for all colleges and scientific schools. Individual attention in small classes. Separate residence for younger bovs. Gymnasium and extensive grounds tor athletics and sports. For catalogue address J. R. CAMPBELL. M.A., Heailmasler, Box 33. New Jersey, Morristown. 1l7r_ '-i— C<.t.^.«.( College Preparatory Boarding School for Morristown OCnOOl Boys Small classes; partial self-govern- iiicnt. Supervised sports ; new gymn.asium. Lower School. Advisory Board — I'risident Ilibbrn. Princet n ; Dean Hurlbut, Harvard; Dean Frederick S. loncs. Vale; Dean Kciipcl, Columbia; President Pritchett, Carnegie Foundation. r Freehold Military School For Boys 7 to 13 ^ Rate* $450 to $500 " Military, but Not Reformatory " TWO DISTINCT SCHOOLS New Jersey Military Academy For Older Boys Rates $475 to $550 The Readers' Service is prepared to advise parents about schools DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS NEW JERSEY Peddie educates the boy on all sides Education consists not wlioUy of "book lore." Cul- tured morals, mental ability and physical fitness are of far greater value in life's undertaking. These are the traits that Peddie seeks to develop in the boy through its wholesome environment, selected faculty and extensive athletic equipment. There is a 6o-acre campus, lake, cinder track, base- ball and football fields, gymnasium, swimming pool — in short, just every sort of athletic encourage- ment to gladden the heart of any young Americarv. All of the 260 boys receive individual training — scien- tifically determined. Peddie graduates are remarkably prominent in scholastic and athletic life at their various colleges. All colleges admitting on certificate welcome Peddie graduates without exami- nation. How Peddie ranks as an educational institution is evidenced by Woodrow Wilson, who said: "These quiet schools, into which so much devotion and un- heralded work go, certainly sustain the education of the country, and supply the universities with some of the most useful material they get. We hold Peddie Institute in high esteem here at Princeton." Peddie is an endowed school and so gives more than its low tuition rates of J?4SO to ^550 would sig- nify. Students are in- structed in public speak- ing, debating and music without extra charge. The equipment includes fire- proof dormitories, labora- tories, library, observatory, etc. Theschoolislocated at Hightstown, New Jersey — 9 miles from Princeton, on the Pennsylvania R. R., between Phila. and N. Y. Lower School for boys of 1 1 to 14 years. Address Roger W. Swetland, Head- master, Box 9-D, for cat- alog and booklets. VIRGINIA Virginia, Staunton. Mary Baldwin Seminary for young ladies Opens Sept. loth, 1914. In Shenandoah Valley of Virffini*. Unsurpassed climate, beautiful grounds, modem appointments. Students the past session from 35 States. Terms Moderate. Pupils enter any time. Send for cata- logue. Miss E. C. .WEIMAR, Principal. Virginia, Buena Vista. Southern Seminary for Girls and Yoong TJT^^^ 48th year. In Blue Ridge Mts.. famous Valley of Va. near W omen* Natural Bridge. Rare health record. Home life. College Preparatorj- with certificate privilege. Finishing, Music, Pipe Organ, Domes- tic Science. Business, etc. Students from e\-ery section of U. S. and outside. Recommended by Bishop J. H. Vincent. Rate $295. Box 941. Virginia, Staunton. Ci-.^-i. M-lt FORMERLY THE VIRGINIA OXUarX riail female institute. Founded 1843- A Church School for Girls in the Blue Ridge Mountains. College preparation or general courses with diploma. Special advantages in music and art. Gym- nasium and field sports. Catalogue and views on request. Maria Pendleton Duval, Principal. Virginia, Sweet Briar. Sweet Briar College ^ cmugr/or tvomm. a four years" collegiate course leads to the A. B. degree. A sub-freshman course prepares for college. Located in the Piedmont section of Virginia. Catalogue and views sent on application. Dr. Maky K. Benedict, President. Box IP4- CALIFORNIA California, Belmont. Belmont School for Boys 21 miles south of San Francisco. Prepares for College. General and elective courses. Address Secretary Dep't D Care W. T. Reid Virginia, Hollins, Box 311. T4»f(;«f. Cr ^'^'^ yoxrSO WOMEN rTOllinS V^iOliege Founded 1842. College course (four years); col- lege Preparatory (two years); Music, Art, etc. On an estate of 700 acres m Valley of Virginia, 7 miles north of Roanoke. Brick buildings en 10 to JO years old prepared /or tht niversities. Government Academies or Jinsiness. 1.600 feet above sea-level; pure, dry. bracing mountain air of the famous Shenandoah Valley. Pure mineral spring waters. Militan,' training develops obedience, health and manly carriage. Fine, shady lawns, gymnasium, swim- ming pool and athletic park. Daily drills. Boys from homes of refinement only desired. Personal individual in- struction by our tutorial ay stem. .Voademr fifty-four years old. New : ..xx) barracks, full equipment, absolutely r.'of. Charges, $360. Handsome cata- iVee. Address Colonel Wm. G. Kable, Ph. D., Principal, Staunton, Va. The Readers' Service is prepared to advise parents about schools DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS CONNECTICUT Stamford Preparatory School We not only teach our boys— we live with them. An ideal home on the Cottage plan. Only 6 boys of the highest character in each house. Certificate privilege- All athletics. Catalogue. ALFRED C. ROBJENT. Director, Stamford. Conn., 50 minutes from New Yoik City. CoN'NECTicrT, Cornwall. Box I. Romsey Hall In the Litchfield HUls. Young boys prepared for secondary schools. Athletics under supervision. Address Louis H. Schutte, M.A., Headmaster. CoNNEcTiCDT, Brookfield Center. The Curtis School for Young: Boys C^J't',^ New York. In the country, so acres. .'Mhletic field. New gym- nasium. 4 buildings. Separate room for each boy. Terms $700. Booklet. Frederick S. Curtis, Principal. Connecticut, New Milford, Litchfield Co. IngUside School for Girls The Misses Tewksburv, Principals. Connecticut, Waterburj'. Saint Margaret^s School College entrance certificate. General Courses. Household arts and crafts- 40th year. G>ninasium. Happy spirit of good fellowship between teachei and pupil, bo-acre school farm. Miss Emily G.\rdner Munro, A. M., Principal. Connecticut, Greenwich, Ely Court. The Ely School For Girls. In the country. One hour from New York City. Certificates to Vassar and the New England Colleges. Connecticut, New Haven. St. Ronan Terrace. The Gateway .\ School for Girls of all ages. Terms $800. Miss AucE E. Reynolds, Principal A Million Readers for War and Waste. " I want a million people to know that it costs as much to build a battleship as a university. Then maybe a lucid in- terval will interpose itself amidst our militarist mania." — BouckWhite. War and Waste, by David Starr Jordan. Net, $1.25. Ridgef ield School for Boys 50 miles frorn New York, in the highlands of the Berkshires — ii."; acres. Lake, one mile in length, provides all water sports. Athletic fields, gym- nasium, new buildings. College certificate privileges. The limited num- ber of boys gives each student individual attention. Address ROLAND J. MULFORD, Ph. D., Headmaster, Ridgefield, Connecticut MARYLAND Maryland, Lutherville, Box K. J853— Maryland College for Women- Baltimore suburbs. Magnificent new tireproof buildings. Large campus. Domestic Science and Arts. Full musical equijiment , pipe organ. For High School graduates, two and three year courses. Degrees arc conferred. Non-sectarian. Charles Wesley Gallagher, D. D.. President. J9I4 ayi|iiiii|iiiiiiiii|i|i|iii|i|i|i|i|iii|iiiiiini|i|i|inHi'iiiHii4HiiHNiHiii|'inipii|ipini|i|i|i|iiqHi|qi^ Wot tE^ome ^cl)ool The Most Highly Endowed Preparatory School in America — where the highest standards of scholar- ship and character are maintained — where an unusually extensive and thor- ough course of study is offered — where the most generous provision is made for the phj'sical fitness and welfare of students. 