IN MEMOl A. F# Lange jiLducation Departraent V /^n' /{^^ /r?-^ ay.O^.^^. JJ^ ' '^■/^- tL^aA^ : <- XJ' A \. \ ^ .^\ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/allenlatinOOjonerich FIRST LE880N8 IN LATIN: ADAPTED TO THE LATIN GRAMMARS ALLEN AND GREENOUGH, ANDREWS AND STODDARD, BARTHOLOMEW, BULLIONS AND MORRIS, CHASE AND STUART, GILDERSLEEVE, AND HARKNESS, AND PREPARED AS AN INTRODUCTION TO CESAR'S COMMENTARIES ON THE GALLIC WAR. BY ELISHA JONES, M. A., AUTHOR OF " EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION " AND *' EXERCISES IN GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION." CHICAGO: S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY. 1892 Copyright, 1877, By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANT. University Press : John Wilson & Sow Cambridge. PREFACE These Lessons are intended as a practical drill-book for the beginner in Latin. They aim to make him familiar with the ordinary Latin inflections and the simpler principles of Latin syntax; to teach him as many words and expressions from Caesar's Commentaries as he can learn with profit, and thus prepare him for the successful study of that work. References are made to seven of our best Latin grammars, with any one of which the book may be used. In the part devoted to inflection, the learner's attention is directed, as far as thought ' practicable, to the elements of words declined and conjugated, — to stems, endings, signs, and connecting vowels. The root and formation of stems are not referred to ; these subjects be- long more properly to a later stage of the study. In syntax, the principal rules only are introduced, and these are illustrated by numerous examples. Of the latter, translations are given which the learner may imitate in rendering the parallel exer- cises that follow ; these exercises are taken chiefly from the Commentaries and accompanied by explanatory notes. English exercises to be turned into Latin are also added; these are so formed that the Latin sentences immediately preceding furnish models for their construction: 562547 IV PREFACE. A few pages of fables and selections from early Eoman his- tory, together with the necessary annotations, follow the lessons. Complete vocabularies are added; in the Latin-English part, such derivations of Latin words as can be most readily under- stood are given, and also some English derivatives. Of these others will suggest themselves. With neither, however, should the mind of the beginner be much burdened. Their main use at this time is to aid him in fixing the meanings of words. The chief worh of the first year in Latin is to master the inflec- tions and build up a vocabulary. The order of the grammars has not been followed. The verb is introduced early and made to alternate with the declensions, so as to give gTeater variety to the character of the sentences. No effort has been made to adapt the length of the lessons to the capacity of all classes ; such an attempt would be futile. It will often be found necessary to devote two or more recita- tions to a single lesson. Some teachers may think it expedient to omit a few sentences from many of the exercises. To in- sure a good preparation for Csesar, however, nothing should be omitted. It is believed that for classes in general the book con- tains matter sufficient for a year's labor. The use of blackboards sufficiently extensive for an entire class cannot be too urgently recommended. The practice of requiring inflections and translations to be written every day upon the blackboard, and subjected to the criticism of the class, is most excellent. It not only adds great interest to the recita- tion, but also secures an accuracy and readiness which cannot be as easily attained, perhaps, by any other means. The plan of the book was formed for the most part during a seven years' experience with beginners. It does not seem to me PREFACE. V necessary to give a list of the introductory books, grammars, edi- tions of Caesar, and lexicons — American, English, and German — which have been consulted in its preparation. Some things which appear to be common property have been adopted without credit. I may here express my sincere thanks to kind friends for encouragement and practical suggestions ; to the University Press of Cambridge for great patience and pains in securing typo- graphical excellence ; and especially to my publishers, Messrs. S. C. Griggs & Co. of Chicago, for sparing no expense to produce a school-book unsurpassed in mechanical execution. These Lessons are offered to the public with much hesitation, but with the hope that they may prove serviceable to some teachers and beginners. ELISHA JONES. University of Michigan, August, 1877. CONTENTS. Paob ABBREYIATIONS xU INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS . . 1 LESSON I. —Nouns : First Declension 3 LESSON II. — Nouns : First Declension. — Prepositions . 4 Declension of de& and fill^. LESSON III. — Nouns : Second Declension .... 6 Nonns in tls ; Gender. LESSON IV. — Nouns : Second Declension. — Prepositions 7 Nouns in r and iim, — Prepositions used with tlie Ablative. LESSON V. — Nouns : Second Declension. — Prepositions . 9 Genitive Singular of Nouns in liis or iiint ; Vocative of flliiis and proper names in iiis. ; Declension of deus. — Use of in and siib. LESSON VI. — Adjectives : First and Second Declensions . 11 Declension and Agreement of Adjectivea LESSON VII. — Adjectives : First and Second Declensions (continued) 12 Genitive in iiis and Dative in i. LESSON VIII. — Additional Exercises. — Apposition . . 14 LESSON IX. — Verbs : Preliminary Definitions . . .15 LESSON X. — Verbs : First Conjugation .... 16 Personal Endings of the Active Voice ; Present Stem; Present Indica- tive Active of &Bi5> LESSON XI. — The Simple Sentence 18 Subject Nominativa —Agreement of Verb. — Direct Object LESSON XII. — Verbs : First Conjugation JcoTi^mwecO . . 19 Imperfect and Future Indicative Active of 3jiio* LESSON XIII. — Modifiers of the Subject and Predicate ; Dative of Indirect Object ; Genitive with Nouns . . 21 LESSON XIV. — Verbs: First Conjugation ; Perfect, Pluper- fect, AND Future Perfect Tenses ; the Perfect Stem . . 23 LESSON XV. — Verbs : First Conjugation : Imperative Mood ; Use of the Imperative 25 LESSON XVI. — Verbs : Infinitives, Participles, Gerund, and Supine 26 VIU CONTENTS. LESSON XVII. — Use of the Infinitive .... 27 Infinitive as Object ; Subject of the Infinitive. LESSON XVIII. — General Exercise. Ablative op Means . 29 LESSON XIX. — Third Declension : Nouns .... 31 LESSON XX. — Third Declension (continued) . . . .32 LESSON XXI. — Third Declension {cmtinued) ... 33 Two Accusatives of the same Person or Thing. LESSON XXII. — Third Declension {contiwaed) . . . .35 LESSON XXIII. — Third Declension (co?i^m2^e6?) ... 36 LESSON XXIV. — Conjugation of the Verb Sum . . .38 LESSON XXV. — Predicate Noun and Adjective . . 38 LESSON XX VL— The Subjunctive Mood 40 LESSON XXVII. — Compounds of Sum. — Dative with Com- pounds 41 LESSON XXVIII. — Conjugation of Possum. — Use of the Infinitive . 43 Infijiitive without Subject Accusative. LESSON XXIX. — Subjunctive Mood of Amo ... 44 LESSON XXX. — Review of Amo. — Two Accusatives . . 46 LESSON XXXI. — Passive Voice of Amo .... 48 Definitions and Personal Endings of the Passive Voice. LESSON XXXII. —Passive Voice of Auo {continued) . . 49 LESSON XXXIII. — Passive Voice of Amo (continued) . . 51 LESSON XXXIV. — Subjunctive Passive of Amo ... 52 LESSON XXXV. — Deponent Verbs : First Conjugation . 53 LESSON XXXVI. — Ablative of Cause. — Complex and Com- pound Sentences 55 LESSON XXXVII. — Adjectives : Third Declension . . 56 LESSON XXXVIII. — Adjectives : Third Declension (con- tinued) ............ 58 LESSON XXXIX. — Comparison of Adjectives ... 59 Declension of Comparatives. LESSON XL. — Comparison OF Adjectives (c(w^MmccO . . 61 LESSON XLI. — Dative with Adjectives .... 62 LESSON XLIL— Adverbs . 64 Definition ; Derivation ; Classification ; S3nitax. LESSON XLIII. — Verbs: Second Conjugation: Active Voice 66 LESSON XLIV.— Additional Exercises 67 Accusative of Time. CONTENTS. IX LESSON XLV. — Verbs : Second Conjugation : Passive Voice 69 LESSON XLVL — Deponent Verbs : Second Conjugation . 70 LESSON XLVn. — Fourth Declension 72 Declension of ddmiis. LESSON XLVIIL — Fifth Declension 73 LESSON XLIX. — Verbs : Third Conjugation : Active Voice 74 LESSON L. — Verbs : Third Conjugation : Passive Voice . 76 LESSON LL — Verbs : Fourth Conjugation : Active and Passive Voices 78 LESSON LIL — Third Conjugation : Verbs in io . . 79 LESSON LIIL — Deponent Verbs : Third and Fourth Conju- gations 80 Ablative with certain Deponents. LESSON LIV. — General Exercise : Place . . . . 82 Place to which ; Place at or in which ; Place from which. LESSON LV. — Numerals. — Extent in Space . . . .84 LESSON LVL — Compound Nouns. — Ablative of Time . 86 LESSON LVn. — Pronouns : Personal, Possessive, and Re- flexive 87 LESSON LVIIL — Pronouns (continued) : Demonstrative . 89 LESSON LIX. — Pronouns {continued) : Relative . . .90 Declension ; Agreement. LESSON LX. — Pronouns (continued) : Interrogative and In- definite 92 Declension of Sllquis. LESSON LXI. — Conjunctions 93 LESSON LXII. — Classification of Sentences . . . .95 LESSON LXin. — Participles 96 Definitions ; Distinctions of Tense ; Used for a Subordinate Clause. LESSON LXIV. — Ablative Absolute 98 LESSON LXV. — Irregular Verbs : Fero .... 100 LESSON LXVI. — Compounds of Fero. — Ablative of Speci- fication ,101 LESSON LXVI I. — Irregular Verbs (continued) : Volo and its Compounds 103 LESSON LXVIII. — Irregular Vrrbs (continued) : Eo and Fio 105 LESSON LXIX. — Defective and Impersonal Verbs . . 106 Infinitive as Subject LESSON LXX. — The Periphrastic Conjugations. — Dative OF Agent 108 X CONTENTS. LESSON LXXI. — Use OF THE Dative . . . . . 110 Dative with Intransitive Verba. LESSON LXXII. — Use of the Ablative and SrBJTJNCTiVE . 112 Ablative with Comparatives. — Subjunctive expressing a Wish or Command. LESSON LXXIII. — Sequence of Tenses. — Subjunctive in Final Clauses 114 LESSON LXXIV. — Use of the Dative (continued) . . 116 Dative of the Person possessing ; Two Datives. LESSON LXXV. — Subjunctive in Consecutive Clauses . .118 LESSON LXXVL — Use of the Genitive .... 120 Genitive with Adjectives ; Genitive in Predicate ; Grenitive with cer- tain Verbs. LESSON LXXVIL — Conditional Sentences . . . .122 LESSON LXXVIII. — Use of the Ablative .... 124 Ablative expressing Measure of Difference ; Ablative of Quality. LESSON LXXIX. — Concessive Clauses 126 LESSON LXXX. — Use of the Ablative {coTdinued) . . 128 Ablative of Price ; Ablative of Distance ; Ablative with Adjectives. LESSON LXXXI. — Causal Clauses 130 LESSON LXXXII. — Temporal Clauses . . . . .132 LESSON LXXXin. — Subjunctive in Indirect Questions . 134 LESSON LXXXI V. — Oratio Obliqua. — Indirect Discourse 136 LESSON LXXXV. — Indirect Discourse (continued) . . .138 LESSON LXXXVI. — Indirect Discourse (continued) . . 139 LESSON LXXXVIL— The Gerund 140 LESSON LXXXYIII. —The Gerundive 142 LESSON LXXXIX.— The Supine 144 LESSON XC. — The Roman Calendar. — Abbreviations . 146 LESSON XCL— General Exercise 148 LESSON XCII. — General Exercise 150 SELECTIONS FOR READING. I. Fables 153 II. Stories from Early Roman History .... 156 GENERAL VOCABULARY. I. Latin-English 167 II. English-Latin 211 TABLE showing the Changes made in Moods and Tenses when Direct Discourse becomes Indirect. I. Moods. 1. Principal Clauses : Statements. DmECT Discourse. Indirect Discourse. Indtcative becomes Infinitive. Active Subjunctive in the apod- 1 {Future Active Participle with osis of a conditional sentence J \ esse or fuisse. Passive Subjunctive in the apod- 1 f fore, or futurum esse or fuisse, osis of a conditional sentence j \ \vith ut and the subjunctive. 2. Principal Clauses : Questions. Indicative^ 1st or 3d person, . becomes Infinitive. Indicative^ 2d person, . . . becomes Subjunctive, Subjunctive remains Subjunctive, 3. Principal Clauses : Commands or Prohibitions. Imperative becomes Subjunctive. Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. 4. Subordinate Clauses of All Kinds. Indicative becomes Subjunctive, Subjunctive remains Subjunctive. II* Tenses. 1. When an Indicative or a Subjunctive of Direct Discourse passes into a Subjunctive of Indirect Discourse. Present, oiten Imperfect, when made dependent upon a Principal Tense ; Imperfect, some- times Present, when made dependent upon un Historical Tense. .. f Perfect, often Pluperfect, when made dependent rr / t>..«^ M 1 1^^^^^^ "* wpon a Principal Tense ; Pluperfect, some- times Perfect, after an Historical Tense. Imperfect remains ' Imperfect. Pluperfect remains Pluperfect, 2. When an Indicative of Direct Discourse passes into an Infinitive of Indirect Discourse. Present remains Present, Future or Future- Perfect . , becomes Future Participle with esse. Perfect \ Imperfect > become Perfect, Pluperfect ) Present]^ . . become- Future j ABBEEVIATIONS. A. & G., Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar, revised edition. A. & S., Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar, revised edition. abl., ablative. ace, accusative. act., active. adj., adjective. B., Bartholomew's Latin Grammar. B. & M., Bullions and Morris's Latin Grammar. C. Chase's Latin Grammar. of., confer^ compare, comp., comparative. conj., conjunction, dat., dative, dem., demonstrative, dep., deponent. Ex., Example, f., feminine, fr., from. G., Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar, gen., genitive. H., Harkness's Latin Grammar, re- vised edition of 1881. ind., indicative. indecl., indeclinable, indef., indefinite, interrog., interrogative, lit., literal, literally. Ln., Lesson, m., masculine, n., neuter, num., numeral, part., participle, pass., passive, perf., perfect, pers., person. pL, plural, poss., possessive, prep., preposition, pres., present, pron., pronoun. Ref., Reference, rel., relative, sc, scilicet, understand, sing., singular, subst., substantive, voc, vocative. Yy., Vocabulary, w., with. N. B. — The different sections of this book are marked by italicized numerals. The numerals in the notes printed thus (4) refer to such sections. References to the revised edition of Allen and Greenough's Latin Gnunmar are now given in the body of the book. The references to the Grammars of Harkness, Gildersleeve, Allen and Greenough, and Andrews and Stoddard, have been adapted to the latest edi- tions, and references to Chase and Stuart's Latin Grammar have been added. April 20, 1889. INTRODUCTORY PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS. The following numerals and letters refer to such portions of the grammar as are to be committed to memory. When two are joined by a dash the intermediate sections or paragraphs are also included : e. g. 2 - 4 or a - c signifies that the parts designated by 2, 3, and 4, or by a, b, and c are to be committed to memory. Only the coarse print is to be learned unless a special reference is made to the fine. 1. Alphabet. A. & G. 1, a; 2 ; 3 : A. & S. 3-T; 9-12: B. 3-10, w. fine print under 6 and 7: B. & M. 3; 5; 6; 7: G. 1; 2; 6: H. 2-4, w. fine print under 3 aiid 4: C. 1, 2. 2. Pronunciation and Syllables, (a) Roman Method. A.&G. l^,a-d; 16: A. & S. 15-22: B. 11-15; 16-21: G.3; 4; 7; 8; 9: H. 5-8: C. 3, I. ; 4; 5. (6) English Method. A. & G. 17, a-c, and Note : B. 377, the whole: B. & M. 11; 12; IS, 1-6: H. 9 - 14, w, fine print : C. 3, II. ; 5. (c) Continental Method. B. & M. 14, 1-5; 13, 1-6: H. 15: C. 3, III. ; 5. 3. Quantity. A. & G. 18, a-f; ^'^ne print: A. & S. 26-29; 37 Note 1 : 38-44: B. 12, a-c; B. & M. S; 16-19: G. 2, 2 ; 10-13, Remark 1: H. 16, 1. -III., and Notes 2-4 : C. 7; 8. 4. Accent. A. & G. 19, a-c, w, Def. : A. & S. 25 Note 1 ; 30-35: B. 22-25: B. & M. 20, w. fine print : G. 14 : H. 17; 18: C. 9; 11. 5* Parts of Speech and Inflection. A. & G. 20 ; 21 ; 25, a-i; 26; 27: A. & S. 54; 55; 73; 74: B. 26-33; 34-40; 115: B. & M. 24; 25, 1, 2 ; 26, 1, 2, Obs. 1-2; 27-SO: G. 15 -17, the whole: H. 37-40: C. 12. 6. Gender. A. & G. 28, a, b ; 29 ; 30 : A. & S. 78-83: B. 116-118, I.-III. : B. & M. 32-35: G. 18; 19, I.-III. ; 20, 1-3: H. 41; 42,1., II. : C. 13. 2 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 7» Person, Number, and Case. A. & G. 31, a-g. Note, h: A. & S. 85-88, a: B. 119-120, iv. fine print: B. & M. 31, 42, 4. Case ; 4:3, w. fine print : G. 21 -24 : H. 44 ; 45, 2/^. ^ine p'in^ ; C.14. 8. Declension. A. & G. 32, a, h; 33, a-g : A. & S. 89 ; 90, 6; B. 121; 122, Rem. 1-5 ; 123: B. & M. 44-46, w. fine print; 47; 50, Dec. I.: G. 25-26, the wMe: H. 46, w. fim.e print; 47, with Note 3 : C. 15 ; IT. Note. The division of the above introductory matter into suitable lessons is left to the teacher. He may find it necessary at first to go over each lesson in advance with the class and point out the portions designated. The follow- ing suggestion is offered. Each definition should be made practical by application. E. g., as soon as the learner has committed to memory the portions of grammar referred to under *'Jt. Alphabet,'* he should turn to "Lesson I." and classify the letters of the Latin words there found. After learning '*^," he should pronounce the same letters in accordance with the rules under "^," and divide the words which they form into syllables. Learn thoroughly; review often; use the blackboard. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON I. NOUNS': FIRST DECLENSION. 9» Learn the declension of the model noun, the stem and case" endingSj the meaning of each case, and the rule of gender for nouns of the First Declension. A. & G. Note, 35 ; 36, c: A. & S. 91-93: B. 121; 123; 124: B. & M. 46; 48, First; 51; 53: G. 24; 27, Remark 2 ; 28 : H. 46, 1 ; 48, 1, 2, 4 : C. 19 ; 18, 1. 10, The learner should make the words of the Vocabularies so familiar that when the Latin is pronounced, he can give promptly the English equivalent, or when the English is pronounced, he can give promptly the Latin equivalent. Not only the Nominative, but also the Genitive and Gender of each Latin noun should always be learned. VOCABULARY. caus^ ae,^ f.2 cause, reason. Genava, ae, f. Geneva.^ gloria, ae, f. glory, liagu^, ae, f. tongue, language. memori^, ae, f. memory, rip^ ae, f. bank (of a stream). viS, ae, f . t(7a^, road, 1 ae is the case-ending of the Genitive. To form the Genitive of causa, substitute ae for final ^: e. g. Nom. causS, Gen. causae. 2 In the Vocabularies, f. stands for feminine geiider, m. for masculine, and n. for neuter, ^ For a fuller description of Proper Names given in the special Vocabu- laries, see Vocabulai y at end of the book. H-^?^'* ***/**• " ''^ frSiST LESSONS IN LATIN. N. B. Careful attention should be given to the pronunciation of each syl- lable ; the rules for quantity and accent will need to be called to mind very often. Remember that the final syllable of a Latin word is never accented. Pronounce; translate; decline and describe i eacli ivord. 1. Causa.2 2. Gloriarum.^ 3. Eipae. 4. Lingua.* 5. Memoria.^ 6. Linguas. 7. Via. 8. Eipas. 9. Me- moriae. 10. Gloriae. 11. Causas. 12. Viam. 13. Memo- rias. 14. Via. 15. Gl5riam. 16. Linguarum. 17. Causis. 18. Eipa. 19. Genavae.^ Write in I^atin. I. Of a^ cause. 2. Of the causes. 3. With glory. 4. For glory. 5. With tongues. 6. In the language. 7. O Memory. 8. In memory. 9. Of the bants. 10. By the way. Notes and Questions. 1 To describe a noun is to tell its case, number, and gender, its stem and case-ending (termination). 2 The Latin language has no article. In translating Latin nouns into English, tty any or the may be supplied according to the sense. E. g. causa may be rendered a cause, the cause, or simply cause. 3 Which syllable of gloriarum is accented ? Why ? (4) — Numerals printed thus {4) refer to sections of this hook. 4 Whatisthequantity of the penult of lingua? Why? (3) ^ The Ablative may often be rendered by the preposition in and tlie noun : e. g. mgmSria, in memory ; lingua, in the language, 6 Locative Case ; translate by the preposition at or in and the noun ; e. g. Bdmae, at Home, or in Eome. LESSON II. NOUNS : FIRST DECLENSION. — PREPOSITIONS. II. neclension of dea atwf filiS. A. & G. 36, e : A. & S. 93 e: B. 124, Rem 1 : B. & M. 57: G. 37, Remark 3 : H. 49, 4 : C. 19, 6. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 5 12. Use of rrepositions. A. & 0. 260 : A. & S. 428 : B. 329, Rule LXXX. ; B. & M. 981 : G. 417 : H. 432 1 C. 131. VOCABULARY. Sd, prep. w. acc.^ to, angustiae,2 arum, f. narrow pass, circum, prep. w. ace. around. dea, ae, f. goddess. filia, ae, f. daughter. Matron^, ae, m. the Marne, per, prep. w. ace. through. provinciS, ae, f. province, silvS, ae, f. forest. trans, prep. w. ace. across. 1 "prep. w. ace." signifies that &d is a preposition used with the Accusa- tive. 2 angustiae is rarely used in the singular. Notice that it is equivalent to two English words, narrow, an adjective, and^ass, a noun. Pronounce; translate; decline and describe eacli noun. 1. Ad ripam.^ 2. Ad rlpam Matronae.^ 'S. Trans Ma- tronam. 4. Dea.^ 5. Deae. 6. Deariim. 7. Deabus. 8. Trans viam. 9. Per angustias.* 10. Per silvas. 11. Per provinciam. 12. Circum Genavam. 13. Silvarum. 14. In silvls.^ 15. Ad filias deariim. Write in liatin. 1. The daughter. 2. A daughter. 3. O daughter. 4. To the daughter of a goddess. 5. To^ the Marne. 6. To^ the banks of the Marne. 7. For the daughters. 8. Through the provinces. 9. Through the forest. 10. In^ the forest. 11. In*^ the memory of the daughters. Noies and Questions. 1 When a noun is governed by a preposition, give the rule referred to under 12, 6 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 2 Give the rule for gender of Matrona. (6) 3 See Ln. I., Note 2. * What is the quantity of the penult of angustias ? Why ? (3) Which syllable then has the accent ? (4) 5 See Lx. V., 19 and Vy. Which cases of the First Declension are alike in the singular ? Which in the plural ? What is the difference between silva and silva ? In Latin the prep, in usually precedes the place where. 6 Translate by the proper preposition. 7 See Ln. I., Note 5. LESSON III. NOUNS : SECOND DECLENSION. 13. Nouns in us. A. & G. 38, servus ; 40, a: A. & S. 95, dommus; 97 (3): B. 126; 127, dominiis, Rem. 4 : B. & M. 59; 61, dominus : G. 29, hortiis, Remark 4 : H. 51, serviis, 1, 2, l)-3), 8 : C. 21 (dommus), 1 ; 18, II. 14. Gender. A. & G. 39 : A. & S. 95 2 B. 127, Rem. 3 : B. & M. 71 : G. 30 : H. 51 : C. 21 ; 24. VOCABULARY. 4 antg, prep. w. ace. before. Smiciti^, ae, f. friendship. Amicus, i, m. friend. carriis, i, m. cart, wagon. contra, prep. w. ace. against. Germani, oriim, m. the Germans. legatus, i, m. legate, lieutenant, ^ numerus, i, m. number. ociilus, i, m. eye. popiilus, i, m. people. Rheniis, i, m. the Rhine. Rhodantis, i, m. the Rhone. Pronounce; translate; decline and describe each noun. 1. PopiilLi 2. Popiile. 3. Popiilis. 4. AmTcitia popiili. 5. Ante oculos popiili. 6. Numerus carrorum. 7. Nurne;- FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 7 / / riis Germanoriini. 8. Numeriis amicomm. 9. Numerus filiartim. 10. Filia legati.^ 11. J&aico" popiilT. 12. Contra amicum populi. 13. Contra legates populi. 14. Trans Rhodanum. 15. Pppiill^ amicis. 16. Ad Germanos* Write in liatiii. 1. Of a friend. 2. To a friend. 3. O friend. 4. Against a friend. 5. Of friends. 6. The friends of the Germans. 7. Against the friends of the Germans. 8. Before the eyes of the Germans. 9. Across the Ehine. 10. Before the lieutenant^s^ eyes. 11. The friendship of the Germans. Notes and Questions. 1 What is the stem of populi ? What are the case-endings of the Second Declension ? Which cases are alike in the singular ? Which in the plural ? Which cases are like the same cases of the First Declension ? What is the rule of gender for the Second Declension ? (i4) What is the rule of gender for the First Declension % What are the general rules for gender ? ((?) 2 The Latin Genitive is often equivalent to the English possessive case : filia legati is best rendered the lieutenant's daughter. 2 The Grcnitive usually stands 'after the noun which it limits, but often before it. In the latter case the Genitive is made emphatic : e. g., filia amici, the friend' s daughter ; but amici filia, the friend's daughter. LESSON IV. NOUNS : SECOND DECLENSION. — PREPOSITIONS. 15. Nmins in v and um. A. & G. 38 : A. & S. 95 : B. 127, a, h, Rem. 1, 2 : B. & M. 60; 61; 6S: G. 29; 31 : H. 51, 2, 3)-6), 4,1): C. 21, 1, 2; 22. 16. Prepositions used tvith the Ablative. A. & G. 152, b: A. & S. 430 : B. 178 : B. & M. 470: G. 418 : H. 434 : C. 186. N. B. The list of prepositions used with the Ablative should be com- mitted to memory. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. VOCABULARY. a, ab,^ prep. w. abl. from, hij. ager, agri, m. field, territory. bellum, i, n. war. cum, prep. w. abL with. e, ex,i prep. w. abl. out of. frumeutum, i, n. corn. gener, generi, m. son-in-law. Helvetii, orum, m. the Helvetii. puer, pugri, m. boy. regnum, i, n. sovereignty, kingdom. sine, prep. w. abl. without. tfemplum, 1, n. temple. vir, viri, m. man. 1 a and e are used only before words beginning with a consonant ; ab and ex before either a vowel or consonant. Pronounce; translate; parse i the nouns groverned by prepositions* 1. Puexi/ pueroriim. 2. Gener5^ generis. 3. Agri Hel- vetiorum. 4. Cum viris. 5. Sine virls. 6. Ex temjilo.^ 7. Cum Helvetiis. 8. Sine regno. 9. Sine frumento.* 10. Bellum ciim Germanis. 11. Ex provincia. 12. Ab Helvetiis. 13. Per agros Helvetiorum. 14. E Eliodrmo.^ 15. Ciim amico Helvetiorum. 16. Regnum Germanorum. Write in liatin. 1. Of the war^ of the wars. 2. Eor the war^ for the wars. 3. The wars with the Helvetii. 4. By the Germans. 5. Without friendship. 6. With the man^s^ daughters. 7. Without the boys. 8. O boys. 9. Before the war with the Germans. 10. Without wagons. 11. Out of the Ehine. 12. Out of the temples of the Germans. Notes and Questions. 1 Foryn for parsing a 7wun. — cum viris : viris ^••ff^^asculine noun of the Second Declension; stem, vlro ; declined, vir, vc/^oirO, virilin, vXr, vivo; FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 9 plural, vlri, virdrUm, virls, viroSy viri, vlris; it is in the Ablative plural and governed by the preposition cum ; rule {16). Repeat the rule giving the list of prepositions used with the Ablative. 2 Which endings do nouns in r drop ? Ans. The Nominative us and the Vocative h. To which declension does pueri belong ? Why ? provincia ? Why ? How many declensions are there and how distinguished from one another? (8) 3 Notice that the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of neuter nouns are alike and end in the plural in a. 4 What is the quantity of the penult of frumento ? Why ? Which syl- lable then is accented ? (3 and 4) s Which syllable of Rhodanus takes the accent ? 6SeeLN. III., Note 2. LESSON V. NOUNS: SECOND DECLENSION. — PREPOSITIONS. 17 • Nouns in iiis or ium generally form the Genitive Singular with one i, while the accent remains unchanged : Cassi, of Cassius; , fill, of the son ; consili, of counsel. IS, Vocative of filius a,nd jtroper names in iiis. A. & G. 40, c: A. & S. 9T (5): B. 128, a: B. & M. G5 : G, 29, 2 : H. 51, 5 : C. 23, 3. 19. Use of in and sub. A. & G. 152, c: A & S. 431 : B. 179 : B. & M. 987,' OSS: G. 419 : H. 435, I. : C. 131, 3. 20, deus — stem deo — is declined as follows : Singular. Plural. Nom. deiis, del, dii, (K Gen. del, deorum, deiim. Dat. deo, dels, diis, dis. Ace. deiim, deos. Voc. deiis. del, du, di. AbL deo, dels, diis, dis. VOCABULARY. Cassius, i, m. castruin, i, n. fort; pi. camp. 10 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. concilium, i, n. council, assembly. consilium, i, n. counsel, flan. deus, 1, m. (see 20), god. gquiis, i, m. horse. St, conj. and. fiUiis, i, m. son. in, prep. w. ace. or abl. into, in. jugum, i, n. yoke. Liicius, i, m. Lucius. oppidiim, i, n. town. sub, prep. w. ace. or abl. under. Pronounce; translate; parse the nouns gOTerned by prepositions. 1. Ad deos et^ deas. 2. Cum dels et deabiis. 3. Ante ociilos deoriim et dearum. 4. In^ oppid5. 5. In^ oppTdum. 6. In castra^ Germanomm. 7. Consili5* deorum. 8. Sine consiliis. 9. In concilio Helvetiorum. 10. Sub jugum. 11. Cum equis et cams. 12. Ciim equis et earns Luci. 13. Filiiis LticI Cassi. 14. Fill^ Luci Cassi. 15. Per op- pida Germanomm.^ 16. Germanomm^ oppida. 17. Trans Eheniim et Ehodaniim. 18. GenerLuci. 19. Cassi.^ "Write in Liatin. 1. To sons and daughters. 2. With sons and daughters. 3. Before the eyes of sons and daughters. 4. Into^ the towns of the Germans. 5. In^ the Germans^ camp.^ 6. Into the council of the Germans. 7. By the plans of the gods. 8. son^ of Cassius. 9. O Cassius.^ 10. Under the yoke. Notes and Questions. 1 St is a conjunction ; conjunctions connect words and clauses in Latin as in English. §t connects similar constructions ; hence deas is governed the same as deos by ad. 2 Observe carefully the difference in meaning between in used with the Accusative and in used with the Ablative, 8 Observe that castrum means in the Singular a forty but in the Plural a camp (military camp) ; a Roman camp was surrounded by a trench and a rampart. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 11 * See 17. 5 See 18 and A. &. G. 341: A. & S. 403: B. 210, Rule VI.: B. & M. 974: G. 194, Rem. 3: H. 369: C. 120, 2. 6 What is the difference between oppida GermanOrum and Germandriim oppida ? Ln. III., Note 3. LESSON VI. ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS. 21, Learti the declension of bonus (cariis). A. & Q. 81 Z A. tto 8. 143 : B. 154 ; 155, 1 : B. & M. 189; 190, 1 : G. 15, I., 2 ; 33: H. 146-148 : C 39. 22* Agreement of Adjectives. A. & G. 186 : A. & S. 332 : B. 266, Rule LL : B. & M. 650: G. 285 : H. 438: C. 113, 1. VOCABULARY. bonus, a,i um,i good. cartis, a, um. dear, beloved. exemplum, i, n. lacrima, ae, f. example, tear. magniis, a, um, maliis, a, iim. great, big, large, bad. multiis, a, um, parvus, S, um. much; pi. tnany. SW/lll. reliquiis, S, um, Romaniis, a, um. remaining. Roman. 1 & and um are the feminine and neuter endings : recite as if it wer^ printed bonus, bona, boni5m. Pronounce ; translate ; parse the adjectives.^ 1. Yir boniis^^ filia bona,^ exemplum boniira. 2. Viri mail, filiae^ malae^ exempla mala. 3. Ciim fflia cara. 4. Ciim Mils* carls. 5. Gloria magna LiicT CassT.* 6. Ex- emplo populT EomanT. 7. Multls ciim lacrimTs. 8. PuerT 12 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. multi et parvi.^ 9. OppTda multa ^ magna. 10. Per mul- tos agros. 11. In reliqua oppida. 12. Amicus populi Eomani. 13. Cum amicis populi Eomani. 14. In pr5vin- ciam magnam. 15. Carri multi et parvi. 16. In templis magnis Germanorum. ^ Write in liatin. 1. Through small^ fields. 2. Through small towns. 3. Through a small province. 4. Through the remaining towns. 5. The friendship of the Eoman"^ people. 6. Many good boys.^ 7. Many beloved daughters. 8. Many bad men. 9. In a large temple. 10. With many friends. Notes and Questions. 1 Form for parsing an adjective, — vir boniis : boniis is an adjective of the First and Second Declensions ; Stems, bono and bona ; declined, W- nus, bond, bonttm ; bonlj bSnae, bom; b6nd, bSnae, b^no; bMum, bondm, bdnum; bun's, bSnd, bdiium ; bdno, bSnd, bSno ; Plural, b6m, bdnae, bSnd; bSnoruTTif bSndrum, bonorum; bonis, bonis, bonis; bonds, bSnds, b^o LESSON IX. VERBS : PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS. 26* Learn the following definitions ^vhen they are given in the grammar : Use of the Verb ; Transitive and Intransitive Verbs ; Active Voice; Use of the Indicative Mood; Use of the Present Tense ; Person and Number ; Conjugation. 16 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. A. & G. 108, a-d; 111; 121; 132, a; 264; 276. •"*^--^ A. &S 190-193; 198(1); 201; 208; 217, a, 6 ; 461. B. 26 ; 41, 6 : 43 ; 44 ; 57 ; 63 ; 68 ; 292, Rule LYL B. & M. 258; 259, 1-3; 262; 266; 270; 271; 272; 1079; 1080. G. 15, IIL; 109; 204; 245; 246; 218; 116; 117. H. 192; 193; 194; 195, L; 474; 466; 199; 201. C. 64; 188; 66, 1, or 189. LESSON X. VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION. 27 • Persofial Enditigs of the Active Voice and Stem, A. & G. 21; 116, Sing., Plur. : A. & S. 55; 209; 213 (1) : B. 64, a; 69: B. & M. 833, Active Voice ; 274: G. Ill : H. 247, PERSON., ACT., MEANING ; 250 : C. pp. 102, 104. 28. The Present Stem ^ is found in the Present Infinitive Ac- tive by dropping the ending re in the First, Second, and Fourth Con- jugations, and ere in the Third : e. g. PUTlre is a Present Infinitive Active and puta its Present Stem ; so dig from Dicere. 29. Learn the conjugation ^ and meanings of the Present Indicative Active of amo. A. & G. 128 : A. & S. 222 : B. 74 : B. & M. 282 .• G. 119 : H. 205; 247, 1 : C. 74. 30. Observe that the Present Indicative Active of the First Con- jugation is conjugated by annexing the Personal Endings {27) to the Present Stem {28) ; also that the first person singular takes the termi- nation 6, which absorbs. the final stem- vowel a. VOCABULARY. Smo, amarS, love.^ convoco, convocare, call together, summon. confirmo, confirmarS, establish, strengthen. Importo, importare, bring in, import. occupo, occiipare, seize, occupy. vasto, vastare, lay waste, devastate. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 3 7 Pronounce; translate; inflect the verbs and give their elements.^ 1. Importas/ importatis^ importamiis. 2. Amamus, amant, amat. 3. Convoco, convocas^ convocat. 4. Convo- camiis^ convocatis^ convocant. 5. Confirrnant, confirmatis, confirmamus. 6. Confirmat^ confirmas^ confirmo. 7. Oc- ciipO^ amas, importat. 8. Importo^ amatis, occupant. 9. Occiipamiis, importatis, Smb. 10. Occupas, occupat, occupatis. Write in L.atin. 1. I am importing, you are establishing^! lie is loving. 2. We occupy, you summon, they devastate. 3. We do import, you do devastate, they do summon. 4. I devastate, you devastate, he devastates. 5. We are devastating, you are devastating, they are devastating. Nofes and Questions. 1 The Present Stem is named The First Stem in some grammars ; in others, The First Boot. 2 The conjugation of a verb is the change made in its ending to express voice, mood, tense, person, and number. 