m-r , ■.■i\ ■'It' LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ex Libris ISAAC FOOT DICTIONARY OF BATTLES SONNENSCHEIN'S DICTIONARIES OF QUOTATIONS 1. BlsGlASn (Third Edition) 2. CLASSICAL (Secotd Edition) . P. U. Dalbiac. - T. B. Harbottle. 3. FRENCH AND ITALIAN (>S-,f^^W (T. B. Harbottle. Edition) Ip. H. Dalbiac. 4. GERMAN --.... Lilian Dalbiac. 5. SPANISH T. B. Harbottle. 6. WHAT GREAT MEN HAVE SAID ABOUT GRE.JlT MEN - - W. Wale. 7. CONTEMPORARY [ENGLISH] QUOTATIONS - - - - H. Swan. 8. FAMOUS SAYINGS AND THEIR AUTHORS E. Latham. 9. DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL ALLUSIONS T. B. Harbottle. 10. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES - T. B. Harbottle. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES From the Earliest Date to the Present Time By THOMAS BENFIELD HARBOTTLE AUTHOR OF "dictionary OF QUOTATIONS*' (cLASSICAl) ; "DICTIONARY OF HISTORICAL allusions"; CO-AUTHOR OF "DICTIONARY OF QUOTATIONS*' (FRENCH AND ITALIAN') LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO. LTD. High Street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1904 ^'^^, . 41//37 PREFACE The sad death of Mr. Harbottle, just as this work was going to press, has thrown upon me the onus of correcting the proofs and preparing the Index. The necessity for hurrying the work through the press has precluded com- parison of the references in every instance with the original sources from which the Author had taken them ; if there- fore some few printer's errors or varieties of speUing may still remain, they may, I hope, be attributed to the im- perfections of one, who had to step suddenly into the breach caused by the loss of a valued friend and collabora- tor, whose patience in research, depth of knowledge and accuracy in compilation, he could never hope to equal. October, 1904. P. H. Dalbiac. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Abensberg (Campaign of Wag- ram.) Fought April 20, 1809, be- tween the French and Bavarians under Napoleon, about 90,000 strong, and the Austrians, 80,000 in number, under the Archduke Charles. On the French left, Lanne's corps drove back the Austrians, after a feeble resist- ance. In the centre the Ba- varians were hard pressed, but eventually Napoleon succeeded in turning the Austrian flank, left exposed by the defeat of their right, and Charles was forced to retreat. The Aus- trians lost 7,000, the French and Bavarians about 3,000 killed and wounded. Aberdeen (Civil War). Fought September 13, 1644, between the Covenanters, 3,000 strong, under Lord Burleigh, and the RoyaUsts, about 1,500 strong, under Montrose. The Covenanters were put to flight, and no quarter being given, they lost heavily before reach- ing Aberdeen. The Royalist losses were insignificant. Aboukir (French Invasion of Egypt). Fought July 5, 1799, Napo- leon attacking the position held by Mustapha Pasha, who had recently landed in Egypt at the head of 18,000 Turks. The French were completely success- ful, two-thirds of the Turkish troops being killed or driven into the sea, while 6,000, with the Pasha, surrendered. Aboukir (British Invasion of Egypt). Fought March 8, 1801, when 5,000 British under Sir Ralph Abercromby disembarked on the beach at Aboukir, in the face of a force of 2,000 French under General Friant. The landing was effected under a heavy musketry and artillery fire, which cost the assailants 1,100 killed and wounded, and the French were driven from their positions with a loss of 500 men. Aboukir. See Nile. Abu Hamad (Soudan Campaigns). Fought August 7, 1897, when the Dervish entrenchments out- side Abu Hamed were stormed by a Soudanese Brigade, with 2 guns Royal Artillery, under Major - General Hunter. The Mahdist garrison was driven through the town, losing heavily, and their commander, Moham- med Zain, captured. The Egyp- tian loss was 80 killed and wounded, including 4 British officers. Abu Klea (Soudan Campaigns). Fought January 17, 1885, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES between a British force, 1,500 strong, under Sir Herbert Stew- art, and 12,000 Mahdists, of whom about 5,000 actually attacked. The British square was broken at one corner, owing to the jamming of a Gardner gun, and the Mahdists forcing their way inside, a desperate hand-to-hand conflict followed. Eventually the assailants were driven off, and the square re- formed. The British loss was 18 officers, among them Colonel Fred. Burnaby, and 150 men. In the immediate vicinity of the square, 1,100 Arab dead were counted. Abu Kru (Soudan Campaigns). Fought January 19, 1885, between 1,200 British troops under Sir Herbert Stewart, and a large force of Mahdists. The Mahdists attacked a short dis- tance from the Nile, and the British square moved towards the river, repelling all assaults successfully till they reached the Nile. The British losses were 121, including Sir Herbert Stewart, mortally wounded. This action is also known as the battle of Gubat. Acapulco (Mexican Liberal Ris- ing). Fought August 9, 1855, be- tween the Mexican Government troops under Santa Anna, and the Liberals under Juarez. Santa Anna was totally routed and fled from the country. Accra (First Ashanti War). Fought 1824, between 10,000 Ashantis and a force of 1,000 British under Sir Charles Mc- Carthy. The British were sur- rounded and routed by the natives, McCarthy being killed. Accra (First Ashanti War). Fought 1825, between 15,000 .\shantis and 400 British troops, •wiih. 4,600 native auxiUaries. The Ashantis were completely defeated, and the king com- pelled to abandon his designs on Cape Coast Castle. Acragas (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). This fortress was besieged B.C. 406 by the Carthaginians under Hannibal, the garrison being commanded by Dexippus the Spartan. Early in the siege a pestilence in the Carthaginian camp carried off Hannibal, who was succeeded by his cousin, Himilco. A relieving army of 35,000 Syracusans, under Daph- naeus fought a pitched battle with the Carthaginians under the walls of the city, and suc- ceeded in seizing and holding one of their camps, but shortly afterwards dissensions broke out in the garrison, and many of the foreign mercenaries deserting, the citizens, after a siege of eight months, left the place en masse. The Carthaginians at once occupied the fortress. Acre (Third Crusade). Siege was laid to this city by the Christians in August, 11 89, and it was obstinately defended by the Saracens for two years, during which the Crusaders are said to have lost 120,000 men. In June, 1191, the besiegers were reinforced by an English army under Richard Coenr de Lion, and in the followng month the garrison surrendered. Acre. The city remained in the hands of the Christians till 1 29 1, when it was captured by DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the Moslems under Malek al Aschraf, Sultan of Egypt. The last stronghold in the Holy Land thus passed out of the keeping of the Christians. Acre (French Invasion of Egypt). The city was besieged March 17, 1799, by the French under Napoleon, and defended by the Turks under Djezzar, and a small force of British seamen under Sir Sidney Smith. An assault on the 28th was repulsed with loss, and then a threatened attack by a Syrian army forced Napoleon to withdraw a large portion of his troops. On the resumption of the siege, no less than seven more assaults were delivered, while the French had to meet eleven sallies of the beseiged, but they were unable to effect a lodgment, and on May 21 Napoleon reluctantly raised the siege. The fall of Acre would have placed the whole of Syria, and possibly of the Turkish Empire, in the hands of the French. Acre (Mehemet All's Second Rebellion). Mehemet All having refused to accept the conditions im- posed upon him by the Quadri- lateral Alliance, Acre was bom- barded, November 3, 1840, by a combined British and Turkish fleet under Sir R. Stopford, and the town laid in ruins. Acs (Hungarian Rising). Fought July 2, 1849, between 25,000 Hungarians, under Gorgey, and the Russo-Austrian army, greatly superior in num- bers, under Prince Windisch- gratz. The allies attacked the entrenched camp of the Hungarians, outside Komorn, while the Hungarians made an attempt to turn the allied left. Both attacks were repulsed, and the battle was undecided. Actium (Mark Antony's Second Rebellion). Fought September 2, B.C. 31, between the fleet of Antony, 460 galleys, and that of Octa- vius, about 250 sail, but much lighter and less well manned than those of Antony. The battle was fiercely contested, with varying fortune ; but at a critical moment Cleopatra or- dered the Egyptian admiral to make sail, and with 60 galleys withdrew from the fight. She was followed by Antony, and his fleet, discouraged by his flight, surrendered after ten hours' fighting. The Octavians captured 300 galleys, and 5,000 Antonians fell in the action. A few days later Antony's land army of 120,000 men laid down their arms. Acultzingo (Franco-Mexican War). Fought April 28, 1862, be- tween the French, 7,500 strong, under General Lorencez, and the main Mexican army, about 10,000 in number, under Gen- eral Zarag09a. The Mexicans held a strong position in the Cumbres Pass, from which they were driven by the French, and forced to retire upon La Puebla. Admagetobriga (Gallic Tribal Wars). Fought B.C. 61 between the Sequani under Ariovistus, and the Haedui under Eporedorix. The Haedui were defeated, vrith the loss of the flower of their chivalry, and were compelled DICTIONARY OF BATTLES to give hostages and pay tribute to Ariovistus. Adnatuca (Gallic Wars). Fought B.C. 53, when a Ro- man force of 9,000 men under Titurius Sabinus was attacked in its camps by the Eburones under Ambiorix. The assault failed, but an offer by Ambiorix of a safe passage to the nearest Roman station was accepted. On the march the Romans were treacherously attacked by the Eburones and cut to pieces, Sabinius being among the slain. Adowa (Italian Invasion of Abyssinia). Fought March i, 1896, when the Italian force under General Baratieri attacked the Shoan army, strongly posted in a difh- cult country, and was routed with enormous loss. Adrianople (Bulgarian Rising). Fought April 15, 1205, be- tween the Imperial troops under the Latin Emperor, Baldwin I, and the revolted Bulgarians under their chief, Calo-John. The Bulgarian cavalry fled, and lured the Latin horse in pursuit. Then turning upon them, they routed them with the loss of their leader, the Comte de Blois, and in the end the Imperialists were completely defeated and the Emperor captured. Adwalton Moor (Civil War). Fought January 30, 1643, when the Parliamentarians, numbering 4,000, with a levy of armed peasants, were defeated by 10,000 Royalists under New- castle. Fairfax, who com- manded the Parliament force, succeeded io reaching Hull. The battle is also known as that of Atherton Moor. /Egina (Third Messenian War). Fought B.C. 458, between the Athenian fleet, and that of ^gina, aided by the Pelopon- nesian States. The Athenians were victorious, capturing 70 ships, and landing they invested ^gina, which fell into their hands after a siege of a Httle less than two years. iEgospotami (Peloponnesian War). Fought B.C. 405, between 180 Athenian triremes, under Conon, and 180 Peloponnesian ships un- der Lysander. The Athenian fleet was lying at ^gospotami, oppo- site Lampsacus, where Lysander was stationed. For four days in succession the Athenian ad- miral crossed the straits, and endeavoured, but in vain, to bring on a general action. On the fifth day Lysander waited till the Athenians had returned to their anchorage, and then, making a sudden dash across the straits, caught them un- prepared, and seized all but twenty ships, putting to death all the Athenians who were cap- tured. This disaster destroyed the naval power of Athens, and was soon followed by the end of the Peloponnesian War. .^gusa (First Punic War). Fought March 10, b.c. 241, between the Roman fleet of 200 quinqueremes under C. Lutatius Catulus, and a Carthaginian fleet under Hanno despatched to relieve the town. The action was fought in heavy weather, and the Roman sailors, being far better trained than their opponents, Catulus gained a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES signal victory, capturing 70 and sinking 50 of the enemy's ships. The victory ended the First Punic War, Agedincum (Gallic War). Fought B.C. 52, between the Romans under Labienus, and the Celts under Camalogenus. Labienus was endeavouring to effect a junction with Caesar, which the Celts were opposing, and Labienus, crossing the Marne in face of their army, inflicted upon them a severe defeat, in which Camalogenus fell. Aghrim(Warsof the Revolution). Fought July 12, 1 69 1, be- tween William Ill's troops, under Ginkel, and the French and Irish under St. Ruth. The English struggled in vain to carry St. Ruth's entrenchments, wliich were protected by a bog, but his flank was at last turned by the cavalry, wliich found a passage through the morass, and St. Ruth was killed. The Irish then broke and fled, and are said to have lost between 6,000 and 7,000 in the pursuit. Agincourt (Hundred Years' War) Fought October 25, 141 5, be- tween the French, numbering 50,000, under the Constable d'Albret, and about 15,000 Eng- lish, mostly archers, under Henry V. The archers pro- tected their front with a palisade of stakes, w'hich broke the charge of the French men-at- arms, and the French army was routed with a loss of 10,000 slain, including the Constable and the Dukes of Alen9on, Brabant and Bar, and 15,000 prisoners, in- cluding the Duke of Orleans and Marshal Boucicaut. The English lost only 1,600, among whom were the Duke of York and the Earl of Oxford. Agnadello (War of the League of Cambrai). Fought May 14, i 509, between 30,000 French under Louis XII and Marshal Trioulzio, and 35,000 Venetians under General Alviani. The Venetians were defeated with a loss of 6,000 men and 20 guns, Alviani being taken, and in consequence of his victory, Louis XII occupied all the territory assigned to him by the League, up to the Mincio. Agordat (Soudan Campaigns). Fought December 21, 1893, between 2,200 Italians, and native troops, under General Arimondi, and 11,500 Mahdists under Ahmed Ali, who had in- vaded Italian territory. The Mahdists were routed with a loss of about 3,000 men. The Ital- ians lost 13, and 225 natives killed and wounded. Agra (Farokshin's Rebellion). Fought 17 1 3, between the Great Mogul, Jehandar Shah, with 70,000 troops, under Zulfi- kar Khan, and the rebel Mo- guls under Jehandar's nephew, Farokshin. After a stubborn fight, the rebels overpowered the Imperial troops, and Je- handar Shah was captured and put to death by Farokshin, who ascended the throne. Agra (Second Mahratta War). The fortress was besieged October 4, 1803, by the British under General Lake, and was defended by a garrison of Sind- hia's troops, 6,000 strong, who held the citadel, while seven additional battalions were en- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES camped in the town. The latter force was attacked on the loth and routed, losing 26 guns, while the survivors, 2,600 in number, surrendered on the following day. On the 17 th the batteries opened fire on the citadel, and on the i8th the garrison surrendered Agra (Indian Mutiny). On August 2, 1857, the British garrison holding Agra sallied out to attack a body of 10,000 rebels encamped within four miles of the city. The Kotah contingent, which formed a portion of the British force, deserted to the mutineers, and the British troops, hard pressed and short of ammunition, were driven back into Agra, and forced to take refuge in the fort. In October of the same year Colonel Greathed's column of four battalions and two cavalry regiments encountered close to Agra a force of 7,000 mutineers. The rebels at first held their own, but were eventually put to flight, and pursued with great slaughter for ten miles. Ahmedabad (First Mahratta War). This strong fortress, garri- soned by 8,000 Arabs and Scinde Infantry, and 2,000 Mahrattas, was taken by assault, after a short bombardment, by a British force under General Goddard, February 15, 1780. The British lost 106 killed and wounded, including 12 of&cers. Ahmed Khel (Second Afghan War). Fought 1880, when a British force under General Stewart on the march to Ghuzni was at- tacked by about 15,000 Ghil- zais. A rush of 3,000 Ghazis was successfully repulsed, and the enemy defeated and driven off, leaving 1,000 dead on the field. The British lost 17 only. Ahmednugger (Mogul Invasion of the Deccan). This place was besieged in 1 599 by the Moguls under Mirza Khan, one of Akbar's generals, and defended by a garrison of Deccanis under Chand Bibi, ex-Queen of Bi- japur. A practicable breach having been effected, the garri- son was disposed to surrender, but Chand Bibi, heading the defenders, superintended the repair of the breach, and suc- ceeding in holding out until a peace was signed by which the Great Mogul agreed to leave Ahmednugger unmolested. Aiguillon (Hundred Years' War). This fortress was besieged by the French under John, Duke of Normandy, in May, 1347, and was defended by a small English garrison under Sir Walter Manny, who held out bravely till the end of August, repelling numerous assaults. The defeat of Cressy then forced the Duke of Normandy to lead his army northward, and he was compelled to raise the siege. Aix, He d' (Seven Years' War). Fought March 4, 1758, when a British squadron of seven sail, under Sir Edward Hawke, at- tacked a French squadron of five ships of the line and six frigates, convoying forty trans- ports, and drove them ashore on the He d'Aix. This delayed the French expedition to North America, and facilitated the capture of Cape Breton. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Aix-la-Chapelle (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought March 3, 1795, be- tween the French under Miranda and the Austrians under the Prince of Saxe-Coburg. The French were totally defeated, and tied in disorder, with a loss of 3,500 killed and woundeil and 1,500 prisoners. Aiznadin (Moslem Invasion of Syria). Fought July 13, 633, between 45,000 Moslems under Khaled and 70,000 Imperial troops under Werdan. The Imperial- ists were routed with great slaughter, leaving Khaled to prosecute the siege of Damascus. The Moslems only admit a loss of 470. Aladja Dagh (Russo-Turkish War). Fought 1877, between the Russians under General Loris Melikofi, and the Turks under Mukhtar Pasha. The Russians were victorious, and Mukhtar was compelled to take refuge under the walls of Erzeroum. Alamo, Storming of the (Texan Rising). On February 22, 1836, General Santa Anna, with the advance guard of the Mexican army, appeared before the walls of the Alamo, a fortified mission station held by 145 Texans under Colonel Travis, who re- plied to a summons to surrender by a cannon shot. On March i the garrison was reinforced by 30 men, Santa Anna's force at this date being 4,000. On the 6th 2,500 Mexicans assaulted the fort, and at the third attempt effected an entrance. The building was defended room by room, the church within the enclosure being the last building captured, when all the sur- vivors were put to the sword. The victory cost the Mexicans 400 killed and many wounded. " Remember the Alamo " be- came the watchword of the Texans. Aland (Russo-Swedish Wars). Fought July, 17 14, between the Russian fleet of 30 ships of the line and 180 galleys under Admiral Apraxine, and the Swedish, about one-third of that strength, under Admiral Erin- schild. The Swedes sought to prevent the landing of a Russian force on the island of Aland, and fought an unequal combat for three hours, when they were overpowered and forced to retire. The Czar, Peter the Great, who was serving under Apraxine as Rear-Admiral, captured Erin- schild's flagship. Alarcos (Moorish Empire in Spain). Fought July 19, 1 195, be- tween the Sloors under Yakub el Maasur, and the Spaniards under Alfonso VIII of Castile. The Spaniards were utterly routed, and very few escaped to Calatrava. The Moors claimed to have taken 30,000 prisoners. Albuera (Peninsular War). Fought May 16, 181 1, be- tween the allied British, Portu- guese and Spanish forces, num- bering 46,000, of whom 7,000 only were British infantry, the w^hole army being under the command of Marshal Beresford, and 33,000 French under Mar- shal Soult. The French attacked Beresford's position, and the 8 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Spaniards offering but a poor resistance, defeat was only averted by the extraordinary valour of the British troops, especially of the FusiUer Bri- gade, which came into action when the day seemed lost, and drove the French from the field. Of the 7,000 British, but 1,800 were left standing. The French lost over 8,000, including five generals. Alcantara (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought 1706, when a force of British and Portuguese under Lord Galway attacked and drove out of Alcantara the garrison, consisting of a portion of Marshal Berwick's army. Ten French battalions laid down their arms, and 60 guns were captured. Aleppo (Moslem Invasion of Syria). This place was besieged by the Moslems under Abu Obeidah and Khaled in 638, and the city almost immediately surrendered, but the garrison retired to the citadel, where under Youkinna it maintained a stubborn de- fence for five months, and caused heavy loss to the besiegers. At last the citadel was taken by surprise, and Youkinna became a convert to Mohammedanism. This was the last serious resist- ance offered in Syria to the invading Moslems. Aleppo (Tartar Invasion of Syria). Fought November 11, 1400, between the Tartars under Tamerlane, and the Turks under the Syrian Emirs. Instead of standing a siege, the Emirs sallied out to meet Tamerlane in the open field, and suffered a disastrous defeat. They were driven back into Aleppo with the loss of many thousands, and a few days later the Tartars sacked the city and captured the citadel. Aleppo (Ottoman Wars). Fought 1 5 16, between the Turks under Selim I, and the Egyptians under the Mameluke Sultan, Tooman Beg. After a sanguinary engagement, the Egyptians were utterly routed, and Selim added the whole of Syria to the Ottoman domin- ions. Alesia (Gallic War), Siege was laid to the town by the Romans under Caesar, B.C. 52, and it was defended by the Gauls, numbering 80,000 in- fantry and 15,000 cavalry under Vercingetorix, the Romans be- ing about 50,000 strong. An attempt was made by the Belgi, with an army of 260,000 warriors, to relieve the town, but they were met and routed by Labi- enus with terrific slaughter. Tliis disaster so discouraged the garrison that the town im- mediately surrendered, Vercin- getorix being sent a prisoner to Rome, where five years later he was beheaded as a rebellious subject of Rome. Alessandria (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought June 18, 1799, be- tween the French, 14,000 strong under Moreau, and the Imperia- lists under Bellegarde. The French gained a signal victory, the loss of the Imperialists being 1,500 men and 5 guns. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Alexandria (Moslem Invasion of Egypt). This city, the capital of Egypt, was besieged by the Moslems, under Amrou, in 638, and after a defence of fourteen months, in the course of wliich the besiegers lost 23,000 men, surrendered, leaving the victors undisputed masters of Egypt. Alexandria (British Invasion of Egypt). Fought March 21, 1801, be- tween the French under General Menou, and the British expedi- tionary force under Sir Ralph Abercromby. The French cavalry charged the British right, but were repulsed, and after hard fighting the French were defeated and driven uniler the walls of Alexandria. Among those who fell was Sir Ralph Abercromby, mortally wounded. Alexandria (Arabi's Rebellion). Arabi Pasha having refused to cease work upon the forts of Alexandria, the Admiral, Sir Beauchamp Seymour, who had under liis command a fleet of 8 battleships and 5 gun- boats, decided to shell them. He opened fire on the morning of July II, 1882, and the bom- bardment continued till the evening of the 12th, when the forts were totally destroyed, and the garrison abandoned the city. The gunboat Condor, under Lord Charles Beresford, particularly distinguished her- self, running close in under the forts, and doing considerable damage. Alford (Civil War). Fought July 2, 1645, between the Royalists under Montrose, and the Covenanters under General Baillie. Bailhe crossed the Don to attack Montrose, whom he imagined to be in retreat, but who was really waiting for him in a well-chosen position. The attack was re- pulsed, the Covenanters being routed with heavy loss. Algeciras Bay (Napoleonic Wars). Fought July 8, 1801, between a British squadron of 7 ships of the line, i frigate and i brig, under Sir James Saumarez, and a French squadron of 3 line-of- battle ships and i frigate, under Admiral Linois. The French were aided by the Spanish gun- boats and the shore batteries, and Saumarez lost the Hanmbal, which ran ashore, and was cap- tured by the French. The British lost 121 killed and 240 wounded. The French lost 306 killed. On July 12, the French squadron, wliich had been re- inforced meanwhile by 5 Spanish ships of the Une, was again attacked by Sir James Saumarez, who succeeded in capturing the St. A ntoine and blowing up the Hermcnegilda. The British lost only 17 killed and 100 wounded ; the alUes, 2,000, chiefly in the Heymenegilda. Algheri. Fought 1353, between the Aragonese under Pedro IV (the Great ) and the Genoese. Pedro won a complete victory, driving the Genoese out of Sardinia, the whole of which island became an appanage of the crown of Aragon. Algiers. This town was attacked July 8, 1775, by a Spanish force of 51 ships of war and 26,000 men lO DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under Don Pedro de Castijon and Count O'Reilly. After a severe conflict, the Spaiiiards failed to dislodge their opponents, and retired, v-ith a loss of over 3,000 killed and wounded. The Algerines lost about 5,000. Algiers, Bombardment of. In 1 8 16 Lord Exmouth, in command of 19 British war ships, and accompanied by 6 Dutch ships under Van Capel- lan, bombarded the forts of Algiers, mounting 500 guns. The bombardment lasted for about eight hours, and resulted in the destruction of the forts and a large part of the city. The Dey then gave way, and agreed to the total abolition of Christian slavery in his do- minions. The loss of the alUes amounted to 885 killed and wounded ; that of the Algerines to over 6,000. Alhama (War of Granada). This fortress, one of the ring of strong places protecting the Moorish capital, Granada, was surprised by a small party of Spaniards, under Juan de Or- tiga, in the early morning of February 28, 1482. They scaled the ramparts unper- ceived, and opened the gates to the Spanish army. The garrison continued to defend the streets most obstinately, and it was only after hard fighting that the Spaniards mastered the town. An attempt was made to recapture the place by Abul Hasan, King of Granada, who set down before it, with 50,000 Moors. March 5, 1482. The garrison, under the Marquis of Cadiz, made a gallant defence, and on the 29th, Abul Hasan, alarmed by the approach of a strong relieving army under Ferdinand, raised the siege. Alhandega (Moorish Empire in Spain). Fought 939, between the Moors under Abd al Rahman, and the Christians under Ra- miro II of Leon. The Moors, 100,000 strong, were besieging Zamora, when they were at- tacked by Ramiro, who, aided by a sortie of the garrison, utterly routed them. In the battle 20,000 Moors fell, and 40,000 are said to have been drowned in the moat surround- ing the city. Alicante (War of the Spanish Succession). On June 29, 1706, Alicante was taken by a British squadron of 5 ships under Sir George Byng. The fleet attacked the city walls, while the suburbs were occupied by a landing party of marines under Sir John Jennings. The place was captured with a loss to the British of only 30 killed and 80 wounded. Aligurh (First Mahratta War). This fortress, the arsenal of Sindhia of Gwalior, was cap- tured August 29, 1803, by the 76th Highlanders under Colonel Monson, forming part of General Lake's army. The place was strongly fortified and surrounded by a ditch 100 feet wide, con- taining 10 feet of water. The Highlanders carried the fortress by storm, blowing in the main gate, and fighting their way from room to room till the place was captured. Two hundred and eighty-one guns were taken. The British loss amounted to 223 killed and wounded. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES II Aliwal (First Sikh War). Fought January 28, 1846. between the British, 10,000 strong, under Sir Harry Smith, and 20,000 Sikhs under Runjur Singh. The troops of the Khalsa withstood three charges of the British cavalry with splendid bravery, but at last broke and fled, losing many drowned in the Sutlej, besides those left on the field. The British captured 67 guns. Aljubarotta. Fought August, 1385, be- tween the Castilians, under John I, in support of the claim of Beatrix of Castile to the throne of Portugal, and the Portuguese under the Regent John. The Portuguese in- flicted a crushing defeat upon the Spaniards, and John I was compelled to withdraw his troops, and renounce his sister's claim. Alkmaar (Netherlands War of Independence). Siege was laid to tliis place August 21, 1573, by 16,000 Spaniards under Don Frederico de Toledo. It was defended by a garrison of 800 soldiers and 1,300 armed burghers. On Sep- tember 18, an assault was delivered, which was repulsed, with a loss to the besiegers of 1,000 men, while only 37 of the garrison fell. The opening of the dykes at last rendered the position of the Spaniards most precarious, and on October 8 the siege was raised. Alkmaar (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought October 2, 1799, be- tween 30,000 British and Rus- sians under the Duke of York, and the French, in about equal strength, under Brune. The action began by the Russians driving in the French advanced posts. Meanwhile the Duke of York had outflanked them, and as soon as he was in position a simultaneous attack on the French left and centre forced Brune to abandon the key of his position, Alkmaar. which was at once occupied by the allies. Allia, The (First Invasion of the Gauls). Fought July 16, 389 B.C., be- tween the Romans, 40.000 strong, under Quintus Sulpicius, and the Gauls, about equal in num- bers, under Brennus. The Romans took post on the Allia to check the advance of the Gauls on Rome. Here they were attacked by Brennus, who routed the right wing, where the younger soldiers were posted, and then broke the Roman centre and left, putting them to flight with enormous loss. Alma (Crimean War). Fought September 20, 1854, between the Russians, 40,000 strong, under Prince Mentschi- koff, and the alhed British and French armies, 26,000 strong, under Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud. The bulk of the fighting fell upon the British Second and Light Divisions and the Guards, who carried the heights held by the Russians at the point of the bayonet, and utterly routed them. The Rus- sians lost 1,200 killed, and left 4,700 prisoners, many of them wounded, in the hands of the alUes. The British loss amount- ed to 3,000 killed and wounded ; that of the French to i.ooo. 12 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Almanza (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought April 25, 1707, be- tween the French under Marshal Berwick, and the British and Portuguese under Lord Galway and the Marques das Minas. Galway, though inferior in cavalry, attacked at first with success, but the Portuguese on the right broke and fled, and the British centre, attacked in front and flank simultaneously, was routed and forced to sur- render. As a consequence of this defeat, the whole of Spain was lost to Charles with the exception of Catalonia. Almenara (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought July 10, 17 10, when the British contingent of the Archduke Charles' army, under General Stanhope, attacked and defeated the Spaniards under Philip V, after severe fighting. So complete was the rout that Philip's army was only saved by the fall of night from com- plete destruction. Almorah (Gurkha War). Fought April 25, 18 15, when 2,000 British regulars under Colonel Nicolls and a force of irregular troops under Colonel Gardiner assaulted and captured the heights of the town of Al- morah. The result of this vic- tory was the surrender of the province of Kumaon and all its fortresses. Alne (Scottish Wars). Fought November 13, 1093, between the Scots under Mal- colm Canmore and the English. The Scots were totally defeated, and Malcolm and his" eldest son Edward slain in the battle. Alresford (Civil War). Fought March 29, 1644, be- tween the Royalists under the Earl of Brentford and Sir Ralph Hopton, and the Parhament- arians under Sir William Waller. The Parliament forces were victorious, but their losses were so severe that Waller was unable to follow up his advantage, and the Royalists made an orderly retreat. • Alsen (Schleswig-Holstein War). This island, in which the Danish garrison of Diippel had taken refuge, was captured by the Prussians, who crossed from the mainland in boats on the night of June 29, 1864, and under a heavy fire carried the Danish entrenchments, and com- pelled them to surrender. This was the last engagement of the war. Altendorf (Thirty Years' War). Fought August 24, 1632, be- tween Gustavus Adolphus, with 40,000 Swedes and Germans, and the Imperialists, of about equal numbers, under Wallen- stein. Wallenstein was very strongly posted on the hill and in the ruined castle of the Alten- wald, and after a day spent in fruitless assaults, the King was forced to retire, having lost about 2,300 in killed and wound- ed. The defenders admitted a loss of 70 officers and 2,000 men killed, besides wounded and prisoners. Alto Pascio (Guelfs and Ghibel- lines). Fought 1325, between the GhibelUnes under Castruccio Castracane of Lucca, and the Florentine Guelfs. The Floren- tines were defeated with heavy DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 13 loss, among the trophies taken by Castracane being the car- roccio of Florence. Amakusa (Revolt of the Chris- tians). In 1638, the castle of Ama- kusa, held by 30,000 rebels under Masada Shiro, was captured after very hard fighting by the troops of the Shogun, under Matsudaira Nobutsuna. The defenders set fire to the castle, and perished to the last man, either in the flames or by the sword. Amalinde (Kaffir Wars). Fought 1 81 8 between the Gaikas and the forces of Ndla- mbi, in which the former were utterly routed. Amatola Mountain (Kaffir Wars). Fought 1846, between the Kaffirs under SandilU, and the British and Cape troops under Colonels Campbell and Somerset. SandilU was totally defeated, but, rallying his forces, he made a successful attack on the Brit- ish baggage train, the loss of which forced them to retire. Ambate (Conquest of Peru), Fought 1532, between the two Peruvian chiefs Atahualpa and Huascar, in which the latter suffered a complete defeat. Ambracian Gulf. Fought B.C. 435, when a Corinthian fleet of 75 ships attempted the relief of Epidam- nus, which was besieged by the Corcyreans, and was defeated with heavy loss by 80 Corcy- rean triremes. Ambur. Fought 1749, between the army of Anwar-ud-din, Nawab of Arcot, 20,000 strong, and the combined forces of Muzuffer Jung and Chunda Sahib, aided by a French contingent under M. d'Auteil. Anwar-ud-din was defeated and slain, and Muzuffer Jung assumed the title of Subahdar of the Deccan, Chunda Sahib that of Nawab of Arcot. Ambur. This strong fortress was held by a garrison of 500 Sepoys, under Captain Calvert, and a detachment of Mysore troops under Mukhlis Khan. This man had assumed the status of an independent chief, but being suspected of intriguing with Hyder AH, was arrested by Calvert. Hyder laid siege to the place November 10, 1767 ; but Calvert, now secure from treachery within, held out with his small garrison till December 6, when the approach of a re- lieving force obliged Hyder to raise the siege. Amida (Persian Wars). This fortress, defended by a Roman garrison, was besieged, and after a vigorous defence taken by storm by the Persians under Sapor II in 359. The garrison and inhabitants were put to the sword. The siege, which lasted J2> days, cost the Persians 30,000 men, and so weakened Sapor that he was compelled to relinquish his de- signs upon the Eastern Empire. The fortress was again be- sieged by the Persians under Kolsad in 503, being defended as before by a Roman garrison. After a defence of three months, which cost the besiegers 50,000 men, a weakly defended tower 14 nrcTiox ih'Y OF n.irrLFS was surpriscil at ni,s;ht. .uul on tho follow ing dav Iho Persians, headed by their Kinj;. scaled the walls, and massacred 80.000 of the garrison and inhabitants. Amiens (Franco-German War). I'oiii^ht Xoven\ber 2~. 1870. between the l'"rench under General Fanre. and the C.ernians under Manteutlel. Ihe French were compelled to abandon the city, but the Germans failed to secure a decisive victory. The French lost 1.383 killed and wounded, and i.ch.xi missini; ; the Germans. ~o ollicers and I. J 10 men. Amoaful (Second Ashanti War). l-'ou i; h t 1 a n u a r \- ;\ , 18,-4. when the British oxpeditionarv force under Sir (.larnet Wolselev defeated the Ashantis after a desperate resistance, which cost the assailants 10 otVicers and 174 men killed and wounded. The 4.'nd Regiment, which led the attack, lost o ollicers and 105 men. Amorium (Moslem Invasion of Asia Minor). iHiught 83S. between the Moslems under the Caliph Alo- tassem. and the Cheeks under Theophilus. I'liirty thousand Persian horsen\en, serving imder the Fmperor. succeeded in breaking the Moslem hue. but the Greeks themselves were overthrown by the Moslems, and the ilay ended in a com- plete rout of the Imperial armv. Motassem then laid siege to Amorium. aud after a defence of 55 days, wliich cost the be- siegers 70.000 men. the gates were opened by treachery, and 3o.i.x")o Christians were massa- cred. Amphipolis (Peloponnesian War). Fought March 4^^ p.c. be- tween 1.500 Athenians, with a contingent of aUies under Cleon. and tlie Spartans, r.ooo hop- lit es, besides light armed trc^ops, under Brasidas. Cleon ad- vanced to attack Ampliipolis, but finding the garrison prepar- ing for a sortie, wheeled about and commenced to retreat. He was at once assailed by Hrasidas, and his left tied with- out striking a blow. The Athe- nian right and centre otlered some resistance, but in the end were routed with heavy loss, l^oth Brasidas ami Cleon fell, the latter while fleeing from the lieKi. Ainstetten (Campaign of the Danube). I\Mii;ht November 5, 1805, when the Russians retiring on X'ieiina fought a rear-guard action against Murat's cavalry aiul a portion of Lannes" corps, in which they were defeated with a loss of i.(.xio killed, wounded, and prisoners. Anaquito (Conquest of Peru). Fought January 8, 1546, be- tween the troops of the Vicerov. Blasco NuAez, ami those of Gonzalo nzarro. nzarro gaiu- eil a signal victory, the N'icerov being among the slain, and in consequence the Government of Peru fell into Hzarro's hands. Ancona (Unification of Italy). Tliis place was attacked. September. i8cx">. by the Hed- montese tleet of 13 warsliips under Admiral Persano. and the army of General Cialdini. It was defended by a sn\all Papal garrison under La Moricidre, and after a resistance of over a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES IS week, at the end of which time Persano forced the boom guard- ing the harbour, La Moricidre capitulated. Ancrum Moor (Scottish Wars). Fought February 17, 154S, between the English under Sir Ralph Evans, and the Scots under the Earl of Angus. The Borderers who had joined the English deserted during the action, with the result that the Scots were completely victo- rious. Ancyrae. Fought B.C. 242, between the Syrians under Seleucus Callin- icus, and the rebels under his brother Hierax, aided by a large contingent of Gauls. After a desperate struggle, in which Hierax nearly lost his life at the hands of his barbarian auxil- iaries, Seleucus was utterly routed. Angora (Tartar Invasion of Asia Minor). Fought June 30, 1402, be- tween the Tartars under Tamer- lane, and the Turks under Bajazet I. The numbers en- gaged are variously estimated at from one to two millions, Tamerlane, it is said, having at least 800,000 men in the field. The Turks were totally defeated, Bajazet and one of liis sons being captured, while another son was killed. Angostura (Americo-Mexican War). Fought February 21, 1847, between the Mexicans under Santa Anna and the Americans under General Scott, when the Mexicans were totally defeated. Angostura (Paraguayan War). Fought December 22 to 27, 1868, between the Paraguayans under Lopez, and the allied armies of the Argentine Repub- lic, Brazil, and Uruguay. Lopez held his position for six days against the greatly superior forces of the allies, but was then compelled to retire, leaving in the hands of the enemy 1,000 prisoners and 6 guns. Antietam (American Civil War). Fought September 17, 1862, between the main Confederate army under General Lee, and the Federals under General M'Clellan. On the morning of the 17th Lee had only 35.000 men on the ground against M'Clellan's 95,000. The Feder- als strongly attacked Lee's left, and after a stubborn fight drove it back, but reinforcements arriving, Lee resumed the offen- sive, and recovered his lost positions. On the following day neither side was disposed to resume the struggle, and the battle was therefore indecisive. The Federals lost 12,460 men ; the Confederates about 9,000. Antioch. Fought B.C. 244, between the Syrians under Seleucus Callin- icus and the Egyptians under Ptolemy Energetes. Seleucus was routed and compelled to take refuge within the walls of Antioch. Antioch (Aurelian's Expedition to Palmyra). Fought B.C. 272, between the Palmyrenians under Zenobia, and the Romans under the Emperor Aurelian. Zenobia's heavy cavalry defeated and drove from the field the Roman i6 DICriO\'AI7 ships and about 2,000 men to plunder this town. Having captured the castle of San Lorenzo, at the mouth of the Chagre, an exploit which cost the assailants 170 out of 400 men engaged, while two- thirds of the garrison were killed, Morgan started to cross the Isthmus, at the head of 1,200 men, January 18, 1671. The garrison of Panama, 2,400 strong, met him outside the city, and were defeated with heavy loss, the Buccaneers losing 600 men. Morgan then sacked the place, and on Feb- ruary 24, withdrew with 175 mule loads of plunder, and 600 prisoners. Panama (Raids of the Buc- caneers), Fought April 23, 1680, be- tween the Buccaneers, with three ships, under John Coxon, and three Spanish vessels. The Spaniards were defeated, after a hard fight in which two Span- ish vessels were captured by boarding. The Spanish com- mander was killed. The Buc- caneers then entered the Bay, and captured six vessels lying in the roads. Pandosia. Fought 331 B.C., between the Italian Greeks, under Alexander of Epirus, and the Lucanians. During the battle Alexander was stabbed by a Lucanian exile serving in the Greek army, and the Greeks were in the end defeated. Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny), Fought July 15, 1857, be- tween a British relieving force, under Havelock, and the muti- neers who were opposing his advance to Cawnpore. By a forced march in the heat of the day, Havelock succeeded in seizing the bridge over the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 187 Pandu Naddi, which the muti- neers were engaged in mining, thus securing an open road to Cawnpore. The rebels were driven off after a short engage- ment. Pandu Naddi (Indian Mutiny). Fought November 26, 1857, between 1,400 British, under General Windham, and the advance guard of the mutineers and the Gwalior contingent, under the Nana Sahib. The rebels were posted beyond the river, and the British crossing the dry bed, drove them from their entrenchments, capturing 3 guns. Windham, then finding himself close to the main body of mutineers, retired towards Cawnpore. Panipat (Third Mongol Inva- sion). Fought April 20, 1526, be- tween the Delhi Mohammedans, 10,000 strong, with 100 ele- phants, under Ibrahim, and the Mongols, about 2,000 picked men, under Baber, the first of the Great Moguls. Ibrahim was totally defeated, being himself among the slain. The battle marked the end of the Afghan dynasty of Delhi, and the com- mencement of the Mogul Em- pire. Panipat. Fought November 5, 1536, between Akbar, the Great Mogul, with about 20,000 troops, and the forces of the revolted Hindu Rajahs, 100,000 strong, under Hemu. The Hindus attacked, and the onslaught of the elephants being repulsed, their ranks were thrown into disorder, and the Moguls gained a complete victory. Hemu was wounded and captured. By this victory Akbar recovered Delhi, which had fallen into the hands of the rebels. Panipat. Fought 1759, between the Mahrattas, 85,000 strong, under Sedashao Rao Bhao, cousin of the Peshwa, and the Duranis, numbering, with Hindu allies, about 90,000. The Bhao at- tacked, and dispersed Ahmed's Indian troops, but on the Du- ranis coming into action, the Mahrattas were broken and utterly routed, with enormous loss. The Bhao, and the son of the Peshwa were among the slain. Panormus (First Punic War). Fought B.C. 250, between 25,000 Romans, under L. Cte- cilius Metellus, and the Cartha- ginian army in Sicily, under Hasdrubal. Hasdrubal offered battle in front of Panormus, and Metellus sent out his light troops to engage him. They ran back into the town before a charge of the elephants, which, following closely, were driven into the ditch surrounding the place, where many were killed. Meanwhile Metellus sallied out with his legionaries, and taking Hasdrubal in flank completely routed him. The whole of the Carthaginian elephants in Sicily were killed or captured in this battle. Paraetakene Mountains (Wars of Alexander's Successors). Fought 316 B.C., between the Macedonians, 30,000 strong, under Antigonus, and an equal force of Asiatics, under Eumenes. t88 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Eumenes attacked the Mace- donian camp, and after a severe engagement, in which the Asiatics held the advantage, Antigonus, by successful man- oeuvring, withdrew his army without serious loss, leaving Eumenes a barren victory. Parana (Paraguayan War). Fought 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the Brazihans, under Porto Alegre. Lopez was victorious. Paris (Allied Invasion of France ). On March 30, 18 14, Paris, which was defended only by 20,000 regulars and National Guard, under Marmont, was attacked by the Grand Army of the aUies, under Schwartz- emberg. Three columns as- saulted the French positions at Vincennes, Belleville and Mont- martre, while a fourth attacked the extreme left of the French Hne in order to turn the heights of Montmartre. The two first positions were carried, and Montmartre turned, whereupon Joseph having fled, Marmont surrendered. The French lost over 4,000 men ; the allies about 8,000. Paris (Franco-German War). Paris was invested by the main German army, under the King of Prussia and von Moltke, September 19, 1870, The gar- rison, under the command of General Trochu, made a gallant defence, many serious sorties taking place, but the Germans gradually mastered the outer defences, and finally, being much straitened by famine, the city surrendered January 28, 1871. Parkany (Ottoman Wars). Fought August, 1663, be- tween 200,000 Turks, under the Grand Vizier, Achmet Koprili Pasha, and the Hungarians, in far smaller force, under Count Forgacz. The Hungarians were defeated, and driven into Neu- hausel, which town, after a valiant resistance of six weeks, capitulated September 24. Parma (War of the Polish Suc- cession). Fought June 29, 1734, be- tween the French, under Marshal de Coigny, and the Imperialists, 60,000 strong, under General de Mercy. The Imperialists were defeated with a loss of 6,000, including de Mercy. The French loss was almost as heavy. Paso de la Patria (Paraguayan War). Fought 1866, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the Brazilians, under Porto Alegre. The Paraguayans gained a signal victory. Patay (Hundred Years' War). Fought June 18, 1429, be- tween the French, under Joan of Arc and the Due d'Alenfon, and the English, under Talbot and Sir John Fastolfe. The English were retiring after the siege of Orleans, and their ad- vanced guard under Talbot, being attacked by the French, was seized with a panic, and refusing to meet the charge of the French cavalry, broke and fled. The main body, under Fastolfe, however, maintained its formation, and made good its retreat to Etampes. Talbot was made prisoner. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 189 Patila (Tartar Invasion of Persia). Fought 1394, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the Persians, under Shah Man- sur. The Persians vigorously attacked the Tartar centre, and Tamerlane was nearly over- whelmed, but rallying his troops he led a charge which restored the battle, and gained a com- plete victory. The complete subjugation of Persia followed. Pavia (Invasion of the Ale- manni). Fought 271, between the Romans, under Aurelian, and the German invaders. Aurelian gained a signal victory, and the Alemanni recrossed the frontier. Pavia (Lombard Conquest of Italy). This city was besieged in 568 by the Lombards, under Alboin, and after a gallant defence, last- ing over three years, was at last subdued, rather by famine than by force of arms, and surrend- ered to the besiegers. Pavia then became the capital of the Lombard kingdom of Italy. Pavia (Italian Wars). Fought May 22, 1431, on the Ticino, near Pavia, between 85 Venetian galleys, under Nicolas Trevisani, and a some- what superior number of galleys in the pay of the Milanese. The Venetians were defeated, with a loss of 70 galleys and 3,000 men. Pavia (Wars of Charles V), Fought February 25, 1525, between the French, under Francis I, and the Imperialists, under Lannoy. Francis, who was besieging Pavia, awaited the attack of the Imperialists on his lines, and his artillery wrought great havoc in their ranks, then, charging at the head of his cavalry, he was repulsed by Lannoy 's infantry, and the Swiss mercenaries being taken in flank, and thrown into disorder, the battle was lost. Francis was captured. This is the occasion on which he wrote to his mother, " Rien ne m'est demoure, excepte I'honneur et la vie qui est sauve." Peach Tree Creek (American Civil War). Fought July 22, 1864, in the course of the operations round Atlanta, between the Federals, under General Sherman, and the Confederates, under General Hood. Hood attacked the Federal position, and drove off their left wing, capturing 13 guns and some prisoners ; being reinforced, however, the Federals rallied, and recovered the lost ground. The Confederates, how- ever, claimed the victory. The Federals lost 3,722, in- cluding General McPherson. The Confederate losses were about the same. Pea Ridge (American Civil War), Fought March 7 and 8, 1862, between 16,000 Confederates, under General von Dorn, and the Federals, in equal force, under General Curtis. On the 7 th the Confederates drove back the Federal right wing, and nearly succeeded in cutting their communications, though they lost General M'Culloch in the course of the action. On the 8th the Federals drove back the Southerners, and recovered the ground they had lost, the 190 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES battle ending without decisive result. The losses on each side were about i,ooo. This is also called the Battle of Gek Horn. . Peiwar Kotal (Second Afghan War). Fought December 2, 1878, between a British force, 3,200 strong, under Sir Frederick Roberts, with 13 guns, and about 18,000 Afghans, with 11 guns, strongly posted in the Kotal. By an able, but diffi- cult turning movement, the pass was crossed, and the Af- ghans completely defeated, with heavy loss, all their guns being captured. The British lost 20 killed and 78 wounded. Peking (Tartar Invasion of China). This city was besieged by the Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, in 1 210, and after a long and obsintate defence, which so exhausted the besiegers that Genghiz Khan is said to have decimated his men in order to feed the rest, the city was taken by stratagem. Pelekanon (Ottoman Conquest of Asia Minor). Fought 1329, between the Turks, under Orkhan, and the forces of Andronicus the Young- er, Emperor of the East. The Imperialists were defeated. This is the first occasion in which the Byzantines met the Ottoman invaders in battle. Pelischat (Russo-Turkish War). Fought August 30, 1877, when the Turks, 25,000 strong, with 50 guns, made a sortie from Plevna, and attacked the Russian lines in front of Pora- dim. The Russians, 20,000 strong, under General Zotoff, succeeded in repulsing all the Turkish attacks, with a loss of about 3,000 killed and wounded. The Russians lost 1,000. Pelusium (Persian Conquest of Egypt). Fought 525 B.C., between the Persians, under Cambyses, and the Egyptians, under Psam- meticus. The Egyptians were totally defeated, and this vic- tory was followed by the com- plete subjugation of Egypt, which became a Persian j sa- trapy. Pelusium (War of Alexander's Successors). Fought B.C. 321, between the Macedonians, under the Regent, Perdiccas, and the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Lagus. Per- diccas attacked the fortress, but was driven off with heavy loss, in- cluding 1 ,000 drowned in the Nile. Pena Cerrada (First Carlist War). This fortress, held by a Carlist garrison, under Gergue, was captured by Espartero with 19,000 Cristinos, June 21, 1838. After shelling the place for 7 hours, Espartero attacked the Carlists, who held the heights outside the town, and dispersed them, capturing 600 prisoners, and all their guns. The re- mainder of the garrison then abandoned the place. Penobscot Bay (American War of Independence). Fought July 14, 1779, when a British squadron of 10 ships, under Sir George Collier, com- pletely destroyed an American squadron of 24 ships, and cap- tured the 3,000 men who formed their crews. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 191 Pen Selwood (Danish Invasion). Fought 1016, between the EngUsh, under Edmund Iron- side, and the Danes, under Knut, shortly after Edmund's elec- tion as King by the Witanege- mot. This was the first of the series of engagements between the two rivals, which ended with the Peace of Olney. Pered (Hungarian Rising). Fought June 21, 1849, be- tween the Hungarians, 16,000 strong, under Gorgey, and the Austrians and Russians, under Prince Windischgratz. The al- lies attacked the Hungarian position, and after severe fight- ing, drove them out, with a loss of about 3,000. Perembacum (First Mys ore War ). Fought September 10, 1780, when a Mysore force, 11,000 strong, under Tippu Sahib, surrounded and cut to pieces a detachment of Sir Hector Mon- ro's army, 3,700 in number, under Colonel Baillie. Only a few, including Baillie himself, escaped the massacre. Perisabor (Persian Wars). This fortress, defended by an Assyrian and Persian garrison, was captured. May, 363, by the Romans, under Julian. The fortress was dismantled and the town destroyed. Perpignan. This fortress was besieged by the French, 11,000 strong, under the Seigneur du Lude, at the end of 1474, and was defended by a Spanish garrison. The Spanish army could not succeed in relieving the place, and after holding out with great gallantry until March 14, 1475, the gar- rison, reduced to 400 men, surrendered, and were allowed to march out with the honours of war. The capture of Per- pignan gave France possession of Rousillon. Perryville (American Civil War). Fought October 8, 1862, be- tween 45,000 Federals, under General Buell, and a somewhat smaller Confederate army, under General Bragg. The Confeder- ates attacked, and drove back the Federals, but no decisive result was arrived at, and dur- ing the night Bragg withdrew, having inflicted a loss of 4,000 on the enemy, and captured an artillery train. The Con- federates lost about 2,500 killed and wounded. Persepolis (Wars of Alexander's Successors). Fought B.C. 316, between the Macedonians, 31,000 strong, with 65 elephants, under Anti- gonus, and 42,000 Asiatics, with 114 elephants, under Eu- menes. At the first onslaught, Antigonus' infantry was overwhelmed, but his cavalry retrieved the day, and seizing the enemy's camp, threw Eu- menes' phalanx into confusion. Upon this the Macedonian in- fantry ralhed, and gained a complete victory, Eumenes be- ing captured. Peshawar (Second Mohammedan Invasion of India). Fought looi, between 10,000 Afghans, under Sultan Mahmud of Ghuzni, and 42,000 Punjabis, with 300 elephants, under the Rajah Jaipal of Lahore. The Rajah was totally defeated, and captured with 15 of his prin- cipal chiefs. 192 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Petersburg (American Civil War), Fought June 15 to 18, 1864, forming an episode in the Federal attp.ck on Richmond. General Beauregard, with 8,000 men, was charged with the defence of Petersburg, and at the same time had to contain General Butler at Bermuda Hundred. His entrenchments before Petersburg were attacked on the 15th by General Smith, and a portion of the first line carried. On the i6th Beaure- gard withdrew the force mask- ing Bermuda Hundred, and concentrated his troops in front of Petersburg, but after holding out till the afternoon, a panic seized the defenders, and they were driven from the first line. Beauregard, however, rallied them, and retook the entrench- ments. During the night he withdrew to a second and stronger line of defences, and on the 17th and 18th repulsed, with terrible slaughter, all the efforts of the Federals to carry it. Petersburg (American Civil War ). On June 30, 1864, a mine was exploded under the Confederate defences in front of Petersburg, and an attempt was made by the Federals to carrj^ the entrench- ments during the confusion that ensued. The Confederates, however, stood their ground, repulsing all attacks with heavy loss, and of the Federals who succeeded in entering the breast- works, 5,000 were killed or captured. Both the generals commanding, Lee and Grant, were present during the action. Peterwaradin (Ottoman Wars). Fought August 5, 1 7 16, when Prince Eugene, with 80,000 Imperialists, mostly veteran s from the Flanders campaign, signally defeated 150,000 Turks under Darnad Ali Pasha. The Turks lost 30,000 killed, 50 standards and 250 guns. The Imperialists lost about 3,000. Petra (Persian Wars). This strong fortress, gar- risoned by 1,500 Persians, was besieged by tlie Romans, 8,000 strong, under Dagisteus, in 549, After a series of unsuccessful assaults the Romans succeeded in bringing down a large portion of the outer wall by mining. By this time the garrison was re- duced to 400, but Dagisteus, delaying to storm the fortress, the Persians succeeded in throw- ing in reinforcements, which brought the garrison up to 3,000. Meanwhile all the breaches had been repaired, and the Romans had to undertake a second siege. At last a breach was effected, and after very severe fighting the besiegers effected a lodgement. Of the defenders 700 fell in the second siege, and 1,070 in the storm, while of 700 prisoners, only 18 were unwounded. Five hun- dred retreated to the citadel, and held out to the last, perish- ing in the flames when it was fired by the Romans. Pharsalus (Civil War of Caesar and Pompey). Fought August 9, B.C. 48, between the Pompeians, 60,000 strong, under Pompey, and Caesareans, 25,000 strong, under Caesar. The Pompeian cavalry drove back that of Csesar, but following in pursuit, were thrown into confusion by the legion DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 193 aries, whereupon they turned and fled from the field ; the in- fantry followed and the battle became a rout, in which 15,000 Pompeians, and only 200 Caesar- eans fell. After the battle, 20,000 Pompeians surrendered. Pharsalus (Greco-Turkish War). Fought May 6, 1897, when Edhem Pasha, with three Turk- ish divisions, drove the Greeks from their entrenchments in front of Pharsalus, at a cost of about 230 killed and wounded. The Greek loss was not very heavy. Philiphaugh (Civil War). Fought September 13, 1645, when 4,000 Lowland horse, under David Leslie, surprised and cut to pieces Montrose's force of Highlanders, encamped near Selkirk. Montrose escaped with a few followers. Philippi (Rebellion of Brutus). Fought B.C. 42, between the Republicans, under Brutus and Cassius, 100,000 strong, and the army of the Triumvirs, about equal in numbers, under Octa- vius and Mark Antony. Brutus on the right repulsed the legions of Octavius, and penetrated into his camp. Cassius, however, was overthrown by Antony, and would have been over- whelmed but for the arrival of aid from the successful right wing. The action was renewed on the second day, when the Triumvirs were completely vic- torious, and the;Republican army dispersed. Brutus committed suicide on the field of battle. Philippopolis \First Gothic In- vasion of the Empire). This city was besieged, 251, by the Goths, under Cniva, and after a gallant defence, and the defeat of an attempt by Decius to relieve it, was stormed and sacked. It is said that 100,000 of the garrison and inhabitants perished in the siege and sub- sequent massacre. Philippopolis (Russo-Turkish War). Fought February 17, 1878, between the Russians, under General Gourko, and the Turks, under Fuad and Shakir Pashas. The Turks made a stubborn defence of the approaches to Philippopolis, but were over- powered by superior numbers, and forced to retreat with a loss of 5,000 killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and 114 guns. The Russians lost 1,300. Philipsburg (War of the Polish Succession). This fortress, held by the Imperialists, was besieged 1734. by the French, under the Duke of Berwick. The Duke was killed by a cannon ball while visiting the trenches, but the place fell soon afterwards, not- withstanding the efforts of Prince Eugene to relieve it. Plater's Hill (Second Boer War). The scene of the severest fight- ing in the course of Sir Redvers Buller's final and successful attempt to relieve Ladysmith. The operations commenced by the capture of Hlangwane, on February 19, 1900, which gave the British command of the Tugela, which was crossed on the 2 1 St. On the 22nd a steady advance was made up to the line of Pieter's Hill, which was attacked by the Irish Brigade, 194 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under General Hart, on the 23rd. At a cost of nearly half their numbers, they succeeded in establisliing themselves under cover, close to the Boer trenches, but could not dislodge the de- fenders. It was not till the 27th, when BuUer had turned the Boer left, that a general assault was successful, and the Boers evacuated the position. The British losses during the operations were 1,896 killed and wounded. Pingyang (Chine- Japanese War). Fought September 15, 1894, between the Japanese, 14,000 strong, under General Nodzu, and 12,000 Chinese, entrenched in a strong position. After severe fighting the Chinese were driven from their entrench- ments with heavy loss. The Japanese lost 650 killed and wounded. Pinkie Cleugh (Scottish Wars). Fought September, 1547, be- tween the Scots, under the Earl of Huntly, and the English, under the Protector Somerset. The Scots crossed the Esk, and attacked the EngUsh lines, at first with success, but they were thrown into confusion by a charge of cavalry, and in the end fled from the field with heavy loss. Pirot (Servo-Bulgarian War). Fought November 26 and 27, 1885, between 40,000 Servians, under King Milan, and 45,000 Bulgarians, under Prince Alex- ander. After some desultory fighting, the Bulgarians seized the town of Pirot in the course of the afternoon. At dawn on the 27th, the Servians, by a surprise attack, recovered Pirot, which was later retaken by the Bulgarians, though the Servians continued to hold a position to the south of the town till night- fall. Early next morning an armistice was conchided. The Bulgarians lost 2,500, the Ser- vians 2,000 killed and wounded. Pittsburg Landing. See Shiloh. Placentia (Invasion of the Ale- manni). Fought 271, between the Romans, under Aurelian, and the invading Alemanni. The barbarians attacked the Romans in the dusk of evening, after a long and fatiguing march, and threw them into disorder, but they were rallied by the Em- peror, and after severe fighting, succeeded in beating off their assailants. Plains of Abraham (Seven Years' War). Fought September 13, 1759, when Wolfe, who was Ijdng on shipboard in the St. Lawrence above Quebec, with 4,000 troops, effected a landing secretly in the night of the 12th to the 13th, and took up unperceived a strong position on the Plains of Abraham. Next morning he was attacked by Montcalm, with about equal numbers, but notwithstanding the most des- perate efforts, the French were unable to carry the position, and were driven back into Quebec ^^athaloss of about 1,500. Both Wolfe and Montcalm fell mortall}' wounded. The British loss amounted to 664 killed and wounded. The French imme- diately afterwards evacuated Quebec. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 195 Plassy (Seven Years' War). Fought 1757, between the British, 3,000 strong, witli 8 guns, under Clive, and the army of Surabjah Daulah, Nawab of Bengal, aided by a small force of Frenchmen. Clive was en- camped in a grove of mango- trees, where he was attacked by the Nawab. He beat off the attack, and then stormed the Nawab's lines, totally routing his army, which fled in panic, with a loss of about 500. The British lost 72 only. Plataea (Third Persian Invasion). Fought B.C. 479, between the Greeks, about 100,000 strong, under Pausanias the Spartan, and 300,000 Persians, with 50,000 Greek auxiliaries, under Mardonius. The Persians fought bravely, but were overborne by the superior discipline and heavier armour of the Greeks, and Mardonius falling, a panic ensued, and they fled to their entrenched camp. This was stormed by the Athenians, and no quarter was given, with the result, it is said, that with the exception of a body of 40,000 which left the field early in the battle, only 3,000 Persians escaped. Plataea (Peloponnesian War). In 429 B.C., this city, held by a garrison of 400 Plataeans and So Athenians, was besieged by the Spartans, under Archida- mus. All the useless mouths were sent out of the place, only no women being retained to bake bread. The garrison re- pulsed numerous assaults, and the siege soon resolved itself into a blockade, but provisions becoming scarce, an attempt was made to break through the enemy's lines, which half the gar- rison succeeded in doing, with the loss of one man. The remainder held out till 427, when being on the verge of starvation, they surrendered. The survivors were tried for having deserted Boeotia for Athens, at the out- break of the war, and 200 Plataeans, and 25 Athenians were put to death. Plescow (Russo-Swedish Wars). This fortress was besieged by the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, August 20, 161 5, and defended by a Russian garrison. It is notable as mark- ing a departure from the estab- lished practice of surrounding a besieged city with walls of circumvallation. For these Gustavus substituted a series of entrenched camps, communi- cations between which were maintained by strong patrol- ling forces. Little progress was made, owing to a delay in the arrival of the Swedish breaching guns, and through the media- tion of England, negotiations were opened with Russia, and the siege raised, October 14, 1615. Plevna (Russo-Turkish War). Four battles were fought in the course of the siege of Plevna, the first three being attacks on the Russian defences, and the fourth, Osman Pasha's final attempt to cut his way through the besieger's lines. On July 20, 1877, the advance guard of Kriidener's corps, 6,500 strong, under Schilder- Schuldener, attacked the de- fences to the north and east of Plevna. The Russians ad- 196 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES vanced with impetuosity, and carried some of the advanced trenches, driving the defenders back to the outskirts of the town, but their heavy loss, and a failure of ammunition compelled a retreat, and the Turks rallj'ing, drove them from the positions they had captured, and pursued them for some distance. The Russians lost two-thirds of their officers, and nearly 2,000 men. The second battle took place, July 30, when General Krudener, with 30,000 Russians in two divisions, assailed the Turkish redoubts to the north and east of the town. Schakofsky had command of the latter attack, Kriidener himself leading the assault on the Gravitza redoubt on the north. Krudener was absolutely unsuccessful. Scha- kofsky by 5.30 p.m. was in pos- session of two of the eastern redoubts, but before nightfall these were retaken by the Turks, and the Russians retired, de- feated all along the line. Their losses amounted to 169 officers and 7,136 men, of whom 2,400 were left dead on the field. On the nth and 12th of September, the investing army, 95,000 strong, under the Grand Duke Michael, attacked Plevna on three sides, Osman Pasha having now 30,000 men under his com- mand. On the nth an attack on the Omar Tabrija redoubt w-as repulsed with a loss to the Russians of 6,000 men. The attack on the Gravitza redoubts resulted in the capture of the " Bloody Battery," which the Russians held till the end of the siege. On the south-west, Sko- beleff captured two of the six inner redoubts which protected that angle of the fortress. On the 1 2th, the attack on the second Gravitza redoubt was repulsed, and the two redoubts captured by Skobeleff were retaken, after a terrible struggle. The losses in the two days' fighting amounted to 20,600 including 2,000 prisoners, on the Russian side, on that of the Turks to 5,000, Of these, 8,000 Russians, and 4,000 Turks fell in Skobeleff's attack. On December 10, Osman Pasha, at the head of 25,000 Turks, accompanied by 9,000 convalescents and wounded in carts, attempted to cut his way through the Russian army, now 100,000 strong, under the King of Roumania, with Todlebeii as Chief of the Staff. The attempt was made on the east of Plevna, and was directed against the Imperial Grenadiers, under General Ganetzki. Hav- ing successfully crossed the Vid, Osman charged down upon the Russians, on a line two miles in length, and carried the first line of entrenchments. Todleben, however, hurried up reinforce- ments, and the Turks were in turn attacked, and driven back in confusion across the river, Osman being severely wounded. Here they made their last stand, but were overpowered, and driven into Plevna, which be- fore evening capitulated, after a defence lasting 143 days. In this engagement, the Turks lost 5,000, and the Russians 2,000 killed and wounded. Podhaic. Fought 1667, between 10,000 Poles, under John Sobieski, and So,ooo Cossacks and Tartars DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 197 who were besieging Kaminiec. The Cossacks were totally routed and forced to evacuate Poland. Podol (Seven Weeks' War). Fought June 26, 1866, be- tween the advance-guard of Prince Frederick Charles' army, and the Austrians, under General Clam-Gallas. The Austrians were defeated and driven out of Podol, after severe fighting, in which they lost heavily. The Prussians took 500 prisoners. Poitiers (Gothic Invasion of France). Fought 507, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Visigoths, under Alaric II. Clovis and Alaric met in single combat, and Alaric was slain, following which the Goths were utterly routed. By this decisive victory, the province of Aqui- taine was added to the Frankish dominions. Poitiers (Hundred Years' War). Fought September 19, 1356, between 8,000 English, under Edward the Black Prince, and 80,000 French, under King John of France. The English occupied a strong position be- hind lanes and vineyards, in which their archers were posted. The French cavalry, charging up the lanes, were thrown into confusion by the bowmen, and were then taken in flank by the English knights and men-at- arms, who completely routed them, with a loss of 8,000 killed, and numerous prisoners, in- cluding the King, The English losses were very small. Pola (War of Chiozza). Fought 1380, when Doria, with 22 Genoese galleys, offereil battle to the Venetian fleet, under Pisani, which was lying at Pola. Pisani sallied out with 20 galleys, and captured the Genoese flag-ship, Doria being killed. The Genoese, however, rallied, drove Pisani back, and defeated him with a loss of 2,000 killed, and 15 galleys and 1,900 men captured. Pollentia (First Gothic Invasion of Italy). Fought March 29, 403, be- tween the Goths, under Alaric, and the Romans, under Stilicho. Stilicho attacked the Gothic camp while they were celebrat- ing the festival of Easter, and owing to the surprise, the charge of the Roman cavalry threw them into confusion. They were, however, soon rallied by Alaric, and the Romans driven off with heavy loss, but Stilicho advancing at the head of the legionaries, forced his way into the camp, and drove out the Goths with enormous slaughter. Alaric's wife was among the captives. Pollicore (First Mysore War). Fought August 27,^1781, be- tween 11,000 British, under Sir Eyre Coote and the Mysoris, 80,000 strong, under Haidar Ali. Coote seized the village of Polli- core, turning Haidar's flank and forcing him to retreat,' after an action lasting eight hours. The British lost 421 killed and wounded, the Mysoris about 2,000. Polonka (Russo-Polish Wars). Fought 1667, between the Russian invaders, and the Poles, under Czarnie^ki. The Rus- sians were totally routed, a defeat which was largely in- 198 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES strumental in bringing about the signature of peace in the same year. Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). Fought August 1 8, 1812, be- tween 33,000 French and Bavar- ians, under General Saint Cyr, and 30,000 Russians, under Count Wittgenstein. The Rus- sians were taken by surprise, and after an action which lasted two hours only, were driven back with a loss of 3,000 killed, 1,500 prisoners and 14 guns. The French lost a little over 1,000 killed and wounded. Polotsk (Moscow Campaign). Fought October 18, 18 12, when General Saint-Cyr, with 30,000 French and Bavarians, was attacked and defeated by the Russians, in slightly superior force, under Count Wittgenstein, and forced to evacuate Polotsk. Ponani (First Mysore War). Fought November iq, 1780, when a force of British and native troops, about 2,500 strong, under Colonel Macleod, entrenched near Ponani, were attacked before daybreak by a strong force of Mysoris, under Tippu Sahib. The Mysoris were repulsed at the point of the bayonet, with a loss of 1,100. The British loss was 87 only. Pondicherry. This place was invested by the British, under Admiral Bos- cawen, with a fleet of 30 sail, and a land force of 6,000 men, August 30, 1748, and was de- fended by a French garrison of 4,800, under Dupleix. The siege was grossly mismanaged, and in October Boscawen was forced to withdraw, having lost by sickness or in action nearly a third of his land force. The French lost 250 only during the siege. Pondicherry (Seven Years' War ). In August, 1760. Colonel Coote, with about 8,000 British and native troops, invested this place, which was held by a French garrison, 3,000 strong, under Lally-Tollendal. Coote was almost immediately super- seded by Colonel Monson, but the latter having been wounded, Coote resumed the command. Fire was not opened from the breaching batteries till Decem- ber 8th, and on the 31st a terrific hurricane wrecked all the land batteries, and drove ashore six ships of the blockad- ing squadron. On January 10, 1 76 1 , however, fire was reopened, and the town surrendered on the 15th. Pondicherry. Having been surrendered to the French hy the Peace of Paris, Pondicherry was again besieged by a British force, under Sir Hector Monro, in conjunction with a squadron of ships, under Sir Edward Vernon, August 8, 1778. It was gallant- ly defended by the French, under M. Bellecombe, until the middle of October, when after a month's bombardment the place sur- rendered. Pondicherry. A naval action was fought off Pondicherry, August 10, 1778, during the third siege, when a French squadron of 5 ships, under M. TronjoUy, issued from the roads, and offered battle to the 5 ships of Sir Edward DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 199 Vernon. The French were worsted, and driven back to their anchorage. Pondicherry. A second naval action off this place was fought June 20, 1783, between a British squad- ron of 18 ships of the line, and 12 frigates, under Sir Edward Hughes, and a French squadron, under de Suffren. The battle was undecided, the British ships suffering considerably in masts and rigging, and being unable to chase when de Suffren sheered off. The British loss was 520 killed and wounded. Pontevert (Gallic War). Fought 57 B.C., between 50,000 Romans, under Caesar, and the Suevi, 300,000 strong, under Galba. The Suevi attack- ed the Roman entrenched camp, but were repulsed with very heavy loss and their army dis- persed. Pont Valain (Hundred Years' War). Fought 1370, between the French, under du Guesclin, and the English, under Sir Thomas Granson. The French sur- prised the English camp, but the English ralhed, and a severe conflict followed, in which the French attack was at first re- pulsed. A flank movement of the French, however, threw the English into disorder, and they were defeated with a loss of nearly 10,000 in killed, wounded and prisoners, a- mong the latter being Sir Thomas Granson. Poonah (Second Mahratta War). Fought October 25, 1802, between the forces of Jeswunt Rao, and the united armies of the Peshwa and Sindhia of GwaUor. After an evenly con- tested action, Jeswunt Rao got the upper hand, and gained a complete victory, Sindhia fleeing from the field, leaving behind him all his guns and baggage. Port Arthur (Chino - Japanese War). This place, held by a Chinese garrison of 9,000 men, was at- tacked and stormed by the Jap- anese, after a short bombard- ment. The Chinese made but a feeble resistance, the assailants losing only 270 killed and wounded. Port Arthur (Russo - Japanese War). Fought February 8, 1904, between a Japanese fleet of 16 warships, under Vice-Admiral Togo, and the Russian fleet of 6 battleships and 10 cruisers, under Vice-Admiral Stark, lying at anchor off Port Arthur. The Japanese attacked with torpedo boats, and succeeded in seriously damaging 2 battleships and a cruiser, which were beached at the mouth of the harbour. They then opened a bombardment, in which they injured a third battleship and four more cruisers sustaining no damage to their own ships. The Russians lost 56 killed and wounded, the Japanese, 58, chiefly in the torpedo boats. On April 13, the Japanese torpedo flotilla attacked the Russian squadron, under Makar- off. The battleship Petropav- lovsk was torpedoed and sunk, Makaroff and 700 officers and men being drowned. The battle- ship Pobieda, and a destroyer DICTIONARY OF BATTLES were also torpedoed, but man- aged to reach the harbour. The Japanese suffered no material loss. After numerous only partially successful attempts to block the fairway, the Japanese, on May 2, sent in a fleet of mer- chant steamers, accompanied by the torpedo flotilla. Of these, eight succeeded in reaching the outer harbour, and two of them broke the boom guarding the inner harbour, and were blown up by their commanders in the fairway. Several others were simk near the harbour entrance. Of the 179 officers and men forming the crews of the mer- chant steamers, only 42 were rescued by the Japanese, though a few survivors fell into the hands of the Russians. This is one of the most daring exploits in the history of naval warfare. Porte St. Antoine (Wars of the Fronde). Fought July 2, 1652, between the Royal troops, under Tu- renne, and 5,000 insurgents, under Conde. Conde occupied a position round the gate, pro- tected by barricades and fortified houses, where he was attacked by Turenne. The barricades were taken and retaken several times, but at last, after heavy fighting, Conde abandoned all idea of penetrating into Paris, and retired. His losses were heavy, especially in officers, among the severely wounded being the Due de Nemurs, and the Due de la Rochefoucauld. Port Hudson (American Civil WarJ. This fortress was invested, May 25, 1863, by five Federal divisions, under General Banks, and defended by 6,000 Con- federates, under General Gard- ner. An assault on the 27th was repulsed, and a regular siege commenced. After a second unsuccessful assault, on June 14, the garrison, having no hope of relief, surrendered, July 9, having lost 800 men during the siege. The losses of the besiegers were far heavier, the two unsuccessful assaults showing a heavy list of casual- ties. Portland (Dutch Wars). Fought February iS, 1653, between an English fleet of about /O sail, under Blake, Deane and Monk, and a Dutch fleet of 73 ships, convoying 300 merchantmen, under VanTromp, de Ruyter and Evetzen. In the early part of the engage- ment, which was very severely contested, three English ships were carried by the board, and that portion of the fleet which had come into action was nearly overwhelmed. At this crisis, however, the rest of the English ships engaged, the battle was restored, and the captured ships retaken. On the 19th the battle was renewed off the Isle of Wight, 5 Dutch ships being captured or destroyed. On the 20th the Dutch sheered off defeated, having lost during the three days' fighting, 1 1 men-of-war, 60 merchant ships, 1,500 killed and wounded and 700 prisoners. The English losses were also heavy. Porto Bello (Raids of the Buc- caneers). This Spanish-American fort- ress was captured in 1665 by DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 20 1 460 Buccaneers, under Morgan. The walls were scaled, and the town sacked, unheard-of cruel- ties being perpetrated by the Filibusters. Porto Bello (War of the Austrian Succession). This place was captured from the Spaniards, November 21, 1740, by a British fleet of 6 ships, under Admiral Vernon. The British loss was trifling. Porto Novo (First Mysore War), Fought July I, 178 1, between 8,500 British troops, under Sir Eyre Coote, and about 65,000 Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. Hyder occupied a strongly en- trenched camp, blocking the British advance upon Cuddalore. Here he was attacked by Coote, and after a day's hard fighting the position was stormed, and Hyder forced to retreat. The British lost 306 only, while the Mysoris are computed to have lost 10,000. Porto Praya Bay. Fought April 16, 1781, when Commodore Johnstone, in com- mand of a British squadron of 5 ships of the line and 5 frigates, repulsed a determined attack of a French squadron of 1 1 sail, under de Suffren. The loss in the British squadron amounted to 36 killed and 147 wounded. Port Republic (American Civil War). Fought June 9, 1862, between the Federals, 12,000 strong, under General Shields, and an equal force of Confederates, under General Jackson. The Federals were completely de- feated, a portion of their army being driven from the field in disorder and with heavy loss. Potidaea. This city was besieged by a force of about 3,000 Athenians, B.C. 432, and was defended by a small garrison of Corinthians, under Aristaeus. The town held out until the winter of 429, when the garrison surrendered, and were permitted to go free. Potosi. (South-American War of Independence). Fought April, 1825, between, the Bolivians, under Bolivar, and the Spanish Royalists, under Olaneta. The Spaniards were completely defeated. Prague (Thirty Years' War). Fought November 8, 1620, when the Imperialists, under Maximilian of Bavaria and Count Tilly, drove 22,000 Bo- hemians, under Frederick of Bohemia, up to the walls of Prague, and signally defeated them, with a loss of 5,000 men and all their artillery. Frede- rick was obliged to take refuge in the city, and soon afterwards capitulated. The battle onlj' lasted an hour, and the Imperi- alists lost no more than 300 men. Prague (Seven Years' War). Fought May 6, 1757, between 70,000 Austrians, under Charles of Lorraine, and 60,000 Prus- sians, under Frederick the Great. The Austrians occupied a very strong position on the Moldau, which was attacked and carried by Frederick, Charles being driven back into Prague with a loss of 8.000 killed and wounded and 9,000 prisoners. Marshal Braun was 202 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES among the killed. The Prus- sians lost 13,000, including Marshal Schwerin. Prairie Grove (American Civil War). A sanguinary but indecisive action, fought December 7, 1862, between the Confederates, under General Hindman, and the Federals, under General Herron. The losses were about equal. Preston (Civil War). Fought August 17, 1648, when Langdale, with 4,000 Royalists, was deserted by the main body of the Scottish in- vading army, and left to face the attack of about 8,000 Par- liamentarians under Cromwell, The Royalists fought despe- rately for four hours, but were overpowered, and the whole force killed or captured. Preston (Rebellion of the Fifteen). Fought November 12, 171s. between 4,000 Jacobites, under General Forster, and a small force of Royal troops, chiefly dragoons, under General Wills. The