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THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT 
 
 AND 
 
 THE RISE OF PRUSSIA 
 
 OUTLINES OF TWO COURSES OF LECTURES 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS 
 
i 
 
TWO COURSES OF LECTURES ON MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT, 
 
 AND 
 
 THE RISE OF PRUSSIA. 
 
 OUTLINES 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE SENIOR CLASS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN. 
 
 By CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF HISTORY. 
 
 ANN ARBOR: 
 SHEEHAN & CO. 
 

 
 THE I'vKCJISTEIi BOOK IMilXTINCJ IIOI'SK. 
 
 O 
 
TO 
 
 PROFESSOR JAMES R. BOISE, Ph. D., LL. D., 
 
 IN GKATITUDE FOR INSTRUCTION AND KKIENDSHI 1', 
 
 THESE LECTURES 
 
 ARE AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. 
 
 A 
 
 m25«134 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVlicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/englishgovernmenOOadam4ch 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Lectures of which the outhnes are here presented form 
 a part of the course of instruction offered to students electing 
 history during the first semester of the Senior year. During the 
 second semester a similar course is given on the Political History 
 of the United States. 
 
 The lectures are given on Wednesdays and Fridays at 4 
 o'clock. On the other days of the week students who have elected 
 history assemble at the same hour for the reading of historical 
 theses and the discussion of historical questions. At the first 
 meeting in each semester, the class is divided into sections of 
 twelve or fourteen students each, and a series of historical questions 
 are assigned with numerous references to historical authorities. 
 Each of these questions occupies the attention of each section of 
 the class for one week. Every student is required to read before 
 the class in the course of the semester one thesis and one critique, 
 the thesis being on one of the historical questions, and the 
 critique being on a thesis presented by one of the other members 
 of the class. Every student is further required to investigate 
 each week the question for that week, and to come to the class 
 prepared to communicate the results of his investigations. The 
 questions considered during the first semesrer pertain to the 
 constitutional history of England ; those during the second 
 semester to the constitutional history of the United States. The 
 method pursued is substantially the same as that adopted in the 
 Historische Gesellschaften of the German Universities, 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 In the preparation of this course of study it has been my 
 constant aim to do what I cculd to inspire the student under my 
 instruction with a love of historical study. It is my conviction 
 that of all students those of America need most at the present 
 time to know what the world teaches concerning the best methods 
 of solving great political and social problems. While, therefore, 
 this course of study has not been arranged with exclusive 
 reference to any single class of students, it is thought to be* 
 especially adapted to the wants of those who are likely to be 
 more or less engaged in the study and discussion of constitutional 
 and political questions. 
 
 C. K. A. 
 
SYLLABUS OF LFXTURES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 ENGLISH GOVERNMENT 
 
 I. 
 
 GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 
 
 1 . Purpose of the course. 
 
 2. General utility of the study of government. 
 
 3. Special utility of such a study in our own country and in 
 our own time. Remark of Huxley. 
 
 4. Important influence in this direction of travel and histor- 
 ical study. 
 
 5. Influence in the same direction of our Centennial 
 Exhibition. 
 
 6. Special reasons for a careful study of the English gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 7. Certain paradoxes and compensations. 
 
 8. Some tests by which the merits of any government may 
 be ascertained. 
 
 9. How the English government responds to these tests. 
 
 10. English methods contrasted with French methods. 
 
 11. The political record of England during this century. 
 
 12. General testimony of those who study English institutions 
 with care. 
 
 13. General spirit of the English people. 
 
 14. The British Empire as seen at the Centennial Exhibition. 
 
The E^igUsh Government. 
 II. 
 
 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 
 
 THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT A GROWTH AND NOT A CREATION. 
 SAYINGS OF DE TOCQUEVILLE AND MACAULAY. 
 
 I. PERIOD OF THE SAXONS. 
 
 1. Administration of local government. 
 
 2. Care for personal security. 
 
 3. Efforts towards federal government. 
 
 II. PERIOD OF THE NORMANS. 
 
 1. What v>-as needed seen by subsequent history of other 
 nations. 
 
 2. What was secured. 
 
 3. Modifications of feudalism. 
 
 4. Immediate consequen ces of the Norman conquest : — {a) 
 Unity of the State ; (3) Overthrow of baronial power ; (c) 
 Dominance of law ; {cT) Judicial system, including trial by jury. 
 
 5. Remote consequences of the Norman Conquest : — {a) The 
 Great Charter, (its apparent and its real services to English Lib- 
 erty) ; (^) The establishment of a true representation. 
 
 III. PERIOD OF THE PLANTAGENETS AND TUDORS. 
 
 1 . Responsibility of judges. 
 
 2. Responsibility of Ministers and Administrators. 
 
 3. x\ids must originate with the Commons. 
 
 4. Laws must bear the form of bills and receive Parlia- 
 mentary sanction. 
 
 5. Evidence of Sir John Fortescue. 
 
 IV. PERIOD OF THE STUARTS. 
 
 1. Nature of the antagonism. 
 
 2. The kings, the real revolutionists ; and why. 
 
 3. The struggle results in a confirmation of the constitution 
 essentially as it was. 
 
 4. Powers of the English Parliament. 
 
 5. Parliamentary Government as distinguished from Repub- 
 lican Goyernment. 
 
The English Government. 
 III. 
 
 THE CROWN. 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 I. REVERENCE FOR THE CROWN AS A FACT. 
 
 1. This reverence shown by the habitual bearing of Chatham 
 and others. 
 
 2. By popular demonstrations towards William IV. and 
 Victoria. 
 
 3. By national thanksgiving on the recovery of the Prince 
 of Wales. 
 
 4. By popular interest in the Prince of Wales' visit to India. 
 
 5. By universal interest in the " Court Calendar." 
 
 II. REVERENCE FOR THE CROWN AS A THEORY. 
 
 1. Social power as distinguished from political power. 
 
 2. Bagehot's remark concerning a " deferential" spirit and 
 the want of it. Illustrations of its presence and its absence. 
 