20 buildings, 175 acres, g-hole golf course, 5 athletic fields, swimming pool, balling cage, { mile track and tennis tourts. A. completely equipped Lower School for Little Boys Send for illuslrakd prospectus THOMAS STOCKHAM BAKER. Ph.D. Port Deposit, Md. jUIi tsi VERMONT Vermont, Saxtons River. The Vermont Academy for Boys An ideal school for wholesome training and thorough education. Special attention to life in the open. Certificate to Colleges. Lower school for younger boys. Principal, George B. Lawson, L.L., D.D. NEIV HAMPSHIRE Nf.w Hampshire, Meriden. Kimball Union Academy A hi^h prade prep.iratory school with a nunicrate tuition, load year opens Sept. loth. High elevation. liitht buildings. loo acres. New and separate dorinitorics for girls and boys. New gymnasium. Athletic field. School farm. CHAKLHS Aluen Tkacy, Principal. MAINE Maini:, I'armington. The Abbott School for Boys Emphasizes Obedience, Manliness, Thoroughness, Achievement Tuition $700. George D. Church, M. A., Headmaster. OHIO Ohio, Cleveland. University School ( lur first aim is to prepare boys for universities. Faculty of 2S: modern build- ings; in.iTuial Iraininn; "gym," swimming |>ool, 7 acre athletic field. For Illiistralcd Catalog write HARRY A. PbTKKS, Principal, 7109 Hough Avenue. The Readers' Scr\ ice is prepared to advise parents about schools DIRECTORY OF SCHOOLS INDIANA Military Training a Business Asset For years some of the great nations of Europe have demonstrated in pursuits of peace the value of com- pulsory military training. They have shown such marvelous efficiency in business and science as America has been unable to touch, because as soldiers their citizens have acquired alertness, promptness, loyalty, pride in hard work — quaHties as vital to primacy in the business mart as at the front. Culver has been conspicuously successful in the development of such traits. Her method — military training — has proved more effective than anything a non-military school can offer. How sufjerb she stands among other military schools can be seen from the reports of the U. S. War Dept. annual inspections. Her equipment is unique even in this day of splendidly equipped preparatory schools. Her methods of instruction so modem they are the models of many lesser institutions. Culver trainmg makes a boy a leader in peace, an oflScer in war. Your son needs Culver. Fall term opens Sept. 23. Write for catalog. Address the President, CULVER MILITARY ACADEMY, Culver, Ind. (On Lah Maxinkuckee) Is this not true? "A great war is a great defeat. It means ruin to the vic- tor as well as to the loser." Read "War and Watte, " by David Starr Jordan, and you will realize what war means. Net, $1.25. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA District of Columbia, Washington, 1906 Florida Ave. /^ J. XJ.«IT A School for Girls. Established 1892. Preparatory OUnSlOn XTAII and Academic Courses. Two years Post-graduate and College work. Music, Art ^nd Expression, liuilding specially planned for the school. Athletics. Mrs. Beverley R. Mason, Principal. Miss E. M. Clark. LL. A. Miss E. M. Clark. LL. A. ' a • . Miss Clara A. Bentley, A. B. (\'assar) j Associate National Park Seminary For Girls Wattliinirton. I>. C. (Suburbs). .\ junior college with preparatory de- partment and t\vo years of collegiate work. All the attractive features of the larjre and the small school. Pre- pares trirls for the real business of life. Specialists in Music. Art, Elocution, Domestic Science, Arts and Crafts, Secretarial branches. Library Meth- ods, Business Law, Modem Gym- nasium — indoor and open-air sports. Bowling, Swimming, Kiding. De- mocracy of life and consideration for the individvial. Descriptive illus- trated volume mailed to parents interested. Address THE KE(ilSTRlR N]|«inniil i'lirk Srmlnnrv, Box 13S Kcin-st (Mill, Mlinlanil MOTOR CAR TROUBLE Expert advice on automobile difficulties, it up to The Readers' Service. Put If you were to build a school especially for your boy the chances are that you would like to have him get his edu- cation out in the open country — away from the dangers of the city — where he would come in contact with the actual operations of a large and modern farm, with workshops, live stock, lakes, woods, and all the equip- ment necessary for thorough study and health- ful sport — and where, under the best of instructors and with the association of clean-minded and clear-cut boys from the best of American homes, he would be fitted mentally and physically for early entrance into American or European universities. These are some of the advantages that Interlaken offers. Is it not just the school for your boy? Write Eldward A. Rumely, principal. Rolling Prairie, Indiana, today. Inferlakerb- a school on a fdrm In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work v-"* il -u l\ .11 i^ i UJjJ J INVESTMENTS This is a department in which we publish announcements of bankers. We investigate those who wish to use our pages, and the advertisements are supervised before acceptance. We make every effort to accept only the ofiermgs of safe securities and the announcements of responsible and reliable banking firms. The Readers' Service Bureau of the WORLD'S WORK offers its service without charge to all readers who desire information in regard to investments or on any financial subject. Inquiries about insurance will also be answered. Address Readers' Service. The World's Work. 11 W. 32d St.. New York City INSURANCE 496. — Doctor. Q. The general trend of opinion in the various financial articles in the World's Work for the last few months as well as published answers to inquiries leads me to ask advice in regard to my own investment. I have at present a fairly large amount of the preferred stock of the U. S. Steel Corporation. i am not dependent upon the income from this invest- ment; nevertheless, am very anxious for its safety, especially as my work gives me little time to keep abreast of the financial situation, the stock market, etc. My brother also owns Steel preferred, and is almost en- tirely dependent on its income. We both have consid- ered selling most of it and investing in such a way that each would have one quarter Steel preferred; one quarter or one half farm mortgages, and the rest in municipal and railroad bonds. We would hope to secure an aver- age yield on an investment of this kind of perhaps ^i%- Will you kindly advise us whether the above plan is good. We are scarcely ready to sell the Steel preferred at present, as we believe we should get for it a price nearer 115. Do you think it risky to wait for such a price. /I. We do not hesitate to express ourselves as being most heartily in sympathy with your plan for the diver- sification of your investment holdings. We feel, how- ever, that there is no necessity for you to act in the matter in any haste. The investment position of Steel preferred seems to us to be at least a reasonably satis- factory one, and we believe that relatively little risk would be involved in your holding for the price you have in mind. But we could not, of course, undertake to predict within what time the stock is likely to reach that market valuation, in view of the fact that the change which you are contemplating is in the nature of a future, we think it would be advisable for us to defer making any definite su^^gestions in regard to the rail- road and municipal bonds as substitutes. The market for the former class of securities, at least as far asvthe higher grade bonds are concerned, is showing some pretty definite signs of improvement, so that there is a possibility that if we were to suggest specific issues now, we might feel that we should like to revise our sugges- tion in the light of market conditions prevailing at the time you get ready to buy. As a preparatory measure in connection with your proposed investment in munic- ipals, we think it would be a good idea for you to get in direct personal touch now with a few of the respon- sible investment banking houses which specialize in that type of security. That is the best way to obtain a comprehensive selection of offerings. A like course might be taken also, in preparation for an intelligent selection of farm mortgages. 