Jacobites had barricaded the approaches to the town, and held their ground through- out the day, but reinforcements arriving. Wills was able to in- vest the place completely ; and early on the morning of the 14th Forster surrendered. Many of the rebels having left the town on the night of the 12th, the prisoners numbered 1,468. The Jacobite loss in killed and wounded was 42, that of the Royalists about 200. Prestonpans (Rebellion of the Forty-five). Fought September 21, 174?, between 2,300 Royal troops, under Sir John Cope, and a slightly superior force of Jaco- bites, under the Young Pre- tender. Cope's infantry failed to stand up against the charge of the Highlanders, and fled in confusion, losing heavily in killed and wounded, and 1,600 prisoners, including 70 officers. The Highlanders lost about 140 killed and wounded. This action is also knowTi as the Battle of Gladsmuir. Primolano (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns). Fought September 7, 1796, when Napoleon surprised and totally routed the vanguard of Wurmser's army. The Aus- trians lost over 4,000 killed, wounded and prisoners. Princeton (American War of Independence). Fought 1776 between the Americans, under Washington, and the British, under General Gage. The British were de- feated, and this victory enabled Washington to regain posses- sion of New Jersey. Pruth, The (Ottoman Wars). Fought August 2, 1770, when the Russians, under General Romanzoff, stormed the triple entrenchments held by the main Turkish army, 120,000 strong, under Halil Bey, and drove out the Turks with a loss of 20,000 killed and wounded. Puente (South American War of Independence). Fought February 16, 18 16, between the Colombian Patriots, under Lorrices, aud the Spanish Royalists, under Morillo. The DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 203 Royalists gained a complete victory. Puente de la Reyna (Second Carlist War). Fought October 6, 1872, be- tween 50,000 Carlists, under Olio, and about 9,000 Republi- cans, under Moriones. The Re- publicans were defeated after hard fighting, and were at last driven in disorder from the field by a bayonet charge. The Car- lists lost 113 only ; the losses of the Republicans were far heavier. Pultowa (Russo-Swedish Wars). Fought July 8, 1709, between the Swedes, 24,000 strong, under Charles XII, and the Russians, 70,000 in number, under Peter the Great. After some suc- cesses early in the battle the Swedes were overwhelmed by the Czar's great superiority in artillery, and were defeated with a loss of 9,000 killed and wounded and 6,000 prisoners. Charles with difficulty made his escape from the field by swim- ming the Borysthenes. Pultusk (Russo-Swedish Wars). Fought 1703, between 10,000 Swedes, under Charles XII, and an equal force of Saxons, under Marshal von Stenau. The Saxons made practically no resis- tance, but fled from the field, losing only 600 killed and 1,000 prisoners. Pultusk Campaign of Fried- land). Fought December 26, 1806, between 43,000 Russians, under Bennigsen, and 18,000 French, under Lannes. Lannes endea- voured to pierce the Russian left and cut them off from the town, but he did not succeed in getting through, and in this part of the field the action was indecisive. On the left the French did little more than hold their own, but the Rus- sians retired during the night, having lost 3,000 killed and wounded, 2,000 prisoners, and a large number of guns. The French admitted a loss of 1,500 only, but this is probably an understatement, Russian ac- counts estimating the French losses at 8,000. Puna (Raids of the Buccaneers). On April 27, 1687, three Buc- caneering vessels, under Captain Davis, engaged two Spanish men-of-war off Puna. The ac- tion was entirely one of long- range firing, and lasted till May 3, when the Spanish commander withdrew his ships. In the seven days only three or four Buccaneers were wounded. Punniar (Gwalior Campaign). Fought December 29, 1843, between the left wing of Sir Hugh Cough's army, under General Grey, and a force of 12,000 Mahrattas, with 40 guns. The Mahrattas were totally routed. Pydna (Third Macedonian War). Fought June 22, 168 B.C., between the Romans, under ^milius Paulus, and the Mace- donians, under Perseus. The Macedonian phalanx attacked the Roman hne, and drove them back on their camp, but be- coming disordered by the un- even ground, was broken by the legionaries and cut to pieces. The result was a total defeat of the Macedonians, with a loss of 20,000 killed and 11,000 204 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES prisoners. The phalanx here fought its last fight and perish- ed to a man. Pyramids (French Invasion of Egypt). Fought July 21, 1798, when the Mameluke army, under Murad Bey, endeavoured to arrest Napoleon's march on Cairo. The Mameluke infan- try, numbering about 20,000, took no part in the fight, but their cavalry, perhaps at that time the finest in the world, charged the French squares with the utmost gallantry. They were, however, repulsed time after time, with great slaughter, and were eventually driven into the Nile, where the shattered remnants escaped by swimming. Pyrenees (Peninsular War). The engagements fought be- tween Wellington's lieutenants and Soult's army, which was endeavouring to relieve San Sebastian, are known as the Battles of the Pyrenees. They include the fighting from July 25 to August 2, 181 3, and speci- ally the actions of Roncesvalles, Maya, Santarem and Buenzas. The British loss in these battles amounted to 7,300, while the French lost fully double that number. Pylos and Sphacteria (Pelopon- nesian War). The promontory of Pylos, which is separated by a narrow channel from the island of Sphacteria, was seized and for- tified by an Athenian force under Demosthenes, B.C. 425. Here he was besieged by the Spartans under Thrasymelidas, with a land force and a fleet of 43 ships, the crews of which occupied Sphacteria. Demos- thenes repulsed an attack on Pylos, and Eurymedon, arriving with 50 Athenian vessels, de- feated the Spartan fleet, and blockaded Sphacteria. After a protracted siege, the arrival of reinforcements, under Cleon, enabled the Athenians to land 14.000 men in the island, and the garrison, reduced from 420 to 292, surrendered. Quatre Bras (Hundred Days). Fought June 16, 181 5, be- tween the advance guard of the British army, under Wellington, and the left wing of the French army, 16,000 strong, under Ney. Napoleon's object was to pre- vent the junction of the British and the Prussians, and Ney's orders were to drive back the British, while Napoleon, with his main body, engaged the Prussians. Ney attacked at 3 p.m., but the British held their own till evening, when Ney, not receiving the reinforcements he expected, began to fall back. Wellington then attacked vigor- ously all along the line, retaking all the positions occupied by the French during the day. Quebec (Seven Years' War). This city was besieged June, 1759, by 9,000 British troops, under General Wolfe, assisted by a fleet of 22 ships of war, under Admiral Holmes. The place was defended by about 16,000 French, under Montcalm. Wolfe was too weak numerically for an investment, and his object DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 205 was to draw Montcalm into an engagement. On July 31 he was defeated in an attack on Montcalm's lines outside the city, but on September 13, having landed above Quebec, he met and defeated the French, who evacuated the place on the 17th . After defeating General Mur- ray, April 27, 1760, the Cheva- lier de Levis laid siege to Quebec, with about 8,000 French and Canadians. The garrison con- sisted of no more than 2,500 effectives, but owing to the superiority of their artillery, Levis was unable to make any impression on the defences. On May 15a small British squadron anchored off the city, and on the following day attacked and destroyed the French ships carrying de Levis' suppUes and reserve of ammunition, where- upon he hastily raised the siege, leaving behind him 40 siege guns and all his sick and wounded. Queenston Heights (Second American War). Fought October 13, 18 12, between 4,000 British (chiefly Canadian volunteers), under General Brock, and about 5,000 Americans, under Van Reusse- laer. The Americans attacked the British position on Queens- ton Heights, and after very severe fighting, were totally defeated. The exact losses are unknown, but the British took 1,000 prisoners, and the Ameri- can column was practically annihilated. Quiberon Bay (Seven Years' War ). Fought November 20, 1759, between the British fleet, 23 sail of the line and 10 frigates, under Hawke, and 21 French line-of-battleships and 3 frigates, under Conflans. The action was fought in a heavy gale on a lee shore, and resulted in the French being driven to take refuge in Quiberon Bay, with a loss of 2 ships sunk and 2 cap- tured. Notwithstanding the gale, Hawke followed up his advantage, and standing in, succeeded in capturing or de- stroying all but four of the ships which had taken refuge in the bay, though in so doing he lost two of his own ships, which were driven ashore and wrecked. The British lost in the action only I officer and 270 men killed and wounded. Quipuaypan (Conquest of Peru). Fought 1532, between the rival Peruvian chiefs, Atahualpa and Huascar. Huascar was totally routed, and taken pri- soner. Quistello (War of the Polish Succession). Fought July, 1734, between the Imperialists, under Prince Eugene, and the French, under the Due de Broglie. Prince Eugene gained a signal victory. R Raab (Campaign of Wagram). Fought June 14, 1809, be- tween 44,000 French, under Eugene Beauharnais, and about 40,000 Austrians, under the Archduke John. The French attacked the Austrian position, and driving them successively from the villages of Kismegyer and Szabadhegy, totally de- 2o6 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES feated them. Under cover of night, however, the Archduke was able to make an orderly retirement, with a loss of about 3,000 killed and wounded and 2,500 prisoners. The French lost something over 2,000. Radcot Bridge. Fought 1387, between the troops of Richard II, under De Vere, Duke of Ireland, and the forces of the Lords Appellant, under the Earl of Derby (Henry IV). De Vere and his troops fled almost without striking a blow, and the King was thus left entirely in the power of the Barons. Ragatz (Armagnac War). Fought March, 1446, between the Austrians and the Swiss Confederation. The Swiss gain- ed a brilliant victory, which was followed by peace with Austria and the Armagnacs. Rajahmundry (Seven Years' War). Fought December 9, 1758, between 2,500 British troops, under Colonel Forde, in con- junction with about 5,000 native levies, and the French, 6,500 strong, under Conflans. The native troops did little on either side, but Forde's 500 Europeans routed Conflans' Frenchmen, and the latter fled with con- siderable loss. Raker sberg (Ottoman Wars). Fought 14 1 6, between 20,000 Turks, under Ahmed Bey, and 12,000 Austrians and others, under Duke Ernest of Stjnria. Duke Ernest marched to the relief of Rakersberg, which the Turks were besieging, and drove them from the field utterly routed. It is said that the Turkish losses amounted to more than the whole Christian army. Ahmed Bey was among the slain. Ramillies (Seven Years' War). Fought May 23, 1706, be- tween the British and Imperi- alists, under Marlborough and Prince Eugene, about 80,000 strong, and the French, in equal force, under Marshal Villeroy. The allies drove the French out of Ramillies, their resistance on the whole being unworthy of them, and in the end they were disastrously defeated with hea- vy loss, 5,000 being killed and wounded, while 6,000 pri- soners and 50 guns were taken. The allies lost less than 3,000. Ramla. Fought 1 177, between the Saracens, under Saladin, and the Christians of Jerusalem, under Renaud de Chatillon. The Christians won a complete victory. Ramnugger (Second Sikh War). Fought November, 1849, when Lord Gough attempted to dislodge Shir Singh, who with about 35,000 Sikhs, had occu- pied a position behind the Chenab opposite Ramnugger. The attempt was made by a brigade under General Camp- bell, with a cavalry force under General Cureton, and failed ow- ing to the unexpected strength of the Sikh artillery, which was well posted and served. General Cureton was killed. Raphia. Fought B.C. 223, between the Egyptians, under Ptolemy Phi- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 207 lopator, and the Syrians, under Antiochus the Great. Anti- ochus at first held the advan- tage, but pressing too far in the pursuit, was overpowered and totally routed. The Syrians lost 14,000 killed and 4,000 prisoners. Rastadt (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought 1796, between the Fiench, under Moreau, and the Austrians, under the Archduke Charles. After a severe engage- ment Moreau succeeded in seiz- ing the heights held by the Aus- trians, and forced Charles to retreat to the Danube. Raszyn (Campaign of Wagram). Fought April 19, 1809, be- tween 30,000 Austrians, under the Archduke Ferdinand, and about 20,000 French and Poles, under Poniatowski. The Arch- duke was marching on Warsaw when Poniatowski, to whom the defence of that city had been entrusted, came out to meet him, and after a stubborn fight in the woods and marshes round Raszyn, was driven back upon Warsaw, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded. A few days later he surrendered the city to the Austrians to save it from a bombardment. Rathenow (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). Fought June 25, 1675, be- tween the Brandenburgers, 15,000 strong, under the Elector Frederick William, and the Swedes, under Charles XI. The Swedes, wearied by a long march, were surprised by the Elector in their camp, and suffered a serious reverse. Rathmines (Civil War). Fought August 2, 1649, be- tween the Royalists, under Ormonde, and the Parhament- ary garrison of Dublin, under Colonel Jones. Ormonde having ordered a night attack upon DubUn, the Parliamentarians made a sortie, and driving back the assaulting column, attacked the main body of the Royalists in their camp, totally routing them, with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded and 2,000 pri- soners. All Ormonde's artillery was captured. Ravenna. Fought 729 between the troops of Leo the Iconoclast, and a force of Italians, raised by Pope Gregory II, in defence of image worship. After a severe struggle, the Greeks were routed, and in their flight to their ships were slaughtered by thousands. It is said that the waters of the Po were so in- fected with blood, that for six years the inhabitants of Ra- venna would not eat any fish caught in that river. Ravenna (War of the Holy League). Fought 1512, between the troops of the Holy League, and the French, under Gaston de Foix. The French gained a signal victory, but Gaston de Foix fell in the moment of his triumph, pierced with sixteen wounds. Reading (Danish Invasion). Fought 871, between the Danish invaders, and the West Saxons, under ^Ethelred and Alfred. The West Saxons, after a stubborn resistance, were defeated and driven from the field with great slaughter. 208 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Rebec (Wars of Charles V). Fought 1524, between the Imperialists, under Constable de Bourbon, and the French, under Bonnivet. The French were totally defeated, with heavy loss, among those who fell being the Chevaher de Bayard. Redan (Crimean War). This fort, forming part of the southern defences of Sebasto- pol, was attacked by the British Second and Light Divisions, September 8, 1855. The ram- parts were stormed, but the assailants were unable to make good their footing, and were eventually repulsed with heavy loss. The fall of the Malakoff, however, rendered the southern side of Sebastopol untenable, and the Russians retired during the night. The British losses amounted to 2,184 killed and wounded. Reddersberg (Second Boer War)- Fought April 3, 1900, when 5 companies of British infantry were surrounded by a force of Boers, with 5 guns, and after holding out for twenty-four hours, were compelled by want of water to surrender, having lost 4 officers and 43 men killed and wounded. The prisoners numbered 405. Reims (Allied Invasion of France ). Fought March 13, 18 14, when Napoleon, with 30,000 French, surprised and routed 13,000 Prussians and Russians, under Saint-Priest, with a loss of 6,000 killed, wounded and pri- soners. The French lost a few hundreds only. Revel (Russo-Swedish Wars). This port was attacked in the spring of 1790 by the Swedish fleet, under the Duke of Suder- manland. The Russian bat- teries, however, aided by the fleet under Admiral Chitcha- goff, drove them off with con- siderable loss. Revolax (Finland War). Fought April 27, 1808, when General Khngspoor, with about 8,000 Swedes, surprised an isolated Russian column of about 4,000 men, under General Bonlatoff. The Russians were surrounded, and tried to cut their way through, but failed, less than 1,000 succeeding in escaping from the trap. Gene- ral Bonlatoff fell fighting to the last. Rhe. St. Martin, the capital of this island, was besieged by the English, under the Duke of Buckingham, from July 17 to October 29, 1627. An assault on October 27 was repulsed, and the landing of the Duke of Schomberg, with 6,000 French, on the island, made the English lines untenable, whereupon Buckingham raised the siege. While returning to his ships Buckingham was attacked by the French, and suffered con- siderably. The English losses during the operations amounted to about 4,000 men. Rheinfeldt (Thirty Years' War). Fought 1638, between the Protestant Germans, under Duke Bernard of Saxe Weimar, and the ImperiaUsts, under Jean de Wert. The Duke was besieging Rheinfeldt, when he was attacked by de Wert, and forced to raise the siege and retire. After retreating, how- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 209 ever, a short distance only, un- pursued, he suddenly retraced his steps, and taking the Im- perialists by surprise, inflicted upon them a severe defeat, dis- persing their army and captur- ing de Wert. In this action fell the veteran Due de Rohan. Rhodes (Ottoman Wars). This place, defended by the Knights, under their Grand Master, Pierre d'Aubusson, was besieged May 23, 1480, by a Turkish army, under Meshid Pasha, aided by a fleet of 160 ships. The siege lasted three months, and was raised after the failure of the second assault, the Turks having by that time lost 10,500 killed and wounded. A second and successful siege was begun July 28, 1522, by Solyman the Magnificent. The Knights, under Villiers de LTsle Adam, held out until December 21, repulsing numerous attacks, but at last, worn by famine, they were compelled to surrender. The Turks are stated to have lost by disease and battle over 100,000 men. This siege is not- able as being the first in which the Turks used explosive bombs. Riachuelo (Paraguayan War). Fought June 11, 1865, be- tween the fleets of Paraguay and Brazil. After a sanguinary engagement the advantage rest- ed with the Brazilians. Richmond (American Civil War), Fought August 30, 1862, be- tween the Confederates, about 6,000 strong, under General Kirby Smith, and 8,000 Fede- rals, under General Manson. The Federals were routed and driven headlong into Richmond, where 5,000 prisoners, 9 guns and 10,000 stand of arms were captured. The Confederate losses were slight. Richmond (American Civil War), In the neighbourhood of this place were fought the final actions of the war, when Lee, with the army of Virginia, en- deavoured to break through the ring of Grant's troops by which he was surrounded, and being everywhere repulsed, was compelled to surrender March 8, 1865, on which date he had but 10,000 effectives under his command. Rich Mountain (American Civil War), Fought July 12, 1861, be- tween 15,000 Federals, under General McClellan, and 6,000 Confederates, under General Garnett. The Federals stormed the heights of Rich Mountain and Laurel Hill, and drove the Southerners from their posi- tions, with a loss of about 1,000, including prisoners. During the'pursuit on the following day, General Garnett was killed in a cavalry skirmish. Rietfontein (Second Boer War). Fought October 24, 1899, between 4,000 British, under Sir George White, and the Free Staters, who were advancing to interrupt the retreat of Colonel Yule from Dundee. The enemy occupied a range of hills about seven miles from Ladysmith, where they were attacked by White. After an indecisive DICTIONARY OF BATTLES action the British retired to Ladysmith, with a loss of 1 1 1 killed and wounded, but the object aimed at was attained, for the Boers were prevented from interfering with Colonel Yule's march. Rieti (Neapolitan Rising). Fought March 21, 1821, be- tween 12,000 Neapolitans, under General Pepe, and the Austrian invading army, 80,000 strong. As long as he was opposing only the advance guard, Pepe made a most resolute resistance, but on their being reinforced from the main body, the Neapolitans were overpowered by superior numbers, and finally driven in confusion from the field. Two days' later the Austrians entered Naples, and reinstated Ferdi- nand on the throne. Riga (Thirty Years' War). This place was invested by the Swedes, under Gustavus Adolphus, in the early part of August, 162 1, and was defended by a garrison of 300 Poles. A resolute defence was made, and several determined assaults re- pulsed, but a large breach having having been effected by Sep- tember II, the garrison, now reduced to a handful, had no option but to surrender, and the to^\Ti was entered by the Swedes, September 15, 1621. Rimnitz (Ottoman Wars). Fought September 22, 1789, when 25,000 Austrians and Russians, under the Duke of Coburg and Suwaroff, routed an army of 90,000 Turks, under the Grand Vizier. The Turkish losses were enormous, the whole army being killed, captured, or dispersed. Rinya (Ottoman Wars). Fought July 21, 1556, be- tween 40,000 Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a comparatively small force of Austrians and Hungarians, under Thomas Na- dasdy. The Turks were de- feated with heavy loss, the Christians losing 300 men only. Rio Seco (Peninsular War). Fought July 14, 1808, when Marshal Bessieres, with about 14,000 French, defeated 26,000 Spaniards, under Cuesta. The Spaniards lost about 6,000, while the French loss was only 370 killed and wounded. Fol- lowing upon this victor3^ Joseph entered Madrid. Rivoli (Napoleon's Italian Cam- paigns). Fought January 14, 1797, when the Austrians, wdth five divisions, under Alvinzi, at- tacked Napoleon's position on the heights of Rivoli. The position proved too strong to be carried, and Napoleon's superb handling of liis troops resulted in the total defeat of the assailants. The fifth Aus- trian division, which had not taken part in the frontal attack, appeared in the rear of the French position after the battle was over, and being forced by overwhelming numbers, laid down its arms. Massena, who had specially distinguished him- self, took his title from this battle when later ennobled by Napoleon. Roanoke Island (American Civil War). This island, which com- manded the entrance to Albe- marle Sound, North Carolina, and which was defended by DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 211 1, 800 Confederates, under Gene- ral Wise, was attacked Febru- ary 7, 1862, by three brigades of Federals, under General Burnside, aided by 26 gunboats. On the 8th the Federals landed, overpowered the garrison, and occupied the island, losing 235 killed and wounded. The Con- federates lost 91 killed and wounded. Of 7 Confederate gunboats employed in the defence, 5 were captured or destroyed. Rocoux (War of the Austrian Succession). Fought 1747, between the French, under Maurice de Saxe, and the Imperialists, under Charles of Lorraine. The French won a signal victory, as the result of which they occupied Brabant. Rocroi (Thirty Years' War). Fought May 19, 1643, be- tween the French, 22,000 strong, under the Great Conde; and 27,000 Spaniards, under Don Francisco de Melo. The battle was sternly contested, and at first went against the French, their left wing being repulsed, and the centre shaken. Want of cavalry, however, prevented Melo pressing home his advan- tage, and the French, rallying, broke the Spanish line, and severely defeated them. The Spaniards lost 9,000 killed, and 6,000 prisoners in the infantry alone. The French only ad- mitted a loss of 2,000, but it was doubtless considerably hea- vier. Roliga (Peninsular War). Fought August 17, 1808, when Wellington, with 14,000 British and Portuguese, of whom only 4,000 came into action, attacked the French, 3,000 strong, under Laborde, and after a half-hearted re- sistance drove them from their position, with a loss of 500 men. The allies lost about 400. Rome (First Invasion of the Gauls). The first siege of Rome by the Gauls, under Brennus, took place B.C. 387. No attempt was made to defend the city, which was seized and burnt by the barbarians, the greater part of the population fleeing to Veii and other neighbouring cities. The Capitol, however, was held by the leading Patrician families, and it is said withstood a siege of six months, when Brennus accepted a heavy ran- som and withdrew his army. Rome (Second Gothic Invasion of Italy). The city was besieged in 408 by the Goths, under Alaric, and after being brought to the verge of starvation and losing many thousands from famine, the Romans capitulated, but re- tained their freedom on pay- ment of a heavy ransom, where- upon Alaric retired northward in 409. In the course of the year, however, Alaric seized Ostia, the port of Rome, and summoned the city to sur- render. In the absence of the Emperor Honorius, the populace forced the authorities to yield ; and Alaric, after deposing Hono- rius, and bestowing the purple on Attalus, withdrew his troops. In 410, during the month of August, Alaric for the third time appeared before the walls, and on the night of the 24th 212 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the Salarian gate was opened to the besiegers by some sym- pathisers within the city, and Rome was given over to pillage and massacre, in which thou- sands perished. Rome (Ricimer's Rebellion). The rebel Count Ricimer, with a large army of Burgun- dians, Suevi and other bar- barians, laid siege to Rome in 472, and after a defence of three months the besiegers entered the city by storming the Bridge of Hadrian, and sacked it. Rome (First Gothic War). In March, 537, the city was besieged by the Gotiis, under Vitiges, and defended by Beli- sarius. After a determined re- sistance, during which a vigor- ous assault was repulsed, and several successful sorties made, with heavy loss to the besiegers, Vitiges in March. 538, was com- pelled to raise the siege. Rome (Second Gothic War). In May, 546, Totila, King of Italy, at the head of an army of Goths, laid siege to Rome, which was defended by a garri- son of 3,000, under Bassas. An attempt to relieve it by Beli- sarius was on the point of suc- cess, but Bassas failed to co- operate with the relieving force, and Belisarius was forced to retire, whereupon the city sur- rendered, December 17, 546. It was recovered by Belisarius in the following February, but was again besieged by Totila in 549. On this occasion it was defended by a garrison of 3,000 troops, under Demetrius, who, aided by the inliabitants, made a gallant resistance, but the Gate of St. Paul was opened to the besiegers by some Isaurian sympathisers within the walls, and Totila thus made himself master of the last Italian city excepting Ravenna, which had resisted his victorious army. In 552, after the defeat of Totila at Tagina, Rome was invested by the Imperial army, under Narses, who, after a brief siege, stormed the defences, and finally delivered the city from the Gothic domination. Rome. In the course of dispute with Pope Gregory VII, who had refused to recognize him as emperor, Henry III of Germany laid siege to Rome in 1082. After two interruptions to the siege, the city was finally sur- rendered to him by the Roman nobles, March, 1084. Gregory was deposed, and the anti-Pope Clement III set upon the ponti- fical throne, Henry at the same time assuming the Imperial purple. Rome (Wars of Charles V). The city was taken by storm May 9, 1527, by the Imperialists under the Constable de Bour- bon, who fell in the assault. A massacre followed, in which 8,000 of the inhabitants perish- ed. The Pope retired to the Castle of St. Angelo, where he held out until November 26, when a treaty between him and Charles V put an end to the conflict. Rome (Italian Rising). After the proclamation of a Roman republic by Garibaldi and his adherents in 1848, a French army, under General Oudinot, was sent to restore the DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 213 papal rule. On April 30, 1849, the French, 7,000 strong, at- tacked the Porta San Pancrazio, where they were encountered by the Republicans, under Garibaldi, and repulsed, with a loss of 300 killed and wounded and 500 prisoners. The Gari- baldians lost 100. On June 3 of the same year the French, under Oudinot, 20,000 strong, made a night attack upon the Garibaldians, who brought up about 8,000 men to oppose them. The Garibaldians were repulsed, with a loss of over 2,000, in- cluding 200 officers. Oudinot then laid siege to the city, which, after a terrible bom- bardment, surrendered July 2, 1849. Romerswael (Netherlands War of Independence). Fought January 29, 1574. between the " Beggars of the Sea," under Admiral Boisot, and a Spanish fleet of 75 ships, under Julian Romero. The " Beggars " grappled the ene- my's ships in a narrow estu- ary, and after a very severe en- counter, in which the Spaniards lost 15 vessels and 1,200 men, Romero retreated to Bergen- op-Zoom. Roncesvalles. Fought 778 between the Franks, under Charlemagne, and the Basques and Gascons, under Loup II. The army of Charlemagne, retreating from Spain, was caught in the defile of Roncesvalles, in the Pyre- nees, and the rearguard was to- tally annihilated, among those who fell being the famous Pala- din, Roland. Roncesvalles (Peninsular War). One of the actions known as the " Battles of the Pyrenees," fought July 25, 1813. Soult, at the head of Clauset's division, attacked the British, consisting of three brigades, under General Byng, but was unable to carry their position, and after severe fighting was repulsed with a loss of 400. The British lost 181 killed and wounded. Rorke's Drift (Zulu War). On the night of January 22, 1879, after the disaster of Isandhlwana, this outpost, held by a company of the 24th Regi- ment and details, in all 139 men, under Lieutenants Bromhead and Chard, R.E., was attacked by a force of Zulus, estimated at 4,000. After a most heroic defence, in which many acts of heroism were performed, especi- ally in the removal of the sick from the hospital, which was fired by the Zulus, the assail- ants were beaten off, leaving over 400 dead on the field. The little garrison lost 25 killed and wounded. Eight Victoria Crosses and nine Distinguished Conduct medals were awarded for this affair. Rosbach (Seven Years' War). Fought November 5, 1757, between 80,000 French and Austrians, under Marshal Sou- bise, and 30,000 Prussians, under Frederick the Great. Frederick, who occupied the heights of Rosbach, was at- tacked by the allies. The Prus- sian cavalry, however, under Seidlitz, charged down upon the Austrians, and threw them 214 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES into disorder, and the infantry falling upon the broken columns utterly routed them, with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, 7,000 prisoners, including 11 generals and 63 guns. The Prussians lost 3,000 only. Rosbecque. Fought 1382 between 50,000 Flemings, under Philip van Arteveldt, and the French, under Charles VI. The Flem- ings at first drove back the French, but were overwhelmed by the charges of the French cavalry on their flanks, and were in the end utterly routed. Thousands fell in the action and subsequent pursuit, amongst them van Arteveldt. Rostock (Dano-Swedish Wars). Fought June, 1677, between the Danish fleet, under Admiral Juel, and the Swedes, under Admiral Horn. The Swedes were completely defeated. Rotto Freddo (War of the Aus- trian Succession). Fought July, 1746, when the rearguard of the retreating French army, under Marshal Maillebois, was attacked by the Austrians, under Prince Lich- tenstein, and after a gallant re- sistance defeated with heavy loss. In consequence of this defeat the French garrison of Placentia, 4,000 strong, sur- rendered to the Imperialists. Rouen (Hundred Years' War). This city was besieged 141 8, by the English, under Henry V. After a gallant defence the garrison surrendered January 15, 1419, the city paying a ran- som of 300,000 crowns. Roundway Down (Civil War). Fought July 13, 1643, when the Parliamentarians, under Waller and Hazlerigg, attacked the Royalists, under Prince Maurice, who was advancing to the relief of Devizes. The Par- liamentarians were totally de- feated, their attack on Prince Maurice being repulsed, while at the same time they were taken in the rear by a sortie from the town. Of 1,800 in- fantry, 600 were killed and the rest taken prisoners. Roncray — St. — Denis. See Herrings. Roveredo (Napoleon's Italian Campaigns). Fought September 4, 1796, between 25,000 Austrians, un- der Davidowich, and the main body of Napoleon's army. Napoleon attacked the Austrian entrenched position, and in spite of a determined defence, carried it, driving the enemy out of Roveredo with heavy loss, including 7,000 prisoners and 15 guns. This victory enabled Massena to occupy Trent, and the remnants of the Austrian army were driven headlong into the TjTol. Rowton Heath (Civil War). Fought September 24, 1645, when a body of Royalist cavalry, under Sir Marmaduke Langdale, which was endeavouring to pre- vent the investment of Chester, was attacked by the Parlia- mentary horse, under Colonel Poyntz. The first attack was repulsed with loss, but Poj-ntz receiving infantry support, ral- lied his troops, and drove the Royalists from the field, with a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 215 loss of 300 killed and wounded and 1,000 prisoners. Roseburgh (Scottish Wars). This town, defended by an English garrison, was besieged by the Scots, under James II of Scotland, in 1460, and after a stubborn defence was captured and destroyed. This is the first occasion on which artillery was used by the Scots. During the siege the Scottish king was killed by the bursting of a gun of large calibre, August 3, 1460. Rullion Green (Covenanters' Rising). Fought November, 1666, be- tween the Covenanters, under Colonel Wallace, and the Royal troops, under General Dalziel. The Covenanters were defeated. Rumersheim (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought August 26, 1709, be- tween the French, under Mar- shal Villiers, and the Iinperi- ahsts, under Count Mercy. Mercy was defeated and driven out of Alsace. Ruspina (Civil War of Caesar and Pompey). Fought January 3, 46 B.C., between Julius Caesar, with three legions, and a force of Pom- peians, composed entirely of cavalry and archers, under La- bienus. Caesar's troops were surrounded, but behaving with extreme steadiness, were able to retire to Ruspina in good order, though with very heavy loss. Rynemants (Netherlands War of Independence). Fought August I, 1578, be- tween the Dutch Patriots, 20,000 strong, under Count Bossu and Frangois de la Noue, and the Spaniards, numbering about 30,000, under Don John of Austria. Don John crossed the Demer, and attacked Bossu in his entrenchments. He was however repulsed, after severe fighting, and retired, leaving 1,000 dead on the field. He offered battle in the open on the following morning, but Bossu de- clined to leave his lines, and Don John was indisposed to renew the attack, and fell back upon Namur. Saalfeld (Campaign of Jena). Fought October 10, 1806, between 7,000 Prussians, under Prince Louis of Prussia, and a division of Lannes' corps, under the Marshal himself. The Prussian infantry was broken and driven under the walls of Saalfield, whereupon the prince put himself at the head of his cavalry, and charged the ad- vancing French. The charge was repulsed, and the Prince refusing to surrender was cut down and killed. The Prus- sians lost in this action 400 killed and wounded, 1,000 pri- soners, and 20 guns. Sabugal (Peninsular War). Fought April 3, 181 1, be- tween three British divisions, under Wellington, and the French, consisting of Reynier's corps. Reynier held the salient angle of the French position on the Coa, and was driven back after less than an hour's fight- ing, with a loss of about 1,500. The British lost 200_only. 2l6 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Sacile (Napoleon's Wars). Fought April i6, 1809, be- tween 45,000 Austrians, under the Archduke John, and 36,000 French and Italians, under Eugene Beauharnais, Regent of Italy. After hard fighting, in which little generalship was shown on either side, a flank movement of the Austrians, which menaced the French line of retreat, forced Eugene to retire, victory thus resting with the Austrians. The losses were about equal on the two sides. Sacripontus (Civil War of Marius and Sulla). Fought B.C. 82, between the legions of Sulla and the army of the younger Marius, 40,000 strong. Sulla's veterans were too steady for the newer levies of Marius, and the latter was routed, with the loss of more than half his army killed or captured. After this victory Sulla occupied Rome. Sadowa. See Koeniggratz. Sadulapur (Second Sikh War). Fought December 3, 1848. After the failure of his frontal attack on the Sikh position at Ramnugger in November, Lord Gough despatched a force under Sir Joseph Thackwell, to cross the Chenab and turn the Sikh left. An indecisive action fol- lowed, which Lord Gough claimed as a victory, but though the Sikhs retired, it was slowly, and only to take up a fresh position, which Thackwell did not consider himself strong enough to attack. Sagunto (Peninsular War). This fortress, held by a Spanish garrison, was besieged by the French, 22,000 strong, under Soult, September 23, 181 1. Built on the heights above Murviedro, the place was accessible on one side only, and an attempt to escalade this was repulsed September 28. A re- gular siege was then com- menced, and a second unsuc- cessful assault was made on October 18. On the 25 th General Blake, with 30,000 Spaniards, made an attempt to relieve the place, but was de- feated with a loss of 1,000 killed and wounded and 4,000 pri- soners, the victory costing the French about 800 men. On the following day the garrison surrendered. St. Alban's (Wars of the Roses). Two engagements were fought here in the course of the war. On May 22, 1455, 2,000 Lancas- trians, under Henry VI, posted in the town, were attacked by 3,000 Yorkists, under the Duke of York. The Duke pierced the Lancastrian centre, and drove them out of St. Alban's with heavy loss, among those who were killed being the Earls of Somerset and Northumber- land. The second battle took place February 17, 1461, when the army of Margaret of Aujou, led by Somerset, Exeter, and others, attacked the Yorkists, under Warwick, Warwck withdrew his main body, leaving his left unsupported to withstand the Lancastrian attacks, and these troops, after a feeble resistance, broke and fled. Henry VI, who was a prisoner in Warwick's camp, escaped and rejoined the Queen, and a rapid advance on DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 217 London would probably have led to his reinstatement. War- wick, however, took such prompt measures as to render the Lancastrian victory practically fruitless. St. Aubin du Cormier. Fought 1487, between the Royal troops, under La Tremou- ille, and the forces of the rebel Princes, under Marshal deRieux. The rebels were totally defeated, and a large number of nobles made prisoners, including the Due d'Orleans and the Prince of Orange. St. Charles (French-Canadian Rising). Fought 1S37, between the Loyalists, under Colonel Wether- all, and the Canadian rebels. The latter were defeated. St. Denis (Second Civil War). Fought November 10, 1567, between the Catholics, under the Constable Montmorenci, and the Huguenots, under the Prince de Conde. Victory rested with the Catholics, but at the cost of the Constable, who was killed, and the battle had no decisive effect upon the course of the war. St. Denis (French - Canadian Rising). Fought 1837, between the Canadian rebels, and a force of British and Canadian troops, under Colonel Gore. The rebels were victorious, but the results of their victory were unimportant. Ste Croix (Napoleonic Wars). This island, held by a small Danish garrison, was captured by a British naval and military force, under Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and General Bowyer, December 25, 1807, but little resistance being offered. St. Eustache (French-Canadian Rising). Fought 1837, between the rebels, under Girod, and the Government troops, under Sir John Colborne. The rebels were completely defeated, and the rebellion was suppressed. Ste Foy (Seven Years' War). Fought April 27, 1760, be- tween 3,000 British troops, under General Murray, and 8,000 French, under the Cheva- lier de Levis, who was approach- ing from Montreal, with the object of recapturing Quebec. Murray marched out to attack Levis, but was defeated and driven back into Quebec with a loss of over a third of his force. The French lost about 800. St. George (Ottoman Wars). This place, the capital of the island of Cephalonia, was be- sieged in October, 1500, by the Spaniards and Venetians, under Gonsalvo de Cordova and Pesaro. The garrison consisted of 400 Turks only, but being veteran soldiers they made a most gallant defence ; but at the end of two months the place was stormed from two quarters simultaneously, and the sur- vivors of the garrison, some 80 only, laid down their arms. St. Gothard (Ottoman Wars). Fought August I, 1664, be- tween 100,000 Turks, under Achmet Kopriali Pasha, and 60,000 French and Germans, under Montecucculi, who occu- pied a strong position behind the Raab. On the Turks ad- 2l8 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES vancing to the attack, a young Turk rode out, and challenged a Christian to single combat. The challenge was accepted by the Chevalier de Lorraine, who killed his adversary. The Turks then assaulted Montecucculi's entrenchment, but could make no impression, and after hard fighting were beaten ofi with a loss of 8, GOO killed. St. Jacob an der Mirs (Armagnac War). Fought September, 1444, be- tween 30,000 Armagnacs, under the Dauphin, and 1,300 Con- federate S\viss. The Swiss being hard pressed, occupied the hospital of St. Jacob an der Mirs, where they maintained the unequal fight until