 3. Impressions of Dickens in America. 
 
 4. The influence on society of a splendid Court. 
 
 5. The real power of what is theoretical in distinction from 
 what is essential. 
 
 6. Bagehot's distinction between the efficient parts and the 
 dignified parts of a government. 
 
 7. Power of the popular imagination as illustrated in our 
 own political campaigns. 
 
 8. The Crown in theory turns this power to political account. 
 
 III. THE CONDITIONS OF ACCESSION. 
 
 1. Notion of Hereditary Right: — Established not by Divine 
 Right, but by Common Law. 
 
 2. Statute of Qiieen Anne touching the Rights of Succession. 
 
 3. Opinions of Aylmer in answer to Knox concerning the 
 powers of the Crown. 
 
 4. Opinions of Black stone concerning the Law of Descent. 
 
 5. Coronation oath required. 
 
 6. Opinion of Sir Matthew Hale as to allegiance due to 1 de 
 facto King. 
 
 7. Right of Parliament to declare the throne vacant. 
 
 8. Constructive right of Parliament concerning the Crown, 
 B 
 
10 l^hc English Govcynwoii. 
 
 IV. 
 
 THE CROWN. 
 
 SECOND LECrURE. 
 I. ROYAL PREROGATIVES. 
 
 1. Exemption from suits at law: methods of redress. 
 
 2. Not responsible for its acts : — responsibility of advisers and 
 ap^cnts. 
 
 3. 'I'lie soverei^^n is not a minor : — law s concerning a regency. 
 
 4. " The sovereign never dies." 
 
 5. Is the owner of all landed property. 
 
 6. Alone represents the nation abroad : — the part of Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 7. Is the chief of all »!!agistraies. 
 S. Sends and receives ambassadors. 
 
 9. Concludes treaties and alliances : — dependence on Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 10. Can expel all foreigners fiom the kingdom. 
 
 11. Grants safe conducts tf) subjects of a hostile power. 
 
 12. Alone can initiate measure of general pardon : —legal 
 limitation of this prerogati^ c. 
 
 13. Is generalissimo of the army. 
 
 14. Can forbid the wearing of arms. 
 
 iv Can forbid any of his subjects to leave the realm. 
 
 16. Is the highest judge in the realm. 
 
 17. Alone prosecutes criminals in court. 
 
 iS. Alone can pardon or release: — limitations by law^. 
 
 20. Can coin money : — but cannot debase it. 
 
 21. Is the head of the churcli : — appoints the clergy of 
 England and Scotland. 
 
 22. Has the right to veto Parliamentary measures. 
 
 23. Can dissolve, prorogue, and sunniion Parliament. 
 
 24. Can order the election of a new House of Commons. 
 
 25. Can create new peers. 
 
 II. THE COURT. 
 
 1. Classes into which the Court is divided. 
 
 2. Changes in the Court on a change of Ministry. 
 
 3. Court Ladies ; "Honorable." 
 
 4. Parliamentary appropriations for royal household. 
 
 5. The '-Civil List." 
 
 6. Special appropriations and special sources of income. 
 
The English Govern mc7it. 1 1 
 
 V. 
 
 THE PRIVY COUNCIL: THE CABINET 
 AND TFiE MINISTRY. 
 
 I. THE PRIVY COUNCIL. 
 
 1. Methods under various governments of sccuriuij the 
 co-operation of men of talent: in Germany, in France, and else- 
 where. 
 
 2. Privy Council in England under the Normans. 
 
 3. Solicitude of Parliament concerning the King's advisers. 
 ' 4. ComiDlaint under Lancastrian Kings. 
 
 5. The Star-Chamber, and its early services in behalf of 
 liberty. 
 
 6. Privy Council under the Tudors. 
 
 7. Number in the Privy Council at different periods. 
 
 8. Frequency of meeting ; — duration of membership. 
 
 9. Legal importance of the acts of the Privy Council. 
 
 10. Committees: {a) Board of Trade ; {b) Judicial Com- 
 iniltee; (c). Committee on Education. 
 
 11. Moral importance of the Privy Council. 
 
 II. THE CABINET. 
 
 1. Anomalous position of Cabi^iet Ministers. 
 
 2. Membership under different Sovereigns. 
 
 3. The manner of appointment: — illustrations. 
 
 4. Cabinet officers as members of Privy Council. 
 
 5. Growing power and importance of the Cabinet. 
 
 III. THE MINISTRY. 
 
 1. How it is constructed. 
 
 2. Limitations in the choice of a Ministry. 
 
 3. Functions of the Ministry as described by Macaulay and 
 Todd. 
 
 4 . The advantages and disadvantages of this form of admin- 
 istration. 
 
 5. The Cabinet and Ministry in England compared with 
 similar bodies in France, and in the United States. 
 
 6. Popular Government con&idered in relation to popular 
 opinion, 
 
12 The English Government. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THE ENGLISH CIVIL SERVICE. 
 
 I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 
 
 1. Importance of the subject argued : {a) From the number 
 of officars ; {b) The difficulty of constant supervision ; (c) The 
 analogy of military affairs ; {d) The experience of various 
 nations. 
 
 2. Conditions of highest efficiency in any important service : 
 {a) Ability ; {b) Honesty ; {c) Experience. 
 
 3. Methods by which these conditions are secured in private 
 affairs. Examples. 
 
 II. EXPERIENCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. Constitutional oversight. 
 
 2. Metliods under Washington, Jeff^erson, and others. 
 
 3. Radical change of methods under President Jackson. 
 
 4. Subsequent growth and power of the system. 
 
 5. Its influence in degrading public service. 
 
 6. Its effects seen : («) In our low standards of civil service ; 
 {b) In a general call for reform. 
 
 III. CIVIL SERVICE REFORM IN ENGLAND. 
 
 1. The old method. 
 
 2. The result as seen in the testimony of Windham, of 
 Montelembert and of Gneist. 
 
 3. Difficulties in the way of reform. 
 
 4. Ffforts of Northcote, Trevelyan, Romily, Jowett. 
 
 5. Labors of Parliamentary Commissions. 
 
 6. Reports of the " Committee of Inquiry into Public 
 Affairs." (1854.) 
 
 7. Report of " Select Committee on Civil Service Appoint- 
 ments." (i860.) 
 
 8. Arguments urged in opposition to reform. 
 
 9. Compromise adopted. 
 
 10. Division of civil officers into political aud non-political, 
 
 11. Methods of appointment in each. 
 
 12. Results. 
 
The English Government. 
 VII. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 1 . Those holding seats by hereditary right ;— Dukes, Mar- 
 quises, Earls, Viscounts, Barons. 
 
 2. Those holding seats by summons of the Crown : {a) 
 Circumstances under which peers are created ; {b) Influence 
 upon the character of the House. 
 