4'J" Jewellkr. Q. release give me information or let me know where 1 can obtain it regarding the pre- sent value of the following bonds: West Shore ist Mortgage 4's. Union Pacific ist Mortgage & Land Grant 4's. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Gen. Mortgage 4's Wisconsin Central ist & Gen. Mortgage 4's. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific ist & Ref. 4's. Am 1 correct in assuming that these bonds are as good as any railroad bonds in the United States? .4. Recent market quotations for these bonds were 93 1 for the West Shore 4's; 975 for the Union Pacific 4's; 95! for the Atchison 4's; 88§ for the Wisconsin Central 4's; and 74 for the Rock Island 4's. Compari- son of these prices with thosewhich prevailed twoor three years ago, will, of course, show that the bonds have all declined — some of them materially. 1 n most instances, however, these declines have been due to technical market conditions, rather than to the development of any weakness in the underlying position of the bonds themselves. The greatest decline is shown in the price of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ref. 4's which have been adversely affected by the development of a serious condition of affairs in the Rock Island System as a whole. As you probably know, efforts are now being made to reorganize the System. One plan proposed for this reorganization, by which it was hoped to ac- complish the desired purpose without a receivership, has been rejected and it is possible that it may yet be found necessary to appoint receivers for the Railway Company. But even in that event, we are inclined to think that few, if any, of the Railway Company's bonds will have to be disturbed in readjusting the company's finances. It now seems likely that, if any of the bur- dens of readjustment have to be carried by bondholders, they will fall entirely upon the holders of the Debenture 5's, which immediately follow the Refunding 4's. Two of the bonds in your list you are perfectly justified in regarding as being representative of the very best of that type of investment. We refer to the Atchison Gen. Mortgage 4's, and the Union Pacific ist Mortgage Si Land Grant 4's. I he others do not measure up to these in intrinsic merit. 498. — Emi'irt;. Q. I wish to invest a small amount where it will earn more than the ij to 4 per cent, paid by the savings banks, and at the same time have a security that could be readily converted into cash. Is there a state tax on stocks as well as on bonds? //. One very good way would be to divide the money between good railroad bonds yielding from 4.J to 5 per cent, and the better grade of public utility bonds yielding from 5 to 5.^ percent. In New York State all stocks are exempt from the personal property tax. I N V E S T M E N T S Give Some Attention to Investments Even though you may be busily engaged in your own occupation, we suggest that you devote a part of your time to the study of investments, with the idea of making satisfactory selections when dealings are re- sumed in the security markets. We shall be pleased to send you in this connection any of the following investment literature: Circular 738 Describing Conservative Investment Bonds Circular 739 Describing Over 100 Issues of Listed Stocks Circular 740 Describing all of the Principal Issues of Convertible Bonds now upon the market Circular 741 Describing Canadian Municipal and Provincial Bonds Circular 742 Describing Public Util- ity Investments — 16 Issues Sp< >encer Trask & Co. Investment Securities 43 Exchange Place, New York State and James Streets, Albany 50 Congress Street, Boston 208 South La Salle Street, Chicago Members New York and Chicago Stock Exchanges I1II1I1II1III1I1I1HIIII11 Illllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illlllllllll lllllllllllllllllllllllllffTi^ m. Prompt replies to financial inquiries from the Readers' Service INVESTMENTS ■M^mmMMmj^MMiu^^^MmmjmLiMiUiUiLimiM^ Close the Avenue to Future Regret An investment in a first mortgage 6% public utility corporation bond, ISSUED UNDER THE APPROVAL OF THE PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, will insure the buyer from any further worry over his selection. It is a clear first lien at LESS THAN TWO-THIRDS OF ACTUAL CASH COST OF PROPERTIES — earnings are more than three times ALL interest requirements — there are stringent sinking fund provisions and other excellent investment safeguards This is the character of bond which is appreciated by conservative investors — he who invests for security, coupled with a good income — for these attractive bonds can be obtained at lOO and interest, yielding full 6%. And they are payable without deduction for the normal federal income tax. Read the interesting descriptive circular — we shall be glad to send protnptly after receiving your request BOWMAN, COST & COMPANY Investment Bankers 610 Third National Bank Building St. Louis, Missouri Wi wwwmw mtWf^yfWf^ nwfmwfWti mwmwwmf MfW^ BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, HOUSTON, TEXAS + BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, HOUSTON, TEXAS + BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, HOUSTON Guaranteed 7% Mortgages Security: Texas Farm Lands and Improved City Property The Bankers Trust Company, Houston, sells First Mortgage 7% Real Estate Gold Bonds, issued in denominations of ^500.00; interest rate 7%; secured by Texas farm lands and improved city property worth double the amount of the loan. This Company does not act as broker, but all securities are owned by the Company before they are offered for sale. All principal and interest is collected and remitted without charge to the investor, when due. Consider this offering and what it means to you to increase your interest rate. Descriptive booklet, giving details, will be fur- nished upon request. BANKERS TRUST COMPANY Houston, Texas Capital $2,000,000. Surplus $600,000. BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, HOUSTON, TEXAS -f- BANKERS TRUST COMPANY, nOUSTON, TEXAS + HANKERS TRUST COUrANY. HOUSTON Tlic Readers' Service gives information about investments INVEST M E N T S riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii mill I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw^^^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ b Safety — in Times of War In times like tKese prudent investors desiring ^vnolly safe securities naturally turn to mortgages on the land. First mortgages on Tvell locatea, improved city real estate in tke United States, or tkeir more modem equiva- lent, first mortgage real estate tonds, are investments wticli are proof against all tke disquieting influences wkick a great conflict causes. Tkere is no tetter, sounder and more solid basis for an investment tlian improved real estate. Tke land is tKe foundation and tne source of all value. It will always te tkere, and alw^ays be valuable. A. roof over one's Kead is tke first necessity of life. First mortgages and first mortgage konds secured ky suck property are ky tkeir very nature non- fluctuating securities. During tke 32 years since tkis House was founded, the securities w^e kave sold kave successfully met tke test of suck periods as tkat tkrougk wkick we are now passing. Tkis is attested ky tke fact tkat no investor kas ever suffered loss of eitker principal or interest on any security purckased of us. Tke konds are in denominations of $100, $500 and $1,000, and tke mortgages in amounts to $3,000 upward. Write