^yw 
 
 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 William Popper
 
 AN ELEMENTARY TEXT-BOOK OF 
 
 HEBREW ACCIDENCE 
 
 ARRANGED IN TYPICAL EXAMPLES 
 
 WITH CONCISE EXPLANATIONS REFERRING ESPECIAL- 
 LY TO THE MODIFICATION OF SOUNDS 
 
 BY 
 MAX L. MARGOLIS, A. M., Ph. B., 
 
 INSTRUCTOR IN BIBLICAL EXEGESIS, HEBREW UNION COLLEGE. 
 
 CINCmNATI 
 
 HEBREW UNION COLLEGE 
 
 NEW YORK LONDON 
 
 GUSTAV E. STECHERT 1893. GUSTAV E. STECHERT 
 
 810 BROADWAY. 30 WKLLinGTON ST., W. C.
 
 Copyright, i8c)J, by 
 Max Margolis. 
 
 A. Ginsberg, Printer, 15S East Broadway, New York.
 
 
 TO 
 
 THE VENERABLE PRESIDENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HEBREW UNION COLLEGE, 
 
 THE REV. Dr. ISAAC M. WISE, 
 THIS BOOK IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. 

 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Tlie present book is, to all intents and purposes, what it pre- 
 tends to be, AN ELEMENTARY TEXT-BOOK, and its primary object 
 is to meet the wants of the class-room. Its method, by which 
 it will be readily distinguished from others dealing with the 
 same subject, is consistently paradigmatic. It proposes to teach 
 the sometimes very intricate details of Hebrew accidence, by a 
 set of examples carefully selected and properly classified, each 
 representative of a whole category of phenomena and so pre- 
 sented that, very often by virtue of its mere position in the con- 
 text, it must associate itself in the mind of the properly trained 
 observer with its underlying linguistic principle. The pedagog- 
 ical value of this method may fitly be said to be of no small 
 significance. The student, of whatever age he be, is always prone 
 to mechanically memorise grammatical rules in their very 
 wording and apply them thoughtlessly, if at all put in a 
 position to apply them. Thoughtlessness is rendered impossible 
 by the present method. No rule can be applied, unless it be 
 reproduced by the aid of the example— its index, and, no matter 
 how often the student may have to deal with the same rule, he 
 will in each case have to retrace the whole process of observation 
 by which he was first led to understand the example, to discover 
 the rule. 
 
 Since, however, observation is far from being blind guess- 
 work, and one and the same example may often lend itself to the 
 illustration of more than one principle, it was thought advisable, 
 wherever a principle occurred for the first time, to fix the 
 attention of the student upon the right point of view by indic- 
 ating the principle involved. These explanations are only inti-o- 
 duced when absolutely necessary and are concisely expressed. In 
 all cases, moreover, the explanation is preceded by the example '. 
 the latter remains the object of observation, the text on which the 
 former is the commentary and, at best, a restatement of ichat 
 is virtually expressed by the example, A system of references
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 was also introduced which is intended to keep together scatter- 
 ed examples of one and the same law. This was especially nec- 
 essary in view of the phonetic laws which, by the very arrange- 
 ment of the book, could be systematised only at the end, while 
 at the same time it ivas thought desirable to keep the laws of 
 sound constantly in the foregi'ound and to have the phonological 
 part of ihe book appear less in the form of an independent treatise 
 than of an appendix containing a summary of such phonetic 
 observations as have been met with in the morphology. The 
 references, as a rule, are so arranged that each new example of 
 an identical principle is referred to the next preceding it, so that, 
 at any given point in the book, a reference virtually contains 
 all passages of a similar character previously to be found. Both 
 these helps, the explanatory remarks and the references, I trust, 
 will be welcomed equally by pupil and teacher. Let it, however, 
 be said that references are more sjjaringly given towards the 
 end, when it is thought, the reader will be sulficiently acquaint- 
 ed with the entire method to be able to supply them of his 
 own accord. A table of references to the standard grammars 
 may be found at the end of the book. 
 
 The linguistic matter is arranged as follows: 
 
 PART i. THE WORD AS A COMBINATION OF SOUNDS (LETTERS). 
 
 PART ii. THE FORMATION AND INFLECTION OF WORDS. Part ii 
 
 is divided into three chapters: 
 
 Chapter 1. Prefixes. The student is thus enabled, at an early 
 stage of his study, to recognise in a given word such elements as 
 are not essential to it. 
 
 Chapter 2. Tlie Pronoun, as that part of Hebrew speech which 
 may be said to contain words originating in demonstrative roots. 
 
 Chapters. Noiin and Verb, i. e. words originating in de- 
 scriptive roots. Within this chapter it was my endeavor to make 
 the treatment of verb and noun as much as possible consistent 
 with a view to each other. I adopted in the verb as a principle 
 of classification the variation caused by roots, not by in- 
 fl,ectional forms, and, as a consequence, the same principle 
 was followed with the noun. Within each class of roots, the 
 noun precedes the verb. The peculiar feattires of each class
 
 PREFACE. Vll 
 
 and the phonetic laws as their cause are thus most lucidly set 
 forth, while the inflectional forms receive their due attention 
 •where they are first met with (in the strong triliterals). The 
 common properties of the Hebrew noun and verb are, by virtue 
 of this arrangement, most prominently brought out, and, in the 
 hands of any one who desires it, may become the means of 
 arranging word-studies (and exercises for translation) in such a 
 manner that a given root is gone through all its derivatives. 
 Lesson XXVIII. shows the relation of particles to nouns. In 
 the following pages, particles are introduced under the heading 
 of those nominal formations to which they belong. At the end 
 of this chapter the interdependence of nominal and verbal form- 
 ation is once more set forth in the form of a recapitulation. 
 The whole book closes with 
 
 PART iii. THE PRINCIPLES OF THE MODIFICATION OF SOUNDS. 
 A SUMMARY. 
 
 In the PAOS, 1893, viii. Prof, haupt rightly com- 
 plains of the little attention which, in our universities and sem- 
 inaries, is paid to the reading of unpointed Hebrew. This book 
 is to my knowledge the first that makes it its very aim 
 to train students in that very important branch of the study of 
 Hebrew. Unpointed words are introduced to a very extensive 
 degree wherever the student's mastery of the foregoing lessons 
 may be tested by the aid of them. The reading of unpointed 
 texts (such as we shall soon have in Prof, flaupt's beautiful 
 Bible edition) is thus for the'^first time systematically treated and 
 made the essential part of a Hebrew Grammar. 
 
 While thus the book is primarily written with a view to its 
 being practical, it may at the same time safely lay claim to a 
 scientific character. The results of modern comparative philology 
 are embodied throughout the book. Every form is, as far as pos- 
 sible, reduced to its original shape, and the modifications are 
 phonetically fxpJaired. Even the te{.irnf r must be made to 
 understand that there is law and order in what appears to the 
 uninitiated as a chaos of facts, a lawless v^ass which may be 
 committed to memory and occasionally marveled at, but never 
 understood. The study of Hebrew, under the hand of the great
 
 Viil PREFACE. 
 
 modern uia^teis of Hebrew philology, ceases to be drudge-work, 
 but becomes a pleasure, and it is my experience at least that a 
 thing luidcrstood is a thing re^a^■/^,cd, and that, with this principle 
 as a guide, much of the waste of time and energy usually in- 
 curred may be reasonably spared. Many of the views and explan- 
 ations given in this book, as a matter of course, have been 
 adopted fro;u others, and it is but fitting that I should acknowl- 
 edge to have Zear?ie(^ much from EARTH {'Die JS'oniinaWildung 
 in den semitisclien Sprachen'), boettcher {^Ausfalirliches Lehr- 
 huclider liebr. SpracUe), driver {'A Treatise on the Use of the 
 Tenses in Hebrew', ed. 3, which contains many points on mor- 
 phology expressed with the usual soundness of judgment peculiar 
 to this author), gesenius-kautzsch ('iit'lfr. Grammatik\ ed. 25; 
 an English version, I understand, is forthcoming from the Clar- 
 endon Press), koenig {'Ilistorish-kriiisches Lehrgehaude der 
 Jiebr. Sprache J.' ; while this is being written, the second part 
 has not appeared, though, unless I be misinformed, this long- 
 expected book is sure to come out this year), lagarde ('Vbersickt 
 ilber die im Aramdischen, Arabischen ii. Hebr. ilbliche Bildung 
 der Nomina' and the ^Register xi. Nachtrcige'' thereto), noeldeke 
 (e. g. ZDMG, 37, 525\ phillippi {'Wesen und Ursprung des st. 
 cstr. im Hebr.''), spitta-bey (^Grammatik des arabischen Vidgdr- 
 dialectes vo7i Aegy2)ten'),STA'DE{^Le}brbuch der hebr.Grammatik'' 
 and others. Thei'e are, however,some i)oints for which I hold myself 
 solely responsible. I hope that the particular prominence given the 
 matter of early and later Hebrew accentuation will please schol- 
 ars Avho, with Lagarde(l. 1., 153, 4-8), believe that this subject de- 
 serves attention. My theory is very simple. The Hebrew lan- 
 guage has gone through a double process of accentuation. Remn- 
 ants of the older system are the so-called Vorton and the s^co?id- 
 ary tone [cf. the highly instructive statement of Spitta [1.1., 59 
 bottom] 'dass d'U'Hauptunterschied zwischen dem altarabischen 
 und dem modernagyptischen Accente darinbesteht, dass man heu- 
 te in Aegypten den Hauptton avf die Silben legt, die friiher den 
 Nebenton hatten, und umgekehrt oft den friXheren Haujiiton zum 
 Nebenton macJW). All recession of the accent is in truth but a re- 
 turn to its natural position. In ligature, it is the first word that
 
 PREFACE. ix 
 
 bears the principal or primary tone, and not the second which, 
 as a rule, is the much shorter one. — In collecting the examples, 
 I was greatly aided by the grammars of Stade (for the noun), 
 Bottcher and Konig (for the verb). In a considerable number of 
 cases I was obliged to refer to the Concordance, and in net a few 
 I could avail myself of my own Bibelfestigkeit, however insig- 
 nificant it may be. All examples, so far as they are given in the 
 main text (not in the paradigms) and are not bracketed, are 
 found in the Bible. 
 
 This book which deals only with accidence, is but the frame- 
 work of what goes on in the class-room and presupposes all 
 along supplementary exercises in translating from Hebrew into 
 English and vice versa, and the study of the elements of syntax. 
 While the study of grammar is desirable as a study of the 
 classified phenomena of a language, the language itself in its 
 totality must not for a moment be allowed to remain in the 
 background. Translation from English into Hebrew should 
 most especially be practised, for it is a well-known fact that it is 
 much more difficult to write a language than to understand it. 
 Such exercises are best carried out in the class-room, on the black- 
 board, under the supervision of the teacher and the watchful eye 
 of the whole class, or on paper in the form of tests. I hope some 
 time in the future to publish a book containing such exercises; for 
 the present the teacher may avail himself best of Kautzsch's 
 'UbungsbucJi'ied. 2, Leipzig, published by F. C. W. Vogel), A 
 small book containing exercises in reading I may be in a position 
 to issue within a short time, which may then be applied for at 
 the same places where this book is to be obtained. 
 
 The present method, in a less perfect shape, was tried last 
 year in the begirmers' class of the Preparatory Department in this 
 institution, and found to be successful. It is this circumstance, 
 coupled with the fact that the first to encourage me in my 
 work, while it yet was in the shape of an unseemly manuscript, 
 was the venerable President of the Hebrew Union College, the 
 REV. DR. ISAAC M. WISE, that prompted my recognition so inad- 
 equately expressed at the head of this book.
 
 X PREFACE. 
 
 I am also greatly indebted to two most prominent scholars, 
 
 Professors MORRIS J ASTRO W JR., of the university of PENN- 
 SYLVANIA, and GEORGE F. MOORE, of the ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL 
 
 SEMINARY, who::e advice I sought and promptly obtained, for 
 their kind encouragement and for some very valuable suggestions 
 which have served in no small degree to enhance the value of 
 tie method, Prof. Jastrow also kindly read the greater part of 
 the proof-sheets. 
 
 In conclusion I wish to say that I consider myself under great 
 obligation to my brother-in-law, Mr. Abraham Ginsberg, at 
 who^e printing establishment this book was printed and to whose 
 efforts mainly its neat appearance and the comparative absence 
 in it of gross typographical ciTors are due. 
 
 May this book, the product of more than a year's hard labor, 
 in spite of its imperfections, be given a fair tiial and contribute 
 its share toward a better understanding and a truer knowledge of 
 the Bible. 
 
 M. M. 
 HEBREW UNION COLLEGE, 
 
 CINCINNATI, O., September, 1893.
 