 3. Those holding seats by virtue of their ofiice : — Arch- 
 bishops, and Bishops, 
 
 4. Those holding seats by election for life : — Irish Peers ; — 
 conditions of choice. 
 
 5. Those holding seats by election for duration of Parlia- 
 ment : — Scotch Peers ; — conditions of choice. 
 
 6. Two methods of losing membership. 
 
 7. Attempt to create life peerages unsuccessful. 
 
 8. Decline of the power of the Spiritual Peers. 
 
 9. Increase of the power of the Temporal Peers. 
 IQ. Special privileges of the Peers. 
 
 1 1 . Privileges of the sons of Peers. 
 
 12. The Presidency of the House of Lords. 
 
 13. Number of membership as at present constituted. 
 
 14. Number of members constituting a quorum, and number 
 usually in attendance. 
 
 15. Habits of the House. 
 
14 The English Govertwient. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 . THE HOUSE OF LORDS. 
 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 I. ITS POLITICAL FUNCTIONS. 
 
 1. Political duties of the Lords compared with those of the 
 Commons. The President's power. That of the old Corps 
 Leglslatlf. ' 
 
 2. The place of conservatism and radicalism in legislation. 
 Dangers from each. 
 
 3. Why England calls for much conservatism. 
 
 4. Why the Commons cannot furnish it. 
 
 5. Why the Lords, if not the best, still furnish a good con- 
 servative element ; {a) They have leisure ; {I)) They are incor- 
 ruptible ; (c) They are independent ; (^d) They have ability. 
 
 6. Testimony of Montesquieu, DeLolme, De Tocqueville, 
 and Von Raumer as to the character of the House. 
 
 7. The first and the last judgment of foreigners. 
 
 IL ITS MORAL FUNCTIONS. 
 
 1. Guizot's remark on the importance of influence com- 
 pared with that of power. 
 
 2. The Lords furnish a tangible hope of reward for great 
 services. 
 
 3. English system of rewards compared with our own and 
 others. 
 
 4. Influence of this system. 
 
 5. The Lords do much to break the worship of wealth and 
 the tendency of wealth to monopolize talent. 
 
 6. Two ways in which this is accomplished. 
 
 7. The Lords furnish the nation a school of manners. 
 
 8. Unappreciated importance of manners as a power among 
 men. Examples : Fox, Metternich, Clay, Holland, and others. 
 
 9. Tendency to imitate nobility. Examples : Louis XIV, 
 Bedford, Isabella, Charles VII, Henry IV, Louis VII. 
 
 10. The Lords " have made England that strong box and 
 museum that it is," 
 
The English Government, 
 IX. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 I. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 ( . The tirst representation. 
 
 2. The term Parliament -first applied. 
 
 3. F'irst representation of cities and boroughs. 
 
 4. The Parliament of 1295. 
 
 V Division into separate houses. 
 
 6. Want of uniformity in Parliamentary practice. 
 
 7. Position of the Commons 0:1 the accession of the house of 
 Lancaster. (1399). i 
 
 11. DEVELOPMENT OF RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES. 
 
 1. General habit of the Commons in the middle ages. 
 
 2. The Commons in England previous to 1399. 
 
 3. Privilege of originating "Money Bills." 
 
 4. Additional privileges under Richard IL 
 
 5. First examples of impeachment. 
 
 6. Frequency of meeting and methods of securing at- 
 tendance. 
 
 7. Changes under the Tudors for the worse. 
 
 6. Four causes of these changes. ^ 
 
 9. Relations of the Crown to Parliament under the Tudors. 
 
 10. Importance of these relations in aiding our judgment 
 in regard to ensuing events. 
 
 11. The Commons under Cromwell and the Stuarts. 
 
 12. The work of the Restoration. 
 
 13. The Bill of Rights as the fruit of the Revolution. 
 
 14. Six most important provisions of the Bill of Rights. 
 
 15. Subsequent development of the Commons previous to 
 1832.' 
 
i6 The English (government. 
 
 X. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 
 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 THE REFORM OF 1832. 
 
 I. REPRESENTATION BEFORE THE REFORM. 
 
 1. Changes between 1773 and 1832. 
 
 2. Nature of "Rotten" and "Nomination" boroughs. 
 
 3. Examples : Old Sarum, Winchelsea, Bute, Gatton, Lud- 
 ger's Hall, Edinburgh, Scotland. « 
 
 4. Power of smaller buroughs compared with the cities : — 
 London and Cornwall. Saying of Paley. 
 
 5. Prevalence of bribery : — Letter of Lady Montagu ; Nabobs, 
 Earl Spencer ; Chesterfield. 
 
 6. General Result of this system. 
 
 II. WHY THE REFORM WAS SO LONG DELAYED. 
 
 1. The character of the House. 
 
 2. General indifference to logical results. 
 
 3. Influence of the French Revolution. 
 
 4. Attitude of Chatham, Paley, Junius, Burke, and others. 
 
 5. English methods as seen in the light of French methods. 
 
 6. Cause of ultimate triumph. Macaulay's description of 
 the " Division." 
 
 II. CHANGES INTRODUCED BY THE REFORM. 
 
 1 . Rotton boroughs destroyed. 
 
 2. Seats re-distributed. 
 
 3. Basis of franchise changed. 
 
 4. Present conditions of membership. 
 
 5. Conditions of voting since 1867. 
 
 6. Nature of the Ballot Act. 
 
 7. Proportion of voters to the whole population. 
 
 8. Present composition of the House. 
 
The English Government. 17 
 
 XI. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 
 
 THIRD LECTURE. 
 I. APPEARANCE OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 1. Historical associations clustering about it. 
 
 2. Its most interesting approaches. 
 
 3. Its surroundings. 
 
 4. Old Westminster Hall. 
 
 5. The courts and corridors. 
 
 6. The peculiarity of the chamber itself. 
 
 II. ITS METHODS OF WORK. 
 
 1. The manners which prevail in the House ; and elsewhere. 
 
 2. Intolerance of certain kinds of oratory. 
 
 3. Oratorical methods compared with those prevailing in 
 legislative assemblies in other nations : France ; Germany ; the 
 United States ; and elsewhere. 
 
 4. Peculiar habits of the Commoners as auditors. 
 
 5. Influence of this habit illustrated by the early career of 
 Disraeli ; and that of others. 
 
 6. Habit of the Commoners as speakers. 
 
 7. Influence of the habit illustrated in Palmerston, Packing- 
 ton and Roebuck. 
 
 8. General impressions made by the House on a stranger. 
 
 9. The House of Commons as a place of business, 
 c 
 
I§: The English Governmenh 
 
 XII. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. 
 