3 Only the general meaning of the verb, without reference to person, number, mood, tense, or voice will be given in the Vocabularies. The special meanings can be learned with aid of the grammar. * The elements of a verb in the present tense are the stem and personal ending : e. g. amamiis has the stem S,ma, signifying love^ and the personal ending mtls, signifying we. s importas may be rendered you are importing, you do import, or you import ; translate each verb the three ways. 6 What is the Present Stem of putS-rS ? What does the personal ending nt signify ? miis ? s ? tis ? Define the Indicative Mood. The Active Voice. The Present Tense. How is the Present Stem found ? [28) 13 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XI. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 31. A. &G. ITI; ITS; 180; 181: A. & S. 309-311: B. 203, a-g: B. & M. 616, 1, 4-10; 618-620: G. 192; 193: H. 346; 347; 350; 356, 1, 2 ; 358; 360 : C. 107; 108; 108, 1, 2, 3, 6. 32. Subject Nominative. A. & G. 173 : A. & S. 316 : B. 205, Rule L : B. & M. 68S: G. 194: H. 368: C. 109. 33. Agreement of Verb. A. & G. 204 : A. & S. 316 : B. 287, Rule LV. : B. & M. 634: G. 202: H. 460 : C. 110, 1. 34. Direct Object. A. & G. 237: A. & S. 392: B. 212, Rule VIL : B. & M. 712 : G. 329 : H. 371 : C. 121, 1. EXAMPLES. 1. Puer (subject) ^m^t (predicate), the boy loves. 2. Titus concilium 1 (direct object) convocat, Titus summons a council. VOCABULARY. de, prep. w. abl., down from, concerning, for. expugn§, expugnare, storm, capture. Gallus, 1, m. a Gaul. imperium, i, n. empire, supreme pmjoer. pugnS, pugnarg, fiyht, contend. Romaniis, i, m. a Roman, serviis, i, m. slave. vex5, vexarg, disturb, harass. Pronounce ; translate ; name the subject and predicate ; conjusrate the verbs; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Cassius^ oppidtim^ expugnat.^ 2. Helvetii oppidum expugnant. 3. Galli totiim^ oppidum occupant. 4. GallT multa oppida occiipant. 5. Sequam agios vastant. 6. Agios pulchios vastamus.^ 7. Agios magnos vastas. 8. Cassius conciliiim^ convocat. 9. Geimani Gallos vexant. 10. Eo- FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 19 mam oppidum Genavam® expugnant. 11. Titus Labienus legatiis oppidum occupat. 12. Eomani de imperi5^ pugnant. 13. De imperio puguamus. 14. De imperio pugnatis. Write in I3gnis, ignis, m. fire. ><|nSrS, mSris, n. sea. navis, na\n[s, f. ship. nubes, nubis, f. cloud. que,i conj. and. rupes, rupis, f. rock, cliff. terrS, ae, f. earth, land. JV turns, turris, f. tower. 1 qu6 is appended to the second of the connected words : e. g. rfLp^s tarrisquS, cliff and tower. Words thus appended are called en clitics. Decline eacb noun, name its Stem, and fonn its Nominatives. 1. In navibiis. 2. Iii^ coUe et in monte. 3. In hostium niimero. 4. Genera animaKum multa sunt. 5. Terra ma- nque.^ 6. Viros igni ^ cremant. 7. Allobroges virum igni tjremant. 8. Nunciat Allobroges* viruni igm cremare. 9. In turriLbiis et in^ rupibus. 10. In nubibiis. 11. Inter fines Helvetiorum et AUobrogiim^ Rhodanus Suit {flows) . 12. Hel- vetii per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas^ copias tra- duxerant (had led across) . 13. Mons Jura fines Sequandrum ab Helvetiis dividit {separates) . '^'^ Write in Iiatin. 1. Oni the cliffs. 2. Out of the ships. 3. Through the territory of the Aedui. 4. Into the territory of the Sequani. 5. On the hills and mountains. 6. In the number of animals. 7. Men will bum the tower with fire.^ 8. He says that men will burn the tower with fire. 9. Many kinds of towers. 10. The dangers of land and sea. 38 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes and Questions. 1 in, 071. 2 A. & G. 156, a: A. & S. 562 (2): B. 330, a: G. 477; 478; 479: H. 554, L, 2 : C. 183, 2. 8 See 54. * See 5S. 5 What does AUobrSgum modify ? * See Ln. XXI., Note 5. To what noun does it refer ? 7 What is the rule of gender for marg, rupes, milSs, nftvis, texnpus, hSnSr, clvitfts, Iggatiol (60). See H. 100, 3, for legatio. LESSON XXIV. THE VERB SUM. 62 • Learn the entire conjugation of sum. A. & G. 119 : A. & S. 215 : B. 71 : B. & M. 277: G. 112: H. 204 2 C. 70. - 63. What is an Irregular Verb ] A. & G. 13T : A. & S. 339 : B. & M. 410: H. 289. What are the Stems of sum ? What are the Personal Endings 1 What are the Principal Parts of sum 1 Where are the following forms made : SrSm, est, fuerunt, suniis, erunt, f uerant, est$, f uissSm, f ugr5 ] -oo'^Q^OO- LESSON XXV. PREDICATE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE. 64. A. & G. 176, a, b; 183; 185; 186, b: A. & S. 327-329; 334: B. 206, Rule II. : B. & M. eeO: G. 202: H. 362; 438, 2 : C. 111. VOCABULARY. ArSr, ArSris, ace. ArSrim, m. the Sadne, pronounced Sone, Divico, onis, m. Divico. extremiis, a, iim, furthermost. hom6,i inis, m. and f. lYian. impSrator, oris, m. commander-in-chiefy general. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 39 legio, onis, f. legion. mulier, gris, f. woman. obses, idis, iri. and f. hostage. potestas, atis, f. power. testis, is, m. a7id f. witness. Pronounce; translate; analyze; parse. 1. Oppidum est magnum.2 2. Animal fuit parvum. 3. Piitat suam sororem esse pulchram.^ 4. Homines fuemnt aegri. 5. Sequani soli erunt iTberi. 6. Csesar erat imperator. 7. Mulier est bona. 8. Dlcit Sequanos solos futdros esse liberos. 9. Este/ pueri^ boni. 10. Ariovistus fuit rex Germanorum. 11. Divico dux Helvetiorum fuerat. 12, Le- gationis Divico princeps fuit. 13. Extremum oppidum Allo- brogum est Geneva. 14. Populus^ Eomanus est testis. 15. Erat in Gallia legio una. 16. Pars citra flumen Ararim^ reliqu^ est. 17. Flumen^ est ^Arar quod {w/iie/i) per fines Aeduorum et Sequanorum in Ehodanum influit {flows), 18. Mons Jura^ est inter Sequanos et Helvetios. 19. Prop- ter frTgora frumenta^ in agris matura non erant. 20. Aedui Sequanis^^ obsides dederunt. Notes and Questions. 1 homo means a human being, man or woman ; vir means man, hero, never woman. 2 oppidum est magnum may be rendered the town is large ; it is a large town ; or there is a large town : the word there as used in the last rendering has no equivalent in Latin. 3 See Ln. XVII. and Examples. * See 47. 5 popillus takes a Singular verb ; people, its English equivalent, usually takes a Plural verb. ^ What is the rule of gender for ArSr ? {6) ^ See 64. 8 See 25. ^ Translate frumenta as if it were Singular. 10 See 39, 4^0 FIHST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXVI. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 05. A. & G. 265, a, h : A. & S. 472; 476 (2): B. & M. 1161. G. 247-249: H. 196, II., 1-4 : C. 201. EXAMPLES. 1.- Si Liiscus sit dux, if Liscus SHOULD BE leader ; or, if Liscus be leader. 2. Si Liscus esset dux, if Liscus were leader. 3. Si Liscus fuerit dux, if Liscus should have been leader; or, if Liscus should be leader. 4. Si Liscus f uisset dux, if Liscus had been leader. 5. Simus duces, let us be leaders. VOCABULARY. cupiditas, atis, f. desire. dux, diicis, m. and f. , leader, guide. Liscus, i, m. Liscus. multitudo, inis, f. multitude. non, adv. not. oratio, onis, f. speech, oration. si, conj. if. vectigal, alis, n. tax, revenue. Conjugate and give a synopsis ^ of eacli Subjunctive ; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Si 2 Caesar sit^ consul.^ 2. Si Caesar esset consul. 3. Si Caesar fuerit consul. 4. Si Caesar f uisset consul. 5. Simus consiiles. 6. Si friimentum esset maturum. 7. Si propter frigora friimentum in agris sit non^ maturum. 8. Si vectigalia fuissent magna. 9. Si vectigalia essent parva. 10. Si Divico princeps legationis fuisset. 11. Si non^ bonus sis. 12. Si orationes Caesaris fuissent multae. 13. Si mul- titudo miUtum sit magna. 14. Si cupiditas regni ^sset magna. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 41 15. Si rex fuisses. 16. Milites simus. 17. Si miles essem. 18. Si sis imperator. Write in I^atin. 1. If Ariovistus should be king. 2. If Ariovistus were king. 3. If Ariovistus had been king. 4. Let us be kings. 5. Let us be good. 6. If the mountain were large. 7. If the boys had been bad. 8. If we were not free. 9. If the furthermost town had been Geneva. 10. If the corn had .not been ripe. 11. If Divitiacus were leader of the Helvetii. 12. If the danger had been great. Notes. 1 A Synopsis of the Subjunctive includes the First Person Singular of each tense : e. g. sim, essem, fuSrim, fuissem. 2 si is a conditional conjunction ; the sentence which it introduces is a conditional sentence. 3 Before translating the sentences observe carefully how each tense of the Subjunctive is rendered in the Examples. * See 64. 6 A. & G. 207: A. & S. T4 (5) : B. 30: B. & M. 460: G. 440, 1, 2 : H. 551: C. 255. What does non modify ? LESSON XXVII. COMPOUNDS OF SUM. — DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS. 6*0. Compounds of siim. A. & G 137, a; A. & S. 215, d : B. 109, I., a: B. & M. 279; 411: G. 113; 114: H. 289; 290, I., III. : C. 71. 07. native with Compounds, A. & G. 228 : A. & S 377 (1) : B. 242, Rule XXX. : B. & M 826: G. 346 : H. 386 : C. 154. EXAMPLES. . 1. Pauci^ superf uerunt, /ew7 survived. 2. Dux suis militibus (67) S,dgrat, the leader WAS ASSISTING his soldiers. 42 riRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 3. Caesar provinciae (67) praefuit, Caesar ruled over the province. 4. Si Liscus multis ^ prodesset, if Liscus WERE useful to many. 5. Si consilium def uisset, if counsel had been wanting. 6. Titus legioni (67) praeerat, Titus WAS IN COMMAND OF the legion. ^b-siiin, ab-esse, ad-sum, ad-essS, de-sum, de-esse, hiimanitas, atis, f. longissime, adv. paueiji ae, a, p'rae-siim, prae-esse, pro-sum, prod-esse, super-siim, siiper-esse,' VOCABULARY. ab-fui, he away, he absent, he distant. af 2-f ui, he present, assist de-f ui, be wanting. refinement, humanity. very far. few. prae-f ui, he over, rule over, be in com- mand of. pro-fui, be for, be useful. super-f ui, be over, survive. Conjugrate and give a synopsis of each verb; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Multi^ superfuerunt. 2. Multi^ supersiimiis. 3. Pauci supererimus. 4. Caesar suis militibus* aderit. 5. Si Caesar suis militibus non adsit.^ 6. Consul urbi praeerat. 7. Labi- enus oppido^ Genavae*^ praeerit. 8. Consul legioni praeest. 9. Si Caesar multis^ profuisset. 10. Multis prosimus.^ 11. Non deest consilium. 12. Consilles^ desumus. 13. Bel- gae a humanitate provinciae ^^ longissime^^ absunt. 14. Si deus^2 adsit. Write in liatin. 1. Many ^ will survive. 2. Few^ (of us) survive. 3. The consul will assist his soldiers. 4. If the consul should not assist his soldiers. 5. Let^ us assist the soldiers. 6. Labie- nus was in command of the legion. 7. If Labienus were^^ in command of the legion. 8. If we consuls^ had been wanting. i FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 43 Notes. 1 pauci and multi, like the corresponding English words few and many, are often used substantively, i. e. as nouns. Parse them, however, as ad- jectives modifying either the omitted subject of the verb, as in Example 1, or its omitted object, as in Example 4. Pauci is rarely used in the Singular. 2 Observe that in ad-sum the d of ad becomes f before f. ? multi modifies nos (t^e), the omitted subject of superstlmus ; render, inany of us survive, * See 67 and Example 2 ; translate as if it were an Accusative. 8 See Ln. XXVI., Example 1. e See 67. 7 See 2S, ^ See Ln. XXVI. , Example 5. 9 oonstLIes is an appositive to nos («/;e), the omitted subject of dSstmus. 10 See 4.0, 11 See Ln. XXVI., Note 5. 12 See 20. 18 See Ln. XXVL, Example 2. ^ LESSON XXVIII. CONJUGATION OF POSSUM. — USE OF THE INFINITIVE. iiS. Possum. A. & G. 137,6: A. & S. 216: B. 109, I., h: B. ife M. 4J«.- G. 115: H. 290, IL, iTicluding fine print : C. 72. €9, Xufinitive tvithotit Subject Accusative* A. & G. 271 : A. & S. 532 : B. 31^ c: 5- ^ M- IIS^: G. 424: H. 533 : C. 241. EXAMPLES. 1. Milites pugnare (69) possunt, the soldiers are able to fight; or the soldiers can fight. 2. Milites pugnare poterant, the soldiers WERE able to fight; or the soldiers could fight. 3. Milites pugnare potSrunt, the soldiers WILL be able to fight. 4. Milites pugnare potuerunt, the soldiers have been able to fight ; or the soldiers could have fought. 5. Si milites pugnare possint, if the soldiers should be able to fight. 6. Si milites pugnare possent, if the soldiers were able to fight. 44 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 7. Si milites pugnare pStuissent, if the soldiers had been able to fight. 8. Dicit milites (SS) pugnare (09) potuisse {52)^ he says that the soldiers were able to fight. Conjugate and give a synopsis^ of eacli form of POSSUM; parse the InfinitiTes.' 1. Consul oppidiim expugnare potest.^ 2. Consul oppidum expugnare poterat. 3. Consul oppidum expugnare potent. 4. Consul oppidum expugnare potuit. 5. Dicit consiilem^ oppidum expugnare potuisse.^ 6. Si consul oppidum expu- gnare possit. 7. Si consul oppidum expugnare posset. 8. Si consul oppidum expugnare potuisset. 9. Poptilus Eomanus Cassium^ consulem^ creare non potent. 10. Tito"^ filiam meam {mt/) in matrimonium dare non possum. 11. Consiili® adesse poteris. 12. Milites agros hostium vastare potenint. 13. Amicis prodesse possiimus. 14. Nemo {no one) sine virtiite bonus esse potest. Noies and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIV., Note 1 and Ln. XXVI., Note 1. 2 See Ln. XVII., Note 3. ' Observe carefully how each tense of possHm is translated in the Exam- ples. What two words unite to form posstLm ? Which part of p6tis is used ? What does the final t become before 8 ? What becomes of f in the Perfect Tenses ? 4 See S3. ^ See S2. 6 See S8. ^ See 39. 8 See 67. ■ LESSON XXIX. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD OF AMO. 70» Zeam the Subjunctive Active of am8. A. & G. 118, Active Voice,, /or the Verh-Endings of the Subjunctive; 128: FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 45 A. & S. 213 (1); 222; 224, 4, h : B. 72; 74, a; 75: B. & M. 2S2: G. 119; 120: H 205; 243; 245: C. p. 104; pp. 76, 77. Observe that the Stems and Personal BTidings are the same as those of the Indicative. EXAMPLES. 1. SI urbem occupemus, if WE SHOULD occupy the city. 2. Si urbem occuparemus, if we occupied the city. 3. Si urbem occiipaverimus, if we should have occupied the city; or ifyvE should occupy the city. 4. Si urbem occiipavissemus, if we had occupied the city. 6. Ut^ urbem occupemus, that WE may occupy the city. 6. Ut urbem occiipareinus, that WE might occupy the city. , 7. Urbem oceupemus, let us occupy the city. CoiUnsate, analyze, and give a synopsis of eacb Terb. 1. Si Sequani Helvetios juvent.^ 2. Si Eomani Germanos jiivarent. 3. Si rex Helvetios juverit. 4. Si Aquitani Se- quanos juvissent. 5.^ Ut^ consul Helvetios jiivet. 6. Ut pater sues filiosjuvaret. 7. Allobroges jiivemus. 8. Pueros vocemus. 9. Concilium Gallorum convocemus. 10. Si Caesari^ filiam suam in inatrim5nium det. 11. Scum prox- imis civitatibus* pacem et amicitiam confirmes. 12. TJtmi- lites circum E/dmam hiemarent. 13. Ut populus Ariovistum^ regem^ crearet. 14. Ut consul oppidum Genavam® occuparet. 15. Ut milites E5mani agros Gallorum vastent. 16. Ut suis copiis^ regna conciliaret. Write in liatin. 1. n we should love (our) friends. 2. If we loved (our) friends. 3. If we had loved (our) friends. 4. That we may harass the enemy. 5. That we might harass the enemy. 6. Let us love friends. 7. If you should import ripe com. 8. If you had imported ripe corn. 9. Let us aid the boys. 10. Let us elect the man^ senator.^ 46 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes and Questions. 1 nt in this Lesson is a final conjunction and is equivalent to thM, in order thxit. 2 Imitate the Examples in translating the different tenses of the Sub- junctive Mood. Define the Subjunctive Mood {65). Define the Indica- tive Mood {26). What tenses has the Subjunctive ? The Indicative ? Name the three Stems of juvo. 3 See 39, * See 16. Name the prepositions which are used with the Ablative. 6 See 58. 6 See 25. 7 suis copiiSi with his troops. See 54. LESSON XXX. REVIEW OF AMO. — TWO ACCUSATIVES. Review the entire Active Voice of amo. 7/. Ttvo Accusatives. A. & G. 239/k/iIem. : A. & S. 394 (2): B. 21'7, Rule IX, -. B. & M. 734^: G. 333 : H. 374 : C. 12T. EXAMPLES. 1. CaesSrem sententiam rogavit, he asked Caesar (his) opinion. 2. Caesar Aeduos f rumentum flagitavit, Caesar demanded corn of the Aedui. 3. Rex popiilum sermonem celavit, the king concealed the conver- sation from the people. VOCABULARY. cel6, arg. avi. atiim. conceal. comined, arS, avi. atum. go hack and forth. exspecto, are. avi. atiim. await, eo^ect. flagito, are, avi. atiim. demand. grSviter, adv. severely. mercator, oris, m. trader, merchant. minime, adv. least, hy no meam. rog6, are, avi. atiim. ask. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 47 / saepe, adv. often, sententia, ae, f. opinion. sermo, onis, m. discourse, conversation, vulnerd, are, avi, atiiin, wound. Analyze 1 and parse. 1. Labienus suos^ milites^ exspectabat.'* 2. Galli merca- tores exspectavere.^ 3. Titus nunciat Gallos mercatores ex- spectavisse.^ 4. Mllites Sequanos gr&viter vulngraverunt. 5. Caesar priiicipes Aeduorum graviter. accusat. 6. Dicit Caesarem princTpes Aeduorum graviter accusare. 7. Merca- tores ad"^ Belgas commeant.'^ 8. Mercatores ad Belgas n5n saepe commeant. 9. Minime^ ad Belgas mercatores saepe com- meant. 10. Commeate/ toercatores, ad Belgas. 11. Consul Germanos copias flagitabit.' 12. Consul Gallos frumentum flagitat. 13. ST consul Aeduos copias flagitet. 14. Caesar consulem sententiam rogabit. 15. Dicit Caesarem consiilem sententiam rogaturum esse. 16. Titum sermonem non celabo. 17. Si Ariovistum sermonem celavissem. 18. Ut regem ser- m5nem celarem. 19. Aeduos frumentum flagitemus.^^ Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIII., Note 1. 2 gee Ln. VI., Note 1. 8 See Ln. IV., Note 1. 4 See Ln. XVIIL, Note 3. s What are the two uses of the Perfect Indicative ? (43) 6 See Ln. XVIL, Examples, Notes on the Examples, and Note 3. 7 ad — commeant, go-dack-and-forth to, may be rendered visit. ^ minime modifies saepe. ^ See 47. 10 See Ln. XXIX., Example 7. What Stems has each verb and how are they found? Which tenses denote incomplete and which completed action ? What are the Personal Endings of the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, Active Voice ? Of the Imperative ? What are the Endings of the Infinitives ? Of the Participles ? Which tenses of the Indicative are formed upon the Present Stem ? Which of the Subjunctive ? Which of each are formed upon the Perfect Stem ? "^^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXXI. VEEBS : PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO. 72, ne/inition and Personal Endings of the Passive Voice. A. & G. Ill; 116; 118: A. & S. 193; 213 (1): B 44; 64, a, Passive: B. & M. 262, 2; S33, Passive Voice: G. 205; ill i H. 195, II. ; 24*7, Person, Pass., Meaning : C. 64 ; p. 103. 7S. Leam the Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative Passive of amo. A. & G. 129: A. & S. 223: B. 74, b : B. & M. 283: G. 121 : H. 206 : C. p. 78. a. Observe that the Active and Passive Voices of these three tenges differ in form only in the Personal Endings : e. g. ama-miis, we love ; ama-mur, we are loveD : amabi-tis, you will love; amabi-mini, you will BE loveB. The only exception is the Second Person Singular of the Future, which, in the Active Voice, has bi, and in the Passive, be : e. g. ama-bi-s, you will love ; ama-be-ris or re, you will be lovei). It is a good practice to write both the Active and Passive Voices side by side on the blackboard, and compare them with each other. VOCABULARY, appello, are, avi, atum, name, call. Casticiis, i, m. Casticus. noster, nostra, nostrum, our, occulto, are, avi, atum, hide, conceal. Conjugrate the verbs ; name their elements ; ^ parse the nouns. 1. Oppida expugnabuntur: 2. Nostri agri vastabuntur. 3. Homo igni^ cremabitiir. \ 4. Concilium Gallomm convoca- batur. 5. Nostra lingua^ Galli^ appellantilr. 6. Ariovistus rex*atque amicus appellabatiir. 7. Lucius Cassius consul^ lamTcus* appellabitur. 8. Eex^ appellabens. 9. Divitiacus frater^ Dumnorigis amicus^^ popiili Eomani appellabatiir. 10. Pater CastTci popiili Eomani amicus appellabatiir. 11. In tanta multitiidTne fiiga occultatur. 12. Oratione^ Lisci Dum- norix Divitiaci f rater designatur. 13. Dumhorix ab Aeduis® acciisabatur. 14. A Caesare^ accusabiminl. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 49 Write in I^atin. 1. The town will be stormed. 2. Our field will be laid waste. 3. The men will be burned with fire. 4. (In) our language they are called Sequani. 5. They will be called kings. 6. He was called a friend of the Eoman people. 7. In so great a multitude our flight will be concealed. 8. The brothers of Dumnorix were accused by the Gauls. 9. Dum- norix is described by Caesar^s speech. Notes. 1 See Ln. X., Note 4, and Ln. XII., Note 1. 2 See S4, 8 See 54 and Ln. I., Note 5. * See 64. 6 See 25. 6 With verbs in the Passive Voice the agent, i. e. the person by whom anything is done, is expressed by the Ablative with a, ab ; the instrument, i. e. the thing hy means of which or with which anything is done, by the Ab- lative without a preposition : e. g. ITe is overcome by the soldier, a milite siipgrattlr ; he is overcome by the soldier's weapons, telis militis supSratiir. LESSON XXXII. VERBS : PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO {continued). 74:. Learn the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive of Snig. A. & G. 118; 139: A. & S. 211; 214; 223: B. 76: B. & M. 281, 6, 4; 283: G. 122: H. 206: C. p. 79. VOCABULARY. arx, arcis, f. citadel. comporto, arS, avi, atum, collect. enuncio, are, avi, atum, divulge, report. Squgs, itis, m. horseman, cavalryman. praetor, oris, m. praetor. 50 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Conjugate and give a Synopsis* of eacli verb in the Indicative Passive; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Frumentum ab Aeduis^ comportatum^ est. 2. Magna copia frumenti ab Aeduis comportata erat. 3. Obsides Hel- vetiis^ dati^ erant. 4. Multi obsides Helvetiis a Sequanis dati erant. 5. Nullae^ arces expugnatae^ sunt. 6. Nostra consilia hostibus^ enunciata^ sunt. 7. Nostra consilia hosti- bus ab Aeduis enunciata erant. 8. Caesar a Eomanis praetor^ creatus^ est. 9. Praetores^ creati erimus. 10. Nostri agri vastati sunt. 11. Nostra oppida expugnata sunt. 12. Tanta multitudo equitum siiperata^ est. 13. In tanta multitudme equitum nostra fiiga occultata est. 14. Copiae Caesaris ab Germanis uno proelio''' siiperatae sunt.y 15. Equites a Caesare graviter® accusati sunt. Write in I^atin. 1. An abundance of corn lias been collected. 2. The cita- dels will have been stormed. 3. The citadels had been stormed by the Eomans.*^ 4. Caesaris plans have been reported to the Gauls* by the Germans. 5. Cassius had been elected praetor.^ 6. A large multitude of cavalrymen has been overcome. 7. The troops of Cassius had been overcome in a single bat- tle.^ 8. The troops of Cassius have been , overcome by the Germans. 9. We have been severely ^censured by the consul. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XIY., Note 1. 2 See Ln. XXXI., Note 6. 3 Observe that the Participle, like the predicate adjective {64), agrees with the subject of the verb in gender, number, and case. * See 39. ^ See 24. 6 See 64, What was a praetor? (See Gen. Vy.) What was a' consul? How often were these officers elected ? ■^ uno proelio, in a single battle. See S4. sSeeLN. XXVI., Note 5. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 51 LESSON XXXIII. VERBS: PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO {continued). 75* Leam the Imperative, Infinitives, and Participles of the Pas- sive Voice of amo. A. & G. 116, b; 118 ; 129 : A. & S. 223, page 114: B. 64,6; 65; 66; 74, b ; 76 : B. «& M. 283: G. 121; 122: H. 247, 3; 248; 206: C. pp. 79, 80. Conjugate the Imperatives; name tlie Stem and Ending: of each verb; parse the Infinitives and Nouns. 1. Accusare^accusamim.^^ 2. Accusator^ accusantor. 3. Ju- vare, juvatory 4. Yocamim, vocantor. 5. Dicit suum fra- trem creatum esse.^ 6. Dicit fratrem Divitiaci designatiim esse. 7. Dicit montem a Mbieno occiipari. 8. Negat^ no- stros agros vastatos esse. 9. Negat ciim proximis civitatibus pacem confirmatam esse. 10. Dicit regnum in civitate sua occiipatiim esse. 1 1 . Nunciat Caesarem creatum esse consiilem. 12. Nunciat Cassium praetorem creatum esse. 13. Dicit Ariovistum a Eomanis regem appellatum esse. Notes and Questions. 1 How is the Imperative used ? (47) 2 creatum essS, has been elected, or was elected. See Ln. XVII., Refer- ences to the Grammar, Examples, and Notes on the Examples. 3 nSgat, he says not ; lit. he denies : He says our fields have not heen laid waste. Upon which Stem are the different tenses of the Indicative Active formed ? Of the Indicative Passive ? The Imperative Active and Passive ? The In- finitives Active and Passive ? The Participles Active and Passive ? How many Participles has a transitive verb ? A. & G. 109, a : A. & S 206: B. 54; 55: B. & M. 269: H. 200, IV., Note : C. 65, 4. 52 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXXIV. VERBS : PASSIVE VOICE OF AMO {continued). 70. Learn the Subjunctive Passive of amo. A. & G. 129 : A. & S. 223: B. 74, b; 76 : B. & M. 283: G. 121; 122: H. 206: C. pp. 78, 79. EXAMPLES. 1. Si homo cremetiir, ^/ the man should be burned. 2. Si homo cremaretur, if the man were being burned. 3. Si homo crSmatus sit, if the mxin should have been burned ; or if the m/in should be burned. 4. Si homo crematiis esset, if the Tnan had been burned ; or if the man were burned. 5. Si sententiam rogetiir, if he should be asked (Jiis) opinion, Conjasrate and give a synopsis of each verb. 1. St Caesar sententiam^ rogatus esset. 2. ST sententiam rogatus Sim. 3. Si sententiam rogareris. 4. ST crematT es- semiis. 5. ST Ariovistus rex^ creatus esset. 6. ST mTles vul- neretur. 7. ST non vulneratiis esses. 8. ST Ariovistus amTcus populi Eomani appellaretiir. 9. ST obsides Romanis^ a Gallis* non dentiir. 10. ST obsides Germanis ab Helvetiis n5n dati essent. 11. ST copia frumenti importetiir. 12. ST copia fru- menti non importata esset. 13. ST Divitiacus a popiilo Romano rex appellatus esset. 14. ST rex atque amTcus a Helvetiis ap- pellareris. 15. ST sententiam rogatT essemus. 16. ST senten- tiam rbgatT sTtts. 17. ST reges creatT essetis. 18. ST con- stiles creatT essemus. Write in Xatin. 1. If I should be asked (my) opinion. 2. If you were asked (your) opinion. 3. If you had been burned. 4. If Cassius had been elected consul. 5. If Cassius had not been called a friend of the Gauls. 6. If hostages should be given FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 53 to the Germans by the consul. 7. If the soldiers had not been wounded. 8. If we had not been wounded. 9. If an abundance of corn were being imported. 10. If you should be elected consul. Notes and Questions. 1 See 71. 2 See 64. 8 See 39. * Which prepositions are used with the Ablative ? {16) How is the agent of a verb in the Passive Voice expressed in Latin ? (Ln. XXXL, Note 6.) How is the instrument expressed ? What is meant by the agent ? By the instrument ? oJOCo LESSON XXXV. DEPONENT VERBS : FIRST CONJUGATION. 77. Definition. A. & G. 135 : A. & S. 195 : B. 46 : B. & M. 304: G. 311 : H. 195, II. 2 : C. 79. 78. Learn the entire Deponent Verb of the First Conjugation. A. & G. jpdge 106, miror : A. & S. 223, mlror: B. 93, conor; 55, second sentence: B. & M. 806, second part; 307 ; G. 141; 142: H. 231; 232: C. p. 99. . . VOCABULARY. Conor, ari. atus sum,^ attempt, try. glorior, ari. atus sum, glory, hoast. Iiortor, ari, atus sum. exiiort, urge. laetor. ari. atus sum. rejoice, exult. miror. ari. atus sum. admire, wonder at moror. ari. atiis sum, tarry, delay. vSgor, ari. atiis sum. wander ahout. populor. ari, atus sum. ravage, lay waste. 1 The principal parts of a deponent verb are the Present Indicative, Pres- ent Infinitive, Perfect Indicative ; e. g. o6nor, cdxUlrl, cOnatiis siini. 54 yiRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Conjugrate and give a complete synopsis ^ of each verb. 1. Conamur, conabamur^ conabimur. 2. Gloriatus sum, gloriatus eram^ gloriatus ero. 3. ST hortetur^ si hortaretur. 4. Si hortatus sis, si hortatus esses. 5. Laetare, laetamini, laetemur.^ 6. Dlcit Caesarem laetatum esse. 7. Mirari^ non possiimus. 8. Yagari^ conemur.^ 9. Vagari non potenmus. 10. Caesar ad^ Romam moratus est. 11. Helvetii agros Aeduorum popiilabantur. 12. Ut vagarentur.^ Write in liatin. 1. You are exhorting, you were exhorting, you will exhort. 2. You tarried in the vicinity of Eome; you had tarried; you wiU have tarried. 3. If he should tarry, if he tarried. 4. If he had tarried near Rome. 5. Let us tarry in the vicinity of Geneva. 6. They can^ not rejoice. 7. They could ^ not re- joice. 8. Let us try2 to rejoice. Noies. 1 A complete Synopsis of cdnor, for example, is as follows : Indicative^ odnor, cOnabar, odnabor, cOn&tus sum, cdn&tus Sram, cdnatus £ro ; Sub- junctive, cdner, cdnarer, cdnatus sim, cOnatus essem ; Imperative, oonare, cOnator ; Infiyiitives, cdnari, cdnatus essS, cOnaturus essS ; Participles, cdnans, cOnandus, cdnatus, cdnattirus ; Gerund, cdnandi ; Supines, cdna- tum, conatu. 2 See Ln. XXIX., Example 7. ^ See 69. * ad with the name of a town may often be rendered near, in the vicinity of. ^ Render by the Imperfect Indicative. 6 Can and could in these and similar sentences are equivalent to are able, were able ; translate them, therefore, by the proper tense of the Indicative of possilm, and the principal verb by the Present Infinitive. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 55 LESSON XXXVI. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE. — COMPLEX AND COMPOUND SENTENCES. 79. Abl4itive of Cause. A. «fe G. 245 : A. & S. 404 : B. 257, Rule XLIL : B.'& M. 87S: G. 40T: H. 413; 416: C. 166. 80. Complex and Compound Sentences. A. & G. 180, a-f: A. & S. 311-314, a: B. 288, a-f: B. & M. 1407-1409: 14:11: G. 474, 1-4 : H 348; 349: C. 107, 2, 3. EXAMPLES. 1. Pueri equis^ {79) laetantur, hoys rejoice IN HORSES. 2. Helvetii sua victoria ^ (79) gloriabantur, the Helvetii were boasting because of their victory ; or the Helvetii were glorying in their victory. 3. Orgetorix Casticum hortatur ut regnum occiipet,^ Orgetorix urges Gasticus to seize the royal power. 4. Miles non laetetur, si vuliieretur,^ the soldier would not rejoice, if he should be wounded, 5. Si multi vulnerati essent, non laetati essemus, if many had been wounded, we should not have rejoiced. 6. Ariovistus fuit rex et Caesar fuit consul,* Ariovistus was king and Caesar was consul. Analyze the sentences and parse. 1. Imperator inilitft)us bonis laetatur. 2. Romani sua vic- toria non gloriabantur. 3. Sequani victoria sua non gloriabun- tur. 4. Negat^ Sequanos vict5ria gloriaturos esse. 5. Mi- ll tes hortabimur ut agros poptilentur. 6. Imperator milites suos hortatus est^ iit agros Gallorum poptilentur. 7. Dum- norigem hortabor tit regnum in "^ sua civitate occupet. 8. ST igni^ creiner, non laeteris. 9. Si Cassius praetor^ creatus esset, laetatus essem. 10. Si Caesar sermonem^^ milites^^ celet^ laeter. 11. ST dux mTlitibus^^ adesse^^ possit, laetentur. 12. Hortemur^^ Helvetios ut cilm proximis cTvitatibus pacem 56 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. et amicitiam confirment. 13. Si Caesar multos obsides dedis- set hostibus,^* hostes laetati esseiit. 14. Puer erat mains et puella erat bona. 15. Consul abest et praetor est aeger.^ Notes. 1 In Examples 1 and 2 Squis and victoria are the cause of the rejoicing and hoasting, and hence are in the Ablative in accordance with the rule referred to in 79, 2 Example 3 is a cmnplex sentence, because it is made up of a principal clause, Orgetorix Casticum hortatur, and a subordinate clause, ut reg- num occupet. Observe that ut occupet is rendered by the Infinitive to seize ; lit. t?iat he may seize. 3 Example 4 is a complex sentence ; principal clause, miles non laetetur ; subordirmte clause, si vulnSretur : si and ut are subordinate cmijunctions ; hence the clauses which they introduce are subordinate clauses. * Example 6 is a compound sentence, because it is made up of clauses which are independent of each other. Such clauses are called coordinate clauses; and the conjunctions which connect them, codrdi7iate conjunctions. ^ See Ln. XXXIII. , Note 3. ^ hortatus est, has urged. 7 See Ln. XIII., Note 5. Which is this ? 8 See 54, 9 See 64. 10 See 71. " See 67, 12 See 69, 13 See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. 14 See 39. ^. LESSON XXXVII. ADJECTIVES: THIRD DECLENSION. 81. A. & G. 84, levis, acer, h, Case- Forms : A. & S. 148-150; 152; 155 (1), (2): B. 156; 15T, levis: B. & M. 193, Rules 1, 2 ; 196, II., mitis; 198, acer: G. 81; 82: H. 152; 153; 154, tris- tis : G. 42 ; 43. VOCABULARY. Slacer,! cris, ere, lively, eager. ibrevis,2 e, short, brief. celer,^ celSris, celerS, swift. FIBST LESSONS IN LATIN. 57 difficilisj^ e, difficult, impracticable. equester,^ tris, tre, of cavalry. f acilis,2 g^ g^5i^^ practicable. f amilla, ae, f. household, family. Af ortis,2 S, brave, courageous, strong. iter, itineris, n. journey, route, march. judicium, i, n. trial. omiiis,2 e, all, every. tristt%2 g, sad. 1 Declined like acSr. 2 Declined like 16vis, mitis, facilis, tristis. Analyze and parse. 1. Ex omm^ Gallia. 2. Cum omnibus copiTs. 3. Per omnes urbes. 4. Per totam^ urbem. 5. Equi sunt celeres.^ 6. Negat^ equos esse celeres. 7. Si equites fuissent celeres, rex laetatus esset.^ 8. Tempus est breve. 9. Helvetii oppida sua omnia incendunt {buni), 10. Fuit proelium equestre. 11. Dicit futuriim esse proelium equestre. 12. SequanT fue- runt tristes. 13. Iter^^ grat difficile. 14. Si iter sit fecile, laeter.^ 15. Puts iter esse fecile. 16. Titiis Labienus lega- tus"^ suos milites hortatiir iit^ fortes sint.^ 17. Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam coegit [brought), 18. Or- getorix Helvetios hortatus est^^ lit^^ de flnibus suis ciim omnibus copiis exirent.^^ 19. Viris^^ fortibus laetor. Notes. 1 See Ln. VI., Note 1. 2 See 24. s See 64. * Se Ln. XXXIIL, Note 3. ^SeeLN. XXXVL, Ex. 5. 6 See Ln. XXVL, Ex. 1 and Ln. XXXVL, Ex. 4. 7 See 25. 9 See Ln. XXXVL, Ex. 3. 10 ut— exirent, to go out, n See 79. 12 See A. & G. 60, c: A. & S. 110 (4) : B. 138: B. & M. 104: C. 29, 10, exc. 2. 13 hortatus est : urged. 