 TABLE OF COXTENTS. 
 
 PART i. THE WORD AS A COMBINATION OF SOUNDS (lBTTERS). 
 
 I- ege 
 
 I. Consonants '6 
 
 II. Vowels 4 
 
 III. The Syllable and tlie Tone 5 
 
 IV. Modification of Sounds .6 
 
 V. Accents and Aspirated Sounds " 
 
 PART ii. THE FORMATION AND INFLECTION OF WORDS. 
 
 Chapter I. Prefixes. 
 
 VI. The Article [. MeTeo] 11 
 
 VII. The Inseparable Prepositions ba, K a, la . . .12 
 
 VIII. The Inseparable Conjunction wa . . . . " 
 
 IX. The Preposition -p 13 
 
 Chapter II. The Pronoun. 
 
 X. The Personal Pronoun " 
 
 XI. Declension of Nouns 14 
 
 XII. The Genitive of the Personal Pronoun (Suffixes) . 15 
 
 XIII. Remnant of a Case Ending. The Dative of tlie 
 
 Personal Pronoun. The Prepositions ba and ka 
 with Suffixes 17 
 
 XIV. The Accusative of the Pers. Pron. p with Suf- 
 
 fixes. The Dual IS 
 
 XV. The Demonstrative Pronoun " 
 
 XVI. The Relative Pronoun 19 
 
 XVII. The Interrogative Pronoun and Particle ha . . " 
 
 Chapter III. Noun and Verb. 
 XVm. Roots and Stems 20 
 
 A. STRONG TRILITERALS (NON-GUTTUEAL). 
 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM 
 
 1. NOUNS. 
 
 XIX, Preliminary Observations 21
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 a. Masculine Nouns. 
 
 XX. First Olass. One (Short) Vowelin the Syllable 
 
 of the Stem 23 
 
 XXI. Second Class. Short Vowels in Both Syllables 
 
 of the Stem 23 
 
 XXII. Third Class. Sliort Vowel in the First, Long 
 
 Vowel in the Second Syllable of the Stem 25 
 
 XXIII. Fourth Class. Long Vowel in the First, Short 
 
 Vowel in the Second Syllable. Formations 
 of Equal Inflection " 
 
 XXIV. Fifth Class. Immuatble Vowels in Both 
 
 Syllables 20 
 
 XXV. b. Feminine Nouns " 
 
 XXVI. c. Nouns with Preformative x or > . . .29 
 
 XXVII. d. Nouns with Afformative an . . . . " 
 
 XXVIII. e. Particles 30 
 
 2. VERBS. 
 
 XXIX. Preliminary Observations *' 
 
 a. Middle a Verbs. 
 
 XXX. The Perfect 31 
 
 XXXI. The Imperfect 33 
 
 XXXII. The Imperfect— Continued 34 
 
 XXXIII. b. Verbs Middle i and u 35 
 
 XXXIV. B. THE INTENSIVE STEM. Nouns and Verbd . 37 
 
 XXXV. C. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. Verbs . . .39 
 
 D. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. Verbs 
 
 XXXVI. The T Reflexive 41 
 
 XXXVII. The N Reflexive 43 
 
 E. THE VERB WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 XXX Vin. Middle a Verbs. Perfect 44 
 
 XXXIX. The Imperfect with Suffixes . . . .47 
 XL. The Imperative and Infinitive with Suffixes . 48 
 
 XLI. Verbs Middle i and the Other Stems with 
 
 Suffixes 49
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 XLIV, 
 
 XLV. 
 
 XLVI. 
 
 XLVII. 
 
 XLVin. 
 
 XLIX. 
 L 
 
 LI. 
 
 LII. 
 LIIL 
 
 LIV. 
 
 LV. 
 
 LVI. 
 
 LVII. 
 
 LVIIL 
 
 LIX. 
 
 LX. 
 
 LXI. 
 
 LXII. 
 
 LXIII. 
 
 b. strong triliterals with gutturals. 
 
 1. Nouns. 
 
 Nouns First Guttural 60 
 
 Nouns Middle Guttural 53 
 
 Nouns Third Guttural 55 
 
 2. Verbs. 
 
 Verbs First Guttural 57 
 
 Verbs Middle Guttural 60 
 
 Verbs Third Guttural 63 
 
 C. INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TRILITERALS. 
 
 1, Nouns 66 
 
 2. Vprbs. 
 
 Verbs Non-guttural . 70 
 
 Guttural Verbs 74 
 
 D. LIQUID ROOTS. 
 
 1. Nouns 76 
 
 2. Verbs. 
 
 Verbs Non-guttural 77 
 
 Guttural Verbs 79 
 
 E. WEAK ROOTS. 
 
 1. Nouns 81 
 
 2. Verbs. 
 
 Verbs First N 83 
 
 Verbs Third X 85 
 
 Verbs Third ^< — Continued 89 
 
 F. SEMIVOCALIC ROOTS. 
 
 a. Roots First '!("'). 
 
 1. Nouns 90 
 
 2. Verbs. 90 
 
 Verbs First 1(')— Continued 95 
 
 b. Roots First i(-) and Middle V- Nouns and Verbs 96 
 
 c. Roots First \ Nouns and Verbs. . . .97 
 
 d. Roots Middle 1. 
 1. Nouns "
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 LXIV. 
 
 LXV. 
 
 LXVI. 
 
 LXVII. 
 
 LXVIII. 
 
 LXIX. 
 
 LXX. 
 
 LXXI. 
 
 LXXII. 
 
 LXXIII. 
 
 LXXIV. 
 
 LXXV. 
 
 LXXVI. 
 
 PART iii. 
 
 LXXXII. 
 LXXXIII. 
 
 LXXIX. 
 
 LXXX. 
 
 LXXXI. 
 
 LXXXII. 
 LXXXIII. 
 
 LXXXIV. 
 LXXXV. 
 
 LXXXVI. 
 
 2. Verbs 100 
 
 Verbs Middle 1— Continued 104 
 
 e. Roots Middle lO) and Middle \Nouns and Verbs. " 
 
 f. Roots Third ^0) and Tliird ' 
 
 1. Nouns 107 
 
 2. Verbs 113 
 
 Verbs Third 10) and Third ■«— Continued . .117 
 Denominative Nouns ...... 121 
 
 Nouns with Mixed Forms 123 
 
 Isolated Nouns " 
 
 The Numerals 125 
 
 Polyliterals. Nouns and Verbs .... 128 
 
 Isolated Particles 129 
 
 Noun and Verb. A Recapitulation . . . 130 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE MODIFICATION OF SOUNDS. 
 A SUMMARY. 
 
 A. Consonants. 
 
 The Aspirated Pronunciation of the nD31J3 137 
 The Simple and Extended Pronunciation of " 
 
 Consonants «' 
 
 Assimilation of Consonants 1^6 
 
 Disappearance (Absorption) of Consonants . 189 
 Semivowels 140 
 
 B, Voircls. 
 Origin of Long Vowels . . . . 141 
 
 Modification of Long Vowels and Change of . " 
 
 Quantity 
 
 Compensative Production of Short Vowels , 143 
 Production, Reduction and Moditlcation of 
 
 Short Vowels 143 
 
 Disappearance of (Shoi tj Vovv'els .... 148
 
 NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 The references in the book indicate page, line and 
 word (respectively explanatory note). Thus 13, 73=page 
 13, line 7, word (phrase) or explanatory note 3. The fol- 
 lowing false references are corrected here. 18, 8 f. read: 
 14^ 4 f. —26, 6 read : 24, 11. — 31, 19—23. 3 f.— 48, 
 6 put the small figure within the parenthesis. — 56, 5 
 read: 55, ll^— 62, 10—44, l^— 69, 11— 58.— 78, 21—76, 
 9\ — 88, 19: 18'. — The signt indicates an excej>fwnal form. 
 
 13, 19* add : a, not e, with gutturals. — 20, 
 18 read : roots. — 22, 19^ put the holem point in the 
 right place [cf. 5, 5] (displacements of vowel - signs or 
 diacritical points may be found elsewhere, but not 
 too frequently, I hope). — 28, 14. 15f. indicate the form- 
 ation: maqtul; taqtal, taqtil ; taqtul (equally 113, 4 in- 
 sert: qatlan). — 64, 5^ read: 'nPlbji^- — 65, between lines 
 
 : -<- T 
 
 3 and4in3ert: 'Jinal vowel of the stem preserved. — On p. 74 
 the marginal figures should be placed one line above their 
 present places. — 76, 13 after the second ; add : 'amin'tu 
 ('imin'tu) = 'amit'tu ('imit'tu)= Vmex' ^l^^^> iMpNl-— 83, 
 
 4 indicate in the English transcription the doubling of the 
 middle radical. — 95 put above 1. 1 the heading : the n Ke- 
 flex. — 104, 6 put . in the place of the first;. — 114,18 add 
 the missing note: '109, 19'. 
 
 The manuscript of the latter part of the book, beginning 
 with p. 130, was prepared on dictation by my pupil edmund lan- 
 dau, whose keen interest iu the work made me forget the strain 
 to which I put myself in summing up hundreds of scattered ref- 
 erences under the head of a few laws of grammatical structure 
 or phonetic modification, and to whom I am greatly indebted 
 for his kind services. 
 
 The t^^rm principal forms (32, 6) was coined by the class 
 referred to at the end of the Preface (p. ix) and headed by 
 
 EMIL LEIPZIGF.R.
 
 PABTL 
 
 THE WORD AS A COMEDTATIOy OF SOOTDS 
 (LETTEES).
 
 •5 
 
 I. CONSONANTS (C). 
 
 1. FORM. 'K "2 'J n '.1 1 7 'n °D '"* "D ^'S "D 
 
 cf. Ps 119). 
 
 Note ''•] "D '7 ''f) 'y (/«^/ letters). 
 
 2. NAMES. 'fl7N 'a'lep 'H^^ b^T '7OJ gi'mel 
 'nSl Ja'leT -^KH he '11 waw '[»? za'yin 'n^H hex 'n^D 
 t6T 'HV yoD I'^D kap ''"I^S la'meD "Q^^ m6m '^U 
 nun'^'lDD sa'meK '"[^^ 'a'jiu "{^S OS) pe ''H^ saD^ 
 "flip qoP '°t^'n r6S '■fti' a. [iJ^' sin a. sin "in taw. 
 
 3. CLASSIFICATION A. TRANSCRIPTION. 
 
 a. Gutturals: K ' , H h , P ', PI h. 
 
 b. Mutes: Sonant ] Surd 
 
 Explosive I Fricative | Explosive | Fricative 
 
 »Palatals il 
 
 g 
 
 ^Dentals r] 
 
 d 
 
 "Labials 3 
 
 :i 
 
 3 n 
 
 G 
 
 k q 
 
 ir 
 
 n to 
 
 D Z 
 
 t t 
 
 n 
 
 £) 
 
 B 
 
 p 
 
 :3 
 
 K 
 
 n;Dtrtr'!^ 
 
 T S § S S 
 
 D 
 p
 
 4 II. VOWELS. 
 
 Note nDpl^liJ b^GaDk<?paT (tJ^'JJI daces [/. e. 
 sharpener] /^«^);n£)3l]l5 (HiD"! rap6 [/. ^. weak]). 
 
 c. Semivowels: ^y (palatal) a. 1 w (labial). 
 
 d. Liquids. 7 1, 1 r (linguals), J n (dental 
 nasal) a. ^ m (labial n.). 
 
 II. VOWELS (Y). 
 
 1. SCALE. a 
 
 Note V {indifferent)^ V {short), v {produced)^ 
 V ( long). 
 
 2. VOWEL (SILENT) LETTERS, i^'^t^^ Dip. Vy^, 
 
 n 7JI- Dp (full a. defective spelling). Note H (p*5D 
 mapplq [/. e. sounder]); H (2). 
 
 3. VOWEL SICNS. 
 
 o 
 
 '5 a — nrifi pa'Tah ^^ a, a, a— J»pp qam'es 
 
 =^ e, d=a — 7lJlp s^col *>^e=a — s^col magnum 
 
 °3 e [6]— ny ser6 '^^ 6— ser6 w. 
 
 '3 i Li]— nn^n lii'req ">'2 i— M'req m. 
 
 15 
 
 so
 
 III. THE SYLLABLE AND THE TONE. 6 
 
 •| 0— f]10ll Yt2p q. hatup "ij 5 [6]— dSh ho'lem. 
 
 13 6 — ho'lem m. 
 
 NOTES. 1. 5, |, i a 3, 5; ^;J; ^, p. - 
 
 5 2. 13.-3'. b,'S-N*3, 1^^3^ DiVb, nj^'i; liVb.— 3\ 
 
 <T T 
 
 1!l; np; pj;— 3'. Ntrll £^'13; tr>^"i. N^b', HTO. 
 