the last man had fallen. The Arma- gnacs, however, had lost 2,000 killed, and the Dauphin felt compelled to abandon the in- vasion of Switzerland. St. Kitts (Dutch Wars). Fought May 10, 1667, when Sir John Harman, commanding an English squadron of 12 fri- gates, fell in \\ith a combined Dutch and French fleet of 22 sail, under Commodore Kruysen and M. de la Barre, off St. Kitts. Notwithstanding his inferiority, Harman boldly attacked, and gained a signal victory, burning 5 and sinking several more of the enemy's vessels. The allies took refuge in the harbour of St. Kitts, and Sir John, following them in, destroyed the rest of their fleet, at a cost of 80 men only. St. Lucia (Wars of the French Revolution). This island was captured from the French, April 4, 1794, by a British squadron, under Sir John Jervis. St. Mary's Clyst (Arundel's Re- bellion). Fought August 4, 1549, when Lord Russell, marching with the Royal army to the relief of Exeter, was attacked by 6,000 rebels, detached from the be- sieging force. The rebels were defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed, and Arundel was forced to raise the siege of Exeter. St. Privat. See Gravelotte. St. Quentin. Fought August ID, 1557, be- tween 22,000 French and Ger- mans, under the Constable Montmorenci, and about 5,000 Spanish and Flemish cavalry of the Duke of Savoy's army, under Count Egmont, supported by a small force of infantry. The French, in attempting to throw reinforcements into St. Quentin, were entrapped in a narrow pass, and were utterly routed, with a loss of 15,000 killed, wounded and captured, and all but two of their guns. The Spaniards only lost 50 men. St. Quentin (Franco - German War). Fought January 19, 1871, between the French, 40,000 strong, under General Faid- herbe, and 33,000 Germans, under Von Goben. The French were decisively defeated, with a loss of 3,500 killed and wound- ed, 9,000 prisoners, and 6 guns. The Germans lost 96 officers and 2,304 men. St. Thomas (Napoleonic Wars). This island was captured from the Danes, December 21, 1807, by a combined British naval and military force, under DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 219 Admiral Sir A. J. Cochrane and General Bowyer. Saints, The, See Dominica. Salado. (Moorish Empire in Spain). Fought 1344, between the Portuguese and Castilians, un- der Alfonso IV of Portugal and Alfonso XI of Castile, and the Moors, under Abu Hamed, Emir of Morocco. The Chris- tians won a signal victory, and Alfonso so distinguished him- self in the battle as to earn the title of the " Brave." Salamanca (Peninsular War). Fought July 22, 1812, when Wellington, with 46,000 British and Spanish troops, encoun- tered 42,000 French, under Marmont. The battle was forced on by Marmont, who was endeavouring to interrupt Wellington's retreat, but the Marshal was severely wounded early in the day, and the con- duct of the action was in the hands of General Bonnet. The result was a signal victory for the British, the French losing 12,500 killed, wounded and prisoners, and 12 guns. The British and Spanish loss a- mounted to about 6,000. These figures include the skirmishes of the days preceding the battle, during which the armies were in touch. Salamanca (Mexican Liberal Rising). Fought March 10, 1858, be- tween the Government troops, under Miramon, andtheLiberals, under Doblado. Doblado's raw levies could not face Miramon's trained troops, and were utterly routed. Salamis (Third Persian Invasion). Fought 480 B.C. between the Greek fleet of 370 sail, under Themistocles, and the Persian fleet, of over 1,000 galleys. The Greeks at first hesitated to attack in face of the overwhelm- ing numbers of the Persian ships, but an Athenian trireme, commanded by Aminias, dashed in, and being followed by the rest of the Athenians and the jEginetans in good order, the Persians were, after a hard struggle, totally defeated, with the loss of more than half their fleet. Xerxes and his army witnessed the rout from the shores of Salamis. Salamis (Wars of Alexander's Successors). Fought B.C. 307, between the Macedonian fleet, under Deme- trius Poliorcetes, and the Egypt- ians, under Ptolemy Soter. The Egyptians were routed, with the loss of 100 ships captured and the rest sunk, and 30,000 pri- soners. Salankemen (Ottoman Wars). Fought August 19, 1691, be- tween 100,000 Turks, under the Grand Vizier, Mustapha Kopriali Pasha, and 45,000 Imperialists, under the Margrave Louis. The Turks were signally defeated and Kopriali slain. Salano (Moorish Empire in Spain). Fought 1340 between the Spaniards, under Alfonso XI of Castile, and the Moors, under Abu '1 Hasan of Granada. The Moors, who were besieging Tarifa, were attacked by the Spaniards, who utterly routed them and relieved the town. 220 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Abu '1 Hamed fled to Africa, and Alfonso was enabled to recover Algeciras. Saldanha Bay (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought August 17, 1796, when Sir Keith Elphinstone, with a British squadron, entered the bay, and after capturing a Dutch ship of war lying in the harbour, landed a force, to which the garrison surrendered after a brief resistance. Sale. See Castiglione. Samarcand (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia). This place, which was de- fended by a garrison of 110,000 Turks and Kharismians, under the Governor, Alub Khan, was besieged by the Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, in June, 1220. The garrison harassed the Tar- tars by numerous sorties, and little progress was made with the siege, but some of the in- habitants, hoping to save the city from pillage, opened the gates to the besiegers. After heroic efforts to defend the city against the overwhelming hordes of the enemy, Alub Khan put himself at the head of 1,000 picked horsemen and cut his way out. The survivors of the garrison, now reduced to 30,000, were put to the sword. Samaghar (Rebellion of Aurung- zebe). Fought June, 1658, between the army of the Great Mogul, Shah Jehan, under Dara, and the forces of his rebellious sons, Aurungzebe and Marad. Dara was totally defeated, and his army dispersed, and three days later the rebels occupied Agra, where Shah Jehan was impri- soned and Aurungzebe seized the crown. Sampford Courtney (Arundel's Rebellion). The final engagement with the rebels, fought August 17, 1549, when Arundel was de- feated by the Royal troops, under Lord Russell, with a loss of 700 killed and many prisoners, including most of the ring- leaders in the rising. San Giovanni (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought June 17, 1799, be- tween the French, under Mac- donald, and the Russians, under Suwaroff. After three days' hard fighting, the French were forced to retreat, having suf- fered a loss of 6,000 killed and wounded and 9,000 prisoners. The Russian losses were about 6,000. San Isidore (Paraguay War). Fought April, 1870, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the allied army of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, under General Camera. Camera at- tacked Lopez's entrenchments and drove him out, forcing him to take refuge in the mountains with the small remnant of his troops. San Jacinto (Texan Rising). Fought April 2, 1836, when the Mexican army, under Santa Anna, about 5,000 strong, was routed and almost destroyed by the Texans, under General Houston. The survivors, with Santa Anna and his staff, were taken prisoners, and Texas was freed from the Mexican yoke. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES San Jacinto. Fought February 12, 1867, between the adherents of the Emperor Maximihan, under Miramon, and the Mexican Con- stitutionalists, under Escobedo. Miramon was defeated, and his army surrendered, he himself escaping with difficulty from the field. San Juan. See El Caney. San Lazaro (War of the Austrian Succession). Fought June, 1746, between the Austrians, 40,000 strong, under Prince Lichtenstein, and the French and Spaniards, under Marshal Maillebois. The allies attacked the Austrian entrench- ed camp, and after an obsti- nate conflict, lasting nine hours, were repulsed with a loss of 10,000 killed and wounded. Sanna's Post (Second Boer War). Fought March 31, 1900, when a force of cavalry, with 2 R.H.A. batteries and a considerable convoy, under Colonel Broad- wood, was ambushed by a party of Boers, under De Wet, while crossing a donga. The guns were just entering the donga when the Boers opened fire, and 4 guns of Q battery succeeded in getting clear and opening fire, stuck to their work till only 10 men of the battery were left standing. Broadwood suc- ceeded in extricating his force, but at a cost of 19 officers and 136 men killed and wounded, 426 prisoners, 7 guns, and the whole of his convoy. General Colville's column was within a few miles, but though the firing was heard, he failed to relieve. This is also known as the action of Kornspruit. San Sebastian (Peninsular War). This town was besieged July 10, 181 3, by the British, under General Graham, and was de- fended by a French garrison, under General Rey. An assault on July 25 was repulsed, and pending the arrival of heavy guns from England, the siege resolved itself into a blockade. Active operations were resumed, and on the 31st the town was taken by storm. Rey, how- ever, still held out in the citadel, and it was only after further bombardment that he sur- rendered on September 9. The besiegers' losses amounted to over 2,500 killed and wounded. San Sebastian (First Carlist War). This fortress, held by a garri- son of Cristinos and a small detachment of the British legion, under Colonel Wylde, was besieged by the Carlists, under Sagastibelza, February, 1836. The siege was carried on in desultory fashion, with constant fighting between the outposts, till June, 1836, when General Evans, with 10,000 British and Spanish troops, occupied the advanced Carlist positions, and forced them to withdraw. Santa Lucia (Rio Grande Rising). Fought 1842, between the Brazilian Government troops, under General Caxias, and the rebels, 6,000 strong, under Feli- ciano. The rebels were totally defeated. Santarem (Dom Miguel's Re- bellion). Fought February 18, 1834, when the Portuguese Govern- ment troops, under Marshal 222 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Saldanha, totally defeated the " Miguelists," under Dom Mi- guel. Santa Vittoria (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought July 26, 1702, when 4 regiments of Prince Eugene's army, under General Visconti, were attacked by 15,000 French and Spaniards, under the Due de Vendome. The Im- perialists were forced to aban- don their camp and retire with the loss of their baggage, but lost only 500 men, while their quali- fied success cost the allies nearly 2,000 killed and wounded. Santiago (Spanish - American War). Fought July 3, 1898, between the American fleet of 4 battle- ships and 3 cruisers, under Admiral W. T. Sampson, and the Spanish fleet of 4 armoured cruisers and 3 torpedo-boats, under Admiral Cervera. The Spaniards endeavoured to es- cape from the blockaded har- bour of Santiago, but were unsuccessful, the whole squad- ron being destroyed. The Americans suffered hardly any damage, the Spanish gunnery being very inefficient, and lost only I man killed. Sapienza (Ottoman Wars). Fought 1490 between the Turkish fleet, under Kemal Reis, and the Venetians. The Venetians suffered a severe re- verse, this being the first naval victory of the Turks in the Mediterranean. Saragossa (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought August 20, 1700, be- tween 25,000 Spaniards, and a force of Austrians, British, Dutch and Portuguese troops, 23,000 in number, under the Archduke Charles. The Portu- guese in the right wing gave way, leading a large force of Spaniards in pursuit, but the left and centre stood their ground, and finally repulsed the enemy, with a loss of 4,000 prisoners, besides killed and wounded. The Archduke at once took possession of Sara- gossa. Saragossa (Peninsular War). In June, 1808, siege was laid to this city by the French, under Marshal Lefebvre. A successful defence was made, and the marshal's forces being insufficient to effect a prompt capture, he raised the siege in August. In December of the same year it was again besieged by the French, under Moncey and Mortier, and defended by a Spanish garrison, under Pala- fox. A most heroic defence was made, notable for the bravery of Agostina, the maid of Sara- gossa, who took the place of her wounded lover on the ram- parts, and helped to serve the guns, but despite all the efforts of Palafox, the place was stormed, and, after very severe house to house fighting, cap- tured, February 21, 1809. Saratoga. See Stillwater. Sardis (Wars of Alexander's Successors). Fought B.C. 280, between the troops of Pergamus, under Eu- menes, and the Syrians, under Antigonus Soter. Eumenes gained a signal victory, and annexed a large part of the dominions of Antigonus. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 223 Sarkany (Hungarian Rising). Fought December 30, 1848, between the Austrians, under Windischgratz, and the Hun- garians, under General Perczel. Perczel liad been entrusted by Gorgey with the defence of the Sarkany defile, but on being attacked by the Austrians, his division made little resistance, and fled in disorder, thus forcing Gorgey to retire from the line he had chosen to defend. Sauchie Barn (Rebellion of the Barons). Fought June 18, 1488, be- tween the rebel Barons, under Angus " Bell-the - Cat," and the troops of James III of Scot- land, under the king. The royal army was totally defeated and James slain. Saucourt (Norse Invasion of France). Fought 861 between the Neustrians, under Louis III, and the invading Norsemen, when Louis gained a brilliant victory. Sauroren (Peninsular War). Fought July 28, 1813, be- tween the French, 25,000 strong, under Soult, and the British, 12,000 strong, under Welling- ton. Soult attempted to turn the British left in order to drive them from a strong position, but after severe fighting he was repulsed, with a loss of about 3,000. The British losses were about 2,600. Soult renewed his attempt to force WeUing- ton's lines on the 30th, but was again repulsed, with a loss of 2,000 killed and wounded and 3,000 prisoners. The British loss amounted to 1,900. Savage's Station, See Seven Days' Battle. Savandroog (Second Mysore War). Siege was laid to this place December 10, 179 1, by a column of Lord CornwaUis' army, about 4,000 strong,. It was de- fended by a strong garrison of Mysoris, and was con- sidered impregnable, but a practicable breach having been effected, it was taken by storm eleven days later, the garrison offering little resistance. The assailants did not lose a man. Saxa Rubra (Revolt of Maxen- tius). Fought October 28, 312, be- tween the Imperial troops, under Constantine, and the legions of Italy, under Maxen- , tius. The Italian cavalry, posted on the wings, was routed Ijy Constantine's horse ; the infantry, thus left unsupported, fled from the field, only the Pretorians making a brave re- sistance, and dying where they stood. Maxentius escaped, but crosing the Tiber into Rome by the Milvian Bridge, was forced by the crowd of fugitives into the river and drowned. Scarpheia (War of the Achaean League). Fought B.C. 146, between the Romans, under Matellus, and the Achaeans, under Critolaus. The Greeks were totally de- feated with heavy loss, Critolaus being killed. Scio (Ottoman Wars). Fought July 5, 1769, between a Russian fleet of 10 sail of the line, under Admiral Spiritoff, and 1 5 Turkish ships, with some small vessels, under the Capitan 224 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Pasha. After a severe engage- ment, in which both the flag- ships were blown up, the Turks were driven into the Bay of Tchesme, where a few days later their fleet was destroyed by fire-sliips. Schipka Pass (Russo - Turkish War). Fought August 21, 1877, and following daj's, when the Rus- sians, 7,000 strong, under Gene- ral Darozhinsky, holding the pass, were attacked by 25,000 Turks, under Suleiman Pasha. The Russians were driven from point after point of their de- fences, and were on the verge of being overwhelmed, when the arrival of reinforcements enabled them to assume the offensive and recover their lost positions, and on the 26th fight- ing ceased. The Russian losses amounted to 4,000, including Darozhinsky, while the Turks lost about 11,500. On September 16 Suleiman, reinforced to 40,000 men, made an attempt to carry the Rus- sian position on Mount St. Nicholas, but was repulsed vith a loss of 3,000, the Russians losing 31 officers and about 1 ,000 rank and file. By January 8, 187S, the Rus- sian force in the Schipka had been increased to 60,000 men, under General Radetski, while the Turks, numbering 40,000 were under Vessil Pasha. Gene- ral Mirsky, with 25,000 men, attacked the Turldsh entrench- ments and drove them out of all their positions, and on the fol- lowing day Vessil Pasha sur- rendered with 36,000 men and 93 guns. The Russians lost 5,000. Schwechat (Hungarian Rising). Fought October 30, 1848, between the Austrians, under Prince Windischgratz, and the Hungarians, under General i\loga. The Hungarian militia made a very feeble stand against the Austrian regulars, and were driven back all along the line with considerable loss. Scutari (Ottoman Wars). This place, held by a Venetian garrison, under Antonio Lore- dano, was besieged by the Turks, under Suleiman Pasha, May, 1474. The garrison held out stoutly till the middle of August, when Suleiman raised the siege. Four years later, in June, 1478, Mohammed II invested it, the garrison now being under the command of Antonio di Lezze. Though few in numbers, the Venetians \%-ithstood a con- tinuous bombardment, repuls- ing two serious assaults, until September 8, when Mohammed retired, leaving behind him only a blockading force. When on the conclusion of peace the place was handed over to the Turks only 450 men and 150 women were alive in the town. In the first assault the Turks lost 12,000 men, and an even greater number, it is said, in the second. Sebastopol (Crimean War). Tliis fortress was besieged by the allied French and British armies, under Marshal St. Arnaud and Lord Raglan, Sep- tember 28, 1854. It was de- fended by a large force of Rus- sians, under Prince Mentschi- koff, with General Todleben as his principal engineer officer. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 225 The besiegers were too few for a complete investment, and though the harbour was closed by the British fleet, under Sir Edmund Lyons, the Russians were throughout the siege en- abled to obtain reinforcements and provisions from the north side. The batteries opened on October 17, and from that time till September 8, 1855, the town was more or less continuously bombarded. On that day the Malakoff, an important part of the southern defences, was stormed by the French, and the place became untenable, the allies entering it unopposed on the following day. The Russians, during the later days of the bombardment, are said to have lost as many as 3,000 men a day. Secchia, The (War of the Polish Succession). Fought September 14, 1734, when the Imperialists, under Count Koningsegg, surprised the camp of the French army, under the Due de Broglie, cap- turing 5,000 prisoners, 100 guns and the whole of the stores, baggage and ammunition. Secessionville (American Civil War). Fought June 15, 1862, when 6,000 Federals, under General Benham, attacked the strong position of Secessionville, cover- ing the road to Charleston, which was held by 2,000 Con- federates, under General Evans. The Federals were repulsed with a loss of 600 men, the Con- federates losing 200. Secunderbagh (Indian Mutiny). Fought November 16, 1857, during the second relief of Luck- now, by Sir Colin Campbell. The Secunderbagh, a walled enclosure of strong masonry, held by a large body of rebels, was, after a bombardment of about an hour and a half, taken by storm by the 93rd High- landers and the 4th Punjabis, with very heavy loss to the enemy, over 2,000 dead bodies being afterwards carried out of the enclosure. Sedan (Franco-German War). This battle, the most decisive of the war, was fought Septem- ber I, 1870, The French, under Marshal Macmahon, who was wounded early in the action, were driven from all their posi- tions by the Germans, under the King of Prussia, and com- pelled to retire into Sedan, where they laid down their arms. The Emperor Napoleon III was among the prisoners, and one of the results of the surrender was his dethrone- ment and the proclamation of a republic in Paris. The battle is remarkable for the charge of the Chasseurs d'Afrique, under General Margueritte, in the neighbourhood of Floing. The brigade was cut to pieces and the general killed. The Ger- mans lost in the action 460 officers and 8,500 men ; the French 3,000 killed, 14,000 wounded, and 21,000 prisoners, while 83,000 subsequently sur- rendered in Sedan. The Ger- mans took 419 guns, 139 for- tress guns and 66,000 rifles. Sedgemoor (Monmouth's Re- bellion ). Fought July 5, 1685, between the Royal troops, under the Earl of Faversham, and the Q 226 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES rebels, under James, Duke of Monmouth. Monmouth at- tempted a night attack on Faversham's camp, but the alarm was given, and the Royal troops falUng upon their assail- ants, put Monmouth's cavalry to flight, and though his in- fantry made a sturdy resistance they were at length overpowered and routed with heavy loss. This defeat put an end to the rebellion. Segeswar (Hungarian Rising). Fought July 31, 1849, be- tween the Hungarians, under General Bern, and the Russians, under General Liiders. The Russians, after a severe engage- ment, were totally defeated. Segikahara (Rebellion of Hide- yori). Fought September 16, 1600, between the troops of the Sho- gun Tokugawa Tyeyasa, 80,000 strong, and 130,000 rebels, un- der Mitsunari. The rebels were utterly routed with the loss of 30,000 killed, among whom was Mitsunari, and the rebel- lion was suppressed. Seine Mouth (Hundred Years' War). Fought August 15, 1416, when the English fleet, under Bedford, sailed into the Seine with the object of revictualling Har- fleur, which the French were besieging. The blockading force, consisting of 8 large Genoese carracks, besides smaller vessels, attacked the English fleet, and after six hours' hard fighting were totally defeated, with a loss of 5 car- racks and 5 other ships, while Bedford succeeded in throwing supplies into the town. Selby (Civil War). Fought April 11, 1644, be- tween the Royalists, 3,300 strong, under Colonel John Bellasis, and a slightly superior force of Parliamentarians, under Sir Thomas Fairfax. Bellasis had occupied Selby with the object of preventing a junction between Fairfax's troops and those of the Scots at Durham. He was attacked by Fairfax and totally defeated, with the loss of 1,600 men and all his artillery and baggage. Selinus (Second Carthaginian Invasion of Sicily). This city was besieged by the Carthaginians, 100,000 strong, under Hannibal, B.C. 409. An attempt by the Syracusans, under Diodes, to relieve came too late, for after resisting stubbornly for nine days, the garrison, hopelessly outnum- bered, were overpowered ; and the place stormed and sacked, all the survivors being carried off into captivity. Seminara (Italian Wars). Fought 1495 between 6,000 Spaniards and Neapolitans, un- der Gonsalvo de Cordova and Ferdinand of Naples, and a largely sviperior French army, under D'Aubigny. The Nea- politans fled almost without striking a blow, and though the Spaniards fought well, they were overpowered by numbers, and in the end totally routed, only Gonsalvo with 400 Spanish cavalry making an orderly re- treat. Sempach (War of Sempach). Fought July 9, 1386, between 6,000 Austrians, under Duke DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 227 Leopold, and 1,500 Swiss Con- federates. The Swiss gained a complete victory, the Austrians losing 1,500 killed and wounded, while only 120 Swiss fell. The battle is celebrated for the heroic action of Arnold von Winkelried, who broke the line of the Austrian spearmen at the cost of his life, and enabled his followers to penetrate their phalanx. Seneff (Wars of Louis XIV). Fought August II, 1674, be- tween the French, 45,000 strong, under Conde, and the Flemings and Spaniards, 60,000 strong, under the Prince of Orange. Orange, finding Conde's posi- tion too strong to attack, began a retreat towards Le Quesnay, thereby exposing his flank. Conde took instant advantage of this error, and dispersed the vanguard of the allies, but the Prince took up a strong position at Seneff, from which Conde was unable to dislodge him, and the conflict ended in a drawn battle, after seventeen hours' hard fighting. Senegal (Napoleonic Wars). The French garrison of this place surrendered, July 13, 1809, to a British force of i frigate and 2 brigs, with some transports carrying troops, un- der Captain G. H. Columbine. Senekal (Second Boer War). Fought May 29, 1900, when a British force, under General Rundle, attacked the Boers, strongly posted on the Bid- dulphsberg. The attack was made amidst great bush fires, in which many of the wounded perished, and was unsuccessful, the British losses amounting to 7 officers and 177 men killed and wounded. Senlac. See Hastings. Sentinum (Third Samnite War). Fought B.C. 298, between five Roman legions, under Q. Fabius Maximus and Publius Decius, and the Samnites and Gauls, under Gellius Equatius. The Roman left was disordered by the war-chariots of the Gauls, but was rallied by Decius, who restored the battle, but at the cost of his life. On the right the Samnites were routed, and Fabius then fell upon the Gauls in flank, and broke them. Mean- while the Samnite camp was attacked, and Equatius slain, the Romans gaining a signal victory. The losses of the victors amounted to 8,200, while the Gauls and Samnites lost 25,000 killed and 8,000 prisoners. Sepeia (Argive War). Fought B.C. 494, between the Spartans, under Cleomenes, and the Argives. The Spartans, by a ruse, succeeded in surprising the Argives while the soldiers were dining, and totally routed them. This defeat deprived Argos of the paramountcy in the Peloponnesus. Seringapatam (Second Mysore War). This city was besieged, Feb- ruary 5, 1792, by 22,000 British and native troops, with 86 guns, under Lord Cornwallis, and defended by a Mysori garrison, under Tippu Sahib. On the 6th an assault upon the outlying works was successful, all the redoubts commanding the city being carried, at a cost to the assailants of 530, while the 228 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Mysoris lost 20,000. On the approach of reinforcements, under General Abercromby, on the 1 6th, Tippu consented to treat, and peace was signed in the following month. Seringapatam (Third Mysore War). The second siege by General Harris, opened April 6, 1799, when the city was defended by a garrison of 20,000, under Tippu. On May 3, the breach was declared practicable, and the place was stormed by 4,000 men, under General Baird. Tippu was slain in the rout which followed the assault. The British losses during the siege amounted to 1,464. About 8,000 Mysoris fell in the assault. Seringham (Seven Years' War). Fought 1753, between 1,000 British troops, under Major Laurence, and the French, with their Mahratta and Mysori allies, under M. Astruc. The French attacked in force an isolated post, held by 200 Sepoys, and carried it before Major Laurence could come up. He then at- tacked, and in turn carried the position, driving off the French, and the Mahrattas who came up to their support, and cap- tured three guns. Seskar (Russo-Swedish Wars). Fought 1790, between the Swedish fleet, under the Duke of Sudermanland, and a Rus- sian squadron, under Admiral Kruze. The Swedes were total- ly defeated, after a severe engagement, which lasted from daybreak till far into the night. Se<-a (Yoshinaka's Rebellion). r'ought 1 183, between the army of Yoritomo, under his brothers Noriyori and Yoshi- tsune, and that of Yoshinaka. The rebels were completely defeated, and Yoshinaka killed. Seven Days' Battles (American Civil War). A series of actions fought by General Lee, with 100,000 Con- federates, against General M'Clellan, with 95,000 Federals, Lee's object being to relieve Richmond. On June 26, 1862, General Hill, \viih. 1,400 Con- federates, attacked M'Call's division, in a strong position at Beaver's Dam Creek, which attack M'Call repulsed, at small cost to his force. On the 27th, General Porter, 35,000 strong, posted on the Chickahominy at Gaines' Mill, was attacked by 54,000 Confederates, under Lee in person. The Southerners advanced under a heavy artil- lery fire, and after severe fight- ing, drove the Federals across the river, and captured 20 guns. On the 28th, M'Clellan prepared to withdraw to the James River, his centre having been pierced, and commenced his retreat. On the 29th, 4 Confederate divi- sions, under Longstreet, aided by an armoured train, came up wth Sumner's corps at Savage's Station, but was repulsed, Sum- ner thus inflicting a serious check upon the pursuing co- lumns. On the 30th, 3 divisions, under General Jackson, over- took the Federal rearguard, under General French, near the White Oak Swamp, and an artillery duel followed, which cost the Federals some guns. Two divisions, under Long- street, also attacked M'Call's division, and routed it, M'Call being captured. By the even- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 229 ing of the 30th, M'Clellan reach- ed Malvern Hill, overlooking the James River, and deter- mined to oppose here the further advance of the Con- federates, On July ist, the Confederates attacked, but the Federals held their ground throughout the day, and on the 2nd retired in good order and practically unmolested. The Federals admit a loss of 15,249 men and 25 guns during the operations, but Confederate accounts put the figures much higher, and claim 51 guns. The losses of the Southerners were also very heavy, especially at Malvern Hill, but Lee's object was accomplished, and Rich- mond was relieved. Sevenoaks (Cade's Rebellion). Fought June 18, 1450, be- tween the rebels, under Cade, and the royal troops, under Sir Humphrey Stafford. The force under Stafford was quite inadequate for the work in hand, and was routed, Stafford being killed. Seven Pines. See Fair Oaks. Shahjehan (Tartar Invasion of Kharismia. ) This city was besieged 1221, by the Tartars, under Tuli Khan, and was obstinately defended by the garrison under a Turkish general named Bugha. For twenty-one successive days the besiegers delivered assaults, which were repulsed, but finally the inhabitants made terms with Tuli Khan, and opened the gates Shaldiran (Ottoman Wars). Fought August 24, 1 5 14, be- tween 120,000 Turks, under Selim I, and about 80,000 Per- sians, under the Shah Ismael. The wing led by the Shah in person was victorious, but the Persian left was totally routed, and in endeavouring to restore the battle on that side Ismael was wounded, whereupon the army was seized with panic, and took to flight. Shannon and Chesapeake (Se- cond American War). A famous frigate action, fought May 29, 181 3, between the British frigate Shannon, of 38 guns, commanded by Captain Broke, and the American frigate Chesapeake, also of 38 guns, under Captain John Lawrence. The Chesapeake sailed out of Boston Harbour to attack the Shannon, and after a brisk action was taken by the board by the British. The Shannon lost 4 officers and 21 men lulled, and 3 officers and 56 men wound- ed ; the Chesapeake, 8 officers and 39 men killed, and 9 officers and 106 men wounded. Captain Lawrence was killed and Cap- tain Broke wounded. Sheerness (Dutch Wars). Fought June 7, 1667, and following days, when the Dutch fleet, under de Ruyter, sailed up the Med way as far as Upnor Castle, and destroyed 7 ships of war. Sheriffmuir (Rebellion of the Fifteen). Fought November 13, 17 iS. between 3,500 royal troops, under the Duke of Argyle, and 9,000 Highlanders, under the Earl of Mar. Argyle's left wing was routed by the Macdonalds, and his left and centre, though at first they held their own, were in the end compelled to retire, 230 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES and Argyle effected a retreat in good order to Stirling. Sherstone (Danish Invasion). Fought 1016, between Ed- mund Ironside, and Knut, the rival claimants to the throne. The battle was indecisive. Shijo Nawate (War of the North- ern and Southern Empires). Fought 1339, between the army of the Northern Emperor, under Takaugi and Tadayoshi, and the troops of the Southern Emperor, under Kusunoki Ma- satsura. Masatsura was attack- ed at Yoshino, which place was temporarily the Imperial resi- dence. Feehng that he was too weak to defend it, he marched out A\ith his whole force to meet his assailants, and fell fighting to the last, the Northern troops gaining a complete victory. Japan was soon afterwards again united, under the rule of the Northern line. Shiloh (American Civil War). Fought April 6 and 7, 1862, between the Confederates, 43,000 strong, under General Johnston, and the Federals, 40,000 strong, under General Grant. The Con- federates attacked Grant's posi- tion on the west of the Tennessee river, and surprised the Federals, driving back the first line in confusion. By nightfall. Grant was practically defeated, but Johnston failed to take advan- tage of his opportunity, and Grant being reinforced by 20,000 men during the night, was able on the 7th to assume the offen- sive. After severe fighting the Southerners were driven from the field with a loss of 9,740 killed and wounded and 959 prisoners, General Johnston be- ing among the killed. The Federals lost 9,617 killed and wounded, and 4,044 prisoners. Shinowara (Yoshinaka's Rebel- lion). Fought April, 1183, between the troops of the rebel Daimio Yoshinaka, and the Japanese Imperial army, consisting of 100,000 horsemen, under Taira- no-Kore. The Imperial troops were defeated with a loss of 20,000 killed. Shirogawa (Satsuma Rebellion), Fought September 24, 1876. when the last remnants of the rebels, under Saigo, were de- feated by the Imperial army, under Prince Taruhito. The rebels were practically anni- hilated, and most of the leaders of the revolt killed. Saigo, after the defeat, committed Hara-kiri on the field. Sholapur (Third Mahratta War). Fought May 10, 1818, when a bod}' of cavalry, under General Pritzen, forming part of General Monro's force, attacked and dispersed the retreating rem- nant of the Peshwa's army. Sholapur surrendered on the 15th, the operations having cost the British only 97 killed and wounded, while the loss of the Mahrattas exceeded 800 killed. Sholingur (First Mysore War). Fought September 27, 178 1, between the British, 10,000 strong, under Sir Eyre Coote, and the Mysoris, numbering about 80,000, under Hyder Ali. Hyder was surprised in the act of striking camp, and though a series of cavalry charges enabled him to withdraw his guns in safety, it was at a cost of 5,000 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 231 men that he eventually made good his retreat. The British loss did not exceed 100. Shrewsbury (Percy's Rebellion). Fought July 21, 1403, when the royalists, under Henry IV, met and defeated the insurgents, under Hotspur. Hotspur was killed, and Douglas and Wor- cester taken prisoners. The battle was the baptism of fire of Henry, Prince of Wales (Henry V), who displayed great bravery, and was severely wounded. Sidassir (Third Mysore War). Fought March 6, 1799, be- tween the advance guard of General Stuart's force, com- posed of three regiments, under Colonel Montresor, and 12,000 Mysoris, under Tippu Sahib. Montresor's small force with- stood the attack of Tippu's troops for over six hours, and their ammunition was all but exhausted when Stuart came up, and drove back the enemy with alossof 2,000 men. The British lost 143 killed and wounded. Sievershausen. Fought July 9, 1553, between the Germans, under Maurice, Elector of Saxony, and the Brandenburgers, under the Margrave Albert. The Bran- denburgers were defeated, but Maurice was wounded in the action, and died two days later Siffin. A series of actions extending over a hundred days, in 656, between the Moslems, under the Caliph Ali, and the adherents Moawiyeh, the son of Abu So- phian, a pretender to the Caliph- ate. In the course of these engagements Ali lost 25,000, and Moawiyeh 45,000 men, but the latter was undefeated, and the sanguinary conflict was ended by an unsatisfactory compromise. Sikajoki (Finland War). Fought April 18, 1808, be- tween the Swedes, under General Klingspor, and the Russians, under General Bouxhoevden. The Russians endeavoured to outflank the Swedes by moving out on to the ice at the mouth of the Sikajoki river, at the same time assailing them in front. Both attacks were re- pulsed, and after eight hours fighting, Klingspor took the offensive, and drove the Rus- sians from the field, with heavy loss. The Swedes lost 1,000 killed and wounded. Silistria (Crimean War). This fortress was besieged by the Russians in 1854, and was defended by a Turkish garrison, who received valuable assist- ance from two English officers, Captain Buller and Lieutenant Nasmyth. Many attempts to storm the place were repulsed, and though no efforts were made to relieve them, the garrison held out until June 22, when the Rus- sians raised the siege, having suffered a loss of over 12,000 men. Silpia. See Elinga. Simnitza (Russo-Turkish War). Fought June 26, 1877, be- tween the Russians, under the Grand Duke Nicholas, and the Turkish garrison of Sistova. On the night of the 26th, the Russian advance-guard, 15,000 strong, under Dragomiroff, 23: DICTIONARY OF BATTLES crossed the Danube in boats, and then, under SkobeleS, drove the Turks headlong from their entrenchments. On the morn- ing of the 27th, Sistova was occupied, the Russians having lost S20 only in the operations. Singara (Persian Wars). Fought 348, between the Romans, under Constantius, and the Persians, in largely superior force, under Sapor II. The Persian king, having posted the major part of his army on the heights overlooking Singara, en- gaged the Romans with a com- paratively small force of light- armed troops, who were easily routed by the legionaries. The pursuit, however, was carried too far, and when night fell, the Romans, exhausted by their efforts, bivouacked under the heights. During the night. Sapor led his best troops to the attack, and routed the weary Romans, with terrible slaughter. Singara (Persian Wars). This fortress, held by a Roman garrison, was captured, after a brief siege, by the Persians, under Sapor II, in 360. The garrison was sent into captivity and the fortress dismantled. Sinnaca (Parthian War). At this place the remnants of the army of Crassus, after the battle of Carrhse, B.C. 53, sur- rendered to the Parthians. Only 5,000 men were with the eagles. Sinope (Crimean War). Fought 1853, when the Rus- sian fleet attacked the Turkish fleet of 9 sail, lying in the har- bour of Sinope. No quarter was given, and the Turkish fleet was totally destroyed. Over 4,000 Turks were killed, and it is said that only 400, almost all wounded, escaped the massacre. Sinzheim (Wars of Louis XIV). Fought October 4, 1674, be- tween the French, under Tu- renne, and the Imperialists, under General Caprara and the Duke of Lorraine. The French gained a signal victory. This action is also known as the Battle of Entzheim. Sitabaldi (Third Mahratta War). Fought November 24, 18 17, between a small force of Madras native troops, and some Bengal cavalry, in all about 1,300 men, under Colonel Scott, and the army of Nappa Sahib, Rajah of Nagpur, 1 8, 000 strong, with 36 guns. The Sepoys held their ground for 18 hours, and even- tually beat off their assailants, at a cost to themselves of about 300 men. Skalitz (Seven Weeks' War). Fought June 28, 1866, be- tween the 5 th Prussian Army Corps, under General Steinmetz, and the 6th and 8th Austrian Corps, under General Ramming. The Austrians were defeated, and Skalitz occupied by the Prussians, who captured 4,000 prisoners and 8 guns. Slivnitza (Servo-Bulgarian War). Fought November 17, 18 and 19, 1885, between the Servians, 28,000 strong, under King Milan, and Bulgarians, at first 10,000 in number, but reinforced on the night of the 17th and during the 1 8th, by a further 5,000, under Prince Alexander. On the 17th, Prince Alexander, who occupied a position strong a- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 233 gainst a frontal attack, but very- vulnerable on his left, made a strong attack on the Servian left, to distract attention from his weak flank. This attack was repulsed, and on the follow- ing day the Servians attacked Alexander's left. Having been reinforced, however, he was able to beat them off, while a frontal attack was also repulsed with loss. On the 19th the Servian attacks were again unsuccessful, and by 3 p.m. they were in full retreat, pursued by the Bulgar- ians. The Servians lost about 2,000, the victors 3,000 in killed and wounded, in the three days. Sluys (Hundred Years* War). Fought June 24, 1340, when the English fleet of 250 sail, under Sir Robert Morley and Richard Fitzalan, attacked the French fleet of about 200 sail, under Hugues Quieret, lying in Sluys Harbour. Practically the whole of the French fleet was captured or destroyed, and Quieret was killed. The French lost 25,000 men, the English 4,000. Smolensko (Russo - Swedish Wars). Fought September 22, 1708, when Charles XII of Sweden, with 4,000 infantry and 6 regi- ments of cavalry, attacked a force of 16,000 Cossacks and Tartars. The king with one regiment was in the course of the action cut off from the rest of his troops by a body of Tar- tars, and had a narrow escape. His immediate following was reduced to 5 men, when he was rescued by a cavalry charge. In the end the Swedes routed the Cossacks with heavy loss. Smolensko (Campaign of Mos- cow). Fought August 17, 1812, be- tween 175,000 French, under Napoleon, and 130,000 Russians, under Bagration, of whom about 50,000 and 60,000 respectively were actually engaged. Bagra- tion's corps occupied the town of Smolensko, which Napoleon attacked, carrying two of the suburbs. During the night the Russians set fire to the place, and evacuated it, having lost in the action about 10,000 Idlled and wounded. The French lost 9,000. Sobraon (First Sikh War). Fought February 10, 1846, between the British, about 15,000 strong, and 25,000 Sikhs, under Runjur Singh. The Sikhs were strongly entrenched on the Sutlej, and Sir Hugh Gough, with feigned attacks on their centre and right, succeeded in pushing home his assault on their left, and after hard fighting drove the defenders to the river, where many perished. The British lost 2,383, the Sikhs about 8,000. Soczawa (Ottoman