58 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XXXVIII. ADJECTIVES : THIRD DECLENSION (continued). 82. A. & G. 85, a, b; 87, a, c : A. & S. 154; 155 (3): B. all of 158: B. & M. all of 193: G. 83; 84; 85, 1-3: H. all of 155-158; C. 45. VOCABULARY . audax, acis. holdj audacious. conditio, onis, f. condition. contiimeli^, ae, f. insult. divgs, itis. rich. f ellx, ici». happy. flens, entis. weeping. implSro, are, avi, atiim. beseech, implore. injuria, ae, f. injury. miiligr, eris, f. woman. oriens, entis. rising. par, paris. equal. princeps, ipis. first, chief. recens, entis. recent. sol, solis, m. sun. specto, are, avi, atiim. look, front. vgtiis, eris. old, ancient. Analyze and parse. 1. Veteres causae. 2. Vetiis urbs^ estEoma. 3. Memori^ vetens contumeliae. 4. In parem conditionem servitutis. 5. Eecentitim injuriarum memoria. 6. Mulieres erant felTces. 7, Mulieres flentes Caesarem implorabant. 8. Helvetil flentes pacem petierunt [songJii), 9. Hortemur^ milites ut^ alacres et audaees sint.^ 10. Belgae spectant in^ orientem solem.^ 11. Legatiouis principem^ locum''' obtinebant (iliey held). 12. EomanT divTtes fuerunt. 13. Germani non pares sunt Tiostris mllitibus.^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 59 "Write in liatin. 1. There ^ will be a battle of cavalry. 2. Our soldiers are brave. 3. Let us exhort our soldiers to be brave. 4. Geneva is an old town. 5. AlP^ are not happy. 6. Our leaders will be bold. 7. All cannot be^^ rich. 8. Weeping women will implore the consul. 9. Gauls are not equal to our cavalry- men. Notes. 1 See 64. 2 gge Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. 2 How is the Subjunctive with ut to be translated after verbs signifying ask, command, exhort, persuade, please, strive, urge ? Answ. By the Pres- ent Infinitive. See Ln. XXXVI. , Ex. 3. * in, towards. 5 See B. 135: B. & M. 1^1: H. 60:C.37, 5. 6 principSm is here used as an adjective ; it is often a noun. ■^ How is locus declined in the Plural ? See Vy., Ln. VIII. 8 militibiis is a Dative. 9 ggg Ln. XXV., Note 2. last part, 10 omnes, like the English all, is often used substantively. 11 cannot be, esse non possunt. LESSON XXXIX. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 83. A & G 89, a. A. & S. 163-166: B. 161; 162; 163, a: B. & M. 214-218: G. 86; 88, 1: H. 160-162; 163, 1: C. 47; 48. 84:, Declension of Comparatives, A. & G. 86, a : A. & S. 152, mitior: B. 157, Remark: B. & M. 197: G. 87: H. 154, Note 1 : C. 44. VOCABULARY. x/ altus, a, um, high, deep, fortunS., ae, f. fortune. gr&vis, 6, heavy, grievous, latus, a, um, broad, wide. 69 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. longe, adv. by far. miser, miserS, miseriim, wretched, pitiable. nobiUs, e. well-known, noble. potens, entis. powerful. qu^m, adv. than. utilis, g. useful. Compare and decline tlie adjectives. 1. Jura est mons^ altissimiis.2 2. Caesar dicit Juram esse moiitem altissimum. 3. Rhenus est flumen latissimum et altissimum. 4. H6mini^nobilissim5 ac^potentissTmoaderam. 5. Omnium^ fortissimi sunt Belgae. 6. Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimiis et ditissimus^^ fuit Orgetorix. 7. Pertres {three) potentissim5s populos totiiis Galliae. 8. Nostrae f iliae pulcherrimae sunt. 9. Milites hortenijir iit fortiores sirit.^ 10. Si tempiis fuisset brevius^ non laetatus essem. 11. Mi- lites fuerunt Caesari utilissimi. 12. Dicit esse miseriorem gravioremque "^ fortunam^ Sequanorum quam^ reliqu5rum Gallorum. Write in I^atin. 1. The bravest soldiers. 2. The most beautiful women. 3. The broadesi rivers. 4. The highest mountains. 5. Divi- tiacus was the noblest of all. 6. Friends are most useful to a man. 7. Caesar says (that) the Ehine is a very deep river. 8. The fortune of the Gauls was more grievous than (that) of the Germans. 9. Let us urge the boys to be very brave. Notes. 1 What is the gender of mons ? Of Jiira ? 2 Superlatives may sometimes be rendered by the positive with very : e. g. mons altissimiis, a very high mountain. They are adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 8 67. * See Ln. XXXVIIL, Note 10. 5 See Ln. XXXVIIL, Note 3. e See Ln. XX., Note 1. "^ What is the difierence in force of et, qug, and atqug ? See Ln. XXI I L, FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 61 Note 2. What are appended words called ? See Vy., Ln. XXIII., Note on quS, last part. 8 fortunam is subject of ess6. * When quam signifying tkan is immediately followed by a Genitive, supply in translation that : e. g. qnam Somandriini, than that of the Romans. 1® See General Vocabulary under dlvSs and dis. LESSON XL. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (continued). 85. A. & G. 89, &-e; 90; 91, a, h: A. & S. 167-170 (1), (2); 173: B. 163,6-^; 164, a, 6; B. & hi. 219-222: G. 88,2-4; 89, Remarks 1,2: H. 163, 2, 3 ; 165 ; 166 ; 169, 1, 2 ; 170 : C. 49. VOCABULARY. Alpes, iiim, f. the Alps. citSrior, citerius, hither. extra, prep. w. ace. without, beyond. inferior, iaf eriiis, lower. pruniis, a, um, first. SSgusiani, 5rum, m. the Segusiani. Sequanus, a, um, of the Sequani. superior, superiiis, higher, upper. ulterior, ulterius, farther. Translate and parse. 1. Major ^ multitudo Gennanorum^ Ehenum transibat {was crossing). 2. Carrorum^ maximus numerus. 3. Cum max- imo inilitum^ niimero. 4. Belgae pertinent {extend) ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni. 5. Galli loca superiora oc- cupant. 6. Labienus summum montem^ occiipavit. 7. Sum- mus mons a Labieno^ occupatus est. 8. Negat summum montem a Labieno occiipatum esse. 9. Mllites hortabimur 62 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. ut summum montem occupent. 10. Si Labienus summum montem occiipet, Caesar sit^ felicissimus. 11. Iter per pro- vinciam est facilius.^ 12. Ager Sequanus erat optmius'*^ totius Galliae. 13. Caesar in Galliam ulteriorem per Alpes con- tendit {hastens). 14. Citerioris provinciae extremum oppi- dum. 15. Segusiani sunt extra provinciam primi. Write in liatin. 1. A very large number of horses. 2. A larger number of cavalrymen. 3. To the upper part of the Ehone. 4. The soldiers will occupy the top of the mountain. 5. The top of the mountain will be occupied by the soldiers. 6. The route through our province is most practicable. 7. I think (that) the route through the Alps is by far the most practica- ble. 8. Let us occupy the top of the mountain. Notes. 1 In parsing adjectives hereafter give their comparison, if they can he compared. 2 Notice the different positions of the Genitive ; what is the difference in force ? See Ln. III., Note 3. 3 summum montem, the to}) of the mountain. * See Ln. XXXI., Note 6. ^ sit, would be. ^ Name the adjectives which form their Superlatives like f^cilis. 7 optimuSi sc. ager. LESSON XLI. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES. 86. Dative tvith Adjectives. A. & G. 234 : A. & S. 388 : B. 245, Rule XXXIII. : B. & M. S60: G. 356 : H. 391 : G. 163, 1,2. / FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 63 EXAMPLES. 1. Belgae sunt proximi Germanis,^ ^/le Belgae are nearest to the Germans. 2. Castris idoneiis lociis est, the place is suitable FOR A CAMP. 3. Deo similis est, he is like A GOD. VOCABULARY. aetas, atis, f. age. amicus, a, um, friendly. conimunis, e, common. idoneiis, &, um, fit, suitable. inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hostile. patria, ae, f. native land, fatherland. perieulosus, a, tim, dangerous. similis, e, like, similar. solum, 1, n. ground, soil. Analyze and parse. 1. Aqmtani sunt proximi proviiiciae. 2. Aqmtani sunt propiores provinciae quam Italiae. 3. Genava est oppidura proximum Helvetioruin finibus. 4. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava. 5. Castris non idoneus omnis locus est. 6. Negat castris idoneiim omnem locum esse. 7. Si castris idoneus lociis sit, milites laetenturo^ 8. N5n ego sum idoneus armis. 9. Si ego fuissem idoneus armis, laetatus essem. 10. Dumnorix HelvetiTs erat amicus. 11. Dux mimlcior Dumnorigi fuit quam Caesari. 12. MatrT puella est simffis. 13. Non omnis puer est similis patri. 14. Omni aetati mors est communis 15. Patriae solum omnibus cariim est. 16. Popiilo Eomano periculosum est proelium. 17. Omni urbT leges sunt utiles. 18. Imperator suos mTlites hortatur tit fortes sint^ et urbi Eomae utiles. 64 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Write in I.atin. 1. He says (that) the Aquitaiii are nearest to the province. 2. Ocelum was the furthermost town of the hither province and nearest to the Alps. 3. If the place had been suitable for a camp, we should have rejoiced.^ 4. Let us urge the soldiers to be^ useful to (their) fatherland. 5. The lieutenant was most friendly to the soldiers. 6. The daughter is more like (her) father than (her) mother. 7. I do^ not think (that) the battle will be dangerous to the city. Notes. 1 See Ln. XXXVI., Ex. 4. What kind of a sentence is this ? (80) 2 See Ln. XXXVI. , Ex. 3. 3 See Ln. XXX VL, Ex. 5. 4 See Ln. X., Note 5. LESSON XLII. ADVERBS. 87. Definition. A. & G. 25,/; A. & S. 74 (5) : B. 30 : B. & M. 460: G. 15, IV., 1 : H. 303: C. 98. 88. JDerivation. A. & G. 148, a, h: A. & S. 174, h: B. 199, h, c: B. & M. 591; 592; 595: G. 90, 1-4: H. 304, I.-IV. : 0. 99, 1, 2. 89. Classification. A & G 149, a-g: B. 17.5, a-/, Re- mark: B. & M. 4G1, 1-6: H. 305, Note 2, l)-4): C. 99, 3. 90. Comparison. A. & G. 92 : A & S. 175: B. 174, a-c: B. & M. 462 ; 463 : G. 91 : H. 306 : C. 52. 91. Syntax. A. & G. 207: A. & S. 557: B. 327, Rule LXXIX. : B. & M. 996: G. 440, 2 : H. 551 : C. 255. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 65 VOCABULARY. acriter, adv. shctrply, fiercely, audaeter, adv. boldly, courageously, cSleriter, adv. quickly, immediately, facile, adv. easily, readily, fortiter, adv. bravely, valiantly. grSviter, adv. heavily, severely. libere, adv. peely, unreservedly, qua, adv. where. Parse the adverbs and adjectives. 1. Belgae fortiter ^ pugnaverunt. 2. Si milites fortius pii^iient^ imperator laetetur. 3. Eomani non acrius pugna- bunt quam Galll.^ 4. Germani Helvetios facile^ stipe rabant. 5. Galli a Caesare non facillTme stipe rati sunt. 6. Nunciat Gallos a Caesare non facillTme siiperatos esse. 7. Caesar DumnorigeiTi gravissTme accusavit. 8. Caesar celeriter con- cilium dimittit {dismisses), 9. Lisctis dicTt liberitis^ atque^ audacitis. 10. Qua^ minima altitudo fluminis erat. iL Ju- mentortim et carroriim quam"^ maxTmtim ntimertim coem'ere® {to purchase), VI, Hostes quam fortissime pugnabant. 13. Helvetii E5manTs^ quam amicissTmi fuerunt. 14. Soliim patriae civi quam carissimtim est. Noies. 1 Form for parsing an adverb. — fortiter is an adverb of manner {89) ; derived from the adjective fortis {88) ; compared fortiter, fortius, fortis- simo {90) ; of the positive degree and modifies pugnavferunt {91). 2 What is the construction of Galli ? 8 A. & G. 148, d: A. &, S. 1T4 c: B. 1T4, c?; B. & M. 596: G. 90, 4 : H. 304, I., 3, 1) : C. 99, 1, a, * libSre has no Superlative. 5 See Ln. XXIIL, Note 2. ^ As a rule only those adverbs are compared which are derived from adjectives. 7 quam modifying a Superlative strengthens it : e. g. qu&m maximum, as large as possible ; quam fortissimo, as bravely as possible. bb FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. ° ( •• ) is the mark of Diaeresis ; when placed over the second of two vowels which regularly form a diphthong, it shows that they are to be sep- arated in pronunciation : e. g. coemere has four syllables ; coemere would have only three. 9 See 86. LESSON XLIII. VERBS : SECOND CONJUGATION : ACTIVE VOICE. 92, Learn the entire Active Voice of the Second Conjugation. A. & G. 130 : A. & S. 222 : B. 79 ; 80 : B. &. M. 28S: d. 123; 124 : H. 207 : C. 75. See 27, 2S, 37, 45, 49, 50 of this book. VOCABULARY. inone6,i ere, ui, itiiin, advise. habeO, ere, ui, itum, have. prohibeo, erg, ui, itum, restrain, keep from. 1 Most verbs of the Second Conjugation form their Perfect and Supine like moneo. For the principal parts let erg, ui, itiim take the place of final eo : e. g. habeo, habere, habui, habitum. Conjugrate and give a complete synopsis^ of each verb; name its elements. 1. MonebatiS; monebitis^ monuistTs. 2. Si moneamus^^ si moneremiis^ si monuissemus. 3. Mone^ moiiete, morientb. 4. Monens, momturus. 5. Monere, monuisse, monituriis esse. 6. Ut equos habeamus.^ 7. Ut rex urbes multas et^ magnas habeat. 8. Multa castra habebimus. 9. Legatus multos milites babuerit.* 10. Habeto^ habetote.^ 11. Ha- bens, habiturus. 12. Habere, habuisse, habituriis esse. 13. St Helveti5s itinere^ prohibeant. 14. Si Helvetios itinere prohibuissent. 15. Helvetios itinere prohibeamus.'^ 1 6Ul Iti- nere Helvetios prohibere^ conantur. 17. Itinere " hostes pro- hibebimiis. 18. Mllites itinere hostes prohibere conabuntur. 19. Si itmere milites proliibuissemus. 20. Legati nostros viros monuerunt. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 67 1 Write in liatin. 1. You have, you were having, you will have had. 2. If you should have, if you had, if you had had. 3. Have ye, he shall have, they shall have. 4. To restrain, to have re- strained, to be about to restrain. 5. If we should keep the soldiers from the town. 6. If we shall have kept the soldiers from the town. 7. Let* us keep the enemy from the town. 8. We shall attempt to keep the enemy from the town. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XXXV., Note 1. 2 gee Ln. XXIX., Examples. 8 See Ln. VI., Note 5. * Define the use of the Future Perfect Tense. {42) ^ Define the use of the Imperative Mood. (47) « itinSrg is an Ablative of Separation. A. & G. 343: A. & S. 413: B. 256, Rule XLL: B. & M. 916: G. 388: H. 413; 414: C. ITT. 7 See Ln. XXIX.. Ex. 7. ^ gee 69. What are the Personal Endings of the Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, Active Voice ? Of the Imperative ? Of the Infinitives and Participles ? How are the diff*erent Stems of a verb found ? (28, 4S, SO) What two uses has the Perfect Indicative ? (43) LESSON XLIV. ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. 93. Accusative of Time. A. & G. 256: A. & S. 423: B. 220, Rule XL : B. & M. 950: G. 337: H. 379: C. 129, 1. This answers the question, How long ? VOCABULARY. deleo, ere, evi, etiiin, destroy, doced, ere, ui, doctum, teach. y^ube6, erS, jussi, jussum, command, order, ymaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, stay, revnain. 68 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. move^, erg, in5vi, mStiiin, Tnove, remove, obtmeSy ere, ui, obtentum, hold, obtain. possessi6, onis, f. possession. Ticiis, i, m. village. Analjrze and parse. 1. Germani multos vTcos deleverant. 2. Aliud^ iter ha- bebant nullum. 3. Quam^ plunmas civitates habebant. 4. AUobroges trans Ehodanum vicos possessionesque^ habe- bant. 5. Pueros^ litteras* doceamus. 6. Dicit matrem^ filias litteras docere. 7. In Gallia ulteriore multos annos® manebimus. 8. Caesar senatorem hortatur ut*^ in castris multos menses maneat.^ 9. Eegnum m Sequanis multos annos obtmuerat. 10. Divico legationis locum principem obtmebat. 11. Si imperator castra moveat, milites fortius^ pugnent. 12. Castra^ movere^^ celerius non potuerunt.^^ 13. Itinere^^ Helvetios prohibere non poterunt.^^ 14. Helvetii suis f inibus Germanos prohibebant. 15. Proximum^^ iter in ulteriorem Galliam per Alpes est. l^^Sed in summo jugo duas [two) legiones,^* quas (wJiicli) in Gallia citeri5re proxime conscrip- serat {he had enlisted), et omnia auxilia^^ coUocari^^ jussit. Notes and Questions. 1 Which adjectives have their Genitive in ius and Dative in 1 ? (24) 2 See Ln. XLIL, Note 7. . » See Ln. XXIII., Vy., Note. * See 71. ^ See 53. « See 93. "^ How is nt — xnaneat to be translated ? See Ln. XXXVIII., Note 3. 8 From what adjective is fortiter derived ? ® What does castra signify in the Singular ? 10 See 69. 11 How do pStngriint and pStSrunt differ from each other ? 12 See Ln. XLIII., Note 6. i^ proximum, shortest. 1* ISgidnes and auzilia are subjects of colldcari. (S3) 15 colIScari {to de stationed) with its subjects is object of jussit. (S2) FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 69 LESSON XLV. VF.RBS: SECOND CONJUGATION: PASSIVE VOICE. a the entire Passive Voice of the Second Conjugation. > : A. & S. 223; B. 79 ; 80 : B. & M. 2S9: G. 125; 3 : C. 75. % a, of this book. VOCABULARY. ^ntined, erg, ui, contentum^ hem in, bouTid. ^itio, onis, f. dominion, power. ^eaniis, i, m. ocean. I^pina, ae, f. plundering. jlervitus, utis, f. slavery. teneO, ere, m, tentiiin, hold, keep. undique, adv. on all sides. Give a complete synopsis of each verb and parse. 1. Una pars contmetur^ Garumna^ flumine/ Oceano, f inibus Belgarum. 2. Undique loci natiira^ Helvetii continentur. 3. Summus mons^ a Tito Labieno tenebatur. 4. Nunciat summum montem a hostibus tentum esse. 5. Si summus mons a hostibus teneatur, nostri milites quara acerrime® pug- nent. 6. Aedui m servitute atque m ditione German5rum tenti sunt. 7. Caesar memoria tenebat. 8. Hostis a CaesSre rapinis^ prohibebatur. 9. Summus mons a hostibus teneri non potest.^ 10. Galli teneri in servitiite non poterant.^ 11. Obsides multos annos in servitute tenebantur. 12. Si multos annos in servitute tenti essemus^ n5n felices fuissemus. Write in I.atin. 1. The top^ of the mountain will be held by Caesar. 2. The top of the mountain could ^ vuot be held by Caesar. 3. He says (that) the top of the mountain was held by the Germans. 70 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 4. If Cassius should keep in memory. 5. The Germans are hemmed in on all sides by the character of their country. 6. The Germans will be kept from plundering by the Eomans. 7- They were held in slavery many years.^ Nofes and Questions. 1 Define the Passive Voice ? {72) What are the Personal Endings of the Passive Voice ? Name the three Stems of contineo. On which Stem are the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive formed ? 2 See S4. 8 See 25, * loci natura, by the character of their country. ^ summus mens, the top of the mountain; lit., the highest mountain. . 6 From acriter ; from what adjective is acriter derived ? 7 rapinis ; translate by the Singular ; see Ln. XLIIL, Note 6. 8 When possum governs a Passive Infinitive render it by can, if in the Present Tense; by cmild, if in a Past Tense; e. g. t^neri potest, can he held ; teneri potSrat, cmild he held. See 93. o>5. Learn the entire Deponent Verb of the Second Conjugation. A. & G. 135: A. & S. 323, use moneor for model: B. 46; 55; 93: B. & M. 304; SOS: G.311; 143; 144: H. 231, 1-3; Note under 232 : G. p. 99. VOCABULARY. intueor, eri, intuitus suin,^ looh at. ne, adv. not. used with the Subjunctive and Imperative. ne, conj. that not; after verbs of fearing, that; used with the Subjunctive. pollieeor, eri, pollicitus sum, promise. vSreor, eri, veritiis sum, fear. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 71 Conjugrate and srive a synopsis of each verb. 1. Aedui frumentum pollicentur.^ 2. Aedui frumentum publice polliciti erant. 3. Vereor ne Aedui Eomanis^ fru- mentum polliceantur.^ 4. Ne^ frumentum poUiceamur.^ 5. Si Aedui frumentum maturum poUiciti essent, Caesar felix fuis- set. 6. Eomani non hostem verentur sed angustias itineris. 7. Ne Divitiaci animum offenderet (Jie should offend) vereba- tur. 8. Nunciaf^ Sequanos terram intueri. 9. Negat^ Eo- manos hostem veritos esse. 10. Solem intueri nonpossiimus. 11. Ne solem intueamur. 12. Yerebamur ne hostes agros nostros popularentur. 13. Veremur ne hostes agros nostros populentur. 14. Veremmi ne hostes agros vestros popiilentur. 15. Eomanis frumentum non pollTciti siimus. 16. Eomani Helvetiis obsides non poUicebuntur. Write in liatin. 1. We were exhorting and promising. ^ 2. They have promised ripe corn. 3. He says that they^have promised ripe corn. 4. He fears that the Eonlans will promise* com to our enemies.^ 5. Let us not promise com to the Gauls. 6. Let us not look at the men. 7. Let us not fear the diffi- culties of the route. 8. I fear that the route will be* dan- gerous. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. XXXV., Vy., 1. 2 Define a Deponent Verb. (77) What Participles do Deponent Verbs have ? What Infinitives ? 3 See 39. * When the Present Subjunctive depends upon a verb of fearing which is in the Present Tense, render it by the Future Indicative : n6 Aedui pol- liceantur, that the Aedui will promise. ^ ne is here an adverb. 8 gee Ln. XXXIII., Note 3. 6 See Ln. XXIX., Example 7. » they, eos. ^ What is the object of nunciat ? 72, FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON XLVII. FOURTH DECLENSION. 96. A. & G. 68 ; 69 : A. & S. 126 ; 127 : B. 142 ; 143, Rem. 2 : B. & M. 137: G. 6T; 68: H. 116, 1, 2; 118, (1): C. 34. 97. J>eelension of domus. A. & G. TO, /; A. & S. 130 s B. 143, Rem. 8 : B. & M. 144: G. 67, 2: H. 119 : C. 34, I. VOCABULARY, adventiis, us, m. arrival, approach, commoveo, erg, commovi, commotum, move, disturb, conspectus, us, m. sight; vidw, cornu, us, n. horn; of an army, wing, dexter, dextrS, dextriiin, right. domus, us, f. house; domi, at home. gquitatus, us, m. cavalry. exercitus, us, m. army, impetus, us, m. attack. paene, adv. almost, semper, adv. always. sustineo, ere, ul, sustentum, sustain, withstand. Parse the nouns and verbs. 1. De Caesaris adventu.^ 2, Helvetii Caesaris adventu^ commoti sunt. 3. In conspectu hostium. 4. Omnium^ ex conspectu. 5. Paene m conspectu exercitus nostri* agri vas- tantur. 6. Ciim equitatu Helvetiorum. 7. Magnum nii- merum equitatus semper habebat. 8. Equitatus sustinebat hostium impetiim. 9. Labienus exercitui^ Eomano prae- fuit. 10. Hostea impetus militum sustinere non potuerunt. 11. Equitatum omnem praemittit {ke sends forward) qui^' impetiim hostium sustineat.^ 12. Ne hostium adventu commoveamur. 13. A dextro cornu; ad dextrum corntl. 14. Caesar domi fuit. 15. Sequani itinere'^ exercitum nos- trum prohibere conantur. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 73 Notes and Questions. 1 See 16, How many declensions are there in Latin, and how distin- guished from one another ? («) What is the Stem-Ending of each ? What are the Case-Endings of the Fourth Declension ? 2 See 79. 8 See Ln. XXXVIIL, Note 10. 4 nostri modifies exercitus. 5 See 67. 6 qui — sustineat, to withstand. J See Ln. XLIIL, Note 6. LESSON XLVIII. FIFTH DECLENSION. 08. A. & G. Note; 72; 73; 74, d: A. & S. 132, a: 133 (2), (3): B. 144, Note ; 145, Rem. 1, 2 : B. & M. all of 146; 147: G. 69, Remarks 1, 2; 70: H. 120, 1, 2; 122; 123: C. 35. VOCABULARY. commeatus, us, m. supplies, provisions. comparo, are, avi, atum, prepare. dies, diei, m. day. fides, fidei, f. faith, pledge, promise. pernicies, perniciei, f. ruin, destruction. profectio, onis, f. departure. res, rei, f. thing, affair. spes, spei, f. hope, expectation. Analyze and parse. 1. Cum pemicie^ exercitus. 2. Ad suam pemiciem. 3. Uno die. 4. Diem dicunt {tket/ appoint). 5. Sine spe. 6. In meliorem^ spem. 7. Magnam m spem. 8. Magnas spes habemus. 9. Res Helvetiis ^ enunciata est. 10. Piitat res Helvetiis enunciatas esse. 11. Oinnes res ad profec- tionem comparatae sunt. 12. Caesar paucos dies* Sd^ Ve- sontionem commeatus causa ^ moratur. 13. Caesar Gallis 74 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. fidem dabit. 14. Yereor ne Caesar Helvetiis fidem det.'' 15. Si Caesar Germanis fidem det, Eomani non laetentur. 16. Caesar Divitiaco^ maximam fidem habebat. 17. Ger- manis parvam habet fidem. 18. Caesari fidem habeamus.^ J ^'' Write in Liatin. 1. The affair will be reported to the Eomans. 2. He saj^s (that) the affair has been reported to the Eomans. 3. We had great expectations. 4. We shall prepare all things for the departure. 5. With the ruin of many cities. 6. We shall delay many days near^ Eome for the sake of provisions. 7. We fear that the leader will give'^ a pledge to the Eomans. 8. We have the greatest confidence in^ the Helvetii. 9. They have very little ^^ confidence in the Germans. Notes and Questior^s. 1 What is the Stem of pernicies, dies, spes, fides ? When is the final Stem-Vowel short ? What are the Case-Endings of the Fifth Declension ? Which nonns are complete in the Plural ? 2 See «4. 8 See sf>. 4 See 93. 6 See Ln. XXXV., Note 4. ^ See General Vocabulary under causa. 7 See Ln. XL VI., Note 4. 8 Divitiaco — fidem habebat, had — confidence in Divitiacus ; lit. , had confidence to Divitiacus, See 39, 9 See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. lo See Ln. XXXIX., Note 2. LESSON XLIX. VERBS : THIRD CONJUGATION : ACTIVE VOICE. 09. Learn the entire Active Voice of the Third Conjugation. A. & G. 131: A. & S. 222 rego : B. 87; 88 : B. & M. 292: G. 131; 132: H. 209; 241-248: C. 76. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 75 a. The Imperative and Present Indicative have a connecting vowel between the Stem and Personal Ending ; this connecting vowel is u before n, elsewhere i. The First Person Singidar Present Indica- tive has the termination 6 ; the Second Person Singular Present Im- perative, the termination e. h. The Imperfect Indicative has a connecting vowel (e) between the Stem and Tense-Sign ; the Present Participle and Present Infini- tive, a connecting vowel (e) between the Stem and Ending. c. The Future Indicative has a connecting vowel between the Stem and Personal Ending ; this is a in the First Singular, elsewhere e. VOCABULARY, contendo, erg,^ contendi, contentum, hasten, march rapidly, dunitto, ere, dimisl, dimissum, dismiss. gero, ere, gessi, gestum, carry, carry on. mitto, erg, misi, missum, send. toUo, ere, sustuli, sublatum, lift, take away. Conjugate and give a synopsis of eacli verb ; name its elements ; parse the nouns and adjectives. 1. Caesar m Italiam magnis itineribus^ contendit. 2. Cae- sar ad hostes contendit equitatumque omnem mittit.^ 3. Cae- sarem hortemiir tit ad hostes contendat. 4. Helvetii legates ad Caesarem mittunt. 5. Helvetii exereitum Eomanum siih_ jiiguin^ miserunt. 6. Nunciat Helvetios exereitum Eomanum siib jiigum misisse. 7. Imperator celeriter concilium dimittit. 8. Consul spem fugae tollebat. 9. ToUe, consul, spem f iigae. 10. Belgae ciim Germanis continenter helium gesserunt. 11. Si omnes res ad profectionem comparatae sint, m Galliam ulteriorem contendamiis. 12. Veremur ut^ rex ciim hostihus helium gerat.^ Write in Latin. 1. Let us hasten into farther Gaul. 2. Let us urge the lieutenant to hasten into hither Gaul. 3. The Eomans car- ried on war with the Gauls many years.^ 4. The Sequani had sent our army under the yoke. 5. The king will have taken 76 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. away the hope of flight. 6. The kmg had taken away the hope of flight. 7. He thinks that the king has taken away the hope of flight. Notes and Questions. ' magnis itinSribus, by long marches. See 54, 2 Name the Stems of mitto. What are the Future Endings of the Third Conjugation ? Of the First and Second ? What is the sign of the Imper- fect Indicative ? 3 When was an army "sent under a yoke," and why? See General Vocabulary under jugum. * ut after verbs of fearing is to be rendered that Twt. 5 See Ln. XL VI., Note 4. 6 What question does "many years " answer ? {93) LESSON L. VERBS ; PASSIVE VOICE : THIRD CONJUGATION. 100, Learn the entire Passive Voice of the Third Conjugation. A. & G. 131 : A. & S. 223 regor: B. 8T; 88 : B. & M. 293: G. 133; 134: H. 210: C. 76. See also 73, a, of this book, observing that in the Third Conjuga- tion the exception is the Second Person Singular of the Present Indica- tive instead of the Future. VOCABULARY. cing6, ere, cinxi, cinctiim, surround, encircle. deligo, ere, delegi, deleetum, select, choose, dico, ere, dixi, dictum, say, tell. duc§, ere, duxi, ductum, lead, draw, /^nc6, 8rg, vTci, victiiin, conquer. Conjagrate and grive a synopsis of eacli verb. 1. Exercitus Eomanus ab Helvetiis siib jiigum missus est.^ 2. Orgetorix deligitiir.^ 3. Cassius legatus^ deligetur. 4. Yix suiguli carri ducebantur. 5. Vix singiili cam per angustias FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 77 ducti erant. 6. Paene totum oppidum flumine^ ciiigitiir. 7. Ne ab hostibus^ vincamur. 8. Si ab hostibus victi es- semus, victoria* gloriati essent.^ 9. Si Caesar exercitui^ praesit, non vincamini. 10. Non imperator^ deligeris. 11. Carri per angustias duci non possunt."^ 12. Germani a Eomanis vinci non poterant.'^ 13. Urbs cingitur; urbs cin- getur. 14. Castra vallo^^ cincta sunt. 15. Si castra vallo cingantur, non vincamus. 16. Si Caesar imperator deligatur^ omnes laetentur. Write In liatin. 1. The Helvetii had been sent tinder a yoke. 2. Caesar said (that) the Gauls had been sent under a yoke. 3. The wagons will be drawn with difficulty one by one. 4. Almost the entire town was surrounded by a river. ^ 5. We shall not be con- quered by the enemy .^ 6. We fear that you will be conquered^ by the Germans. 7. As brave soldiers as possible^ will be selected. 8. The best (men) have been selected. 9. We fear that our soldiers will be sent under a yoke. 10. You fear that^^ Titus will not^^ send the enemy under a yoke. 11. We fear that Caesar will not select the bravest soldiers. 12. We shall select as many soldiers as possible. 13. If the general should select the bravest men, all w^ould rejoice. 14. Let us select as brave soldiers as possible. " Notes and Questions. 1 What are the Personal Endings of the Passive Voice ? (7;^) What are the Future Endings of the Third Conjugation, Passive Voice ? Of the First and Second Conjugations, Passive Voice ? Which verbs have a Passive Voice ? Ans. Transitive VerhSj i. e. verbs which in the Active Voice take a direct object. {34) 2 See 64. 3 See Ln. XXXI., Note 6. * See 79 and Ex. 2. s See Ln. XXXVI., Ex. 5. 6 See 67. 7 gee Ln. XLV., Note 8. 8 See Ln. XLVI., Note 4. 9 See Ln. XLIL, Note 7. 10 See 54, n See Ln. XLIX., Note 4. 78 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON LI. VERBS ; FOURTH CONJUGATION. 1^1, Learn the entire conjugation of audio. Active and Passive. A. & G. 132 : A. & S. 222 ; 223 : B. 83 ; 84 : B. & M. 300; 301 s G. 135-138: H. 211 ; 212: C. 78. a. The Third Person Plural of the Present Indicative and Future Imperative has the connecting vowel u : e. g. audi-u-nt, audi-u-nto ; see also 99, h and c. VOCABULARY audio, ire, ivi, itum, hear. con-venio, ire, veni, ventum, come together, assemble. niunio, ire, ivi, itum, fortify. per-vSnio, ire, veni, ventum, come to, arrive. venio, ire, veni, ventum, come. Conjugate and give a sjmopsis of each verb. 1. Pueri multas res audiunt. 2. Multae res a pueris audi- untur. 3. Mllites imperatorem audient. 4. Imperator a militibus audietiir. 5. Belgae totiim oppidum mumverunt.^ 6. To turn oppidum a Belgis munitum est."* 7. Si castra a militibus munitS, essent, hostes non vTcissent. 8. Muniamus urbem Eomam. 9. Caesar in Galliam citeriorem venit.^ 10. Veni, vidi,^ vTci.^ 11. Ad ripam Ehodani omnes con- veniunt. 12. Mllites hortatiir iit ad ripam Ehodani conve- niant. 13. In fines Gall5rum pervenerunt, -ubi inhere) propter vulnera militum paucos dies^ morati sunt. 14. Hel- vetii 111 Aeduorum fines pervenerant^ et agros populabantur.^ Write in liatin. 1. The soldiers had heard many things. 2. Many things are heard by the soldiers. 3. The ambassador will be heard. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 79 4. The Eomans came into farther Gaul. 5. They fortified Geneva^ a walled town. 6. Let us fortify many towns. 7. We came, w^e saw, we conquered. 8. The bravest soldiers have assembled on the bank of the Ehine. Notes and Questions. I What other Ending has the Perfect Indicative Active, Third Plural ? ^ How does venit differ from vSnit in meaning ? ^ vidi from video ; vici from vinco. * See 93. ^ How does the Pluperfect Indicative represent the action ? (42) ^ How does the Imperfect Indicative represent the action ? (36) ^ How many conjugations are there, and how distinguished from one another? LESSON LII. THIRD CONJUGATION : VERBS IN lO. 102, Learn the entire conjugation, Active and Passive, of capio. A. & G. 131, page 100: A. & S. 222; 223: B. 92 : B. «& M. 294:297: G. 139; 140: H. 21T-219 : C. TT. VOCABULARY. capio. capere. cepi. captum. take, capture. ciipio. ciipere, ciipivi. cupitum. desire. fSciO, fXeere, feci. factum. mahe, do; itgr fScSrS, to march. fodio, fodgrg. fodi. fossiini. dig. fugi5. fugere. fugi. fugitum. flee. jaci6, jacere. jecT, j actum. throw, hurl. rapio. rapere. rapul, raptiim. seize, plunder. Conjugate and grive a synopsis of each verb. 1. Eomani multa oppida ceperunt. 2. Malta oppida a Edmanis capta sunt. 3. Helvetii magnas possessiones ciipient. 80 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 4. Magnae pogsfessiones ab Helvetiis ciipientur. 5. Nostri milites t^&in hostes jaciebant.^ 6. Germani castra Eoma- norum rapuerunt. 7. Germani magnam fossam foderant. 8. Fossas multas et magnas foderimiis. 9. Fiigite,^ milites,^ m urbem. 10. Dux nunciat hostes* oppidum captur5s^ esse. 1 1 . Legatus dixit oppTdum a militibi^s capturn esse.^ 12. Una pars initinm a flumine Rhodano capit. 13. Legatus veretiir ne locus ex internecione exercitus nomen capiat."^ 14. Helvetii per provinciam nostram iter faciebant. 15. Helvetii per agrum Sequanorum iter m Aeduorum fines facient. 16. Iter faciamiis in fines Germanorum. 17. Legatus milites hdrta- batiir qu5 iter celerius^ facerent.^ 18. Milites iter celerius facere non possunt. Notes. 1 Change sentences 5, 6, 7 into the Passive fonn ; compare sentences 3 and 4. 2 See 47. 3 See Ln. V., Note 5. * See 53. » Why captures and not capturus ? 6 captiim esse, had been taken, 7 See Ln. XLVI., Note 4. 8 See Ln. XXXVIIL, Note 3. 9 c616rius, an adjective^ modifying iter. LESSON LIII. DEPONENT VERBS: THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS. 103 • Learn the entire Third and Fourth Conjugations of Deponent Verbs. A. & G. 135 : A. & S. 223, use regor and audior for models : B. 93: B. & M. 309; 310: G. 145-148: H. 231, I~3; Note under 232 : C. p. 100. ^ 104, Ablative tvith certain Deponents. A. & G. 249: A. & S. 419: B. 258, a: B. i& M. 880: G. 405: H. 421, L: C. 167 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 81 VOCABULARY. mStior, mStiri, mensus sum, measure, deal out, nitor, niti, nisiis or nixus sum, strive, endeavor. orior, oriri, ortus sum, rise, begin. potior, potiri, potitus sum, get possession of, obtain. proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, set out depart. sequor, sequi, secutiis sum, follow. utor, uti. usus sum, use, make use of Conjugate ; name the Stems ;^ grive synopses ; parse. 