 FOURTH LECTURE. 
 I. RELATIONS OF THE CABINET TO THE HOUSE. 
 
 1. Peculiarities of Parliamentary government; two results. 
 
 2. Relations of the Cabinet to the Commons. 
 
 3. Connection between the abandonment of the veto and 
 the representation of the government in Parliament. 
 
 4. Theory on which the Cabinet is constructed. 
 
 5. Theories in France and in Germany. 
 
 6. Reports of Select Committees of 1848 and 1861. 
 
 II. ORDER AND HABITS IN THE COMMONS. 
 
 1. The standing order of business. 
 
 2. Powers and privileges of the "Speaker." 
 
 3. Duties of the " Whips," and the "Junior Lords of the 
 Treasury." 
 
 4. Parliamentary duties of the " Leader." 
 
 5. Glimpses of the official life of Disraeli. 
 
 6. Constitutional protection of the minority ; and of tlie 
 majority. 
 
 7. The " Count-out :" Its uses and abuses. 
 
 8. Time and continuance of the daily session. 
 
 III. MOST ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF GREATNESS. 
 
 1. Methods of choosing members: (a:) Method of nomi- 
 nating members ; (3) Method of voting ; (c) Method of securing 
 the opinions of the most intelligent men. 
 
 2. Methods of keeping good members in the House : («) 
 St^te of public opinion as to " Rotation ; " (<5) Great liberties 
 of constituents in the absence of geographical limitaHons. 
 
 3. Methods of bringing best members into most prominence : 
 (a) By great publicity of debate — absence of committees ; {b) 
 By tenure of position ; (c) By great inducements in the way of 
 promotion ; (a^) By great importance of questions considered. 
 Bagehot's estimates of the functions of a good House. 
 
7 he English GovcrnmcuL 19 
 
 XIll. 
 
 THE ENGLISH JUDICIARY. 
 
 1. The conceded excellence of the English Judiciary as a 
 whole. 
 
 2. Conditions on which its excellence depends. 
 
 I. THE EDUCATION AND POSITION OF THE JURIST. 
 
 1. The four Inns of Court; {a) Their situation and history; 
 {b) The Benchers ; {c) The privileges of Benchers and students ; 
 {d) Power of the Inns over the profession ; {e) Right of appeal 
 from the Benchers ; {b) Final examination. 
 
 2. The Inns of Chancery : {a) Their number and charac- 
 ter ; {b) Their peculiarities. 
 
 3. Classes ; {a) Attorneys and Solicitors ; {b) Baristers ; 
 {c) Sergeants ; {d) Judges. 
 
 II. ORGANIZATION OF THE COURTS. 
 
 1. The Court of Queen's Bench. 
 
 2. The Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 3. The Court of Exchequer. 
 
 4. The Circuits. 
 
 5. The new County Courts. Minor Courts. 
 
 6. Excellencies and defects of the system. 
 
 7. The Judicature Act of 1873. 
 
 III. SALARIES AND TENURE OF JUDGES. 
 
 1. Popular theory as to the position of Judge. 
 
 2. Conditions necessary to secure the best Judges: {a) Sal- 
 aries; {b) Security of Tenures; (c) Honor of the position. 
 
 3. How the English Government fulfills these conditions. 
 
 4. General result as shown in the character of the Courts ; 
 and in the ordinary administration of Justice. 
 
20 The English Government. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND. 
 
 I. GENERAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT 
 IN ENGLAND AND IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. Parliamentary legislation in local affairs. 
 
 2. Absence of local Parliaments. 
 
 3. Greater power given to local officers. 
 
 4. Influence of the two systems upon liberty. 
 
 II. COUNTY OFFICES AND OFFICERS. 
 
 1. The County in former times and now. 
 
 2. The Sherifl' and other officers of police. 
 
 3. Justices of the Peace and their functions. 
 
 III. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 1. Meaning of the words, City, Town, and Village. 
 
 2. Municipal Corporations. 
 
 3. Under the Saxons : Burgesses ; Freedmen ; wSerfs ; Slaves. 
 
 4. Transformation by the institution of Guilds. 
 
 5. Changes on the accession of the House of York. 
 
 6. "Corporate Rights" in England and in America. 
 
 6. Abuses under the old system. 
 
 7. The ''Municipal Corporation Act" of 1835, as touching: 
 {a) Burgesses; {h) Trading; {c) Municipal Councils; {d) 
 Aldermen. 
 
 8. Reform of 1857, touching election of Councilmen. 
 
 IV. THE PARISH. 
 
 1. The Parish geographically considered. 
 
 2. Its Temporal as distinguished from its Spiritual functions. 
 
 3. Who are Parishioners and what are their rights.'* 
 
 4. The duties of Wardens and the manner of their choice. 
 
 5. Select Vestrymen and their duties ; " Hobhouse Act." 
 
 6. Power of the Vestry. Certain erronious impressions. 
 
 7. Rights of Roman Catholics, Jews, Qiiakers, etc. 
 
 8. Gneist's declaration as to the rejection of Church rates. 
 
 9. Attitude of the general government towards the Parish. 
 
 10. Is the method consistent with " Self-government.'*" 
 
The English Government. zi 
 
 XV. 
 
 THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF 
 GREA T BR ITAIN. 
 
 1. Vast extent of the British Empire. 
 
 2. Variety of Races, Laws and Constitutions. 
 
 3. Schemes for Colonial representation. 
 
 4. Classification of the Colonies : {a) That of Heeren ; 
 (d) That of Creasy ; {c) That of the Government. 
 
 I THE NORTH AMERICAN DOMINIONS. 
 