for information, indicating vi^ketker you are ckiefly interested in mortgages or bonds, and Ask for Circular No. 535-J. S .W. Sxra^S & Go. MORTGAQE a#BMN D.jp AN KERS = V^c:ToA..g »■■■■ niMf-jn^ -^^ .,v^ ^ItoNEWALL STREET?. [Sllilllllllllllilllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllliifamt^ CHICAGO (^ < ^'TKouTADO iiA,ll> ^; NEW YORKp/mitf^ Ask the Readers' Service about your investments INVESTMENTS Preparation It is characteristic of the human race that a certain attitude and sentiment precede all activity ^ The general improvement in sentiment and demand in trade — the present attitude of bank- ers, merchants and manufac- turers and also the administration at Washington — all are evidences of the country-wide preparation for real and substantial activity. ^ Within a few months this will begin to be reflected in the stock markets of the country. ^ Now is the time to buy. High- grade railroad and industrial securities can now be obtained at a much more advantageous figure than six months hence. ^ Large or small investments will receive equally prompt, personal attention. Let us send you our booklets ''Odd Lots'' ''Buying and Selling Foresight'' and "Money Talks" (hJsHOLM & ^}VPMAN Member. \ ^""^ York Stock Exch.nRe ( New York Cotton Exchange I 73 Broadway NEW YORK CITY Municipal Bonds YIELDING FROM TO Investment in Municipal Bonds olTers the utmost safety and you are free from the annoyance and expense of the Govern- ment Income Tax. These bonds are se- cured by the taxing power, wliich is prior in lien to all other debts encumbering property of all kinds. These bonds are the same as the United States Treasury accepts as se- curity for Postal Savings Deposits. Make your savings just as secure as the Government makes its deposits, and in- stead of receiving 2%, receive three times as much as the Government pays you. Issued in denominations of $500 and $1000. Write or call for List No. C. Continental Trust Co. 246 Fourth Ave. Pittsburgh, Pa. * Subscribers each week receive thlf Chart revised to date. Effect of War in Europe on prices of com- modities, labor and invest- ments is constantly being anticipated for subscribers to Babson Reports. Eliminate worry. Cease depend- ing on rumors or luck. Work in accordance with a definite policy based on fundamental statistics. For particulars — which will be sent trratis— address Dept. W-36 of the Babson Statistical Organization Executive Uuildiiiti- Wcllcsley Hills, Mas*. Largest Statistical Organization of its Character in U. S. How to invest your funds — ask the Readers' Service I N V E S T M E N T S CALIFORNIA Street Improvement BONDS Are bonds issued by cities of California to cover the cost of paving, grad- ing, curbing, sewering or otherwise improving the city streets. These bonds, being issued under the General Street Laws of California, which authorizes the issuance of bonds by incorporated cities of California for the improvement of streets, bear interest at the rate of seven per cent per annum, payable semi-annually. Terms of Ten Years Street Improvement Bonds are a ten-year installment coupon bonil. Interest is payaljle semi-annually, and one- tenth of the principal is payable each year. Both interest and princijial payable at the office of the City Treasurer of the City where issued. Denomination These bonds are issued in various denominations from %2$ upward, according to the cost of improvements and the size of the property covered by the bond. Bonds for the ordinary improvement covering a fifty-foot lot run from $5© to $200, governed by the cost of the improvement. Coupons Each bond carries cou|)ons representing semi-annual in- terest due in January and July, and annual installments of one-tenth of the princijwl, which is due each January. Security- Each bond issued for street improvements is a first lien upon a specific piece of property for its proportionate share of the improvement for which the bond is issued. These assessments being comparatively small, in every instance, the property against which the bonds are issued is worth many times the amount of the bond. Nearly all street improvements in progress are either within the business area or the close-in residence districts. These liens will average approximately from lo'/i to 20% of the value of the property. Record of Bonds A street bond is a recorded lien against a particular piece of property which it is issued to cover, and cannot be avoided by the sale, mortgaging, or otherwise transferring of the property. First Liens Against Property Street bonds are the first lien against the property which they cover, consequently take precedence over all other liens except taxes, and for that reason owners of mort- gages, judgments, or mechanics' liens against property, are as much interested in the payment of street improve- ment bonds as the owners, and are continually watching to see that payments are enforced. Non-Taxable Under the laws of California, street improvement bonds are exempt from taxation, including the income tax, which insures the investor a net investment. .AH properties securing street bonds are carefully inspected by this Company. City Enforces Payment In presenting coujions to the City Treasurer for payment should there be a default in payment of interest, or any installment of principal, the bond can be delivered to the City Treasurer, the property covered by bond is sold by that official, the bond as well as the expense of sale are paid from the proceeds. The amounts are such a small proportion of the value of the projjcrty, and the terms of payment so equitable, that a foreclosure seldom occurs. These bonds are better than a mortgage, as they are so small a proportion of the value of the property by which they are secured. The denominations indicated, as will be readily seen, lend themselves to the investment of any sum from $25 up. The bonds are often redeemed by property owners in order to clear their title in effecting a sale or mortgage, consequently are a constant source of profit to the bond purchaser, which makes their investment better than a /''( mvestment. The bond holder is obliged to release the bond, and when he does receives as a bonus the amount of the next interest coupon, and two years' interest at 7' ^ on the unpaid balance of the bond. A 1 Investments Street bonds are regarded by investors and financiers as one of the most profitable and safe investments in the mar- ket. They can much more easily be converted into cash, in case of necessity, than can mortgages, and are always good collateral upon which to borrow money. Owing to the various denominations in which the bonds are issued, it makes it possible to realize a small amount of money without disturbing the whole investment. Legal Status of Bonds The [iroceedings leading up to, and including, the issu- ance of all bonds offered to investors by this Company are passed ujHjn by Street Bond attorneys, considered among the best and most competent in California. We refer by permission to First National Bank of Los -Angeles, Marco H. Hellman, Vice President Merchants National Bank of Los .Angeles and President Hellman Commercial Trust and Savings Bank, of Los .Angeles, Se- curity Trust and Savings Bank of Los .Angeles, Los .Angeles Trust and Savings Bank of Los .Angeles. We very highly recommend street improvement bonds to anyone looking for a safe and profitable investment, and wiil gladly furnish lists and full information to anyone applying. The Empire Securities Company Hibernian BIdg., Fourth and Spring Streets LOS ANGELES Officers and Directore^J. Allen Osmun, President; President \\hittier National Bank, President Whittier Home Savings iBank. F. E. Thayer, Vice-President. A. H. Concer, Secrctan,-. W. .A. Bon"\N(;k, President Commercial National Bank. (i. E. Bittinger, Investment Securities- Full information about any security from the Readers' Service INVESTMENTS F^Q/ Los Angeles m I and Southern California ^B y^^^Street Improvement w / Municipal Gold Bonds Income Tax Exempt! SECURED BY REAL ESTATE. The appraised cash value of which these bonds are a first lien is usually from five to ten times the amount of thelien, and the Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that these Bonds are a prior lien to any first mort- gage or builder's lien or any other similar Uen, whether placed prior or subsequently. SAFETY. These Bonds are purchased in large quantities by the local Savings, State, National Banks and Trust Companies, as they are legal funds for trust estates in California. We offer them at par and accrued interest, subject previous sale. Also offer High Grade First Mortgages on Improved Los Angeles City Real Estate. 