1. Caesar hostes sequitiir. 2. Caesar paucos dies^ mo- rattis^ hostes secutiis est. 3. Liscus cum legiombus e castris profectus est. 4. Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci. 5. Bel- gae ab extremis Galliae f inibus^ oriuntur. 6. Milites frumento non utentur. 7. Frumento uti^ homines non poterant. 8. Pace uti non possiimus. 9. ImpedTmentis castrisque nos- tril potitT sunt. 10. Nitebantur lit imperio potirentur. 11. Nitentiir ilt'^ totius Galliae imperio potiantilr."^ 12. Galli nituntur ut impedimentis potiantiir. 13. Dux viris^ frumen- tum metitiir. 14. Liscus milTtibus frumentum non mensus erat. 15. Nitamur ut totJus Italiae imperio potiamiir. Write in liatin. 1. Liscus will follow the enemy. 2. Our soldiers followed the Gauls. 3. The Gauls were following our army. 4. When I shall have set out from the city. 5. We shall make use of the corn. 6. The lieutenant is striving to get possession of, the camp. 7. Let us strive to get possession of^ the baggage. 8. They attempt to get possession of ^ the camp. 9. The Gauls were striving to get possession of the entire town. Notes and Questions. 1 The Present Stem of Deponent Verbs is found in tlie Present Infini- tive by dropping the Ending ri in the First, Second, and Fourth Conjuga- tions, and the Ending i in the Third (cf. 28) : e. g. HORTAri, vfiREri, ^ 82 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. POTirl, and UTl are Present Infinitives ; horta, vere, poti, and ut their Present Stems. The Supine Stem of Deponent Verbs is found in the Perfect Participle by dropping the ending us (cf. 50) : e. g. HORTAxiis, VERiTtta, PoTiTiis, and usus are Perfect Participles ; hortat, verit, potit, and us their Supine Stems. 2 moratiis, having delayed. ^ dies, why in the Accusative ? * finibiis, limits. ^ See 69, 6 nostri, our men. "^ See Ln. XXXVIII. , Note 3. 8 See 39. Which Stem is wanting in Deponent Verbs ? What is a Deponent Verb ? What is the derivation and meaning of deponent ? See under depdno, Gen- eral Vocabulary. i)' ■ .J LESSON LIV. GENERAL EXERCISE : PLACE. 105. Place to which. A. & G. 258, b: A. & S. 425, 426 (1), a: B. 221, KuLE XII. : B. & M. 938: G. 410 : H. 380, I., II., 2, 1) : C. 130. 106. Place at or in which. A. & G. 258, c, d: A. & S. 425 ; 426 (1), (2), a: B. 249, Rule XXX VIL : B. & M. 932; 933: G. 412, Rem. 1 : H. 425, I., II. ; 426, 2 : C. 148, I, 2. 107. Place front which, A. & G. 258, a: A. & S. 425; 426 (1), (2): B. 254, Rule XXXIX.: B. & Ai. 941; 943: G. 411 : H. 412, I., II., 1 : C. 182. a. 105 answers the question Whither ? or To what place ? lOO, Where ? or hi what place ? 107, Whence ? or From what place ? EXAMPLES. 1. Caesar Genavam {105) conteudlt, Caesar hastened TO Geneva. 2. Liscus Aquileiae {106) fuit, Liscus was IN Aquileia. 3. Cassius Roma {107) venit, Cassius came prom Rome. 4. Divitiacus plurimum domi potSrat, Divitiacus was very powerful AT home. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 83 VOCABULARY. domiis, us, f. house, home : domi, at home ; domiim, hoTne, homeward; domo, from home. nihil (an indecl. neuter noun), nothing. Noviodunum, i, n. Noviodunum. plurimus, a, um, most: plurimum posse, to he very ^powerful. prae-mitto, ere, misi, missum, send forward. re-vertor, verti, versus sum, return. Suevi, Sriim, m. the Suevi. tra-dueO, diicere, duxi, ductum, lead across. Analyze 1 and parse. 1. Consiiles Eomae plurimos^ annos^ fuerunt. 2. Eoma venerunt legati Genavam. 3. Divitiacus plurimum^ domi* atque in reliqua Gallia poterat.^ 4. Imperator omnem equi- tatum Noviodunum praemTsit. 5. Domiim mittam pueros malos. 6. Suevi ad ripas Elieni venerant et domum reverte- bantiir. 7. Nitemur tit Noreiam revertamur. 8. Si Roma proficiscamiir/ non domiim revertamur. 9. Yeremur lit^ nostri amici Romae multos dies maneant.^ 10. Helvetii jam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias traduxerant et in Aeduorum fines pervenerant. Write in I^atin. 1. We shall be at home very many ^ days.^ 2. The friends will come home. 3. They came from Noviodunum to Rome. 4. The consul sent forward all the troops to Geneva. 5. He fears that we shall not^ return^ home. 6. Let"^ us return home. 7. They will attempt to return to Geneva. 8. He was not able to return home. 9. If the soldiers had marched more quickly^ they would have come to the banks of the Rhone. o4 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Noies. 1 See Ln. XXXIX., Note 2. 2 See 93. 3 See Ex. 4. * How is domus declined ? (97) ^ How is the Present Subjunctive with si translated ? (Ln. XXIX., Ex. 1.) 6 See Ln. XLVL, Note 4 and Ln. XLIX., Note 4. ' 7 See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. 8 See Ln. LIL, Note 9 and Ln. XXXVL, Ex 5. LESSON LV. NUMERALS. — EXTENT IN SPACE. 108^ Learn the Cardinals and Ordinals, the declension of uniis, duo, tres, and mille. A. & G 94, a-e: A. & S. 146; 156; 15T (1), (2); 158-160; 161, g: B. 167; 168, Rem. 1-5: B. & M. 201-204; 200 ; 207 : G.92-94; 308: H. 171; 172; 174-179: C. 54; 55, 1,3. 109. Extent in Space, A. & G. 257: A. & S. 423: B. 220, Rule XI. : B. & M. 958: G. 335 ; 336 : H. 379 : C. 129, 1. This answers such questions as How far f How deep ? How high ? How wide ? How long ? EXAMPLES. 1. CastrS ab urbe milia passuum octo ^bsunt, the camp is EIGHT MILES distant from the city. 2. Flumen pedes vTginti altum est, the river is TWENTY FEET deep, 3. Mons pedes nongentds alius est, the mountain is nine HUNDRED feet high. VOCABULARY. alter, alterS,, altSrum, one of two, the other, latus, S, iim, wide. longus, S, iim, long. passiis, us, m. step, pace; mille passus, a mile; lit., a thousand paces. "^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 85 pes, pSdIs, m. foot. pond, p5ngrg, posui, positum, j^lace, 'put ; castrS ponSre, to 'pitch a camp. vigilia, ae, f. 'watch; de prima vigilia, in the first watch. N. B. No numerals will be given in the Vocabularies ; they must be learned from the grammar. Translate and parse. 1. Flumen est pedes quadraginta tres latum.^ 2. Mons decern milia^ trgcentos pedes altus est. 3. Fossa pedes tre- centos longa est, sex pedes alia. 4. Fossa pedes quindecim lata est. 5. Milites daas fossas quindecim pedes latas f ode- runt. 6. Caesar domum^ tertiam* legionem misit. 7. De tertia vigilia^ centum et triginta quinque milites praemittit. 8. Milia passuum^ tria ab urbe castra posuit. 9. Oppida ad"^ quadraginta et vicos ad quadringentos incendunt. 10. Erant itinera duo ; unum per Sequanos ; alterum per provinciam nostram. 11. Summa^ erat capTtum Helvetiorum^ milia ducenta et sexaginta tria. 12. Circiter miM hominum cen- tum et triginta siiperfuerunt. "Write in tatin. 1. The river is sixteen feet deep. 2. The river is two hundred feet wide. 3. The mountain is eight thousand feet high. 4. The river is ninety-four miles long. 5. The men dug a ditch ten feet deep. 6. We shall send the soldiers home in the second watch. 7. They burned about eighty towns. 8. We shall pitch our camp about twenty miles from Rome. Notes and Quesiions. 1 What does Ifttnm modify ? What is it modified by ? 2 Spelled also with two I's : millia. * See 105, * What kind of a numeral is tertiam ? OO FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. ^ The Romans divided the night into four equal parts named prima vigilia, secunda vigilia, tertia vigilia, quarta vigilia. ^ A Roman pace (passus) as a measure of length was about iive feet. ' ad with numerals signifies about. 8 summa, i?ie sum total. » capitum Helvfitifinim, of tJie Eelvetii; lit. of the heads of the Helvetii. LESSON LVI. COMPOUND NOUNS. — ABLATIVE OF TIME. 110. Compound Nouns. A. & G. T7, 6, a: A. & S. 300, a : B. 151: B. & M. 170: H. 125; 126: C. 106, 1, 2. 111. Ablative of Time. A. & G. 256 : A. & S. 424 : B. 252, Rule XXXVIIL : B. & M. 949.- G. 392: H. 429: C. 185. The Ablative of Time answers the questions When ? At what time ? Within what time ? What question does the Accusative of Time answer? See 98. EXAMPLES, 1. Die septlmS pervenit, he arrived ON the seventh day. 2. Proxima noctg castrS movit, THE NEXT NIGHT he broke wp camp. VOCABULARY. dl-vid6, vidSrg, visi, visum, divide, separate. in-coI$, coIerS, colui, cultum, inhabit, dwell. jnsjiirandunij jurisjurandi, n. oath. 1S.CUS, us, m. ^ lake. mensis, is, m. month. potens, potentis, adj. able, powerful. pro, prep. w. abl. before, for. respublicS, rgipublicae, f. republic, commonwealth. Analyze and parse. 1. Galli E5manis^ jusjurandum dederunt. 2. Dixit Gallos Eomanis jusjurandum dedisse.^ 3. Multas res jurejurando^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 87 sanxerunt (tJiey ratified), 4. Iri^ rempublTcam legatus sex legiones duxit. 5. Pro republica; pro castris. 6. Per tres potentissimos popiilos totlus^ Galliae. 7. In fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt. 8. Proxima nocte de quarta vigilia^ castra moverunt. 9. Proximo die Caesar e castris copias suas eduxit. 10. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus in castra re- duxit. 11. Domi'^ manserunt sept em menses.^ 12. Quadra- ginta tres annos regnavit. 13. Nitamur^ ut solis occasu pro- ficiscamur.^^ 14. Gallia est^^ omnis divTsa-^^ in partes tres, quarum [of which) unam^^ incolunt Belgae, aliam^^ Aquitani,^^ tertiam^^ Galli.^^ 15. A lacu Lemanno ad montem Juram fossam vigintT pedes ^* latam fodit. 16. De tertia vigilia cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus est. 17. Dicit liostes siib monte castra posuisse milia^^ passuumab nostris castris octo.^^ Notes. 1 See 39. 2 See Ln. XVII. 2 See 54, * in, against. ^ Which adjectives are declined like tdtus ? {24) 6 See Ln. LV., Note 5, "^ See 106, 8 See 93. 9 See Ln. XXIX., Ex. 7. 10 See Ln. XXXVIIL, Note 3. 11 est — dlvisa is the same as divlsa — est. 12 Understand partem. i^ Subject of incSlunt understood. 1* See 109. i^ oct6 modifies milia. LESSON LVII. PRONOUNS : PERSONAL, POSSESSIVE, AND REFLEXIVE. 112. Learn the declension of ggo, tu, sui. A. & G. 98, 1, 2, 6, 3; 99, (Z, e: A. & S. 178; 179; 186; 431, e; 449,(1): B. 171; 172, a, 6, Rem. 2; 173, a; B. & M. 2SO-2S2,' 234 j 236: G. 97- 100 : H. 182, 184, 2, 3, 4, 6 ; 185 : C. 67, 1. 88 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Translate and parse. 1. Ego^ sum malus^ sed tu es bonus. 2. Ego vos sub jugum mittam. 3. Nos vobls^ amici sumus. 4. Nunciat nobis te venisse. 5. Ego de prima vTgilia profectus essem^ si tuvenisses. 6. Nostra consilia hostibus enunciantur. 7. Ob- sides inter sese* dant. 8. Inter se jusjurandura dant. 9. Omnes lingna^^ institutis^^ legibus^ inter se^ differuiit {differ), 10. Helvetii suls finibus'^ Germanos prohibebant. 11. Caesar suos milites in Galliam mittet sed in provinciam nostros.^ 12. Tutis filius in Galliam citeriorem iter faciet. Write in iLatin. 1. I am a Eomanbutyou are a Gaul. 2. He will announce to jou (that) we have come. 3. Your plans will be reported to us. 4. The Helvetii and Sequani will give hostages to each other. 5. He says (that) the Gauls and Germans will give hostages to each other. 6. I shall send my soldiers home^ but yours into Gaul. 7. You will be friendly to us. 8. I fear that you will not^^ be^^ friendly to us. Notes. 1 Form for parsing a pronoun. — Sgo is a personal pronoun ; declined, egative of fhe iPerson vossesslng. A. & G. 231 : A. & S. 384 : B. 243, Rule XXXI. : B. & M. S21 : G. 349 : H. 38T : 0. 156. 138. Two natives. A. & G 233, «; A. & S. 385; 386 : B. 246, Rule XXXI V. : B. & M.«4«.- G. 350 : H. 390, 1., II.: C. 161. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 117 EXAMPLES. 1. Est mihi {1S7) domi pater, I have a father at home; lit., a father is to me at home, 2. Sex viro {137) filii fuerunt, A man had six sons. 3. Haec mihi (1S8) sunt curae, these (things) are A care to me ; lit., these (things) are for a care to me. 4. Tertiam aciem nostris subsidio misit, he sent the third line AS a relief to our (men). 5. Novissimis praesidio erant, they were A protection to the hindmost. Analyze and parse. 1. Mihi est amicus; tibi sunt plurimi amici. 2. Magni pedes sunt meo fratri sed caput parvum. 3. Erit consuli magnus exercitus. 4. Imperatori fuerunt milites multi et^ fortes. 5. Yirtus est viro honori. 6. Dixit haec sibi esse curae. 7. Quinque cohortes castris praesidio rellquit. 8. Le- gato^ imperavit tit quinque cohortes castris praesidio relin- queret.^ 9. Magno usui nostris fuit. 10. Nam equitatui,* quem^ auxilio Caesari Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat. 11. Gallis magno ad pugnam^ erat"^ impedimento, quod non satis commode pugnare poterant. 12. Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum milibus^ circiter quindecim agmen hostium claude- bant et novissimis^ praesidio erant, ex itmere^^ nostros circum- venere.^^ 13. His rebus^^ cognitis Caesar Gallorum animos verbis ^^ confirmavit poUicitusque est sibi cam rem curae fiitu- ram.^* 14. Ariovistus dixit amlcitiam popiili Eomani s3[bi omamento et praesidio non detrimento esse^^ oportere.^® Write in liatin. 1. My friend has four sons. 2. The lieutenant had many soldiers. 3. He wiU leave two legions as a protection to the camp. 4. The cavalry, which the lieutenant sent, was a great protection to the rear. 5. It was a great hindrance to us in 118 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. battle that we could ^^ not fight with suiRcient ease. 6. He will order the lieutenant ^ to send^^ soldiers as a relief to our men. 7. He ordered the lieutenant to send soldiers as a relief to our men. 8. The consul ought ^^ to send soldiers as a relief to us. Notes and Questions. 1 See Ln. VI., Note 5. 2 gee 132. 2 Why is the Subjunctive used ? (136) Why the Imperfect Tense ? (135) What question does ut — rglinquSret answer ? {136) * See 67. ^ quern ; why is the Masculine Singular used ? Why the Accusative ? 6 ad pugnam, in battle. ^ The subject of §rat is the substantive clause quod — potSrant. ^ Is milibus used as a noun or as an adjective ? {108) ; see also 54, ^ novissimis, to the hindmost ; lit., to tlie newest, 10 ex itingre, on the march. 11 What is the other ending of the Perfect Indicative Active 3d Plural ? 12 See 122. 13 gee 54. 1* Sc. ess6. 15 See 129. 16 See 12H and Ex. 8. 17 See Ln. XXVIII., Ex. 2. " See 136, LESSON LXXV. SUBJUNCTIVE IN CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 139* Subjunctive of Result. A. & G. 319, d; 332, a : A. &> S. 483; 494, a; 499: B. 296, Rule LIX. ; 297, Rule LX.; 301, Rule LXII. : B. & M. 121S-1220: G, 553-558: 551, 1, 2: H. 500, L, II. ; 501, I., 1 ; 504: C. 207; 208; 209; 223. EXAMPLES. 1. Tantus timor exercitum occiipavit ut omnium mentes perturbaret, siich fear seized the army that it disturbed the minds of all. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 119 2. Dixit non se tSm barbSrum essS ut n5n sciret, he said he was not so uncivilized as not to know. 3. Fiebat iit minus late vagarentur, it happened that they ROAMED ABOUT less extensively. 4. Retineri n5n poterant quin tela conjicerent, they could not be prevented from hurling weapons. Analyze and parse. 1. Milites numero^ tarn multi erant^ tit agmini^ novissimo magno praesidio^ essent.^ 2. His rebus* fiebat^ tit et minus late vagarentur et minus ^cile f initimis bellum inferre possent. 3. Ariovistus dixit non se tam barbarum esse^ ut non scTret bello^ AUobrogum proximo Aeduos E5manis auxilium non ttilisse. 4. Tantus siibito timor omnem exercitum occtipavit, tit non mediocriter omnium mentes "^ animosque perturbaret. 5. Mons autem altissimus impendebat, tit^ facile perpauci prohibere possent. 6. Divico respondit : Ita^ Helvetios a majoribus suis institutos esse/^ liti obsTdes accipere, non dare, consuerint.^^ 7. Ita dies^^ circiter quindecTm iter fecerunt, titi inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum^^ sex milia passuum interessent. 8. Ipse autem Ariovistus tantos sibi^* spiritus, tan tam arrogantiam sumpserat, lit ferendus^^ non videretur. 9. Germani retineri non poterant quin m nostros tela conjicerent. Write in liatin. 1. Such fear seized the men that they all fled. 2. Such fear seizes the men that they all flee. 3. We are so many in num- ber^ that we can easily keep their ^^ army from the march.^^ 4. For these reasons* it happened that they easily kept our army from the march.^^ 5. For these reasons it happens that they make w^ar upon their neighbors. 6. They marched in such a manner that four miles intervened between their rear and our van.^^ 7. This man assumes ^^ such lofty airs 120 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. that he does not seem endurable.^^ 8. The lieutenant as- sumed such lofty airs that he did not seem endurable.^^ 9. The Romans could not be prevented from making ^^ war upon their neighbors. Notes and Questions. I See 124. 2 See 138. 3 Why the Imperfect ? (135) * his rebus, for these reasons ; see 79, 6 What is the subject of fiebat ? 6 ggg nt. ■^ How do mens and animus diifer in signification ? See Gen. Vy. 8 ut, so that. 9 ita modifies institutes essg. 10 institutes ess6 is object of respondit. {52) II See A. & G. 128, a; A. & S. 2i28, «, h: B. 95, d: B. & M. 315: G. 151, 1: H. 235: C. 84; 7. 12 See 93, i^ primum, so. agmen ; render 'Vian, 1* See 39, 15 fSrendus, endurable ; lit. {one) to he endured. 16 See Ln. XLIIL, Note 6^.^ i^ See Ln. LVIII., Note 2. 18 See Example 4. i^ to assume, sibi stimSre. LESSON LXXVI. USE OF THE GENITIVE. 140. Genitive with Adjectives. A. & G. 218 : A. & S. 359 : B. 234, EuLE XXIII. : B. & M. 765: G. 373 : H. 399 : C. 136, 2. 141. Genitive in Predicate, A. & G. 214, c: A. & S. 357: B. 230, Kem. 1 : B & M. 780: G. 365: H. 401: C. 135. 142. Genitive tvitli certain Verbs. A. & G. 219 : A. & S. 365 : B. 235, Rule XXIV. : B. & M. 78S: G. 375 : H. 406, II. : C. 137, 1, 2. EXAMPLES. 1. Qui rSi (14:0) militaris peritissimus habebatur, who wan considered very skilful in military science. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 121 2. Bellandi {140) ciipidi, desirous OP carrying ON WAR. 3. Judicium imperatSris {14=1) est, the decision is the gen- eral's ; or, belongs to the general. 4. Gallia est popiili (141) Romani, Gaul belongs TO THE Roman people. 5. Reminiscatur pristinae virtutis {142) Helve tiorum, let him recollect the former valor of the Helvetii. 6. Vgteris contumeliae {142) oblivisci vult, he is willing to forget the old insult. Analyze and parse* 1. Legatus belli peritus^ liabetur. 2. Legatus nititur lit belli peritus f iat.^ 8. Nitebatur tit rei militaris perltissimus fieret.^ 4. Publius Considius^ qui rei militaris perltissimus habebatur et^ m exercitu Luci Sullae et postea m Marci Crassi* fuerat^ cum exploratoribus praemittitur. 5. Ariovistus dixit se non tam imperitum esse rerum^ ut non scTret^ Aeduos aux- ilio*^ populi Somani non usos esse.^ 6. Milites hortabor, tit gloriae semper memores sint. 7. Nos monuit tit virtutis semper memores essemus. 8. Qua de causa^ homines bel- landi ^^ ctipidi magno dolore afficiebantur. 9. Dlcit ipsum esse Dumnorigem cupidum no varum rerum. 10. Dicunt de summa belli ^^ judicium imperatoris esse^^ se existimavisse.^^ 11. Neque judicat Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam popiili Romani. 12. Mllitum est fortiter pugnare;^^ imperat5ris est imperare. 13. Divico Caesarem hortatur tit reminiscatur et^* veteris incommodi populi Eomani et pristinae virtutis Helve- tiorum. 14. Caesar recentium injuriarum oblivisci non vult.^^ 15. Omnis contiimeliae oblTviscamur. Write in I^atin. 1. I 'am not considered very skilful in war.^^ 2. I shall strive to become^ skilful in war. 3. This lieutenant, who had been in SuUa^s army and afterwards in Caesar^s and was 1*22 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. considered skilful in battle^ was sent forward with soldiers. 4. These soldiers are very desirous of carrying on war.^^ 5. The decision concerning the general managements^ of affairs belongs s^ to the consul. 6. This house is Caesar^s. 7. We ought to forget insults.^^ 8. Let us forget all wrongs. Notes and Questionis. 1 See 64. 2 gee 126 and 136. 3 Why Imperfect ? {13S) * in Marcl Crassi, sc. exercitu ; translate, in that of Marcus Crassus, ^ 6t connects habebatur and fuSrat. ^ See 139 and Example 2. 7 See 104, 8 usos essS depends upon sciret 9 qua de causa, for this reason. 10 bellandi is a Gerund ; parse it like a noun. 11 de summa belli, concerning the general management of the war. 12 ess^ depends upon ezistimavisse ; existimavisse upon dicunt 13 See 129. 14 See Ln. LXL, Note 3. 15 See 125. 16 See 140. 17 See Ex. 3. is See 142. LESSON LXXVII. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 143. A. & G. 304-308: A. & S. 476, a, b: B. 30.5, a, 1-3 ; 306, Rule LXVI. : B. & M. 1259-1208: G. 590; 591; 596 - 599: H. 506; 507, I. -III. : C. 215, 1, 2, 3, 4. EXAMPLES. 1. Si vincit, laetatur, if he is conquering, he is rejoicing. 2. Si vincet, laetabitur, if he conquers (shall conquer), he will rejoice. 3. Si vicerit, laetabitur, if he conquers (shall have conquered), he will rejoice. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 123 4. Si vincat, laetetur, if he should conquer, he would rejoice. 5. Si vinceret^ laetaretur, if he were conquering, he would he rejoicing. 6. Si vicisset, laetatus esset, if he had conquered, he would have rejoiced. Analyze and parse. 1. Si pugnat, vincit. 2. Si pugnabit, vincet. 3. Si pugna- verit, vincet. 4. Si pugnet, vincat. 5. Si pugnaret, vinceret. 6. Si pugnavissetj vicisset. 7. Si Helvetii Allobrogibus ^ satis^cient_, cum iis pacem faciam. 8. Si Helvetii Allobro- gibus satis:Kciant^ ciim iis pacem iKciam. 9. Caesar dicit si Helvetii AUobrogibus satisfaciant^ sese ciim iis pacem esse factiirum.2 iq^ Si quid^ vultis^^^ revertimini.* 11. Si pacem popiilus Eomanns cum Helvetiis faciet^ in eam partem ibunt-^^ Helvetii iibi eos esse volueris.^ 12. Sin bello® persequi^ per- severabis,^ reminiscere* et veteris incommodi^ populi Eomani et pristmae viriiitis Helvetiorum. 13. Si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellem,^^ niim^^ etiam recentium injuriarum memo- riam deponere^ possem? 14. Si id fiet, provinciae^^ pericu- losum erit. 15. Caesar dicit si nemo^^ sequatur^ se cum sola decima legione itiirum esse.^^ Write in liatin. 1. If he is satisfying the Aedui/ he is rejoicing. 2. If he satisfies the Aedui, he will rejoice. 3. If he should satisfy the Aedui, he would rejoice. 4. If he were satisfying the Aedui, he would be rejoicing. 5. If he had satisfied the Aedui, he would have rejoiced. 6. If you wish anything,^ ask. 7. If they mate peace with us^ we shall go into that part where they wish^ us to be. 8. But if they persist in pursuing^ us with war,^ let them recall to mind^^ our former valor.^ 9. If we were willing to forget the old misfortune, could we also get rid of the remembrance of recent insults ? 1^4 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes and Questions. 1 See 132. 2 essg factamm = factiimm ess& 8 See 116 and Ex. 6. * See 47. ^ What does the Future Perfect Tense denote ? (42) 6 See 54. "^ See 69. s persSqui persSvero, I persist in pursuing. » See 14;?. lo See lj&5. " See 126. 12 What answer is implied ? See Ln. LXI., Note 1. 13 See 86. 1* The Genitive and Ablative of nemo are rare : these cases are supplied by nuUins and nuUo (from nuUus, 24). IS See 134. LESSON LXXVIII. USE OF THE ABLATIVE. 14:4:. Ablative eacpressing Measure {Degree) of Differencem A. & G. 250: A. & S. 415: B. 262, Rule XLVII. : B. & M. 929: G. 400: H. 423: C. 176. 144, a. Ablative of Quality. A. & G. 251 : A. & S. 411 : B. 263, Rule XLVIII.: B. & M. 888: G. 402: H. 419, II.: C. ITS. This is called sometimes the Ablative of Characteristic , some- times the Descriptive Ablative. EXAMPLES. 1. Altgrum iter multo {14:4) expeditius erat, the other rmite was MUCH TYiore passable. 2. Maturius paulo {144) domum contendit, he hastens home A LITTLE sooner. 3. Ipsum Dumnorigem, summa audacia {144, a), Dumnorix himself^ (a man) op the greatest boldness. 4. Summa humanitate {144, a) ^dolescens, a youth OF the highest culture. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 125 Analyze and parse. 1. Caesar multo gravius queritur.^ 2. Multo major alacri- tas exercitui^ injecta est. 3. Alteram iter per provinciam nostram erat, multo facTHus atque expeditius, propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et AUobrogum, qui nuper pacati erant, Ehodanus fluit. 4. Caesar una aestate^ duobus maximis bellis^ eonfectis maturius paulo, quam tempus anni postulabat, in hibema in^ Sequanos exercitum deduxit. 5. Post ejus mortem nihilo minas Helvetii id^ quod constituerant,^ facere c5nantur, tit e finibus suis exeant.''' 6. Reliquum spatium mons continet magna altitudine, ita^ tit radices^ montis ex utraque parte ^ ripae^^ fluminis contingant.^^ 7. Galli ingenti magnitudine corporum Germanos,^^ incredibili virtute atque exercitatione in armis esse^^ praedicabant. 8. Commodissi- mum visum est^^ Caium Valerium Procillum^ summa virtute et humanitate adolescentem, ad eum mittere. 9. Eeperit ipsum esse Dumnorigem, summa audacia^ magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia^ ctipidum^^ rerum^^ no varum. Write in Latin. 1. He censures the soldiers much more severely. 2. He censured me a little more severely than the remaining soldiers. 3. The route through our province is much more practicable than through the territory of the Sequani. 4. The lieutenant led his army into winter-quarters among ^ the Aedui a little sooner than the time of year demanded. 5. We shall none the less attempt to do that which we have resolved (to do) . 6. Caius is a youth of extraordinary valor. 7. We have seen mountains of great height. 8. It seemed ^"^ most suitable to send to him Titus^ a youth of extraordinary practice in arms. 126 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes. 1 See 103. 2 See 67. 3 See 111* * See 122. 6 in, among. ^ constitugrant, sc. facSre. 7 ut — exeant is an appositive to id ; for the mood, see 139 ; translate, to go forth. 8 See 34. ^ ex utraque parte, m each side, 10 See 32. " See 139. 12 See 53. 13 See 52, 14 What is the subject of visum est ? {129) 15 See 64. i^ gge 140. LESSON LXXIX. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. ' 145. A. & G. 313, a-e: A. & S. 478-480; 510 (2): B. 292, e, Rule LVI. ; 303, d, Rule LXIV. : B. & M. 1281-1284: G. 605-609: H. 514; 515, I.-IIL : C. 204, 1, 2; 214, 3 ; 225. EXAMPLES. 1. Quum pugnatum sit, although they fought ; lit., it was fought, 2. Licet victoria glorietur, although he glories in victory, 3. Quamvis cSreret nSmine, although he was without the name. 4. Etsi videbat, tSmgn non putabat, although he saw, yet he did not think. Analyze and parse. 1. Quiim fortiter pugnent, tamen non vincent. 2. Quiim Sequani Romanis^ satisfecerint^ tamen legatus pacem cum iis non facit. 3. Quiim ea^ ita sint, tamen, sT obsides ab iis sibi dentur/ ciim iis pacem faciat.^ 4. Nam hoc toto proelio,* quum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit/ aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. 5. Licet ^ me hortetur, non pug- uabo. 6. Licet miles vulneratus sit, tamen laetatur. 7. LT- FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 127 cet Helvetii sua vict5ria^ glorientur, tamen iter jK,cient non per nostram provinciam. 8. Erat dignitate^ regia, quamvis careret nomme.^ 9. Quamvis sint sub aqua, siib aqua male- dicere tentant. 10. Caesar, etsi prope exacta jam aestas erat, tamen eo^^ exercitum adduxit. 11. Nam etsi sine uUo perTculo legionis^^ delectae cum equitatu proelium fore^^ videbat, tamen committendum^^ non putabat. 12. Ita dies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, iiti inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum non amplius quinis^* aut senis milibus^^ passuum interesset.^^ Write in I^atin. 1. Although thej fought bravely, yet they did not conquer. 2. Although these things are so, yet we shall make peace with them. 3. No one fled in this whole battle, although they fought from the fifth hour till sunset. 4. We cannot see the mountain, although it is of great height.^ 5. The lieutenant did not lead his army into winter- quarters, although the sum- mer was almost gone. 6. He thinks that he ought to begin ^^ battle, although he sees that it will not be without danger to the legions. Notes and Questions. I See 132. 2 See Ln. LVIIL, Note 13. 8 See Ln. LXXVIL, Ex. 4. What is the force of this conditional clause? {143) 4 See 111. 5 See Ex. 1. 6 licSt is properly an Impersonal Verb {128), Present Tense, with tit (tliat) omitted ; hence it is followed only by the Present and Perfect Sub- junctive. {135) What is the literal translation ? '^ See 79. 8 See 144, a. 9 See Ex. 3. lo ed, thUher. II A. & G. 317: A. & S. 353 (2): B.-tJ33, Rule XXII. : B. & M. 74G: G. 361, 2: H. 396, III.: C. 133, 3. 12 fSre = fiiturum essg. {62) 13 committendum, sc. essg ; see 130. 1* quinis, etc., than jive ^ etc. each day. 15 See 133> 16 See 139. 128 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON LXXX. USE OF THE ABLATIVE (continued). 146. Ablative of Price. A. & G. 253 : A. & S. 408 : B. 258, Rule XLIIL, c; B. & M. 884=: G. 404: H. 422: C. 179. This answers such questions as For how much ? At what 'price ? 147. Ablative of IHstance. A. & G. 257,h: A. & S. 423, h :' B. 262, Rule XLVIL : B. & M. 958: G. 335, Remark 1 : H. 379, 2 : C. 176. This answers the question How far ? 148. Ablative tcitn Adjectives. A. & G. 245, a: A. & S. 418: B. 261, Rule XLVL, a: B. &> M. 919: G. 373, Remarks 1-4 : H. 421, IIL : C. 179, 2. bXAMPLES. 1. Domum duobus talentis (146) emit, he bought a house FOR TWO TALENTS. 2. Oppidum parvo pretio (146) vendidit, he sold the town AT A SMALL PRICE. 3. Milibus {147) passuum quattuor gt vigintl absunt, they are TWENTY-FOUR MILES distant 4. Dignus est majoribus {148), he is worthy OF (his) ANCESTORS. Analyze and parse. 1. Hic^ mercede pueros et puellas docet. 2. Vigintl ta- lentis unam orationem Isocrates vendidit. 3. Vendidit hie auro patriam. 4. Victoria nobis ^ multo sanguine stetit.^ 5. Vereor ne victoria iis multo sanguine stet.^ 6. Quuin Ro- mani vTcerint^^ tamen victoria iis multo sanguine stetit. 7. Septimo die ab exploratoribus certior factus^ est Ariovisti cdpias"^ a nostris^ milTbus passuum quattuor et vigintl abesse.^ 8. Hie locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat. 9. Legionem Caesar, quam equis^^ devexerat, passi- bus diicentis ab eo tumulo constituit. 10. Item eauites FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 129 Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt.^^ 11. Eodem die castra promovit et mllibus passuum sex a Caesaris castris sub monte consedit. 12. Hi pueri patnbus indigni sunt. 13. Hie im- perator immortalitate dignus est. 14. Licet ^^ j^^ milites fortissimi sint, tamen majoribus indigni sunt. 15. Puerum hortemur ut majoribus dignus sit.^^ 16. Nulla vox est ab iis audita popiili Eomani majestate et siiperioribus victoriis in- digna. Write in liatin. 1. This man^ will teach for wages. 2. I shall sell my house at a small price. 3. He is by no means rich, although he sells ^ houses at a large price. 4. I fear that I shall not sell* my house at a large price. 5. We are about fifteen miles from the city. 6. We shall station the third legion three hundred paces from the hill. 7. He will station his cavalry at nearly an equal distance from the same place. 8. We shall move forward our camp on the same day, and encamp at the foot of a mountain ten miles from Geneva. 9. I fear that these girls are not worthy of their mother. 10. Let us urge the soldiers to be^^ worthy of their country. Notes. 1 See Ln. LVIII., Note 13. 2 gee 39. 8 See Gen. Vy. under st6. * See Ln. XLVL, Note 4. 6 See 145. 6 gee Ln. LXVIIL, Ex. 2. ■^ See S3, 8 So. copiis. ^ &bess6 depends upon the idea of saying contained in ab — factus est, he was informed by scouts that, etc., i. e. who said that, etc. i<^ Squis, on horseback ; see 54. ii See consistS, Gen. Vy. 12 See Ln. LXXIX., Note 6. 13 gee 136. 130 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON LXXXI. CAUSAL CLAUSES. 140. A. & G 321, a, &, c; 326 : A. & S. 500 (2) h; 510 (2) ; 519: B. 302, Rule LXIII. : B. & M. 1250 ; 1251; 1255: G. 538-541; 587; 636: H. 516, L, 11. ; 517: C. 214, 3 ; 224; 232. EXAMPLES. 1. Quiiin impetus sustinere non possent, alter! se in montem receperunt, since they could not withstand the attacks, one party withdrew upon the mountain. 2. Caesar injuriam f^ciebat qui vectigalia deteriora faceret, Caesar was doing urrong because he was making the revenues 3. Aedui questi sunt quod Harudes fines eSrum popularen- tur, the Aedui complained because (as they said) the Harudes were laying waste their territory. 4. Quod a Bibracte Sbgrat, rei friinientariae prospiciendum existimavit, because he was distant from Bibracte^ he thought that he must look out for supplies. Analyze and parse. 1. Perfacile est^ quum virtu te^ omnibus praestetis^ totius Galliae imperio^ potiri.^ 2. Orgetorix dixit perfacile esse, quurn virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potlri. 3. Quum magna ex parte* eorum precibus^ adductus bellum susceperit, queritur. 4. Caesari quum id nunciatum esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci. 5. Diutius^ quum nos- trorum'^ impetus sustinere non possent, alteri se, ut coeperant,^ in montem receperunt, alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. 6. In fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt quum propter vulnera mllitum nostri triduum morati eos sequi non potuissent. 7. Ariovistus dixit magnam Caesarem FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 131 injuriam facere qui suo adventu vectigalia deteriora^ faceret. 8. Graviter eos accusat quod ab iis non sublevetur. 9. Mul- to^^ etiamgravius quod sit destitutus queritur. 10. Propter frlgora^ quod Gallia sub septemtrionibus posita est/^ frumenta m agris matura non erant. 11. Eo autein frumento,^ quod^^ flumine Arare navibus^^ subvexerat, propterea minus uti^^ poterat^ quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant^ a quibus disce- dere nolebat.^^ 12. Quod a Bibracte, oppTdo Aeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non amplius milibus^^ passuum octodecim aberat, rei frumentariae prospiciendum ^'' existima- vit : iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac Bibracte^^ Ire contendit. Write in liatin. 1. Since we excel the Romans in valor, it will be very easy to get possession of their government. 