 1. Canada under the " Old Regimey 
 
 2. Discontents under early British rule. Lord Durham. 
 
 3. Re-union of the Canadas. Extent of territory. 
 
 4. Constitution of the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 5. Government of British Columbia. 
 
 II. ASIATIC DOMINIONS. 
 
 1. Principles of government for India. 
 
 2. Powers of the Crown and of the Governors-General. 
 
 3. Government in Council. Mill's estimate. 
 
 4. Indian Civil Service. Attitude towards natives. 
 
 5. Other Asiatic Colonies. 
 
 III. AUTRALASIAN DOMINIONS. 
 I.Australasia : — Australia ; Tasmania ; New Zealand. 
 
 2. Characteristics of the different Colonies. 
 
 3. Prevalence of Representative and Responsible Government. 
 
 4. Progress of European and decline of native population. 
 
 5. Islands in the Pacific ; and their probable future. 
 
 IV. AFRICAN DOMINIONS. 
 
 1. Capture of Cape of Good Hope by the British. 
 
 2. Annexation of British Kafiraria, and other Colonies. 
 
 3. Constitution and Government. 
 
 V. THE WEST INDIAN DOMINIONS. 
 
 1. Jamaica and its government. 
 
 2. The Bahamas and their government. 
 
 3. The Bermudas and their government. 
 
 4. Other British possessions. 
 
 5. The Colonies and the Imperial Government. 
 
22 The English Government. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 THE ENGLAND OF TO-DAY. 
 
 I. FIRST IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 1. Sayings of Alfieri, Tennyson, Robertson, and Emerson. 
 
 2. Wealth of England past and present. 
 
 3. Tendencies of wealth : Bredalbane, Sutherland, Devon- 
 shire, Richmond, Westminster. 
 
 4. Number and Poverty of the poor ; Personal observation. 
 Testimony of Bradlaugh, Hamerton, and Taine. 
 
 5. Is poverty .becoming more general.? Testimony of Hal- 
 lam, Carlyle, Taine, Miss Aiken, and others. 
 
 6. Acres under tillage. Declaration of Mr. Bradlaugh in 
 the light of the "Report of the Board of Trade," of 1872, and of 
 the "Blue Book" of 1876. 
 
 II. THE RELATIONS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR. 
 
 1. As affected by the law of Supply and Demand. Mr. 
 Brassey's illustration ; illustration from America. 
 
 2. As affected by the prevalence of freedom. Mr. Brad- 
 laugh's error. 
 
 3. As affected by fundamental rights ; Blackstone's enumera- 
 tion : {a) Personal Liberty; (<5j Personal Security; {c) Secur- 
 ity of Property. 
 
 4. As affected by the relations of Liberty and Equality. 
 
 5. As affected by the laws of Primogeniture and Entail. 
 Certain erroneous impressions. 
 
 6. As affected by an excess of Population ; comparisons 
 between England and other countries. 
 
 7. As atlected by fundamental laws controlling wages : {a) 
 Two general means by which wages may be raised ; {b) Two 
 methods by which the call for labor may be increased. 
 
 III. PRESENT TENDENCIES. 
 
 1. As shown in a fidelity to English institutions. 
 
 2. In the conditions of political success : — America : — France. 
 
 3. In what England has done during the present century. 
 
 4. As shown in the moral and social vigor of England 
 when compared w^ith the nations of the past. 
 
LECTURES 
 
 ON 
 
 THE RISE OF PRUSSIA. 
 
 I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 At the beginning of the iSth century Europe controlled by 
 four great powers. Purpose in this course of lectures. 
 I. POLITICAL ISOLATION IN GERMANY. 
 
 1. Causes of this isolation: (a) Changes in the relation of 
 the Estates and the Territorial Princes to the Emperor ; (<5) 
 Alliances of Princes ; (c) Anarchy resulting from this alliance. 
 
 2. Effects of this isolation : («) A nationality made impos- 
 sible. (Comparison of Germany and Rome) ; {b) Personal lib- 
 erty developed, (remarks of De Stael) ; {c) Reformation en- 
 couraged ; id) Great intellectual activity awakened ; {e') Estab- 
 lishment of petty individual governments. 
 
 II. POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR. 
 
 1. Alliance of Austria and the Bishoprics. 
 
 2. Discussion concerning the Cleves suceession. 
 
 3. Policy of Austria, and that of Brandenburg. 
 
 4. The real political question at issue. 
 
 5. The statesmanship of Richelieu, of Gustavus Adolphus, 
 and others. 
 
 6. What was prevented. 
 
 7. What was established : {a) Emperors had to abandon 
 all hopes of controlling the religion of the people ; {hi) Political 
 power of the Emperors was broken ; (c) Territorial Princes 
 were aggrandized. 
 
24 The Rise of Prussia. 
 
 IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT OF GER- 
 MANY AFTER THE THIRTY YEARS' 
 WAR. 
 
 I. GEOGRAPHICALLY. 
 
 1. Losses and gains by the Treaty of Westphalia. 
 
 2. Aggregate extent of territory and population. 
 
 3. The number of individual governments independent and 
 quasi independent. 
 
 IL POLITICALLY. 
 
 1. Division into circuits, {Kreise.) 
 
 2. Imperial Villages {Reichsdorfer) ; and Imperial Estates. 
 ( Reichsu n rn ittelb a re Herrsch aft en. ) 
 
 3. Imperial Knights' Estates {Reichsritterschaftliche 
 Gutter.) 
 
 4. Question of ultimate sovereignty. 
 
 5. Sources of revenue. 
 
 6. Oaths administered to the Emperor. 
 
 7. Embarrassments diplomatic and legislative. 
 
 8. Organization of the Imperial army. 
 
 9. Organization of the Imperial Diet : {a) Electors ; {h) 
 Princes ; {c) Free cities. 
 
 10. Corpus Catholicorum and Corpus Evangelicorum and 
 their privileges. 
 
 II. Imperial Courts of Judicature. 
 
 12. Examples show^ing the impotence of the courts, and 
 the imbecility of the government. 
 
The Rise of Prussia. 25 
 
 III. 
 
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN GERMANY 
 IN THE 18TH CENTURY. 
 
 I. CLASSES OF SOCIETY. 
 
 I Die jFiirsten^ (The Princes.) 
 
 2. Die Stdnde, (The Nobility.) 
 
 3. Der Adel, (The Gentry.) 
 
 4. Das Volk, (The People.) 
 
 II. RELATIONS OF THE CLASSES TO ONE ANOTHER. 
 
 1. Pernicious theory concerning these relations, 
 
 2. Testimony of Seckendorf, Sugenheim, and Kreitsmeyer. 
 
 3. Alliances of Princes with : (^a) The Nobility ; {b) The 
 Gentry ; (c) The People. 
 
 4. Number and character of local officers. 
 
 III. REPRESENTATIVE DIETS. 
 
 1. In Austria, (1794.) 
 
 2. In Bohemia and Moravia. (184^.) 
 
 3. In Prussia. (Influence of Frederick William I, and 
 Frederick II. 
 
 4. In Bavaria. (1790). 
 
 5. In Saxony. (Prince Xaver). ' 
 
 6. In Wiirtemberg. (Contest vs^ith Carl Sugen). 
 
 7. General characteristics. 
 
 8. Universal decline and fall of the Diets. 
 
 IV. CONDITIOY OF THE PEOPLE AND THEIR RELATION TO 
 THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 I Teachings of Protestants and Catholics concerning their 
 political duties. 
 