 V - < 
 
 III. THE SYLLABLE AND THE TONE. 
 A. THE SYLLABLE. 
 
 a 
 
 lo 1. da-ba-ri-ya (c\=oj>eH s.). 
 
 2. d<fBa-ri ilTH {ce=/ia//—s.; e = reduced 
 \QyfQ\]—=vocal XltJ^ s^wa). 
 
 a 
 
 3. da-Bar 13*1; k^iaB-tem DJH^ri^ (cvc= 
 closed Q.]—= silent s.). 
 
 15 NOTES. 1. ^yi, ; nN3n, K9n--2'. riNi- tr'Ni, 
 n3NS^, NV, V\t'ir\, tTNn, nih; (ID, nn, .1^, 
 
 UNI, nb ; I7, 17 ; *p, ♦p {homogeneous vowels).— 
 2'. IV, 11, VD1D, iSji^', V£); »n, »J3, ^lil, ^lS.3 
 
 - T T '-T • - TT T 
 
 ( heterogeneous v. ). — 2k D^"K.\, fl^Dj *i^)^_^' 
 
 20 n^D!N-
 
 6 IV. MODIFICATION OF SOUNDS. 
 
 B. PRINCIPAL TONE. SECONDARY TONE. 
 
 1. DrO {ultima); ^ripHD (kaTaB'ti, penult). 
 
 T : IT T :|- :|- t r i • .|:T 
 
 k^ma'; secondary tone; — = Jin?:D me'TeG [/. <?.bridle]). 
 
 IV. MODIFICATION OF SOUNDS. 5 
 
 A. DA6^ES FORTE. 
 
 ^yi di-b-er=dib-ber {sharpened syll. ; exten- 
 sion (doubling) of consonants). Note iiri^n (4:, 15). 
 
 B. DA6^ES LENE. 
 1- Vn*, HDP {aspirated QO\mi{)) XX^^'' {harden- \o 
 
 ed sound.). 
 
 c. MEDIAL S^WA. 
 
 1. ^:3r3; 121 > ")^D\X {firmly closed syll.). 
 
 • : T V • * • 
 
 2. D^nD {loosely C. S. ; — '^fnedial s.). 
 D. SIMPLE A. COMPOUND S^WA. 
 
 1. m; D5n|' *5^^ (j/w//^s.). 
 
 2. '>^^\ ifDN^. ♦S;;^. (^^w/^««^ s. ;— ,— ,— 
 
 = [s.] flton hateP [/. ^. shortening] paTah, s^Gol, 
 
 qames=«, ^, o=- reduced a, <?, or <?). 
 
 Y. ACCENTS A. ASPIRATED SOUNDS. 
 
 A. ACCENTS. 2° 
 
 Ex i. 1; Josh i. 2. 
 1. Disjunctive accents. Note pl'^D silltlq [stop] -f
 
 V. ACCENTS A. ASPIRATED SOUNDS. 7 
 
 p1D5 f]lD SOP pasuq [verse end] (:— ) a. ^J;^^t 
 'axnah [pause] (— ). 
 2. Cojijunctive a. 
 
 3. ni^"i^5-n5, fnp-[nN*; pj^rcSN, "^v_ 
 5 -inii, )nKn-"7j;; p-iM-nNs ^^DKn^rS^ hn* 
 
 {proclitic] ■ =^T)f2 inaqqeP [/. e. connecting line]), 
 B. DA6^ES LENE— CONTINUED. 
 
 2^ a. y:^^ n^rSo, ^Sbs pD*>r', nnv3 
 Note rTin^=*jhK a^nni np q^r^ uk^tib 
 
 T : T -: • : ••! : 
 
 [/. e. read a. written]; perpetual q.). 
 
 b. HNi^i \nn, nf^;!;D ^7n but ih^n^j^
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE FORMATION AND INFLECTION 
 OF WORDS.
 
 CHAPTER I. PREFIXES. 
 
 VI. THE ARTICLE [ME TEG], 
 A. THE ARTICLE. 
 !• ^ 7?!D ; hal-me'leK=liammeleK {assimilation of 
 ^° consonants)^^''y^^T\ (tl. f. for assimilation). 
 B. [LIGHT] METEG^. 
 
 TT|T ^-T I '•• '^- r lv|V 
 
 D*;^:3"iNn, oiJin-N'SD, ?n;o-p?^; nuhnnno; 
 
 nlJllD^nn^l; ^S-^n {prdi,iary 1. m.). Note In^rjl- 
 15 2. (To III B 2 add:) ^StILT' (S^t); Dp;^^ 
 
 (6,1V); n^")!JN*V, ^nbpm {indispensable 1. m.). 
 T : |T-:r • '|-:r 
 
 C. THE ARTICLE— CONTINUED. (GRAVE 
 MErEa) 
 
 NOTES. 1. D^^^nnsyn (3,19).— 2. D'-iSn- 
 
 20 n'^D-on , Di^on (4,4); n^in^n , n"i;?,tDn , nv^/tDn 
 
 (3,16).— 3. DnS\i but Dn1^^1, D*£3p\i (4,3). 
 
 • t: - ■ :~ . .. : - 
 
 2. crnnn, Ninn {jost doubling); opn, DiiVn, 
 
 V < - - T T T T|T 
 
 I^JJ^^n {compensative production Qi '^Qxl vowels) (3,16). 
 
 T T|T
 
 12 VII. THE INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 NOTES. 1. Dun, nr^nn, n^nn and nnn. 
 
 •• T T<"T T<"T . T T 
 
 — 2. Dnn.i; ppn; jinn, prnn, nnn, 
 
 <-T|V '<TT|V <TV '<TT|V • T:|V 
 
 nl^inn (a flattened to 6,' dissimilation of vowels). 
 tt: IV 
 
 YII. THE INSEPARABLE PREPOSITIONS 
 
 BA, KA, LA. 5 
 
 1- (1/^-} a. (1/*J3 ('^- f- foi' vo7uel preservation)- 
 
 2. nrS (a produced to a), iirD , HtS : HdS 
 
 <VT V T V T T <T 
 
 (d. f. for eup/iony)\ H^S, HVjS but D»ni;j m^j"?. 
 -T -<vT • t: -<••: 
 
 3. ^ifH-l; "ibkSO, ^^nS (^'^e£'^/ assimilation). 
 
 • -:r v:!-.- • t:|t 
 
 nin^D, nin^D, nin^S = ^y-iN:^ ( = ^jif^ + :j, i 
 
 T r T r T r T r t -: - 
 
 consonantal absorption ; contraction of vowels) etc. 
 
 4. !{<;:::: (a /A?//r/;.^./ to i). nnin^S (iy^^=i). 
 
 L ^ '■ 
 
 5. r]"l53, (ILTOD, in07, (a m///m/ to e). 
 
 'vAt: V : T T : 
 
 6. f]1D3 (=f]1Dn+:p, ^llV = V, jry/;^^/^), 15 
 
 • : :- : |- v - t tit t v 
 
 VIIL THE INSEPARABLE CONJUNCTION WA. 
 
 1. Sb^l, -iDnn, n^Nn (6; 11, 21'. 22').
 
 VIII. WA, IX-p. X. THE PERS. PRON. 13 
 
 2. 
 
 
 3. Dnm, 1)^:;), >Sm- nmn. D\nSNi. 
 
 AT-:|- v:|v • t:|t t r • p- 
 
 4. SbSl; D-^:i1, n^^^' ^1^"I51 (?>,20). \TV 
 
 : T- 'v V T : -|T • • 
 
 T T : 
 
 5 6. Dpm. 
 
 T T : 
 IX. THE PREPOSITION-fO- 
 
 1. inNH-fo (pKiin), ");^^D (11,9). ^i:/-] n'>t2 
 
 ' V T T '• ' VTTr* -<— T T •• • 
 
 (12,18'^;3). 
 
 2. S^no, pxn^, D^!2, :r\s*Q, c^kNiD- 
 
 lo Note Dinp a. pnp (ll,22f.). 
 
 CHAPTER II. THE PRONOUN. 
 
 X. THE PERSONAL PRONOUN. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 1 
 
 c. 
 
 
 ijmN 
 
 15 2 
 
 m. 
 
 T ~ 
 
 DriN* 
 
 » 
 
 f. 
 
 m' 
 
 friN, ripaT 
 
 3 
 
 m. 
 f. 
 
 
 on, iiQ.T 
 
 T<*' 
 
 'a'iiaki'y(a) (a roumfedto 6;V); 2'ani'y(a); ^'an'ta
 
 14 XL DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 
 
 (13, 7=; 12, 7); ''an'tum {Vi flattened to e); "an'ti(u); 
 •'antun'na ('antin'na, u flattened to i ; = atte'na, i 
 produced to e); 'hu'w(a) =hu''(a) (12,11'); 'hum (him); 
 hi'y(a)=hi''(a); '"huu'na (hiii'na; daces forte for 
 contraction^. c 
 
 PAUSAL FORMS. 
 
 • I T 'AT -AT tat :at :at-: 
 
 XI. DECLENSION" OF NOUNS. 
 
 IN THE ABSOLUTE STATE. 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. lo 
 
 MASCULINE. 
 
 N. su'su(m,n) ^^x^ DiDH D^pID D^pIDH 
 
 G. sii'si(m,n) DID DID.I suslm D^DID D^DIDH 
 
 D- didS didS d^didS d^didS 
 
 A. sti'sa(m,n) DID DIDnTIN D^pID D'OIDH-nN* 15 
 
 FEMININE. 
 
 N. su'satu nDIDriDIDn su'satnlDIDnlDIDrr 
 G. HDID (IDIDn niDID nlDIDH 
 
 D. hd^idS (IdidS niDioS niDioS 
 
 A. nDiDHDiDn-nN niDio niDiD.TnN* 20 
 
 T T - V 
 
 IN THE CONSTRUCT STATE. 
 
 Dni!jjin or -ii3:in did, did, didS, did-hn-
 
 XII. THE GENITIVE OF THE PERS. PRONOUN. 15 
 
 su'sai ^DID 
 
 Dni^^n or -ii:3^,'i >did, ^did, ^didS, ^didtin. 
 
 su'satu JlDID 
 
 Dniinjn or ni:Djn npiD, npiD. npioS, 
 
 5 nplDTIN- 
 
 sil'satu nlDID 
 
 DniD^n or -ii3jn niDiD. nioiD, nlDioS, 
 
 XII. THE GENITIVE OF THE PERSONAL 
 lo PRONOUN (SUFFIXES). 
 
 "ii^^n DID 
 
 si\si-y(a) (13,19') '>0)D, '>D)0, ''D^oh, ^DIDTIN- 
 s(i'sa-ka'(12,14):iD1D etc. stisa'ka (12,3) r|D1D- 
 susa-ki, susaik, siiseK (12,11^) *1D*1D etc. 
 ^5 susa-hu, susau (12,15), siiso 1D1D etc. 
 s^sa-h(a) HDID etc. 
 
 T 
 
 Dni:3jin did 
 
 stsi-nn (14, 2f.) ^^DID etc. 
 st'sa-kum (13') D-DID etc.
 
 lO 
 
 16 XII. THE GENITIVE OF THE PERS. PRONOUN. 
 
 s<l'sa-kun f^P^^ ^^^' 
 
 sAsa-(h)uin (15, 15) susain DDID etc. 
 
 T 
 
 sfisa-(h)un pID etc. 
 
 't 
 
 s<isai-y(a) ^DID etc. st\sai-nu ^J^D^D etc. 
 
 AT 
 
 stisai-ka (e to 6) TT^DID slisai-kum DD^DID etc. 
 
 I ... V •• I 
 
 etc. 
 sAsai-k(i) T|*D*lD etc. s^sai-kun p^DID etc. 
 
 '•-\T 
 
 s<isai-(h)u, si\saw VD1D sllsai-hum DIl'DID etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 s\isai-h(a) ( 1 ) iI'DID sAsai-hun ?n*D^D etc. 
 T <v ' V •• I 
 
 etc. 
 
 niin^n npiD oni^jin npiD '^ 
 
 s^sati-y(a) ^IDID etc. slisati-nu I^HDID etc. 
 
 • T I < -T I 
 
 sdsa'ta-ka' !nriD1D etc. su'sata-kum D^HDIDetc. 
 
 'avt I 
 
 sAsata-ki TjilDID etc. sll'sata-kun [^HDID etc. 
 siisata-(li)u lilDID etc. siLsata-(h)um DilDID etc. ^o 
 
 T I T T I 
 
 siisata-li(a) HnDID etc. susata-(li)im THD^D etc. 
 