2. Since they fight more bravely than the Gauls ^^ they will easily conquer. 3. We are fleeing, since we cannot longer withstand their attacks. 4. Since they cannot longer withstand the attack of the enemy, one party withdraws upon a mountain, the other betakes itself to the baggage. 5. He complained because (as he said) he could not use the corn. 6. He complains because (as he says) he has sold his house at a small price.^^ 7. Because Germany is placed towards the north the cold there is great. 8. We shall march through Geneva at sunset,^^ because we are not more than twenty miles distant. Notes and Questions. 1 See 124, 2 See 104, 8 See 129, * magna ex parte, in great part. 5 See 79, 6 Diutius modifies sustinere. ^ The Possessive Pronouns^ like the Demonstrative, are often used sub- stantively. See Ln. LVIII., Notes 1 and 13. 8 What kind of a verb is coepSrant ? {127) 9 See Example 2. lo See 144, 132 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 11 Of what does qu6d — p5sita est express the cause ? 12 See 115 and 34. 13 See 54, 14 See 69. 15 See 125. 16 See 133. 17 See Example 4. 18 See 105. 19 TAaTi ^^e (?ai^^5, quam Galli. 25 See 146. 21 gee m. LESSON LXXXII. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 150. A & G 323 ; 325 ; 327 ; 328 : A. & S. 502 ; 503 ; 505 ; 509, a; B. 292, d, 1-3, RuLE LVI. ; 304, 1-3, Rule LXV. : B. &M.1237; 1238; 1241; 1244: G 570; 571; 574; 576; 579; 580; 581: H. 519, I., II, 1, 2; 520, I., 1, 2, II. ; 521, I., II., 1, 2 : C. 214, 1, 2, 4, 5. EXAMPLES. 1. Quiiin legati mitterentur, Ariovistus postulavit, when ambassadors were sent, Ariovistus demanded, 2. Priusquam quidquam conaretur Divitlacum vocat,i before he attempted anything he summoned Divitiacus. 3. Dum haec geruntur Caesari nunciatum est, while these things were taking place it was reported to Caesar. 4. Non exspectandum sibi statuit dum pervenirent, he decided that he ought not to wait until they should arrive. Analyze and parse. 1. Diu quiim esset pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque^ nostri^ potiti sunt. 2. Quum tndui viam* processisset, nun- ciatum est^ ei Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis contendere. 3. Hie pagus unus, quum domo^ exisset patrum nostrorum memoria,'^ Lucium Cassium constilem interfecerat et ejus exer- citum siib jugum miserat. 4. Quum^^ hostium acies a smis- tro cornu^ pulsa^ atque m fugam con versa esset^ a dextro FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 133 comu vehementer multitudine suorum^ nostram aciem preme- bant. 5. Itaque priusquam quidquam conaretur DivitiScum ad se vocari jiibet.^ 6. Postquam id aiiimum advertit copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subducit. 7. Eo postquam Caesar pervenit obsides, arina, servos ^^ poposcit. 8. Dum haec in coUoquio geruntur,^^ Caesari iiiuiciatum est^ equites Ariovisti lapides telaque^in nostros conjicere. 9. Tamen, iit spatium intercedere posset, diim milites, quos ^ imperaverat, convenirent, legatis respondit diem se ad dellberandmn ^^ sumpturum.^^ 10. Quibus^® rebus adductus Caesar non ex- spectandum^^ sibi statuit, dum, omnibus fortunis^^ sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenlrent. Write in liatin. 1. When ambassadors were sent to Caesar, he demanded corn of them.^* 2. When they had proceeded a three days' march,* they pitched (their) camp. 3. Before they attempted to set out they summoned a council. 4. After the general arrived in the territory of the Aedui he demanded corn, wagons, and^^ horses. 5. Although we had routed the enemy's line on the right wing, on the left he was pressing furiously upon us. 6. While the troops are assembling we are waiting. 7. We shall remain in the city until the troops assemble. 8. Influenced by these^^ affairs, we decided that we ought ^^ not to wait until the enemy should lay waste our fields. Notes. 1 See A. & G. ^16, d : A. & S. 466: B. 58 i B. & M. 1082: G. 320: H. 46T, III, : C. 189, 6. 2 See Ln. XXIII., Note 2. 8 See Ln. LXXXI., Note 7. * See 109. fi What is the subject of nunciatum est ? (129) « See 107. "^ See 111. B a sinistro oomn, on the left v;ing^, ^' pnlsaK sc. esset. 134 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 10 When several nouns follow each other in the same construction, the Latin language either omits the conjunction altogether, or repeats it : e. g. either obsides, arma, servos ; or obsides et arma et servos ; not obsides, arma et servos. 11 A. & G. 276, e: A. & S. 468: O. 220, Remark : H. 467, 4 : C. ai4, 1, note 2. 12 An enclitic throws its accent back upon the final syllable of the word to which it is attached : teMqne. 13 So. oonvenlre. i^ ad deliberandum, for ddileraiing, 15 snmpturum, sc. ess6. 16 The Latin often employs a relative where the English prefers a demon- strative : quae res, these affairs. 1'^ exspectandum, sc. essS. See ISO and 131 18 See 122. 19 See 71 and Ln. LVIIL, Note 2. 2^ See 14.5. LESSON LXXXIII. SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS. 161. The Indirect Question. A. & G. 334, w. preceding Note : A. & S. 518: B. 294. a. Rule LVIL : B. & M. 1182: G. 454; 461) : H. 528, 2 Note ; 529, I. : C 231, 1 w. n. I. EXAMPLES. 1. Quid sui consilii sit ostendit, he shows what his plan is, 2. Causa quae esset quaesiit, he ashed what the cause was. 3. Ariovisto mirum visum est quid in Gallia Caesari nggotii esset, Ariovistiis wondered what business Caesar had in Gaul, Analyze and parse. 1. Qualis esset natiira montis, qui^ cognoscerent,^ misit. 2. Dicit intelligere sese quanto id ciim periculo fecerit. 3. Ex quo judicari potest/ quantum habeat in se boni^ con- stantia. 4. Dumnorigi custodes ponit,^ lit^ quae agat, quibus- eum^ loquatur, scire possit. 5. Ariovistus dixit sibi mirum videri,'^ quid m sua Gallia, quam bello^ vicisset,^ aiit Caesari ^^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 135 aut omnino popiilo Romano ^^ negoti^ esset. 6. Flumen est Arar^ quod per fines Aeduorum et Sequanorum in Ehodanum influit incredibili lenitate^ ita tit ociilis, m utram partem ^^ fluat, judicari non possit. 7. Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem ^2 facit Caesar, equitattimque omnem, ad numerum quat- tuor milium, quem ex omni provincia et Aeduis atque eorum sociis coactum liabebat/^ praemittit, qui videant,^ quas in partes liostes iter faciant. 8. Caesar veliementer eos incusavit quod, aut quam m partem aut quo consilio^^ ducerentur/^ sTbi quaerendum^^ aut cogitandum putarent.^'^ 9. Caesar dixit de quarta vigilia se castra moturum, ut quam primum intelli- gere posset, utrum apud eos pudor atque officium, an timor valeret. 10. Quum ex captivis quaereret Caesar, quam ob rem Ariovistus proelio^ non decertaret, hanc leperiebat cau- sam. Write in Ijatin. 1. Caesar asked in what direction the river flowed. 2. We shall send (men) to ascertain^ in what direction the river flows. 3. It cannot be determined in what direction the river flows. 4. Labienus sent forward the cavalry to see in what direction the enemy had fled. 5. Liscus censures them severely because (as he says) they think ^^ they ought to ask^^ in what direction they are to be led. 6. We shall break up camp in the first watch, that we may be able to know as soon as possible whether our soldiers are brave or cowardly. 7. We shall place guards over him,^ that we may know with^ whom he speaks. 8. The general placed guards over the soldiers, that he might be able to ascertain what they were doing. Notes and Quesiions. 1 quid sui consili, what his plan ; lit. , ichat of his plan. See A. & G. 216: A. & S. 354: B. 221, Rule XVIL : B. & M. 77 : G. 366; 3T1: H. 396, IV. : C. 133, 4. 136 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 2 qui, sc. viros as antecedent. ^ See 136 and Ex. 10. ^ What is the subject of potest ? s Dumnorigi — ponit, he places guards over (lit. for) Dumnorix. 6 See Ln. LIX., Note 1. ' sibi — videri, he wondered; lit., it seemed to him wonderfid ; for sibi, see 39, 8 bello, in war; see 54, ^ vicisset, translate by the Indicative. 10 See 137. 11 in utram partem, in which direction. 12 How does idem differ in meaning from idem ? 1^ coactum hababat, he had collected. A. & G. 392, c: A. & S. 547 c: B. & M. 135S; G. '230: H. 388, 1, Note: C. 351, 3. 1* See 7d. 1^ ducerentur, they were to he led. 16 quaerendum, sc. esse : see 130, i^ See 149 and Ex. 3. LESSON LXXXIV. ORATIO OBLIQU A. — INDIRECT DISCOUKSE. 152. A. & G. 335, Rem.; 336; 339: A. & S. 515; 516: B. 316; 317, Rule LXXIV. : B. & M. 1295; 1296: G. 651-653: H. 522; 523, L, IL, 1, 2, III. ; 524 : C. 228; 229. EXAMPLE. Oratio Recta, Direct Dis- Oratio Obliqua, Indirect Dis- course, course. Ob earn Ldciltus est Divitidcus : 6b earn rem ex cTvitate profugi et rem se ex civitate profugisse et Romam veiii, quod neque Romam venisse, quod neque jfirejurando neque obsidibus jurejurando neque obsidibus tenefear. tenerefwr. I fled from Divitiacus said : he fled from the state and came to Rome for the state and came to Rome for this reason, because I was re- this reason, because he was re- strained neither by an oath nor strained neither by an oath nor by hostages. by hostages. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 137 Analyze and parse. 1. Divico respondit: Ita Helvetios a, majonbus suis insti- tutos esse, utl obsides accipere,^ non dare coiisuerint^; ejus rei populum Eomaimm esse testem. 2, Legati dixerunt sese habere quasdam res, quas ex cominuni consensu ab eo petere vellent. 3. Locutus est pro his Divitiacus Aeduus : Galliae totius factiones esse duas : harum^ alterius* principatum te- uere Aeduos, alterius Arvernos. 4. Dixit horum^ primo cir- citer inUia quindecim Eheiiuni transisse : posteaquam agros et cultum et copias^ Galloruui homines feri ac barbari adamas- sent, traductos^ plures:^^ nunc esse m Gallia ad centum et vTginti milium numerum. 5. Dixit cum his Aeduos eorumque clientes semel atque iterum armis"^ contendisse; magnam cala- mitatem pulsos^ accepisse, omnem nobilitatem, omnem sena- tum, omnem equitatum^ amisisse. 6. Ammadvertit Caesar unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum^ facere, quas ceteri facerent, sed tristes capite^^ demisso terram intueri. Notes. 1 See 69, 2 See 139 and Ln. LXXV., Note 11. 8 See Ln. LXXXIIL, Note 1. * alterius modifies factionis understood. 5 copias, wealth. "^ See 54. 9 See Ln. LXXXIL, Note 10. 11 plus is declined as follows : N. ■ Nom. plus, Gen. pluris, Sing. \ Bat. Plur. Ace. pliis, 6 traductos, sc. ess^. 8 See pello. 10 See 12Sf. M. and F. plures, plurium, pluribus, plures, pluribus, N. pliira, plurium, pluribus, plura, pliiribus. 138 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. LESSON LXXXV. INDIRECT DISCOURSE {continued). EXAMPLE. Direct Discourse. Si pacem popiilus Romanus ciim Helvetiis facte*, in earn partem Ibunt atque ibi erunt Helve- tia, ubi eos tu constitu- gWs atque esse volugyis ; sin bello persequi perseveraftis, re- miniscere et veteris incom- modi populi Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. If the Roman people shall make peace with the Helvetii, the Helvetii tvill go into that part and stay where you shall have determined and wished that they should be ; but if you shall persist in continuing war, recollect the old misfortune of the Roman people and former valor of the Helvetii. Indirect Discourse, Is ltd cum Caesdre egit: Si pacem popiilus Rdmanus ciim Helvetiis laceref , in eam partem Ituros atque ibi fiitaros Helve- tios, iibi eos Caesar constitu- isset atque esse wbluisset ; siu bello persequi perse veraref, re- mmisc^retur et veteris incom- modi popiili Romani et pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. He treated with Caesar as fol- lows: If the Roman people should make peace with the Helvetii, the Helvetii would go into that part and stay where Caesar should have determined and wished that they should be ; but if he should persist in con- tinuing war, let him recollect the old misfortune of the Roman people and former valor of the Helvetii. Analyze and parse. 1. Ariovistus multa^ praedicavit : Transisse Ehenum sese non sua sponte^^ sed rogatum^ et arcessTtum^ aGallis; noii sine magna spe magnisque praemiis domum propinquosque reliquisse : sedes habere* in Gallia ab ipsis^ concessas,^ obsides ipsoram^ voluntate^ datos; stTpendium capere* jure^ belli, PIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 139 quod^ victores victis^ imponere consueriiit.^^ 2. His Caesar ita respondit : Eo^^ sibi mmils dubitationis^^ dari, quod eas res, qiias legati Helvetii commemorassent,^^ memoria^^ teaeret, atque eo^^ gravius ferre, quo^^ minus mento'^ popiiK Eoinani accidissent: qui si^^ alicujus injuriae^^ sibi^® conscius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere^^ ; sed eo^^ deceptum/^ quod neque commissum ^^ a se intellTgeret, quare timeret, neque sine causa timendum^ putaret. Notes. 1 A. & G. 1S8: A. & S. 438 (3): B. 269: B. & M. 6S8 : G. 195, Remark 2 : H. 441 ; C. 113, 7. 2 See 79. » See 121 and Exs. 3 and 4. ^ habere, capere, sc. se. ^ ipsis, sc. GaUis. 6 concessas, from concedo ; ipsorum, tJieir oum. 7 The Ablative of Caicse often designates that in accordance with which anything is done : jure, in accordance with the law. 8 See 115. 9 A. & G. 188: A. & S. 438 (2): B. 269: B. & M. eSS: G. 195, Remark 1 : H.' 441, 1 ; this rule includes Partici[>les and Pronouns : C. 251, 8. For the ccvse of victis, see 67. 10 See Ln. LXXV., Note 11. ^^ eo,/or this reason. 12 See Ln. LXXXIIL, Note 1. i^ See Gen. Vy. under eo. 1* qui si, if they, i^ See 14:0. 16 See 86 ; translate, (m their part. 1'' See 129, i^ deceptum, sc ess§ sd. 19 commissum, sc. essS ^liquid. 20 timendum, sc. sibi essS, and see 130. 21 See S4, LESSON LXXXVI. INDIRECT DISCOURSE (continued), "Write in Iis est in Snimo iter fXcSre, we intend to march. 5. l&tere aperto, on the unprotected flank. 6. ex equis, on horseback. 7. mgmoria tSnere, to rememher. 8. maximis potest itineribus, hy the longest possible Tfiarches. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 151 Translate and parse. 1. Li^us (licit esse nonnullos, qui privatim plus^ pos- sint^ quam ipsi magistratus. 2. Non erat dubium, quin totlus Galliae plunmum^ Helvetii possent.^ 3. Dumnorix gratia et largitione apiid Sequanos plunmum poterat. 4. Divitiacus dixit eos^ qui et sua virtute et populi Rdmaiii hospTtio atque amicitia plunmum ante in Gallia potuissent/ coactos esse^ Sequanis^ obsides dare. 5. Decima legio per tribunes milT- tum ei gratias egit. 6. Caesari renunciatur^ Helvetiis'^ esse in ammo per agrum Sequanorum et Aeduorum iter m San- tonum fines facere. 7. Helvetii legates ad eum mittunt^ qui dicerent^ sibi esse in ammo sine ullo maleficio iter per pro- vincifem facere. 8. Pars aperto latere ^^ legiones circumve- nire coepit.^^ 9. Capto monte^^ BqJJ gf^ Tulingi nostros latere aperto aggressi circumvenire coeperunt. 10. Ariovistus, ex equis tit coUoquerentur ^^ et praeter se denos ut ad colloquium adducerent/^ postulavit. 1 1 . Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtmere dictum est/^ attingit ab^^ Sequanis et Helvetiis flu- men Ehenum. 12. Id^^ hoc facilius eis persuasit, quod un- dique loci natura Helvetii contmentur. 13. Moribus ^^ suis Orgetorigem ex vinculis^^ causam dicere coegerunt; damna- tum^^poenam sequi oportebat,,^^ ut igni cremaretur. 14. Cae- sar, quod memoria'^^ tenebat^ L. Cassium consulem occisum exercitumque ejus ab Helvetiis pulsum^ et sub jiigum mis- sum/^ concedendum^* non putabat. 15. Caesari quiim id^ nunciatum esset/^ eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari,^"^ maturat ab urbe prof icisci et quam maximis potest itineribus^^ in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genevam pervenit. 16. Itaque re^^ frumentaria quam celerrime potuit comparata magnis itmeribus ad Ariovistum contendit. -17. Liscus dlcit Dumnorigem complures annos^ portoria relTquaque*'^ omnia Aeduorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere/^ propterea quod illo^^ iTcente contra liceri audeat^^ nemo. 162 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Notes and Questions. 1 See A. & G. 240, a: A. & S. 39T: B. 2'2'^, Kule XIII.: B. & M. 728: G. 331, REMARKS 2 and 3 : H. 378: C. 128, 2. 2 Why is the Subjunctive used in this clause ? See 152, 3 Why the Subjunctive ? See Ln. XCI., Note 11. 4 From cOgo. ^ See 39, 6 What is the subject of rgnunciatur ? What is it that is reported to Caesar ? ■^ See 137 ; what is it that the Helvetii intend (have in mind) to do? What then is the subject of esse ? 8 See Ln. LXXXII., Note 1. ^ See 136 and Example 10 ; what question does qui dicSrent answer ? 10 latere is an Ablative of Place, answering the question Where ? 11 What kind of a verb is coepit ? See 127. 12 See 122, 13 See 136 and Example 9. 1* What is the subject of dictum est ? 1^ ab, on the side of. 1^ id — quod, he persuaded them to this the more easily, because ; lit. , he persuaded this to them, etc. ; for hoc, see 79, 17 See Ln. LXXXV., Note 7. 18 ex vinciilis, in chains ; what is its literal meaning ? 19 damnatum, if condemned ; see 121 ; it modifies eum understood, the object of sequi. 2'> What kind of a verb is oportebat ? See 128 ; what is its subject ? See Ln. LXIX., Examples 6 and 7. 21 See 54. 22 What kind of a clause is qu6d — tenebat ? See 1^9 ; what is the object of tenebat ? 23 See Ln. LXXXVIL, Note 5. 24 concedendum, sc. esse ; translate, that it ought to he granted^ 25 To what does id refer ? What had been reported to Caesar ? 26 See Ln. XCL, Note 2. 27 conari is in apposition with id. 28 See 93. 29 See Ln. LXXXIX., Note 1. 30 rSdempta habere, had bought up. 31 What kind of a verb is audeat ? See A. & G. 136: A. & S. 196, a- B. 110, a: B. & M. 312: G. 182: H. $468, 3 : C. 81, 1. SELECTIONS FOR READING. I. FABLES. 1, The Mouse and the Kite. Milvius laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit^ ut eum^ corro- sis plagis, liberaret. Quo facto, milvius liberatus murem arripuit et devoravit. Haec fabiik ostendit, quam gratiam mali pro beneficiis red- dere soleant. 2. The Kid and the Wolf. Haedus, stans in tecto domus, lupo praetereunti maledixit. Cui lupus, Non tu, inquit, sed tectum mihi maledlcit, Saepe locus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. 3. The Crane and the Peacock. Pavo, coram grue pennas suas explicans, (Quanta est, inquit, formositas mea et tua deformttas ! At grus evolans, Et quanta esty inquit, levitas mea et tua tarditas ! Monet haec fabiila, ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contemnamus, quibus natura alia et fortasse ma- jora dedit. 154 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 4. The Goat and the Wolf. Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus^ Cur non, inquit^ relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca, et hue descendis in herbulos campoSy qui tibi laetum ^ahulum offerunt ? Cui respondit capra : Mihi nou est in ammo dulcia tutis m'aejw- nere 5, The Dog in the Manger. Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando a pabulo arcebat. Cui unus bourn, Quanta ista, inquit, i^ividia esty quod non pater is ut eo cibo vescdmury quern tu ipse capere nee velis 7iee possis ! Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat. 6. The Fox and the Lion. Vulpes, quae nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei forte occur- risset, ita est perternta, ut paene moreretur formidiiie. Eun- dem conspicata iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam, ut antea. Tertio illi obviam facta^ ansa est etiam propius acce- dere eumque alloqui. 7. The Oxen. In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima concordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed dissidio inter illos orto, singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. Pabiila docet quantum boni sit in concordia. 8, The Ass in the Lion's Skin. Asmus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias tamquam leo esset. Sed forte^ dum se celerius movet, aures FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 155 eminebant ; unde agnitus in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poenas petulantiae dedit. Haec fabiila stolidos notat, qui immeritis honoribus super- biuiit. 9. The Golden Egg. Mulier quaedam habebat gallmanij quae ei quotidie ovum pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit, illam auri massam intus celare, et gallmain occTdit. Sed nihil in ea reperit, nisi quod in aliis gallTnis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majoribus divitiis inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. lO, The Travellers and the Ass. Duo qui una iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitu- dine conspicati, accurrunt laeti, et uterque eum sibi vindicare coepit, quod eum prior conspexisset. Dum vero contendunt et rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufugit et neuter eo potitur. 11, The Trumpeter. Tubicen ab hostibus captus, JVe me, inquit, interficUe ; nam inermis sum, neque quidquam habeo praeter Jianc tubam. At hostes, Propter hoc ipsum, inquiunt, te interimemus, quod, qnum ipse pugnandi sis imperltus, alios ad pvgnam inciidre soles, Fabula docet, non solum maleficos esse puniendos sed etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum irrltent. 1^. Sour Grapes. Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata ad illam subsiliit omnium virium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset. 156 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Tandem defatigata inani labore discedens dixit : At nunc etiam acerbae sunt, nee eas in via repertas toller em, Haec fabula docet^ multos ea contemnere^ quae se assequi posse desperent. IS. The Mice. Mures aliquando liabuerunt consilium, quomodo sibi a fele caverent. Multis aliis propositis, omnibus placuit ut ei tin- tinnabtilum annecteretur ; sic enim ipsos sonitu admonitos eam fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. Fabula docet, in suadendo plurimos esse audaces^ sed in ipso periciilo timidos. 14:. The Wolf and the Crane. In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit gruem, qui illud extrahat. Hoc grus longitudine colli facile effecit. Quum autem mercedem postularet^ subrldens lupus et dentibus infrendens, Num tibi, inquit, parva merces videtur, quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti ? II. STOEIES FEOM EARLY EOMAN HISTORY. Saturn. 1. AntiquissTmis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisse dicTtur. Ibi hand procul a Janiculo arcem condidit, eamque Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agriculturam do- cuit. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 157 Liatinus and Aeneas. 2. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc rege Troja in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae filius, cum mnltis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum pepercerat, aufugit et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei benigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, quam in honorem conjugis Lavinium appellavit. Founding of Alba Longa by Ascanius. 3. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum ac- cepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transttilit, urbemque condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam Longam nuncu- pavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus posteri omnes usque ad Eomam conditam Albae regnaverunt. Other Kings of Alba. 4. Unus horum regum, Eomulus Silvius, se Jove majorem esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut cljpeos hastis percuterent, dicebatque hunc sonum multo clari5rem esse quam tonitru. Pulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum praecipitatus est. 5. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios relTquit Nu- mitorem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae pater reliquisset. Numitor patema bona praetiilit; Amulius regnum obtinuit. Birtb of Romulus and Remus. 6. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, Numitoris filium per insidias interemit et filiam fratris Kheam Silviam 158 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. Vestalem virginem fecit. Nam his Yestae sacerdotibus non licet viro nubere. Sed haec a Marte geminos filios Eomulum et Eemum peperit. Hoc quum Amulius comperisset^ matrem in vincula conjecit^ pueros autem in Tiberim abjtci jussit. 7. Porte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effuderat^ et, quum pueri in vado essent positi, aqua refluens eos in sicco rellquit. Ad eorum vagitum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod videns Paustulus quidam, pastor illTus regionis, pueros sustiilit et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos dedit. Foundation of Rome, B. C. 753. 8. Sic Eomulus et Eemus pueritiam inter pastores transe- gerunt. Quum adolevissent et forte compcrissent quis ipso- rum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium interfecerunt et Numitdri avo regnum restituerunt. Tum urbem condiderunt in monte Aventlno quam Eomulus a suo nomine Eomam vo- cavit. Haec quum moembus circumdaretur, Eemus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia transiliebat. How Romulus increased the Number of Citizens. 9. Eomulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum patefecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accurrerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus conjilges deerant. Festum itaque Neptuui et ludos instituit. Ad hos quum multi ex finitimis popiilis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Eomani inter ipsos ludos spectantes virgines rapuerunt. War with the Sabines. — Tarpeia. 10. Popiili illl, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum ad- versus raptores susceperunt. Quum Eomae appropinquarent, forte in Tarpeiam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce sacra pro- FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 159 curabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret, elque permiserunt^ ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit^ ut sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, anfdos aureos et armillas signif icans. At hostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutis Tarpeiam obruerunt; nam et ea in sinistris manibus gere- baut. Treaty with the Sabines. 1 1 . Tum Eomulus cum lioste, qui montem Tarpeium tene- bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco^ ubi nunc forum Eomanum est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres hinc conjuges et soceros complectebantur^ et rogabant^ ut caedis finem facerent. Utrlque his precTbus commoti sunt. Romulus foedus icit et Sablnos in urbem recepit. Institutions of Romulus. — His Death. 12. Postea eivitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit eosque quum ob aetatem tum ob reverentiam iis debitam patres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit^ easque rap- tarum nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regni tricesimo septimo, quum exercitum lustr«aret, inter tempestatem ortam repente ociilis hommum subductus est. Hinc alii eum a senatoribus interfectum^ alii ad deos sublatum esse existimaverunt. Reign of Numa Pompilius, B. C. TIG - 673. 13. Post Eomiili mortem unlus anni interregnum fuii Quo elapso. Numa Pompilius Curibus^ urbe in agro Sabinorum, natus rex creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum gessit ; nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, et sacra plurima instituit, ut popiili barbari et bellicosi mores molliret. Omnia autem^ quae faciebat, se nympliae Egeriae, 160 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. conjugis suse^ jussu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit^ quadra- gesimo tertio imperi anno. Keign of Tullus Hostilius, B. C. 673 - 641. 14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius^ cujus avus se in ' bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum praestiterat. Eex creatus bellum Albanis indixit^ idque trigeminorum Hora- tiorum et Curiatiorum certamine finivit. Albam propter per- fidiam Metti Fufeti diruit. Quum triginta duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit. Reign of Ancus Marcius, B. C. 640 - 616. 15. Post liunc Ancus Marcius^ Numae ex filia nepos^ sus- cepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religi5ne avo similis, Latinos bello domuit_, urbem ampliavit_, et nova ei moenia cir- cumdedit. Carcerera primus aedificavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit^ Ostiamque vocavit. A^icesimo quarto anno imperi morbo obiit. Reign of Tarquinius Prisons, B. C. 616 - 578. 16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit^ Demarati filius^ qui tjrannos patriae Corintlii fugiens in Etru- riam venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui nomen ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam profectus erat. Advenienti aquTla pileum abstulit, et, postquam alte evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier auguriorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 17. Quum Eomse commoraretur, Anci regis familiaritatem consecutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem reliquit. Sed is pupillis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos Romulus croaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gentium sunt FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 161 appellati. Pkira bella feliciter gessit^ nee paueos agros liostT- bus ademptos urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus triumplians urbem iutravit. Clofieas fecit; Capitolium iiiclioavit. Tri- cesTmo octavo imperi anno per Anci filios^ quibus regnum eripuerat^ occisus est. Reign of Servius Tullius, B. C. 578 - 531. 18. Post liLinc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, gcnitus ex nobili femma^ captiva tamen et famula. Quum in domo Tarquini Prisci educaretur, fiamina in ejus capTte visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei suinrnani diguitatem portendi iritel- lexit, et conJLigi persuasit, ut eum sicuti liberos suos educaret. Quum adolevisset^ rex ei filiam in matrimpnium dedit. 19. Quum Priscus Tarquiiiius occTsus esset, Tanaquil de superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens; regem grave quidem sed non letdle vulmis accepisse ; eum petere, ut populits, dum convalidsset, Servio Tiillio obedlret. Sic Servius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit. Sub eo Eoma habuit octoginta tria milia civium Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 20. Hie rex interfectus est scslere filiae TuUiae et Tarquini Superb i, fili ejus regis, cui Servius successerat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradlbus curiae dejectus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. TuUia in forum properavit, et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Quum domum redlret, aurlgam super patris corpus in via jacens carpentum age re jussit. Reign of Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome, B. C. 534-510. 21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum vicit. Tern- 163 ^ FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. plum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea^ dum Ardeam oppuguabat, urbem Lati^ imperiuin perdidit. Nam quum films ejus Lucretiae, nobilissimae feminae^ coiijiigi Tarquini CollatTni_, vim fecisset^ haec se ipsam occldit in conspectu mariti^ patris^ et amicorum^ postquam eos obtestata fuerat, ut lianc injuriam ulciscerentur. 22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus^ CoUatlims^ alilque nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque persuaserunt^ ut ei portas urbis clauderet. Exercitus quoque^ qui civitatem Ar- deam cum rege oppugnabat^ eum rellquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Eomae septem reges regnaverunt annos ducentos quadraginta tres. NOTES ON THE SELECTIONS FOR READING. The References are mainly to the Sections of this Book. I. FABLES. 1, ut — liberaret, see ISG and Ln. XXXVIII., Note 3. — corrosis plagis, hy gnaioing the nets; see 122. — quo, see 122 ; what is its ante- cedent? — ostendit, what is its object ? — mali, see Ln. LXXXY., Note 9. — soleant, see 151 and Ln. XCIL, Note 31. 2, lupo, see 132, — praetereunti (praeter and eo), see 126 ; translate the Participle by a Relative Clause. — inquit, see A. & G. 144, h : A. & S. 249 (5): B. Ill, c, 2 : B. & M. 444: G. 190, 2: H. 397, II., 2: C. 86, 2. — reddit, see A. & G. 205, 6 ; A. & 8. 340: B. 287, a : B. &, M. G44: G. 281, Exception 2 : H. 463, II., 2 : C. lio, 2, h. S, explicans, spreadinrj. — inquit, see note on inquit, Fable 2. — ali- quod, see 116^ a. — quod, see 34 and 115, — contemnamus, see 136, — alia, majora, see Ln. LXXXV., Note 1. 4, laetum, abundant. — mihi, see 137, — est, what is its subject ? — dulcia, see Ln. LXXXV., Note 1. — tutis, see 67. 5. boves, see A. & G. 61, page 33 : A. & S. 110, bos : B. 138: B. & M. 123: G. 80: H. 66: C. 31. — latrando, see 153 and 54. —quod — FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 163 patSris, see 149. — cibo, see 54 and 104. — veils, see 125 and Ln. LXXXIX., Note 5. O. occurrisset, see A. & G. 3*25: A. & S. 509, a; B. 304, RULE LXV.: B. & M. 1244: G. 581, II.: H. 521, II., 2: C. 214, 5. — more- retur, see 139. — nequaq^uam, antea, what do they modify? — obviam facta, having niet ; obviam is used with the Dative. — ausa est, see Ln. XCII., Note 31. 7. pascebantnr, what does the Imperfect Tense denote ? see S6. — boves, see note on boves, Fable 5. — petiti, sc. sunt. — boni, see Ln. LXXXIIL, Note 1. — sit, see 151. Sm pelle, see 54. ~ indutus, having clothed himself. — esset, see A. & G. 313: A. & S. 481, (2): G. 604: H. 513, II. : C. 220. — movet, see Ln. LXXXIL, Note 11. — unde, for which reason, i. e. because his ears stuck out. — agnitus, from agnosco ; render as if it were agnitus est, and supply a7id. — dedit, suffered. — honoribus, see 79. 9. suspicari, see 69. — coepit, see 127. — illam, why in the Accusa- tive? why Feminine? — quod is here equivalent to id quod; compare the English whaty equivalent to that which. — solet, see Ln. XCIL, Note 31. — majoribus, see 84 and « J. — divitiis, see 67. — minores, what does it modify ? 10. duo, see 108 and Ln. LXXXV., Note 9. — accurrunt, see Ln. LXXXIL, Note 1.— laeti, joyf tolly ; see A. & G. 191: A. & S. 557, h: B. 270, 6; B. & M. 663: G. 324, Remark 6: H. 443: C. 113, 6. — prior, see note on laeti ; the comparative is used when two only are men- tioned. — conspexisset, see 149. — qo^ see 104. 