 2. Results showrn by sayings of Moser, Sturtz, and Saltzmann. 
 
 3. Relations of births and deaths show^n by Beidermann. 
 
 4' Deplorable condition depicted : {a) By extracts from 
 Sugenheim, Mad. Reidesel and Frederick the Great ; {b) By ex- 
 amples of Moser, Schubart, and Bettschart ; {c) Schiller's 
 
 Robbers. 
 D 
 
26 The Rise of Prussia. 
 
 IV. 
 
 RELIGIOUS AND MORAL CON DITION 
 OF GERMANY DURING THE 18TH 
 . CENTURY. 
 
 I. RELIGIOUS CONDITION. 
 
 1. Reaction throu^liout Europe from the religious fervor of 
 the sixteenth ami seventeenth centuries. 
 
 2. The Catholics ; the Lutherans ; the Calvinists. 
 
 3. Early views of the Church concerning witchcraft. "• The 
 Witches' Mammerr 
 
 4. Belief in witchcraft encouraged by the Reformation.. 
 
 5. Extent to which belief in witciicraft prevailed. 
 
 6. Extent to which witchcraft was punisiied. 
 
 7. '' The last of the Witches." 
 
 II. MORAL CONDITION. 
 
 1. Pervasive force of French Manners in the time of 
 Louis XIV. 
 
 2. Court life as depi(!ted by PoUnitz, and by the Margravine 
 of Bayreuth. 
 
 3. The Court of Augustus II of vSaxony. 
 
 4. The Court of Charles William of Baden. 
 
 ^. General Characteristics of other larger Courts. 
 
 6. The minor Courts. 
 
 7. Universal prevalence of French ideas and tastes. 
 
 8. Moral condition of the peasantry shown by statistics. 
 
The Rise of Prussiv. 27 
 
 V. 
 
 BEGINNINGS OF PRUSSIAN HISTORY. 
 
 T. PERIOD OF CHAOS- 
 
 1. Early condition of Brandenburg and Prussia. 
 
 2. The Ilohenzollerns twenty-five centuries back. 
 
 3. " Brandenburg in the hands of Pawnbrokers." 
 
 4. Battle of Tannenburg and its results. 
 
 5. Qiiitclaim to Burgrave Frederick. 
 
 6. Investiture at Constance. (April 17. 1417.) 
 
 II. PERIOD OF THE ELECTORS. 
 
 1. General character of Electors illustrated by their titles. 
 
 3. Acquisition of Neumarck and Pomerania. 
 
 2. Co-infeftment {Mltbelehnung) of Prussia. 
 
 4. The Cleves-Julich alVair and its influence. 
 
 5. Depression of Brandenburg under George William. 
 (1619-1640). 
 
 6. TheGreat Elector, Frederick William; (1640-1688) : {a) 
 His victories over foreign eneinies ; {b) His victories over domes- 
 tic enemies, Von Kalkstein and others ; {c) His victories in 
 l)eace ; {d ) His claim to his title sliown by the condition of the 
 country when he began and when he ended. "■ Messieurs^ celui 
 cl a fait de grand chose T 
 
 7. Louisa of Nassau Orange. 
 
 8. Frederick I., twelfth Elector and first King. 
 
2$ The Rise of Prussia, 
 
 VI. 
 
 ESTABLISHMENT OF MONARCHY. 
 
 I. FREDERICK I. 
 
 1. Frederick helped to the Crown : {^d) By his own qualities ; 
 {b) By the conditson of his country ; (c) By the general condi- 
 tion of Europe ; (</) By '"his ancestors." 
 
 2. Glimpse of the times given in the Apotheosis of Etiquette. 
 (December 17, 1700.) 
 
 3. Services of Frederic in the advancement of learning : {a) 
 By the elevation of scholars ; — Lenfant, Beausobre, Spener, 
 Thomasius, Leibnitz ; {b) By founding of institutions ; — Univer- 
 sity of Halle ; — Academy of Sciences. 
 
 4. His military successes; — Bonn, Blenhiem, Malplaquet. 
 
 5. His financial and economical errors. 
 
 II. FREDERICK WILLIAM I. 
 
 1. Erroneous estimation in which he is usually held. 
 
 2. His ambition as the '* Nation's Husband." 
 
 3. How he teaches economy: (a) By reforming the Court; 
 {b) By management of royal domains ; (c) By the use of his 
 ratan ; {d) By his personal example. 
 
 4. How he makes the nation military : {a) By method of 
 chosing officers ; (<5) By making himself a drill-sergeant ; {c) By 
 instituting the spirit of obedience ; {d) By training his son as his 
 successor ; (^^ By exciting the popular imagination. 
 
 5. General spirit of the times at the king's death in 1740. 
 
The Rise of Prussia. 29 
 
 VII. 
 
 EDUCATION AND APPRENTICESHIP 
 OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. 
 
 1. Educational paradoxes. 
 
 2. Anxiety shown in letters of father and grandfather. 
 
 3. Parental ideas concerning education shown in orders to 
 instructors. ' 
 
 4. Studies pursued openly : his regular work. 
 
 5. Studies pursued clandestinely : his irregular work. 
 
 6. Method of spending his vacations. 
 
 7. Results counted : («) In habits of work ; {b) In habits of 
 economy ; (c) In knowledge of Greek and Latin ; {d) In theo- 
 logical doctrines and beliefs ; (^) In alienating his father ; (y) 
 In methods of spending his leisure ; (^) In fondness for the 
 French language and French literature. 
 
 8. Attempted flight of the Prince. 
 
 9. Imprisonment at Ciistrin. 
 
 10. Intercession for the life of the Prince. 
 
 1 1 . Punishment commuted on condition of new oath of alle- 
 giance. 
 
 12. New studies and labors. 
 
 13. Thinks of marriage, and at length is married^. 
 
 14. Final reconciliation with his father. 
 
 15. Scenes at the time of the succession. 
 
 16. The apparent and the real character of the new monarch. 
 
3© The Rise of Prussia, 
 
 VIII. 
 
 REIGN OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. 
 
 FIRST LECTURE. 
 I. DURING PEACE. 
 
 1. His management of domestic affairs shown: — (a) By 
 establishment of corn magazines; (<5) By abohtion of legal tor- 
 tures ; {c) By founding Academy of Sciences ; (^ ) By granting 
 religious toleration ; (^) By establishing virtual freedom of the 
 Press. 
 