50% valuation, 7% interest. Payable quarterly and semi-annually. We solicit correspond- ence. Bank references supplied. ROLAND BOLGIANO Investment Banker 803 Union Oil Building Los Angeles California KvferenrcB: Dun's or Bradstreet's or this magiizinp. Seasoned Investments Netting S% to 6% First mortgage bonds where each origi- nal issue has been substantially reduced by serial payments, margin of security correspondingly increased and bor- rower's ability to meet obligations under all conditions definitely proved. An unusually wide variety as regards ma- turity, and location and character of security, enabling you to select an in- vestment suitable to your own require- ments. Ask for Circular No. 862 L. PeabodyHonghteling &Go. (Established 1865) 10 S. LaSalle Street CHICAGO Money Waiting for the return of prosperity should look for absolute safety, integrity of principal, quick marketability and reasonable income. Such characteristics are found to perfection in these issues, among others: Due To net Penn. 3^8 1915 4.50% B. & 0. 4^s 1915 4.50% Del. & Hud. 4s 1916 4.50% Atch. Top. & S. F. 5s 1917 4.50% Correspondence invited C. M. Keys 35 Nassau Street, New York 1 1 1 Alberta Mortgages Will 1 Increase Your Income First mortgages secured by pro- ducing Alberta farms are the safest kind of investment, with an assured ■ high income. Alberta is a Land of 1 1 Golden Harvests — big crops make 1 1 it easy for borrowers to pay 6%. 1 1 Every mortgage offered by us has 1 1 been personally investigated — as to ' the character of applicant and actual value of his land. Security is 3 and 4 times the amount of loan. We protect you against loss by H default in interest or principal. H I Titles are guaranteed by the Alberta 1 I Government. I ■ Don't you think the 6% and safety m 1 of thete Alberta farm mortgage* 1 make it worth while to seek more specific information? Our free booklet, "Financing the Alberta Farmer," will give it to you, ASSOCIATED MORTGAGE INVESTORS 1 KinKmanN. Robins, Treasurer 1 1 ...„..._. 1 Ask the Readers' Service about your iiiveslmenls INVESTMENTS True Economy takes account of the future as well as the present. It not only puts a stop to unnecessary expenditures but it provides safe keep- ing and profitable use of the money saved. You can make safe and profitable use of your funds by pur- chasing the 6% Bonds of the American Real Estate Company. These Bonds are based on real estate, the safest and most stable investment medium. The American Real Estate Company's holdings are in New York City and Yonkers adjoining New York City on the North. They are served by rapid transit lines and are located in sections which give every reasonable promise of continued and substantial increase in value. The Company has operated successfully in this field for more than a quarter of a century, starting with a capital of $ 1 00,000. It now has a capital and surplus of more than $3,000,000. Its Bonds may be purchased in two forms — Coupon and Accumulative. The Coupon Bonds are in denominations of $100, $500, $1000, etc., paying 6^0 interest, payable semi-annually, principal due and payable in ten years. The Accumulative Bonds are issued in denominations of $1000 and upward, and are purchasable by instalment payments running for 10, 1 3 or 20 years. These instalment payments bear interest at the rate of 6% compounded annually, and at maturity principal and interest are paid in one sum — the face value of the Bond. Our printed matter clearly describing both forms of Bonds will be sent at your request. Founded 1888 527 Fifth Avenue Capital and Surplus $3,247,789.13 Room 513 New York Full intormation about any security from the Readers' Service INVESTMENTS Threshing Out 6% for you from the fertile lands of Louisiana. You will be interested in knowing about the progress of the South in scientific and diversified agriculture. SAFETY FIRST is the plan on which we operate and you are guaranteed that your interest and principal will be paid promptly when due. Our Booklet "Down South" tells you all about investments in^iooand$5oo pieces, for cash or partial payments. Write for Booklet 1131- A Mortgage Securities (D. 1 I CAPITAL PAID \y IN $600,000. \/ PH. SAUNDERS. PRESIDEhT- LEVERING MOORE, ACTIVE VICE PRES. Whitney- Central Bldg. New Orleans. a Safe Investment To persons with money ahead who want a profitable investment without risk to their capital we offer an excellent proposition. Our t Georgia Farm Loans ield 6% net and are secured by First ortgages based on two to three times the actual value of the farms. Over forty years* experience in the valuation of improved farms and safe- guarding our customers. Write today for booklet containing valuable information for investors. Established 1780 The Southern Mortgage Co. Atlanta, Ga. MORTGAGES We offer our mortgages to you as a sound investment, and only after careful examination of each property. EIGHT LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES attest the soundness of these mortgages by purchasing in increasing volume. Our mortgages are placed on income-bearing properties only and on a basis of but 40 per cent, of actual value. Collections are made without cost to investors. INTEREST AND PRINCIPAL REMIT- TED BEFORE DUE DATE BY NEW YORK CHECK. Twenty-one years' experience — never a loss to an investor. Reynolds Mortgage Company R. B. BISHOP. Vice-Pre: Fort Worth Texas BONDS Accepted by the U. S. Government as security for Postal Savings Bank Deposits Instead of the 2% the y| % . E^ '/4% Postal Banks pay, these ^IL^ Xt% m^ Bonds will yield from ^^ ^"^ ^"^ Write for Booklet R—" Koytds of Our Country"— FREE New First Naf 1 Bank. Dept. 2, Columbus. O. Investment vs. Speculation To invest in securities is to discount the future. The future of a highly productive, well located farm, is much more certain than that of any business. We offer you mortgages covering loans in the most successful farming districts, based on W/o (or less) of the producing value of the land. These mortgages will net you 6%. Ask for Booklet "E" jdrklidm X, Ijdil (ompan i Milwaukee, Wisconsin Branches Portland, Ore. Seattle. Wash. Superior, Wis. llllllllillllllllllilllllillllllllllMllllllllllllllliMllilllllllllilllllllllillM Mow to invest your funds — ask the Readers' Service INVESTMENTS First Mortgages Security — Stability — Income It is pretty safe for the individual investor to follow the lead of the Savings Banks. As a rule, they invest about half their funds in real estate mortgages and half in corporation bonds. Ward-Harrison first mortgages have two important qualifications: they are high grade mortgages and they yield the in- vestor 52%. They are a first lien on pro- ducing farms in the fertile Black Lands of Central Texas. We loan 35% to 50%, only on our own conservative valuation. We then sell the original mortgage, which has coupons attached like a bond, payable through your own Bank and the National City Bank in New York City. Let us explain mortgage buying to you. Send for our interesting, illustrated booklet, W-5, and list of offerings. Our Valuations are