 T T I 't T I
 
 XIII. CASE ENDING. LA, BA, A. KA W. SUFF. 17 
 
 ni:3jn nioiD Dn;:n;in niDiD 
 
 slisatai-y(a) *riiD1D etc. susatai-nu U^llDID etc. 
 - I <•• I 
 
 stisatai-ka Tr'niDID etc. siisatai-kum DD^IlDID 
 
 5 etc. 
 
 sUsatai-ki *1^11D1D etc. susatai-kun p^llDID etc. 
 
 slisatai-(h)iiVniD1D etc. susatai-lium DH^illDID 
 stisatai-ha H^llDID etc. siisatai-hun rn^llDID etc. 
 lo Note Dnnll- In Tl^DID. n^"TiD1D ai resolved 
 into aiy. 
 
 XIII. A. REMNANT OF A CASE ENDING. 
 
 n5;?in=M'sa(n)j nV^Pin^haliu'sa (accus. of direc- 
 
 T < • • T < - • 
 
 15 
 
 tioti). 
 
 B. THE DATIYE OF THE PERS. PRON. 
 
 n»;^S- h. ^ TiS, riS, iS, nS; ijS, ddS 
 
 • V T V T ' V T 
 
 C. THE PREPOSITIONS BA AND KA 
 W. SUFFIXES. 
 
 p:3, Dn;ia. d3. ra. 
 
 'vT V T T ' •• T
 
 18 XIV. ACC. OF PERS. PRON. -p. DUAL. 
 
 Lr\V3. »J1^D (=kamaniya;13,19), ^nl^^,- 1,11^3, 
 
 • T • < T ' < T < T 
 
 T < T < T V T •• T T<" T 
 
 XIV. A. THE ACCUSATIVE OF THE PERS. 
 PRONOUN. 
 
 "i!ji(TniS*. ''D'a, inN* nriN*, nriN*, iriN*, nn?^; 5 
 
 T T - V • ' : I ' AT ' T T 
 
 1JnN\ DDHN*, fDHN, DHN, [HN*- 
 
 B. -[n W. SUFFIXES. 
 TtnrTrD- ''^!^!2 (=miiimc'nniya, reduplication ; 13, 
 19'),T]!D^ n^O. 1^^^ (=minme'nhu), T^^^t^'O ; i:i!D^ 
 
 ' : • T AV <v • T </ • <v • 
 
 (=niinme'nmi), D3D, p^::, D.IO (13,9=) a. nDH^D, lo 
 
 C. THE DUAL. 
 
 raglaim DjSjl (IT, 10) D^SjIH, cstr. raglai »SjT[ 
 
 •• -: -:- at:- I <v: - !•<-:- I-^t: - t:- 
 
 .Th^jn; ir^:n, uy^Ts [,p^b:n], d.t'?:ii ir 
 
 T<v :- <••:- V ••:- '•.• •• : - ... •• : - *-> 
 
 [> (H^SjnJ- — 'ammataim D^I^DiV- 
 •••••:- • -T - 
 
 XV. THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 S. m. zai(=zaya) ,1? f- za'at JlkV^ (12,11;1). P.c. 
 illai (15,18; 14,4f.) Xil^. 
 
 NOTES. 1. Gen. ,1? "l^PTD, H'^N *-?')?— 2- Dat. 20 
 
 nrS, n^rS, •i'^nS a. n'^xS— 3. acc. nr-nN a.
 
 XV. —XVII. UEM., REL. A. INTERR. PRONS. 19 
 
 r\nB (12,18').— 5. Kinn, N*nn, onn a. nann, 
 
 T<--T 
 
 XVI. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN". 
 5 S. a. P. c. 1^^. 
 
 XVII. A. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN. 
 
 10 (cr. 12, 18^ -11,20). 
 
 2'. >nN*:on-n^ ; Nin-n^ (dh-hd, n^Dn-iD, 
 
 T - r - •• T T<- T 
 
 and n*irf-nD), ni:i};n-nt2 •> n^r'HD; -nt2 
 
 T<" T T -:iT T • T IT |T 
 
 ^-innN ; mXTHD (also on nOetc.)(ll,22f.); 
 
 • :<-T : • T IT •• T 
 
 AT 
 
 15 2', ^nNDPTHf:, n\'i-n^, n''i:^^-nt2 (aiso 
 
 • <T T IV TT IV T < T |V 
 
 \-|NDn HD etc.) (15,13); H/tDn but H/tD!!, HDS 
 
 • <T T V V - AT- T - 
 - •• T - 
 
 2\ Gen. DhS HDTIDrin- Dat. nl<1^ HoS, 
 
 ijn^Srn nr:?, ^jnrir;^ nn? ; ^7i3j naS- acc. 
 
 <: -vtiv TT -at:--: tt :it t <t 
 
 t
 
 20 XVII. INTERR. HA. XVllI. ROOTS A. STEMS. 
 B. THE INTEllROGATIVE PARTICLE HA. 
 
 toron (i9,9f.). 
 
 2. r£Dnn, ii)nn, nnrn, nnxn (i9,iiff.), 5 
 nin\i (12,10). 
 
 T :r 
 
 3. nrnn, nnNin ; ddn.i (i9,i5f.) 
 
 I TT|v t:|T V •• T|V 
 
 4. D-IDH ( 13,19^). 
 Note DKH, nSh; r|N*n, D^H, ^DH- 
 
 CHAPTER III. NOUN A. VERB. 
 
 XVIII. ROOTS A. STEMS. 
 
 10 
 
 1. 'a, ya, ka, na, ta, etc. {Llemonstratlve roots); 
 n;iJ, "ir. ^1t {descriptive roots). 
 
 2. m^, I^Ji:. C]:iJ (rscconaao-] roots): J J 
 {J>,imary root); IJlN nijl = "IJl : Sv, SS? ^ Sr. 15 
 
 3. ^tOp {completely developed triliteral); '2'2D 
 {incompletely developed trilit.); DD")ID (polyliteral). 
 
 4. Sop, D:3D (^//w;-root); S-DJ, pSo, HpS 
 {liquid roots); flDK^ u*N"l) KVO (w^^X- roots); 
 
 nts^'v Dp, nSji (=*^^:i) o-m/zw^^/zv roots). ^q
 
 XIX. NOMINAL FORMATION A. INFLECTION. 21 
 
 5. ^Dp {non-guttural xooiy, ^'0'^, DHLT', nStT 
 {guttural roots). 
 
 6. 7iOp {simple stam)] ^^T) {intensive); ^\^T::)r\ 
 {causative)', h'Cprs'H. SopJ [*yOp:n] (T a. N 
 
 5 reflexive). 
 
 A. STRONG TRILITERALS (NON-GUT- 
 TURAL). 
 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. 
 1. NOUNS, 
 lo XIX. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 A. NOUN A. YERB. 
 
 n::?: in?, nnr, iiiDr {noun) ; n:)?, ^^v {verb). 
 
 •.<•• ' T- -T :• 
 
 B. NOMINAL FORMATION. 
 
 mj, "ll3Jl {simple a. sharpened formations); 
 15 1p5^D, [1lp5 (with preformatives a. affor?natives). 
 C. NO:\nNAL INFLECTION. 
 
 n»pi3, DH^pD; iT3n Tpn, nin'. *iipi3; 
 :r]mpip ; nipri, nlipi?. dinh nipi?- nnpiD 
 
 30 'd. PRINCIPLES of CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 1. "1^*^. nDb*3 {masculine a. feminine nouns).
 
 33 XX. FIRST CLASS OF NOUNS. 
 
 2. y?f2 (orig. malku[n]), "l*pD (paqid) {mono- 
 
 syllables a. dissyllables). 
 
 3. "i:i^ (dabar), dSI;^ ('alam), Ipi:, pHV, 
 
 , T T T II'- 
 
 7lJi^DD (with fni/table a. immutable vowels). 
 
 a. MASCULINE KOUNS. 
 
 XX. FIRST CLASS. ONE (SHORT) TOWEL IN 
 
 THE SYLLABLE OF THE STEM (CVCC). 
 
 1. qatl 
 
 S. «bf dar'k(u)-de'reK' t]"l*l 
 
 
 dar'kiy(a)=3darki'' 
 
 ^3-1*1 
 
 II 
 
 P^ abs. 
 
 dara'kim = d,?raKim'* 
 
 * T I 
 
 
 cstr. 
 
 da'rakaiz=dar^K6'* 
 
 ^'^ *?"''!! 
 
 
 
 dara'kai j(a) — d^raKay" 
 
 
 
 
 da'rakaikum' = daivKeKem' ' 
 
 D?'?")"!! 
 
 
 D. ^bs. 
 
 rag'laim— ragla'yim' 
 
 D^S;ii 
 
 15 
 
 cstr. 
 
 ragiai— ragle'^ 
 
 ntr!}^ ^Sji 
 
 
 2. qit], sipr n£)D, n£)D; sip^i" DnDD, HSD 
 
 * T : 
 
 (...._ _ ^ . ...... . • - : I • 
 
 3. qutl, qud§ 'tr'-jp, *J^'lp; ^uqar DHpS- 
 
 nin» *tj^np[, npDi, D:3^t5np; ii^utu 20 
 
 T : •• :It -' t: v •• :• t
 
 XXI. SECOND CLASS OF NOUNS. 23 
 
 'a flattened to e ; second e faint remnant of 
 a fuller vowel ; °a, i or u[o] remains in closed syl- 
 lable; ^unaccented v reduced to e\ (orig.) accented 
 a produced to a; 'v remains in loosely closed syl- 
 5 lable (second v not altogether lost); "accented i 
 produced to e; ^accented u[o] produced to o. 
 
 NOTES. 1. D-13, riSo- n:)r a. ^^t i^j. 
 
 vat 'vav V vv : : •• 
 
 ly^p (4, 5; u its homogeneous v^owel). — 3. ril2i*3J 
 
 lo ( ::^i3J). D^:i^:}N nicj's:- D^trnp a. o^c^^'-i^r" (qo-, 
 
 • : V :- • tI|T ■ T|t 
 
 SO-).— 4. nJ3 a. 7] Dp*; D.T£)p3t.-5. D'J-lp 
 a. D*:ip, D^n"!"!- 
 
 • - T' : • - T : 
 XXI. SECOND CLASS. SHORT TOWELS IN 
 
 BOTH SYLLABLES OF THE STEM (CVCVC). 
 4. qatal 
 15 S. ^bs. da'bar=daBai*' "1^*^ 
 
 T T 
 
 "tr- dabar'— d^Bar' Hin* "l!Jl 
 
 daba'riy(a)=d<'Bari' ^DT 
 
 daba'raka'z=dfBa'r<fKa' ^1^1 
 
 daba'rakum=d^Bar,?Kem' DD"1D1 
 
 P. a^s. daba'rim=d<?Barira' DHD"!
 
 24 XX[. SECOND CLISS OF NOUNS. 
 
 cstr. da'barai = diB^re' (12,13) D|?n HDI 
 
 T T ••: • 
 
 daba'raiy(a)=d<?Briray' HD'l 
 
 -T : 
 
 da'baraikum'^diB^reKem' DDH^T 
 
 D. abs. kana'paim=kmapa'yim D^DJD 
 
 • -t: 
 
 ka'napai=kan^pe' DHLJ^J ^DJD 5 
 
 •T : 
 
 5. qatil, za'qm=zaqcn' pr, Ifl*!} fpT (afore), ^JpjT 
 
 ^4pj?i D^;,-).?, SNn:r> \jpj[, ^Jpr, DD^jp.r- 
 
 6. qatul, qa'tun =qaton' ?l^3p, VJ12 [Dp i ba'rud 
 Dn"lD(20,3'). 
 
 NOTES. 1. D^'ppjt (Spj), vnn ^"pnjiro, lo 
 
 ^^'^OJlS, D.T'?Q:Si (9). — 2. D;^:r-f5V(labin; 
 e for e in ligature); Stjl, HK StJI ; "l!lD. »15""i:j3 a. 
 
 w "TDD- ^^v *Jc^''+' vnhijit. 
 
 7. qital Slp»'l S^t^O ; tli])as' t^'^l, *:»01( = diB^si'). 
 