 2. His methods of diplomacy shown : — i^a) By the Cleves- 
 Julich affair ; (3) By the Herestal affair. 
 
 3. Life at Reinsberg suddenly interrupted. 
 
 II. FIRST SILESIAN WAR. 
 
 I. Nature of the claim to Silesia. \^Erbverb)'iiderung .'\ 
 3. Macaulay's great error. 
 
 3. Frederick determines to secure the Province. 
 
 4. His designs and his success. 
 
 5. Maria Theresa ; and Pragmatic Sanction. 
 
 6. Rumbling political portents. 
 
 7. Battles of Molwitz and Chotustz ; and what they 
 revealed. 
 
 8. Peace of Breslau. [June 11, 174^.] 
 
 9. Fi'cderico Magno. 
 
 10. Settlement of affairs in Silesia. 
 
 II. Permanent attitude of Silesia towards Prussia. 
 
The Rise of Prussia. 3f 
 
 IX. 
 
 REIGN OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. 
 
 SECOND LECTURE. 
 
 SECOND AND THIRD SILESIAN WARS AND THE PARTITION OF 
 
 POLAND. 
 
 I. SECOND SILESIAN WAR. 
 
 1. Frederick is at peacs ; but lie silently gets ready, and why. 
 
 2. Belleisle's mischief. 
 
 3. " L' Infame Catin du JVord" 
 
 4. Maria Theresa's character and devotion. 
 
 5. Erederick single-handed strikes at his enemies. 
 
 6. Character of the war. 
 
 7. Peace of Dresden. [December 25, i745-] 
 
 II. SEVEN YEARS' WAR. 
 
 1. After ten years of peace, a secret is out, and Frederick 
 again strikes the first blow. 
 
 2. Strength and weakness of Frederick as compared with his 
 enemies. 
 
 3. Extraordinary character of the war shown by a glimpse 
 at some of its campaigns and battles. 
 
 4. Treaties of Hubertsburg and Paris. 
 
 5. Frederick with eight Saxon scnoolmasters returns to 
 Berlin. 
 
 6. Closing of the Temple of Janus. 
 
 III. THE PARTITION OF POLAND. 
 
 1. The Polish question of old. 
 
 2. Internal condition of Poland ; Henry III, Augustus II. 
 
 3. Its relations with its neighbors. 
 
 4. Real causes of the partition, 
 
 5. Efl'ect of the partition on Poland ; on Prussia. 
 
32 The Rise of Prussia. 
 
 X. 
 
 REIGN OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. 
 
 THIRD LECTURE. 
 
 RKPAIRING OF THE NATION. 
 
 I. The apparent and the real condition of the kingdom at 
 the close of the wars : — Frederick's own picture. 
 
 3. Services of the king in improving agriculture and indus- 
 try : — Landrath Niissler ; evidence from Biisching's Fragment. 
 
 3. His services in instituting legal reforms ; — {a) Reforms 
 undertaken in 1846 ; (^) Appoints Minister of Justice Cocceji ; 
 (c) Plan of reform ; (^) Conflict between departments and legal 
 authorities ; {e) General result. 
 
 4. His system of revenues : {a) New excise system ; {h) 
 Work of Helvetius ; (c) Work of De Launy ; {d) The king at 
 the coflee mill. 
 
 5. His methods of general adminisiration : {a) Instructions 
 for guidance of ministers ; {b) Separation of the estates ; {c) 
 New colonies and new manufactures. 
 
 6. The organization of the army : {a) Strictness of discip- 
 line ; (3) Spirit of the army. 
 
 7. His theories of the relations of the governing and the 
 governed. 
 
 8. Pernicious influence of this theory on individual develop- 
 ment. 
 
 9. Glimpse of Prussian Government given by Arnold's case, 
 and others. 
 
 10. The Eilrstenbund. 
 
 I I . Concluding estimate of Frederick and his work : — Letter 
 of D Alembert to Madame du Deffaud. 
 
 12. "Hitherto the last of the kings." 
 
The Rise of Prussia. 33 
 
 XI. 
 
 PRUSSIA FROM THE DEATH OF FRED- 
 ERICK THE GREAT TO THE BATTLE 
 OF JENA. H786-1806:) 
 
 I. FREDERIC WILLIAM II. (1686-1797.) 
 
 I. The king overlooks the best and imitates the worst' 
 features of his predecessor's policy. 
 
 3. Results illustrated by the declarations of Mirabeau and 
 Billow, 
 
 3. Illustrations of this result drawn : {a) From domestic 
 policy ; {h) From foreign policy. 
 
 4. Complications with France : («) Territorial ; (3) 
 Political. 
 
 5. Coalition with Austria, and Declaration of War. 
 
 6. Revival of old feuds and withdrawal of Prussia. 
 
 II. FREDERICK WILLIAM III. (17S4-1806.) 
 
 1 . Changes in the Policy of Prussia. 
 
 2. The new Coalition and its consequences. 
 
 3. The military condition of Prussia and of other States of 
 the coalition. 
 
 4. Napoleon's policy and his ultimatum. 
 
 5. The political consequences of Ulm and Austerlitz. 
 
 6. Prussia sees her error and tries in vain to amend it. 
 
 7. Deplorable condition of the army. 
 
 8. Jena and Auerstadt. 
 
 9. Moral and military humiliation of Germany : — especially 
 that of Prussia. 
 
 10. " Es geibt kein Deutschland mehr.'' 
 E 
 
34 Th^ Rise of Prussia. 
 
 XIT. 
 
 THE RECOVERY OF PRUSSIA AFTER 
 
 JENA. 
 
 FIRST LE CrURE. 
 
 I. INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL AWAKENING. 
 
 1. General service of the new German Philosophy. 
 
 2. Special service of Fichte : — Rcden au die Deutsche 
 Nation. 
 
 3. Special service of Arndt ; and others. 
 
 4. The letters of Von Stein. 
 
 5. The work of the Universities. 
 
 6. General results seen in the formation of the Tuge7ibu7id., 
 the Tui'7ischule.7i and the Bursche7ischa.fte7t. 
 
 11. POLITITAL AND MILITARY AWAKENING. 
 
 1. Call of Frederic William III. '" An 7nei7i VolkT 
 
 2. The spirit and influence of Qiieen Louisa. 
 
 3. The political reforms inaugurated by Von Stein : {a) In 
 extending the rights of the peasantry ; {b) In giving greater free- 
 dom to municipalities; {b) In relieving the embarrassment of 
 debtors. 
 