11. tubicen, what is its derivation? see Gen. Vy. — inqnit, see note on inquit. Fable 2. — interficite, see 47. — inermis, derivation ? see Gen. Vy. — propter hoc ipsum, for this very reason; what is the reason? — pugnandi, see 153 and 140. — sis, see i4J.— soles, see Ln. XCIL, Note 31. — esse puniendos, see 130. — eos, why in the Accusative? — irritent, see A. & G. 320: A. & S. 500, (2), {d): B. 301: B. & M. 1220, b : G. 633 : H. 500, I. : C. 223, 1. 12. vulpes, see A. & G. 30, b : A. k S. 84 : B. 118, IIL, Rem. 2 : B. & M. 41: G. 20, 3 : H. 43, 3 : C. 13, L, 3. —omnium— contentiflne, with all its might ; what is the literal translation ? for the Abl. contentione, see 54. — Si, [to see) whetTier. —-poaset, see 151.— repertas, from re- perio; see 121. — tollerem, see 143 and A. & G. 310, a; A. & S. 477, e: B. 305, third clause: G. 594, 2: H. 507, Note 7: C. 219; 250. — quae, see 34. — S8, see 53. — dssp3rent, see note on irritent. Fable 11. 13. quomodo, {to see) by mhat means, — sibi, see A. & G. 227, c ; A. & S. 378: B.239! B. & M. 836: G. 347: H. 385, 1: C. 160.— caverent 164 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. see i51. — aliis, see Ln. LXXXV., Note 1 and 122, — -plsLCmtt what is its subject ?— ami3ctdrdtur, see A. & G. 333, a : A. & S. 494, a: B. 301, Rule LXIL : B. & M. 1222: G. 558: H. 501, 1., 1: C. ao«. — sic — posse; this Infinitive Clause depends upon some such expression as they thought, they said. — quaereretur, see note on occurrisset, Fable 6 ; what is the subject of quaereretur ? — suadfindo, see 153, — plurimos, se« 85 and Ln. LXXXV., Note 9. 14:, inhaeserat, from inhaereo. — mercede, see 146, — extrahat, see 136, — hoc, what was this that the crane accomplished ? — postularet, see note on occurrisset, Fable 6. — num, what answer is implied ? See Ln. LXL, Note 1. — merces, see 64, — videtur, what is its subject ? — fauci- bus, how declined in the Singular ? in the Plural ? See Gen. Vy. II. STORIES FEOM EAELY ROMAN HISTORY. 1. Janiculo, the Janiculum is a hill on the west side of the Tiber ; the seven hills are on the east side ; these are the Palatine, Capitoline, Quiri- naly AveMine, Coelian, Esquiline, and Viminal. — earn Saturniam, see 58, — Italos, agriculturam, see 71. — primus — docuit, was the first who taught; see A. & G. 191: A. & S. 557 h: B. 271, Remakk: B. & M. 663: G. 324, 7 : H. 442, Note: C. 113, 6, note 1. fi, in — regionibus; what country is meant ?— sub, in the reign of. — Troja, Troy is said to have been destroyed in b. c. 1184. — hinc, /rom this place, i. e. from Troy. — Aeneae, Anchisae, how declined 'i See A, & G. 37 : A. & S. 94: B. 125: B. & M. 52: G. 72: H. 50: C. 20. — quibus, see 132, — Lavinium was situated about 16 miles south of Rome, three miles from the coast. 3, Aeneae, see note on Aeneae in preceding section. — transttilit, see 123, — Albam Longam, Alba Longa was about 16 miles southeast of Rome, situated on the western slope of the Alban Mount and overlooking the Alban Lake. — sectitus est, succeeded. — genitus erat, from gigno. -^ ad Romam conditam, until the founding of Rome ; what is the literal trans- lation ? — Albae, see 106» 4, Jove, see 133 and A. & G. 60, b, page 32 : A. & S. Ill, (3) : B. 13S: B. & M. 123: H. 66, 3 : C. 31. — tonaret, see 128 and note on occurrisset. Fable 6. — multo, see J44. — - tonitru, what case? why ?— ictus, sc. est. — Albanum Lacum, see note on Albam Longam in section 3. 5, minor natu = junior ; for natu, see 124, — vellet, see 125 and 151, reliquisset, see Ln. LXXXIX., Note 6. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. 165 6. vestalem virginem, a vestal virgin was bound by a vow of chastity ; if she broke her vow she was buried alive. — licet, what is its subject ? — viro nubere, to inarry ; for viro, see 1S2 ; what does nnbgre mean? — pepSrit, from pario. — hoc, what was it that Amulius had found out ? 7. essent positi, see A. &. G. 3*^6: A. &, S. 510 (2): B. 30iJ, 1: H. & M. 1251: G. 587: H. 517: C. 214, 3. — quod, what is its antecedent? what did a certain Faustnlus see? — regionis, what region is meant? — nutriendos, to be nourished, modifies pueros, and expresses the purpose of dedit. 8. adolevissent, from adolesco ; see note on occurrisset, Fable 6. -^ quis, see 64, — avus, sc. fuisset and see 151. — monte Aventino, Mount Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome. The best authorities agree that Rome was built at first on the Palatine, which hill stands a short distance northeast of the Aventine. 9. civlbus, see A. & G. 331, a: A. & S. 380: B. 242, Rem. 3: B. & M. 820 : H . 386 : C. 154. — inter, in the midst of. — ipsos, very. — spectantes, translate by a relative clause. 10» Eomae, see 67, — in incidgrunt, they carrw unexpectedly upon. -^ quod, see note on quod. Fable 9. — gerSrent, see Ln. LXXXIX., Note 5. — et ea, these also, i. e. as well as the rings and bracelets. 11. Montem Tarpeium, the Tarpeian mount; probably the Capitoline hill. — forum Eomanum, the Roman F(yrum, an open space in the vaUey between the Capitoline and Palatine, surrounded by temples and other buildings ; here the Roman people, the Populus Eomanus, met to transact business. — media, midst of. — raptae, sc. muliSres, — hinc — hinc, here — tliere. — ntrique, who are meant ? — icit, compare the English expres- sion, strike a bargain ; the Romans were accustomed to offer a sacrifice to confirm a treaty, and hence this use of ico. 12. qnum — turn, both — and. — raptamm, sc. muligrum. — inter, in the midst of. — ortam, which had arisen. — oculis, see 67. — hinc, i. e. by reason of the fact mentioned in the preceding sentence. — alii — alii, som^ — others. — interfectum, sc. esse. — sublatnm esse from tollo. IS. quo, what is its antecedent ? — Curibus, see 106. — jnssn, see 79^ fac6re, what is its object ? — morbo decessit, i. e. Numa died a natuial death, which has not always been the lot of kings ; with decessit supply de vita. 14:. praestitSrat, what does it govern ? see 58. — creatus, see Ln. LXIII. and Examples. — Horatiornm. The Horatii fought for Rome, the Curiatii for Alba. The three Curiatii fell, but one of the Horatii survived ; this gave the victory to the Romans. — Metti Fnfeti, see 17 ; for his treachery he was torn asunder by horses driven in opposite directions, and his city Alba razed to the ground. The inhabitants of Alba were removed 166 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. to Rome and located on the Caelian Hill ; this was the origin of the Roman Plehs. — annis expresses duration of time ; what is the more usual con- struction ? see 93, — arsit, fr. ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum, burn. 15» aequitate, see 124, — avo, see 86, — bello, see S4. — ei, see A. & G. 235, d: A. & S. 3T9: B. 242, Rem. 3 ; B. & M. 859: G. 348: H. 384, ir., 2: C. 152. — primus, see note on primus, section 1, — obiit, see 126 and note on morbo decessit, section 13, 16, deindB, i. e. after the death of Ancus Marcius. — qui refers to Demarati. — advenienti, sc. ei and see A. & G. 223: A. & S. 380: B. 242, Rem. 3: B. & M. 829: H. 386, 2 : C. 151. — abstalit from aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, carry off; derived from ab axcay^ off ; and fero carry. — auguriorum, see 140, 17, Eomae, see 106, — commoraretur, see note on occurrisset, Fable 6. — tutorem, as guardian ; compare 58, — pupillis, see 67. — gentium modifies senatores understood. — plura, several; how declined? See Ln. LXXXIV., Note 11. — ademptos, from adimo. — primus, see note on primus, section 1, — Cloacas. The main sewer, known as the Cloaca Maxi- ma, and a branch running from the Forum are still in use. — Capitolium, the Capitol, signifies here the temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline. — per filios, at the instigation of the sons ; they hired assassins to murder him : a filiis would signify that they killed him with their own hands. — quibus, see note on ei, section 16, 18, genitus, from gigno. — captiva, see 25, — dome, how declined ? See 97, — conjugi, see 132 and Ex. 1. — edticaret, see 136, 19, domus ; this stood on the Palatine. — regem — obediret ; change this to the Direct Discourse ; see 152, — eum refers to regem. — coepit, see 127, — montes — adjunxit. The Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, and Ave n tine had been previously occupied. — milia, how declined ? see 108, — civium, see Ln. LXXXIIL, Note 1. 20, scelere, see 79, — filiae, see 25. — curiae. The senate-house stood near the Forum. — domum, see 105 ; how declined ? — prima, see note on primus, section 1, — regem, as king ; compare 58, 21, cognomen, i. e. Superbus, the Proud. — moribus, see 79, — bello, see 111, — plures, how declined ? see note on plura, section 17, — populo- rum, see Ln. LXXXIIL, Note 1. ^ Templum. This temple had been begun by Tarquinius Priscus ; see section 17, — Jovis, how declined ? see note on Jove, section 4, — Lucretiae, see 39, — vim, how declined ? See Gen. Vy. — ut — ulciscerentur, see 136 and Ln. XXXVIIL, Note 3. 22, in, for. — conjurarunt, see Ln. LXXV., Note 11. — populo, see 132, — ei, against him ; see 39, — civitatem = urbem. — Ardea was situated about 18 miles south of Rome. GENEEAL VOCABULARY. I. Latin-English. Numerals and Pronouns not given in this Vocabulary can be found in the Grammar. The References are to Sections of this book. The English words in small capitals are derived either directly or indirectly from the Latin words under which they stand, or from the same Root. The parts in Parentheses give the derivation of the Latin words. For Ab- breviations see page xii. A., abbreviation of Aulus, a Ro- man praenomen. ab, a, prep. w. abl. from, away from ; by : on the side of ab-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (ab away, duco lead), lead away. Abduct, abduction. ab-jicio, jicere, jeci, jectum (ab away, down; jacio cast), cast away or down. Ab.ject. abs-tmeo, tinere, tinui, tentum (ab(s) from, teneo keep), keep from, ABSTAIN. Abstinence. ab-siim, esse, fui (ab away, sum he) be away, be absent, be distant. ac. See atquS. Acca, ae, f., Acca Larentia, the wife of Faustulus. ac-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum (ad towards, cede go), go to- wards, draw near, approach; assault. Accede, accession. ac-cido, cXderg, cidi (ad upon, cado fall), fall upon, befall, happen. Accident. ac-cipio, ciperS, cepi, ceptum (ad to one*s self, capio take), receive, accept, take. ac-curro, currere, ciicurri and curri, cursum (ad to, curro run), run to, hasten to. accuso, are, avi, atum (ad to, causa a lawsuit), acch^k, blame, censure. Accusation. acSr, acrls, acrS, sharp. Acrid. 168 JCERBUS — AEQUITJS acerbiis, a, um, sour. Acerbity. acies, aciei, f., edge; line, line of battle ; army in battle-array. See agmen. acriter, acrius, acerrime, adv. (acer sharp), sharply, fiercely, violently. ad, prep. w. ace. to, towards ; for; near; w. numerals, about; w. names of towns, towards, in or into the vicinity of ad-amo, are, avi, atum (ad de- noting a beginning, amo love), begin to love, acquire a liking for. ad-do, dere, didi, ditum (ad to, beside; do put), add. ad-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (ad to, duco lead), lead to, lead; influence. ad-eo, ire, ii, itum (ad to, eo go), go to. See 12 G, ad-imo, imere, emi, emptum (ad to one's self, emo take), take away. aditus, us, m. (adeo go to), ap- proach, access. ad-jungo, jungere, junxi, junc- tiiin (ad to, jungo Join), join to, join. ad-ministro, are, avi, atum (ad without additional force, ministro serve), administer, manage. Administration, ADMINISTRATOR. ad-mitto, mittere, misi, missum (ad to, mil to let go), allow, ad- mit; give the reins to; equo admisso, at full speed. Ad- mission. ad-in6neo, mSnerS, in5nui, monitiim (ad w. no percep- tible additional force, moneo admonish), admonish, warn. Admonition. adolesco, adolescgre, adolevi, adultiim (adoleo cause to grow up), grow, increase, grow up. Adult. ad-sum, ad-esse, af-fui (ad near, sum be)^ be near, be present : assist. ad-venio, venire, veni, ventiim (ad to, venio come), come to, arrive, come. Adventure. adventiis, iis, m. (advenio come to), arrival, approach. Advent. adversiis and adversiim, prep, w. ace. towards, against. ad-verto, vertere, verti, ver- siim (ad towards, verto lurn), turn towards ; id animum ad- vertere, to turn the mind to- icards it, to perceive it. Ad- vert. aedificium, i, n. (aedifico build), building, edifice. aedifico, are, avi, atiim (aedes building for habitation, facio make), build. Edify, edifica- tion. Aedui, oriim, m. pi., a tribe in Central Gaul. aegSr aegra, aegriim, sick. Aeneas, ae, m., a Trojan prince, son of Venus and Anchises. aequitas, atis, f. (aequus fair, equitable)^ KquiTY, justice, mod- eration. AEQVUS — AMICUS 169 aequiis, a, iim, even, level; KQUAL ; like ; fair, equitable, aestas, atis, £., summer, aetas, atis, f., aye, af-fero,af-ferre, at-tuli, al-latum (ad to, fero bring), bring to, carry to ; offer ; carry. af-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum (ad to, facio do), AFFECT, influence ; magno dolore affici, to be very grievously affected. ager, agri, va., field, land; country, territory. agger, aggeris, m., mound; mate- rials/or a mound. ag-gredior, gredi, gressils sum (ad to, gradior go), go to, ap- proach ; go against, attack. Ag- gression, AGGRESSIVE. agmen, agmiuis, n. (ago put in motion), army on the march, line of march ; [acies, army in battle array ; exercitus, a dis- cipUned army"] ; agmen novis- simum, the rear; primum agmen, the van. ag-nosco, noscerg, novi, iiitiim (ad denoting reference, (g)nos- co know), recognize : know. ago, agere, egi, actum, put in motion; had, drive, conduct ; act, do, perform. Action, agent. agricultura, ae, f. (ager field, colo cultivate)^ agriculture. alacgr, alacris, alacrS, lively, cheerful ; eager, fierce. ^lacritas, atis, f. (alacer lively), liveliness, eagerness, zeal. Alac- rity. Alba or Alba Longi, the mother city of Rome, built by Ascanius. Albanus, i, m., an Alban, an in- habitant of Alba. aliquandd, adv. (aliquis some one), at some time, once, for- merly. aliquis, indef. pron. [see 116, a], some one, somebody, something, some; anyone, anybody, anything, any. alius, alia, aliud [see ;S4], other, another, Allobroges, um, m. pi., a people in the southeastern part of Gaul. al-16quor, 16qui, Idcutus sum (ad to, loquor speak), speak to, address. alo, alere, alui, alitum or al- tum, nourish, feed, support. Alpes, Alpiiim, f. pi. the Alps. alte, altius, altissime (altus high, low), on high, highly ; low, lowly. altSr, altera, alterum [see 24], one of two, the o*her, the second ; altgr — alter, the one — the other. altitiido, altitudinis, f. (altus high, deep), height ; depth ; alti- tude. altus, a, iim (alo nourish), high, lofty: deep. amicitia, ae, f. (aunicns friendly), friendship. amiicus, a, iim (amo love), loving, friendly ; amiciis, i, m. friend. Amicaule. 170 AMITTO — ARIOriSWS a-mitto, mittgrg, misi, missiim (ab away, mitto let go), lose. amplio, are, avi, atum (ampins of large extent), enlarge. ampliiis, adv. more, farther. Amuliiis, i, m., son of Silvius Procas and brother of Numitor. an, adv. or. Anchises, ae, m., a Trojan, the father of Aeneas. Ancus Marcius, i, m., the fourth king of Rome. angustiae, arum, f. pi. (angus- tus narrow), narrow pass, defile; difficulty. anim-ad-verto, vertere, verti, versum (animus 7nind, adver- to turn towards), notice. Anim- advert, ANIMADVERSION. animal, animalis, n., animal. animus, i, m., mind, soul; disposi- tion ; affection ; feeling, courage. [animus denotes the human soul, including all its faculties, including mens ; mens denotes the thinking, mental faculty.] an-necto, nectere, nexui, nex- iim (ad to, necto tie, fasten), tie to, fasten to. Annex. annus, i, m., year. Annual. ante, prep. w. ace, before; adv. hefoi'e, previously. Ante in ANTECEDENT, etC. antea, adv. (ante before, ea that), before, previously. antiquus, a, iim (ante before), ancient, old; of long continuance. Antique, antiquated. aniilus, i, m., ring. Annular. Ap., abbreviation of Appius, a Roman praenomen. apertus, a, um (aperio uncover), uncovered, unprotected. ap-pello, are, avi, atiim (ad to, pello bring one's self to a per- son), address; name, call. Ap- peal, APPELLATION. ap-propinquo, are, avi, atum (ad to, propinquo draw near), draw near to, approach. apiid, prep. w. ace , at, near, in presence of among. aqua, ae, f., water. Aqueduct. aquila, ae, f., eagle. Aquileia, ae, f., a town at the head of the Adriatic Sea. Aquitani, oriim, m. pi., inhabi- tants of Aquitania. Aquitania, ae, f., the southwest- ern division of Gaul. Arar, Araris, ace. Ararim^ m., the Saone [pronounced Sone"], a river in Gaul, tributary to the Rhone. arcesso, arcesserS, arcessivi, arcessitiim, invite, summon. arceo, arcere, arcui, drive away; icard off, keep from; restrain. Ardea, ae, f., a city of Latium, capital of the Rutuli. arma, oriim, n. pi., arms, tceap- ons. armilla, ae, f., bracelet or ring, worn on the left arm by sol- diers as a reward for valor. Ariovistus, i, m., a powerful German king in the time of Caesar. JRRIPIO — BELGAE 171 ar-ripio, rfpere, ripui, reptiim (ad upon^ rapio seize), seize upon. arr5gantia, ae, f. (arrogans as- suming), haughtiness, insolence, ARROGANCE. Arverni, orum, m. pi., a people in the eastern part of Aqui- tania. arx, arcis, f., citadel, fortress. Ascaniiis, i, m., son of Aeneas. Asia, ae, f., Asia. asiniis, i, in , an ass. as-sequor, sequi, seciitus sum (ad with no perceptible addi- tional force, seqviOT follow), fol- low ; overtake ; obtain. asylum, i, n. asylum. at, conj. hut. at-tingo, tingere, tigi, tactiim (ad against, tango touch), touch against, border upon; touch, reach. atque, ac, conj. (ad in addition, que and), and also, and. auctoritas, atis, f. (auctor pro- ducer), AUTHORITY, influence. audacia, ae, f. (audax bold), boldness^ audacity. audaclter or audacter, audaci- lis, audacissime, adv. (audax bold), boldly, courageously. audax, gen. audacis (audeo dare), bold, daiing, audacious. audeo, audere, ausiis sum [see Lx. XCTL, Note 31], dare, ven- ture. audio, ire, ivi, itiim, hear. Au- dit, auditor, audience. au-fGgio, ftigerg, fugi, fugitiim (ab away, fngioflee), flee away, escape ; flee. augeo, augere, auxi, auctiim, increase, augment. augiirium, i, n. (auguror fr. au- gur diviner), augury, divina- tion. aureus, a, lim (aurum gold), golden. auriga, ae, m. (aurea bridle, ago manage), charioteer. auris, auris, f. ear. Auri-cular. aurum, i, n., gold. aut, conj. or ; aut — aut, either — or. autezQ, conj., but, yet, moreover. auxiXiumi, i, n. (augeo increase), help, aid ; pi. auxiliaries. Aventinus, i, m., the Aventine. aversiis, a, iim (averto turn aivay), turned away; aversus hostis, a retreating enemy. a-verto, vertere, verti, versiim (ab away, verto turn), turn away, turn aside, avert. Aver- sion. aviis, i, m., grandfather. B. barbariis, a, iim, foreign; un- civilized; savage, rude, bar- barous. Barbarian. beatiis, a, iimi (beo bless), happy. Beatific. Belgae, arum, m. pi., a powerful people dwelling in Northern Gaul. 172 BELLICOSUS — CJSSIUS bellicosiis, a, am, warlike, bello, are, avi, atiim (bellum iuar)y carry on war. bellum i, n., war, bene, adv., weU^ finely. benef icium, i, n., kindness, bene- fit. Beneficial. bgnigne, adv. (benignus kind), kindly; benignly. Benign, BENIGNANT. bestia, ae, f., beast. Bibracte, is, n., the chief town of the Aedui. biennium, i, n. (bis twice, annus year), two years. Biennial. Boil, oriim, m. pi., the Boii [pro- nounced B6-yl\, a nomadic peo- ple dwelling chiefly in Gaul, Italy, and Germany. bbnus, a, um, good, friendly ; b6- num, i, n. a good thing, an ad- vantage ; b5na, oriim, n. pi, goods, an estate. bo3, bovis, m. and f., ox, cow. brgvis, brevS, short, brief. Briifcus, i, m. (brutus stupid), L. Junius Brutus, the deliverer of Rome from rej^al dominion. c. C, abbreviation of Gaius [pro- nounced Ga-yus'], a Roman praenomen. caedes, caedis, f. (caedo kill), murder, slaughter, carnage. caedo, caedere, cecidi, cae- siim, cut, cut down ; kill, mur- der. -CIDE in PARRI-CIDE, matri-cide, etc. Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caius Julius Caesar, a distinguished Roman general, orator, statesman, and author. Caius Valerius ProciUus, a dis- tinguished Gaul, friend of Cae- sar. calamitas, atis, f., calamity, disaster, misfortune. campus, i, m.., plain, field ; Cam- pus, the Campus Martius, a grassy plain just outside the walls of Rome on which the people assembled for elections, military drills, and games. canis, canis, m. and f., dog. capio, capere, cepi, captum, take, capture. Capitolium, i, n. (caput head), the Capitol, the temple of Ju- piter on the CapitoUne hill at Rome; the CapitoUne hill, in- cluding both temple and citadel. capra, ae, f., a she-goat, captiviis, a, iim (capio capture), captive; captiviis, i, m., a captive, a prisoner. capiit, capitis, n, head. Oc- ciput. career, carceris, m., prison. In- CARCER-ATE. careo, carere, carui, caritum he without, lack. carpentiim, i, n., chariot. carriis, i, m., cart, wagon. cariis, a, iim, dear, beloved. Cassiiis, i, m., a Roman name. CASTELLUM— COGITO 173 castellSm, i, n. (castnim aforti- Jied place), castle, ybr^, strong- hold. Casticus, i, m., a chief of the Sequani. castr^, oriiin, n. pL, soldiers' huts, camp. causa, ae, f., cause, reason, mo- tive ; causa, for the sake of, when following a Genitive ; causam dicere, to plead one's cause. caveo, cavere, cavi, cautiim, be on one's guard. Cautious. cSlSr, cSlSris, celere (cello im- pel), swift, speedy. Celerity. celeritSr, celeriiis, celerrime, adv. (celer swift), swift Ig, quick- ly, immediately. celo, are, avi, atum, conceal, hide^ census, us, m. (censeo assess, register), census. Centrones, iim, m. pL, a tribe in Southeastern Gaul. centum, num. adj. indecL, hun- dred. certamen, certaminis, n. (certo contend), contest ; battle. certus, a, iim (cerno determine), CERTAIN, sure ; Caesarem certiorem facere, to inform Caesar. ceteri, ae, a, adj. pi, the rest. cibiis, i, m.,food. cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctiim, surround, encircle. Cincture. circitSr, adv. (circus circle), about, near. circiim, prep. w. ace. (circus circle), around; near, in the en- virons of CiRCUM- is a prefix in many English words; e. g. CIRCUM-FERENCE, CIRCUM- NAVIGATE. circum-do, darS, d6di, datum (circum around, do put), put around, surround. circum-venio, venire, veni, ventiim (circum around, ve- nio come), come around, sur- round; CIRCUMVENT. citerior, citerius [see .w.2Lh\., with, together ivith. ciipiditas, atis, f. (cupidus de- sirous), desire, ivish, longing; eagerness, enthusiasm; cupid- ity. cupidus, a, iim, (cupio desire), desirous, fond. cupio, cupere, cupivi and cupii, cupitiim, desire. cur, interrog. adv., wJiyf where- fore f ciira, ae, f. (quaere seek), care. Cures, Curium, f. pL, chief town of the Sabines. ciiria, ae, f., curia or ward; senate- house. Curiatii, oriim, m. ph, the name of an Alban tribe. Three broth- ers belonging to this tribe fought with the Horatii. euro, are, avi, atiim (cura care), care for, attend to, cause some- thing to be done. Curate. cust6s,cust6dis,m.andf., guard, watch. Custodian. 178 DJMNO — BESTITUO damno, are, avi, atum (dam- num penalty)^ condemn. de, prep. w. abl., down from^ from ; of: about, concerning ; for, dea, ae, f. [see IJ], goddess, debeo, ere, ui, itum (de from, habeo have), owe. de-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum (de away, cedo go), go away, depart, retire. de-certo, arg, avi, atiim (de intensive, certo contend), fght, contend. decimiis, a, urn (decem ten), tenth. de-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptiim (de intensive, capio ensnare), DECEIVE. Deception. declare, are, avi, atiim, show, declare. de-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (de down, away, duco lead), lead down or away, withdraw, lead. Deduce, deduct, etc. de-fatigo, arS, avi, atum (de denoting completeness, fatigo weary) , weary completely, fatigue. de-fendo, fender^, fcndi, fen- siim, defend. deformitas, atis, f., deformity, ugliness. deinde, adv., then, after that. de-jicio, jicere, jeci, jectum (de down, ^d^oio throw), throw or cast down. Dejection. delectus, a, um (deligo choose), chosen. deleo, delere, delevi, delettim destroy. Deleterious. de-libero, arg, avi, atum (de denoting completeness, libro tveigh in one's mind), weigh well in mind, deliberate. Delib- eration. de-ligo, ligere, legi, lectum (de apart, lego gather), select, choose. Demaratiis, i, m., a Corinthian, father of Tarquinius Priscus. de-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum (de down, mitto let go), let go down ; capite demisso, with bowed head. de-monstro, arS, avi, atiim (de intensive, monstro shoio)^ point out, show, demonstrate; de- clare. Demonstration. deni, ae, a, num. adj. pi., ten each. denique, adv., at last, finally. dens, dentis, m., tooth. Dental. de-pono, ponere, p6sui, posi- tum (de down, pono put), put down, lay aside, get rid of. De- posit, deponent. de-scendo, scendere, scendi, scensiim (de doivn, scando go), DESCEND. de-scribo, scribgre, scripsi, scriptiim, describe ; divide. Description. de-sigiio, are, avi, atiim (de intensive, signo mark), desig NATE, describe, mec^n. de-spero, are, avi, atiim (de denoting negation, spero hope) despair. Desperation. de-stituG, stituere, stitui, stitii- SESUM—DOMUS 179 tttm (de away, statuo put), forsake, abandon. Destitute, DESTITUTION. de-sum, de-esse, de-fui (de aivay, sum be), be wanting. deteriSr, deteriiis [see 55], worse. detrimentum, i, n. (detero fr. de away, tero rub), loss ; dam- age, injury ; detriment. Det- rimental. deiis, i, m. [see 201, god; deity. de-veho, vehere, vexi, vectum (de awayy veho carry), carry away, bring. de-v6ro, are, avi, atiim (de down, voro swalloio), devour, eat up. dextSr, dextra, dextrum, right ; dextra (sc. manu hand), on the right. Dexterous. dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, say, tell, speak ; appoint ; call, name ; causam dicere, to plead one's cause. Dictum. dies, diei, m., day. dif-fgro, dif-ferre, dis-tiili, di- latiim (dis in different direc- tions, fero carry), carry different icays;putoff; differ. difficHis, e (dis negative, facilis eauy), difficult; impractica- ble. dignitas, atis, f. (dignus worthy), DIGNITY, rank; honor, office. dignus, a, iim, worthy. Dignify. di-mitto, mittere, misi, missum (dis hither and thither, mitto send), dismiss. di-ruo, ruSrS, rui, rutum (dis asunder, xViO hurl down), destroy; overthrow; raze. dis, m. and f .; dite, n. ; gen. ditis [ditibr, ditissimiis], rich. dis-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessiim (dis away, cede go), go away, depart, leave. dissidiiim, i, n. (dissideo fr. dis apart, sedeo sit), dissension, dis-tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tri- butiim. (dis amo?ig several, tri- buo give), distribute, divide. ditio, ditionis, f ., dominion, power. diu, diutiiis, diutissime, adv., a long time. dives, gen. divitis, adj., rich. Divico, onis, m., a distinguished man among the Helvetii. di-vido, videre, visi, visiim. (dis asunder, root vid separate), DIVIDE ; separate. Division. Divitiaciis, i, m., a chief of the Aedui. divitiae, artim, f. pi. (dives rich), riches, wealth. do, dare, d^di, datiim, give. ddceo, d5cere, ddcui, doctiim teach, instruct; inform. Doc- tor. dolbr, d51oris, m. (doleo feel pain), grief, sorrow, trouble. Dolorous. d51iis, i, m., fraud, deceit, strata^- gem. domo, arg, d5mui, d5mitiim, subdue, conquer. domtis, us and i [see 97], house. ddmii, at home ; domiim, home^ 180 BUBITATIO — ETIAM hotneward ; dSmo, from home. Dome. diibltatio, onis, f. (dublto waver in opi?iion), doubt, hesitation. diibius, a, um, doubtful. Dubi- ous. ducenti, ae, a, num. adj. pi. (duo two, centum hundred), two hun- dred. diico, ducere, duxi, ductum, lead, draw; suppose, consider; put off. Duct, aqueduct. dulcis, dulce, sweet, pleasant. Dulcet. dum, conj., while, as long as ; un- til. Dumn5rix, Dumndrigis, m., one of the Aedui. du6, ae, 6, num. adj. [see iOS], two. dux, ducis, m. and f., leader, guide ; commander, general. E. ediico, are, avi, atum (educo bring up a child), educate. Education. e-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum (ex out, duco lead), lead out, lead forth. Educe, eduction. effemmo, are, avi, atum (ex denoting change of nature, fe- mina woman), enervate. Ef- feminate. ef-ficio, ficere, feci, fectiim (ex out, facio make), effect, accomplish. ef-fundo, fundere, fudi, fusiim (ex out, fundo pour), pour out^ overflow. Ep^fusion. Egeria, ae, f ., a nymph, celebrated in Roman mythology as the wife and instructress of Numa. eg6, pers. pron. [see 112'~\, I. e-gredior, gredi, gressus sum (ex out, gradior go), go out^ depart. Egress. e-labor, labi, lapsus sum (ex out, labor slip), glide away, escape. Elapse. e-mineo, minere, minui (ex out, mineo jut), rise above ; appear. Eminent. Smo, Sm^rg, emi, emptdm, buy. guim, conj., /or. e-nuncio, are, avi, atiim (ex out of a place, nuncio carry a report), divulge, report. eo, ire, ivi, itiim [see 12G], go. eo, adv., to that place, thither, there ; eo — quo, the — the. gques, equitis, m. (equus horse, eo go), rider, horseman; cavalry- man ; pi., cavalry. equester, tris, tre (eques horse- man), of horsemen, of cavalry. Equestrian. equitatus, us, m. (equito to be a horseman), cavalry. equus, i, m., horse. e-ripio, ripgrS, ripui, reptiim (ex out, rapio tear), tear out or from, take from. St, conj., and, even ; St — St, both — and. Stiam, conj. (et-jam), and also, also, even. ETSI — FJCVLTAS 181 et-si, conj., even if, although, Iltruria, ae,f., a country of Italy, modern Tuscany. e-verto, vertere, verti, versiiin (ex out, verto turn), turn out; overturn, destroy. e-v61o, are, avi, atum (ex out, volofly), fly out, fly away. ex, e, prep. w. abl. [see Ln. IV., Vy., 1], out of, from among; from; of. exempltlm, i, n. (eximo fr. ex out, emo take), Example. ex-eo, ir§, ii, ittiin (ex out, eo go), go out, go forth, depart; pass., be gone. exercitatio, onis, f. (exercito to exercise), practice. exercittis, us, m. (exerceo exer- cise), army. See agxnen ex-igo, Igere, egi, actum (ex out, ago drive), drive out, lead out, spend; aestas exacta est, the summer vi gone. Exac- tion. existimo, are, avi, atiim, think, suppose; believe, imagine. exitiiim, i, n. (exeo go out), de- struction, ruin. ex-oro, are, avi, atum (ex effectually, oro entreat), move by entreaty ; obtain by entreaty. expgditfis, a, iim (expedio fr. ex away from, pes foot), unin- cumbered, passable. Expediti- ous. ex-plico, arg, avi, atiim (ex out, plico fold), unfold, explain, spread. Explication. exploratSr, oris, m. (explSro explore), spy, scout. ex-pugno, are, avi, atiim (ex effectually, pugRoflght), take by assault; storm, capture. ex-specto, arg, avi, attim (ex very much, specto look for), expect, long for ; wait. Ex- pectation. extra, prep. w. ace, without, beyond. ex-traho, traherg, traxi, trac- tiim (ex out, traho draw), draw out, extract. Extraction. extremtis, a, tim [see 85'], fur- thermost, most distant, extreme. ex-urb, iirgre, ussi, ustiim (ex entirely, uro burn), burn up. F. fabiila, ae, f. (fari to speak). story, FABLE. facilS, facHiiis, facillime, adv. (facilis easy), easily, readily ^ without difficulty, facilis, facilS (facie do, ilis de- noting capability), easy, practi- cable. Facile. facio, facere, feci, factum, do, make ; incite, furnish ; iter fa- c6re, to march, to journey. factio, factionis, f. (facie take part with one), faction, politi- cal party. factiim, i, n. (facie do), deed, act. facultas, atis, f. (facilis which see), ability, opportunity. Fac- ulty. 182 FJMILIA — FRATER famflia, ae, f. (famulus servant), household^ family. familiaritas, atis, f. (familiaris intimate), intimacy, friendship, FAMILIARITY. famtila, ae, f., maid, maid-ser- vant. fauce, abl., f. sing., throat; fau- ces, faucitiin, f. pL, throat, Fausttlliis, i, m., the shepherd by whom Romulus and Remus were brought up. i^veo, favere, favi, fautum, fa- vor, show favor. files and fells, fells, f., cat. Feline. feliciter, adv. (felix happy), hap- pily, successfully. felix, gen. felicis, adj. (fee pro- duce), happy, fortunate. Fe- licitous. femina, ae, f., female, woman. Feminine. fere, adv., almost, nearly. fgro, ferrg, tiili, lattim, bear, bring, carry; endure. fSriis, a, iim, wild, uncultivated; fSr^ ae, f., wild beast. ferrtiin, i, n., iron ; sword. festtiin, i, n., feast. fides, fidgi, f. (Mo trust), faith, confidence ; pledge, promise ; protection. Fidelity. filia, ae, f. [see li^, daughter. filiiis, i, m., son. finio, finirS, finivi, finitiim (finis end), end, finish. finis, finis, m., end, limit, boun- dary ; pL, territory. Final. finltXmtis, a, iim (finis boun. dary), neighboring; finitimi, or iim, m. pi., neighbors. fio, fieri, factiis siim [see 126], be made; become; occur, hap- pen. firmitgr, adv. (fiiTnus/r?7i),/rm- ly, securely. flagito, arg, avi, atiim, demand. flamma, ae, f., flame. fleo, flerS, flevi, fletiim, weep. flens, gen. flentis, v)eeping. flos, floris, m., flower. Floral iliimgn, fluminis, n. (flue flow), river. fluo, flugrg, fluxi, fluxiim, flow. Fluent, fluency. f5dio, fbdSrS, fodi, fossum, dig. Fossil. foediis, foederis, n., league,, treaty. Federal. formido, formidinis, f., fear, terror. formositas, atis, f., beauty. fortassS, adv. (fors chance), per^ haps. forts, adv. (fors chance), acci- dentally, by chance. -^ fortis, fortg, brave, bold, coura- geous, valiant ; strong. fortitgr, fortiiis, fortissune, adv. (fortis brave), bravely, valiantly. fortiina, ae, f., fortune. fSriim, i, n., market-place; fo- rum; court of justice. fossa, ae, f. (fodio dig), ditch, trench. fratgr, fratris, m , brother. Fra- ternal. FRIGUS— GRUS 183 frigtis, frigoris, n., cold, frost. frumentariiis, a, iim (frumen- timi corn), of corn ; res fru- mentaria, supplies, frumentum, i, n., corn, grain. fruor, frui, fructus sum, enjoy [see 104:]. fiiga, ae, i., flight. fugio, fiigere, fiigi, fTigitiim,/ee; escape. Fugitive. fulmgn, fulminis, n. (fulgeo flash), thunder-holt, lightning. Fulminate. funiis, fungris, n.