Your Protection Ward-Harrison Mortgage Co Fort Worth, Texas L IMPROVED California Real Estate AS SECURITY Guaranteed First Mortgage Certificates Written in any multiple of $ioo from $500 to $100,000, and to run for any period from Two to Ten Year?. Unguaranteed First Mortgages Sold with our recommendation and covering carefully selected Farm Property. We refer to any banking institution, also to Dun or Bradstrect. Mortgage Guarantee Company Juines II. Adam!!, I'rcsiileiit Paid Up Capital Two and One Half Million Dollars No. €26 So. Spring St., Mortgage Guarantee Bldg. Los Angeles, California. The strongest Mortgase Guarantee Company in the United States outside the City of New York. Real Security comes first in the individual investor's desires. He gets that in our Farm Mort- gages arid more — a larger interest return than in other forms of conservative in- vestment, 6%; and still more — no fluc- tuation in interest rate, no"high'*or "low" quotations, but just a steady investment v^^ith definite interest paid regularly. That is the situation of our investors. We have had 22 years' experience in selecting the best Farm Mortgages for them. Will you not write us for our interesting, illustrated Booklet? It may help to solveyour investment problems. Ask for Booklet 313. Oklahoma Farm Mortgage Co. Oklahoma City, U. S. A. Here Are a Few of the Ad- vantages of an Investment in Calvert Mortgage PER CENT Certificates They are issued in small amounts — even multiples of $100. They are short term — two years — and payable on demand at any time thereafter. They draw 6 per cent, interest for every day of their life. They are amply secured by First Mortgages on improved real estate deposited in trust with a strong trust companj-. They are issued by a company that in 19 years has never been a day late in the mailing of in- terest checks or repayment of principal. Write today for the booklet Idling the -..hole story CALVERT MORTGAGE COMPANY 1068 Calvert Building BALTIMORE, MD. Prompt replies to financial inquiries from the Readers' Service INVESTMENTS North Dakota and Montana First Farm Mortgages Yielding Six Per Cent. No safer security for the conservative investor than a mortgage on an im- proved farm in North Dakota or Mon- tana. Our mortgages are carefully selected, taken only through our own Offices and are made with our own money. Many of our customers are Banks and Trust Companies. What better evidence of security can be had ? We have mortgages in large or small amounts. Write for Current Lists and References BICKELL, KYLLO & COMPANY Incorporated Towner, North Dakota SAVE SMALL SUMS You could accumulate more cash ©capital in a very few years by saving up comparatively small sums of money — your dividends and interest income, for mstance. You probably never seriously considered such a thing, because the amounts looked so small and no opportunity has ever before offered itself to you to save and invest only $25.00 at 6 per cent interest. There is no need for you to wait until you have saved up $2,000, $500, or even $200 with which to buy one of our mortgages in order to secure a 6 per cent investmentwithus.Our Certificates of Deposit yield 6 per cent, payable semi-annually — the same as our mortgages — and are withdraw- able after one year, on 30 days' notice. Send $25 today; ask for Loan List 708. Perkins&Co.To'KVR'l LAWRENCE. KANSA& 7% and Safety Our mortgages are P'irst Mortgages on choice, im- proved property in the prosperous city of Pensacola. Investment in them means not only a 7% net return but also A-i security. In the past thirty years we have placed more than $14,000,000 in these loans without a single loss to an investor. Write for illustrated booklet and complete information. The Fisher Real Elstate Agency Department M Pensacola Florida Capital is recognizing the value and safety of OKLAHOMA Farm Mortgages. We confine our loans to high-grade farms in parts of Oklahoma with which we are familiar. [ Over $2,500,000 sold and not one dollar lost, is our record. Write us for details— learn how your cap- ital earns more through us than elsewhere. Our booklet and references will interest you. Address; "^''-m^ Ardmore, Oklahoma For 56 years we have sold Iowa Farm Mortgages Over a Thousand Dollars a Day of interest paid to clients without delay or loss. Address for details, Mortgage Dept. Leavitt & Johnson Trust Company Waterloo, Iowa Farm Mortgages Guaranteed Central Texas 6 % Thirtieth Year Write for particulars THE W. C. BELCHER LAND MORTGAGE CO. FORT WORTH, TEXAS Capital and Murplus 418^0,000.00 Bonds and Mortgages District Municipal Bonds carefully selected Irom the principal Cities in the State of Washingtor to yield investors 5i% to 7%. We have marketed several million dollars of these bonds without a single case of default in interest or principal. First Mortgages on improved Seattle property, interest 7% payable semi-annually accompanied with certificate of Title Insurance, Appraisement, etc. Our loan limit does not exceed one third of the valuation of property. All securities handled by us are bought outright. The per- sonnel of our company are bankers of long practical experience. Address ERIKSON, JOHANON & CO. Invettmertt Bankers Erikson Building Seattle, Washington INVESTMENTS 6% FIRST FARMn MORTGAGES Amounts to suit your needs Secured by rich agricultural land in the fertile Northwest worth three to five times amount of loan. 31 years' experience without the loss of a dollar. "We're Right on the Ground" and know conditions thoroughly. Write for Booklet "U" and current list of offerings. E. J. LANDER & CO. Grand Forks, N. D. Entnblliihrd 18S8. t'upUiil and Surplan, (400.000 current 7% ALBERTA, CANADA FARM MORTGAGES 7% We offer first mortgages on improved Alberta farms to net you 7%. All property held under Torrens Titles guaranteed by the Government. Every mortgage secured by property worth from three to five times the amount of loan. There is no method by which you can so easily and effectively safeguard your interests as by invest- ing in first mortgages. 8end for Booklet No. 6 HULBERT-PHILLIPS & COMPANY Hulbert Building Wliyte Avenue Edmonton, Alberta Rtjcrcnces: Imfrriai H,7 to 6%. First mortgages on working properties located in an unusually richagricf'iv'Tal territory, offer the soundest and most attractive kind of an investment. There is no speculation — the value of the land does not fluctuate and the income is certain. We offer only first mortgages on paying farms in South Dakota. Over $3,500,000 loans have been placed by us without a dollar's loss to an inves- tor. Interest and principal promptly remitted. If'ri/e for rtferences and Ust 0/ offerings G. W. HART, Pres., Merchants Bank BRYANT, SOUTH DAKOTA A Careful Investigation of Out (fo AND % First Mortgages Will prove to anyone that these substantial investments in Farm and City Mortgages are practically without hazard. They are appraised by experts of experi- ence and every care is used in their protection. Write for list B before placing investments. SESSIONS LOAN £ TRUST CO.. MARIETTA. GA. Double the Interest 6 on Your Savings ^"W Our mortgages are a splen- tive investment. From them you get not only a good return on your money, but what is more important, your money is absolutely safe, as they can be converted in- to cash in normal times, at a moment's notice. Write for Booklet C. 100 Bonfoey Loan & Inv. Co. 815-818 State National Beuik Building - - Oklahoma City Our C^% Montana First O Farm Mortgages are secured by improved, productive farms in the State of Montana, conceded to be the premium wheat, oats, and alfalfa belt of the United States. We have just received from the press our NEW ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET and LITHO- GRAPHED STATE MAP, which thoroughly de- scribe this section. These are free for the asking. Write to-day. The Banking Corporation of Montana Paid In Capital, $500,000.00 P. O. Box A. Helena, Montana ^ DANFORTH % FARM MORTGAGES ^nuiniDBunuaniiUDiiuiiniiinnBinmiffliiuRniuuDflDDiimiiDuniiuaninimuiiia Will bear the closest investiga- tion. Our territory is limited to localities where values are tried and permanent. Fifty-si.Tc years' experience in lending on farm lands without the loss of a single dollar means something to persons who want safe investments. Write for OUT new List of Morlgaga No. 54. A. G- DANFORTH & CO.. Bankers Founded A. D. 1858 WASHINGTON. ILL. THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER MUNICIPAL BONDS "THE SAFE INVESTMENT" Exempt from Federal Income Tax Following is a carefully selected list of Municipal bonds. We are making exceptionally low prices, and advise Buyers both large and small to invest now. $115,000 Mineral Wells, Texas. S^c School & Street Improvement Bonds to net about 25,000 Smith County, Mississippi, 6^ Road District Bonds to net about 10,000 Wood River, Illinois, 5% Improvement Bonds to net about 10,000 Leonard, Texas, 5% Water Bonds to net about .... 