 4. The political measures of Hardenburg : (^) In domestic 
 aflairs ; {b) In foreign aflairs. 
 
 5. The services of Scharnhorst in remodelling the army. 
 
 6. The far-reaching eflects of these reforms. 
 
 7. Fall of " yunkei'thu7n^'' '" Paperasse7'ie" and " Ces 
 Pe7'ruques.'' 
 
The Rise of Prussia, 35 
 
 XIII. 
 
 THE RECOVERY OF PRUSSIA AFTER 
 
 JENA. 
 
 SECOND LECTURE, 
 
 THE PRUSSIAN SYSTEM OF EDUCATION. 
 
 I. GROWTH OF THE SYSTEM. 
 
 1. Importance of the subject as viewed by Europeans and by 
 Americans. 
 
 2. Preliminary sketch of education in Germany previous to 
 the last century. 
 
 3. General educational aw^akening after Jena. 
 
 4. Work of Pestalozzi, Frobel, Von Humboldt and others. 
 
 5. Relations of the State to the work of education shown : — 
 (a) In its sweeping away old institutions and erecting new ones; 
 (^; In its requirements of professional men and others. 
 
 6. The establishment of new Universities ; — Berlin, Breslau, 
 Bonn, Strasburg. 
 
 11. THE SYSTEM AS DEVELOPED. 
 
 1. Conditions on which the success of any system depends. 
 
 2. These conditions admirably supplied in Prussia : {a) By 
 public opinion ; {b) By the Government. 
 
 3. Provision for excellent teachers : — Normal schools. 
 
 4. Educational requirements of professional men. 
 
 5. Primary schools : — methods of instruction. 
 
 6. Gymnasia and real schulen : — methods of instruction. 
 
 7. The Universities : — methods of instruction. 
 
 8. Technical schools : — methods of instruction. 
 
 9. Prevalence of classical schools, and opinion of German 
 scholars concerning them. 
 
 10. Results as seen in the attainment of professors and 
 students. [Hart's description of a "first rate" and of a "second 
 rate " German student. 
 
 11. The Staff system of instruction of oflEicers in the army. 
 
 1 2. General results of the system as a whole on the growth 
 of the nation. 
 
36 The Rise of Prussia. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 POLITICAL CONDITION FROM THE 
 CONGRESS OF VIENNA TO THE CON- 
 . VULSIONSOF 1848. 
 
 I. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA. 
 
 1 . The character and work of the Congress. 
 
 2. The new German Confederation and the place of Prussia 
 in it. 
 
 3. Injustice to the claims of Prussia. 
 
 4. The Zollverein. 
 
 II. POLICY OF REPRESSION. 
 
 1. Influence of the French Revolution on the people and on 
 the Government. 
 
 2. Popular discontents growing out of the attitude of the 
 Government. 
 
 3. Rising revolutionary spiri t : — Assassination of Kotzebue, 
 and its evil eflects. 
 
 4. Circulars of Bernstorff and Metternich. 
 
 5. The Act of Confederation of May 17, 1820. 
 
 6. The Provincial Estates as constituted by the edict of June 
 5, 1823. 
 
 7. Influence of the Belgian and Polish Revolutions. 
 
 8. Stringent measures of the Government. 
 
 9. Outbreaks in Cologne, Frankfurt and elsewhere. 
 
 10. Demands of the Diet on the accession of William IV. 
 
 11. Equivocating policy of the king. 
 
 12. Convocation of the General Diet in 1847. 
 
 14. The conservatives triumph, and the seeds of revolution 
 *re left to germinate. 
 
 14. The convulsions of 1848 in Berlin and elsewhere. 
 
 15. The new Prussian Constitution as a result. 
 
The Rise of Prussia. 37 
 
 XV. 
 
 THE STATESMANSHIP OF BISMARCK. 
 
 I. PERIOD OF POLITICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 1. Bismark's early life and prepossessions. 
 
 2. His methods and character as revealed in his letters. 
 
 3. His political apprenticeship : («; In cafes ; {b) In the Fed- 
 eral Diet ; (c) In foreign Courts. 
 
 4. Three convictions early established : («) Concerning the 
 Federal Diet ; {F) Concerning the relative positions of Prussia and 
 Austria ; (c) Concerning the Government of Prussia. 
 
 5. Becomes Minister-President. (1862.) 
 
 II. PERIOD OF POLITICAL TRIUMPH. 
 
 1. Political creed, and political hopes of the conservative 
 party : — Remarks of Professor Droysen. 
 
 2. ''Iron and Blood." 
 
 3. Negotiations begun with Austria. 
 
 4. The Frankfurt Reform Act. 
 
 5. The demands of Prussia. 
 
 6. The Schleswig-Holstein Question. 
 
 7. Schleswig-Holstein ceded to Germany. 
 
 8. The demands respectively of Austria and Prussia. 
 
 9. The Enigma of Gastein. 
 
 10. Austria under Von Beust 
 
 11. Reconciliation is found impossible. 
 
 12. Alliance of Prussia and Italy. 
 
 13. The six weeks' campaign, and its far-reaching results. 
 
3j5 The Rise of Prussia, 
 
 XVI. 
 
 THE FRUITS OF BISMARCK'S POLICY. 
 
 I. IMMEDIATE REWARDS OF VICTORY. 
 
 1. Austria excluded from Germany. 
 
 2. Large accessions to Prussian territory : Schleswig-Hol- 
 stein, Hanover, Hessen-Cassel, Nassau and Frankfurt. 
 
 3. Formation of the North-German Confederation. 
 
 4. Alliance with the South-German States. 
 
 5. Obstacles in the way of a complete union. 
 
 6. Political significance to Germany of the Franco-German 
 war. 
 
 7. Union of Germany under William I as Emperor. 
 
 11. RECONSURUCTED GERMANY. 
 
 1. The constitutional peculiarities of the Union. 
 
 2. The Government of Prussia : {a) The power of the king ; 
 (3) The organization of Parliament ; (c) Local administration. 
 
 3. The Prussia of to-day. 
 
 4. Realized ambitions. 
 
 RETROSPECTIVE GLANCES. 
 
 1. Great men. 
 
 2. Eminent men in positions of power. 
 
 3. Law-abiding spirit 
 
 4. Fondness for what is genuine. 
 
 5. The power of a thorough and universal system of training. 
 
 6. Of Aristotle's two conditions of good government, Prussia 
 has fulfilled one : What nation has fulfilled them both.'* 
 
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