^ funeral proces- sion, burial, funeral. G. Gabiniiis, i, m., Aulus Gahinius, a Roman consul. Gallia, ae, f., Gaul; it embraced modern France, Belgium, that part of the Netherlands south of the Rhine, the provinces of Germany west of the Rhine, and a large part of Switzer- land; all this was known as Gallia ulterior, farther Gaul, and as Gallia transalpina, Gaul across the Alps, i. e. from Rome: the northern part of modern Italy was known as Gallia citerior, hither Gaul, and as Gallia cisalpina, Gaul this side the Alps, i. e. towards Rome. gallina, ae, f., hen. Gallils, i, m., a Gaul. Garumna, ae, f., a river of Gaul, the Garonne. gSminiis, a, iim, double ; gemini filii, twin-sons. gener, ggnSri, m., son-in-law. Genava, ae, f., a town of the Al- lobroges, on Lake Lemannus, modern Geneva. gens, gentis, f. (gigno beget), nation, tribe. Gentile. genus, generis, n., birth, kind race. Germani, orum, m. pi., the Germans. gSro, gSrere, gessi, gestilm, bear^ carry; carry on, wage; pass. happen, take place. gigno, gignerg, gSnui, ggnitiim, beget ; bear ; pass., be bora. gloria, ae, f., glory, renown, glorior, ari, atiis siim (gloria glory), boast, glory. gratis, us, m. (gradior to ste])), step, stair. Grade. Graeciis, a, tim, Grecian, Greek. gratia, ae, f. (gratus beloved, dear), favor; influence, popu- larity ; grace: pi., thanks. gratiilor, ari, a^^iis siim, con- gratulate. gravis, gravS, heavy, burden^ some; grievous, painful, se^ vere. Grief. gravitSr, graviiis, gravissime, adv. (gravis heavy), heavily; grievously, severely. griis, gruis, m. and f., crane (a bird). 184 HABEO — IMPEDIMENTUM h^beo, ere, ui, itiiin, have, liold; regard^ consider ; delive?\ Harudes, iim, m. pi, a people of Southern Germany. hast^, ae, f., spear, lance. haud, adv., not at all, hy no means. haediis and hoedu3, i, m., HJ, a young goat. Helvetii, or iim, m. pi., an an- cient people occupying a large part of the country now called Switzerland. Helvetiiis, S, um, of the Helvetii. herbidiis, a, iim (herba grass), grass?/. hIbernS, oriim, n. pi. (hiems winter), winter-quarters ; [prop- erly an adjective with castra understood.] Hibernate. hic, haec, hoc, this; pi., these [see irs\ hie, adv. (hic this), here, in this place. hiemo, are, avT, atiim (hiems winter), pass the winter. hinc, adv. (hic this), hence, from this place. Hispania, ae, £., Spain. h5die, adv. (contracted fr. hoc and die, on this day), to-day. h5m6, hbminis, m. and f., human being, person, man. [See Ln. XXV., Note 1.] h6n6r, h5noris, m., honor. h5r^, ae, f., hour. Horatii, orum, m. pi., three Ro- man brothers who fought against the Curiatii. hortor, ari, atiis siim, exhort, urge. Hortatory. hospitiiim, i, n. (hospes guest), hospitality. Hospital, hos- pitable. hostis, hostis, ni. and f., enemy, public enemy; [inimicus is a personal enemy.'] Hostile. hue, adv. (hic this), hither, to this place. humanitas, atis, f . (humanus of or belonging to man), HUMANI- TY, refinement, culture, I. ibi, adv. (is), there, in that place , then. ico, icere, ici, ictiim, strike; foedus icSre, to ratify or make a treaty. Ictus, idem, e^dem, idem (is and dem. suffix dem), the same [se^e 113]. idoneiis, S, iim,//, suitable. igitiir, conj., therefore. ignis, is, m., /re. ille, ilia, illiid, that, he; pi., those, immeritiis, S, iim (in negative, meritus deserving), not deserv- ing ; not deserved. immortalis, immortale (in neg- ative, mortalis mortal), immor- tal. immortalitas, atis, f. (immorta- lis immortal), immortality. impedimentiim, i, n. (impedio fr. in in the way of, pedes /ee/)^ IMPENBEO — INLULGEO 185 hindrance pi., baggage of an army, including beasts of bur- den and their drivers; [sar- cinae are packs carried by the soldiers.] Impediment. im-pendeo, pendere, no perf. nor sup. (in over, pendeo hang)^ overhang; impend. impgratdr, oris, m. (impero com mand), comm a n der-in-chief, ge?ieral. imperittis, 5, um (in negative^ peritus skilled) ^ unskilledy in- experienced. imperiiim, i, n. (impero com- mand)^ command; government; EMPIRE, supreme power, impero, arg, avT, atiiin (in upon, pare put), give orders, order; command; rule, impetus, us, m., attack, assault. Impetus. im-pl6ro, are, avi, atiim, beseech, entreat, implore. im-pono, pongrg, pSsui, p5si- tum (in upon, pono place), place upon ; levy upon. Impose, IMPOSITION. im-porto, arg, avT, attim (in into, porto bring), bring into, IMPORT. In, prep. w. ace and abl. ; w. ace, into, to, towards, against; w. abl., in, on, upon, among. inanls, inan^, empty; vain, in- effectual. incendo, incendSrg, incendi, incensum, set on Jire, burn. Incendiary. inchoo, arg, avi, atiim, begin. in-cido, cid6re, cidi (in into, cado fall), fall into or upon; chance to meet with. Incident, INCIDENTAL. in-cito, arg, avi, atiim (in with- out additional force, cito put in quick motion)^ instigate, en- courage; INCITE. in-colo, colgre, c61ui, cultiim (in in, colo dwell), inhabit, dwell. incolumis, 6, unhurt, safe. incommbdum, i, (incommodus fr. in negative, commodus con- venient), inconvenience, misfor- tune, defeat. incredibilis, e (in negative, credo believe, bills denoting capabil- ity), INCREDIBLE ; extraordi- nary, incursio, on is, f. (incurro fr. in into, against; curro run), at- tack; INCURSION. in-cuso, are, avi, atum (in against, causa cause), censure, blame. in-dico, dicSrS, dixi, dictiim (in among, dice speak), declare, proclaim. indigniis, S, tim (in negative, dig- nus worthy), unworthy. indoles, is, f., disposition, nature. in-duco, ducgrg, duxi, ducttim (in into, duco lead), lead into; INDUCE. indulgeo, indulgerS, indulsi, indultum, favor, show favor i INDULGE. 186 INBUO — INTERNECIO in-duo, duerS, dui, dutiim, put on^ dress ; clothe. inermis, S (in negative, arma arms), unarmed; defenceless. inferior, inferiiis, lower. Infe- rior [see Sa^. in-fgro, in-ferrS, in-tiili, il- lattiin (in into, upon, feio bring), bring into or upon, make upon. Infer, inference. in-fluo, flugrg, fluxi, fluxtini (in i7ito, ^\xo flow), flow into, emptij. Influence, influx. in-frendeo, freiiderS, gnash with the teeth. ingens, gen. ingentis, vast, enor- mous, large. in-haereo, hae-rerg, haesi, hae- stim (in to, in; Yid^QXQO stick), stick or cleave to or in. In-hio, arg, avi, atilm (in for, hio gape), gape for, desire. inimicus, S, um (in negative, amicus friendly), unfriendly, hostile ; inimical. See hostis. initium, i, n. (ineo fr. in upon, eo enter), beginning. Initial. in-jicio, jicerg, jeci, jecttiin (in into, jacio throw), throw into ; inspire, infuse. Inject. injuria ae, f. (injurius fr. in negative, jus right), injury, ivrong ; injustice, damage, in- sult. in-nascor, nasci, natiis siim (in in, nascor be born), spring up in. inSpiS, ae, f. (inopes fr. in neg- ative, opes resources), want, scarcity. inquam and inquio, defective verb, say. insidiae, ariim, f. pi., treachery, deceit. Insidious. insignis, insignS (in upon, sig- num mark), remarkable, extraor- dinary ; insigne, is, n., sign. in-stituo, stituerS, stitui, sti- tutiim, appoint, institute; train up, instruct. instituttiin, i, n., custom ; insti- tution. in-struo, struSre, struxi, struc- tiim (in without additional force, strUG arrange), arrange, form, draw up. Instruct, in- structive, instruction. intel-ligo (lego), ligSrg, lexi, lectum (inter between, lego choose), understand, know. In- telligent. inter, prep. w. ace, between, among. inter-cedo, cedgrg, cessi, ces- siim (inter between, cedo go), intervene. Intercede, inter- cession. inter-cipio, ciperS, cepi, cep- tiim (inter between, capio take), usurp ; take away fraudulently ; intercept. inter-ficio, ficSrS, feci, fecttim (inter between, facio make), kill, slay. inter-imo, imSrS, emi, empttim, kill, put to death. internScio, onis, f. (intem^co fr. inter completely, neco kill), slaughter. INTERREGiniM — JURA 187 interregnum, T, n. (inter between^ regnum reign), interregnum. inter>sii£a, esse, fui (inter be- tween, sum be), be between, inter- vene. intervalliini, i, n. (inter between, vallum rampart), interval, distance. intro, arg, avi, atiim, enter. in-tueor, tueri, tuitiis siim (in upon, at; tueor look), look at or upon. intiis, adv., within. invidia, ae, f. (invideo look askance at), envy, hatred. invitiis, S, tim, unwilling ; se in- vito, against his will. ipsg, ips^ ipsiim [see IIS], self; himself, herself, itself; very; ipse rex, the very king. irretio, irS, ivi, itum (in in, rete net), entangle, ensnare. ir-rideo, rid erg, risT, ristini (in at, rideo laugh), laugh at, deride, irrito, arS, avi, atiiin, provoke, incite, irritate. Irritation. Is, eS, id, he, her, it; this; that [see JIS]. Isocr^tes, is, m., a celebrated Greek orator and rhetorician. its, adv. (is), so, thus, in this man- ner, as follows. ItSlia,'"ae, f ., Italy. ItSliis, S, tim, Italian. itS-quS, conj., and so, accordingly, therefore. it^m, adv. (is), in like manner, likewise. it6r, itinSris, n. (eo go), journey ; march; way, road, route; iter fac€re, to march. Itinerant. it^rtim, adv. (is), again, a second lime. jSceo, erg, ui, jScittim, lie. jScio, jScgrg, jeci, jacttbn, throw, hurl, cast, jSm, adv., now, already. Janiciiltim, i, n., a hill across the Tiber from Rome. jtibeo, jiiberg, jussl, jusstim, command, order. judicitim, i, n., (judex judge), judgment; trial; sentence; de- cision. Judicial. judico, arg, avi, atiim (jus law, dico point out), judge; deter- mine, conclude; think. Ad- judicate. jiigtim, i, n. (jungo join), yoke; ridge, summit: in war a frame made of two upright spears sup- porting a third in a horizontal position, under which a con- quered army was made to pass in token of subjection. jumenttim, i, n., bea^t of burden as a horse or an ox. Juppiter and Jupiter, JSvis, m., son of Saturn, father of gods and king of men. JurS, ae, m., the Jura, a chain of mountains extending from the Rhine to the Rhone and form- ing the western boundary of Switzerland. 188 JVS—LIBEUO jus, juris, n., righl^ laio. Jurist. jusjurandtim, jurisjurandi, n., oath [see 110\, jussu, m. abl. (jubeo command), hy command. justiis, a, tlm (jus law, suflix tus denoting /M^nes5), just, right. jtivo, jiivarg, juvi, jutiim, help, aidj assist Ad-jutant. L. L., abbreviation of Lucius, a Ro- man praenomen. Ij^bientis, i. m., one of Caesar's lieutenants in tbe Gallic war. I^b5r, l^boris, m., labor, toil. lacrim^ ae, f., tear. l^ciis, us, m., lake. laetor, ari, attis stiin (laetus joyful), rejoice, exult. laettls, S, Huif joyful. l^inio, arS, avi, atiim, tear in pieces. l^pis, l^pidis, m., stone. Lapid- ary. l&queiis, i, m., noose, snare. Larenti^, ae, f. See Acca. largitio, onis, f. (largior give bountifully), liberality. late, adv. (latus broad), widely, extensively, L^tiniis, i, m., an ancient king of the Laurentes, a people of Italy. latro, latrdnis, m., robber. latro, arS, avi, atiim, bark, bark at. l&ttis, l&tgrls, n., side; flank. Lateral. latiis, S, tiin, broad, vnde ; large^ spacious. Lat-itude. Lavinia, ae, £., daughter of Lati- nus and second wife of Aeneas. Lavinitun, i, n., a city in Italy built by Aeneas. legatio, onis, f. (lego send on an embassy), embassy. Lega- tion. legatiis, i, m. (lego send as a rep- resentative), ambassador, envoy, legate; lieutenant. Iggio, ISgionis, f. (lego levy), LEGION, a body of infantry va- rying in number from 4000 to 6000, and generally accompa- nied by about 300 cavalrymen. Iggo, Igggrg, legi, lectiim, choose. Lexaanntis, i, m., Lake Leman or Geneva in Switzerland. lenitas, atis, f., smoothness. leo, le5nis, m., lion. letalis, 6 (letum death; suiBx alls, belonging to), fatal, deadly. levltas, atis, f. (levls smooth), smoothness. Ig vitas, atis, f. (ievis light)^ lightness. Levity. lex, legis, f., law. Legal. libgr, libSr^ lib^riim, free. libSralitas, atis, f. (liberalis fr. liber free), liberality, gen-* erosity. libgre, ITbgrifts, adv. Qiherfree), freely, unreservedly. libg.ri, ortlni, m. pi., children. libgro, arg, avi, attun (libel free), to free, liberate. LICEOR — MANEO 189 liceor, llceri, Hcitiis siiin, hid at an auction. licSt, lie erg, licuit or licittim est, it is permitted^ allowed; one may [see 128 and Ln. LXIX., Examples 2 - 5]. licSt, although. Lingones, iim, m. pi , a people in Northeastern Gaul. lingua, ae, f., tongue; language. Linguist, lingual. Lisotis, 1, m., a magistrate among the Aedui. littSr^ and litgrS, ae, f. (lino besmear), letter of the alpha- bet ; pi., letter, epistle. Litera- ture. Idctls, 1, m. [pi. loci and loca], place. Local, locality. longe, longiiis, longissime, adv. (longus long), far, by far; often used to strengthen superla- tives, longissime. adv., very far. longitudo, inis, f. (longus long), length. Longitude. longtis, a, ilm, long. 15quor, 15qui, 15cuttls stlm, speak, talk. Loquacious. Lucius, i, m., a Roman prae- nomen. Lucretia, ae, f., a Roman matron, wife of CoUatinus. ludiis, i, m.j play^ game. Itip^, ae, f., she-wolf. liiptis, 1, m , wolf lustro, arg, avi, attim, review. lux, lucis, f. (luceo shine), light. lyr^ ae, f., lyre. M. M., abbreviation of Marcus, a Roman praenomen. M'., abbreviation of Manius, a Roman praenomen. magis, maxime, adv., more, rather. m^gistratiis, us, m. (magister fr. mag-, root of magnus. signifying to be great), magis- trate. magnitude, Inis, f. (magnus great), size, magnitude. magniis, S, tim, great, large, big, mighty. Magni-. majestas atis, f., majesty, dignity. majbr, majiis, gen. majoris (comp. of magnus), larger, greater, bigger; majores, iim, m. pL, ancestors. Major. mSle, pejiis, pessime, adv., bad- ly, ill, wickedly. mSlg-dico, dic6r6, dixi, dicttim (male 27/, dico speak), speak ill of, revile, rail at; [with dat.] Malediction. mSlSficitim, i, n. [maleficus do- ing evil), mischief, damage. mSlgficiis, S, tim (male wicked- ly, facie do), icicked; m^gfi- ctis, i, m., an evil-doer. malo, mallg, maluT (magis more, vole be willing), he more willing, choose rather, prefer [see 125], m^iis, S, iim, had, wicked, evil, destructive. m^eo, mSnerS, mansi, man- stun, stay, re- main. 190 MANDATUM — MINOR mandatiim, i, n. (mando fr. ma- nus hand^ do pu* ; put in one^s hand), charge, order, command. Mandate. TU^iis, us, £., hand; force of soldiers. Manufacture. Maniiis, i, m. See M'. Marciiis, \ m., a Roman name. Marciis, i, m. See M. marS, maris, n., sea. m^ittis, i, m. (marita wife), be- longing to a wife, husband. Mars, Martis, m,, son of Jupiter and Juno, and god of war. Martial. mass a, ae, f., mass, lump. matSr, matris, f., mother ; ma- tron. matrlmonium, i, n. (mater mother), marriage; in miatri- monium dare, to gioe in mar- riage; in matrimonium du- cgre, to marry. Matrimony. Matr5na, ae, m., a river in Gaul, the modern Marne. mature, adv. (maturus ripe), early, soon. maturo, arg, avi, atiim, hasten, make haste. matiirtis, S, tim, ripe, mature. mSdiocriter, adv. (mediocris fr. medius denoting a middle stale), moderately ; non mediocriter, exceedingly. mg dills, a, iim, in the middle or midst ; vfMhe middle of; middle, central. mSl, mellfa, n., honey. Melli- fluent. mSlior, mSliiis, gen. mgliorls (comp. of bonus), better. mSmini, meminissS, remember [see 127\ mSmSr, gen. mSmbris, mindful of, mindful. mgmSri^, ae, f. (memor mind- ful of), MEMORY, recollection, remembrance. mens, mentis, f., mind. See animus. Mental. mensis, mensis, m., month. mercat5r, oris, m. (mercer to trade), trader, merchant. merces, mercedis, f., wages j hire, reward, price, mgreo, erg, ui, itiim, deserve, acquire. mSritiim, i, n., desert. Merit. Messala, ae, m., a Roman name. metior, metiri, menstis siim, MEASURE, deal out. Mettiiis, T, m., Mettius Fufetius, an Alban general, put to death by Tullus Hostilius. metis, S, iim, my, mine. mil^s, militis, m., soldier. militaris, S (miles soldier, aris belonging to), military; res militaris, military science. mills, pi. m.Tlia, militlm, thou- sand [see IDS']. milvitis, i, m , kite (a bird). minime [parve, miniis, mlni- me], adv., least, by no means. mlnimiis, a, tim, least [see S5}. m.in6r, minus, smaller, less [s§e S5] ; minor natu, younger. MINUO — NEMO 191 mlnuo, mXnugrS, minui, minii- tiim, Di-MiNiSH. Diminution. minus, adv. less. See minime. miror, ari, atiis stiin, ad-mire ; wonder at. miriis, &, ttm (miror wonder at), wonderful. mis^r, misgr^, misSrtim, wretch- ed, pitiable, lamentable, miser ABLE. mitto, mittSrS, misi, missiim, send. xnoenia, moeniiiin, n. pi., walls of a city. mollio, irg, ivi, ittim (mollis soft), soften, subdue. mdueo, erS, ui, itiiin, remind ; advise, ad-monish. mens, montis, m., mountain, MOUNT. * monstro, arg, avi, attiin (mon- strum a divine omen), show, point out. De-monstrate. morbtis, i, m., disease. Morbid. mbrior, mbri and mSriri, mor- tuiis Slim, die. m6ror, ari, attis stim, tarry, de- lay, hinder. mors, mortis, f., death. Mortal. mos, moris, m., custom, manner ; usage ; pL, character. Moral. m6veo, m6verg, movi, motiim, MOVE ; excite : castra movere, to break up camp. miiligr, muliSris, f., tcoman. multitudo, inXs, £ (multus much), multitude. multils, S, lim, much^ many a; pVmany. Multi-ply. munio, Irg, ivi, itiim (moenia wall, rampart), fortify, miinitio, onis, f . (munio fortify), fortification. Munition. m.uniis, munSris, n., gift, reward- Re-muner-ate. mils, muris, m., mouse. musciiltis, m. (mus), a little mouse, N. nam, conj., ybr. nascor, nasci, natus stun, he born. Nascent. natu, abl. sing, m., by birth; mi- nor natu, younger, natura, ae, f. (nascor he horn), nature. natiis, S, tim (nascor he horn), old. navis, navis, f., ship, Nav-al, NAVI-GATE. ne, adv., not ; conj., that not ; that. n6, interrog. particle ; is appended to first word of the question and asks for information. n6c. See ngquS. nSco, arg, avi, attim, kill, put to death. nggo, arS, avi, atiim, deny, re- fuse. Negation. nSgotiiim, i, n. (nee not, otium leisure), business; quid nego ti? what business f Negotiv ATE. nemo, neminis, m. and f. (ne not, homo a man), no one, no- body. 192 NEFOS -- NUTRIO nSpos, nepotis, m.5 grandson. NepotisMc Neptuntls, i, m., Neptune, god of the sea. nequaquSm, adv., by no means, nSqug, nSc, conj., and not; nSqug — ngqug, neither — nor, nervtis, i, m., nerve, vigor, en- nescio, irg, ivi and ii, ittim (ne not, scio know), not know. neuter, neutra, neutrilni (ne not, uter one or the other), nei- ther [see 24'], Neuter. nihH, n. indecL, nothing. nihilS miniis, adv., none the less, nevertheless^ nihiltun, i, n., nothing, nisi, conj. (ne not, si if), if not, unless, except. niter, niti, nisiis or nizus stlm, strive, endeavor. nobilis, nobilS (nosco know, bills denoting capability), well known, noble, of high rank, nobilitas, atis, f. (nobilis noble), NOBILITY. nolo, nollS, nolui (non not, volo willing), be unwilling. nom^n, nominis, n., name. non, adv., not. nonnS, interrog. particle, expects the answer yes. non-null tis, S, tim, some one; nonnuUi, oriini, m. pi., several persons. NoreiS, ae, f., a town in Noricum. Noriciis, S, tini, of Noricum, a country lying between the Up- per Danube and Eastern Alps. nos, pers. pron., we [see ll^]. nost^r, nostra, nostrtlm, our, ours. noto, ar€, avi, atilm (nota, a mark), mark. Note, nota- tion. Novioduntini, i, n., the name of Several cities in Gaul. n5viis, S, iim, new, strange; re- cent, fresh; novae res, revolu- tion ; agmen novissimum, the rear. Novel. nox, noctis, f ., night. nubes, nubis, f., cloud. nubo, nubgrg, nupsi, nuptiim, veil herself for the bridegroom, marry [of a bride]. Nuptial. niidils, S, iim, naked, bare; nude. nuUtis, a, iim (ne not, ullus any one), no, none, not any one. niim, ivhether ; in direct questions to be omitted in translation. Niima, ae, m., Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. niimgriis, i, m., number. Ntimitor, oris, m., father of Rhea Silvia. nunc, adv., now. nuncio, arg, avi, atilm (nuncius messenger), an-nounce, report. nunciipo, ar6, avi, atiim. to name, nunquSm and numquSm, adv. (ne not, unquam ever), never. niiper, adv. (novus neio), newly, recently. nutrio, irS, ivi, itiim, nourish. Nutrition, nutriment. NYMPHA — OFFICIUM 193 nymph^, ae, f., a nymph; the nymphs were demi-goddesses inhabiting the sea, rivers, foun- tains, woods, trees, and moun- tains. 6b, prep. w. ace, on account of, for, 5bedio, irg, ivi, ittim (ob with- out any additional force, audio listen to), listen to, obey ; be sub- ject to. Obedient. 6b-eo, irg, ivi and ii, ittim (ob towards, eo go)^ die. 6b-erro, Srg, Svi, attim (ob about, erro wander), wander about, wander. ob-jicio, jicerg, jeci, jecttim (ob before, at; jacio throw), throw before, at, or against; throw up. Object, objec- tion. obliviscor, oblivisci, oblittis siim, forget. ob-ruo, ruSrg, rui, riitiim (ob without additional force, mo cast down with violence), over- whelm; cover. ob-secro, arg, avi, atiiin (ob on account of, sacra sacrifices), be- seech, implore. obsgs, obsidis,m. (obsideo stay), hostage. ob-testor, ari, atiis sum (ob with no additional force, tes- ter bear witness), conjure, be- seech. ob-tineo, tinerg, tlnui, tentiim (ob with no additional force, teneo hold), hold, obtain, pos- sess. obviam, adv., in the way,' ob- viam irg or figri, to meet. occasiis, us, m. (occldo fall), going down; soils occasu, at sunset. oc-cido, cidSrg, cidi, cisiim (ob against, caedo cut, strike), kill, slay. oc-culto, arg, avi, atiim, hide, conceal. Occult. oc-ciipo, arg, avi, attim (ob with no additional force, capio take), seize, take possession of, OCCUPY. Occupation. oc-curro, currgrg, cticurri and curri, curstim (ob towards, curro run), meet. Occur, oc- currence. Oce^iis, i, m., ocean. Ocgliim, i, n , a town in the west- ern part of Cisalpine Gaul. octaviis, S, tim, eighth. Octave. octo-dgcim, num. adj., eighteen. octo-ginta, num. adj , eighty. bctiltis, i, m., eye. Oculist. odi, odissg, hate (see 127']. of-fendo, fendgrg, fendi, fen- stim, OFFEND, wound. Of- fence. of-fgro, of-fgrrg, ob-ttili, ob- 1 attim (ob towards ^ fero bring), offer, present. officium, i, n. (opes aid, facio render), service, duty; obedienc€> allegiance. Office. 194 OMNINO — PASCOR omnino, adv. (omnis all), alio- (jether, at all. omnis, omnS, all, every, the whole. Omni-science, omni-potent, omni-present. bniis, SnSris, n., load, burden; weight; size. Onerous. opis, dpSm, 6pS [nom., dat., and voc. sing, not used ; pi. entire] ; pl.^ 5pes, 6piiin, 5pibiis, etc. ; f ., power ; means, resources. 6port6t, Sporterg, oportuit, it behooves, it is necessary, one ought [see 12S and Ln. LXIX., Examples 6 - 8]. oppidiiin, 1, n., town, walled town. op-pugno, arg, avi, atiiin (ob against, pugno fight), attack, besiege, assault. optio, onis, f. (opto choose), choice, OPTION. 5p'ls, 6p6ris, n., ivork, labor. oratio, oratidnis, f. (ore speak), speech, harangue ; oration. orator, oratoris, m. (ore plead), ORATOR. ordino, arg, avi, atiim (ordo arranging), arrange, order. Orgetorix, igis, m., the noblest and richest among the Helvetii. 6riens, gen. orientis (part. fr. orior), rising. Orient. 6rior, Sriri, orttis stim, lise, arise, begin. ornamentuin, i, n. (omo adorn), ornament, distinction. ore, arS, avi, attiin (os mouth), beseech, beg ; implore, pray. OS, oris, n., mouth ; face. Orai.. 6s, ossis, n., bone. Ossi-fy. os-tendo, tendgrg, tendi, ten- tiim (ob bef or e,teTL(}iO spread), show, point out, exhibit. Osten- sible. Ostia, ae, f., a town at the mouth of the Tiber, built by Ancus Marcius. ostitiin, 1, n., mouth of a river. oviim, i, n., egg. Oval. P., abbreviation of Publius, a Ro- man praenomen. pabtilatio, onis, f ., foraging. pabtillim, i, n. (pasco feed), food. paco, arg, avi, atflm (pax joeace), pacify ; subdue. paeng, adv.^ almost, nearly, pagiis, i, m., district, canton. par, gen. pSris, equal, like. Par. paratiis, a, iim (part, of pare prepare), pre-pared, ready. parco, parcere, pgperoi and parsi, parcitum and parsiim (parous spare), to spare. p§.rio, pSrgrg, pgpgri, pSxitiiin and parttim, bear, bring forth ; ovum parere, to lay an egg. pars, partis, f., part, share;. side ; direction. parviis, S, tim [comp., minor, superl., minimus], small, little, insignificant. pascor, pasci, pasttis s^jn,feed, graze. PASSUS — PERSUADEO 195 passtis, us, m. (pando stretch out the feet), step, pace ; as a measure of length, about five feet. past5r, past oris, m. (pSiSCO feed), shepherd. Pastor. pStS-facio, fScere, feci, factum (pat^o be open, facio make), make open, open. pStgr, p^tris, m., father. p^ternus, a, um (pater father), paternal. potior, pSti, passiis stim, let, allow; suffer. Passion, pas- sive. p&tria, ae, f. (pater father), native land, fatherland. Pa- trial. pauci, ae, S, adj. YA.,few. paulus, a, um, little; paulo, n. abl. sing., by a little, little. pavo, onis, m. and f., peacock. pax, pacis, f., peace. Pacify. pellis, pellis, f., skin. pello, pellere, pgptili, pulsum, drive out or away, banish ; rout. Re-pdlse. pennS, ae, f ., feather. Pen. per, prep. w. ace., through; by means of, by. per-ciitio, ctitgre, cussi, cussum (per through, quatio strike), strike through, strike. Percus- sion. per-do, dere, didi, ditiim (per through, do put), lose. Perdi- tion. per-duco, ducSre, duxi, duc- tum (per through, duco lead). lead through or to, conduct ; fos- sam perduc6re, to extend or make a trench. per-fScilis, g (per very, facllis easy), very easy. per-ficio, ficere, feci, fectiixa (per completely, facio make), accomplish. Perfection. perfidi^, ae, f. (perfidus one who breaks his promise), perj^idy. perictQosus, a, iim (periculum danger; suffix osus full of), dangerous. pgrictiliim, i, n., danger, risk, peril. pgritiis, S, iim, skilful, experi- enced. per-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum (per through, mitto let go), permit, allow. Permis- sion. per-m6veo, mSvere, movi, mo- tiim (per completely, moveo move), prevail upon. pernicies, perniciei, f . (pemeco fr. per completely, neco kill), ruin, destruction. Pernicious. perpauci, ae, S (per very, pauci few), very few. per-sgquor, s6quT, sScutiis siim (per perse oeringly, sequor fol- loio), pursue. Persecute. per-severo, are, avi, atiim (per- severus i^ery strict), perse- vere, continue. per-suadeo, suaderg, suasi, suasiim (per thoroughly, sua- deo advise), persuade, prevail upon. Persuasion. 196 PERTERREO — POSTERUS per-terreo, ere, ui, itiim (per thoroughly, terreo frighten), thoroughly frig J. ten, terrify. per-tineo, tinere, tinui, tenttiDi (per thoroughly, teneo hold, lay hold of), extend; reach, tend; PERTAIN, belong. per-turbo, are, avi, atiiin (per thoroughly, turbo disturb), great- ly disturb, disturb. Perturb, PERTURBATION. per-vgnio, venire, veni, ven- tiim (per quite through, venio come), come through, come to; arrive; reach. pes, pgdis, m., foot. Pedal. peto, petgrg, pgtivi and p6tii, pStitiim, (isk, request; beseech, beg for ; seek ; attack. Peti- tion. pgttilantiS, ae, f. (petiilans saucy), sauciness ; insolence; petulance. piletis, 1, m., hat ; cap, pilum, i, n., javelin. Piso, onis, m., a Roman consul. pistrintim, T, n. (pistor miller), mill. pl^ceo, plScerg, plScui, plScX- tum, please ; plScSt, impers., it pleases, it seems good. pl^g^ ae, f., hunting-net, toil. plebs, plebis, f., commons, com- mon people. plurimiis, S, iim [superl. of mul- tus], most. plus, pluris [compar. of multus, see *5], more. poen^ ae, t, punishment. Penal. polliceor, polliceri, poUicitiis sum (insep. prefix pot largely, liceor offer), promise. pono, ponere, p6sui, pQsitum, place, put; castra ponSre, to pilch a camp. Position. pons, pontis, m , bridge, p5piilatlo, onis, f., ravaging. populor, ari, attts stim (popu- lus people), ravage, lay waste. De-populate. p6ptiltis, 1, m., people ; pL, na- tions, tribes. ports, ae, f., gate. Portal. por-tendo, tendere, tendi, ten- ttLm, fortell, predict, presage; betoken; portend. porto, arS, avi, attim, carry, bear, TRANS-PORT. Ex-PORT. portoritim, i, n. (porto carry), duty paid on goods imported or exported. posco, poscerg, pdposci, no sup., demand. possessio, onis, f. (possideo possess), POSSESSION. pos-sideo, sidere, sedi, sessum (potis powerful, sedeo sit), be master of; possess. pos-stim, pos-sS, pot-ui (jiotis able, sum be), be able, can [see 681. post, prep. w. ace., after. postea, adv. (post after, ea that), after that, afterwards. post-ea-quam, after that, after. postertis, S, ttm [comp., pos- terior; superl., postr emus and posttimus], following, ensuing. POSTQUAM— PREMO 197 succeeding; postero die, on the following day; poster!, oriim, m. pi., descendants, post-quSm, conj., after, as soon as. postridie, adv. (postero follow- ing, die on the day), on the fol- lowing day. posttilo, are, avi, atiini, ask for^ demand. p5tens, gen. potentis (possum be able), able, powerful, influen- tial. Potent. pbtestas, atis, f. (potens able), ability, power ; opportunity; Sli- cui p5testatgm fac6r§, to give any one an opportunity. p6tior, p6tiri, p6tittis stim (po- tis able), acquire, obtain, get possession of p5titLS, adv., rather, sooner. prae-cedo, cedSre, cessi, ces- siim (prae before, cedo go), sur- pass, excel; precede. Pre- cedence, PRECEDENT. praecipito, are, avi, atiim (prae- ceps headlong), throio violently, throw. Precipitate. praecipue, adv. (praecipuus fr. praecipio fr. prae before, capio take), especially, chiefly. prae-dico, arg, avi, atum (prae publicly, dico tell), proclaim, de- clare ; boast. Predicate. prae-fgro, ferrg, ttili, latiim (prae before, fero bear), prefer. prae-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum (prae over, facto place), place over, put in command of. prae-mitto, mitterS, misi, mis- sum (prae forward, mitto send), send forward, praemiiim, i, n. (prae beyond others, Qvao take), profit, reward. Premium. prae-pono, ponerS, pdsui, p6- sitiim (Y)r3ie before, first ; pono put), put before or first ; prefer. Preposition. praesepe, is, n. (praesepio, to fence in front), manger. praesidium, i, n. (praesideo fr. prae before, sedeo sit), defence, protection ; guard, garrison. prae-sto, stare, stiti, stitiim and statiim (prae before, sto stand), stand before, excel; se praestare, to show one's self. prae-sum, esse, fui (prae over, sum be), be over, rule over, be in command of praetgr, prep. w. ace. (prae he- fore and suffix ter), past, by; besides, except. praeter-eo, irg, ii, itiim (prae- ter by, eo go), go by. Pre- terit. praeter-quam, adv., except. praet5r, praet5ris, m., praetor, a Roman magistrate, next in rank to a consul and elected annually. pr atiim, i, n., meadow. precT, precgm, preog [nom. and gen. sing, not used], pi., pri- ces, preciim, etc., request, prayer. prSmo, prSmerg, pressi, pres' 198 FRETIUM— FROFINQUUS sum, PRESS, press upon. Op- pression. prStiiiin, i, n., worth, value, price. Ap-preciate. pridie, adv., on the day before. primo, adv. (primus), at first. primum, adv. (primus), at first; quam primum, as soon as pos- sible. primus, S, um [see 85'], first; primiim (agmgn), the van of an army. PrimE; primal, PRIMARY. princeps, gen. principls, adj. (primus /rs^ capio take), first, chief; princeps, ipis, m., chief, leader. Prince, principal. principatiis, us, m. (princeps chief ), first place ; pre-eminence; principatum tenere, to be at the head. pribr, prius [superl. primtis, see ^.5], the former; first. Priscus, 1, m., a surname of the elder Tarquin. pristiniis, a, iim, former ; pris- tine. priusquam, adv., before. privatim, adv. (privus single), as a. private citizen. privates, a, ttm (part, of privo deprive), private. pro, prep. w. abl., before, for, in- stead of. pr6bo, are, avi, atiim (probus good), show; prove. Proba- tion. PrScas, ae, m. See Silvius. pro-cedo, cederS, cessi, cessiim ('pro forward, cede go), go forth, PROCEED, advance. Proces- sion. prSctil, adv. (procello drive for- ward), afar off, far. pro-ciiro, are, avi, atiim (pro for, euro care), care for, take care of, manage. Procure. prodigiiim, i, n. (pro beforehand, root dAc point out), prodigy. proelitim, i, n., battle. prbfectio, onis, f. (proficiscor set out), departure. pr6-ficiscor,ficisci, fectiis stim (pro forwards, facio put one's self), set out, depart ; go, march, travel. prb-fiigio, fiiggrg, fugi, ftigittim (pro before, fugio flee), flee be- fore, flee. pr6-hibeo, hiberg, hibui, hibi- tiim (pro in front, habeo hold), restrain, prevent, keep from ; PROHIBIT. Prohibition. pro-jicio, jicgrg, jeci, jecttim (jpro forward, idk,cio throw), throw forward, cast away; se pro- jicSrS, to throw one's self for- ward or down. Project. pro-m6veo, m6verS, movi, motiim (pro forward, moveo move), move forward, advance. Promotion. propg, propiiis, proxime, adv., near, almost. pr6pgro, are, avi, atiim (pro- pSrus speedy), hasten. pr6pinquils, i, m. (prope not far, hinc hence), relative; prSpin- PROPIOR — QUJRTUS 199 qua, ae, f., kinswoman. Pro- pinquity. pr6pi6r, prSpiiis [superl. proxi- mus, see «5], nearer, pro-pono, pongrS, p6sui, p6si- tiim (pro before, pono place), expose to view ; propose. Pro- posal, PROPOSITION. proptSr, prep. w. ace, on account of. propter-ea, adv.,ybr this reason. proterea qu6d, because. pro-spicio, spicerg, spexi, spectum (pro forwards, spe- cie look), look forwards ; look out for. Prospect, prospec- tive. pro-Slim, prod-essS, pro-fui (pro(d) for, sum be), be for, be useful ; benefit, profit. provinciS, ae, f., province. proxime, adv. [positive pr6pS, compar. propitis], very near, very recently, last, proximus, S, iim [see 85'], next, nearest ; ensuing , last. Prox- imity, approximate. public e, adv. (publicus fr. po- piilus people), in the name of the state, Publius, i, m., a Roman name. ptidSr, piidoris, m. (pudeo feel shame), sharne, feeling of shame. puella, ae, f., girl. pugr, pugri, m., boy, Puer-ile. puSritia, ae, f. (puer boy), boy- hood, childhood. pugna, ae, f., battle. Pugna- cious. pugno, arS, avi, attim,^^^^ pulchgr, pulchra, pulchriiin (polio polish), beautiful. punio, irg, ivi, itiim (poena punishment), punish. piipillus, 1, m. (puptUus a little boy), pupil, ward. piito, arS, avi, attim, think, be^ lieve, Pyrenaeiis, a, tini, Pyrenean ; Pyr enaei montes, the Pyrenees. Q. qua, adv. (qui) where. quadragesimiis, a, iim (quadra- ginta forty) , fortieth. quadraginta, num. adj. indecl. (quattuor four), forty. quaere, quaerSre, quaesivi and quaesii, quaesittim, see, ask, IN-QUIRE. In-QUEST, IN-QUI- SITION. qualis, qualS, of what sort ; as. quam, conj. and adv., than; as. qu§.m-ob-rgm, adv., on account of liihich thing ; for which rea- son; wherefore, quam-qu^m, conj., although, quamvis, conj. (quam as, vis you will), as you will; however much ; although. quantiis, S, iim, how much ; hoio great; as; quantum boni, how much good, quare, adv. (abl. of quae and res), for which thing, for lohich, quartiis, S, tun (quattuor four)^ fourth. Quart. 