 8. qitil r\yi'l. 15 
 
 9. qutul ^iSd'HS^ (0 foi" in ligature)^ I^Sd^-
 
 XXII.— XXIII. THIRD A. FOURTH CLASSES. 25 
 
 XXII. THIRD CLASS. SHORT YOWEL IN THE 
 FIRST, LONG YOWEL IN THE SECOND SYL- 
 LABLE OP THE STEM. (CYCYC). 
 10. qatal, ka'bad=kaB6D' (18,18 ) 11^3, 11^3 
 
 : I : I : v : i : • : 
 
 11. qatii ypQ, D;iSrrTpt), in^ps; Dn^pfi- 
 
 12. qatui r])i^, ,iin» rjn^; o^jpn^- ,nin* ^dto- 
 
 13. qital (qutal) ^H^), flDN !}nD:2 , D!JnO:D ; 
 
 T : V v: T : 
 
 14. qitil (qutil) -|^£33, Dn^DD- 
 
 15. qMi(qutui) SiDf d'd;; nS^i *}• 
 
 XXIIL A. FOURTH CLASS. LONG YOWEL IN 
 THE FIRST, SHORT YOWEL IN THE 
 15 SECOND SYLLABLE (CYCYC). 
 
 16. qatal ( 4 ) D/li^. 'ala'mim = '6'lamim' 
 D*dS1;^, 1^ ''^^'^^ (*^6 ^^"^ recedes before a 
 word commencing in an accented syllable). 
 
 IT. qatii tofiir, rrr^ ^m. ^DDb^', !^•^v^ Trn^t:/; 
 
 » •• • : I • :v| 'av: | 
 
 • : I I VAT •• : < I V : I
 
 26 XXIV. FIFTH CLASS OF NOUNS. 
 
 B. FORMATIONS OF EQUAL INFLECTIOK 
 
 19. qattal S^NV D^V^NH- 
 
 T- • T- 
 
 20. qittil D^N, D^p'^N; Dnir (cf- 20, 3'; 4, 3). 
 
 21. (ma'qatal)maq'tal -iplnn nO":50- ti'^PD (24,1), 
 
 'tt - - : - T» : • 
 
 mn^ ^^pp. ^tr'ipn, ^LJ^'ipp. DDIDpp; 5 
 D^::^'ipo,7N >tr*ip^. pNH »:iQirb (24,12 ). 
 
 • tI : • •• •• :i : • I v<tt — : • 
 
 22. maqtil njp^- "l£)pD, DHnpn Hflplp t 
 (24,7), nBDtp- 
 
 XXIV. FIFTH CLASS. IMMUTABLE VOWELS 
 
 IN BOTH SYLLABLES (CVCVC). ^° 
 
 27. qattal :}JlJ|. qittal ^DN, DHDN, DiDnDN; ni!j;i. 
 
 T- T • 'T • . V "IT • 
 
 28. qattil pHV- H 29. qattul ^)yc*- 
 
 30. maqtal jripSfO- ninprp- II 32. maqtiil tJ^'l^Sn- 
 33. taqtil l^pSri- 11 34. taqtiil h)t2^r)- 
 
 XXV. b. FEMININE NOUNS. 15 
 
 A. MODE OF FORMATION. 
 
 1. mal'kat=malka' nD7?2; sada'qat= s.?Daqa' 
 npl?^ ; gada'lat=g^D61a' Jl7i"tJ j !^:a'pitat=so'P^ta'
 
 XXV. FEMININE NOUNS. 27 
 
 ntOflb^, bagi'dat^bo'GCDa' ni^b; sakku'lat= sak- 
 
 t:| t-i 
 
 kula' ,1731^*. 
 T : - 
 
 2. gibart' (gibirf) = g^Be'rcT (23,1 ) ni!3,'!; 
 
 npnh; nppi^'; nnbp- 
 
 3. nS*N a. nS'-N, "int:^n ph'K- n^Son, 
 
 TT- vv- -<-- vv- tt: - 
 
 B. FIRST CLASS. CVCC— AT. 
 
 1-3. n^S^, N^tr' n^S^, nnonp; nioS^. 
 
 t:- t: -:- tt:'- t: 
 
 nb*:33 a. nb^:}3, nn;^n:i (n,i3); t^^^Nnntr^D; 
 
 T : - T : • T <t;- • ~ • • 
 
 T : ' - : • • - Ti : • 
 
 C. SECOND CLASS. CVCVC— AT. 
 
 4. n,TTV, D^pn^n npjy. 'np^7V' ^Oi^^lV' 
 nipnv, mn^ nlpni^, ijranv- Note nM;nD-i3 
 
 It: I :• ••! : • t-' : " ^ 
 
 mn» but ♦riDn:!. 
 
 • t : • 
 
 15 5. hSdi dhnh rh'21 ^nS:3M, nnSnj, 
 
 T-: TT -:• • T,-: : IT 
 
 1n7:3^ njn7, d'ht?- Note »jpn n^rji • 
 
 T : • T- : ... : ^ . t - •: 
 
 6. ri?ii OT^D n'?"!*!. rin'7"i:i-' ni'^'i. 
 
 T : : -t: : T - : : ' : |t ; : 
 
 1. dni'Sk nmp-ii 9- nnnpS, Dnanpni. 
 
 v: - :l • t :' t: tt :'t 
 
 lo
 
 28 XXV. FEMININE NOUNS. 
 
 D. THIRD CLASS. CVCVC— AT. 
 
 10(13). nSiiji; niShji. 
 
 T : : 
 
 11(14). nn^ij, ^nri^nj; ni:D^m 
 
 T • : • T r : ■ : 
 
 12 (15). innD^ »j*;^ nniotr'- 
 
 T|; : - •• : 
 
 E. FOURTH CLASS. CVCVC— (A)T. 5 
 
 16.17. nnnb, nnni)- nDDir, mS», 
 
 T I T : I 
 
 '■- \ V : :- I : I 
 
 19.20(27). mSu ^•^t^•^ niS>N (26,3'). 
 
 T- vT :- 
 
 nJ^'iN, ^riTiN*. ntr':n; a. n:r^^ nc'D^::. 
 
 • : - : - T : - • : 
 
 nnotr'o, mDra, t\nir2^f2\ nnrotrfj. Note 
 DnnrjLj^'^ (iT,i0'). 
 
 T : : • 
 
 22. nW'DD; nn^r^, DD^nn^DtD. 
 
 23. D^j^Sn npnn, irip^n^- 
 
 24. ^nnvSsn- II 25. noinn, mn* n^inn. ^s 
 
 26. n\j^y?r)- 
 
 Note n"i:3;i, n^"^^-3, rrni^iJ- r]r)^:)^t n:h3
 
 XXVI.— XXVII, NOUNS W. PREFORM. A. AFFORM. 2y 
 
 (26,63), f|p^» pj;-,3, ^r)^r\^, ^iniiD; ni:n5 
 
 (note^, not e \), nl;^ HllID, Dnin:)3- (28,12). 
 
 : T 7 t: : : 
 
 F. FIFTH CLASS. CYCVC— AT. 
 
 28. nv"-?^. II 29. n'^Dcr- ii 34. niSinnn- 
 
 5 XXVI. c. NOUXS W. PREFORMATIVE N OR >. 
 
 35. ('a'qatal[,'i'qatal]=) 'aq'tal ['iq'tal] ?JI1N; 
 
 TT : - ' T : V T : - 
 
 36. 'aqtil DJDN- II 3T. 'aqtul nibC^'N ('alep 
 of ei^J>/w;ty?), np^H mn^TK- 
 
 38. 'aqtal ('iqtal) ^n,3N*. 
 
 39. 'aqtul nmosTN; ni"lOtJ^N- 
 
 T : ~ 
 
 40. (ya'qatal^) yaq'tal "1,1^^ (26,4'). 
 
 T : • 
 
 41. yaqtul 01pS^ 
 
 XXVII. (1. NOUNS W. AFFORMATIVE AN. 
 ,5 43. qitlan [tr^^- ]'^'^P^- 
 
 44. qutlan fS^p^ D'K^!^ f^^p, D^n f^^p; 
 
 V •• : : 't 
 
 45. qata'lan (qita'lan) rinS- (ll^r ( 1 ), 
 
 ' T : ' T- 
 
 lO
 
 30 XXVIII. PARTICLES. XXIX. THE VERB. 
 
 XXVIII. e. PARTICLES. 
 
 1. ADVERBS, nnnp (27,9'). onto, n^on- 
 
 2. PREPOSITIONS. daika lialmadbari Tin 
 "iSI/tDn {adverbial accus.), HDnS^H Sj^S, hrh- 
 
 3. CONJUNCTIONS. DID- D1D3. D"ltDO- 
 
 4. INTERJECTIONS. nT^H. 
 
 T <• T 
 
 2. VERBS. 
 XXIX. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 A. VERBAL FORMATION. ic 
 !• npD (assertion of a faci)^ |pT (of a qtial- 
 
 iiy)i ^y (of a quality conceived of as inherent) 
 
 T 
 
 =paqada, zaqina, yakula (middle a, i and u 
 
 VERBS). 
 
 2. Cf. the Arabic: qatala, qulila {active a. ic 
 passive voices; the pass, of the simple stem de- 
 fimct in Hebrew). 
 
 3. 1p£) : "ip5 ' "lp£i; {perfect a. imperfect 
 tenses). 
 
 B. VERBAL INFLECTION. 
 
 1. Sop. nStOp, ^nSop (^/''>^^, second a. //W/ 
 
 persons).
 
 XXX. MIDDLE A VERBS. PERFECT. 31 
 
 2- StDp. nStOp {masculine a. /^w/«/;;^ genders). 
 -It t : I|t 
 
 3. 7tOp. ^7tpp (wz^z^/ar a. ////m/ numbers). 
 
 4. !r]^riSDp=:]nN ^ri^tOp ic^erb with the ac- 
 cus. of the pers. pron., w. suffixes). 
 
 5 a. MIDDLE A VERBS. 
 
 XXX. THE PERFECT. 
 A. THE FORMS OF THE PERFECT. 
 
 SINGULIAR. 
 
 3 p. m. qa'tal(a)=qatar' 
 lo " '' f. qa'talat=qa'tda" 
 2 '' m. qa'ta](a)ta'=qatal'ta* 
 " '' f. qa'tal(a)ti=qatalt'* 
 1 " c, qa'tal(a)tiy'=qatal'ti'' 
 
 nStDp 
 
 T : 'it 
 
 T : <-'t 
 
 n7Dp 
 
 : : -'t 
 
 d^Sdp 
 
 IT 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 15 3 " " qa'talii(n)=qa't^lti(n)'« 
 
 2 '' m. qata'l(a)tum=q^taltem'^ 
 
 '< ** f. qata'l(a)tun=q.?talten'^ 
 
 1 '' e. qa'tal(a)nTi'=qatal'nA* 
 
 >23, 16; note principle of differentiation (a in the 
 10 noun, a in the verb); -'26, 17; 23, 3; note the differ- 
 
 i:iStop
 
 33 XXXI. MIDDLE A VERBS. IMPERFECT. 
 
 ence in accentl ' ta || 'anta (13, 19); the final stem imvel 
 lost (cf.'), Hi i 'anti(n) (14,1). 'tiy i 'auakiy (a) 
 (13,19); t for kl °u(n)=plural ending ?<;'///; or without 
 niination (14, 12). 'turn, tun || 'antum, 'antun (14, 
 1 f.) ^nii il IjnjN (13, 14). 5 
 
 B. THE PRINCIPAL FORMS. 
 
 !• ^LDp 7t3p (^^^/'^ [perfect tense-] stem). 
 
 2. Il/Dp H/tDp [qata'la] {vocalic afforinative). 
 
 3. n7£0p T)1'^X^ {unaccented consonantal afform.). 
 
 4. Dn7tOp {accented cons, afform.). lo 
 NOTES. 1. *'Tr\'2 (=karat'ti, 14, 4 f.). ^Tl^.— 
 
 •<-T , TATT 
 
 2. IjS id? (25, 17 f ). iy-lDO (11, 12); ,T£) niTiJp 
 
 (daces forte conjunctive)-;)'2 rJl^t^i, v"1J?:DtO- 
 
 :<T • : IT 
 
 c. THE PERFECT INFINITIVE. 
 
 qa'tal (nominal form. 10) 7lDp (mfin. absolute). i5 
 
 D. THE PERFECT CONSECUTIVE. 
 
 nStDpi. ^nSra- ijStDpi; nSra, ^nSra (cf. 13, 
 
 T : - '|t: • : -'|t: :<-It: t:at't: • Cat't: 
 1-4). 
 
 XXXI. THE IMPERFECT. 
 
 A. THE FORMS OP THE IMPERFECT. 
 
 SINGULAE. ^ ^ 
 
 3 p. m. ya'q(u)tulu=yaq'tul(u)=yiqtol'' Sbp^
 
 XXXI. IMPERFECT. 33 
 
 3 p. f, taq'tul(u)=tiqtol'=' ^'^P.O 
 
 2 '' m. tfiq'tul(u)=' V^pn 
 " " f. taq'tuli(ii) = tiqtdi(n)'« (p^Vppn 
 
 1 " c. 'aq'tul(u) = 'eqtol" ^'^P^! 
 