Wars). Fought 1676, between the Poles, under John Sobieski and the Turks, under Moham- med IV. The Poles, who had been reinforced by the Lithuan- ians, under Paz, totally routed the Turks, who were greatly superior in numbers, and drove them in confusion into Kami- niec, with the exception of which fortress, the whole of Poland was thus freed from the Otto- man invaders. Sohr (War of the Austrian Succession). Fought September 30, 1745, 234 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES between 18,000 Prussians, under Frederick the Great, and 35,000 Austrians, under Prince Charles of Lorraine. The Prussians at- tacked the Austrian position and the Austrians, failing to display their usual courage made no stand against the steady advance of the Prussian infantry, and were driven back in con- fusion, uith a loss of 6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners, and 22 guns. The Prussians lost be- tween three and four thousand men. Soissons. Fought 486, and notable as the first military exploit of Clovis, the founder of the Mero- vingian dynasty, who here de- feated Syagrius, Count of Sois- sons, and annexed his dominions. Solebay (Dutch Wars). Fought May 28, 1672, when the French and English fleets, together about 140 sail, under the Comte d'Estrees and the Duke of York, were surprised at anchor, by a Dutch fleet of 115 ships, under de Ruyter. The French were first attacked, but soon edged out of the fight, and the bulk of the work fell to the English. The battle was inde- cisive, for though the Dutch lost five or more ships, and the English one only, the allied fleet was too crippled to take the offensive for over a month after the action. Solferino (Franco-Austrian War). Fought June 24, 1859, be- tween 150,000 Austrians, under the Emperor Francis Joseph, "with Generals Wimpffen and Scholick in actual command, and the French and Piedmont- ese, under Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel. The French attacked the Austrian position on the heights round Solferino, which were held by SchoUck, and after very hard fighting, they were captured by the corps of Macmahon and Baraguay d'HilUers. Meanwhile Wimp- ffen, with three Army Corps, attacked the French left, but was held at bay throughout the day by Marshal Niel's corps, and when night fell, the Aus- trian centre being broken, Francis Joseph had no option but to retreat, and consequently recrossed the Mincio. The Aus- trians lost 22,000 killed, wound- ed and missing. The allies' losses were 18,000, of which number the Piedmontese corps of 25,000 lost 4,000. Solway Moss (Scottish Wars). Fought December 14, 1542, between the Scottish invading army, under Oliver Sinclair, and a band of 500 English borderers, under Thomas Dacre and John Musgrave. The Scots were totally defeated, and many important nobles captured. Somnauth (Mahmud's Twelfth Invasion of India). This city, one of the holy places of India, was captured by the Afghans, under Sultan Mahmud of Ghuzni, in 1024. According to tradition, he car- ried off the great gates of the city to Ghuzni ; and certain gates purporting to be the same, but which afterwards proved to be of later date, were brought back to India ■with a flourish of trumpets, after the capture of Ghuzni by the British in 1842. Son-Tai (Tongking War). This fortress, defended by a DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 235 garrison of 25,000 Chinese, in- cluding 10,000 " Black Flags," under Lin Yung Ku, was attack- ed by the French, under Admiral Courbet, with 7 river gun-boats and force of 7,000 men, Decem- ber 14, 1883. On this day the outer defences were carried, and the garrison driven into the citadel. During the night the French were surprised by a sortie, which however they re- pulsed, after severe fighting. On the 1 6th they stormed the cita- del, losing in the three days 92 officers and 318 men killed and wounded. The Chinese lost about 1,000. Sorata (Inca Rising), This city was besieged, 1780, by the revolted Peruvians, under Andres, the last of the Incas. The fortifications, well provided with artillery, proved impreg- nable, but Andres diverted certain mountain torrents a- gainst the walls, and thus opened a large breach, through which the Peruvians entered the city, and massacred the whole of the garrison and inhabitants. Of 20,000 souls, it is said that only one priest escaped. South Mountain (American Civil War). Fought September 14, 1862, between the Federals, under General M'Clellan, and the Con- federates, under General Lee. Lee's object was to hold M'Clel- lan in check while Jackson cap- tured Harper's Ferry, and to this end he posted General D. Hill with 1 5, 000 on South Mountain. Here Hill was attacked, and driven to the upper slopes, but being reinforced by a portion of Longstreet's command, he main- tained his position there, with- drawing on the morning of the 15th. Each side lost about 2,500 men, but Lee had gained his object, as the delay to M'Clellan ensured the capture of Harper's Ferry. Southwark (Cade's Rebellion). Fought July 5, 1450, between the rebels, under Cade, and the citizens of London, under Matthew Gough. The Lon- doners endeavoured to hold London Bridge, to prevent the plundering expeditions of Cade's followers into the city, but were driven back, and the central drawbridge set on fire. The Londoners lost heavily, among the killed being Gough. Southwold Bay (Dutch Wars). Fought 1665, between the English fleet, under the Duke of York, and the Dutch fleet, under Admiral Opdam. The English were completely victorious, the Dutch losing 18 ships and 7,000 men. The English lost one ship only, and 700 men. Spanish Galleons. See Vigo Bay. Sphacteria. See Pylos. Spicheren (Franco - German War). Fought August 6, 1870, be- tween the Germans, under Von Alvensleben, and a superior French force, under General Frossard. After an obstinate encounter, the French were driven from all their positions with heavy loss, and compelled to retreat on Metz. The Ger- mans lost 223 officers and 4,648 men. The battle is remarkable for the storming of the Rote Berg by I company of the 39th Regiment and 4 companies of 236 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the 74th Regiment, under General von Franfois, who was killed. These 5 companies main- tained their position throughout the afternoon, in face of a vastly superior force. This action is also known as the Battle of For bach. Spion Kop (Second Boer War). General Buller's second at- tempt to break through the Boer Imes on the Tugela, and relieve Ladysmith, is known by this name. The operations commenced on the 19th, 24,000 men being employed. On that day Sir Charles Warren's divi- sion commenced to turn the Boer right, and gradually drove them from ridge to ridge till the evening of the 22nd, when by a night surprise, Spion Kop, the centre of the position, was seized. It was, however, found impossible to get artillery up the steep slopes, and the brigade holding the hill lost about a third of their strength in the course of the 23rd, including the Brigadier, General Wood- gate. At nightfall. Colonel Thorneycroft, who had been appointed to the command, abandoned the hill, and on the following day General BuUer decided to recross the Tugela. The British losses during the operations amounted to 87 officers and 1,647 men. Spira (War of the Spanish Suc- cession). Fought November 15, 1703, between the French, under Marshal Tallard, and the Im- periaUsts, under the Prince of Hesse, each side being about 20,000 strong. After a severe engagement, the Imperialists were overpowered by the French cavalry, and totally defeated with a loss of 6,000 killed, wounded and missing. Among the prisoners was the Prince of Hesse. Splitter (Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg). Fought January, 1679, be- tween 16,000 Swedes, under Field-Marshal Horn, and 10,000 Brandenburgers, under the Elector Frederick William. The Swedes were utterly routed, Horn being taken prisoner, and not more than 1,500 succeeded in making their way to Riga. Spottsylvania (American Civil War). A continuation of the Battle of the Wilderness, fought May 10 to 12, 1864, between the Confederates, under General Lee, and the Federals, under General Grant. Lee's position covering Richmond was attacked on the loth by Grant, and the day ended •\\-ith both armies in their original positions, while the losses, especially on the side of the assailants, were very heavy. On the 1 2th Grant renewed the attack, and General Hancock, on the right surprised the first line of the Confederate defences, and compelled General Johnson and his division to surrender. With this exception, entailing the loss of about a mile of ground Lee held his own throughout the day, and Grant had suffered too severely to renew the attack. The losses from the 5th, the date of the first Battle of the Wilder- ness, to the 1 2th inclusive, were : Federals, about 50,000 killed and wounded, Confederates, about 12,000. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 237 Spurs. See Courtrai. Spurs. See Guinegate. Stadtlohn (Thirty Years' War). Foiaght August g, 1623, be- tween the army of the Protestant Princes of Germany, about 22,000 strong, under Duke Chris- tian of Brunswick and the Im- perialists, under Tilly. The Protestants were utterly routed and dispersed, Christian fleeing to Holland. Staffarda (War of the Revolu- tion). Fought 1690, between the French, under Marshal Catinat, and the Imperialists, under Victor Amadeus of Savoy. The Imperialista met with a crushing defeat. Stamford Bridge. Fought September 25, 1066, between the English, under Harold, and the Norse invaders, under Harold Hardrada and Tostig. The Norsemen were surprised by Harold in their camp, and totally defeated, both Hardrada and Tostig being killed, and the survivors driven to their ships. Stamford Bridge (Wars of the Roses). An encounter between the retainers of Sir Thomas Neville, and those of Lord Egremont, which developed into a pitched battle, in August, 1453. It is considered to be the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. Standard, The (Scottish Wars). Fought at Euton Moor, near Northallerton, in 11 38, between the Scots, under David, and the English, under Thurstan, Arch- bishop of York, and Raoul, Bishop of Durham. The Scots were routed, and fled in disorder. The battle derives its name from the fact that the banner of St. Cuthbert of Durham, which was held to ensure victory, that of St. Peter of York, and those of other saints, were carried in a waggon in the midst of the English army. Stavrichani (Ottoman Wars). Fought August 28, 1739, be- tween 30,000 Russians, under General Miinnich, and the Turkish army, under Veli Pasha. The Russians stormed the Turkish entrenched camp, driv- ing the Turks headlong into the Danube, where thousands perish- ed, and capturing all their guns and baggage. Miinnich follow- ed up this success by the capture of Choczin. Steinkirk (War of the Revolu- tion). Fought August 8, 1692, be- tween the English, under Wil- liam III, and the French , under Marshal Luxembourg. The En- glish attacked the French camp at daybreak, and broke and dispersed a brigade. Luxem- bourg, however, rallied his troops, and after a severe en- gagement, repulsed the English attack, though William was able to withdraw his forces in good order. Stillwater (American War of Independence). Fought October 7, 1777, be- tween the British, 6,000 strong, under General Burgoyne, and the Americans, under General Gates. The Americans occu- pied a strongly entrenched posi- tion, which was attacked by 238 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Burgoyne. After a severe en- counter, the attack was repulsed at all points, and the British driven back upon their camp at Saratoga, with heavy loss, including General Fraser, mor- tally wounded. The Americans followed up their success by an assault upon the British camp, in which they succeeded in effecting a lodgement, and on the following day, Burgoyne withdrew, and took up a fresh position on the heights near the Hudson. On October 15, Burgoyne, surrounded by the Americans, and finding that no aid could reach him, sur- rendered with 5,790 men, his total losses during the cam- paign having amounted to 4,689. Stirling (Scottish Wars). Fought September 11, 1297, between the Scots, under Sir William Wallace, and the Eng- lish, 50,000 strong, under the Earl of Surrey. Wallace fell upon the English army as it was crossing a narrow bridge over the Forth, and practically annihilated it. This battle is also called the Battle of Cam- buskenneth Stockack (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought 1799, between the French, under Jourdan, and the Austrians, 60,000 strong, under the Archduke Charles. The French were defeated and driven back upon the Rhine. Stoke (Lambert Simnel's Rebel- lion). Fought June 16, 1487, be- tween the royal troops, under Henry VH, and the rebels, under John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, who was aided by 2,000 German mercenaries, under Martin Schwarz. The King, whose force was superior in numbers, completely defeated the rebels, Simnel and all the rebel leaders being taken prisoners. Stolhoffen (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought May 22, 1707, when Marshal Villars, with 45 French battalions, stormed and cap- tured the lines of Stolhoffen, which were held by the Impe- rialists, under the Marquis of Baireuth. The French took 50 guns. Stone Creek. See Murfreesboro . Stormberg (Second Boer War). Fought December 10, 1899, when General Gatacre, with about 3,000 men, made a night march to attack the Boer posi- tion at Stormberg. He was misled by his guides, and came unexpectedly under a heavy Boer fire. The position was too strong to carry, and Gatacre was forced to retire, with a loss of 89 killed and wounded, and 633 prisoners. Stralsund (Thirty Years' War). This place was besieged, July 5, 1628, by the Imperialists, under Wallenstein, who had sworn to take it in three days. It was defended mainly by the inhabitants, aided by a small garrison of Swedes and Scots. An assault on the 8th was re- pulsed, and though on the 9th some of the outworks were gain- ed, the town still held out, and finally, after a siege of 1 1 weeks, Wallenstein was compelled to withdraw lus troops, having suffered a loss of over 12,000 men. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 239 Stralsund (Dano-Swedish Wars). The town was again besieged, October 19, 1715, by an army of Prussians and Danes, 36,000 strong, under Frederick William III of Prussia and Frederick IV of Denmark, and was defended by a Swedish garrison, under Charles XII. At the end of three months, the besiegers succeeded in seizing the island of Rugen, which commanded the town, and an attempt by Charles to retake it ended disas- trously, the king escaping with difficulty, and severely wounded, while the whole of his force was killed or captured. On October 10, the allies captured the horn- work, and on the 20th, the place being no longer defensible, Charles left the town and em- barked for Sweden on the only ship remaining in the harbour. The garrison immediately after- wards surrendered. Stratton (Civil War). Fought May 16, 1643, between the Parliamentary troops, under General Chudleigh, and the Cornish Royalists, under Sir Ralph Hopton. The Royalists attacked the Parliamentarian position on Stratton Hill, and after severe fighting defeated them, capturing 1,700 prisoners, including Chudleigh, 13 guns and all their baggage and muni- tions of war, Suero, The (Civil War of Ser- torius). Fought B.C. 75, between the rebels, under Sertorius, and the Roman army, under Pompey. The Roman right, under Pom- pey, was broken and defeated, but Afranius turned defeat into victory, capturing the Sertorian camp, and routing and dispers- ing the rebel army. Suddusain (Second Sikh War). Fought July I, 1848, when a force of Bhawalpuris and British 18,000 strong, under Lieutenant Edwardes, encountered 12,000 Sikhs, under Malraj. The Sikhs attacked, but were beaten off, largely owing to the superiority of the British artillery, and defeated with heavy loss. Sudley Springs (American Civil War). Fought August 29, 1862, be- tween the Federals, under General Pope, and the Con- federates, under Jackson. Jack- son, by a forced march, had succeeded in taking up a strong position in Pope's rear, and defied all attempts to dislodge him, repulsing the Federal attacks with a loss of over 8,000 men. Sugar-loaf Rock (Seven Years' War). Fought September 20, 1753, between the British, about 3,000 strong, under Major Laurence, and the French army which was besieging Trichinopoly, under M. Astruc. Laurence attacked before daybreak, and the native auxiharies with the French army were seized with a panic and fled, leaving the Europeans unsupported. In the end the French were defeated, with a loss of 100 killed and 200 prison- ers, including Astruc. The British lost 40 killed and wound- ed. Surinam (Napoleonic Wars). This place, held by a Dutch garrison, was captured. May 5, 1804, by a British squadron, 240 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under Commander Hood, to- gether with 2,000 troops, under Sir Charles Green. Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori's Invasion). Fought 1 191, between the Aghans, under Mohammed Ghori, and the Hindus, under the King of Delhi, with 200,000 horse and 300 elephants. The Afghans, who were greatly out- numbered, were surrounded, and utterly routed, Mohammed Ghori escaping ^^^th difficulty from the field. Sursuti, The (Mohammed Ghori's Invasion). Fought 1 192, when Moham- med Ghori, on the field where he had suffered defeat in the previous year, encountered the Rajputs and Delhi men, under the Rajah of Ajmir. The Afghans, numbering 120,000, completely routed the Rajputs, and captured the Rajah. Sveaborg (Finland War). This place was besieged by the Russians, under General Suchtelen, in February, 1808, and was defended by a garrison of 7,000 Swedes and Finns, under Admiral Cronstedt. The siege was conducted under consider- able difficulties, the transport of breaching guns being almost impossible. However, lack of supplies compelled the Admiral to sign an armistice, on April 3, by which he agreed to surrender if not relieved by at least five ships of war on May 3. This being still unbroken at that date, he handed over the town to the Russians, with 200 guns, and 2 frigates and 19 transports, which were ice-bound in the harbour. Sveaborg (Crimean War). The town, which had become an important Russian arsenal, was bombarded by a British fleet, under Admiral Dundas, August 9 to II, 1854. By the latter date, the arsenal and storehouses had been destroyed, and Dundas withdrew, making no further attempt to destroy the fortifications. Sybota. Fought 433 B.C., between a Corinthian fleet of 1 50 sail, and a Corcyrean fleet of no sail, aided by 10 Athenian triremes. The Corcyrean right wing was defeated, and would have been destroyed, but for the assist- ance of the Athenians, and the arrival of a reinforcement of 20 Athenian ships caused the Corinthians to retire. The Corcyreans offered battle on the following day, but the Corinthians declined. Both sides claimed the victory, but the advantage lay with the Corinthians, who captured several ships. Syracuse (Athenian Expedition to Sicily). Siege was laid to this city by the Athenians, under Alcibiades, Lamachus and Nicias, who with a fleet of 134 galleys, took pos- session of the harbour and eft'ected a landing in the autumn of 415 B.C. Alcibiades was soon recalled, and Lamachas killed in a skirmish, while Nicias proved weak and incompetent. The siege works were not pressed and in the follovdng year, Gylip- pus of Sparta succeeded in get- ting through the Athenian lines, and bringing a considerable force to the aid of the SjTacusans, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 241 capturing at the same time the advanced positions of the be- siegers. Early in 413, Demos- thenes arrived from Athens, with a fleet of 73 triremes, and made a desperate attempt to recover tlie lost ground. He was, however, totally defeated, and in a series of sea-fights which followed, the Athenian fleet was completely destroyed. This disaster forced the vVthen- ians to raise the siege, and was, in addition, a death-blow to the naval supremacy of Athens. Syracuse (Second Carthaginian Invasion). Syracuse was again besieged, B.C. 387, by about 80,000 Car- thaginians, under Himilco, aided by a powerful fleet, and de- fended by Dionysius, with about an equal number of troops. A fleet of 30 Lacedremonian tri- remes arrived to the succour of the Syracusans, and meanwhile a pestilence had carried off thousands in the besiegers' camp. At this juncture Diony- sius decided on a joint sea and land attack upon the Cartha- ginians, which was completely successful. Leptinus, with 80 galleys, surprised the Cartha- ginian fleet while the crews were ashore, and completely des- troyed it, while Dionysius storm- ed Himilco's defences,and utterly routed the besiegers, Himilco and his principal officers escap- ing from Sicily, and leaving the army to its fate. Syracuse (Second Punic War). In 213 B.C. Syracuse, then in the hands of the pro-Cartha- ginian faction, was besieged by the Romans, 25,000 strong, under M. Marcellus, and a fleet under Appius Claudius. The city was defended by a garrison under Hippocrates. The siege is specially notable for the pre- sence in the city of Archimedes, whose military engines played an important part in the defence, especially against the fleet. During the winter, the revolt of other Sicilian towns drew off a portion of the besiegers, and during the spring and early summer of 212, only a partial blockade could be maintained. Then however, taking advan- tage of a festival in the city, Marcellus stormed and cap- tured the upper portion of the town. An attempt to force the Roman lines by a Cartha- ginian relieving force, under Himilco, was repulsed, and shortly afterwards the rest of the city was captured by assault. Szigeth (Ottoman Wars). This small place, held by a Hungarian garrison, under Count Zrinyi, was besieged by the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent, in 1566. The siege was prosecuted with jvigour but was fatal to the great Sultan, who died on the night of Sep- tember 4. On the following day, however, the Turks stormed and sacked the town, and Count Zrinyi and his Uttle garrison perished in the flames. Tabraca (Revolt of Gildo). Fought 398, between 5,000 picked Roman legionaries, under Mascazel, and the revolted Africans, 70,000 strong, under R 242 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Gildo. At the first onslaught of the legionaries, all the Roman soldiers serving under Gildo deserted, and the Africans tak- ing to flight, Mascazel gained an almost bloodless victory. Gildo was captured and committed suicide in prison. Tagna (Peruvio-Chilian War). Fought May 26, 1880, between the Chihans, under General Baquedano, and the Peruvians, the Chilians gaining a signal victory. The Peruvian losses were very heavy, including 197 officers. Following up their victory, the Chilians captured the fortress of Arifa. Tacubaya (Mexican Liberal Ris- ing). Fought April 11, 1859, be- tween the Mexican Government troops, under Marquez, and the Liberals, under DegoUado. The Liberals were completely routed, with the loss of all their artillery and munitions of war, Tagina (Second Gothic War). Fought July, 553, between the Goths, under Totila, King of Italy, and 30,000 Imperial troops, under Narses. The Romans ■withstood the charge of the Goths, broke their cavalry, and then drove their infantry from the field, Avith a loss of about 6,000. Totila was overtaken and slain in the pursuit. Tagliacozzo (Guelfs and Ghibel- lines). Fought 1268, between the Guelf party, under Charles of Anjou, the usurper of the throne of Naples, and the Ghibellines, under Conradin, the rightful heir, and Frederick, Duke of Austria. The Ghibellines were utterly routed, and their leaders, including Conradin and the Duke, captured and beheaded. Taiken Gate (Hogen Insurrec- tion). Fought 1 1 57, between the Japanese rebels, under Shitoku, and the Imperial troops, under Bifukumonia and Tadamichi. The rebels were utterly routed. This battle is remarkable for the fratricidal nature of the conflict, many of the greatest families of Japan having representatives in both armies. Taillebourg. Fought 1242, between the French, under Louis IX, and the English, under Henry III, with whom were alUed the rebellious vassals of the French crown, the Comtes de Marche and de Foix. The allies were defeated, and Henry '^vithdrew his forces from France. Takashima (Chinese Invasion of Japan). After the wreck of the Chinese fleet, in 1281, the survivors, under Chang Pak, took refuge on the island of Takashima. Here they were attacked by the troops of Kiushiu, under Shoni Kagesuke. They were almost without exception killed or captured, only tliree out of the vast host returning to China. Taku Forts (Second China War). Fought June 25, 1859, when an attempt was made by the British to carry the forts at the mouth of the Peiho River. Eleven Ught-draught gunboats crossed the bar, and tried to silence the batteries, but %nth- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 243 out success, and at 5 p.m. an attempt was made to carry the defences by a land attack. A force of 600 marines and blue- jackets, under Captain Van- sittart, was landed, but after severe fighting was driven back to the boats, with a loss of 68 killed, and nearly 300 wounded. Six of the gunboats were sunk or disabled, and their crews also suffered heavily. On August 21, i860, a second and successful assault was made on the forts by a force of 1 1 ,000 British and 7,000 French troops, under Sir Hope Grant. After a brief bombardment, the small north fort, garrisoned by 500 Chinese, was stormed by 2,500 British, and 400 French, 400 of the garrison falling, while the British lost 21 killed and 184 wounded. In the course of the day the remaining forts sur- rendered without further light- ing. Talana Hill (Second Boer War). Fought October 20, 1899, between 4,000 Boers, under General Lucas Meyer, and a British force of equal strength, under General Syraons. The Boers occupied a strong position on the heights of Dundee, from which they were dislodged by the British infantry, with a loss of about 300. The British lost 19 officers, 142 men killed and wounded, and 331 prisoners, the latter a detachment of cavalry and mounted infantry, who were surrounded by a superior force of Boers, and surrendered. General Symons was mortally wounded. The action is also called the battle of Dundee. Talavera (Peninsular War). Fought July 28, 1809, be- tween 19,000 British and 34,000 Spaniards, under Sir Arthur Wellesley, and 50,000 French, under Marshals Jourdan and Victor, with Joseph Buonaparte in nominal command. The British repulsed all the attacks on their position, at a cost of 6,200 killed and wounded. The Spanish losses were returned at 1,200, but the figures are doubt- ful, as they took practically no part in the fighting. The French lost 7,389 killed, wounded and missing, and 17 guns. Talkhan (Tartar Invasion of Khorassan ). This fortress was captured, 1 22 1, by the Tartars, under Genghiz Khan, after an obstin- ate defence of seven months, in which thousands perished on both sides. Talneer (Third Mahratta War). By the treaty of January 6, 18 1 8, this fortress was sur- rendered by Holkar to the British, but on Sir Thomas Hislop, with a British force, arriving to take possession, on February 17, the commandant , refused to hand it over. Though warned of the consequences, he fired upon tlie British, where- upon Hislop opened fire, and in the afternoon of the same day the place surrendered. By some misunderstanding, how- ever, the Arab garrison of 300, were drawn up at one of the gates, and on the approach of two British officers and some Sepoys, cut them down. No quarter was then^f'given, Ihe garrison being killed to a man, and the commandant hanged. 244 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Tamai (Soudan Campaigns). Fought March 13, 1884, when 4,ocx) British, under General Graham, attacked and defeated the Mahdists, under Osman Digna, destroying their camp. The British fought in two squares, one of which was mo- mentarily broken by the Mah- ilists, who captured the naval guns. The second square, how- ever, moved up in support, and the Mahdists were repulsed and the guns recovered. The Brit- ish lost ID officers and 204 men killed and wounded ; the Der- vishes over 2,000 killed. Tanagra. Fought 457 B.C., between the Spartans, and their Pelopon- nesian allies, and about 14,000 Athenians and others, including a body of Thessalian cavalry. The battle was stubbornly con- tested, both sides losing heavily, but the desertion during the action of the Thessalians turned the scale, and the Spartans were victorious, though at a cost which deterred them from their intended attack upon Athens. Tanjore (Seven Years' War). This place was besieged, August, 1758, by the French, under Lally-Tollendal, and was defended by a garrison, under Monacji. After five days' bom- bardment, the walls were still insufficiently breached, and ow- ing to lack of ammunition, Lally determined to retire. Hearing this, Monacji made a sortie, and nearly succeeded in surprising the French camp. He was with difficulty beaten otf, and the French withdrew, with the loss of all their siege guns and heavy baggage. Tanjore. The fortress was besieged, August 20, 1773, by a British force, under General Joseph Smith, and defended by a gar- rison of 20,000 men, under the Rajah, Laljaji, and his Vizier Monacji. On September 16, a breach having been effected, the besiegers delivered an assault at midday, when their garrison were taking their usual noon- day rest, and meeting with little opposition, made themselves masters of the place. Tansara Saka (Satsuma Rebel- lion). Fought 1876, when the rebels in a very strong position were attacked by the Imperial troops, under Prince Taruhito, and after very severe fighting, driven out with enormous loss. The Imperialists also suffered se- verely. Tarapaca (Peruvio-Chilian War). Fought November 17, 1879, and resulted in the defeat of the Peruvians with heavy loss. Tarento (Italian Wars). This fortress, held by a Nea- politan garrison, under the Conde di Potenza, was besieged by about 5,000 Spaniards, under Gonsalvo de Cordova, in August, 1 50 1. Gonsalvo endeavoured to reduce the place by blockade, but found his forces melting away by desertion, and was forced to have recourse to more active measures. The north front of Tarento being bounded by a lake, was unfortified, and Gon- salvo, with incredible labour, transported overland some of the smaller vessels of the Span- ish fleet lying in the Bay of DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 245 Tarento, and launched them on the lake. The town was then at his mercy, and surrendered, being entered by the Spaniards, March i, 1502 Tarragona (Peninsular War). This city was besieged by the French, 40,000 strong, under General Suchet, in May, 181 1, and defended by a garrison but little inferior in numbers. The outer defences were stormed one by one, and by June 21, the besiegers had effected a lodgement in the lower town. On the 28th, the upper town was taken by storm, and the survivors of the garrison, 8,000 in number, laid down their arms. The French lost about 6,000 during the siege. Tashkessen (Russo - Turkish War). Fought December 28, 1877, between 2,000 Turks, under Valentine Baker Pasha, and a Russian division, under General Kourloff. In order to cover Shakir Pasha's retirement from the Shandurnik heights. Baker's greatly inferior force withstood throughout the day, the deter- mined onslaughts of the Rus- sians, when Baker finally with- drew, having effected his object, He had lost 800 men, and had inflicted a loss on his assailants of 32 officers and over 1,000 men. Tauris (Civil War of Caesar and Pompey). Fought B.C. 47, between the Pompeian fleet, under Marcus Octavius, and the Caesareans, under Publius Vatinius. The Caesarean fleet consisted of merchant vessels, temporarily equipped with beaks, but Va- tinius, though his ships were inferior both in number and quality, boldly attacked the Pompeians, and after severe fighting, completely defeated them, compelling Octavius to abandon the Adriatic. Taus (Hussite Wars). Fought August 14, 143 1, be- tween the Hussites, under John Ziska, and the Imperialists, under the Emperor Sigismund. The Hussites gained a signal victory. Tayeizan (Japanese Revolution). Fought 1868, when the adher- ents of the Shogun made their last stand in Tokyo at the Tay- eizan temple in the Park of Uyeno. They were defeated after a sharp conflict, leaving the Imperialists in undisputed possession of the Shogun's capital. Tchernaya (Crimean War). !ij Fought August 16, 1855, be- tween three Russian divisions, under General Gortschakoff, and three French and one Sardinian division, under General Marmora, The Russians attacked the allies' position on the Tchernaya, and after severe fighting, were re- pulsed with a loss of 5,000 killed and wounded. The allies lost 1,200. Tchesme (Ottoman Wars). Fought July 7, 1770, between the Russian fleet of 50 sail, under Count Alexis Orloff, and the Turkish fleet of nearly 100 sail of the Une, under Hassan Bey. With the exception of one ship, which was captured, the whole of the Turkish fleet was des- troyed. 246 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Tearless Battle. Fought B.C. 368, when a force of Arcadians endeavoured to cut off a Spartan army, under Archidamus, in a narrow defile in Laconia. They were repulsed with heavy loss, and not a single Spartan was killed, whence the engagement came to be called the Tearless Battle. Tegea. Fought B.C. 473, when the Spartans defeated the combined forces of the Arcadian League and the Argives, under the walls of Tegea. Though victorious, the Spartans were too much reduced in numbers to venture upon the attack of Tegea, which had been the object of the ex- pedition. Tegyra (Boeotian War). Fought B.C. ^y^, when Pelo- pidas, with the Sacred Band of 300 Thebans, routed a large force of Spartans in a narrow pass near Orchomenus, slaying 600, including their two generals Telamon (Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul). Fought B.C. 225, when the Gauls, marching upon Rome, found themselves caught be- tween two Roman consular armies, and though fighting desperately, were cut to pieces. Tel-el-Kebir (Arabi's Rebellion). Fought September 13, 1882, when the British, 17,000 strong, under Lord Wolseley, after a night march across the desert, attacked and stormed Arabi's entrenchments, which were de- fended by 22,000 Egyptians. The British lost 339 killed and wounded, the Egyptian loss was very heavy. Tel-el-Mahuta (Arabi's Rebel- lion). Fought August 24, 1882, when the Egyptians attempted to oppose the march of the British advance guard, under General Graham, to Kassassin. They made, however, but a feeble resistance, and were driven off with heavy loss. Te-li-ssu (Russo-Japanese War)- Fought June 14 and 15, 1904, between 35,000 Russians, under Baron de Stakelberg, and about 40,000 Japanese, under General Oku. The Japanese attacked the Russian position, but the Russians held their ground throughout the 14th, at a cost of about 350 killed and wounded On the 15 th, however, their flank was turned, and after hard fighting in which they suffered heavil}^ two batteries of artil- lery being absolutely cut to pieces, they retreated in some disorder, leaving over 1.500 dead on the field. The Japan- ese, who lost 1,163 in the two days, captured 300 prisoners and 14 guns. The total Rus- sian losses were about 10,000. Tellicherry (First Mysore War). This place, held by a small British garrison, and very im- perfectly fortified, was besieged June, 1780, by a Mysore force, under Sirdar AU Khan. Aid was sent to the garrison from Bom- bay, and a most gallant defence was made till January 18, 1782, when reinforcements arrived, under Major Abington, who, aided by the garrison, stormed the Mysori. entrenchments, cap- turing all their guns, 60 in number, and 1,200 prisoners, among whom was Sirdar Ali. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 247 Temesvar (Hungarian Rising). Fought August 9, 1849, be- tween the Austrians, under Haynau, and the Hungarians, under Dembinski. The latter was totally routed, and his army dispersed, this being the last stand made by the Hungarians in the war. On the 13th, Gorgey and his army surrendered to the Russians at Villagos. Tenchebrai. Fought September 28, 1106, between the English, under Henry I, and the Normans, under Robert of Normandy, Henry's brother. Robert was totally defeated and made pri- soner, and Henry annexed Nor- mandy to the crown of England. Tergoes (Netherlands War of Independence). This fortress was besieged, August 16, 1572, by the Dutch Patriots, 7,000 strong, under Jerome de 't Zeraerts, and was defended by a small Spanish garrison. On October 20, a force of 3,000 Spanish veterans, under Colonel Mondragon, suc- ceeded in crossing the " Drowned Land," with a loss of only 9 men drowned, and relieved the town, 't Zeraert's troops refus- ing to face this unexpected attack. Testry. Fought 687, between the Neustrians, under Thierry III, and the Austrasians, imder Pepin d'Heristal, the Maire du Palais. The Neustrians were routed, and Thierry captured. Tettenhall (Danish Invasion). Fought 910, between the Danish invaders, and the West Saxons, under Edward the Elder. The Danes were de- feated. Tetuan (Morocco War). Fought February 4, i860, when 30,000 Spaiiiards, under Marshal O'Donnell, stormed the Moorish entrenchments outside Tetuan, held by about 40,000 Moors. Three days later Tetuan was entered by the Spaniards. Teuttingen (Thirty Years' War). Fought November, 1643, be- tween the French, under the Marechal de Rantzau, and the Imperialists, under the Count de Merci. The Imperialists sur- prised the French camp, and totally routed them, Rantzau, being captured with most of his superior officers, and all his artillery and baggage. Tewkesbury (Wars of the Roses). Fought May 4, 147 1. when the Yorkists, under Edward IV, defeated the Lancastrians, under Prince Edward, Somerset and others, with heavy loss. Prince Edward and other leading Lan- castrians were killed, and Mar- garet of Anjou promptly sur- rendered. Texel (Dutch Wars). Fought June 2, 1653, between a British fleet, under Monk, and a Dutch fleet, under Van Tromp. The action was undecided, but on the following day, Monk having been reinforced by 18 ships, under Admiral Blake, renewed the attack, and signally defeated Van Tromp, with a loss of II ships and 1,300 prisoners taken, and 6 ships sunk. The British lost 20 ships and 363 killed and wounded. 248 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Thala (Numidian Revolt). In the 5^ear 22, this fortress, defended by no more than 500 Roman veterans, was attacked by a large force of nomads, under Tacfarinas. The Romans sal- lied out, and inflicted so severe a defeat upon Tacfarinas that his army was dispersed. Thapsus (Civil War of Caesar and Pompey). Fought April 6, b.c. 46, be- tween the Caesareans, consisting of 10 legions, under Julius Csesar, and the Pompeians, 14 legions, in addition to cavalry, light troops, and 100 elephants, imder Metellus Scipio and Juba. Thebes. This city was captured by the Macedonians, under Alexander the Great, in September, 335 B.C. The Thebans were block- ading the Macedonian garrison, which held the citadel, and the Cadmea ; Perdiccas, one of Alexander's captains, without orders, broke through the earth- works outside the city. Before the Thebans could shut the gates, Perdiccas effected an en- trance into the cit5\ and being joined by the garrison of the Cadmea, soon overcame the resistance of the Thebans. Six thousand of the inhabitants were massacred, and the city was razed to the ground. Thermopylae (Third Persian In- vasion). Fought 480 B.C., when 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians, under Leonidas, defended the pass of Thermopylae, leading southwards out of Thessaly, against the Persian host, under Xerxes. They kept the Per- sians at bay until a considerable force having passed the moun- tains by another part, they were attacked in the rear. They then retired to a hillock, and fought till the last man fell. Thermopylae (War with Anti- ochus). Fought B.C. 191, between 40,000 Romans, under Glabrio, and the army of Antiochus the Great, King of Asia, Antiochus was entrenched at Thermo- pylae, where he was attacked by the Romans, and a post held by 2,000 .^tolians being sur- prised, his flank was turned, and he was disastrously defeated. Antiochus escaped from the field with barely 500 men. Thetford (Danish Invasion). Fought 870, between the Danish invaders, and the East Anglians, under Edward. The latter were defeated and Edward killed. Thorn (Russo-Swedish War). Siege was laid to this place by the Swedes, under Charles XII, September 22, 1702. It was defended by a garrison of 5,000 Poles, under General Robel, who made a gallant defence, but after a month's siege, he was compelled by famine to sur- render. Thurii. Fought B.C. 282, when a Ro- man consular army, under Caius Fabricius, routed the Lucanians and Bruttians, who were besieg- ing Thurii. The siege was raised, and the Tarentine coaU- tion temporarily broken up. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 249 Tiberias. Fought July, 1 187, between the Saracens, under Saladin, and the Christians of Jerusalem, under Guy de Lusignan. Sala- din gained a signal victory, capturing the King, the Grand Master of the Templars, and the Marquis de Montferrat. Follow- ing up his success, Saladin recovered in succession, Acre, Jaffa, and other important places, and in the month of October of the same year, re- captured Jerusalem. Ticinus (Second Punic War), Fought B.C. 218, between 26,000 Carthaginians, under Hannibal, and 25,000 Romans, under P. Cornelius Scipio (the Elder). The Romans were de- feated with heavy loss, Scipio being severely wounded. Ticonderoga (Seven Years' War). Fought July 8, 1758, between Montcalm, with 3,600 French and Canadians, and the British, 1 5 ,000 strong,including 6,000 reg- ulars, under General James Aber- cromby. Montcalm was strong- ly intrenched on a ridge in front of Fort Ticonderoga, his posi- tion being furthered strength- ened by an abatis. Aber- cromby made no attempt to turn the position, but without waiting for his guns, ordered the regulars to take the lines by storm. Notwithstanding the gallantry of the troops, who advanced six times to the assault, the position proved impregnable, and Abercromby was forced to withdraw, with a loss of 19,44 killed and wounded, the French losing 377 only. The 42nd Regiment (Black Watch) showed conspicuous bravery, losing half the rank and file, and 25 officers killed and wounded. On July 22, 1759, a British force of 1 1 ,000 men under General Amherst, arrived before Ticonderoga, which was held by about 3,500 French and Cana- dians, under Bourlamaque. On the 23rd, Bourlemaque with- drew to the Isle-aux-Noix, on Lake Champlain, leaving only 400 men, under Hebecourt, with instructions to hold Am- herst before the place as long as possible. On the 26th, how- ever, Hebecourt set fire to the magazine and retired. Ticonderoga (American War of Independence). This place was invested, June 22, 1777, by the British, under General Burgoyne, and was defended by 5,000 Ameri- cans, under General St. Clair. After a brief siege, the Amer- icans evacuated the Fort, July 5. Tifiis (Tartar Invasion of the Caucasus). Fought 1386, between the Tartars, under Tamerlane, and the troops of the Caucasian tribes, under the Queen of Georgia. The Queen issued from Tifiis to offer battle to the Tartars, but her forces could not stand against them, and were cut to pieces. Tigranocerta (Third Mithridatic War). Fought B.C. 69, when the Romans, 10,000 strong, under LucuUus, who was besieging the city, were attacked by 200,000 Pontic and Armenian troops, under Tigranes. ''Tigranes had failed to occujiy some high ground which commanded the 250 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES position of his cavalry. This Lucullus seized, and attacking the Pontic cavalry in rear, broke it. He then attacked and routed the infantry, with a loss according to the Roman account of 100,000. The Romans lost 5 men only. Tigris (Persian Wars). Fought 363, when the Romans under Julian, crossed the Tigris in the face of a large Persian army, strongly entrenched on the opposite bank. At the first assault, though an attempt at a surprise failed, the Romans stormed the Persian lines, and after 12 hours' fighting, drove them from the field. The Ro- mans only admitted a loss of 75 men, while they claimed that the Persians lost 6,000 killed. Tippermuir (Civil War). Fought September i, 1644, between the Covenanters, 6,700 strong, under Lord Elcho, and about 3,000 Scottish Royalists, under Montrose. The Coven- anters were totally defeated, with a loss variously estimated at from 1,300 to 2,000 killed, and 800 prisoners, while the Royalist loss was trifling. Fol- lowing up his victory Montrose occupied Perth. Toba (Japanese Revolution). Fought 1868, between the troops of Aiza and Kuwana, under the Shogun Yoshinobu, and the army of Satsuma and Choshu. The Shogun was to- tally defeated, and abandoned his invasion of Satsuma, return- ing with his troops to Yedo by sea, surrendering shortly after- wards to the Imperial forces. Tofrek (Soudan Campaigns). Fought March 22, 1885, when General McNeill, with 3 battal- ions of Indian, and \\ of British troops, was surprised in his zariba, by about 5,000 Mahdists. One of the native regiments broke and fled, but the Berk- shires and Marines, made a gallant defence, though the zariba was forced, as did the other native regiments. After twenty minutes' fighting the attack was beaten ofi, the Mahd- ists leaving 1,500 dead on the field. The British lost 294 combatants and 176 camp- followers, killed, wounded and missing. Tolbiac. Fought 496, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Alemanni. The Franks, after a desperate conflict, began to give way, but were rallied by Clovis, who leading a charge in person, utterly routed the Ale- manni. This victory gave the Franks undisputed possession of the territory west of the Rhine. Tolentino (Hundred Days). Fought May 2, 181 5, between 50,000 Italians, under Murat, and 60,000 Austrians, under General Bianchi. The Italians were routed and dispersed, and Murat compelled to flee from Italy. Tolenus (Social War). Fought B.C. 90, between the Romans, under Lupus, and the revolted Marsians. Lupus was attacked while crossing the Tolenus, and totally routed with a loss of 8,000 men. Tondeman's Woods (Seven Years' War). Fought February 14, 1754. when a convoy to revictual DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 251 Trichinopoly, escorted by 180 British and 800 native troops, was attacked by 12,000 Mysore and Mahratta horse, under Hyder AU and Morari Rao, supported by a small French force. The Sepoys at once laid down their arms, but the Euro- peans made a gallant defence, until the arrival of the French force, when, hopelessly out- numbered, they also surrendered. The convoy and the whole detachment were captured. Torgau (Seven Years' War). Fought November 3, 1760, between the Prussians, under Frederick the Great, and the Austrians, under Count Daun. The Austrians, besides being numerically superior, occupied a strong position at Torgau. Frederick divided his forces, and while one portion, under Ziethen, attacked in front, he himself led the rest of his army round the position, and fell upon the Aus- trian rear. Both attacks were repulsed, but during the night, Ziethen, finding the heights badly guarded, gained them, and seized the batteries, turning a defeat into a signal victory. The Austrians lost 20,000, the Prussians, 13,000, and the vic- tory gave Frederick possession of the whole of Saxony. Toro (War of the Castilian Suc- cession). Fought March i, 1476, be- tween the Portuguese, and the Spanish supporters of Joanna for the throne of Castile, 8,500 strong, under Alfonso of Portu- gal, and the adherents of Isa- bella, about equal in numbers, under Ferdinand the Catholic. Ferdinand, after a long march, attacked the Portuguese at 4 p.m., and at the end of two hours' fighting, signally defeated them with heavy loss. Toulon (War of the Spanish Suc- cession). An attack was made upon the fortress by a combined Dutch and British fleet, under Sir Cloudesley Shovel, July 17, 1707. The allies failed to gain a footing in the town, but 8 French ships lying in the har- bour and 130 houses were destroyed by fire. Toulon (War of the Austrian Succession). Fought February 11, 1744, between a British fleet of zj sail of the line, and 8 frigates, under Admiral Matthews, and a com- bined French and Spanish fleet of 28 line-of-battle ships. The British fleet suffered a serious reverse, in consequence of which the Admiral and four captains were tried by court-martial and cashiered. The British lost 274 killed and wounded, the allies about 1,000. Toulon (Wars of the French Revolution ). On August 29, 1793, Toulon, which had opened its gates to the British, and was held by a small garrison, under Lord Mulgrave, was besieged by the French, under Dugommier. By December 18, most of the land- ward defences had been carried, and the place having become untenable. Lord Mulgrave car- ried off his troops by sea. This siege is chiefly memorable as being the first important appearance of Napoleon, who commanded the artillery. 252 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Toulouse (Peninsular War). Fought April lo, 1814, be- tween 38,000 French, under Soult, and 24,000 British and Spaniards, under Wellington. The French entrenchments in front of Toulouse were attacked by the British, who after severe fighting captured some of the outworks. The victory, how- ever, was incomplete, and was in effect of no value, as Napoleon had on this date already sur- rendered to the allies in Paris. The French lost about 3,000 killed and wounded, the allies, 4,659, of whom 2,000 were Spaniards. Tournay (Netherlands War of Independence). This place was besieged, Oc- tober I, 1 58 1, by the Royal troops, under Alexander of Parma, and in the absence of the Governor, Prince Espinay, was gallantly defended by the Princess, who held out until November 30, when, by an honourable capitulation, she was allowed to march out at the head of the garrison, with all the honours of war. Tournay (War of the Spanish Succession). The town was besieged by the British, under the Duke of Marl- borough, July 8, 1709, and was defended by a Frenth garrison under M. de Surville. After 56 days of open trenches, the gar- rison surrendered, having suf- fered a loss of 3,000 men. Tours (Moslem Invasion of France). Fought 732, between the Franks, under Charles Martel, and the Saracens, under Abder- rahman Ibu Abdillah. The battle lasted several days — according to the Arab chroni- clers, two, while the Christian accounts say seven — and ended in the fall of Abderrahman, when the Saracens, discouraged by the death of their leader, owned defeat, and iied, losing heavily in the pursuit. Towton (Wars of the Roses). Fought March 29, 1461, when Edward IV, immediately after his proclamation, marched a- gainst the Lancastrians, under Henry VI, and vigorously at- tacked their entrenched position at Towton. Aided by a heavy snowstorm, blowing in the faces of the defenders, Edward de- feated them all along the Une, with heavy loss, among the killed being Northumberland, Dacre and de Mauley. Henry and Margaret escaped from the field, and fled northward. Trafalgar (Napoleonic Wars), Fought October 21, 1805, be- tween the British fleet of 27 sail of the line and 4 frigates, under Nelson, with Collingwood second in command, and the combined French and Spanish fleets, numbering 33 sail of the line and 7 frigates, under Ad- miral Villeneuve. Nelson at- tacked in two lines, and destroy- ing the enemy's formation, completely defeated them, 20 ships striking their colours. Nelson fell in the moment of victory, while the Spanish Ad- miral was killed, and Villeneuve captured. Most of the prizes were lost in a heavy gale which sprang up after the battle, but the destruction of Villeneuve's fleet put an end to Napoleon's DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 253 scheme for an invasion of Eng- land. The British lost 1,587 killed and wounded, the losses of the allies being far heavier. Trautenau (Seven Weeks' War). Fought June 27, 1866, be- tween the First Prussian Army Corps, under General von Bonin, and the loth Austrian corps, under General Gablenz. The Prussians at first drove back the Austrians, but General Gablenz advancing in force, fell upon the Prussians, wearied with a long march, and compelled them to retreat, with a loss of 1,277 killed and wounded. Owing to the superiority of the needle- gun, the Austrians, though vic- torious, suffered a loss of 5,73.3. Travancore (Second Mysore War). Fought December 28, 1789, when Tippu Sahib, with about 15,000 Mysoris, made a night attack upon the British lines. Having thrown down a portion of the rampart, a small advance party were hastening to open the gate, when they were as- sailed by a detachment of the garrison, and hurled back into the trench. This repulse threw the advancing troops into con' fusion, and they were routed with a loss of over 2,000. Trebbia (Second Punic War). Fought December B.C. 218, between 26,000 Cathaginians, 6,000 being cavalry, under Hannibal, and 40,000 Romans under the Consul Sempronius. Sempronius' colleague, Scipio, had been wounded a few days before in a skirmish, and Sem- pronius, contrary to his advice, being in sole command, crossed the Trebbia to attack the Car- thaginians. The Romans fought with determination, and the issue was for some time in doubt, but finally a charge of the Carthaginian horse, under Mago, against their left flank, threw the legionaries into con- fusion, and they were routed with enormous loss. Trebbia (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought June 19 to 21, 1799, between the French, under Mac- donald, and the Russians, under Suwaroff. After a severe con- flict the French were totally defeated and driven beyond the Apennines, being obliged shortly afterwards to evacuate Italy. Trebizond (Ottoman Wars). This city, where the last re- presentative of the family of Comnenus had taken refuge after the fall of Constantinople, was besieged by the Turks, under Mohammed II, in 1461. After a brief resistance the city surrendered, and the last vestige of the Empire of the East was swept away. Treveri (Gallic War). Fought B.C. 55, between the Romans, 50,000 strong, under Julius Caesar, and 300,000 Asi- petes, a German tribe, who hatl made a raid into Gaol. The Germans were routed with enormous loss ; indeed, the action was less a battle than a massacre, and very few suc- ceeded in recrossing the Rhine. Tricameron (Invasion of the Vandals). Fought November, 533, be- tween the Romans, under Beli- sarius, and the Vandals, under 254 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Gelimer and Zano. The Romans were drawn up behind a stream, and were attacked by the Van- dals, though only the wing under Zano displayed any vigour in the assault. In the end the Vandals were defeated with a loss of 800, the Romans losing 50 only. This defeat put an end to the Vandal domination in Africa. Trichinopoly. This place was captured, after a three months' siege, by the Mahrattas, March 26, 1741. It had been provisioned for a long siege by Chunda Sahib, but the Mahrattas refilled to a distance of 250 miles, whereupon the avarice of Chunda Sahib im- pelled him to sell the grain which he had in store. The Mahrattas, who had been count- ing upon this, retraced their steps, and the garrison were in a very short time starved into submission. Trincomalee (Seven Years' War). Fought August 10, 1759, be- tween a British squardon of 12 sail, under Admiral Pococke, and a French fleet of 14 sail, under the Comte d'Ache. After an engagement lasting two hours, the French were worsted, but sailing better than the British, as usual at this period, eluded pursuit and lost no ships. Trincomalee (First Mysore War). Fought September 3, 1767, between the British, under Colonel Smith, and the Mysore army, under Hyder Ali. Hyder attacked the British camp, but was beaten off with a loss of 2,000 men while the British lost 170 only. On September 26 of the same year, a second engagement took place near Trincomalee, when Colonel Smith, with 12,000 British and native troops, came unexpectedly upon the united armies of Hyderabad and My- sore, 60,000 strong, under Hyder Ali, while rounding a hill which separated them. The superior discipline of the British enabled them to take full advantage of the surprise, and they inflicted an overwhelming defeat upon their opponents' disordered masses. Hyder Ali lost over 4,000 men and 64 guns, the British loss being 150 killed and wounded. Trincomalee. A naval action was fought off this place April 12, 1782, be- tween 1 1 British ships, under Sir Edward Hughes, and 12 French vessels, under Suffren. After a sanguinary action with no decisive result, the two. fleets, both too seriously damaged to renew the conflict, sep- arated, the British making for Trincomalee, and the French for their base to repair damages. On Septembers, 1782, another indecisive fight took place be- tween the same Admirals off Trincomalee, the British having 12 and the French 15 sail. Both squadrons were compelled after the action to return to their respective bases to refit. Trinidad (Wars of the French Revolution). This island was captured from the P"rench, without resistance, by a naval and military expedi- tion under Admiral John Harvey and Sir Ralph Abercrombie, February 17, 1797. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 255 Trinkitat (Soudan Campaigns). Fought March 29, 1884, when the British, 4,000 strong, under General Graham, totally de- feated 6,000 Mahdists, under Osman Digna, after five hours' severe fighting. The British casualties amounted to 189 killed and wounded ; the Mahd- ists lost about 2,000. This action is also known as the Battle of El Teb. Tripoli (Moslem Conquest of Africa). Fought 647, between the in- vading Moslems, under Abdal- lah, and 1 20,000 Imperial troops and African levies, under tlae Prefect, Gregory. The Moslems gained a signal victory, Gregory being among the slain. Trivadi (Seven Years' War). Fought 1760, between 5,000 Mysoris, under Hyder Ali, and a British force of 230 European and 2,700 native troops, under Major Moore, Notwithstanding his inferior numbers, Moore attempted to prevent the junc- tion of Hyder Ali with the French, and was totally de- feated. Trout Brook (Seven Years' War)* A small skirmish, in which the advance guard of Aber- cromby's army, marching on Ticonderoga, fell in with a French scouting column, 350 strong, under Langy, July 6, 1758. The French lost 150 killed and wounded and 148 prisoners, and the affair would be without importance but for the fact that Lord Howe, who was the brain of Abercromby's staff, was killed in the fight. His death was followed by the disaster of Ticonderoga, and as Parkman says (Montcalm and Wolfe, chap, xx.) : " The death of one man was the ruin of fifteen thousand." Troy. The siege and destruction of this city by the Hellenes, though all the details are legendary, may be accepted as a historical fact, and the date may be put approximately at 1 100 B.C. Truceia. Fought 593, between the Neustrians, under Queen Frede- gond, and the Austrasians, under Childebert II. The Aus- trasian army was totally routed and fled from the field. Tsushima (Mongol Invasion of Japan). Fought 14 19 between the Chinese and Koreans, and the ships of the Barons of Kiushiu. The Japanese gained a signal victory, and from that time were no more troubled by foreign invasion. Tudela (Peninsular War). Fought November 23, 1808, between 30,000 Frencli, under Lannes, and 45,000 Spaniards, under Castanos and Palafox. The Spaniards were totally de- feated, with a loss of about 9,000 killed and wounded, 3,000 pri- soners and 30 guns. The French losses were small. Tunis (First Punic War), Fought B.C. 255 between 15,000 Romans, under Regulus, and 16,000 Carthaginians, of whom 4,000 were cavalry, with 100 elephants, under Xanthip- pus, the Spartan. The Romans were broken by a cavalry charge, and their rout was completed by 256 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES the elephants, and all but 2,500 fell on the field. Regulus was captured, and Tunis at once occupied by the Carthaginians, Tunis (Ninth Crusade). This city was besieged by the French Crusaders, under Louis IX in 1270. While before the walls of the place, which offered an obstinate resistance, Louis died of a fever, and the crusaders at once raised the siege and retired. Turbigo (Franco-Austrian War). Fought June 3, 1859, when the advance guard of Marshal Macmahon's corps, under the Marshal in person, was attacked by a portion of the Austrian division of Clam-Gallas, while simultaneously 4,000 Austrians assailed the bridge over the canal near the Ticino, which the French main body was crossing. After severe fighting both at- tacks were repulsed with con- siderable loss. Turcoing (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought 1794 between the French, under Souham, and the British, under the Duke of York. The British were defeated and driven back upon Tournay. Turin (Revolt of Maxentius). Fought 312, between the legions of Gaul, 40,000 strong, under Constantine, and the troops of Maxentius, consider- ably superior in number. The charge of Maxentius' heavy cavalry failed, and he was driven back into Turin with enormous loss. Turin ((War of the Spanish Suc- cession). This place, held by an Im- perialist garrison, 10,000 strong, under the Duke of Savoy, was besieged by a French army of 68 battalions and 80 squadrons, with artillery and engineers, under the Duo de la Feuil- lade, May 26, 1706. On June 17 the Duke of Savoy left the city to orgainse a relief force. Count Daun taking the command. The garrison held out stoutly till September 7, when the approach of a large relieving force under Prince Eugene compelled the French to raise the siege. About 5,000 of the garrison perished either in action or by disease. In the action which preceded the re- tirement of the French, the Im- perialists lost i,500,the French 2,000 killed and wounded and 6,000 prisoners. Turnhout (Netherlands War of Independence). Fought August 22, 1597, be- tween the Dutch, under Prince Maurice of Nassau, and the Spaniards under the Archduke Albert. The Spaniards were totally defeated, and this vic- tory may be said to have set the seal of the Independence of the Netherlands. Tyre (Alexander's Asiatic Cam- paigns). This strongly fortified city, built on an island separated from the mainland by a channel 1,000 yards wide, was besieged by the Macedonians under Alex- ander the Great, B.c.,332. Alex- ander at once commenced the construction of a mole across the channel but was much hampered by the Phoenician galleys, which issued from the two fortified harbours, and de- DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 257 stroyed his military engines. He therefore collected in Sidon a fleet of 250 ships from the captured Phoenician cities, and holding the Tyrian galleys in check, completed his mole. It was some time, however, before a breach could be effected, but in August, 332, an assault was delivered, headed by Alexander in person, and the city was stormed and taken. Eight thousand Tyrians fell in the storm, and about 30,000 were sold into slavery. u Ucles (Mohammedan Empire in Spain). Fought 1 109, between the Spaniards, under Don Sancho of Castile, and the Moors, under Ali. The Spaniards were de- feated, with a heavy loss of the Christian chivalry, among the killed being Don Sancho. Uji (Taira War). Fought 1 1 80 between the adherents of the Taira clan, under Shigehira, and the Japa- nese, who had risen against the domination of the Taira at the Court of the Emperor Antoku, under Prince Yukiiye and Yori- masa. The Taira gained a com- plete victory, Yukiiye being killed, while Yorimasa com- mitted suicide in the held. Ulundi (Zulu War). The last battle of the war, fought August, 1879, between 5,000 British, under Lord Chelmsford, and about 20,000 Zulus. The Zulus were routed with a loss of over 1,500, the British losing only 15 killed and ;& wounded. Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars). Fought 1520, between the Danes, under Otho of Krumpen, and the Swedes, under Christina Gyllenstierna, widow of the Administrator, Sten Sture. The Danes, in superior force, were strongly entrenched at Upsala. They were vigorously attacked, but the advantage of position and numbers enabled them to beat off their assailants with heavy loss, though only after severe fighting. Upsala (Dano-Swedish Wars). Fought 1 521, when 3,000 Swedes, under Gustavus Vasa, defeated the troops of the Bishop of Upsala, who was holding the city in the Danish interest. After his victory Gus- tavus occupied the city. Urosan (Invasion of Korea). This place, held by a Japanese garrison under Kiyomasa, was besieged 1595 by the Chinese and Koreans, under Tik Ho. The garrison had been reduced to such straits that they had eaten their horses, when the approach of a relieving force, under Toyotomo Hideaki and Mori Hidemoto, forced Tik Ho to withdraw. While retreat- ing, however, he was attacked by the Japanese and totally routed. Ushant (Wars of the French Revolution). This action, generally known as the " Glorious First of June," was fought June i, 1794, be- tween a British fleet of 25 sail of the line, under Lord Howe, and 26 French ships, under Villaret. After four hours' fighting the French were de- feated, with a loss of 6 ships 258 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES captured, and one, the Vengeur, sunk. The sinking of this ship was elaborated by the French into a fable, to the effect that she refused to surrender, and went down with all hands and colours flying. She had, however, undoubtedly struck her colours, and her captain and over 200 of her crew were rescued by the boats of the British fleet. The French admitted a loss of 3,000 men, besides prisoners, while the British lost 922 killed and wounded. Utica (Civil War of Caesar and Pompey). Fought B.C. 49 between the Pompeians, under Varus, and the Caesarians, under Curio. Varus sallied from his entrench- ments to attack the Cssarians, but was signally defeated, his troops fleeing in disorder, and opening the way for the occupa- tion of Utica by Varus. Utica (Moslem Conquest of Africa). Fought 694 between 40,000 Moslems, under Hassan, and a large force of Greeks and Goths in the Imperial service. The ImperiaUsts were defeated and driven out of Africa, and Hassan followed up his victory by the destruction of Carthage, which thenceforth ceased to exist, except as an obscure village. Utsonomiya (Japanese Revolu- tion). Fought 1868, between the forces of the Shogun, under Otori Keisuke, and the Imperial troops, under Saigo Takamori. The ImperiaUsts were com- pletely victorious. V Vaalkranz (Second Boer War). General Buller's third attempt to pierce the Boer lines on the Tugela. On February 5, 1900, he seized Vaalkranz, under cover of a feint attack at Brak- fontein towards the Boer right. The hill was held by a brigade during the 6th and 7th, but finding further progress im- possible, BuUer again recrossed the Tugela. The British losses amounted to 374 killed and wounded. Valenciennes (Netherlands War of Independence). Siege was laid to this place in December, 1566, by a force of Spaniards and Germans, merce- naries, under Noircarmes. The operations were somewhat in- dolently conducted, insomuch that he and his six lieutenants were derided as the " Seven Sleepers," but towards the end of February Noircarmes began to press on his siege works, and on March 23 his batteries opened fire, the city surrendering on the follo^ving day. Valenciennes. Defended by a Spanish garri- son under Francisco de Manes- ses, Valenciennes was besieged June, 1566, by the French, under Turenne and La Ferte. The French encamped in two divisions on the opposite side of the Scheldt, and when the city was on the point of sur- rendering. La Ferte's division was attacked by 20,000 Spani- ards, under Conde, and totally routed with a loss of 400 officers and 4,000 men, before Turenne could come to his assistance. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 259 In consequence of this defeat, Turenne was forced to abandon the siege and retire. Val-es-Dunes. Fought 1047, between tiie Normans, under WilUam of Normandy, with aid from Henri I of France, and the rebel Norman Barons. The rebels were totally defeated. Valetta (Wars of the French Revolution). The capital of Malta, held by a French garrison, 60,000 strong,, under General Vaubois, was besieged September, 1798, by a force of British and Maltese, under Sir Alexander Ball. Vau- bois held out for two years, but on September 5, 1800, was com- pelled by famine to surrender. The Maltese lost during the siege 20,000 men. Valmy (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought September 20, 1792, between the French, 70,000 strong, under Dumouriez, and the Prussians, under the Duke of Brunswick. The battle con- sisted in the main of an artillery duel, in which the French had the upper hand, and after night- fall the Prussians retired, re- crossing the frontier two days later. Valparaiso. This city, entirely open and undefended, was bombarded March 31, 1866, by the Spanish fleet under Mendez Nuiiez. By this disgraceful action Val- paraiso was reduced to ashes. Valutinagora (Moscow Cam- paign). Fought August 19, 18 1 2, be- tween Ney's corps, about 30,000 strong, and a strong rear-guard of Barclay de Tolly's army, about 40,000 strong, under Bar- clay de Tolly in person. The Russians were strongly posted in marshy ground, protected by a small stream. The French, attacking resolutely, carried the Russian position in the face of enormous natural difficulties. Each side lost about 7,000 men. Varaville. Fought 1058, between the Normans, under William of Normandy, and the French and Angevins, under Henri I of France. The Normans gained a complete victory, and the French king shortly afterwards made peace. Varese (Italian Rising of 1858). Fought May 25, 1859, be- tween 3,000 Garibaldians, under Garibaldi, and 5,000 Austrians, under General Urban. The Austrians were repulsed after hard fighting, and suffered con- siderable loss. This action is also known as the Battle of Malnate. Varmas (South-American War of Independence). Fought 181 3 between the Colombian Patriots, under Boli- var, and the Spanish Royalists. The latter were defeated. Varna (Ottoman Wars). Fought November 10, 1444, between the Turks, under Amurath II, and the Hunga- rians, under King Ladislaus. The Hungarians attacked the Turkish camp, but were beaten off with heavy loss, the King being killed. On the following day Amurath stormed the Hun- garian entrenchments, practi- 26o DICTIONARY OF BATTLES cally the whole of the defenders being put to the sword. Varna (Ottoman Wars). This fortress, held by a Turkish garrison of 20,000 men, was besieged July, 1828, by the Russians, under Prince Mentschikoff, and though a feeble attempt to reUeve it was made by Omar Vrione Pasha, the place was taken by storm on October 1 1, Varus. Defeat of (Germanic Wars). The site of this famous battle is supposed to be between the rivers Ems and Lippe, not far from the modern Detmoldt. In A.D. 9 the Roman army, under Quintilius Varus, was attacked while on the march and en- cumbered by a heavj' baggage- train, by the Germans, under Arminius or Hermann. The country was thickly wooded and marshy, and the Romans could make but little defence, with the result that they were almost annihilated. Varus committed suicide on the field to avoid falUng into the hands of the victors. Vasaq (Ottoman Wars). Fought 1442, between So,ooo Turks, under Shiabeddin Pasha, and 15,000 Hungarians, under John Huniades. The Turks were utterly routed, with a loss of 20,000 killed and wounded, and 5,000 prisoners, including the Pasha. Vauchamps. See Champ-Aubert. Veii. This city was besieged B.C. 400 by the Romans, the siege being carried on in a desultory fashion for seven years. At the end of this period the^citizens of Capua and Valerii made an attack upon the Roman camp, and inflicted a signal defeat upon the besiegers. M. Furius Camillus was then appointed dictator, and a determined at- tempt was made to end the siege, mth the result that Veii fell B.C. 393. Rome's greatest rival in Italy was thus destroyed. Veleneze (Hungarian Rising). Fought September 29, 1848, between the Hungarians, under General Moga, and the Croats, under the Ban, Jellachich. The battle was indecisive, and was followed by a three days' armistice. Velestinos (Greco-Turkish War). Fought May 5, 1S07, between a Turkish division under Hakki Pasha, and the Greeks, 9,000, under Colonel Smolenski. The Greeks occupied a strong posi- tion at Velestinos, where they were attacked by the Turks, but held their own throughout the day. After nightfall, however his line of retreat being threat- ened. Colonel Smolenski with- drew to Volo, where he em- barked his troops on the 7th. Velletri (Italian Rising of 1848). Fought May 19, 1849, be- tween 10,000 Garibaldians, under Roselli, and the Nea- pohtans, 10,000 strong, under Ferdinand, King of Naples. The advance guard, under Gari- baldi, attacked the town of Velletri, which made a poor defence, and was evacuated during the night. The losses of the Garibaldians were small. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 261 Vercellae (Cimbric War). Fought July 30, loi B.C., be- tween 50,000 Romans, under Marius, and the Cimbri, under Boiorix. The Cimbri were al- most annihilated, and their king slain. Verneuil (Hundred Years' War) Fought August 18, 1424, be- tween 3,000 English, under the Duke of Bedford, and 18,000 French and Scots, under the Constable Buchan and the Earl of Douglas. The men-at-arms on both sides fought dis- mounted, but the French could make no impression upon the English archers, who were pro- tected by a barricade of stakes, and in the end were utterly routed, leaving over 4.000 dead on the field, among them Buchan and Douglas. The Due d'Alencon was taken prisoner. Verona (Revolt of Maxentius). This place was besieged 312 by Constantine, with the legions of Gaul, and was defended by a body of rebels, under Pompei- anus. After a sortie had been repulsed, Pompeianus escaped through Constantine's lines, and raised a force for the relief of the city. He was, however, met and defeated by Constan- tine, many thousands of the Italians, including their leader, falling, and Verona at once sur- rendered. Veseris (Latin War). Fought near Mount Vesuvius, B.C. 339, between the Romans, under Manlius Torquatus and Decius Mus, and the I.atin army. The Roman left was repulsed, but Decius Mus, sacrificing him- self for the army, sprang into the midst of the enemy and was slain, and his soldiers fol- lowing him, renewed the con- flict. Manlius now brought up his veteran reserve, and the Romans breaking the Latin line, slew or captured nearly three-fourths of their oppo- nents. The Roman loss, how- ever, was so heavy, that they were unable to pursue. Viborg, Fought 1 1 57, between the adherents of Sweyn III of Den- mark, and those of his succes- sor Waldemar. Sweyn was totally defeated and fled, but falling into a morass in his flight was overtaken and slain. Vicksburg (American Civil War). This city, held by a Confede- rate garrison, was invested June 24, 1862, by a fleet of 13 Federal gunboats, under Admiral Farra- gut, aided by a land force of 4,000 men, under General Wil- liams. After a bombardment which made no impression on the defences, Farragut reim- barked the troops, and with- drew, July 24. In the course of the siege Captain Brown with the Arkansas, a small river steamer, coated with iron, and carrying eight guns, attacked the Federal flotilla, which mounted 200 guns, and ran the gauntlet successfully, losing 14 men killed and wounded. The Federals lost 82. On January 9, 1863, the city was again invested by two Federal corps, under General M'Clernand, aided by a flotilla of gunboats, under Admiral Porter. It was defended by a garrison of 3,000 Confederates, under General Churchill. On the nth an attack by the 262 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES combined forces overpowered the garrison of the fort, but the town defences stiU held out, and the siege was not pressed. On May 1 8, the siege was renewed by three army corps of General Grant's army, the garrison being now commanded by General Pemberton. On the 22nd an unsuccessful assault cost the Federals 2,500, and a regular siege commenced, with the result that on July 4, Pemberton sur- rendered with 25,000 men and 90 guns. Vienna (Ottoman Wars). Tliis city, held by a garrison of 16,000 men, under Count de Salm, was besieged by Solyman the Magnificent, at the head of 120,000 Turks, in September, 1529. From the 27th of that month till October 14, the gar rison withstood a series of as saults, culminatingin an attempt to storm the breach, which were repulsed with heavy loss. Soly- man thereupon raised the siege and withdrew. Vienna (Ottoman Wars). Fought September 12, 1683, between 300,000 Turks, under Kara Mustapha Pasha, and 70,000 Christians, under John Sobieski. The Turks w-ere be- sieging Vienna, and Sobieski marched to its relief, with 30,000, bringing up the avail- able forces to 70,000, of which he was given the command. With this army he attacked the Turkish lines, and after a sanguinary engagement, lasting throughout the day, routed the Turks with enormous loss. Six Pashas were killed, and Mus- tapha only escaped capture by a precipitate flight. Vigo Bay (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought October 12, 1702, when the combined fleet of 30 British and 20 Dutch ships, under Sir George Rooke, forced the boom at the entrance to Vigo Harbour and destroyed the French and Spanish fleet anchored therein. Of the men- of-war, II were burnt and 10 captured, while 1 1 Spanish galleons, with treasure, were taken. This action is generally called the affair of the Spanish Galleons. Villach (Ottoman Wars). Fought 1492, between the Turks, under Ali Pasha, and a Christian army, under Rudolph de Khevenhuller. During the battle 15,000 Christian prisoners in the Turkish camp broke out, and fell upon the rear of the Turks, who were in consequence totally defeated. The Chris- tians lost 7,000 killed, the Turks 10,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners, including Ali. Villa Viciosa (War of the Spanish Succession). Fought December 10, 17 10, when 13,000 Imperialists, under Staremberg, retreating into Cata- lonia, after the defeat of Stan- hope at Brihnega, were attacked by 20,000 French, under Philip of Anjou and Marshal Vendome. Staremberg's left wing was cut to pieces, but his right and centre more than held their own, driving back the French with considerable loss, and capturing some gims. Staremberg was, however, too weak to take advantage of this partial suc- cess, and continued his retreat after the action. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 263 ViUeta (Paraguayan War). Fought December 11, 1868, between the Paraguayans, under Lopez, and the armies of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Over- whehiied by vastly superior numbers, Lopez was forced to withdraw his forces to the entrenched camp at Angostura. Villiers (Franco-German War). A determined sortie from Paris, under General Ducrot, on November 30, 1870, directed against the Wurtembergers. The operations lasted till De- cember 3. The French, who had at first gained some suc- cesses, were finally repulsed, with a loss of 424 officers and 9,053 men. The Germans lost 156 officers and 3,373 men. Vindalium. Fought B.C. 121, between the Romans, under Q. Fabius Maxi- mus, and the Arverni. The Arverni were completely de- feated, and compelled to sue for peace. Vinegar Hill (Irish Rebellion). Fought June 20, 1798, when the British regulars, under General Lake, attacked the camp of the Irish rebels, 16,000 strong, under Father Murphy. Little resistance was made, and the rebels were driven out of their camp with a loss of 4,000 killed and wounded, and 13 guns. Vimiera (Peninsular War). Fought August 21, 1808, be- tween 18,000 British and Portu- guese, under Sir Arthur Wel- lesley.and 14,000 French, under Junot. The French were signal- ly defeated, losing 2,000 men and 13 guns, but the victory was not followed up by Sir Harry Burrard, who was in supreme command, and the French were allowed to evacuate Portugal unmolested, under the Convention of Cintra. The British lost 720 killed and wounded. Viney. Fought 717, between the Austrasians, under Charles Martel and the Neustnans, under Chilperic II. The Neustrians were defeated. Vionville. See Mars La Tour. Vittoria (Peninsular War). Fought June 21, 18 13, be- tween 80,000 British, Portu- guese and Spanish troops, under Wellington, and about 70,000 French, under Joseph Buona- parte. After severe fighting the French were defeated at all points and made a somewhat disorderly retreat, losing 6,000 killed, wounded, and pri- soners, 143 guns, and almost all their baggage and treasure. The alhes lost 5,000. This battle finally closed the era of French domination in Spain, and opened to Wellington the road to the Pyrenees. V6gelinseck(Appenzel Rebellion). Fought May 15, 1402, be- tween 5,000 troops, of the Swiss Imperial towns, and 900 rebels of Appenzel and Schwyz. After a brief engagement, the rebels were driven from the field, with a loss of 250 men. Volconda. Fought April, 1751, between Mohammed Ah's army, 5,600 strong, under Abdul Wahab Khan, aided by 1,600 British, 264 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES under Captain Gingen, and Chunda Sahib's troops, 17,000 strong, together with a battaUon of Frenchmen. Captain Gingen, though greatly outnumbered, insisted on attacking, but was repulsed, his Europeans not showing their usual steadiness, and forced to retreat with con- siderable loss, Volturno (Unification of Italy). Fought October i, i860, be- tween 20,000 Italians, under Garibaldi, and 40,000 Neapoli- tans, under Afan de Riva. Garibaldi's position in front of Capua was attacked by the Neapolitans, who, after hard fighting, were repulsed all along the line, with heavy loss. The Garibaldian casualties were 2,023 killed and wounded. The Neapolitans lost 2,070 prisoners, but their losses in killed and wounded are unknown. In consequence of this victory, Garibaldi almost immediately captured Capua. Vouille. Fought 507, between the Franks, under Clovis, and the Visigoths, under Alaric II. Alaric was endeavouring to effect a junction with Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths, when he was attacked by Clovis, and totally defeated. Alaric fell in the battle. w Wagram (Campaign of Wag- ram). Fought July 6, 1809, between 150,000 French, under Napoleon, and 140,000 Austrians, under the Archduke Charles. Na- poleon crossed the lesser arm of the Danube from the Island of Lobau, on the night of the 4th and 5th July, and driving the Austrian advanced posts before him, prepared to attack their main position. An attack upon them on the evening of the 5 th was repulsed. On the 6th the Austrians attacked the French right, under Davoust, but were unsuccessful ; later, however, the French centre and left were compelled to give ground, but Napoleon bringing up the artil- lery of the Guard and Mac- donald's corps, checked the Austrian advance, while Davoust carried the heights on the Aus- trian left, outflanking them, and rendering their position unten- able. By three o'clock they were in full retreat, having lost about 24,000 killed and wounded, 9,000 prisoners, including 12 generals, and 20 guns. The French lost 18,000 killed and wounded. Waizan (Hungarian Rising). Fought April 10, 1849, be- tween the 3rd Hungarian corps, under Damjanics, about 7,000 strong, and two Austrian bri- gades, under Gotz and Jablo- nowski. Damjanics attacked the Austrians and drove them out of Waizan with heavy loss, among those who fell being General Gotz. Wakamatsu (Japanese Revolu- lution). The last stand of the Shogun's followers was made at the Castle of Wakamatsu, which was stormed by the Imperialists, September 22, 1868, The resist- ance to the new regime was thus completely broken. DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 265 Wakefield (Wars of the Roses). Fought December 30, 1460, between the Lancastrians, under Somerset, and the Yorkists, under Richard, Duke of York. The Lancastrians advanced from Pontefract and offered battle to Richard, who, though weakened by the absence of foraging parties, accepted the challenge. Somerset prepared an ambush, into which the Duke fell as he marched out of Wake- field, and the Yorkists were defeated with heavy loss. The Duke and many other nobles were killed, and Salisbury cap- tured and beheaded. Waltersdorf (Campaign of Fried- land). Fought February 5, 1807, be- tween the French, under Ney, and the Prussian corps of Les- tocq. The Prussians were de- feated with a loss of about 3,000 killed, wounded and missing. Wandewash (Seven Years' War). Fought January 22, 1760, between the British, with 1,900 European and 3.350 native troops, under Colonel Coote, and the French, 2,250 Europeans and 1,300 natives, under Lally- ToUendal. The French army was accompanied by 3,000 Mahratta horse, who took no part in the action. After severe fighting Lally was defeated, with a loss of 600 Europeans, besides natives, the British losing 190 only. Wandewash (First Mysore War)- This fort, defended by a small native garrison, under Lieu- tenant Flint, who had only one other European with him, was besieged, IDecember, 1780, by the Mysoris, under Hyder Ali. Flint held out with the utmost gallantry till January 22, 1781, when the approach of Sir Eyre Coote forced fiyder Ali to raise the siege. The garrison had then only one day's ammunition left. Warburg (Seven Years' War). Fought July 31, 1759, be- tween the French, 35,000 strong, under the Chevalier de May, and a largely superior force of Prussians and British, under Prince Ferdinand. The French were in danger of their flanks being turned, and after a brief engagement, retired, having lost 1,500 killed and wounded and 1,500 prisoners. Warsaw (Second Polish Rising). This city, which was held by a garrison of 30,000 Poles, under General Dembinski, was attack- ed by the Russians, 60,000 strong, under General Paskie- witsch. The first onslaught on the Polish entrenchments was made on the 6th September, 1 83 1, and the Poles, were driven from their first line. On the 7th a further assault was made, notable for the defence of the Wola redoubt, where, when it was finally captured by the Russians, only eleven men remained aliv^ out of a garrison of 3,000. On the 8th the last defences were overcome, and the city capitulated. The Poles had 9,000 killed in the defence. The Russians admitted a loss of 63 officers and 3,000 men killed, and 445 officers and 7,000 men wounded. Wartemberg (Campaign of Leip- sic). Fought October 3, 181 3, when Blucher, with 60,000 Prussians, 266 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES defeated 16,000 French, under Bertrand, posted in a very strong position, protected by a dyke and a swamp. Aided by the ground, the French with- stood the Prussian attack for over four hours, but finally Blucher turned their right flank and drove them from their posi- tion. The Prussians lost about 5,000. The French admit a loss of 500 only. Wartzburg (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought 1796, between the French, under Jourdan, and the Austrians, under the Archduke Charles. The Archduke inter- posed between the armies of Jourdan and Moreau, who were endeavouring to effect a junc- tion, and inflicted a severe defeat upon Jourdan, forcing him to retire to the Rhine. Waterloo (Hundred Days). Fought June 18, 18 15, be- tween 24,000 British, and 43,500 Dutch, Belgians and Nassauers, in all 67,655 men, with 156 guns, under the Duke of Wellington, and the French, 71,947 strong, with 246 guns, under Napoleon. Wellington posted his troops along the line of heights cover- ing the road to Brussels, with advanced posts at the farms of Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte. Napoleon attacked this position with the utmost resolution, but the British squares held their ground against the French cavalry and artillery throughout the day, and though the French captured La Haj'e Sainte, and obtained a footing in Hougoumont, the arrival of Blucher, with the Prussian army, on the French right, enabled Wellington at last to assume the offensive, and drive the enemy headlong from the field, utterly routed. The Brit- ish lost about 15,000, the Prus- sians 7,000 in the battle. The losses of the Dutch and Belgians were very small, as they left the field early in the day. The French loss was never ofiicially stated, but it was doubtless enormous, and the army practi- cally ceased to exist as an organ- ized force. Watigaon (First Burmah War). Fought November 15, 1825, when Brigadier-General M'- Donell, with four native regi- ments, advanced in three col- umns, against a large force of Burmans, under Maha Nemyo. The columns failed to keep touch, and were repulsed in detail, with a loss of 200 men, including the Brigadier. Watrelots (Netherlands War of Independence). Fought January, 1567, be- tween 1,200 Flemish Protest- ants, under Teriel, and 600 Spaniards, under the Seigneur de Rassinghem. The Protest- ants were defeated and 600 took refuge in an old grave5'ard, where they held out till the last man had fallen. Wattignies (Wars of the French Revolution). Fought October, 1793, when the French, under Jourdan, at- tacked the Austrians, under the Duke of Coburg, and drove him from his position, forcing him to raise the siege of Mau- beuge. Wavre (Hundred Days). Fought June 18, 181 5, between DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 267 the French, under Grouchy, and the Prussians, 27,000 strong, under Thiehnann, who had been entrusted by Blucher with the task of containing Grouchy, while the main Prussian army marched on Waterloo. Grouchy, who was anxiously expected at Waterlooo, mistook his instruc- tions, and wasted the day in attacking Thielmann, whom he defeated, but uselessly. Wednesfield (Danish Invasion). Fought in 911, between the Danes and the West Saxons, under Edward the Elder. The Danes were defeated. Wei-hai-Wel (Chino - Japanese War). On February 4, 1895, the boom protecting Wei-hai-Wei harbour was cut, and the Chin- ese fleet attacked by 10 Japan- ese torpedo-boats, who succeed- ed in sinking one battleship, at the cost of two torpedo-boats. On the following night the at- tack was renewed by four boats, and three Chinese ships were sunk. On the 9th another battleship was sunk by the Japanese land batteries, where- upon Admiral Ting, the Chinese commander, surrendered, and he and his principal officers committed suicide. Weissenburg (Franco-German War). The opening engagement of the campaign, fought August 4, 1 870, between the advance-guard of the Third German Army, under the Crown Prince of Prussia, and a portion of Mar- shal Macmahon's army, under General Abel Donay, who fell in the battle. The Germans carried the French position, and captured the town of Weissen- burg, at a cost of 91 officers and 1,460 men. The French lost 2,300 killed, wounded and pri- soners. Wepener (Second Boer War). This place was invested by a strong force of Boers, under De Wet, April 9, 1900, and was defended by 1,700 men of the Colonial Division, under Colonel Dalgety. Notwithstanding the Boer's great prepoiiderance in artillery, and a succession of bold assaults on the trenches, the garrison held out gallantly till April 25, when they were relieved by General Rundle, having lost 300 killed and wounded in the course of the operations. Werben (Thirty Years' War). Fought July 22, 1631, be- tween the Swedes, 16,000 strong, under Gustavus Adol- phvis, and 26,000 Imperialists, under Count Tilly. Tilly at- tacked Gustavus' entrenchments in front of Werben, but his troops could not face the fire of the Swedish batteries, and being thrown into disorder, were then charged by the cavalry, under Baudissen, and repulsed. The attack was renewed a few days later with a similar result, and Tilly then drew off his forces, having suffered a loss of 6,000 men. Wertingen (Campaign of Auster- litz). Fought October, 1805, be- tween the cavalry of Murat's corps, and nine Austrian bat- talions, strongly posted in and round Wertingen. The Austrians 2 68 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES were defeated, losing 2,000 prisoners and several guns, and had the French infantry been nearer at hand, it is probable that the whole force would have been captured. White Oak Swamp. See Seven Days' Battles. Wiazma (Moscow Campaign). Fought November 3, 181 2, when the corps of Eugene Beau- harnais and Davoust were at- tacked during the retreat from Moscow, by the Russians, under Kutusoff, and suffered a loss of 4,000 men. Wilderness, The (American Civil War). Fought May 5 to 8, 1864, be- tween the Army of the Potomac, 150,000 strong, under General Grant, and 53,000 Confederates, under General Lee. Lee's ob- ject was to intercept Grant's advance on Richmond, and early on the morning of the 5th he attacked the approaching Federal columns, and after a hard-fought day, succeeded in arresting the progress of Grant's right wing. On the 6th, Lee almost succeeded in breaking Grant's centre, but at the critical moment, Longstreet, who was to lead the attack, was fired upon and dangerously wounded by his own troops. The Federal right wing, however, was driven back in confusion, and Lee on his side lost no ground. The two following days minor skir- mishes took place, leading up to the great battle of Spottsylvania. The Confederates lost about 8,000 in the two days' fighting. The Federal losses were far heavier, amounting to 15,000 in the second day alone. Williamsburg (American Civil War). Fought May 5,1862, between the Confederates, under General Magruder, and the Federals, under General M'Clellan. Ma- gruder occupied a very strong position and held the Federals at bay throughout the day, but being greatly outnumbered, withdrew during the night. The Federals lost 2,228 killed, wounded and missing, the Con- federate loss being much smaller. Wilson's Creek (American Civil War). Fought August 6, 1 861, be- tween 6,000 Federals, under General Lyon, and 16,000 Con- federates, under General M'- Culloch. General Lyon divided his force into two columns, for the attack on M'Culloch's posi- tion, and that led by himself surprised the Southerners, and gained a partial success. They rallied, however, and beat him off, Lyon falling, the other column being also repulsed. The Federals lost 1,236, and the Con- federates 1,095 killed, wounded and missing. Wimpfen (Thirty Years' War). Fought April 26, 1622, be- tween 14,000 Palatinate troops, under the Margrave of Baden, and the Imperialists, under Count Tilly and Gonsalvo de Cordova. Tilly attacked the. Margrave's camp, which was not entrenched, and though a brilliant cavalry charge cap- tured his guns, it was not sup- ported by the Palatine infantry, and the Imperialists rallying, drove off the cavalry in disorder, recovered the guns, and then routed the infantry, \\-ith a loss DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 269 of 2,000 killed and wounded, and all their artillery, baggage and camp equipment. Winchester (American Civil War ). Fought June 14, 1863, when 7,000 Federals, under General Milroy, were defeated by three Confederate divisions, under General Ewell, and forced to retreat with heavy loss, includ- ing 3,700 prisoners and 30 guns. Winkovo (Moscow Campaign). Fought October 18, 18 12, when Murat, with 30,000 men, forming the advance-guard of the retiring French army, was attacked by the Russians, under Count Orloff Dennizoff, and driven from his position, with a loss of 2,000 killed, 1,500 prisoners, and all his baggage and artillery. Wisby (Dano-Swedish Wars). A three days' battle, fought 1613, between the fleet of Gus- tavus Adolphus of Sweden, and that of Christian IV, of Den- mark. The action was very obstinately contested, and final- ly the fleets separated without any decisive result. Wisloch (Thirty Years' War). Fought April 16, 1622, be- tween the troops of the Count Palatine, under the Count von Mansfeldt, and the Imperialists, under Count Tilly. Tilly at- tacked and drove in the Palat- inate rearguard, but failing to check the pursuit, was con- fronted by the main body, and defeated with a loss of 3,000 killed and wounded, and all his guns. This victory enabled Mansfeldt to effect a junction with the army of the Margrave of Baden. Worcester (Civil War). Fought September 3, 165 1, between 12,000 Royalists, under Charles II, and about 30,000 Parliamentarians, under Crom- well. Charles attacked Crom- well's wing, and was repulsed and driven into Worcester, where he was met by the other wing of the Parliamentary army, under Fleetwood. The Royal- ists were utterly routed and dispersed, losing 3,000 killed, among whom was the Duke of Hamilton, and a large number of prisoners, including Lords Derby, Lauderdale and Ken- mure, and five generals. Charles himself escaped with difficulty. This was the last pitched battle of the Civil War. Worth (Franco-German War). Fought August 6, 1870, be- tween the Third German Army, under the Crown Prince of Prussia, and the French, under Marshal Macmahon. After a closely contested engagement, the French were driven from all their positions, and made a hasty retreat beyond the Vosges. The Cuirassier division of General Bonnemain was completely cut to pieces in charging the German infantry, near Elsasshausen. The German losses amounted to 489 officers, and 10,153 men, while the French lost 10,000 killed and wounded, 6,000 prisoners, 28 guns and 5 mitrail- leuses. Wrotham Heath (Wyatt's In- surrection). Fought January, 1554, when the Kentish insurgents, under Sir Henry Isley, were totally defeated by the Royal troops, under Lord Abergavenny. !70 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Wargaom (First Mahratta War). Fought January 12, 1779, when a British force, 2,600 strong, under Colonel Cock- burn, retreating from Poonah, was attacked by the Mahratta army, under Mahadaji Sindhia, and Hari Pant. The British succeeded in beating off the attack, and making good their position in the village of War- gaom, but at a loss of 352, in- cluding 15 officers, and ulti- mately a convention was signed by Sindhia, under which the British retired unmolested. Wynandael (Napoleonic Wars). Fought September 28, 1^08, between the British, under General Webb, and the French under the Comte de la Motte. The French, with 40 battalions and 40 squadrons, attempted to intercept a convoy of supplies for the army besieging Lille, and were totally defeated, by a far inferior force, with a loss of 7,000 men. X Xeres (Moslem Empire in Spain). Fought July 19 to 26, 711, between 90,000 Spaniards, under Roderic, and 12,000 Moslems, with a numerous force of African auxiliaries, under Tarik. On the fourth day the Moslems suffered a severe repulse, leaving 16,000 dead on the field, but the defec- tion of Count Julian, with a large part of the King's forces, revived their courage, and finally the Christians were routed and dispersed. Roderic fled from the field, but was drowned in crossing the Guadalquivir. This victory marks the fall of the Gothic monarchy, and the begin- ning of the Moorish domination in Spain. Yalu (Chino- Japanese War). Fought September 17, 1894, between the Chinese fleet of 2 battleships and 8 cruisers, under Admiral Ting, and the Japanese fleet of 10 cruisers, and 2 gunboats, under Admiral I to. The two fleets met at the mouth of the Yalu, the Chinese steam- ing out in line abreast. Ito attacked in line ahead, using his superior speed to circle round the enemy's ships. Two of the Chinese vessels hauled out of the line and fled without coming into action, while two more were set on fire, and made for the shore. The remaining 6 ships fought well, and a little before sundown Ito retired, leaving the crippled Chinese fleet to make its way to Port Arthur. The Japanese lost 294 IdUed and wounded, of whom 107 fell on the flagship, the Matsushima, while the Chiyada, which was the next ship in the line, had not a man touched. The Chinese losses are unknown. Yalu. See Kiu-lien-cheng. Yamazaki. Fought 1582, between the adherents of the Ota family, then predominant in Japan, and the followers of the rebel Mitsuhide. Mitsuhide sustained a crushing defeat. Yashima (Taira War). Fought 1 1 84, between the adherents of the Taira family, DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 271 and the rebels, under Yoshi- tsune. The Taira forces were defeated. Yawata (War of the Northern and Southern Empires). Fought January, 1353, be- tween the armies of the Northern and Southern Emperors of Ja- pan. The army of the latter, led by Moroushi, gained a signal victory. Yenikale, Gulf of (Ottoman Wars). Fought July, 1790, between the Turkish fleet, and the Rus- sians, under Admiral Onscha- koff. The battle was fiercely contested, but eventually botli fleets drew off without any decisive result. Yermuk (Moslem Invasion of Syria). Fought November, 636, be- tween 140,000 Imperial troops, under Manuel, the General of Heraclius, and 50,000 Moslems, under Khaled. The Moslem attack was thrice repulsed, but they returned to the charge, and after a long and sanguinary engagement, drove their op- ponents from the field with enormous loss. The Moslems lost 4,030 killed. Yorktown (American War of Independence). The entrenched position of Lord Comwallis, with 6,000 British troops at this place, was invested by Washington, with 7,000 French and 13,000 Americans, in September, 178 1. The British held out until Oc- tober 19, when, surrounded and outnumbered, Cornwallis sur- rendered, having lost during the operations, 12 officers and 469 rank and file, killed and wounded. Yorktown (American Civil War). This small village gives its name to the entrenched position occupied by General Magruder with 11,000 Confederates, wliich was invested by 105,000 Federal troops, with 103 siege guns, April 5, 1862. On the i6th, an unsuccessful attack was made upon Magruder's lines, and both sides having been reinforced, M'Clellan set about the erection of batteries. On May 4, the Federals were about to open fire, when it was found that the Confederates had abandoned the position and retired. Youghiogany (Seven Years' War). A skirmish of no importance in itself, but notable as being "the shot fired in America wliich gave the signal that set Europe in a blaze" {Voltaire, Louis XV), and was in a sense the cause of the Seven Years' War. On May 27, 1754, Wash- ington, with 40 Virginians, sur- prised a small French detach- ment, under Coulon de Jumon- ville, despatched probably as a reconnaissance by Contrecoeur from Fort Duquesne. The de- tachment, with one exception, was killed or captured. ^, Zab, The (Bahram's Revolt). Fought 590, between the troops of the Persian usurper Bahram, and the army of the Emperor Maurice, under Narses. The usurper's forces were totally routed, and Chosroes II restored to the throne of Persia. 272 DICTIONARY OF BATTLES Zalaka (Moorish Empire in Spain). Fought October 26, 1086, between 40,000 Moors, under Almoravid, and 300,000 Chris- tians, under Alfonso VI of Castile. The Spaniards were utterly routed, with enormous loss. Alfonso, at the head of 500 horse, cut his way out, and with difficulty escaped. Zama (Second Punic War). Fought B.C. 202, between the Carthaginians, under Hanni- bal, and the Romans, under Scipio Africanus. The Cartha- ginians began to attack with their elephants, 80 in number, but some of these became un- manageable, and fell back upon the cavalry, throwing them into disorder, while the legion- aries opened out and allowed the others to pass down the lanes between their ranks. The infantry then closed, and after severe fighting, the Romans gained a complete victory, 20,000 Carthaginians falling, w^hile as many more were made prisoners. Hannibal escaped from the field at the end of the day. Zamora (Moorish Empire in Spain). Fought 901, between the Spaniards, under Alfonso the Great, King of the Asturias, and the Moors, under Abdallah, King of Cordova. The Moors were utterly routed, with heavy loss, Alfonso thereby extending his dominions as far as the Guadiana. Zeim (Russo-Turkish War). Fought April 20, 1S77, be- tween the Russians, under Loris Melikoff, and the Turks, under Mukhtar Pasha. Melikoff at- tacked the Turks in a strongly entrenched position, but was repulsed with considerable loss. Zendecan (Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan). Fought 1039, between the Seljuks, under Moghrul Beg, and the Afghans, under Musrud, Sultan of Ghuzni. The Afghans were defeated, and Musrud compelled to retire on his capital. Zeugminum (Hungarian War). Fought 1 168, between the Greeks, under Manuel I, Em- peror of Constantinople, and the Hungarian invaders. The Hun- garians were signally defeated, and the war, which had lasted for five years, came to an end. Zeuta (Ottoman Wars). Fought September 11, 1679, between the Austrians, under Prince Eugene, and the Turks, under Elwas Mohammed, the Grand Vizier. Eugene attacked the Turkish army as it was crossing a temporary bridge over the Theiss, and the cavalry being already across, cut it in two, and completely routed the infantry, driving them into the river. The Turks lost 29,000 men. The Austrians 500 onh^ Ziela (Third Mithridatic War). Fought B.C. 67, between the Romans, under Triarius, and the Pontic army, under Mithri- dates. The King attacked the Roman camp, and practically annihilated them, though him- self dangerously wounded in the assault. Ziela. Fought August 2, B.C. 47, between 7 Roman legions, with DICTIONARY OF BATTLES 273 some Asiatic auxiliaries, under Julius Caesar, and the Bos- poraiis, under Pharnaces. Phar- naces attacked the Romans while they were pitching camp, but the legionaries quickly formed up, and utterly routed their assailants. This is the occasion of Caesar's famous despatch, " Veni, vidi, vici." Ziezicksee (Flemish War). Fought 1302, when the Genoese galleys, in the service of PhiUp IV of France, under Grimaldi and FiHpo di Rieti, utterly destroyed the Flemish fleet. Zlotsow (Ottoman Wars). Fought 1676, between the Poles, under John Sobieski, and 20,000 Turks and Tartars, under Mohammed IV. The Turks were signally defeated. Znaim (Campaign of Wagram). Fought July 14, 1809, when Massena, with 8,000 French, attacked 30,000 Austrians, under the Prince of Reuss, and drove them into Znaim with considerable loss, including 800 prisoners. Zorndorf (Seven Years' War). Fought August 25, 1758, be- tween the Prussians, 25,000 strong, under Frederick the Great, and a Russian army, under Fermor, which was besieg- ing Custria. Frederick attacked the Russian entrenchments, and drove them out, with a loss of 19,000 forcing them to relin- quish the siege. The Prussians lost about 11,000. Zummerhauscn (Thirty Years' War). Fought 1647, when (he I'"r( nch and Swedes, under Turenne and Wrangel, inflicted a decisive defeat upon the ImperiaUsts. Zurakow (Ottoman War). In 1676, John Sobieski, with 10,000 Poles, was besieged by 200,000 Turks and Tartars, under Ibrahim Pasha (Shaitan). Having 63 guns, Sobieski made a sturdy defence, and by con- stant sorties inflicted enormous loss on the besiegers. At last, being unable to make any im- pression on the defence, and finding his army wasting away, Ibrahim consented to treat, and withdrew his forces from Pohsh territory. The Turks lost enormous numbers during the siege ; the Poles lost 3,000. Zutphen (Netherlands War of Independence). Fought September 22, 1580, between the Spaniards, under Prince Alexander of Parma, and the English, under the Earl of Leicester. The Spaniards endeavoured to throw a convoy of provisions into Zutphen, which Leicester was besieging. He attempted to intercept it, but without success, and was forced to retire after suffering con- derable loss. Among those who fell on the English side was Sir PhiUp Sydney. Zuyder Zee (Netherlands War of Independence). Fought October 11, i573. between 30 Spanish ships, under Bossu, and 25 Dutch ships, under Admiral Dirkzoon. The Spanish llect fled, after losing 5 ships, only Bossu standing his ground. Mis ship, however, was eventually captured, alter losing three-fourths of her trow. T INDEX Abbas II, 121 Abbe, 155 Abdallah, 100, 143, 169, 255 — of Cordova, 272 Abd-el-Kader, 116 — Rahman, 10 Abderrahraan Ibn Abdillah, 252 Abdul Wahab Khan, 263 Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, i, 9, 254 Abercromby, Gen. James, 116, 249, 255 Aberdeen, Provost of, io5 Abergavenny, Lord, 269 Abington, Major, 246 Aboukir Bay, 177 Aboyne, Lord, 41 Abu Hamed, 219 — '1 Hasan, lo, 24, 219 — Obeidah, 8, 118 — Sophian, 30, 155, i8r, 231 Abysinnia, Italian Invasion of, 4 Acha, Gen., 183 Achmet Hefzi Pasha, 99 — Koprili Pasha, 188, 217 Acre, 3, 167 Adams, Major, 56, 97, 166, 182 Adda, Tlie, 141 Adherbal, 79 Add Pasha, 142 Adour, The, 178 ifimilius. Consul, 48 — Paulus, 203 /Ethelfrith, 72 /Ethelred, 21, 86, 207 /Ethelstan, 42 Aetius, 55 Afan de Riva, 264 Afghan Wars, 6, 34, 56, 97, 117, 119, 121, 123, 124, 148, 190 Afranius, 239 Africa, Count of, iii Agcsilaus, 66 Agis, 151, 156 Agnes, Countess of March, 81 Agostina, 222 Agra, 220 Agricola, loi Agrippa, 170, 172 Ahmed Ali, 5 — Bey, 206 — Pasha, 45, 58 Aidan, 72 Aiza, 94, 250 Ajmir, Rajah of, 240 Akbar, 60, 158, 187 — Khan, 117 Alaf Khan, 131 Alaric, 197, 211 — II, 197, 264 Ala-ud-Din, 60, 74, 131 Albemarle, Duke of, 9, 75, 99, 179 — Sound, 210 Albert, Archduke, 70, 117, 176, 183, 256 — Margra\'e, 231 Albigenses, 169 Albinus, Clodius, 145 Alboin, 189 Albuquerque, 100, 148 Alcibiades, 72, 179, 240 Alcidas, 170 Alemanni, 18, 55 Alexander of Bulgaria, 194, 232 — Despot of Pheroe, 71 — of Epirus, 186 — of Parma, 146, 252, 273 — the Great, 17, 54, 95, loi, 113, 116, 248, 256 Alexander's Asiatic Campaigns, 95, loi, 113, 116, 256 Alexius the Usurper, 64 Alfonso IV, of Portugal, 219, 251 — VI, 113, 272 — VIII, of Castile, 7 — XI, of Castile, 219 — the Great, 272 — the Infante, i8i Alfred the Great, 21, 87, 158, 207 Algeciras, 220 Algiers, Dey of, 138 Ali, 28, 113, 231, 2.S7 — Adil Shah, 100 — Atar, 142, 143 — Khan, 246 — Hussein, 46 — Moldovani Pasha, 79 — Pasha, 210, 262 Alio, River, 108 276 2/6 INDEX Allemande, Adm., 131 AUersheim, 178 Allied Invasion of France, 41, 55, 67, 131, 133. 135, 166, 18S, 208 Almady, 65 Almagro, 71, 135 Almohacen, Heights of, 142 Almoravid, 272 Alonzo-di-Aguila, 162 Alub Khan, 220 Alumbagh, 144 Alsusielf, 56 Alvarez Mariano, 97 Alviani, Gen., 5 Alvinzi, 17, 18, 46, 200 Amandus 108 Amanien, 36 Amboiorix, 4 Ambrosio Bercenegra, Don, 135 American Civil War, 15, 26, 42, 43, 53, 54, 57, 58, 66, 69, 87, 89, 92, 97, 105, 125, 139, 151, 157, 159, 169, 172, 180, 189, 191, 192, 200, 201, 202, 209, 210, 225, 230, 235, 261, 268, 269, 271 — Spanish War, 150 — VVar of Independence, 32, 34, 39, 42, 43. 46, 47, 49. 54. 56, 59, 63, 86, 97, 102, 103, 139, 190, 202, 237, 249, 271 — Wars, 26, 35, 36, 43, 57, 59, 61, 131, 144, 175, 205, 229 Americo-Mexican War, 15, 42, 163, iS6 Amherst, Gen., 143, 164, 209 Amiens, Peace of, 154 Aminias, 219 Amir Daood, 131 Amraatas, 51 Amphictyonic War, 54 Amron, 9, 157 Araurath II, 64, 130, 165, 259 Andres, 235 Andronicus the Younger, igo Angelus, Isaac, 64 Angostura, 263 Angus, 14, 223 Anjou, Due d', 145, 162 Anlaf the Dane, 42 Anson, Adm., 48 Anstruther, Col., 41 Antigonus, 44, 65, 86, 115, 187, 191 Antigonus Soter, 222 Antiochus the Great, 19, 21, 147, 167, 170, 207, 248 Antipater, 156 Antoku, 257 Antonius, Gains, 70 — Primus, 68 Antony. Mark, 3, 169, 193 Anwar-ud-Din, 13 Appenzel Rebellion, 263 Appius Claudius, 241 Appleton, Commodore, 136 Apraxine, 7, 102 Arabi Pasha, 122 Arabi's Rebellion, 9, 122, 246 Aratus, 156 Arbogastes, 17 Arbuthnot, Adm., 49 Archelaus, 55, 183 Archidamus, 150, 195, 246 Archimedes, 241 Ardoch, Moor of, loi Aredondo, 42 Aremberg, Count, 107, 108 Argive War, 227 Argyle, Duke of, 98, 115, 229 Arica, 242 Ariovistus, 3, 168 Ashanti Wars, 2, 14, 77 Arista, 186 Aristoeus, 201 Aristagorus, 86 Aristomenes, 156 " Arkansas," The, 261 Armagnac War, 206, 218 Arminius, 114, 260 Arnulph of Germany, 83 Arona, 165 Arsaus III, 19 Artaphernes, 86 Artaxerxes, 70 Arundel's Rebellion, 88, 218, 220 Arverni, The, 263 Asipetes, The, 253 Aston, Sir Arthur, 80 Astruc, Mons., 228, 239 Atahualpa, 13, 205 Athens, Duke of, 54 Athol, Earl of, 81 Athole, Marquis of, 82 Atlanta, 189 Attalus, 59, 211 Attila, 55 Attilius, C, 140, 141 Attilius Regulus, 83 Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, 28, 163 Audley, Lord, 35 Auerstadt, 118 Augereau, 28, 52, 159, 16^ Aulus Postumius, 132 Aurelian, 186, 189, 194 Aurelian's Expedition to Palmyra, 15, 85 Aurep, Gen., 45, 58 Aurungzebe, 45, 98, 121, 220 Austrasians, The, 247, 2')5, 263 Ayesha, 28 Ayub Khan, 121, 148 Baber, 187 Baden, Margrave of, 269 , Baden-Powell, Gen., 145 Bagenal, Harvey, 175 Bagnall, Sir Henry, 36 Bagration, 112, 161, 233 Baghasian, 16 Bag Secq, 21 Bahadur Shah, 60, 77 INDEX 277 Bahram's Revolt, 271 Baillie, 124 — Col., 9, 191 Baird, Gen., 36, 228 Baireuth, Marquis of, 238 Bajazet I, 176 — 11, 15, 116 Baji Rao, 21, 125, 127 Baj Singh, 60 Baker, Major Henry, 142 — Valentine, Pasha, 85, 245 Baldwin I, 4 — II, 64 Balfour of Burleigh, 80 Ball, Sir Alex., 259 Balliol, 82, 105 Ballivian, 114 Balmaceda, 134 Balmacedists, 133 Banks, Gen., 151, 200 Baquedano, Gen., 61, 160, 242 Bar, Duke of, 5 Baraguay d'Hilliers, 149, 234 Baratieri, Gen., 4 Barbarossa, Fredk., 136 Barbosa, Gen., 63, 133 Barnard, Sir Heiory, 25, 75 Barons, Wars, 87, 139 Barreiro, Col., 39 Barrington, Adm., 50 Basin Rao, 20 Basques, 213 Bassano, Don Alfonso, 24 Bassas, 212 Bastard of Orleans, no Bates, 95 " Battle of Giants," 153 " Battle of the Spurs," 103 Baudissen, 267 Baum, Col., 32 Bavaria, Elector of, 36 Bayard, Chevalier de, 94, 208 Bazaine, Marshal, 31, 63, loi, 134, 153, 158, 178 Bazalitch, Gen., 52 Beatrix of Castile, 11 Beauharnais, Eugene 150, 205, 216, 268 Beaulieu, Gen., 37, 141, 157 Beauregard, Gen., 42, 192 Beavers Dam Creek, 228 Beckwith, Gen., 154 Bedford, 226 — Duke of, 183, 261 " Beggars," The, 107, 203 Belgium, Liberation of, 16 Belisarius, 51, 156, 212, 253 Bellasis, Col. John, 226 Bellecombe, Mons., 198 Bellegarde, 8 Belleville, 188 " Bell-the-Cat," 223 Belza, Gen., 133 Bem, Gen., 226 Benedek, Marshal, 125 Benham, Gen., 225 Bennigsen, Gen., 87, 93, 108, 203 Beorwulf, 85 Bercenegra, Don Ambrosio, 135 Beresford, Lord Charles, 9, 123 — Marshal, 7, 42 Berkshire Regt., 250 Bermuda Hundred, 192 Bernard, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, 20S, 209 Bernadotte, 137, 162 Berthier, Gen., 141 Bertie, Adm., 116 Bertrand, Gen., 76, 266 Berwick, 105 Berwick, Duke of, 193 — Marshal, 8, 12 Bessieres, Marshal, 210 Betuitdus, 115 Bevern, Prince of, 40 Bezetha, 118 Bhagerat Rao Scindhia, 147 Bianchi, Gen., 89, 250 Biddulphsberg, 227 Bifukonionia, 242 Bijapore, Rajah of, 100 Bizonet, Gen., 33 Black Agnes of Dunbar, 81 Black Prince, The, 173, 197 " Black Watch," The, 249 Blake, Adm., 79, 200, 247 — Gen., 86, 216 Blakeney, Gen., 160 Blasco Nunez, 14 Blois, Comte de, 4 " Bloody Battery," 196 Blucher, Marshal, 28, 41, 55,68, 123,133, 135, 137, 140. 143. 145, 265, 266, 267 Boadicea, 37 Boeotian War, 66, 137, 151, 246 Boer Wars, 31, 41, 63, 72, 77, 80, 84, 88, 101, 114, 122, 124, 130, 133, 141, 146, 147, 148, 161, 184, 193, 208, 209, 221, 227, 228, 236, 243, 258, 267 Bogdon, 28, 180 Bohemond, 79 Boiorix, 17, 261 Boisot, Adm., 139, 213 Bolivar, 27, 34, 39, 50, 177, 201, 259 Boniface, Count of Africa, ni Bonnemain, Gen., 269 Bonnet, Gen., 219 Bonnivct, 208 Borysthenes, The, 203 Boscawen, Adm., 143, 198 Bosco, Gen., 159 Bossu, 104, 215, 273 Botha, 77 Botta, Gen., 96 Bover, 86 Boucicault, Marshal, 5 Bouillon, Due de, 185 Boulatoff, Gen., 208 Bourbon, Constable of, 208, 212 — Francisco de, 54 Bourlamaque, 249 Bourquin, 75 Bouxhoevden, Gen., 231 Bowyer, Gen., 146, 217, 219 278 INDEX Boyd, Gen., 6i Boyle, Mr., 20 Brabant, 211 — Duke of, 5 Braddock, Gen., 162 Bradstreet, Col., gi Bragg, Gen., 57, 58, 169, 191 Braithwaite, Col., 173 Brakfontein, 258 Brand, Martin, 104 Braun, Marshal, 201 Breckeoridge, Gen., 174 Brennus, 11, 211 Brentford, Earl of, 12 Brian Boru 62 Bridgwater, 133 Bridport, Lord, 31 Brihtnoth, 149 British Invasion of Egypt, i, 9 Britt, Don Jorge, 138 Broadwood, Col., 221 Brock, Gen., 205 Broglie, Due de, 33, 125, 205, 225 Broke, Capt., 229 Bromhead, Lieut., 213 Brown, Capt., 261 — Gen. Jacob, 59, 144 — Marshal, 143 Bruce, Capt., 104 — Robert, 26, 81, 115, 142, 15S Brude, 173 Brueys, Adm., 177 Brune, 11 Brunehilde, Queen, 87 Brunswick, Christian, of, 90 — Duke of, 118, 259 — Ferdinand of, 33 — Prince of, 47, in Rrutus, 41, 193 Brydon, Dr., 119 Buccaneers, 186, 200, 203 Buccelin, 52 Buchan, Constable, 68, 261 ] — Earl of, 115 Buchanan, Capt., 105 Buckingham, Duke of, 135, 20S Buda-Pesth, 161 Buell, Gen., 191 Buenzas, 204 Buerens, Gen., no Buffalo, 36 Bugeaud, Marshal, 116 Bugha, 229 Bukht-Khan, 179 Bulbuddur, Singh, 120 Bulgaria, Prince of, 156 BuUer, Capt., 231 — • Sir Redvers, 63, 72, 114, 131, 193, 236, 258 Burgoyne, Gen., 237, 249 Burgundian Wars, 100, 109, 136, 165 Burgundy, Duke of, 184 Burleigh, Lord, i Burmah, Wars, 78, 120, 123, 127, 185, 266 Burnaby, Col. Fred., 2 Burnside, Gen., 92, 211 Burr, Col., 125 Burrard, Sir Harry, 263 Burrows, Gen., 148 Butler, Gen., 192 Byng, Adm., 160 — Gen., 213 — Sir Geo., 10, 49 Byron, Adm., 102 Cabra, Comte de, 143 Cabrera, Gen., 61, 165 Caceres, Gen., 160 Cacina, 47 Cade, 229, 235 Cadiz, Marquis of, 10, 24 Cadmea, 248 Cadwallon, 107 Caicilius Metellus, 20 Caecina, 68 Cajsar, Julius, 8, 24, 29, 35, 83, 96, 16S, 193, 199, 215, 253, 273 Cesar's Camp, 130 Cairo, 157, 204 Caius Moenius, 62 Calabria, 148 Calder, Sir Robert, 49 Cahph Omar, 157 Callicratides, 18, 170 Callinicus, Seleucus, 15 Calo-John, 4 Calvert, Capt., 13 Calvinas, Domitius, 176 Calvinus, T. Vetiffius, 53 Camalogenus, 5 Cambray, 20 Cambuskenneth, Battle of, 23S Cambyses, 190 Camera, Gen., 16, 220 Cameron, Gen., 95 Camillus, M. Furius, 260 Campaign o^ Austerlitz, 84, 267 Friedland, 33, 72, 73, 87, 93, 108, 162, 203, 265 Jena, 215 Leipsic, 73, 76, 79, loi, 106, 123, 126, 129, 137, 143, 145 Moscow, 100, 184, 233 the Danube, 14, 23, 82, 103, 106, 112. 153, 159 Wagram, i, 22, 83, 205, 207 Campbell, Capt., 60 - Col., 13, 150 - of Auchinbrech, 115 - Sir Archibald, 78, 120, 123, 127, 185 - Sir Colin, 53, 144, 206, 225 Cananore, 100 Candorcanqui, Battle of, 24 Canmore, Malcolm, 12, 82 Cannon, Col., 81 Canto d' Irles, Gen., 151 Caplan, Pasha, 128 Caprara, Gen., 232 Capua, 167, 260, 264 Caractacus, 47, 183 .. INDEX 279 Cardigan, Lord, 25 Carew, Sir Peter, 99 Carigat, ig Carinus, 153 Carlist Wars, 35, no, 113, 115, 165, 190, 203, 220 Carmagnola, 145 Carrington, Gen., 84 Carthaginian Invasions, 2, 44, 53, 69, no, in, 226, 241 Cascias, Gen., 220 Cassius, 193 Castaiieta, Don Antonio, 49 Castailos, 255 Castigon, Don Petro de, 10 Castor, 132 Castruccio Castracane, 12 Cathcart, Gen., 32, 65 Catinat, Marshal, 51, 237 Catulus, C. Latatius, 4 Cauterac, Gen., 119 Cawnpore, 143, 147, 186 Ceawlin, 76, 89 Cefuentes, Count di, 162 Censosiaus, L., 51 Cephalonia, 217 Cerialis, Petilius, 35 Cerro de Guadaloupe, 134 Cervera, Adm., 221 Cervoni, 163 Cetawayo, 120 Chabrias, 59, 173 Chagre, The, 186 Champagne, Comte Thibaut de, 64 Chandos, Sir John, 23 Chang Pak, 74, 242 Chanzy, Gen., 137 Chard, Lieut., 213 Chares, 59, 85 Charlemagne, 213 Charles I, 69, 84, 172, 174 — II, 269 — V, 132, 168, 212 — VI, 214 — VIII, 91 — XI, 37, 89, 132, 144, 207 — XII, 62, 82, 93, 113, 138, 171, 202, 233, 239, 248 — Albert of Savoy, 99 — Archduke, i, 22, 34, 36, 83, 207, 222, 238, 264, 266 — James, tlie Young Pretender, 202 — Martel, 252, 263 — of Anjou, 31, 100, 158, 242 — of Athens, 54 — of Blois, 23 — of Lorraine, 40, 61, 72, 109 ,112, 139, 201, 211, 234 — the Bold, loi, 165 — the Regent, 141 Chasseurs d'Afrique, 225 Chatham, Lord, 90 Chaud Bibi, 6 Chelmsford, Lord, 257 Chenab, River, 206, 216 Cherusii, 141 " Chesapeake," Tlic, 229 Chevy Chace, 184 Chickahominy, River, 228 Childebert II, 255 Chilian Civil War, 63, 133 Chilian Revolution, 134 Chilperic II, 263 China Wars, 242 Chinese Invasion of Japan, 74, 242 Chino- Japanese War, 119, 194, 199, 267, 270 Chippewa, 144 Chitchakofi, Adm., 208 Chitral Campaign, 60, 149 " Chiyada," Tlie, 270 Choczm, 237 Chodkiewicz, 128 Choniski, 126 Choshia, Daimyo of, 74 Choshu, 94, 250 Chosroes, 157 — II, 177, 271 Chotzewitz, 127 Christian IV, 144, 269 — V, 144 — Duke of Bnmswick, in, 237 Christina Gyllenstierua, 257 Christomenes, 49 Chryanowski, 179 Chudleigh, Gen., 239 Chunda Sahib, 13, 18, 254, 264 Chuodomar, 18 ChurchiU, Gen., 261 Cialdini, Gen., 14, 52, 95, 186 Cimbric War, 16, 261 Cimon, 87 Cintra, Convention of, 263 Civil War, i, 4, 9, 12, 39, 40, 41, 50, 55, 58, 69, 80, 81, 84, 114, 115, 133, 154, 172, 174, 193, 202, 214, 239, 250, 269 — of Caesar and Pompey, 70, 83, 172, 192, 215, 245, 258 — ■ of Marius and Sulla, 63, 68, 216 — of Sertorius, 239 Clam-Gallas, 98, 168, 197, 256 Clanwilliara, Earl of, 107 Clarence, Duke of, 29 Clarifait, Gen., 167 Claudius, 47 — Appius, 49 — Gothicus, 171 — Nero, 158 — Publius, 140 Claulen, 57 Clauscl, Marshal, 63 Clauset, 213 Claverhouse, 80 Cleland, Col., 81 Clement III, 212 Cleombrotus, 139 Cleomcnes, 156, 227 Cleon, 14, 204 Cleopatra, 3 Clermont, Comte de, 68, 91 Clifford, Lord, 89 Clive, 18, 20, 56, 59, 67, 76, 195 Closter-Seven, Convention of, 107 28o INDEX Clothaire II, 79, 87 Clovis, 197, 234, 250, 264 Clytus, 44 Cnceus Domitius, 147 — Fulvius, 109 — Pompeius, 168 Cnemas, 65, 172 Caiva, 92, 193 Coa, River, 215 Cobourg, Duke of, 90, 210, 266 — Prince of, 154, 173 Cochrane, Sir A. J., 26, 146, 154. 217, 219 — Lord, 46 Cockburn, Col., 270 Codrington, Adm., 172 Coepio, 17 Colborne, Sir John, 217 Cohgay, 80 CoUey, Sir Geo., 133, 148 Colli, Gen., 114, 159 Collier, Sir George, 190 CoUingvvood, Adm., 252 Colorados, 164 Columbine, Capt., 227 Colville, Gen., 220 Combermere, Lord, 34 Comnenus, 253 — Alexius, 82 Comonfort, Gen., 134 Conan the Athenian, 62 Conde, 20, 56, 80, 81, 93, 117, 138, 178, < ■ 200, 211, 217, 227, 258 Conflans, 154, 205, 206 Congeen, Commodore, 218 Congressists, 134 Conon, 4, 170 Conquest of Algeria, 63 Dacia, 153 Ireland, 23 ' Mexico, 159 of Peru, 13, 14, 22, 71, 135. 205 Conradin, 242 Constantine, 44, 61, 104, loS, 152, 223, 261 — Ill, 42 — of Alban, 78 — PalcBologus, 65 Constantius, 167, 169, 232 Contades, Marquis de, 159 Conti, Prince Louis de, 47, 145 Contrecoeur, 271 Convent of Santa Cruz, 134 Conway, Lord, 174 Cooke, Gen., 33 Coote, Sir E\Te, 20, 197, 198, 201, 230, 265 Cope, Sir John, 202 Copratus, The, 65 Corinthian War, 66 Cornaille, Pierre, 133 Cornwallis, Lord, 19, 26, 47, 103-, 223, 227, 271 Cortes, 159, 184 Cossack Rising, 122 Cotton, Gen., 78 ' Coulon de Jumnville, 271 — de Villiers, 102 Courbet, Adm., 235 Covenanters' Rising, 38, 80, 215 Coxon, John, 186 Cragova, 58 Crassus, 232 — P. Licinius, 134 — Publius, 51 Cfauford, Earl of, 40, 62 JTrimean War, 11, 25, 45, 58, 115, 122, 149, L^ 181, 183, 208, 231, 232, 240, 245 Crispus, 108 Critolaus, 223 Crittenden, Gen., 159 Cromwell, Oliver, 80, 81, 154, 172, 202, 269 Cronje, 124, 146, 147, 161, 184 Cronstedt, Adm., 240 Cronstrun, 33 Crouzat, Gen., 30 Crown Prince of Prussia, 126 Crusaders, 2, 16, 20, 21, 64, 79, 118, 157, 176, 255 Ctesiphon, 119 Cuddalore, 201 Cuesta, 155, 200 Cumberland, Duke of, 70, 90, 107, 136 " Cumberland," The, 106 Cureton, Gen., 206 Curio, 25, 258 Curry, Sir Pierce, 134 Curtis, Gen., 189 Custer, Gen., 141, 182 Custria, 273 Cutha, 89 Cyprus War, 88, 138 Cyrus the. Younger, 70 Czarniecki, 197 Czernitchieff, 137 d'Abergotti, Gen., 79 d'Ache, Comte, 51, 91, 254 Dacia, 152 Dacre, 95, 252 — Thomas, 234 D.igisteus, 192 d'Aguila, 125 d'Albret, Constable, 5 d"Alen(;on, Due, 5, 261 D.ilgety, Col., 267 Dilziel, Gen., 215 Dalmatia, 152 Damietta, 157 Damjanics, 127, 264 Damn'mont, Gen., 64 Dinish Invasions, 42, 78, 86, 87, 109, 144, 158, 166, 180, 207, 230, 247, 248, 267 Dano-Spanish Wars, 108 — Swedish Wars, 37, 61, 86, 93, 94, "3. 125, 128, 132, 144, 214, 239, 257, 269 Danube, The, 232 Dara, 220 Darando, Gen., 166 INDEX 281 d'Axgentian, 163 Darius, Codomannus, 17 — King of Persia, 116 — Hytaspes, 152 d'Armagnac, 155 Darnad Ali Pasha, 192 Darozhinsky, Gen., 224 d'Artois, Robert, 67 d'Aspre, Gen., 165 Datis, 152 D'Auijigny, 226 d'Aubusson, Pierre, 209 Daun, Marshal, iii, 127, 139, 140, 155, 181, 251. 256 d'Aurelle de Paladines, Gen., 67, 142 d'Auteil, Mons., 13 David II, 274 — of Scotland, 82, 237 Davidowich, 18, 214 d'Avila, Don Sancho, 16, 165 Davis, Capt., 203 — Commodore, 157 Davoust, 87, 118, 128, 153, 161, 264, 268 de Aguila, 162 Deane, Adm., 200 de Ataida, Luis, 100 — Beaumont, Robert, 91 — Bermingham, Richard, 23 John, 81 — Burgh, William, 23 — Bouillon, Godefroi, 118 — Bonflers, Mons., 140 — Castries, Gen., 47 — Castro, Juan, 77 — Catinat, Marshal, 153 Decebalus, 153 de Charolais, Comte, 164 — Confians, Adm., 31 Decius, 92, 193 — Mus., 261 — Publius, 227 de Coigny, Marshal, 188 — Coligny, Marshal, 103 — Drucour, Chevalier, 143 — Failly, Gen., 29 Defenders, 76 de Fersen, Baron, 154 Degollado, 242 de Gonzaga, Francisco, 91, 94 — Grasse, 78 — Kalb, 47 — Kray, 85, 86, in, 116 — la Bresse, 218 — la Feuillade, Due, 256 — la Gardie, James, 126 — la Marck, 41 — la MeUlerac, Marshal, 185 — la Motte Count, 270 — la Nouc, Frangois, 215 — la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, 237 — la Rochefoucauld, 185 — Lauria, Roger, 158 Del Canto, Gen., 63, 133 de Levis, Chevalier, 205, 217 Delhi, King of, 240 de Ligneris, Mons., loi — Lorraine, Chevalier, 218 de Lucy, Richard, gx — Lusignan, Guy, 118, 249 Delzons, Gen., 150 de Marche, Count, 242 — Mauley, 252 Dembinski, Gen., 121, 247, 265 de Medari, Gen., 52 — Melac, Mons., 132 — Mercy, Gen., 18S Demetrius, 212 — Poliorcetes, 115 de Montfort, John, 23 Simon, 139 Demosthenes, i8r, 204, 241 de Namar, Guy, 67 Dentatus, M. Carius, 31 Derby, Lord, 44, 206, 269 de Rantzau, 247 — Rassingham, 266 — Rieux, Marshal, 217 — Rigny, Adm., 172 — Ros, 57 — Ruyter, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234 Desaix, 152 d'Estaing, Count, 50, 102, 182 Destigerd, 177 d'Bstrees, Coimt, 107, 234 de Suffren, 199, 201 — Tavannes, Marshal, 162 — Thermes, Marshal, loi — Tourville, Adm., 29, 131 — Trastamare, Henry, 173 d'Bu, Comte, 50 de Winter, Adm., 48 — Vandemont, Prince, 68 — Vere, Dulce of Ireland, 206 — Villiers, Commandant, 130 Coulon, 102 Devizes, 214 De Wert, Jean, 20S, 209 — Wet, 80, 220 Dewey, Adm., 151 de Witt, 79 Dexippus, 2 de Zetenden, Adm., 49 Diacus, 138 Dicbitsch, Gen., 102, 129 Dieskau, Baron, 132, 136 di Lezzp, Antonio, 224 Dingaan, 77 Diodes, in, 226 Diocletian, 153 Dionysius, 44, 69, 85, 166, 241 Diophantus, 44 di Potenza, Cond6, 244 Dirkzoon, Adm., 273 Djezzar, 3 Doblado, 219 Doctoroff, Gen., 150 Dolabella, 70 Dollabella, P. Cornelius, 132 ; Dolgorouky, Gen., 171 Domitius, Cnaeus, 147 Dom Miguel's Rebellion, 220 Donald, Bree, 99 — Lord of the Isles, 106 Don Carlos, no, 113 2S2 INDEX Don Francisco de Toledo, 104 — John of Austria, 81, 95, 138, 215 — Sancho of Castile, 757 — Sebastian, no, 113 Doria, 59, 64, 197 Dost Mohammed, 121 Douay, Gen. Abel, 267 Douglas, 231 — Archibald, 19 — Arch., Earl of, 105, 112 — Earl of, 184, 261 — James, Earl of, 19 — Rebellion, 40 Doveton, Gen., 21 Dragomiroff, 231 Drake, 19, 44 — Mr., 45 Drepanum, 140 Dresden, 129 Drummond, Sir Geo., 144 Drusus, 141, 148 Dublin, 207 Duchambon de Vergor, 30 Ducrot, Gen., 263 Duff, Sir James, 97 Dufour Gen., 98 du Gast, 54 Dugommier, 251 du Guesclin, 23, 57, 60, 62, 164, 173, 199 Duilius, Caius, 170 du Lude, Seigneur, 191 Dumouriez, 117, 173, 259 Duncan, Adm., 48 Dundas, Adm., 240 Dundee, 124 — Battle of, 209, 243 Dunkeld, 144 — Bishop of, 115 Dunkirk, 112 Dunois, 183 Dupleix, 198 Dupont, Adm., 29, 57 — Gen., io6 Durand, Col., 50 Durham, Bishop of, 237 Durnford, Col., 115 DutchjWars, 77, 79, 99, 179, 200, 229, 234, '235, 247 d'York.l'Gen., 56 Earle, Gen., 125 Early, Gen., 54, 89, 182 Ecgfrith, 173 Edhem Pasha, 78, 193 Edmund Ironsides, 22, 191, 228 Edward, 248 — I, 55, 81, 87, 88, 139 — II, 3, 26, 38, 105 — Ill, 4, 5, 60, 68, 69 ■ — IV, 27, 84, 85, no, 166, 247, 252 — the Elder, 247, 267 — the Black Prince, 173, 197 Edwardes, Lieut., 124, 168, 239 Edwin, 107 — Earl, 94 Egbert, 85, 109 Egerton, Sir Charles, 119 Egmont, Count, loi, 218 — Philip, 96 Egremont, Lord, 179, 237 Ehrenskiold, Adm., 94 Eighty-Seventh, Regt., 16S Elagabalus, 114 Elbe, River, 107 Elcho, Lord, 250 EI Hadj Mohammed Pasha, 129 Elias Khan, 161 Eliot, Gen., 98 Eloff, Sarel, 146 Elphinstone, Gen., 34, 119, 124 — Sir Keith, 220 Elsasshausen, 269 El Teb, Battle of, 255 Elwas Mohammed, 272 Emin, Malek, 109 Emir Hamada, 89 EruniskiUen, 175 Enotake, 120 Enslin, IJattle of, loi Entzheim, Battle of, 232 Bpaminondas, 139, 151 Epidamnus, 105 Bporedorix, 3 Equatius GeUius, 47, 227 Erinschild, Adm., 7 Ernest of Styria, Duke, 206 Errol, Earl of, 99 Esk, River, 194 Escobedo, 221 Espartero, 35, no, 165, 190 Espinay, Prince, 252 Essex, Earl of, 84, 174 Etampes, 188 Ethelwulf, 180 Etruscan War, 20 Eudamus, 21 Eudes, 164 Eugene, Prince, 30, 36, 50, 52, 58, 68, 75, 79, 132, 140, 145, 150, 192, 193, 20s, 222, 272 of Wurtemberg, 163 Eugenius, 17 Eumenes, 65, 187, 191, 222 Euryolocus, i8r Eurymedon, 204 Euthydemus, 19 Evans, Gen., 26, no, 115, 221 (Am.), 225 — Sir Ralph, 15 Evetzen, 200 Ewell, Gen., 69, 269 Exeter, 218 — Earl of, 216 Ex mouth, Lord, 10 EyTe, Major Vincent, 20 Fabricius, Caius, 8, 24 INDEX 283 Fabius Maximus, Q., 116, 136, 227, 263 Faidherbe, Gen., 27, 105, 218 Fairfax, Sir. Thos., 4, 133, 154, 172, 226 Falkenberg, 146 Falkenstein, Gen., 125 Farokshin, 5 Farragut, Adm., 175, 261 Fastolfe, Sir Jolm, no, 188 Faure, Gen., 14 Faversham, Earl of, 225 Feidlim, 23 Feliciano, 121 Ferdinand, Archduke, 106, 207 — King of Naples, 185, 210, 226, 260 — of Brunswick, 68, 160 — of Hungary, 178 — Prince, 125 — the Catholic, 100, 142, 149, 251 Fermor, 273 Ferrars, Lord, 38 Fersen, Baron de, 154 Fife, Earl of, 115 Filipo de Rieti, 273 Finck, Gen., 155 Finland War, 208, 240 Finnegan, Gen., 180 Firth, Lord, 58 Fischbach, Gen., 58 Fitzalan, Richard, 233 Fitzwalter, Lord, 89 Flaminius, 19, 24, 71 Flammock's Rebellion, 35 Flavins Fimbria, 158 — Cnaeus, 109 Fleetwood, 269 Flemish War, 67, 162, 273 Flics, Gen., 132 Flint, Lieut., 265 Floing, 225 Flores, Gen., 69, 70, Ib4 Floyd, Gen., 149 Foix, Comte de, 242 Fontana, Benedict, 47 Forbach, B.ittle of, 236 Forde, Col., 113, 154, 206 Forey, Gen., 134, 163 Forgacz, Count, 188 Forster, Gen., 202 Fort Duquesne, loi, 271 — Lyman, 132 — Necessity, 103 Fournier, Gen., 102 Fraga, 139 Francis I, 153 189 — II of Naples, 95 — Joseph, Emperor, 234 Francisco de Manesses, 258 Melo, 211 Toledo, Don, 104 — Pizarro, 135 Franco-Austrian War, 147, 149, 163, 234, 256 — German War, 14, 27, 29. 