200 qUATTUOR — REBIMO quattuSr, num. adj. indecl.,yc>wr. quS, conj., and [see Ln. XXI II., Vy., 1]. quSror, quSri, questtis siiiii, complain. Querulous. qui, quae, qu6d, rel. pron., v^hoj which, what; that [see 114^. qui, quae, qu6d [interrog. pro- noun used adjectively, see Ji6], which f what f what sort of a? what kind of a? quid, why? [see Ln. XCIL, Note 1]. quidam, quaed^m, quoddam or quidd^m; gen. cujusdam; [indef. pron. declined like qui], a certain, quidam, adv., indeed; ne — quidem, not — even. quin, conj. (qui by which, ne not), hut that, that not, quindgcim, num. adj. indecl. (quinque fve, decern ten), fif- teen, quingenti, ae, S (quinque five, centum hundred)^ five hundred. quini, ae, S (quinque five), five each, quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron., who? what? [see lie\. quis, indef. pronoun, anybody, anything [see IIG]. quisquam, quaequam, quid- qu^m or quicquSm ; gen. cu- jusquSm; [indef. pron. declined like quis], ai^y one, anything, any. quo, adv., that, in order that. qudd, conj., because, that. qu6m6d6, adv. (qui ivhat, mo- dus manner), in ivhat manner, by what means, how. qu6que, conj , also. quStidie, adv. (quot every, dies day), every day, daily. quiiia and ciim, rel. adv., when, as; conj., since; although; quiim — turn, both — and. radix, radicis, f., root ; radix or radices montis, the foot of a mountain. Radish. rSpin^, ae, f. (rapio seize), plun- dering ; RAPINE. rapio, rSpSrg, rapui, raptiim, seize, plunder. Rapture. rapt6r, oris, m. (rapio seize), one who seizes; robber. Rauraci, oriiin, m., a people in Northeastern Gaul, neighbors of the Helvetii. rgcens, gen. rScentis, recent, fresh, new. rS-cipio, ciperS, cepi, ceptiira (re back, capio take), take back ; receive; se recipere, to be- take one's self withdraw. Re- cp:ption. red-do, dgrg, didi, dittim (re(d) back again, do give), return. Render, rendition. rgd-eo, Trg, ii, itiim (re(d) back, eo go), go hack, return. rSd-imo, imerg, emi, emptiim (re(d) back, emo hwj), buy hack, release, ransom ; purchase ; hire, REBITIO — REVERTO 201 farm. Redeem, redemp- tion. rgditio, onis, f. (redeo go back), going back, return, r6-duco, ducgrg, duxi, ducttim (re back, duco lead), lead back, lead. Reduce, reduciion. rg-fgro, ferrg, ttili, latiim (re back, fero bear), bear or bring back, restore. Refer, re- late. re-fluo, flugrS, no perf. nor sup. (re back, 11 ao Jlow), flow back. Refluent, reflux. regio, onis, f., region. regius, a, iim (rex king), royal. regno, arg, avi, atum (regnum ruh), reign, rule. regntun; i, (rego to rule), royal power, sovereignty ; government ; kingdom. re-jicio, jic6rg, jeci, jectiim (re back, jacio throw) ^ throw back, hurl back. Reject, rejec- tion. rgligio, onis, f., religion, sanc- tity. rS-linquo, linqugrS, liqui, lic- tiim (re behind, linquo leave), leave behind, leave; quit, aban- don. Relinquish. reliquiis, a, iim (relinquo let re- main), remaining, rest of. rg-maneo, m^erg, mansi, mansiim (re behind, maneo stay), stay behind, remain. rgminiscor, rgminisci, recall to mind, recollect. Reminiscence. re-ni6veo, mdverg, movi, mo- ttim (re back, moveo move), remove. Remote. Rgmtis, i, m., twin brother of Romulus. rS-nuncio, arg, avi, attlm (re back, nuncio bring word), re- port. Renounce. rgpentg, adv. (repens sadden), suddenly. rg-pgrio, pgrirg, pgri, pertiim (re again, pario produce), find, discover. rg-pono, p5ngrg, p6sui, p5si- tiim (re again, pono place), ]ilace again, restore. Repose. res, rgi, f., thing, affair. re-scindo, scindgrg, scidi, scis- siim (re away, scindo cut), cut away, destroy. Rescind. re-spondeo, sponderg, spondi, sponsTim (re in return, spon- deo promise), reply, answer. Respond. responstim, i, n. (respondeo re- ply), ansioer. Response. respublicS, reipublicae, f. (res affair, publica belonging to the people), republic, common- wealth [see no]. re-stituo, stitugrg, stitui, sti- tTitiim (re again, statuo set up), restore. Restitution. rg-tineo, tinerg, tinui, tenttim (re back, teneo hold), hold back, restrain, prevent. Retention. rgvgrentiS, ae, f . (revereor stand in awe of), reverence. rg-verto, vertgrg, verti, ver- stim and 202 REVERTOR — SEDES re-vertor, verti, versiis sum (re hack, verto turri)^ turn back, return. Revert, reversion. rS-v6co, are, avi, atiim (re hack, voco call), call hack. Revoke. rex, regis, m., king. Regal. Rhea, ae, f., Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus. Rheniis, i, m., the Rhine. HhddantiS; i, m , the Rhone. ripa, ae, f., hank (of a stream). rixor, ari, atiis stim (rixa quar- rel), to quarrel. r6go, are, avi, atiim, ask, de- mand, request. Roma, ae, f., Rome. Romaniis, a, tim, Roman; R6- maniis, i, m., a Roman. Romiilus, i, m., the founder and first king of Rome ; Romiilus Silvius, a king of Alba. riipes, rupis, f. (rumpo break), rock, cliff. S. SSbini, oriim, m., the Sabines, an ancient Italian people ad- joining the Latins. sScer, sacra, sacriiih, sacred ; sacr^, orum, n. pL, sacred rites, sacrifices. s^cerdos, otis, m. and f. (sacer sacred, do give), priest; priest- ess. saep^, saepius, saepissime, adv., oftefi. saepS-niim^ro, adv., oftentimes, frequently. saluto, are, avi, atiim (salus greeting) , greet, salute. Salu- tation. sangius, sanguinis, m., blood. Sanguine, sanguinary. SantSnes, iim and SantSni, oriim, m. pi., a people of Aqui- tania. s^pientiS, ae, f. (sapiens wise), icisdom. sarcinS, ae, f. (sarcio to patch), bundle; pL, baggage carried by soldiers. See impedimenta. s^tis, adv., enough, sufficiently; used adjectively in the sense of suffcient. sS.tis-facio, fScSrg, feci, factiim (satis enough, facio do), do enough, satisfy, give satis- faction. Saturnia, ae, f., a town built by Saturn on the Capitoline Hill. Saturniis, i, m. (sero sow), Sat- urn, the father of Jupiter ; hon- ored as the god of agriculture. scSliis, scSlSris, n., crime, guilt, wickedness. scio, scirS, scivi and scii, sci- tiim, know, understand. Sci- ence. scribo, scriberg, scripsi, scrip- tiim, write. Scribe, de-scribe, script, scripture. scutiim, i, n., a shield; [scutum was an oblong shield, made of wood, and covered with leather; clipeus, a round brazen shield."] sSd, conj , but. sedes, sedis, f. (sedeo sit), seat; SEGUSIANI — SONITUS 203 dwelling-place ; sedes regni, fieat of gooernment. Sggusiani, oriim, m. pi., a people of Gaul, neighbors of the Allo- broges and Aedui. sSmgl, adv., once. semper, adv., always, continually. senat5r, oris, m. (senex old), SENATOR. sSnatus, us, m. (senex old), SENATE. seni, ae, a (sex six), six each. sententia, ae, f. (sentio think), opinion. Sentence. septum, num. adj. indecl., seven. septentriones (septemtriones), iim, m. pi, the north; sub sep- tentrionibus, towards the north. septimiis, a, um (septem seven), seventh. Sequ^a, ae, m., a river of Gaul, the modern Seine. Sequani, orum, m. pi., a people of Gaul, dwelling on the Se- quana. Sequ^us, a, um, of the Sequani. B§quor, sSqui, secutils sum, follow; accompany. Sequence. sermo, sermonis, m., discourse, conversation. Sermon. servitus, utfa, f. (servus slave), slavery, bondage. Serviiis, i, m., Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, servus, i,m., sZaye, servant. sex, num. adj. indecl., six. SI, conj., if; whether ; see whether. sic, adv., so, thus. siccus, a, iim, dry ; sicciim, i, n., dry land. sic-tit and sic-uti, adv., as; as if- significo, arS, avi, atum (sig- num sign, facie make), mean, signify. Significant. signum, i, n., sign, mark; sig- nal. silva, ae, f., woods, forest. Sil- van. Silvia, ae, f., Rhea Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus. Silvitis, i, m., name of several kings of Alba; Silvius Pro- cas, a king of Alba and father of Numitor and Amulius. similis, simile, like, similar. sin, conj. (si if, ne not), but if, sing, prep. w. abl., without. singuli, ae, a, single, one by one ; each, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left. Sinister. s5cer, sdcSri, m., father-in-law. sdcius, i, m., ally. As-soci-ate. sol, solis, m., sun. Solar. sdleo, s51erg, s51itus stim, be wont, be accustomed. solitude, inis, f. (solus alone), desert; solitary place; soli- tude. soliim, adv. (solus alone), only, alone. s61um, i, n., ground, soil. soliis, S, iim, alone, only [see 24']. s5nitus, us, m (sono make a noise), sound, noise. 204 SONUS— SUMO s5nus, i, m. (sono make a noise), noise. sdr5r, sdroris, f., sister. spatiiim, i, n., space; oppor- tunity. specto, are, avi, atum (specio look), look at, behold, see ; face, front, be situated. spes, spei, f. hope, expectation. spiritiis, us, m. (spiro breathe), breath ; pride ; lofty airs. sponte, f. abl. [gen. spoutis ; no other cases found], of free will; sua sponte, of his own free ivill. Spontaneous. st^tuo, stStuere, stS.tui, statu- tum (status standing), set up; put; establish; decide. Stat- ute. sterilis, e, unfruitful, sterile. stipenditim, i, n. (stips contri- bution, pendo pay), tax, tribute. Stipend. sto, stare, steti, statiim, stand; nobis sanguine stat, it costs us blood. State, station. stdlidus, a, um,/ooZi,s^. Stolid. strenuiis, S, um, bold, brave. Strenuous. stiideo, stiidere, stiidui, no sup., be eager or zealous, desire. studium, 1, n. (studeo be eager), zeal, desire. Study. suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- sum, advise, per-suade. siib, prep. w. abl., under, beneath; in the time of; sub monte, at the foot of a mountain. sub-duco ducerg, duxi, duc- tiim (sub from under, duco draw), draw from under ; with- draw ; take away. sub-eo, irg, ivi and ii, itiim (sub under, eo go), go under; en- dure, stibito, adv. (subitus sudden), suddenly, quickly. sub-levo, are, avi, atum (sub from beneath, levo lift up), raise up, support; help, aid. sub-rideo, riderS, risi, risiim (sub a little, rideo laugh), smile. sub-silio, silire, silui and silii, no sup. (sub up, salio leap), leap up, jump, sub-vSho, vehgrS, vexi, vec- tum (sub from below, veho carry), bring up, transport. suc-cedo, cedSre, cessi, ces- siim (sub behind, cede come), svccKKD, follow. Succession. Suevi, oriim, m. pi., a powerful people of Germany. sui, of himself, herself, itself, themselves [see 112']. Sui- cide. See caedo. SuUa, ae, m., Lucius Cornelius SuUa, a celebrated Roman. siim, essg, fui, be [see 6^J. summS, ae, f. (summus highest), amount, sum total. Sum. summus, a, tim, highest [positive supgrus, comparative supe- rior, superlative supremus and summus]. sumo, sumgre, sumpsi, sump- tum, fake, as-sume. As-sump^ TION. SUPER — TJRQUINIUS 205 siipSr, prep. w. ace. and abl., over, above, upon. Super-. siiperbio, ire, no perf. nor sup. (superbus proud), be proud of. stiperbiis, a, yXra, proud; Super- bus, i, m., the Proud, a surname of the younger Tarquin, the last king of Rome. siipgriSr, siipSriiis, upper, high- er ; former. Superior. See supgrus. giipgriis, a, um [comp. superior, superl. supremus or summus] (super over, above), above, on high, upper, siipero, are, avi, atum (super over), surmount, surpass, over- come, subdue. stiper-siiin, esse, fui (super over, beyond ; sum be), be over ; survive. Bupplicium, i, n., punishment. sus-cipio, ciperg, cepi, ceptum (sub under, capio take), under- take, take upon; engage in; re- ceive; sibi suscipere, to take upon one's self suspicio, onis, f. (suspicor sus- pect), SUSPICION. suspicor, ari, attis stim (suspi- cio fr. sub secretly, specie look at), SUSPECT. sus-tineo, tinerg, tinui, ten- tiim (sub up, teneo hold), hold up, sustain; endure; withstand. suiis, a, tim (sui), his, his oivn; her, her oion ; its, its own ; their, their own. T. T., abbreviation of Titus, a Ro- man praenomen. tSbtiia, ae, f., board; writing- table; muster-roll. Table. talentiiin, i, n., a talent, a sum of money equal to about $ 1 200. tarn, adv., so, so very. t^mSn, adv., nevertheless; yet, still. tamquam and tanquam, adv. (tarn so, quam as), as much as ; as if. Tanaquil, ills, f., wife of Tarqui- nius Priscus. tandSm, adv., at length ; at last. tantiis, §., iiin, so great, such, so large. tarditas, atis, f. (tardus slow), slowness, tardiness ; heavi- ness. Tarpeia, ae, f., Tarpeia [pro- nounced Tar-pe-ya~\, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius. Tarpeiiis, a, tim, Tarpeian [pro- nounced Tar-pe-yan'] ; mons Tarpeius, the Tarpeian Rock, the name of a rock on the Capitoline hill from which criminals were thrown head- long; the Tarpeian Mount. Tarquinii, oriiin, m. pL, an an- cient town of Etruria. Tarquiniiis, i, m., Tarquin, the name of an illustrious Ro- man family, of which two, Priscus and Superbus, were kings. 206 TECTUM— TRANSILIO tectiim, i, n. (tego to cover), roof. telum, 1, n., weapon, missile. tempero, arg, avi, atum (tem- pus a piece cut off), abstain. Temper, temperate. tempestas, atis, f. (tempus time), storm; tempest. templiini, i, n., temple. tempiis, tempbris, n., time. Temporal. tSneo, tSnerS, tSnui, tenttiin, hold; have, possess; keep; re- strain ; inein6ria tenerg, / to remember. tSngr, tgngra, tengriim, ten- der, delicate. tento, arg avi, attiin, tri/. Ten- tative. tsrrS, ae, f., earth, land, ground. Terrace. terreo, erS, ui, ittlin, frighten, terri-fy. territo, arg, avi, atiim (terreo frighten), terrify. territoriiim, I, n. (terra earth), territory. tertio, adv. (tertius third), the third time. testis, testis, m. and f., witness. Testify. Ti., abbreviation of Tiberius, a Roman praenomen. TibSris, is [ace. im, abl. i], m., the Tiber, a river in Italy on which Rome is situated. Tibgriiis, i, m. See Ti. tlmeo, erS, ui, no supine, to fear. timidtis, S, iim, (timeo to fear), timid ; cowardly. timSr, timoris, m., fear. Tim- orous. tintinnabiiliiin, i, n. (tintinno to ring), bell. Titiis, 1, m. See T. toUo, tollere, sustiili, subla- ttiin, lift, raise; pick up; re- move, take away ; destroy. tbnitriis, lis, m., and tonitrti, n. indecl. (tone to thunder), thun- der. t6no, tdnare, t6nui, t6nitiiin, thunder. tottts, S, tlin, whole, entire. tra-duco and trans-duco, du- cerS, duxi, ductiim (trans across, duco lead), lead across • lead; lead from one place to an- other. Traduce. trans, prep. w. ace., across, over; beyond. Trans-. trans-eo, irg, ii, itiiin (trans across, over ; eo go), go across or oi^er; cross. Transit, tran- sitive, transient, TRAISSI- tion. trans-fSro, ferrg, tilli, IStiiin (trans across, fero bear), bear across; transfer. Transla- tion. traH»-igo, iggrg, 5gi, acttim (trans through to the end, ago bring), bring to an end; spend. Transact, transaction. tran-sllio or trans-silio, silirg, silivi, sllii, or silui, sultum (trans over, salio leap), leap over. TRANSPORTO — UNUS 207 trans-porto, Srg, avi, atiim (trans across, porto carry), carry across, transport. Transportation. tres, trigi [see 108], three. Treviri, ortim, m. pi., a people of Northern Gaul. tribuniis, i, m. (tribus tribe), tribune; tribuni militum, military tribunes, of which offi- cers each legion had six. tribuo, tribugrg, tribui, tribu- tiiin, give, grant, bestow. Trib- ute, CON-TRIBUTE, CON-TRI- BUTION. tricesimtis, S, iim (triginta thir- ty), thirtieth, triduum, i, n. (tres three, dies day), three days, trigemmi, oriim, m. pi. (tres three gignor be born), three brothers born at a birth. triginta, num. adj. indecl., thirty. tristis, tristg, sad, sorrowful. triumpho, ar6, avi, atiim (tri- umphus a triumph), to triumph. Troj^ ae, f., Troy, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Mi- nor. Trojaniis, S, tim, Trojan. tu, pers. pron., thou, you [see 112~\. ttib^ ae, f. (akin to tubus, a tube), trumpet. tiibicSn, inis, m. (tuba trumpet, cano to sound), trumpeter. Tulingi, oriim, m. pL, a people of Southern Germany, neigh- bors of the Helvetii. TulUus, i, m. See Servius. TuUiS, ae, f., daughter of Servius Tullius, and wife of Tarquinius Superbus. Tulliis, 1, m., Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome. tiini, adv., then; also. tiimuliis, i, m. (tumeo swell)^ mound. turris, turris, f., tower. Tur- ret. tut6r, oris, m. (tueor pi^otect), guardian; tutor. tutiis, a, iim (tueor protect), safe. tulis, a, tim, poss. pron. (tu thou, you), thy, thine ; your, yours. tyranniis, i, m., monarch ; tyrant. ubSr, uberis, n , udder ; teat. tibi, adv., ichen, where. ulciscor, ulcisci, ulttis siim, take revenge; avenge. uUiis, S, tim, any [see 24]. ultgriSr, ultgriiis (ulter that is beyond), farther [see 85]. Ul- terior. ultra, prep. w. ace, beyond. Ultra-. una, adv. (unus one and the same), at the same time; in company, together. undS, adv., from which place, lohence. undique, adv. (unde, que), from all parts; on all sides. untis, S, tim, one, single; one and the same; pi., alone [see 24], ^^08 URBS — VESTALIS urbs, urbis, f., city. Sub-urbs. tisus, us, m. (utor use), use ; advantage. usquS, adv., even; till. XLt and iiti, conj., that^ in order that; as. litgr, utra, utriim, which of two, which [see ^4]. iiterqug, iitraque, litrumqug ; gen. utriusque, etc. [declined like iitgr, see ;34], each, both. utilis, utilg (utor use, suffix ills denoting capability)^ useful, ben- eficial, profitable. utor, uti, usiis stiin, use, make use of; adopt. utriim, adv. (uter which of two), whether. uvS, ae, f., a grape; a bunch oj grapes. ux6r, uxoris, f ., wife. vSco, arg, avi, attim, be unoccu- pied. Vacate, vacant, va- cation. vadiim, i, n. (vado go), ford, shallow. vagittis, us, m. (vagio cry, squall), crying, squalling. vSgor, ari, atiis stim (vagus roaming about), roam about, wander about. Vaga-bond. vSleo, erg, uT, ittim, pre-vail. valliim, i, n. (vallus the line of palisades, stakes, set about an in- trenchment), rampart, intrench- . meat. vasto, arg, avi, atiiin (vast as empty, desolate), lay waste, de- vastate. vectigal, vectigalis, n. (veho carry), toll paid for carrying goods into a country ; tax ; rev- enue. vehementer, vShgrnentius, vg- hgmentissinie, adv. (vehe- mens violent), violently, severely; furiously; vehemently. vgl, conj., or; vgl — vgl, either — or. vendo, vendgrg, vendidi, ven- ditiim (venum sale, do give), sell. Vend. vgnio, vgnirg, veni, ventiim, come; arrive at. verbgr, gris, n., blow. Re-ver- ber-ate. verbtLm, i, n., ivord. Verb, VERBAL. vgreor, vgreri, vgritiis siim, fear. vero, adv. (varus true), in truth, truly; indeed; but. vescor, vesci, fill one's self with ; live upon; eat. Vgsontio, onis, f., tlie chici town of the Sequani. vespgr, vespgris and vesper, i, m , evening star; evening; ad vespgrtim, till evening. Ves- per, VESPERS. Vest^, ae, f., Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, to whom a per- petual fire was kept burning. Vestalis, g, of or belonging to Vesta, Vestal. FESTER — rULPES 209 ; 6 > vestgr, vestrS, vestriim, poss. pron., your, yours. vgttis, gen. vStSris, old, long standing, ancient. Veteran, IN-VETER-ATE. vexilliim, i, n. (velum sail), standard; flag. vexo, are, avi, attiin (veho car- ry), trouble, annoy, harass. Vex, VEXATION, VEXATIOUS. viS., ae, f., way, road; path; march. vicesimiis, S, iim (viginti twen- ty), twentieth, victor, oris, m., conqueror, victoria, ae, f . , victory. viciis, i, m., village video, viderg, vidi, visiim, see. videor, videri, vistis siim, pass. and deponent, he seen; seem; seem good or proper. vigilia, ae, f. (vigilo to loaich), watch; de tertia vigilia, in the third watch. See Ln. LV., Note 5. viginti, num. adj. indecl., twenty. vinco, vincgrg, vici, victiim, conquer. vinciiliini, i, n. (vincio hind), a chain; in vinctila conjicgre, to throw into prison. vindico, arS, avi, attim, cla{m. Vindicate, vindication. vir, viri, m., man ; hero ; hushand. See Ln. XXV., Note 1. virgd, inis, f. (vireo flourish, hloom), virgin. virtiis, virtatis, f. (vir man, hero), valor, courage; virtue. vis, vis, [ace. vim, dat. and abl. vi; pi., vires, viriiim, viiX- btis, etc.] f., strength, power. vita, ae, f. (vivo live), life. Vital. vitis, IS, f., vine. vito, arg, avi, attim, shun, avoid. vix, adv., with difficulty ; scarcely^ hardly. v6co, arS, avi, attini, call, sum- mon, invite. Vocation, voca- tive. v61o, vellg, v61ui, he willing; wish; desire [see 125^ vbluntas, atis, f. (volo to wish), wish, consent. Voluntary. vos, pers. pron. pi., you [see 112'}. vox, vocis, f., voice. Vocal. vulngro, arS, avi, attim (vulnus icound), to wound. vulntis, vulngris, a wound. Vulner-able. vulpes, is, Ljfox, II. English-Latin. The words given in this Vocabulary are more fully described in the preceding. See that Vocabulary also for the Proper Names. A. able, be able, possum. about, w. numerals, ad, circiter. abundance, copia. accuse, accuso. across, trans. adopt, utor. advancing, veniens. advise, moneo. affair, res. after, prep. post ; conj. postquam. afterwards, postea. against, in, contra. aid, ^qxilfum ; to aid, juvo. all, ewery, omnia; pi. omnes ; aU, the whole, totus. ally, socius. almost, paene, prope. alone, solus. also, etiam. although, quum, etsL ambassador, legatus. among, apud, inter, in. and, et, atque, que ; both — and, et — et. animal, animal. announce, nuncio. any, quis, uUus. anything, quid, aliquid {116, a), appoint, creo. arms, arma. army, exercitus, agmen. around, circum. arrive, pervenio. arrival, adventus. ascertain, cognosce. as soon as, postquam ; as soon as possible, quam primum. as^, quaere; ask for, xo^o. assemble, convenio. assembly, concilium. assist, adsum. at home, domi. attack, impetus; to attack, op- pugno. attempt, conor. at Caesar's feet, Caesari ad pe- des. auxiliaries, auxilia. avoid, vito. away, take away, toUo. B. bad, malus. baggage, impedimenta. bank, rip a. battle, proelium, pugna. be, sum; be present, adsum; be from or distant, absum. beautiful, pulcher. 212 BECAUSE— CORN because, quod, quia. become, lio ; become master of, po- tior. before, ante, pro ; priuaquam. beg for, peto. beginning, initium. besiege, oppugno. best, optimus. betake myself, me confero, me recipio. better, melior. between, inter. big, magnus. bold, audax. born, be born, nascor. both, uterque ; both — and, et — et. boy, puer. brave, fortis. bravely, fortiter. hreak up {camp), (castra) moveo. bridge, pons. bring, fero ; bring upon, infero. broad, latus. brother, f rater. building, aedilicium. burn, incendo, cremo ; burn up, exuro, combiiro. but if sin. buy, emo. by, a, ab ; by no means, minime. O. call, summon, voco; call, name, appello; call together, convo- co ; call to mind, commemoro. camp, castra; pitch a camp, cas- tra pono ; break up camp, cas- tra nioveo. can, possum. capture, expugno. carry, carry on, gero ; carry on war, bellum gero ; bello. cart, carrus. cause, causa. cavalry^ equitatus; of cavalry^ equester. cavalryman, eques. censure, accuse. character, natura. chief, princeps. choose, creo. citadel, arx. citizen, civis. city, urbs. cliff, rupes. cold, frigus. collect, comporto, confgro, con- diico. come, venio ; come together, con- venio ; come to, pervenio. comitium, comitium. command, be in command of prae- sum. company, in company, una. complain, queror. conceal, occulto. concerning, de. confidence, fides. congratulate, gratiilor. comjuer, vinco. consent, voluntas. consider, habeo, duco. conspiracy, conjuratio. consul, consul; in the consulship of Caesar, Caesare consule. continually, continenter. corn, frumentum. COULD — EXPECTATION 213 could, past tense of possum. council, concilium. counsel, consilium. country, fatherland, patria. cowardly, ignavus. cross, transeo. danger, perictilum. dangerous, periculosus. daughter, filia. dawn, at the earliest dawn, prima luce. day, dies; at daybreak, prima luce ; on the day before, pridie. death, mors. deceive, decipio. decide, statuo. decision, judicium. deep, altus. defend, defendo. delay, moror. deliberate, delibero. demand, postiilo, posco. depart, discedo. departure, profectio. describe, designo. design, consilium. desire, studium, cupiditas. desirous, cupidus. destroy^ deleo. destruction, pernicies. determine, judico. devastate, vasto. die, morior. differ, differo. difficulty, angustiae; with diffi- culty, vix. dig, fodio. direction, pars. distance, spatium. distant, be distant, absum; most distant, extremus. distinguished, nobilis. disturb, commoveo. ditch, fossa. divulge, enuncio. do, facio. draw, duco. dwell, incolo. B. , each, to each other, inter se. easily, facile. easy, facilis; very easy, perfacilia either — or, aut — aut. elect, creo. embassy, legatio. empire, imperium. empty, influo. encamp, castra pono ; consido encompass, contineo. / encourage, confirmo. end, finis. endeavor, nitor. endure, subeo. enemy, hostis. enervate, effemino. entire, totus. entreat, imploro, oro. equal, par, aequus. establish, confirmo. even, not even, ne — quidem. excel, praecedo, praesto. exhort, hortor. expectation, spes. £14 EXTRAORLtNJRY — GUARD extraordinary, incredibilis. eye, ociilus. far, hy far, longe ; very far, lon- gissime. farther, adj., ulterior; adv., lon- gius. father, pater. father-in-law, socer. fatherland, patria. favor, faveo. fear, timor ; to fear, timeo, ve- reor. few, pauci. field, ager. fifteen, quindgcim. fifth, quintus. fight, pugno. find, reperio. fire, ignis ; set on fire, incendo. first, primus ; in the first part of the night, prima nocte. five, quinque. flight, fuga. flee, fugio. flow, fluo. follow, sequor. fond, cupidus. foot, pes ; at the foot of the moun- tain, sub monte. for, de w, abl., ad w. ace; for this reason, hoc, eo. foraging, pabulatio. forest, silva. forget, obliviscor. former, pristinus, vetus. forth, lead forth, educo. fortify, munio. fortune, fortuna. forward, send forward, praemitto ; move forward, prorooveo. free, liber; of one's own free icill, sua sponte. friend, am.icus. friendly, amicus. friendship, amicitia. from, from near, a, ab ; from out of, e, ex. furiously, vehementer. furnish, facio. furthermost, extremus. future, in the future, in reliquum tempus. G. garrison, praesidium. general, imperator. generosity, liberalitas. get possession of potior. get rid of, depono. girl, puella. give, do; give orders, impSro; give satisfaction, satisfacio. glory, gloria. go, eo ; go forth, exeo. god, deus. goddess, dea. gone, perf . part, of exigo. good, bonus. government, imperinm. grandfather, avus. grant, concede. great, magnus ; so great, tantus. grievous, gravis. guard, custos. HAPPEN — LETTER 215 happen, accido, fio. happy, felix. harass, vexo. hasten, mature, contendo, ac- curro. have, habeo. he says, dicit. hear, audio. heif/ht, altitude. help, juvo. hem in, contineo. high, altus. highest, summus. hill, collis. hindrance^ impedimentum. his, his own, suus. hither^ citerior. hold, habeo, obtineo, teneo; hold a conference, coUbquor. home, at home, domi; homeward, domum ; from home, doxno. hope, spes. horse, equus. hostage, obses. hour, hora. house, domus. hurl, conjicio. husband, vir. I. /, ego. if, si. implore, imploro. import, importo. in, into, in. incite, facio. influence, auctoritas. influenced, adductus. inform Caesar, Caes^exn tiorem facio. infuse, injicio. inquire, quaero. insult, contumelia. intervene, intersum. invite, arcesso. Just, Justus. K. keep, teneo; keep from, pro- hibeo. kill, caedo, interficio. kindness, beneficium. king, rex. know, scio ; know, find out, co- gnosco ; not know, nescio. land, terra. language, lingua. large, magnus. late in the day, multo die. law, lex, jus. lay waste, vasto. lead, duco ; lead forth, educo. leader, dux. leave, relinquo. left, sinister. legate, legatus. legion, legio. letter, epistdla. 216 LEVY— ONE levy on, Inrijono. lieutenant, legatus. like, similis. line of battle, acies. little^ paulus ; a little, paulo. lofty airs, spiritus. long, for a long time, diu; longer, diutius. look at, intueor; look out for, prospicio. love, amor ; to love, amo. M. make, facio ; make or deliver a speech, orationem habeo ; make haste, maturo; make upon, infSro. man, vir, homo. mariner, in such a manner, ita. many, multi- metre^, iter; to march, iter facSre.. marriage, matrimonium ; to give in marriage, in matrimonium dare. master^ become master of potior. means, hy no means, minime ; by means of, see 54, memory, memoria. mile, mille passuum. mind, animus, mens. misfortune, incommodum. missile, telum. month, mensis. more, magis, amplius; be more willing, malo. mother, mater. mountain, mons. move, moveo ; move forward, pro- moveo. much, multus. multitude, multitudo. murder, caedes ; to murder, cae- do, occido. my, my own, meus. N. narrow pass, angustiae. nature, natura. near, circum, ad. nearest, proximus. nearly, fere. neighbors, finitimi. neither — nor, neque — neque. nine, novem. no, none, nuUus. nobility, nobilitas. noble, nobilis. not, non; not — even, ne — quidem. none the less, nihilo minus. nothing, nihil. notice, animadverto. number, num^rus. O. obtain^ obtineo, consgquor occupy, occiipo. often, saepe. old, vetus, natus. on, upon, in. on account of propter. on all sides, undique. on the day before, pridie. one, unus. ONE — REMOVE 217 one by one, singiili. one party — the other, altgri — altgri. opinion, sententia. opportunity, potestas, facultas. or, aut, vel, an. order, give orders, impSro. other, alius ; to each other, from each other, inter se. ought, oportet, debeo. See also Ln. LXX. our, our own, noster. out, set out, proficiscor; out of, e, ex. overcome, supero. oion, his own, suus ; my own, mens; your own, tuns, ves- ter; their own, suus. pace, passus. part, pars. party, one party — the other, al- tSri — alteri. pass the winter. Memo. peace, pax. people, popiilus. peril, periculum. persist, persevere. persuade, persuadeo. pitch a camp, castra pono. place, locus ; place, put, pono. plan, consilium. please, placeo. pledge, fides. poor, pauper. possession, possessio ; get posses- sion of, potior. power, royal power, sovereign pow- er, regnum practicable, facilis. practice, exercitatio. praetor, praetor. prepare, comp^o. present, be present, adsum. j)ress, press upon, premo. prevail upon, permoveo. prevent, retineo. price, pretium. private, privatus. proceed, procedo. promise, polliceor. protection, praesidium. province, provincia. provisions, commeatus. pursue, persSquor. put offj confSro. R. ready, paratus. rear of an army, agmen novis- simum. reason, causa. recall to mind, reminiscor. recent, recens. refinement, humanitas. reign, regno. rejoice, laetor. relief, subsidium. remain, maneo. remaining, reliquus. remember, memini ; memoria teneo. remembrance^ memoria. t^move, moveo, removeo. 218 REPLY— STRENGTHEN reply, responsum; to reply, re- spondeo. report, enuncio. resolve, constituo. rest, the rest, cetSri ; rest of, relX- quus. restrain, retineo, prohibeo return, reverter, reverto. revenue, vectigal. reward, praemium. rich, dives. ridge, jugum. right, dexter. ripe, maturus. river, flumen. road, via, rout, pello. route, iter. royal power, regnum. ruin, pernicies. S. sad, tristis. sake, for the sake of causa. same, the same, idem. satisfaction, give satisfaction, satis- facio. satisfy, satisfacio. say, dico ; he says, dicit. sea, mare. see, video. seein, videor ; it seems good, vide- tur. seize, occiipo. [-- select, deligo. sell, vendo. senator, senator. send, mitto; send forward, prae- mitto. separate, divido. set on fire, incendo. set out, proficiscor. severely, graviter, vehemienter. ship^ navis. short, brevis; shortest way or route, proximum iter. show, probo. shun, vito. side, this side of, citra. sides, on all sides, undique. sight, conspectus. signal, signum. since, quum. single, unus. sister, soror. skilful, peritus. slave, servus. slavery, servitus. small, parvus. so, ita ; with adjectives, tam ; so great, tantus. soldier, miles. some, some one, aliquis. See 116, a. son, filius ; son-in-law, gener. soon, mature. sovereignty, sovereign power ^ reg- num. Spain, Hispania. speak, loquor. speech, oratio ; make, deliver a speech, orationem habeo. stand, sto. state, civitas. station, colloco, constituo. stay, maneo. storm, expugno. strengthen, conilrmo. STRIVE — USEFUL 219 strive, nitor. such, tantus. sitjicient, sufficientli/, satis; with sufficient ease, satis com- mode. suitable^ idoneus, commodus. summer, aestas. summon, voco, conv6co. sunset, occasus solis. supply, copia; supplies, res fru- mentaria, commeatus. surround, cingo. survive, supersum. suspicion, suspicio. swiftly, celeriter. T. take, capture, capio, expugno; take away, toUo ; take to one's self, sumo. tarry, moror. teach, doceo. ten, decem. tend, pertineo. territory, ager, fines. than, quam. that, ille. that, in order that, ut ; after verbs oi fearing, ne. that not, ne ; after verbs of fear- ing, ut. the same, idem. there, in that place, ibi. their, their own, suus. they, them, see Ln. LVIIT., Note 2. thing, res. think, puto, abitror third, tertius. this, hie. those, illi. three days, triduum. three hundred, trecenti. through, per. throw one's self, se projicSre. till evening, ad vespSrum. time, tempus; for a long time, diu. to, ad. to-day, hodie. together, come together^ convenio. tongue, lingua. top of the mountain, summus mons. toioards, ad; towards the north, sub septemtrionibus. tower, turris. town, oppidum. trader, mercator. train up, instituo. tribute, stipendium. troops, copiae. try, Conor. tioenty, viginti. two days, biduum. U. under, sub. unoccupied, he unoccupied, vaco. until, dum. unwilling, he unwilling, nolo. upon, in. upper, superior. urge, hortor. use, utor ; make use of, utor. useful, utilis. 220 VALOR — YOUTH V. valor^ virtus. very, valde ; very easy, perfaci- lis ; very great, maximus ; very is often rendered by ipse : e. g. the very city, urbs ipsa. vicinity, in or into the vicinity of, ad w. name of town in ace. victory, victoria. W. wage, gero. wages, merces. wagon^ carrus. y^mt, exspecto. walled town, oppidum. wanting, he wanting, desum. loar, bellum. waste, lay waste, vasto. watch, vigilia ; in the third ivatch, de tertia vigilia. loay, via. we, nos. See Ln. LVII. wealthy, copies us. weapon, telum. weep, fleo ; weeping, flens. what ? quid ? what sort of a ? qui ? See Ln. LX. tchen, quum. where, ubi. whether^ utrum which, quod. while, dum. icho, qui ; who f quis ? whole, totus. whyf quid? wide, latus. willing, he willing, volo. win, concilio. wing of an army, cornu. winter, pass the winter, hiSmo. winter-quarters, hiberna. ivish, volo. with, cum. tvithdraw, se recipSre. without, sine. withstand, sustineo. witness, testis. woman, mulier. word, verbum. worthy, dignus. wound, vulnus; to wound, vul- ngro. write, scribo. wrong, injuria. Y. year, annus. yet, tamen. yoke, jugum. you, tu, vos. See Ln. LVIL your, tuus, vester. youth, adolescens. EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS OF S. C GRIGGS & CO., CHICAGO. MAILING PRICE. 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