 5 . PLURAL. 
 
 3 '^ m. yaq'tulii(n)=yiqtdLi(n)'« ^P'^^^P^ 
 '' " f. taq'tiil(u)na'=tiqtol'na' iljSbpn 
 
 2 ''m. taq'tulu(n) = tiqtdu(n)'' i'l))bWi^ 
 
 '' '' f. taq'tul(n)na'' HjSbpn 
 
 lo 1 '< c. naq'tiil(u)=niqLol'"' /^pJ 
 
 >ya = (? Cf. nom. form. 40)wa||hiiwa; cf. 26,4; 
 
 29,12; 23,6. 'ta || at (31,20). 'tafanta (cf. also 
 
 nom. form. 33). "taFanta, i(n)iranti(ii); 31,20'. 
 
 ^'ai'anija (13,19; cf. also nom. form. 35). M(n) 
 J- 32,3. 'cf.'; nai'antunna (14,2); cf \ 'cV \ 'cf.^; 
 
 nallhunna (14,4). '"na || IjmiV (*i:nj); cf also the 
 
 N REFLEXIVE. 
 
 B. THE PRINCIPAL FORMS. 
 
 !• /Dp* («^ afformative).
 
 34 XXXII. MIDDLE A VERBS. IMPERFECT. 
 
 2- ^^Dpn ''blD'pD [taqtu'li— tiqto'li] {voca/u af- 
 
 form.). 
 
 ^' nj/Dpfl {consouanfal aiform.). 
 
 T : <l: • 
 
 Note "|»;^~I0^'> (24,1V'); n£)"ltrn, (IDpSv 
 
 XXXII. THE IMPERFECT-CONTINUED. 
 A. REMNANT OF THE ENERGETIC MOOD. 
 
 'aq'tula(n);='eqtda' H SopN*; 'aqtu'la(n) = 'eqto'la 
 
 T A ' : V T : ': • t a ' : • t't:: v 
 
 (qn-e for HDpL^'N k^TiB; 3,18); ^:3-^cr■"n^^1 
 
 (32,13). 
 
 B. THE JUSSIVE (OPTATIVE). 
 
 yaq'tui '^^c^'^y^ Note ^cr-l^^ ( 4 ). -inm Sn 
 i:iS, OGj^'rrSN [prohibitive). 
 
 T : : • 
 
 C. THE IMPERATIVE. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 m. qutiil' _ q<ftol' tCT> 
 f. qu'tuli, qi'tuliz=qit<?li' *7Dp 
 
 PLUR.UL,. 
 
 m. qii'tulu, qi'tulCi==qitd<i' iSpp 
 f. qutul'na = q^tol'na JlJ/bp- 
 
 lo 
 
 15 
 
 to
 
 XXXII. IMPERFECT. 85 
 
 D, THE PRINCIPAL FORMS OF THE 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 1. Sbp 2. ^hw '>hbp (qutu'ii) 3. njSbp. 
 
 NOTES 1. Nr"lDr-— 2. oS/'O t.— 3. qu'tula(n) = 
 
 T T: 'IT 
 
 5 qot^'la' H7tOp. qutu'la(u) — q^to'la illtD'p {emphatic 
 
 iinperati\^e). ^ypf")::? (34,10). 
 T :t 
 
 E. THE IMPERFECT CONSECUTIVE. 
 
 1. wayyaq'tul \br>'\, ^^'^^ (12,18). 
 ':•- • : viT 
 
 2. 'h^r)T\^ 'H^r>Ts\ 
 
 lo 3. n:7tDpnv 
 
 n:St 
 
 p. THE IMPERFECT INFINITIVE. 
 
 qutul' (the /5<zr<? [imperfect tense-] ^/.fw; of. nom. 
 form.9)z3q<?tol'7bp (infin. construct). Note 'lpf2 
 
 T|7?:3; ^ri?/ (°^*^ f^^'^"' closing 1). 
 ,3 G. THE PARTICIPLES. 
 
 1. qatil (nom. form. 17) 7tDb {active). 
 
 2. qattil ( " " 12) Svop {passive).
 
 36 XXXIII. VERBS MIDDLE I AND U. 
 
 XXXIII. b. VERBS MIDDLE I AND U. 
 
 PERF. ka'bid(a)=;kaBeD' (23,5) 1^3 
 
 •• T 
 
 ka'bidat=kri'B^Da' (23,3) r\']:i:i ni!JD ( 32,8 ) 
 
 t: it ta"t 
 
 ka'bidta'=kaBaD'ta (26,1') ri"T23 MIIJD 
 
 T :<~T T :att 
 
 kabid'tum=k<?BaDtein' DDIIlD 5 
 
 qa'tun(a)=qaton' (23,6) Jt^p 
 
 qa'timat = qa't^na'(23,3) n:tOp nra ( 3') 
 
 T : 1 1 T T A • T 
 
 qa'tunta'rrqa'ton'ta (24, 8^=) DUbp 
 
 T : a't 
 
 qatun'tum=qHontcm' DnJtOp lo 
 
 INF. ABS. nl33 {hj ana/ogy; cf. 32,16). 
 
 T 
 
 IMPF. ya'k(a)badu, ya'k(i)badu, 
 
 yak'bad(u)=yiKbaD' (32,21) l^y ^^y 
 
 - : • AT : • 
 
 tak'badi'=tiKb^Di *n!3Dn H^^n 
 
 • : : • AT : • 
 
 tak'bad(u)na'=ztiKbaD'na n^lSDn '5 
 
 T :<-: • 
 
 IMP. kabad',kibad'=K6'BaD' "1^3 ^^^ 
 
 - : at: 
 
 ka'bada(n),ki'bada(n)=kiBi'Da' n"lD3 HIDD 
 
 T : • tat : 
 
 n!33 nn3 
 
 • : • 'at : 
 
 T :<-:
 
 ^XXIV. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 37 
 
 INFCSTR. nb3 (36,11; cf. 35,12) 
 
 NOTES. 1. fpr,f|^n; -inj (36,4), toi -in^>; 
 
 p'lv*; nD:r', 2yc^, :33-tr'v But i:^^:;, ptr', rbe'^ 
 
 '^^iDD a. pN~ivpv rDpnr-2. ppnin, ])'2:i^D. 
 
 5 p:j3:^n.-3. nhm, ohm p:r', pN"ptr'; n^^t:^' 
 
 but anp, nnnpt (35,5), r "11^1, n?j"i.-4. Sdlt' 
 
 -I : , T :It - : tat: - : 
 
 Sipn a. ^^on-D^4:>t. t^>N-:iip3(34,8*), n^ni^S- 
 —5. fpr, ^i"i[^, pny; nS^p^' (cf. »nSb^), 
 
 TT : • •• : *• I T 
 
 lo XXXIV. B. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 
 A. 1. NOUNS. 
 10 a. qattal(at) r\v'l fllp-l (daces forte for //z- 
 
 /•^«j//f), ^n:r'p3. 
 
 • T '|T- 
 
 15 a. qittiil UiVl^, DH^tJ^'. 
 
 ^5 2. V E R B S. 
 
 B. ACTIVE. 
 
 PERF. qat'tal(a), impf. yaqat'til(u) imp. qat'til 
 
 qat'til(a), qit'- ^y^qattel'* =qattel' 
 
 til(a) = qittel" 
 
 2o Sop h'or:^ hw
 
 38 XXXIV. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 
 INF. ABS. qattal' inf. cstr. *7t3p 
 wbp) PART, maqat'til- 
 'hlDp u(n)=m^qattel'* hl3pf2 ^ 
 
 J second i introduced from the impcrf. stem, 
 first \ hj assimilaiion to the second (12,9); 36,2. 
 =cf. nom. form. 10 a. 'corresponding to qattil(a). 
 ^i the characteristic vowel of the impf. stem (active). lo 
 
 h-oipj- SDp_:=Sib|:) : Sbp;. (cf. 35,12). 
 
 NOTES. 1. S*!^ (3T,20; '^'T]. D33 a. ^53 (e for 
 
 e). Sap, "i::i, D3D, ntopS, ^nn2i.-2. vr\'2in, 
 ir^yirs- n:nnn (i2,i8), n^-ini, *7ir'n:ii; i:jiNn 
 (12,18). none 13,3^ ),"i:n"ini (i3,3o, m^iKi 15 
 (i3,2i).— 3. NrnnsD ( 35,6 ). — 4. nbopn- 
 rr\T\r2-T\t]^'2'o (28,13), n^i^mti^DQ-Dn^n^n- 
 
 VV-: T- -: • VV-: 
 
 nni:^!jon; D^7tr:DDn n*:n— 5. nj^ra (28,8 ), 
 
 t' : •
 
 XXXV. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. 39 
 
 c. PASSIVE. 
 
 PERF, qut'ti](a), qut'tal(a) impf. yaqut'tal( u ) = 
 5 =quttal'> Sop y^quttal'' vDp*. 
 
 nSop 'S:ppn 
 
 nSop n:St2p'n 
 
 INF. ABs. quttaP 7bp inf. cste. C^^P) 
 
 PART. maqut'talu( n ) =: 
 
 m^qutial'^ ^'Opt2 
 
 la introduced from the impf. stem, '■'cor- 
 
 responding to quttal(a). 'a characteristic vowel of 
 
 the impf (passive). ^Sop = ^^"^1-=^^;^^ Sop^. 
 
 (38,11). ^cf ' and 31,19. 
 
 15 Note nStr'n- :}ii;i- ^crpDm (38,i83), ip-nv 
 t'^r>t:^r^. nn^ob, nSnoo, 'rvMy^^-^ D^c^npon, 
 
 XXXV. C. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. VERBS. 
 A. ACTIVE. 
 2o PERF. ha'q(a)tala= impf. yaha'q(a)- jussive 
 haq'tal(a), haqti- tilu= yahaq'- yaq'til= 
 
 1(a), hiqti](a) = til(u) = yaq- . yaqtel'' 
 
 hiqtil'^ h'^'^T\ til'-^ S'Pp^ Spp^_
 
 40 XXXV. THE OAUSATIVE STEM. 
 
 T •<-! : • T :< -I :- • < I :- 
 
 INF. ABS. '^Sopn INI^ CSTR. ^^^DpH ll^SopH 
 
 T :<• 
 
 PART, maha(^'tilu(n) = 
 maq'til=maqtil'' ^^PpO 5 
 
 > ha =rt'//^ /«!?/// of the caus. stem (active); second 
 i I'u/roduced from the impev^. (cf. 38,7) and irregu- 
 larly produced to i; first i by assimilation to the sec- 
 ond (cf. 38, 8). ''corresponding to haqtil(a) (cf. 38, 
 9=). 'i characteristic \owq\ of the imperf. stem (active); ^° 
 cf. (38,10); 12, 15; cf.', ^regular production in 
 closed sylhxble in the beginning or middle of a word 
 {doubly closed syll.); long vowels not tolerated there. 
 'S^Ppn: yahaqtil =St3p: ^^\>\i^'^^ 1^ )- '^^•'\ 
 
 tendency of the jussive towards shortening the form. 15 
 'note the relation of juss. a. imp." note the accentl 
 
 NOTES. 1. nnnDm (cf.e a. 32, 17), ♦m:)n") 
 ( 32, 11 ). ij^r'^pn. — 2. p•^Dp^ foSt^'n. "^j^'y 
 
 I • :-, '<•: - •:- : ' r vv.:- 
 
 »3, Nr|3pn.
 
 XXXVI. THE T REFLEXIVE. 41 
 
 B. PASSIVE. 
 
 PERF. hu'q(ii)tila = impp. yahu'q(u)talu part. 
 
 huq'til(a),huq'tal(a) =yuq'tal(u)=yoq- mahuqta- 
 
 =hoqtal'> ^'Or)n tal'' SdD* lu(n) = 
 - 1 : T - ' :t 
 
 iih:2^n ^hiDrir\ inuq'tai= 
 
 nSopn nJ^Dpn moqtal- 
 
 INF. ABS. 'StDpil INF. CSTR. "^Dpil VtOPO 
 
 lo 
 
 'hu=^//^w67-!/ of the caus. stem (passive); a. in- 
 troduced from the impf. stem (cf. 39,11). "corresp. 
 to huqtil(a). 'a the characteristic vowel of the impf. 
 stem (passive). *7tODn: yahuqtal(u) = 7^tOpn: ya- 
 haqtil (40,14 ). "cf. 39,14. 
 
 Note ^r^^T\ {yyVTW -^^r^TS a. i:)S:r\ 
 
 • -: T ~ • • AT • : T <ST : : 
 
 ,5 D. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. VERBS. 
 