45,000 Punta Gorda, Florida, 5}^ Permanent Improvement Bonds to net about 15,000 Wendell, North Carolina, 5^c Electric Light Bonds to net about 45,000 Mohave County, Arizona, 5^ Court House Bonds to net about 8,000 Llano County, Texas, 4^ Bridge Bonds to net about 8,000 Burnett County, Texas, 4?% Bridge Bonds to net about 5,0C0 Bay City, Texas, 5^c Street Improvement Bonds to net about 1,000 Creek County, Oklahoma, 6% Funding Bond to net about J. R. Sutherlin & Co., Municipal Bonds Commerce Building 5% 5.70% 5i% 5.15% 51% 5.15% 4J% 5% 5% 5% 5 s /o Kansas City, Mo. Washington Farm Mortgages Our conservatively placed loans on income- bearing property yield the highest interest rates consistent \Wth safety. We collect and remit without charge. Write for Mortgage List No Mechanics Loan &. Trust Co. Spokane, Wn. Spokane City Mortgages FIRST MORTGAGE SECURITY In the golden west — in the land of big opportunities — inter- est rates are high — because money may earn so much. The . securities are first mortgages on improved real estate in one of the most substantially prosperous of all western cities, Oklahoma City. Investm'-nts such as you would like to hunt out for yourself, we have found for you — safe-guarded wiih every precaution. We •re on the ground — know the territory — know the possibilities and have never lost one dollar of principle for our clients, nor missed an interest payment. The values are three times the money loaned. Write for our free booklet describing our methods, lists of loans, etc., from $150 to .'?> 1 0,000. References by permission: The Guar- anty Bank, Oklahoma City; State National Bank, Oklahoma City; First State Bank. Tallequah. THE AUREUUS-SWANSON COMPANY 20 State National Bank Building Oklahoma City, Okla. Read Joseph Conrad's Books They are Becoming Better Known by All — Ask Your Bookseller THE LONG EXPECTED EUROPEAN WAR FOR THE STORY OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSES READ THE BALKANS SECOND EDITION By WILLIAM M. SLOANE, Seth Low Professor of History, Columbia University "This book is invaluable to every one who wants to know what is going on in 'Wildest Europe.' "iV — Kansas City Star Price, net, $1.50, postpaid. Sold at all the better book shops. THE ABINGDON PRESS NEW YORK: 150 IIITII AVK. ( I.\( I.WATl: 220 WEST FOURTH ST. BOSTON: 381 Boyl.ston St. PIITSHUROH: 10? lifth Avi-. DETROIT: 21 Adams Ave.. East CHICAGO: 1018-24 Wabash Ave. KANSAS CITY: 1121 McGcc St. SAN ERANCISCO: s-7 City Hall Ave. The Readers' Service will gladly furnish information about foreign travel THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER >Steinwsy Choose a Steinway Piano for your home with the positive knowledge that it is the ideal of the most famous pianists : Liszt ". . . a glorious masterpiece in power, sonority^ sinking quality and perfect harmonic effects. Rubinstein "... your unrivaled pianofortes . . . for excellence and capacity for endur- ing the severest trials." Paderewski " The beauty of the tone, the power of its resonance, and the perfection of its mechanism ..." Josef Hofmann ". . . beautiful liquid tones of the treble, the singing quality of the mid- dle, and the sonority of the bass. " Write for illustrated literature and name of the Steinway dealer nearest you. Mention this magazine. STEINWAY & SONS Steinway Hall 107-109 East 14th Street, New York Subway Express Station at the Door Are you thinking of building? The Readers' Service can give you helpful suggestions THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER VI ■o Science can pay no higher tribute FOR this Gold Medal represents the Grand Prix of the jury of the International Congress of Medicine — the world's greatest medical gather- ing. Convening once in four years, the Congress assembles the foremost ph\sicians of every country of the globe, and its deliberations bear the stamp of final authority. So when under the auspices of such a tribunal, to Sanatogen alone amoi^g the many foods and tonics exhibited, is awarded the Grand Prix — there can be noques- tion of Sanatogen's standing as the best and most dependable food tonic. More than 21,000 physicians have already signified Jii \vriting their />^r- sonal faith in Sanatogen. But this award symbolizes the 'ivorld-^iide, professional recognition of Sanatogen as the one, rational FOOD-tonic that feeds and rebuilds impoverished ceil and tissue, helping digestion and re- calling the strength and vigor of youth. Sanatogen is sold by druggists everywhere in 3 sizes, from $1.00 up. Send for Elbert Hubbard's new book — "Hialtli in tlio Making." Written in his attractive niaiuier and filled Mith liis slirc\N d pliilosoi'liy together with capital advice on Sanatogen, health and contentment. It is free. THE BAUr.R CHEMICAL CO. i!iJ-L Irvinffl'lace Nev\- York SANATOGEN ENDORSED BY OVER 21,000 PHYSICIANS ■■r;l^rrs picisr ii.cii;i ,11 THE- TALK' OF'THE • OFFICE- 1 ••To liusin^ , . tlint we love we rise betime Anil \^o to t with lielit'lil" — Antony and Cleopatra. MAGAZINE MAKING IN WAR TIME THE September issue of the World's Work had gone to press and a number of pages were prmted when the Euro- j)ean conflict broke out. It seemed to the people who make the World's Work month by month a poor per- formance to print a magazine covering contem- porary happenings, which in comparison with the war in Europe appeared unimportant and trivial. We began by discarding the Septem- ber number we were already printing, and then looked about to see what the magazine could do that was effective and different from the newspapers. It did not take us long to discover that everybody was asking questions, to which prac- tically nobody knew more than a few of the answers. War conditions, the like of which had never been heard of before, made a demand for information which could only be secured by reference to many exj>erts, many books and atlases. Within a week, our own editorial staff, assisted by other literar}^' writers, had prepared this Manual which you hold in your hand. We trust that our readers will find it of value and that it will make their daily study of the newspapers more interesting. OCTOBER PLANS In October we shall return to a more normal magazine, because, after all, the United States is going on with its affairs, which are important for its ow^n sake as well as for its European neighbors; but in this issue, too, we shall have what we think will be some rather unique features. ANOTHER AND GREATER MANUAL In November we plan a number which in its far-reaching effect we think will exceed any issue of the World's Work yet put forth. We are gathering together all the facts concerning the next great move resulting from the conflict in Europe and the part the United States will play. As the present number is devoted to the arts of war, the November Manual will be