3i. 43. 58, 63, 105, 137, 142, 153, 158, 178, 188, 218, 235, 263 — Mexican War, 3, 134 Fraser, Gen., 74, 238 Frauenberg, The, 158 Fredegond, Queen, 255 Frederic II, 66, 100 — IV, of Denmark, 239 — Augustus, 62 — Barbarossa, 136 — Charles, Prince, 82, 98, 126, 137, 158, 168, 178, 197 — Duke of Austria, 168, 242 — Elector of Saxony, 168 — of Bohemia, 201 — the Great, 60, 72, 109, in, 112, 126, 129, 139, 140, 143, 162, 181, 201, 234, 273 — William III, 239 Elector, 89, 207, 236 French, Gen., 84, 124 — Canadian Rising, 217 — CivU Wars, 67 — Invasion of Egypt, i, 3, 108, 177, 204 Fresnel, 105 Freyre, 59 Freytag, 112 Fritigern, 105, 152 Frossard, Gen., 235 FuUali, Tlie, 113 Fulvius, Cn., 32 — Q-, 49 Futteh Mohammed Khan, 124 Gablenz, Gen., 253 Gage, Gen., 43, 139, 202 Gaines' Mill, 228 Galba, 199 Galgacus, 100 Gallic Invasion of the East, 86, 105 — Revolt, 35 — Tribal Wars, 3 — Wars, 4, 5, 8, 24, 29, 35, 41, 96, 168, 199, 253 ;i Gallitzin, Prince, 60, 79, 122 Galliis, Cestus, 34 Galway, Lord, 8, 12 Li Gainarra, 114 Ganctzki, Gen., 196 ' - G.-ircilasso de la Vega, 183 G.udnier, Col., 12 Gnrdner, Gen., 200 Garibaldi, 22, 45, I57, 159. 164, 165, 185, 212, 260, 264 Garnett, Gen., 209 Gaston de Foix, 207 Gatacre, Gen. Sir W., 238 Gate Pah, 95 Gates, Gen., 47, 236 Gauchos, 163 Gazer Khan, 184 Gck Horn, Battle of, 190 Gelimer, 51, 254 Gellius Stati.as, 39 Gelon, 108, no Genghiz Khan, 26, 97, n4, 121, 122, 123, 184, 190, 220, 244 284 INDEX Genseric, 48, in George II, 76 — King of Hanover, 152 Georgia, Queen of, 249 Gergue, 190 German Invasion of Italy, 90 Germanic Wars, 114, 141, 148, 260 Getes, 161 Ghuzni, 97, 234 Gildo, 242 Gillespie, Gen., 120 Gingen, Capt., 264 Ginkel, 5 Girard, Col., 137 Girod, 217 Giulay, Marshal, 47 Glabrio, 248 Glarus, 171 Goddard, Gen., 6, 28 Godefroi de Bouillon, 21, 176 Goigues, Gen., 95 Gokameyama, 161 Gokla, 21 Goldli, Geo., 121 Golitshin, Adm., 102 Gomurakami, 129, 161 Gonsalvo de Cordova, 54, 94, 183, 217, 226, 244 Gonzaga, 95 Gonzalo Pizarro, 14, 71 Gore, Col., 217 Gordon, Gen., 123 " Gordon Highlanders," 74 Giirgey, 3, 116, 127, 171, iSi, 191, 223, 247 Goring, Lord, 133 Gortschakoff, 245 Gothic Invasion of France, 197 Italy, 132, 211 Thrace, 152 — Wars, 87, 92, 167, 171, 193, 197, 212, 242 Gothicus, Claudius, 171 Gotz, Gen., 264 Gough, Lord, 59, 89, 103, 147, 165, 203, 206, 216 — Matthew, 235 Gourko, Gen., 78, 99, 193 Gracchus, Tiberius, 32 Graham, Gen., 27, 106, 221 — Gen. Sir G., 122, 244, 246, 255 Grammont, Due de, 76 Gran, The, 171 Granson, Sir Thomas, 199 Grant, Gen., 57, 58, 192, 209, 230, 236, 262 — Sir Hope, 243 — Major, 107 Gratiaui, 117 Graves, Adm., 145 Gravitza Redoubt, 196 Greece, Crown Prince of, 78 Greek War of Independence, 160, 172 Green, Sir Chas., 240 3 Greene, Gen., 85, 103 j Gregory', 255 — II, 207 . " T Grenxdlle, Sir Richard,''24 Grey, Adm., in Grey Gen., 203 — Su: Geo., 154 — de Ruthin, Lord, 178 — de Wilton, Lord, 179 Grimaldi, 273 Grouchy, 267 Grseco-Turkish War, 78, 193, 260 Guelphs and Ghibellines, 12, 47, 66, 162, 242 " Guglers," 92 Guilleminot, Gen., 102 Guiscard, Robert, 62, 82 Guise, Due de, 45, 80 Guiton, 135 Gurkha War, 12, 119, 120, 168 Gustavus Adolphus, 12, 61, 73, 92, 136, 137, 146, 195, 210, 269 — Vasa, 257 Guthmund, 149 Guthrun, 87 Guy de Lusignan, 118, 249 Guyeaux, 52 Gwalior Campaign, 147, 203 Gylippus of Sparta, 240 H Haco, 134 Hadji, Ahmed, 63 Hadrianus, Fabius, 44 Haidar Khan, 97 Hakki Pasha, 260 Half dene, 21 Halil Pasha, 120, 202 Hamayun, 61, 121 Hamet Zeli, 149 Hamilcar, 68, 69, no, in Hampden, 55 Hampton, Gen, 57 — Thos., 60 Hancock, Gen., 236 Hannibal, 2, 21, 48, 49, 109, in, 170, 226, 249, 272 Hanno, 4, 32, 83, 84 Hanover, King of, 132 Hans Waldman, 165 Harclay, Sir Andrew, 38 Harcourt, 51 Had Pant, 130, 270 Harman, Sir John, 218 Harold, 107, 236 — Hardrada, 94, 17S, 236 Haroun-al-Raschid, 167 Harper's Ferry, 235 Harris, Gen., 149, 228 Hart, Gen., 194 Hartley, Col., 28, 46 Har^'ey, Adm. John, 254 — Bagenal, 175 Hasdrubal, 51, 69, 158, 187 Hassan, 258 — Bey, 245 Hasselaer, Kenau, 104 INDEX 285 Hauben, Marshal, 30 Havelock, Sir Henry, 16, 35, 94, 143, 147, 182, 186 Hawke, Adm. Sir E., 6, 30, 49, 205 Hawkins, 19 Hawley, Gen., 88 Haynau, Gen., 40, 247 — The, 143 Hazlerigg, 214 H6b6court, 249 Heiden, Adm., 172 Hellenes, The, 255 Heloris, 85 Hemu, 187 Hengist, 24, 68 Henri I, 259 — IV, 30, 67, 117 — le Bearnais, 162 Henry I, 40, 247 — II, 91 — Ill, 139, 242 — IV, 231 — V, 5, 214, 231 — VI, 36, 178, 216, 252 — VII, 35, 38, 238 — VIII, 38, 103 — of Castile, 181 — Ill, of Germany, 212 — of Nassau, Count, 165 — the Fowler, 158 Hentzi, Gen., i8i Heraclides, 130 Heraclius, 169, 177, 271 Hereford, 38 Hermann, 33 Herron, Gen., 202 Hesse, Landgrave of, 168 — Prince of, 52, 236 Hicks Pasha, 122 Hideyori, 226 Hideyoshi, 180 Hierax, 15 Hiero, 71 Hiketas, 104 Hill, Gen., 228, 235 — Gen. A. P., 97 HiUinger, Gen., 46 Himartekin, 123 Himilco, 2, 241 Himilcon, 140 Hindman, Gen., 202 Hippocrates, 75, 108, 138 241 Hirotsukc, 116, 117 Hirschberg, Gen., 137 Hirtius, 160, 170 Hislop, Sir Thos., 148, 243 HIangwane Hill, 193 Hoche, 174 Hodgson, Gen., 31 Hogeu Insurrection, 242 Hohenlo, Count Philip, 105 Hohenlohe, Prince of, 118 Hojo Rebellion, 180 Holkar, 148, 243 Holies, Denzil, 40 Holmes, Adm., 204 Holstein, Duke of, 62 Honorius, Emperor, 211 Hood, Adm., 78 — Commander, 240 — Gen., 92, 172, 189 Hooker, 56 Hopton, Su: Ralph, 12, 39, 133, 239 Hore, Gen., 84 Horn, Adm., 125, 214 — Field Marshal, 178, 236 Horsa, 24 Hothani, Adm., 96 Hotspur, 184, 231 Houchard, 112 Hougoumont, 266 Houston, Gen., 220 Howard, Lord Edward, 41 — Lord Thomas, 24 — of Effingham, Lord, 19 Howe, Gen., 39 — Lord, 255, 257 — Sir William, 42, 97 Huasca, 13, 205 Hudson River, 238 Hughes, Sir Ed., 70, 173, 199, 254 Hugues, Qui^ret, 233 Hundred Days' War, 89, 140, 204, 250, 266 — Years' War, 5, 6, 29, 36, 44, 45, 53, 57. 60, 68, 69, 91, 136, 162, 183, 188, 214, 226, 261 Hungarian Rising, 116, 121, 171, 181, 191, 224, 226, 247, 260, 264 — War, 272 Huguenot Rebellion, 135 Huniades, John, no, 128, 130, 165, 260 Hunsden, Lord, 95 Huntley, Earl of, 40, 66, 98, 194 Huntly's Rebellion, 40, 66 Hunyady, John, 30 Hurry, Sir John, 23 Hussein Pasha, 122, 128 Hussites, 23, 76, 245 Huzrat Mahal, 169 Hwan Buako, 74 Hyde, Adm., 65 — Parker, Adm., 77 Hyderabad, Nizam of, 130 Hyder Ali, 13, 20, 182, 197, 201, 230, 251, 254, 255, 265 Ibrahim, 160, 177, 187 — Bey, io8 — Pasha, 30, 34, 127, 273 Idzunii, Daimio of, 161 Ikkelman Pugatchcff, 122, 123 Iiiierctinsky, Prince, 142 Inaros, 157 Iiica Rising, 235 Indian Mutiny, 6, 16, 20, 24, 25, 26, 34, 53, 75, 94. 95. 118, 128, 147. 169. 179, 182, 187, 225 ludulph, 26 Ingelram vou Coney, Baron, 92 286 INDEX Invasion of Britain, 47 Korea, 108, 257 the Alemanni, 189, 194 the Huns, 55 the Vandals, 48, 51, 253 Invasions of the Gauls, 11, 211 Ionian War, 86, 130 Iphicrates, 85 Irish Rebellions, 31, 81, 97, 175, 263 " Ironsides," 154 Irribarreu, Gen., 113 Isabella, 251 Isley, Sir Henry, 269 Isle-aux-Noix, 249 Isle of Wight, Action off, 200 Ismael, Shah, 229 Italian Invasion of Abyssinia, 4 - Risings, 40, 95, 165, 166, 179, 185, 212, 259, 260 - Wars, 31, 91, 94, 100, 145, 153, 183, 189, 226, 244 Ivan the Terrible, 22 J Jaafar, 169 Jablonowski, 264 Jackson, Gen., 43, 54, 56, 69, 106, 201, 228, 235. 239 175 Jacobite Rising, 8t, 124 Jaffa, 249 Jagmal, 60 Jaipal, Rajah of Lahore, 191 James 11, 39, 142, 215 — Ill, of Scotland, 223 — IV, of Scotland, 90 — VI, 98 — River, 229 Jan Koch, 37 Janssens, Col., 41 Japanese Revolution, 94, 177, 250, 258, 264 Jaxartes, The, 126 Jean, Joel, 62 Jehandar Shah, 5 Jellachich, 116, 260 JeUalabad, 124 Jellaladin, 35, 114, 121 Jennings, Sir John, 10 Jervis, Sir John, 49, 103, 154, 218 Jerome de 't Zeraerts, 247 Jerusalem, 249 Jeswuut Rao, 21, 74, 75, 94, 199 Jewish War, 34, 118, 119 Jhansi, Ranee of, 104 Joan of Arc, 183, 188 Joanna, 251 John I, II — 11, 28, 32 — Archduke, 112, 205, 216 — Duke of Normandy, 6 — of Castile, 100 — of Denmark, 156 — King of France, 197 — Regent, 11 Johnson, Gen., 125, 230, 236 — Sir W., 131, 175 Johnston, Gen., 87 Johnstone, Col., 41 — Comm., 201 — Gen., 175 Jones, Col., 207 — Col. Michael, 81 Jonquiere, Adm. de la, 48 Joseph Buonaparte, 180, 188, 263 Josephus, 119 Joubert, 41, 88, 130, 148 — Marshal, 179 Jourdan, Marshal, 34, 90, 23S, 243 Jovian, 119 Jovinus, 55 Joyeuse, Due de, 67 Juan d'Aguila, 125 Juan Pizarro, 71 Juarez, 2, 46 Juba, 25, 248 Judacilius I, 21 Juel, Adm., 125, 214 Jugurtha, 169 Julian, 18, 119, 152, 191, 250 — Count, 270 Junot, 52, 263 Jussuf, 48 Justinian, 166 Jutes, 24 Jutish Invasion, 68 K Kabul, 148 KafSr Wars, 13, 32, 43 Kalkreuth, Marshal, 73 Kaminiec, 197, 233 Kambaksh, 98 Kanhadar, 124, 148 Kanzler, Gen., 157 Kat, 81 Katuku, 35 Keane, Gen., 175 Keatinge, Col., 17, 39 Keith, Lord, 96 — Marshal, in Kekewich, Col., 124 Kelly, Col., 60 Kemal Reis, 222 Kenau Hasselaer, 104 Kenmure, Lord, 269 Kenneth III, 144 Keppcl, Adm., 31, 182 Khaled, 7, 8, 38, 72, 169, 271 Khalifa, The, 181 Khan, Elias, 161 Khojah Zofar, 77 Khoord Kabul Pass, 117 Khyber Pass, 117 Kiburs, Count of, 136 Kihdj Arslan, 21 Kirboga, 16 Kirby Smith, Gen., 209 Kirke, Col., 142 INDEX 287 Kirkjean, Mons., 25 Kismegeyer, 205 Kiushiu, 242 Kitchener, Lord, 23, 84, 89, 181, 184 Kiyomasa, 257 Klapka, 116, 127 Kleber, 108, 167 Kleist, 80 Klingspoor, Gen., 208, 231 Knowles, Adm., 107 Knut, 22, 191, 230 Kobad, 13 Kobayagawa Takakage, 108 Koch, Gen., 84 — Jan, 37 KohandO Khan, 121 Kolocz, Bishop of, 161 Konningsegg, Count, 225 Konoslii Yakinaga, 108 Konownitzu, Gen., 184 Kosciusko, 154 Kotah, Rajah of, 128 Kourloff, Gen., 245 Kriidener, Gen., 176, 195, 196 Kruge, Adm., 228 Kublai Khan, 74, 105 Kumal Khan, 100 Kuroda, Gen., 129 Kuroki, Marshal, 125 Kur Singh, 20, 24 Kusinoki, Matsasura, 230 Kuttugh Khan, 74 Kutusoff, 23, 38, 112, 128, 155, 268 Kuwana, 94, 250 Kyrielle, 91 La Belle Alliance, 176 Labienus, 5, 168, 215 Labomirski, 128 Laborde, Gen., 213 Labourdonnais, Adm., 145, 173 Laches, 151 Ladislaus, 259 Lady smith, 193 Laevinus, P. Laverius, 109 La Ferte, 258 — Harpe, 159 — Haye Sainte, 266 Lake Ascanius, 176 — Champlain, 249 — City, 180 — Gen., 5, 10, 34, 75, 135, 263 — Lord, 74, 94 — Zug, 98 Lakhsman Singli, 60 Laljaji, 244 Lally Tollendal, 91, 146, 198, 244, 265 Lai Singh, 89 Lamachus, 240 Lamar, 119 La Marmora, Gen., 70 Lambert Simnel, 238 Lambton, Capt. Hedworth, 88 La Moriciere, Gen., 14, 52 Lamothe-Houdancourt, 138 Lancaster, 38 Landen, Battle of, 173 Landi, Gen., 45 Landon, Gen., 30, 130, 140, i8i Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 202, 214 Langy, 255 Lannes, Marshal, 14, 22, 93, 112, 159, 163 203, 215, 255 Lannoy, 189 Lanza, Gen., 185 La Pena, Gen., 27 Laptines, 53 Laserna, 24 Latin War, 261 La Torre, 50 — Tremouille, 179, 217 Lauderdale, Lord, 269 Laurel HUl, 209 Lavallette, 150 Lavater, Rudolph, 121 Lawrence, Capt. John, 229 — Major, 25, 76, 99, 146, 228, 239 Layard, Sir Ed., 24 Lazar, 127 Lazareff, 122 Leake, Sir John, 148 Lee, Gen., 15, 55, 58, 92, 97, 192, 209, 228, 235, 236, 268 Lecourbe, 166 Lefebvre, Marshal, 73, 222 Leganez, 138 Lehwaldt, Marshal, 102 Leicester, Earl of, 273 Leo IX, Pope, 62 — the Iconoclast, 207 Leonidas, 248 Leontini, 104 Leopold, Archduke, 40, 138, 165 — Duke, 227 Leotychides, 170 Leptinus, 241 Le Quesnay, 227 Leslie, David, 8r, 193 Lestocq, 87, 265 Letzi, The, 171 Leval, 33 Leven, 154 Levenhaupt, Gen., 138 Lewis, King, 161 Lexington Military School, 175 Ley, 68 Liberation of Belgium, 16 Li Chin, 108 Lichtenstein, 221 Licias, 240 Licinius, 44, 61, 104, 108, 109, 152 — Crassus, P., 134 Ligneris, 176 " Ligue du bicn public," 164 Ligonicr, Sir John, 136 Lille, 270 Lima, 182 Lincoln, Bad of, 238 Liniers, Gen., 42 288 INDEX Lin Fok Heng, 105 Lionels, no Linois, Adm., q Lin Yung Ku, 235 Lippe, River, 260 Livius, Caius, 71, 170 — Marcus, 158 Loch Linnhfe, 115 Lomakine, Gen., 96 Lombard League, 136 London Bridge, 235 Longstreet, Gen., 228, 235, 268 " Loose-coat-field," Battle of, 85 Lopez, 16, 50, 70, 113, 188, 220, 263 Lorencez, 3, 134 " L'Orient," The, 177 Lorraine, Duke of, 232 Lorrices, 202 Louis III, 223 — VI, 40 — IX, 157, 242, 256 — XI, 164 — XII, 58 ~ XIII, 52 — Dauphin, 140 — di Conti, Prince, 145 — of Nassau, Count, 107, 165 — Prince of Prussia, 215 — the Bavarian, 168 Loup II, 213 Low, Gen., 149 Lowendal, 33 Lucca, Castruccio Castracane of, 12 Lucilianus, 177 Lucius Mummius, 138 Lucknow, 225 LucuUus, 44, 72, 249 Lliders, Gen., 226 Lupicinus, 152 Lupus, 250 Lusitanian War, 179 Luton Moor, 237 Lutter, Castle of, 144 Luxembourg, Marshal, 90, 173, 237 Luy de Beam, 183 Lynch, Eliza, 66 Lyon, Gen., 268 Lyons, Sir Edmund, 225 Lysander, 4, 105, 179 Lysimachus, 67 M Macbeth, 82 Maccarthy, 175 Macdonald, Gen. Sir, H. 181 -— Marshal, 123, 220, 253, 264 Macedonia, 152 Macedonian Wars, 24, 71, 134, 203 Macgruder, Gen., 268, 271 Machanidas, 151 Mack, Gen., 159 Mackay, Gen., 124 Mackinnon, Gen., 62 Macleod, Col., 198 Macmahon, Marshal, 147, 225, 256, 2O7, 269 Macrinus, 114 Madhao Rao II, 130 Magnentius, 167, 169 Mago, 44, 179, 253 Maha Bandoola, 78, 127 Maha Nemyo, 266 Mahadaji Sindhia, 270 Mahmud, 23, 191, 234 Mahmud's invasions of India, 191, 234 Mahmud Tughlak, 74 Mahomed IV, 161, 233, 273 Mahomet Koprili, 126 Mahon, Col., 146 Mahratta Wars, 5, 6, 10, 22, 28, 34, 56, 74, 75, 94, 103, 125, 127, 135, 148, 199, 230, 232, 243, 270 Maillebois, Marshal, 214, 221 Main, The, iii Mainfroy, 31 Makaroff, Adm., 199 MalakoS, 149, 208, 225 Malatesta, 145 Malcolm II, 124, 166 — Sir John, 21 " Male Journee," The, 36. Malek-ai-Aschref, 3 Malmoe, 144 Malnate, Battle of, 259 Malraj, 168, 239 Malvern Hill, 229 Malwar, Rajah of, 158 Mamilius, 132 Manchester, 154, 174 Mancius, 179 Manco Capac, 22 Manfred of Sicily, 100, 162 Manius Manililius, 51 Manlius, L., 140 — Torquatus, 261 Maimy, Sir Walter, 6 Mansfeldt, Count von, 76, go, in, 269 Mansur, 189 Mantua, 131, 155 Manson, Gen, 209 Manteuffel, Gen., 14, 105 Manuel I, 64, 271, 272 Maori War, 95 Mar, Earl of, 106, 229 Marad, 20 Marainsin, 155 Marcantonio Bragadino, 88 Marcellus, M., 138, 241 Marcus Livius, 158 Mardonius, 195 Margaret of Anjou, 107, 216, 247, 252 Margueritte, Gen. 225 Marhof, Gen., 162 Mariano, Alvarez, 97 Marines, The, 250 Marius, 16, 216, 261 Mark Antony, 193 — Antony's Rebellion, 169 Marlborough, Duke of, 36, 78, 150, 206, 252 Marmora, Gen., 245 Marmont, Marshal, 106, 131, 133, 137, 188, 219 INDEX Marquez, 242 Marsin, 36 Marston, Capt., 105 Martin, Capt., R.N., 150 Mary Queen of Scots, 133 Mascarenhas, 77 Mascazel, 241 Massena, 43, 45, 83, 93, 96, 141, 159, 163, 210, 273 Mathias, Col., 74 Matsudaira Nobutsuna, 13 " Matsushima," The, 270 Matthews, Adm., 251 Matyana, 115 Mauberge, 266 Maurice, Elector of Saxony, 231 ^ Emperor, 271 — Prince, 214 — Prince of Nassau, 256 — Prince of Orange, 176 Mavrocordatos, 160 Maxentius, 223, 256 Maximilian I, 47, 103 — Archduke, 123 — Emperor, 221 — of Bavaria, 201 Maximinus, 109 Maxwell, Col., 19 Maya, 204 Mayenne, 20 — Due de, 117 McCarthy, Sir Charles, 2 McCall, Gen., 228 McCaskill, Gen., 165 McClellan, Gen., 15, 87, 209, 228, 235, 268, 271 McClernand, Gen., 261 McCuUoch, Gen., 189, 268 McDonnell, Brig. -Gen., 266 McDowell, Gen., 42 McNeil, Gen., 250 McPherson, Gen., 56, 189 Meade, Gen., 97 Meadows, Gen., 50 Mecklenburgh, Grand Duke of, 29, 142 Medina, Gen., 164 Medina-Sidonia, Duke of, 19 Medway, The, 229 Megabyzus, 157 Megaravicus, 179 Mehemet Ali, 3, 160, 177 — All's Rising, 34, 127 Mehrab Khan, 123 Mejid Bey, no Melas, 96, 152, 163 Mechior, 146 Melgarejo, Col., 133 Melikoff, Gen., Loris, 7, 84, 122, 126, 272 Memnon of Rhodes, loi Menaldo Guerri, 183 Mendez Nunez, 259 Mendizabal, 95 Menon, Gen., 9 Mentschikoff, Prince, 11, 25, 115, 120, 260, 274 Mercer, Col., 184 Merci, Comte de, 153, 215, 247 Mercy, Count, 93 — Gen., 178 " Merrimac," The, 105 Meshid, Pasha, 209 Messenian Wars, 4, 21, 22, 49, 53, 156 Metaurus, The, 158 Metellus, 88, 225 — L. Caecilius, 187 — ■ Numidicus, 169 Methuen, Lord, 31, loi, 147, 161 Metz, 178, 235 Mexican Liberal Rising, 2, 46, 219, 242 Meyer, Gen. Lucas, 243 Meyerfeld, Gen., 120 Michael, Grand Duke, 196 Michelberg, 106, 159 Michelson, Gen., 123 Middleton, Gen., 28, 89 Milan, King, 194, 232 MiHtus, 130 Milroy, Gen., 269 Minamoto-no-Yoritomo, 114 Minas, Marques das, 12 Minchin, Capt., 45 Mindarus, Adm., 71, 72 Minocius, Titus, 39 Miramon, 46, 219, 221 Miranda, 7 Mir Cossim, 97, 166, 182 Mirsky, Gen., 224 Mirza Khan, 6 Mise of Lewes, 139 Mischtchenko, Gen., 61 Mithridates, 176, 272 Mithridatic Wars, 44, 55, 72, 159, 176, 183, 249, 272 Mitre, 54, 113, 185 Mitre's Rebellion, 42 Mitsuhide, 270 Mitsunari, 226 Mitsuyuki, 161 Moawiyeh, 64, 231 Moga, Gen., 224, 260 Mogrul Bey, 272 Mogul, The Great, 158, 187 Mohammed, 30, 112, 155, i8r — II, 30, 65, 224, 253 — Ill, 123 — Ali, 25, 263 — al Nasin, 135 — Emin Pasha, 60 — Ghori, 240 — Shah, Emperor, 50 — Shah of Persia, 109 — Sultan of Morocco, 148 — Zain I, I Mohammed's Wars, 155, 181 Moldau, The, 201 Monakji, 99, 144 Moncenigo, Luigi, 48 Moncey, 222 Monckton, Col., 30 Mondragon, Col., 95, 159, 247 Mongol Invasions, 74 — Invasion of the Deccan, 6, 98 of India, 156 — — of Japan, 255 u 290 INDEX " Monitor," The, 105 Monk, 81, 200, 247 Monmouth, Duke of, 38 — James, Duke of, 226 Monro, Gen., 31, 43, 9^> 230 — Sir Hector, 198 Mons, 150 Monson, Col., 10, 198 Montague, Lord, 107, no Montecucculi, 92, 217 Monte-Lezino, Battle of, 159 Montcalm, 91, 164, 184, 194, 204, 205, 249 Montferrat, Marquis de, 249 Montgomery, Commodore, 157 Montmartre, 188 Montmorenci, Constable, So, 217, 218 — Due de, 52 Montreal, 217 Montresor, Col., 231 Montrose, i, 9, 23, 41, 50. "5. I93, 250 Moore, Sir John, 66 — Major, 255 Moorish Insurrection, 162 Morari Rao, 182, 251 Morcar, Barl, 94 Moreau, 8, 34, 37, 85, iir, 112, 166, 167, 179, 207, 266 Morgan, Capt., R.N., 186, 201 Mori Hidemoto, 275 Morillo, 202 Moriones, 203 Morley, Sir Robert, 233 Moro, Castle, 107 Morocco Wars, 53, 103, 247 Morosini, 48 Moroushi, 129, 271 Morrison, Col., 61 Mortemar, 35, 47 Mortier, 82, 106, 131 Moscow Campaign. 38, 100, 128, 150, i6i, 198, 259, 268, 269 Moshesh, 32 Moskowa, Battle of, 38 Moslem Conquest of Africa, 255, 258 — Empire in Spain, 10, 63, 100, 113, 135, 157, 219, 270, 272 — Invasion of Asia Minor, 14 Egypt, 9, 157 Europe, 64 France, 252 Persia, 44, 117 Syria, 7, 8, 38, 72, 118, 169, 271 Moslemeh, 64 Mosquera, 69 Motassem, Caliph, 14 Mountjoy, Earl of, 125 Mourson Oglou, 42 Mourzouple, 64 Mowbray, Sir John, 115 Mukhlis Khan, 13 Mukhtar Pasha, 7, 84, 126, 272 Mulgrave, Lord, 251 Mummius, Lucius, 138 Munemori, 73 Munnich, Gen., 180, 237 Miinzer, Thomas, 92 Murad I, 127 Murad II, 128 — Bey, 204 Murat, 14, 80, 89, 184, 250, 267, 269 Murdach Stewart, 112 Murphy, Father, 19, 26, 263 Murray, Earl, 184 — Gen., i6o, 205, 217 — Sir John, 52 — Regent, 133 Murviedro, 216 Musa, 157 Musgrave, John, 234 Musrud, 272 Mustapha Pasha, i, 88, 150 Muzuffa Jung, 13 Mygdonius, 177 Myronides, 180 Mysore Wars, 19, 20, 26, 46, 149, 150, 191, 197, 198, 201, 227, 228, 230, 231, 246, 253, 254, 265 N Nabis, 19, 27 Nadasdy, Thos., 210 Nadir Shah, 50 Nagpur, Rajah of, 56 Nairn, 124 Najara, Battle of, 173 Nana Sahib, 53, 147, 187 Napier, Sir Charles, 81, 113, 156 Napoleon, i, 3, 17, 23, 27, 28, 32, 38, 41, 46, 52, 53. 55, 65, 68, 72, 79, 80, 82, 87, 93, 106, 118, 123, 1Z9, 135, 137, 140, 143, 145, 150, 151, 152, 155, 163, 167, 202, 204, 208, 210, 214, 233, 251, 252, 266 Napoleon III, 225, 234 Napoleonic \Vars, i, 9, 22, 27, 28, 32, 36, 37, 42, 46, 49, 52, 65, 96, 108, 114, 116, 131, 146, 148, 151, 152, 163, 202, 210, 214, 217, 218, 227, 239, 252, 270, 273 Nappa Sahib, 232 Narses, 52, 167, 212, 242, 271 Nasmyth, Lieut., 231 Nassau, Prince of, 256 Navarro, 182 Neapolitan Rising, 210 — War, 54 Negreti, Gen., 134 Neipperg, Count, 102, 129 Nelson, Lord, 65, 177, 252 Nemours, Due de, 54 Nero, Claudius, 158 Netherlands War of Independence, 11, 16. 41, 95, 104, 106. 107. 133. 139. 146, 159, 165, 183, 213, 215, 247, 252, 256, 258, 266, 273 Neuperg, Marshal, 162 Neustrians, 223, 255 Nevers, Due de, 176 Neville of Lancaster, 83 — Ralph, 174 — Sir Thomas, 237 Newcastle, 4, 174 INDEX 291 Ney, Marshal, 28, 43, 76, 84, 103, 126, 133. 159, 184, 204. 259. 265 Nicephorus I, 167 Nicholas, Grand Duke, 231 Nicholas, Trevisani, 189 Nicholson, John, 75, 178 Nicias, 240 NicoUs, Col., 12 Nicostratus, 151 Nidau, Count, 136 Niel, Marshal, 234 Nile, The, 157, 204 Nine Years' War, 127 Niuchiau Bay, 171 Nizain-ul-Mulk, 50 Noailles, Duo de, 76 " Noche Triste," 159 Nodzu, Gen., 194 Nogi, Gen., 119 Noircarmes, 133, 258 Norbanus, 88, 167 Norfolk, Duke of, 38 Norigoris, 114 Noriyori, 73, 228 Norman Conquest, 107 - Invasion of Italy, 62, 82 Norse Invasion, 94 of France, 223 of Ireland, 62 of Scotland, 134 Northallerton, 237 Northumberland, 253 - Earl of, 216 Northumberland's Rebellion, 39 Nott, Gen., 97, 124, 148 Noyau, 91 Nudo, Rutilius, 55 Numidian Revolt, 248 O'Reilly, Count, 10 Oreizaga, 180 Oribe, 20, 164, 180 Orkhan, 190 Orleans, no — Bastard of, no — Duke of, 5 Orloff, Count Alexis, 245 Ormonde, 207 Orsova, 129 Ortega, Gen., 134 Ortiga, Juan de, 10 Oshikatsa, 160 Osman II, 128 — Digna, 85, 106, 255 — Pasha, 154, 195 Osorio, Gen., 63, 155 Osterman, Count, 184 Ostorius Scapula, 183 Oswald, 154 — of Northumbria, 107 Otho, 30, 47 — II, 69 — IV, 39 — of Krumpen, 257 Otori Keisuke, 177, 258 Ott, Gen., 96, 163 Ottoman Conquest of Asia Mmor, 190 — Invasion of Europe, 64 — Wars, 8, 26, 30, 31, 42, 44, 46, 60, 77, 79, 90, 102, no, 116, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 161, 165, 176, 188, 192, 202, 206, 217, 2I9f 222, 224, 229, 233, 237, 241, 245, 253, 260, 262, 271, 272, 273 Ouchterlony, Sir David, 16S Oudinot, Gen., 102, 212 Outram, Sir James, 143, 169 Owen of Cumberland, 42 Oxford, Earl of, 5 O'Connors, The, 23 Octavius, 193 — Marcus, 3, 70, 245 O'Dounell, Marshal, 103, 247 Oktai, 184 Oku, Gen., 171, 246 Olaf Trigg vason, 149 Olaneta, 201 Olearchus, 70 Olio, 203 Olney, Peace of, 191 Omar Brionis Pasha, 160 — Caliph, 44, 118, 157, 174 — Pasha, 181, 183 — Tabrija Redoubt, 196 — Vrione Pasha, 260 O'Neil, Owen Roe, 80 — Sir Hugh, 31, 36, 125 Onomarchus, 185 Ono-no-Atsuma, 117 Onschakoff, Adra., 121, 271 Opdam, Adm., 235 Orange, Prince of, 139, 217, 227 Orchomenus, 246 Paches, 170 Pagondas, 75 Pahlen, Count de, 166 Pakenham, Sir Ed., i75 PaloEologus, Constantino, 65 — George, 82 — Michael, 64 Palafox, 222, 255 Pallavicini, 22 Panim, Count, 31 Pannonia, 145, 152 Pansa, Vibius, 169 Papal Zouaves, 157 Pappenberg, 145 Pappenheim, 137, i44 Paraguayan War, 15, 16, 50, 66, 70, 113 188, 209, 220, 263 Parana, River, 180 Parch witz, 140 Pareirus, 182 Park of Uyeno, 245 INDEX Parker, Adm., 65 Parthian War, 51, 232 Paskiewitsch, Gen., 21, 265 Paulinus Suetonius, 47 Pausanias, 195 Paz, 164, 233 Peasants' War, 92 Pedro II, of Aragon, 169 — IV, 9 — Regent, 100 " Peep o' Day Boys," 76 Peiho, River, 242 Pelissier, Marshal, 25, 149 Pelopidas, 71, 246 Peloponnesian VVar, 14, 65, 71, 72, 74, 151, 170, 172, 179, 181, 195, 204 Pelucones, 134 Pemberton, Gen., 262 Pembroke, Earl of, 83, 140, 166 — Regent, 142 Penda, 107, 154 Peninsular War, 7, 25, 27, 29, 43, 52, 66, 79, 86, 93, 95, 97, 155, 162, 17S, 180, 182 183, 204, 210, 213, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222, 243, 245, 252, 255, 263 Penn, Adm., 117 Pepe, Gen., 210 Pepin d'Heristal, 247 Pepperel, 142 Perche, Count de la, 140 Percy, Henry, 174 — Sir Ralph, 107 Percy's Rebellion, 231 Perczel, Gen., 223 Perdiccas, 190, 24S Perez, Gen., 183 Pergamus, 59 Perpignan, 138 Perry, Commodore, 131 Persano, Adm., 14, 141 Perseus, 203 Persian Conquest of Egypt, 190 — Invasion of India, 50 — Invasions, 152, 170, 195, 24S — Wars, 13, 83, 87, 152, 157, 177, 191, 192, 232, 250 Perso-Afghan Wars, 121 Pertab Singh, 76 Pertinax, 145 Peruvio-Chilian War, 61, 160, 242, 244 Peter the Great, 7, 94, 138, 203 Peterborough, Earl of, 27 " Petropavlovsk," The, 199 Peyri, Gen., 126 Peyton, Capt., 173 Pharnabazus, 62 Pharnaces, 176, 273 Philip I, 96 — IV, 68, 162 Philip V. 12, 27 — Augustus, 93 — Don, of Spain, 145 — of Anjou, 262 — of Macedon, 24, 54, 59, 71, 185 Phillipon, 25 Philomelus, 75, 174 Philopoemen, 27, 151 Phormio, 65, 172 Piale, 138, 150 " Picciotti," 185 Piccolomini, 40 Piggott, Maj.-Gen., 150 Piloni, 185 Pinarus, The, 116 Pirna, 143 Pirot, 194 Pisander, 62 Pisani, 197 — Vittorio, 16, 59, 64 Pizala, Pasha, 77 Pizarro, 22 Pizarro Francesco, 135 — Gonzalo, 71 — Juan, 71 Placentia, 214 " Pobieda," The, 199 Pococke, Adm., 51, 107, 254 Poland, King of, 141 Poliorcertes, Demetrius, 95 Pohsh Risings, 102, 154, 265 Pollio, 173 Pollux, 132 Pollock, Gen., 117 Polj-xenides, 71, 170 Pompeianus, 261 Pompeias, Cnseus, 168 Pompey, 25, 83, 176, 192, 239 Poniatowski, 137, 207 Pontius, 62, 63 Pontras, 53 Pope, Gen., 43, 54, 239 Popham, Capt., 103 — Sir Home, 42 Popilius Lsenas, 179 Poradim, 190 Porta san Pancrazio, 212 Porto Alegre, 1S8 Porus, 113 Postumus, Spurius, 53 Postumius, Aulus, 132 Potemkin, 180 Pouchot, Capt., 175 Poyntz, Col., 214 Pretender, The Young, 50, 70, 88 Priarius, 18 Price, Gen., 139 Prideaux, Gen., 175 Prieto, Gen., 134 Prim, Gen., 53 Pritzen, Gen., 230 Probus, 186 Proctor, Gen., 45 Provera, 131 Prussia, Crown Prince of, 267, 269 — King of, 188, 225 — King William of, loi, 145 Psammeticus, 190 Ptolemy, Euergetes, 15 — Logus, 190 — Philopator, 206 — Soter, 95, 219 Publius Claudius, 79 Pugatcheflf, 122 INDEX 293 Punic Wars, 4, 32, 48, 49, 51, 79, 83, 84, 141, 158, 170, 1S7, 241, 253,255,272 Purdon, Col., 77 Pyrrhus, 31, 109 Pyrrhus' Invasion of Italy, 109 Q Quadrilateral Alliance, 3 " Q " Battery, 221 Quetta, 124 Quintanella, 59 Quintilius Varus, 260 Raab, The, 217 Radagaisus, 90 Radetski, Gen., 99, 166, 179, 224 Radziwill, Prince Michael, 102 Raghunath Rao, 17 Raglan, Lord, 11, 25, 224 Ragotski, II, George, 126 Rainier, Adm. Peter, 26, 63 Rajah Ram, 98 - Sahib, 67 Ramiro II, 10 Rammi, Gen., 170 Rami Khan, 77 Ramming, Gen., 232 Raoul, Bishop of Durham, -537 Rapp, Gen., 73 Rassingham, Seigneur de, 266 Rauhberg, The, 171 Ravenna, 212 Raymond of Toulouse, 79 Rebellion of Aurungzebe, 220 Brutus, 193 Fifteen, 202, 229 Forty-five, 50, 70, 88, 202 Hideyori, 226 Ricimer, 210 Riel, 28, 89 — — - the Marches, 2S Reding, 162 " Red Shirts," 22 Regulus, 255, 256 Reinschild, 92 Renaud de Chatillon, 206 Repnin, Prince, 155 Reschid Pasha, 127, 129 Reuss, Prince of, 273 Revolt of Maxentius, 223, 256, 261 the Christians, 13 Legions of Aquitaine, 55 Vitellius, 47, 68 Rey, Gen., 221 Reynier, Gen., 43, 100, 102, 148, 215 Rhagates, 177 Rhodes, 59 Riall, Gen., 35, 59 Ribas, 86 Ribera, 20 Richard Coeur de Lion, 2, 20, 93 — Duke of York, 264 Richelieu, Due de, 135, 160 Richmond, 192, 229 Rich Mountain, 209 Ricimer, Count, 210 Riel, 28 " Riifle Brigade," 163 Rio Grande Rising, 221 Ripperda, 104 Robel, Gen., 248 Robert of Normandy, 96, 247 Roberts, Gen., 128 — Earl, 56, 72, 77, 80, 121, 185, 190 Roche, Father, 173 Roderic, 270 Rodney, Adm., 78 Rohan, Due de, 209 Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 39 Roland, 213 Roman Invasion of Scotland, 100 — Occupation of Britain, 37 Romanus, 38 Romanzoff, Gen., 42, 202 Romero, Julian, 213 Roncesvalles, 204 Roncray St. Denis, no Rooke, Sir Geo., 98, 131, 149, 262 Rosas, President, 163 Rose, Sir Hugh, 34, 95, 104, 118, 120 Rosecrans, Gen., 58, 66, 169 Rosetti, 260 Ross, Gen., 26, 36 Rote Berg, Storming of the, 235 Rotterdam, 139 Roumiantsoff, 120 Rousillon, 138, 191 Roveredo, 155 Rowley, Commodore, 39 Rudolph de Khevenhuller, 262 — von Erlach, 136 Rundle, Gen., Sir L., 227, 267 Rung Ram, 124 Runjur Singh, 11, 233 Rupert, Prince, 40, 55, 84, 154, 172, 179 Russell, Adm., 108, 131 — Col., 114 — Lord, 88, 218, 220 Russia, Emperor of, 145 Russian Conquest of Central Asia, 96 Russo-Japanese War, 58, 61, 171, 199, 246 — Polish Wars, 38, 197 — Swedish Wars, 7, 92, 94, 102, in, 138, 171, 195, 203, 208, 228, 233, 248 — Turkish Wars, 7, 78, 84, 142, 176, 195, 231, 245, 272 Rustan, 44 Ruthven, 39 Rymna, The, 154 Sabinius Titurius, 4 Saburra, 25 294 INDEX Sachen, 56 Sacred War, 75, 174, 185 Sadatoki, 127 Said, 44, 117 — Othman, 100 — UUah, 121 Saigo, 129 — Takamori, 120, 177, 230, 258 Saiki-no-Sanya, 160 Sainte Suzanne, 85 Saint Priest, 208 Saladin, 20, 118, 206, 249 Sale, Sir Robert, 117, 165 Salinas, Marquis de, 98 Salis-Soglio, Col., 98 Salisbury, Earl of, 36, 68, 73, 81, 265 Salm, Count de, 262 Saluzzo, Marquis of, 94 Samarcand, 98 Samnite Wars, 39, 47, 53, 62, 136, 167, 227 Sampson, Adra., 222 Sanchez, Vice-President, 16 Sancho, Count of Castile, 65 Sandili, 13, 43 Sandbag Battery, 115 Sankum, 97 San Lorenzo, 186 — Martin, 54, 63, 155 — Xavier, Fort of, 134 Santa Anna, Gen., 2, 7, 15, 42, 220 Santarem, 204 Sapor I, 83 — II, 13, 119, 177, 233 Saracens, zo Saragossa, Maid of, 222 Saratoga, 238 Sardinia, King of, 145 Sarniiento, 42 Sassulitch, Gen., 126 Satsuma, 94, 250 — Rebellion, 121, 129, 230, 244 Saumarez, Sir James, 9 Savage's Station, 128 Savoy, Duke of, 58, 153, 218 Saxe, Marshal, 90, 136, 211 — Coburg, Prince of, 7, 90 Saxony, Crown Prince of, 29 Schakovsky, 196 Schalemberg, 53 Schaumberg, 92 Schleswig-Holstein War, 12, 82 Schenck, Martin, io5 Schiedam, 139 Schilder Schuldener, 195 Schlick, Marshal, 107, 121 Schofield, Gen., 92 Scholick, Gen., 234 Schomberg, Duke of, 39, 153, 208 Schomberg the Younger, 39 Schulemberg, 92 Schwartz, Martin, 238 Schwartzemberg, 17, 80, 100, 129, 137, 188 Schwerin, 222 Schwyz, 165 Scinde Campaign, 81, 156 — Conquest of, 113 Scipio /Erailianus, 179 — Africanus, 84, 179, 242 — Lucius, 47 — Metellus, 248 — P. Cornelius, 249, 253 Scopas, 167 Scottish Invasion of Ireland, 81 — Wars, 12, 15, 26, 81, 88, 90, 105, 112, 115, 142, 158, 174, 194, 215, 234, 237 Scott, Gen., 15 Sedashao Rao Bhao, 187 Seidlitz, 130, 213 Seleucus, 67, 95, 115 Sehm I, 8, 44, 239 Semendaia, 129 Sempronius, 253 Senlac, Battle of, 107 Serjabil, 38 Sertorius, 239 Servo-Bulgarian War 194, 232 Seven Pines, Battle of, 88 — Weeks' War, 70, 98, 126, 132, 141, 170, 197, 232, 253 — Year's War, 6, 25, 30, 31, 40, 47, 51, 56, 59, 67, 68, 91, 99, loi, 102, 107, III, 127, 130, 131, 139, 140, 143, 146, 154, 155, 159, 160, 164, 168, 181, 194, 195, iq8, 201, 204, 205, 206, 213, 217, 228, 239, 244, 249, 250, 254, 255, 265, 273 Sextus, Pompeius, 170, 172 Seymour, Adm., Sir Beauchamp, 9 — Gen., 57, 180 Shafter, Gen., 84 Shah Alluen, 43 — Jehan, 121, 220 — Mansur, 189 — Sujah, 121 Shakir Pasha, 193, 245 " Shannon," The, 229 Sharf-ud-Din Hussein, 158 Shelton, Brig.-Gen., 34 Shems-ud-Din, 97, 109, 148 Shere Afzal, 60 Shere Singh, 59 Sheridan, Gen., 54, 89, 182 Sherman, Gen., 124, iSq Shiabeddin Pasha, 260 Shidasker, 122 Shields, Gen., 69, 201 Shigehira, 257 Shir-Khan-Sur, 61 — Mohammed, 81. 113 — Singh, 103, 206 Shirogama, 120 Shitoku, 242 Shogun, The, 245 Shommu, Emperor, 116 Shoni Kagesuke, 74, 242 Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 25 Shrewsbury, Earl of, 179 Shuja, 45 Sigel, 174 Sigismund I, 38 — HI, 141 — Emperor, 23, 76, 245 INDEX 295 Sigismund Prince of Transylvania, 123 Sikti Wars, 11, 59, 89, 103, 124, 165, 168, 206, 216, 233, 239 Sniaces, 51 Silpia, Battle of, 85 Simon de Montfort, 139 Sinclair, Col., Geo., 128 — Oliver, 234 — William, Bishop of Dunkeld, 115 Sindhia, 18, 22, 135, 199 Sioux Rising, 141 Sistova, 231 Sitting Bull, 141 Siward, Barl of Northumberland, 82 Skobeleff, Gen., 96, 196, 232 Slade, 107 Smith, Col., 254 — Gen., 21, 127 — Gen., Joseph, 244 — Sir Harry, 11, 37 Sydney, 3 Snyman, 146 Sobieski, John, 128, 196, 233, 262, 273 Social War, 59, 85, 250 Soissons, Count de, 132 Soliman, 176 Soltykofl, 130 Solyman I, 77 — Caliph, 64 — Pasha of Egypt, 77 — the Magnificent, 161, 241, 262 Somali Expedition, 119 Somerset, Col., 13 — Earl of, no, 216, 247, 265 — Protector, 194 Sophian, 64 Sophronius, 118 Soubise, Marshal, 124, 213 Soudan Campaigns, i, 2, 5, 22, 85, 89, 106, 122, 123, 181, 244, 250, 255 Souham, 123, 167, 256 Soult, Marshal, 7, 33, 66, 79, 95, 108, 178, 182, 183, 204, 213, 216, 223, 252 South American War of Independence, 120, 155, 177, 201, 202, 259 Spanish-American War, 84 Spinola, 89, 183 Spiritoff, Adm., 223 Spragge, Col., 141 Spurs, Battle of, 67, 103 Strachan, Col., 50 St. Angelo, Castle of, 212 — Arnaud, Marshal, 11, 224 — Augustine, in — Clair, Gen., 249 — ICuthlDert, 237 — Cyr, Gen., 86, 162, 198 — Elmo, 150 — Heliers, 118 . — Hilaire, Gen., 22 — .Martin, 208 — Paul, Gate of, 212 — Peter, 237 — Pierre, 178 — Privat, loi — Ruth, 5 Stadion, Gen., 163, 186 Stafford, Sir Humphrey, 229 Stakelberg, Baron, 246 Stanhope, Gen., 12, 41, 262 Stanley, Lord, 38, 90 Staremberg, 262 Stark, Adm., 199 — Gen., 32 Staunton, Capt., 127 Steinbeck, Gen., 94, loS Steinmetz, Gen., 170, 232 Stephen of Moldavia, 128 Stewart, Gen., 6, 69, 86, 155 — Murdach, n2 — Sir Herbert, 2 John, 68 Stilicho, 90, 197 Stjernskold, Adm., 73 Stoessel, Gen., 171 Stopford, Sir R., 3 Stone, Gen., 26 Strabo, 21 Strategopulus, Alexius, 64 Strigan, 112 Stuart, Col., 63, 99 — Gen., 231 — Sir John, 148 Suabian Wars, 47, 92 Suchet, Gen., 52, 245 Suchteien, Gen., 240 Sucre, 24, 119, 120 Sudah Bahadur, 109 Sudermanland, Duke of, in, 208, 228 Suetonius, 37 Suffren, Adm., 70, 173, 254 Sulaiman, 65 Suleiman Pasha, 128 224 Sulla, 55, 167, 183, 2i6 Sultan Soliman, 79 Sulpicius Saverrio, 21 Surabjah Dowlah, 3, 4, 45, 195 Surrey, Earl of, 90, 238 Suwarroff, 90, 116, 154, 179, 210, 220, 253 Sveaborg, in Swatoslaus, Duke, 80 Sweden, Crown Prince of, 76, 102 Swedish Invasion of Brandenburg, 89 Swedo-Polish War, 62, 82 Sweyn, 166 — II, 178 — Ill, 261 — of Denmark, 124 Swiss-Austrian War, 165 Sydney, Sir Philip, 273 Symons, Gen., 243 Syragius, Count of Soissons, 234 Szabadhegy, 205 Taborites, 23 Tacfarinas, 248 ladamichi, 242 Tadayoshi, 230 Tagina, 212 296 INDEX Taira-no-Kiyomori, 125 Kore, 230 - War, 73, 114. 125, 257> 270 Taj Singh, 165 Takangi, 230 Talbot" 1&8 - Earl of Shrewsbury, 53 Tallard, Marshal, 36, 78, 236 Tamerlane, 8, 15, 73, 74, 98, 132, 156, 161, 189, 249 Tampon, 163 Tani Tateki, Gen., 129 Tantia Topi, 34, 95 Tarik, 270 Tarnowski, 180 Tarquinius, 132 Tartar Invasion of China, 190 Japan, 105 Kharismia, 35, 37, 114, 122, 123, 126, 184, 220, 229 Khorassan, 189, 243 Russia, 132 Syria, 8, 73 the Caucasus, 249 Taruhito, Prince, 120, 230, 244 Tayeizan Temple, 245 Taylor, Gen., 42, 151, 163, i85 Taxiles, 44 Tchesme, Bay of, 224 Tebienari, 113 Tegethoff, Adm., 141 Teias, 167 Telha, 28 Teriel, 266 Terouenne, 103 Teutobod, 16 Tetricus, 55 Texan Risina;, 7, 220 Thackwell, Sir Joseph, 26 Theagenes, 54 Thenouenel, Jean de, 41 Theodobert, 79 Theodoric, 55, 264 Theodosius, 17 Theophiliseus, 59 Theophilus, 14 Thielmannj 267 Thierry, 79, 247 Thirty Years' War, 12, 40, 73, 76, 89, 02, 93, III, 136, 144, 146, 153, 178, 201, 209, 210, 247, 267, 268, 269 Thomas, Gen., 92, 159, 172 Thomond, Earl of, 125 Thorneycroft, Col., 236 Thornton, 36 Thorstem, 78 Thoiilouse, Count of, 149, 169 " Thousand Volunteers," 185 Thrasyllus, 18, 71 Thrasymelidas, 204 Thurstan, Archbp., of York, 237 Tiberius, 157 Tichborne, Sir Henry, 80 Tiflis, 249 Tigranes, 249 Tik-Ho, 257 Tilly, Count, in, 136, 137 138, 144, 146, 201, 237, 267, 268, 269 Tilsit, Treaty of, 65 Timar Malek, 126 Timoleon, 69, 104 Ting, Adm., 267, 270 Tippu Sahib, 19, 26, 149, 150, 191, 198, 227, 228, 231, 253 Tirah Campaign, 74 Tishe, 174 Titus, 118 Tockenberg, 171 Todleben, Gen., 196, 224 Togo, Adm., 199 Tokatmich, 132 Tokiushi, 129 Tokugawii Tyeyasa, 226 Tokyo, 245 Toledo, Archbp. of, 181 — Don Francesco de, 11 Tolenus, The, 250 Tolmides, 66 Tolstoy, Count, 72 Tomore, 161 Tongking War, 234 Tooman Beg, 8, 44 Tormazofif, Gen., 100 Torrington, 29 Torstenson, 40 Tostig, 237 Totila, 87, 212, 242 Tournay, 150 Toyotomi Hideaki, 257 Trajan, 153 Traum, Count, 47 Travis, Col., 7 Tremont, 69 Treslong, 41 Trent, 214 Triarius, 272 Trivulzio, Marshal, 5. 153 Trochu, Gen., 45, 188 Tronjolly, Mons., 19S Tuamba Wangyee, 120 Tuchi Khan, 126 Tucker, Gen., 122 Tuli Khan, 109, 121, 229 Turenne, Marshal, 20, 81, 93, 200, 232, 273 Turkish Invasion of Afghanistan, 109, 121, 272 Tutor, 35 Twenty-second Regt., 113 Tytacus, 49 U Udai, Singh, 60 Ulm, III Umrar, Khan, 60 Ung Khan, 97 Unification of Italy, 14, 45, 52, 159, 185, 264 Urban, Gen., 259 Uriu, Adm., 58 INDEX 297 Urquiza, 54 Urquiza's Rising, 163 Uruguayan War of Independence, 164, iSo Vadomair, 55 Valdemar II, 37 Valens, 30, 47, 105 Valerian, 83 Valerius Corvus, 167 Valle, Gen., 64 Van Arte veldt, Philip, 214 — Capellan, 10 Vandamme, 33, 129 Van der Does, Jan, 139 — Dorn, 66, 189 Van Gelen, Adm., 136 — Rensselaer, 205 Vansittart, Capt., 243 Van Tromp, Adm., 79, 86, 99, 179, 200, 247 Varro, 48, 168 Varus, 258 — Quintilius, 260 Vatinius, Publius, 245 Vauban, Mons. du Puy, 33 Vaubois, 259 Vaudreuil, 164 Veli Pasha, 237 Venables, Gen., 117 Vendome, Due de, 41, 52, 184, 222 " Vengeur," The, 258 Vercingetorix, 8, 24, 96 Verdier, Gen., 97 Vernon, Sir Ed., 51, 198, 201 Vespasian, 119 Vessil Pasha, 224 Victor Amadeus, 237 — Emanuel, 166, 234 — Marshal, 68, 114, 152, 155, 166 Vid, The, 196 Villaret, Adm., 257 Villars, Marshal, 75, 150] Villeneuve, Adm., 49, 252 Villeroy, Marshal, 68, 206 Vincennes, 188 Vinoy, Gen., s8 Visconti, Gen., 222 Vitiges, 212 Vladislas IV, 102 Von Alvensleben, Gen., 154, 235 — Bonin, Gen., 253 — Bredow, Gen., 154 — der Tann, Gen., 67 — Francois, Gen., 236 — Goeben, Gen., 218 — Meerfeld, 153 — Moltke, 177, i88 — Steinmetz, 63 — Stenau, Marshal, 82, 202 — Tiimpling, 58 Vortigern, 24, 68 W Waggon Hill, 130 Wakamatsu, 177 Walcheren Expedition, 90 Waldeck, Prince of, 90 Waldemar, 261 Wallace, Col., 215 — Sir William, 88, 238 Wallenstein, 12, 76, 238 Waller, 12, 58, 69, 133, 174, 214 Wallis, Count, 129 Walpole, Col., 26 War of Chiozza, 16, 58, 199 — of Granada, 10, 100, 142, 143, 149 — of Kiburg 171 — of the Austrian Succession, 33, 47, 48, 51, 61, 72, 76, 109, 112, 132, 145, 162,201, 211, 214, 221, 233, 251 — of the Holy League, 41, 207 — of the League Above the Lake, 40 — of the Polish Succession, 25, 188, 193, 205, 225 — of the Quadruple Alliance, 49 — of the Revolution, 5, 39, 131, 142, 173. 175, 237 — of the Sonderbund, 98 — of the Spanish Succession, 98, 140, 145, 149, 150, 215, 222, 236, 251, 252, 256, 262 — of the Two Empires, 44, 61, 104, 108, 152 Warren, Commodore, 142 — Sir Charles, 237 Wars of Alexander's Successors, 65, 67, 95, 115, 187, 190, 191, 219, 222 — of Charles V, 54, 189, 208, 212 — of Louis XIV, 51, 81, 153, 178, 227, 232 — of Philip Augustus, 39, 73 — of the Achsean League, 135, 138, 222 — of the Frer.ch Revolution, 7, 8,11, 31, 33, 34, 37, 48, 49, 63, 85, 86, 90, 96, 103, III, 112, 117, 154, 167, 173, 174, 179, 218, 220, 238, 251, 253, 254, 256, 259, 266 — of the Fronde, 56, 185, 200 — of the Roses, 27, 36, 38, 83, 89, 107, no, 166, 178, 216, 237, 247, 252,265 Warwick, Earl of, 27, 81, 178 — Lord, 153 Warzburg, 34 Washington, George, 3, 9, 97, 102, 271 Watson, Adm., 56 Wauchope, Gen., 147 Webb, Gen., 270 Weimar, 118, 178 Wellington, Duke of, 18, 22, 25, 43, 62, 79, 93, 178, 183, 204, 213, 215, 219, 223, 243, 263, 266 Wells' Rebellion, 85 Wells, Sir Robert, 85 Werdan, 7, 72 Werneck, 174 Wessels, Commandant, 124 Weser, The, 107 X 298 INDEX VVetherall, Col., 221 Whish, Gen., i63 White, Sir Geo., 88, 130, 209 VVhitelock, Gen., 42 White Oak Swamp, 228 William III, 39, 173, 237 — of Normandy, 96, 107, 259 Williams, Gen., 122, 261 Wills, Gen., 202 Willshire, Gen., 123 Wilson, Commodore, 112 Wimp/fen, Gen., 234 Winder, Gen., 26, 36 Windham, Gen., 187 Windishgratz, Prince, 3, 121, 191, 224 Winkelried, 227 Winter, Sir William, 118 Wise, Gen., 211 Wittgenstein, Count, 28, 32, 80, 145, 19 Woleb, Heinrich, 92 Wolfe, Gen., 164, 204 Wolseley, Col., 174 — Lord, 14, 246 Wood, Gen., iig — Sir Evelyn, 120 Woodgate Gen., 237 Worcester, Earl of, 231 Wrangel, 273 Wrede, Gen., 106 Wurmser, 27, 52, 151, 153, 202 Wurtemberg Prince of, 73, 103 Wyatt's Insurrection, 269 Wyld, Col., H7 Wylde, Col., 221 Xanthippus, 255 Xenil, The, 143 Xerxes, 248 Ximenes, 182 Yar Mohammed, 109 Yeatman Biggs, Gen., 74 Yezdegerd, 117 Yorimasa, 257 Yoritomo, 228 Yoriyoshi, 127 York, Duke of, 11, 33, 37, 256 5 2l5 235 \oshinaka, 228, 230 Yoshino, 230 Yoshinobu, 94 Yoshinori, 129, 161 Yoshitsune, 73, 114 Yositomo, 73 Youkinna, 8 Yukiiye, 257 Yule, Col., 209 Yussuf Pasha, 90, 155 Yssel, The, 139 Zabergan, Prince of Bulgaria, 156 Zagatai, 184 Zaid, 169 Zano, 254 Zaragofa, Gen., 3, 134 Zastern, Gen., 134 Zay-ya-Thayan, 185 Zenobia, 15, 85, 186 Ziethen, 251 Zisca, John, 23, 76, 245 Zobin, 28 ZoUer, Gen., 125 Zotoff, Gen., 90 Zoutman, Adm., 77] Zrinyi, Count, 241 Zulfiker Khan, 5, 98 Ziilu War, 114, 115, 257 Butler & 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