 XXXVI. THE T REFLEXIVE. 
 
 PERF. hit(a)qat'tala= impf. yahitqat'- imp. 
 hitqat'tal(a), hitqat'- til(u) =yitqat'- hit — 
 
 til(a) — hiiqattel'' til(u)= yiTqat-
 
 43 XXXVI. THE T REFLEXIVE. 
 
 INF. ABs. 'Spj^nri INF. csTR. 'bopn^ 
 
 PART, nialiitqat'tilu(n) = 
 initqat'til=miT(|attel'' 7Dpn^ 
 
 ^tsi— augment of the T reflex, stem; hi — an 
 
 ele7nent of euphony (cf. 29,8") added to the augment, 5 
 
 after the latter had lost its vowel; the remainder 
 
 = qattil(a), cf. 37,18. 'of. 38,2'; the principle 
 
 carried by analogy into the imperf. stem. ^ corresp. 
 
 to hitqattil(a), cf. 38,9'. ;cf. 40,11; lb. 10. 
 
 '7Dpnn= yahitqattil(u) = S'tDpn = yahuqtal(u) 10 
 ••J- : . -) : T 
 
 (41,12). 
 
 NOTES. 1. "irinpn, "isnti^n, ^wm (tiq- 
 
 tattala ; 3,19); pTiOS^rT (t for t after s; ib. ); 
 13lp (t assifnilafed to d ;18,9'').— 2. f]5/pnn 
 (hitqattala). 7LDpn.3- imp. 7Dprin (a introduced 15 
 from the perf. stem.)— 3. ^m'DTS'n, "):D"in\ I^T'ipnS 
 
 imp. 1^'ipnn- [nsDOT, nv'?5n*--4. ^nS^Jinrri 
 
 ^nti^lpnH"!''' (i reintroduced^ because not under the 
 stress of the accent). n^^lSntrnt-— 5. m^'pr\f2- 
 —6. Passive: hutqattil(a) (41,9; ib. 2): DlSDil 20 
 ^Jl^rrriK (t assimilated to k, 14 ; note i I ) a. 
 
 npiDnn (cf. 39,15=; i8,io^). 
 
 I:|t: t
 
 XXXVII. THE N REFLEXIVE. 43 
 
 XXXVII. THE N REFLEXIVE. 
 
 PERF. na'qatal(a) tmpf. yahin(a)- imp. hinqa'til = 
 =naq'tal(a) = qa'til ( u ) = hiqqatel' 
 niqtal" yinqa'til(u) = 
 
 5 yiqqntel'^ 
 
 Sd|7J "^of^l ^Dpn 
 
 t:I :■ .• :I,T- • :I,t- 
 
 T :<-': • T :<-' T- t:<-'t' 
 
 INF. ABS. ""hbp^ INF.CSTR.'SjOpn 
 
 't • ••'t* 
 
 PART, naq'talu(n) 
 
 =niqtril'« StOpj 
 T': • 
 
 ^nsi=at/gmen/ of the N reflex, stem, added to the 
 simple stem; 36, 13. 'Sb^J : SopJ = SltOp : StOp 
 
 '5 (32, 15). ' assimilated in form to the impf., with 
 which it is most frequently used, 'characteristic 
 vowel of the perf. reintroduced. ' i characteristic 
 rowel of the impf. stem (active) (42, 9'); cf 42, 5 
 ff.5 42, 21 ; 31, 9. °cf. 42, V. ' StDpH = jahinqa- 
 
 2o til(u) = SLDpnn: yahitqattil(u) (42,10). '41, 13\ 
 
 NOTES. 1. T\'^'2'l (40, 17=).— 2. nriDN (cf 33, 
 
 T<-: • •• T V 
 
 4) but n-!D5N*, niDDN*-— 3. niD^^, Vn'O'^'TW 
 
 T- IT • TA-- T • ' :|T' ' rt --IT *
 
 44 XXXVIII. MIDDLE A VERBS WITH SUFF. 
 
 pDTn,nj")Dir'n— 4. \DhD% n^^nt, Soj-nt (cf. 
 
 t':<-t' t :a-t • ••t* v<t • ^- t 
 
 38, 12').— 5. NJ-nSn (32, 12>; cf. 40, 21). Note 
 
 T V<T- 
 
 '■)f2l^n (for emj>/iasis\). 017 "n^H- — 6. ninLTJ, 
 
 •.•<T • •.•<T • T 
 
 nnxo; Dnn:rj. DS"n:j:rjS, rma:)^ Note 
 
 DH^DJ but pN-n^DJ (29, 18^). 5 
 
 •T ' VAT 
 
 Note the following terms used by mediaeval 
 Jewish grammarians (e. g. Abraham ibn ezra, died 
 1167, and david qimhi, died 1235): SpH f*JS i- ^. 
 the /ig/i/ formatio?i = simple stem (also ^^5, from 
 the verb used in their paradigms); "I^SDH O t- ^. lo 
 the /leazy form. = intensive stem (7|^5 = active, 
 S;;^ = passive); r|Dl^n ID^DH O ^ ^- the tz//^--- 
 w^«/^^ heavy form. = causative stem (7^^511= act- 
 ive, b^Sn = passive) ; ^^*t)r\tl = the T reflexive 
 and Sp£)J=the N reHex. 15 
 
 E. THE VERB WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 a. THE SIMPLE STEM. 
 
 XXXVIII. MIDDLE A VERBS. PERFECT. 
 
 qa'tala=SDp (31,9), ^ SDp=qata'laniy(a) 
 =q^tala'ni ^.jStDp (note a, though accented!) *J7tOp5 20
 
 5 
 
 XXXVIII. THE PERF. WITH SUFF. . 45 
 qata'laka' = qHa'l<?Ka' ^StOp TlSop: qata'laki = 
 
 ':|t': avt': , 
 
 q^tal^K' ^7L0p ; qata'la(li)u=q^tal6' I^JOD ; qata'- 
 lah(a)=q^talali'n7Dp- 11lj»? ^Dp=qata'lanu=qHa- 
 la'nti IjStOp; DDnN* S^p; pHiV Sop ; qata'la'- 
 (h)um=q<?talam'D7Dp qata'la(h)un=q^talan' ptOp 
 (cf. XII. and note in the first pers. here niy(a), 
 there y(a)). 
 
 qa'talat —niiJp (^1, 10). qata'latniy(a) = q^- 
 
 talax'ni ''^phl^'D ^JH/Dp; q<?ta'lat(a)ka' =q^ta]a'- 
 • :<-T I: • :aT t' : 
 
 lo Td'Ka (the accent does fw^ go beyond the fem. end. ; 
 
 the penult loosely closed) ^TTn^tOp ^ilvLDp; qata'- 
 
 lat(a)ki = q^tala'iek (e for 6, because ujtaccented) 
 
 nnSop; qata'lathu^qHrdaT'hu inn7tDp liinStDp, 
 ' V <tt' : :<- tI : : '^TT ' : 
 
 qata'lat(h)u==q^talat'tu (the suppression of \\\Q.l)reath- 
 
 15 ing emphasises the preceding consonant ; 18, 9) 
 
 inSop ^flStOp; qata'lat(h)a'=q^talat'ta— .in^tDp 
 <-tI : '^TTl : t<- t • : 
 
 nn^Dp- qata'latnii l^nSiDP IllStOp-. H^tDp 
 TrtTT': : <-tI: : att': t : 'it 
 
 DDHN ; pn?^ nSlOP; qata'lat(h)um=q^tala'Tam 
 ( a for a, 12 ) DilStDp ; qata'lat(h)un [nS'Op-
 
 46 , XXXVIII. THE PERF. WITH SUFF. 
 
 qa'talta' =:nS:Dp (31,11). ^jnS'Jp ^JflSop ; 
 
 T : <- 1 T . •<-:-!: • at : - ' : 
 
 innS'top, inSop; nnS^p- ij^Sop; niroDp^ 
 
 <T : -' : : -I : t : -I: <t : -': t : -': 
 
 qa'taiti = rhap (31,12). 'o'n'^op ; in'n'^Dp; 
 
 nnSop- ijnStop-. o^'iS^p; rnSop- 5 
 
 qa'taitiy=»nSop (31,13). ^i^nSop; Tj^nVop ; 
 
 IiTdSdP, VnStDp (16,11; u following upon a 
 heterogejieous [5,19] vowel becomes w [ 3, 3 ]); 
 
 f>n7Dp. '° 
 
 qa'tam = iViOp (31,15). ^JlSop : ^iStOp; 
 :'|T • <tI: I < tI: 
 
 niTO; in^tOp: ni7tDp. ^J7Dp; DDilN I^Dp; 
 
 I t': <: t': t < t" : <:tI : v :v :' |t 
 
 qatal'tum, qatal'tim=DriStOp, friS^p (31, 
 16 f). qatalluniy(a) ^JinSop : innSop ; HinStOp. '5 
 
 unS^p; DinS^p; pnS'op- 
 
 qa'talnti= IjSop (31,18). ^^IjStDp ; ^IjS^P , 
 
 injStop; mj^Dp- D::nN i^S'iDp; pav -uSop; 
 
 <:,: -I: t < : -': v : v : -' t 'v : v : -' t 
 
 DiiSop; p:iSop-
 
 XXXIX. THE IMPERF. WITH SUFF. 47 
 
 XXXIX. THE IMPERFECT WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 yaq'tulu z= Sbp;. (32,21). yaq'tiilimiy(a), yaq'- 
 tuliniy(a) (14,2)=yiqtde'iil ''^hlD'D''' yaq'tulika' = 
 yiqtokKa' (23,4 f . ) ^StOp_ yaqtuli'ka ^Sop* 
 
 5 (45,1'); ya'qtuIihiV = yiqtde'M inSop^; jaq'- 
 
 <■ * '. I'. ' 
 
 tuliha'^yiqWe'ha nVop^ ( 4 ). IjStDp* ; SdD* 
 DDHN; pa^ Sop*; oSpp^; fSpp^- 
 ta'qtulu = Vopn (33,1). Cf. h\Dp'>- 
 
 taq'tulii=Sbpn ( 33,2 ). Cf. the preceding 
 lo (omit the suff. of the 2. pers.). 
 
 ta'qtuii'=^;:)ppn (33,3). ^j^Sppn; i.TSppn; 
 .TStDpn- ^rSopn; o^S^pn; p^opn- 
 
 'aq'tiihi = SbpN (33,4). Cf. Sop* (omit the 
 suff. of the 1. pers.). 
 IS yaq'tulu' =lStpp| (33,6). ^JlSpp| etc.; cf. 
 
 *^tDpn (add the suflf. of the 2. pers.) 
 
 ta'qtulu'zzilSppn (33,8). ^JlS^pn (--=also 
 
 ♦riN il^^tDpSr) 2. and 3. pers.) cf. iStO^^ (omit 
 with the 2. pers. the suff. of the 2. pers.). 
 2o naq'tulu=: Sbp^ (33,10) cf. '?D'^i<-
 
 48 XL. THE ILIP. AND INF. WITH SUFF. 
 
 NOTES. 1. 1£)'T1^ a. niDS^It (the final 
 : : * T : :• 
 
 stem vowel of tlie perf. introduced into the impf.). 
 — 2. yaqtulan'ka (suff. added to the energetic 
 mood [34,7]; nun energetic) ijSop* {^%;2V)\ 
 
 ':p!^pT\ (43,19=); ^njSpp> i:il^-)T (45, Uf.), s 
 
 n^nDS^-3. n^DDDN, ^'isrs' (34, s)^ 
 
 T<v: : * t<vt: : v t'-.-t: :' 
 
 XL. THE IMPERATIVE AND INFINITIVE 
 WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 A. THE IMPERATIVE. 
 
 qutul'= Stop (34, 16). qu'tuluniy(a), qu'tuli- ^ 
 my(a) (47,2) = qotae'ni (cf. 34, 17) ; inStOp ; 
 
 nStop- ijSdp; nStDp; ?S*op- 
 
 T<v :l T <•• :l T •• : It ' *• :! t 
 
 ^Stop- *:^Sdp etc. 
 
 iStOp- '•JiSdP (=also ^riK njSbp) etc. 
 