concerned with the arts of peace and recon- struction, under the title: UNITED STATES THE REBUILDERS Our obligations, opportunities, and potential power in diplomacy, trade, finance, and shipping at home and ov'erseas. Think for a minute of the vast importance of this extraordinary condition and how much we need facts and only /cc/.y. Here (and there are many others) are some of the subjects covered. The United States as a World Banker Our store and influence upon the control of gold. The one great wealth-producing country in this crisis. The new position of New York as the financial centre. Our period of training for greater things in finance. The New Export Opportunities What shutting ofif the world's supplies to foreign markets means. Shall American manufacturers take a narrow or broad point of view? How to secure new trade and to care for it. The value of a real guarantee vs. easy selling. The old story of bad packing — • is it to be overcome? The need of new training and new efficiency in for- eign trade. Whi-;re the Trade Waits South A mcrica: Its great and increasing demands and the German position. Our new popularity aroused by the A. B. C. arbitration. The East and its needs — shipping and banking problems. Africa: .\ new and improving market. the Fighting Nations: What they need from us. A study of cause and effect. The American Worker What it means to him that 18,000,000 workers have gone to war and have become consumers instead of producers. TEE TALK OF THE OFFIC E Our Colonies The lack of popular interest in our overseas posses- sions. Shall we develop them on a more effective plan? Lessons to be learned from English Colonial man- agement. How to increase exports and imports — an exchange of commodities. American Popularity in Foreign Lan-ds What must be done to improve our reputation in the world's markets. QuaUty and high standard of business ethics. The value of a guarantee which is genuine. How are we to advertise ourselves and our goods as a nation? Englant) and our Ties of Blood How the Anglo-Saxons aire drawing together. Cooperation with Great Britain, the world's masters at sea. What England needs from us. Ikvxstments Securities owned abroad and now on forced sale. The position of real estate. New activities. The Great Melting Pot Our foreign population. Who are they and just how valuable? The new patriotic appeal. The Farmer's Day The world's dependence upon the American farmer. New agriculture and its opportunities. The possibility of new crops for new markets. Sugar and German}-. American Diplomacy The new sphere of influence. What our Ambassadors have done and are doing, " Cards on the table "' diplomacj- vs. indirection. American Travel Abroad What it has meant in numbers, monej^, influence, etc. For the immediate future reduced or cut off. Personalities Men who are active in this work of rebuilding. What the U. S. A. Should Do First A series of short articles by well known authorities, Governtvient Cooperation and Foreign Trade How is it with us? Will the tendency be constructivp and show a new spirit of cooperation? THE WAR MANUAL IN PERMANENT BINDING There has appeared a demand for the War Manual in a more permanent form and we have made an edition in cloth binding tor 50 cents a copy and in fine flexible leather for Si a volume. May we suggest to our readers that if they find this number of the WORLD'S WORK interesting, they help us to get new subscribers by sending a three months' subscription to a friend? One three months' subscription, 50c; two three months' subscriptions for $1.00. Use this coupon. DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY Garden City, N. Y. Send the WORLD'S WORK beginning with the current issue to Enclosed find $- {Sign here). THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER 9f f The Truth Set Forth Why Royal Baking Powder is superior to an alum baking pow- der. An answer to inquirers. In Royal Baking Powder the leavening gas is produced by the admixture of bicarbonate of soda (baking soda) and cream of tartar. Cream of tartar is of fruit origin — from grapes. In an alum baking powder the leavening gas is produced by the action of the acid property of the alum upon the bicarbonate of soda. The alum powders therefore leave in the food a mineral salt, sulphate of soda (Glauber's salt) and aluminum hydrate. These residues cause the objection of hygienists because they are believed to have a deleterious effect upon the alimentary organs. Royal Baking Powder leaves none of these objectionable products or com- pounds in the food. This is why Royal Baking Powder is the most healthful. ROYAL BAKING POW^DER COMPANY In writing to advertisers please mention The World's Work THE WORLD'S WORK ADVERTISER /' ^ ij TliQ AlbQinarlo pattorn strikes a goldon nxQon bolWoon the ov^r-so- v^ro and the oVer-ornatQ. It is of th9 GGorgion period, deriving it5 name from William Koppol, Earl of Alboniarlo, statesman and sol- dier under George 11. As a v/edding present to any bride who appreciates original design and best Vv/Drkmanship in sUVerwdre, a selection from this pattern will be exceedingly welcome. \bu may choose either an individual serving piece or a complete chest. Let your jeweler show you the Albemarle knives, forks, spoons, fancy individual and sorVing pieces. Each bears this trade-mark THE GORHAM CO- SILVERSMITHS NEW YORK ^:^ *f% ?^ COt^i-RlGMT 19'» For information regarding business efficiency books, write to the Readers' Service 1 i A Five -Cent Banquet The costliest ban- quet ever spread, with all the gastro- nomic concoctions that culinary genius can devise could not contain as much real body-building, digest- ible nutriment as two Shredded Wheat Biscuits the food that contains all the elements in the whole wheat grain steam-cooked, shredded and baked. It is what you digest, not what you eat, that builds muscle, bone and brain. The filmy, porous shreds of whole wheat are digested when the stomach rejects all other foods. Two Shredded Wheat Biscuits, with milk or cream and sliced peaches, make a complete, perfect meal at a cost of five or six cents. Always heat the Biscuit in oven to restore crispness; then cover it with sliced peaches or other fresh fruit and serve with milk or cream. Try toasted Triscuit, the shredded Wheat Wafer, for luncheon with butter, cheese or marmalades. "It's All in the Shreds" Made only by The Shredded Wheat Company Niagara Falls, N. Y. APID-SHAUE TRADE '^H APK M<5, DER The Powder That Shortens the Shave sprinkle with a little powder Ue.-^^ ijr.v.de'- Wet the brush- — then lather. The abundant lather starts to soften the beard as soon as the brush touches the face. It is worked in while it is worked up. No rubbing in with the fingers is necessary. Softening — Soothing — Sanitary A little of the powder makes a plentiful, creamy, "smartless" lather. The powder you use, is your individual shaving soap — there is clean, fresh soap for every shave. Such luxury of lather is to be found in two other preparations — Colgate's Shaving Stick and Colgate's Perfected Shaving Cream. Thus you have your choice of method in the Colgate Quality — the lather always the same. Send 4 cents for a trial size of the Stick, Powder or Cream, or 1 2 cents in stamps and we will send you also a trial size of Lilac Imperial Toilet Water. COLGATE & CO. Dept. T. 199 Fulton St., New York Makers of Caahmere Bouquet Soap — luxurious, lasting, refined 5. "'Sprinkle a lit- ue iiowdrr on the wet brusiri Simple, isn't lt»" 6. " 'Lather your £lce,' Myl That's fme. It certainly Is rapid." 7. "Isn't t h.i t smooth! And I thought the blade wai dull." ■ I h.M \A.i~\r t I FEB 1 »34 ,:)0b I V LJJ «jtiy ■i-N D LD-URL 119 1978 OKmCRSITY or CALIFOJUUA AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY 3 1158 00298 50M^ 1^ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY "■"■■ I! 'Hill II II AA 001 209 720 o s_ " - -