 Note HIdS a. n^n^t (1 f.). 
 T : T T : T 
 
 B. THE INFINITIVE (CONSTRUCT). 
 
 qutul'=7lbp (35, 12; s. nom. form. 9). Note 
 vLDp {subjective genitive) a. *J7pp {objective gen.); 
 ^7Pp, OriSop, pTtPp or (to avoid the /^j^ of the 
 
 15
 
 XLI. VERBS MIDDLE I AND THE OTHER STEMS. 49 
 
 second vowel in firmly closed syllable) Tj^tOp, 
 DjSdP> pSdP (with accent shifted)-^ ^nStOp- 
 
 XLI. A. VERBS MIDDLE I WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 Perf. ^jSiJI (44, 19; 48, 11 ) (poet, lor ^HN h^}), 
 
 5 DtJ^'^7l — Impf. ^Jti^'^S^I (yalba' siniy(a) = yilbase'- 
 v-.t:- 
 
 ni) [q:J^■3':'^ !nt:^"3^^ m::^'37n]- —imp. [>jtr':j7, 
 
 ' :|T : • ' AvT : • t < t : * •<" t : 
 
 ♦w::^].— Inf. nnD:^t (37, r- 24, 150, n^Dtr' 
 
 • < T : T : • ': : T 
 
 (37, V. 1;48, 19). 
 
 B. b. THE OTHER STEMS. THE INTENSIVE. 
 
 10 ''TSp^ (sig'giraniy[a]), :r|V5p (^^' ^^'^ ^^^• 
 
 *;o^p. :i"ipr, ^pipn. Note nn£)pn- ♦jiddd, 
 
 ♦jnbn*(fem.*) ;■ nil" a." ^JiTp^S (48, 18 ; 39,153) ; 
 ''^^^,^ 'Tl^^P- ^o^^ DD'^'7jW(orig. i, not el).— 
 
 ^ ^ ■ * c. THE CAUSATIVE. 
 
 ^jti^'^riSn, nn^Dtrn etc. ; *jSna\ nS^tr":)* etc. ; 
 ^pD^V^'^^*' V.?'^^"^V ^^?'"?1'!!' '^^*'^p'!?^' 
 
 *pnyO- Note iJ^S^nt {first vowel of the stem 
 preserved [in reduced form]; 3, 19). 
 
 D. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. 
 
 DnniDp. Note nn3DjV'(44, 5). ' "'^ 
 
 15
 
 50 XLII. NOUNS FIRST GUTTURAL. 
 
 B, STRONG TRILITERALS WITH 
 GUTTURALS. 
 
 1. NOUNS. 
 XLII. NOUNS FIRST GUTTURAL. 
 
 1. 12^^ 1:1^, "iDn a. TDH, pNnt. n^:; 5 
 
 V AT VAV VAT ' V T T 
 
 (cf. 23,8=); DnDpn {tinaccented a and i with 
 gutturals reduced to a [cf. 23,3]), nV:f1N> HD^^ 
 
 (29,2=). D^£)S^^• r^y^^. p"ipti^" n^^^NMinwN; 
 nipn, ^D£)N- 
 
 T : • 
 
 2. pSn. 'p^n (i with gntts. in closed syl- 
 lable shortened to e ) : D\':)Snn, Sd ^Sj{<, 
 
 • -: AT 
 
 DH^pSn- npSn, nnb^n npSn, ^iDin ; niDnnS, 
 ^^iD-iin nii3-int (23,ir), urrCiV n^n, :ir>'!;} ,. 
 nm, r';2*^' "^^'^l ^p^^ '^^^^^ 'h)ii<t2- 
 
 3. tr'-in, "iL^^in ; o^trnnn («^'^^^. u[o] with 
 
 T t: 
 
 gutts. reduced to o), H^LTn ''C^IH, Win 
 
 TT 
 
 D:D^tr'in- D*J?N- n:n-in, nbS^" n^nn, ^nDDH;
 
 lO 
 
 15 
 
 XLII. NOUNS FIRST GUTTURAL. 51 
 
 T : T 
 
 (accus. ending w/f/i mimation [14,15]) a. HJ^i^ 
 
 T : T 
 
 {without mimation). 
 
 DJN, D^*: d:n*; D^^jii^n (49,22), d'^ 'd:n, 
 
 AT-: V,T - rt ~ 
 
 Dil^^^lN* (note a!), '^y^ (=zOrig. 'i'nab='enaB'); 
 - -J- .. 
 
 D^::jpD, q-inj ^n:ip ( v y n-nn. D^'lS^* nnnnt, 
 
 -: 'av • : • • : • -: - : v 
 
 5 (8). -lynn, fDirbn nvn- ib^r :ip_r:3, 
 i»N riSn^ oSn) a. o^Nj-SDNOt. d;5n r]']N- 
 
 ^mnvnt- niJOiV but r\\^^T\ ( 9= ), nt:';2n 
 
 D^£)^Kt- irjnn^nt. D^D"n3Li^n (note el) but 
 
 I <• T 
 
 10. nnri;^. 11 u. on^oK- 
 
 12. KDv pSn;D^v"iSn, N:3V^viSn,
 
 63 XLII. NOUNS FIRST GUTTURAL. 
 
 13. "TlDH; "l1?N (i sometimes retained with }«J, 
 e=accented i), -li;> -^irK ; ^DN (accented i; 51,15'), 
 
 T • 
 
 mON (unaccented i reduced to e with K); 
 TTv: 
 
 15. Dn-in; pQkV, vSr3 o^n?^, miDN- 
 
 21. pjn?2 (note second a!t-: — tendency of 
 I — li- 
 the gutts. towards retaining the first vowel [in 
 
 reduced from, because unaccented'] of the stem ac- 
 cording to the fllg. scale: + H, p, H, N — ), rjtr'nD ^° 
 (daaes lene to indicate the firm closing of a 
 preceding syllable ending in a gutt. ; note the 
 function of the daoes lene I); Wy2/*r\'0^ ( 2^ ), 
 
 pN-^DWD- nnt^nD, riD'^n^, nntrno, nDsrn^ 
 
 nn:3;^0, D\iSn mOn^D (note second a before 
 
 -| 
 
 e ), p■^^1 m"i3;;D-- ni'pnn^t, nnsno.- 
 
 SdND, np-)5 S^N/tD, ^'2i^t2, DIdSdNVO- hSdKD. 
 
 -pN-npn^ (26,4-50,120. :j3-id; n^D-i;^, 20
 
 XLIII. NOUNS MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 53 
 
 np^TOii n:2Dno, in^:)");p; m:jD"iQ, r\:i2ifp 
 
 22. '■\tyt2- "i^po- Y^iD- yn "i^;^D a. 
 npa "i^pot, ntr;?^; nnt:^;^^, DD^mti^po- 
 5 23. npSno, inpSn^; nipSnQ(note ^^;m^- 
 
 cented u!) 
 
 30. niDHO. 
 
 43. p3tr'n (52, 20'); nij^jti^n (25, 13) 
 o 45. fiinNt (9^. pa^/P; rjjiD^;;. 
 
 XLIII. NOUNS MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 
 
 1. 11^1 "ip.3 (the gutts. r^/d;/« an original a, as 
 
 their homogeneous vowel, and sometimes adopt it in 
 stead of another, ace. to the fllg. scale :t ^, n> il. 
 
 15 K-). onSt. Dni;r:) nSm (so, 20. ^anS, rionS, 
 ^V} (52, ir), ri^pr, npj; onpj, np n;^j, 
 ♦n;;j, Dnn;^j. D^Spj- ni^m. fn^n^ nSm ; nnpj, 
 
 T v: < t:i ' T| 
 
 2c TlSl^i)- N'otelbp'iD a. 1*nKr)+ (o produced to o under 
 
 I at:i -:i -: i
 
 54 XLIII. NOUNS MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 
 
 the stress of the secondary accent). D^H"! = Dv^iD- 
 
 d^Shn!!- d^Shnh (53,20). 3pr* 'Sn.s*. ^>Snxt. 
 
 4 (T). -inj, nn5 nnj; onnj- t:o-i nnj ; 
 
 onD npri' 'npyi i:y_t2- D'*or?2 ( 53, 10 ). 
 p'pnn ii;3 i)ut n^2 (form, i), :r|-ip:}, ni^n, 
 
 Di;^D, D:D-|yD- "l.rb' (51,8^ ), ^pii-} -^^p a. 
 
 D^S:in i>*ir (torin. 1), i-i;,*tr- nn;;^, ni;^^^^ 
 
 5 (S). -inN't (G-; 20,5); niiiK, oniiN; 
 
 (note the play of the tone !). H/^nn, Dn^H HDH^ 
 
 rjn^n:3t (51, i6^) ;nT^nn, '^yl m^n^- ^nd, 
 r\'M<'2 (53,15=); nnNO, "iDH nnKD a. nnND 
 
 12. -iin!j; DmniDt (iv), non n"iri::} + 
 (44,2), mnrit. 
 
 15 b. D>n^m (16=). 
 r 
 
 IT. nnN, ^:}nN*. irjnN; D^nnN, r]m ^!}niV, 
 
 -: I ' - I 'av 
 
 'nnN- n-ipD, ni;^D a. nn;^Dt (27, r) ; nn^n- 2,
 
 XLIV. NOUNS THIED GUTTURAL. 55 
 
 19 (2Y). ii:3(iS (47, 4=), in^jn nnnS (54, 
 
 T|v . •-: 
 
 18); mnn?, c'N mnn^- i:^n3- jjnn (lo, is); 
 
 TV T T 
 
 20. ci^nn (2'); D^:rnnn. 
 5 21. pnn^; D^pnn^'D^pnip) (1'), -^pnnn 
 
 24. nnNDn, n"iN£3n. nnK^n, ^Nnii'^nnKDn, 
 
 rt 
 
 25. nS;^")n- ii^s. pi;; ( 4 ) ; D»i"n>*, ^i-n;; 
 
 10 on:- 
 
 29. Dim (1^) ; p-in (9^). 
 45. p::;;-!, Dyn2 pn^i- 
 
 XLIV. NOUNS THIRD GUTTURAL. 
 
 1. nnr, nnj, ^nnr, ^i^ni k not ^, with gutts.), 
 
 2. nvo, ^nvn, ^n>o- nn^jt^. 
 
 3. n::Ji, n"iNs "qmN ; n^niN, o^pnif mn^K, 
 
 4(7). prib'. irnN x^"i;i:j- pSv, ^Skm pSi* 
 20 (form. 2), p::/;:n rSv i^^''"''- 1)' ^^^^= mp^i^,
 
 56 XLIV. NOUNS THIRD GUITURAL. 
 
 5- >*ib'. n*2t' (paiah furtive to facilitate the 
 pronunciation of gutts. after //^/fri7§-<?//^^«j vowels). ^3 J2' 
 
 ' T, • •• • T|T 
 
 6(9). n^ji, -in::*- nnb;i (5, iii\ nnnc'- s 
 
 12. ri:::r'; D*;^x^t (55, is^), nu^:nc^t, rn;^:3:r 
 
 IT |T 
 
 13. niSiS;; d'hSk-ii 15 b. D'nS:r'- 
 
 n. '^_rp, ^^P in^^cr. 10 
 
 10 b (18. 22). nnS:}- n;n-:; (5), inpnv- hdd; 
 
 20. nip (11'). 
 
 21. non^, TO:3Qt (55, 11'), nnpn^D (55,10; 
 D^nDDt:- f]^'nDDD- nnstrb. n j nnD:^\^, \nnD::'D ; 1 5 
 
 22. nniDD- nsr*:. nnnron (54, u'), nnro 
 D^J3N, ^nnro, ^HDrrj, ^nnro ; mn^rD- 
 
 30. rmm- ' 
 
 35. ;^51J< a.' P3VN* (52, 1'). nnTNv mrNO 20
 
 XLV. VERBS FIRST GUTTURAL. 57 
 
 38. nn5N;. 
 
 44. jnh'^, ^Son ]r\b:i^, r\:nh'^i m:nS:r, 
 
 2. VERBS. 
 5 XLV. YERBS FIRST GUTTURAL. 
 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. MIDDLE A VERBS. 
 
 PERF. ^f2^ IMPF. nbj^* I^P- "TOI^ 
 
 -:|- -: 
 
 lo Dmoj^ rsT. csTR. no^ 
 
 INF. ABS. TiQ^ PART. act. ";>2|^ pass. l*lD^ 
 
 NOTES. 1. Dnn^i^, Dn:3:^'n, onnDn, Dn"iD{< 
 
 (55,140. — 2'. nor (32,21; 53,12); nOH^ ; ^£)^^ 
 
 Dnn* but iD")n\ nin^ ; "idn\ ^:i"iN*n but *i;nj<». 
 
 15 —2'. nop^^, c^DHf^, ^3^^^, cjonn (33,4; 53,12). 
 
 n^^HN but nniNt— 2^ rji^^n^ (52,7 at.) a. 
 
 V -r 
 
 »y^::^n* (note fl [a] for orig. u[32,21]; 37,7^. 
 -\- 
 
 l^2\^n' \ ^y^\ln a. r\2^r\, n!jrn(53,i6^=).— 
 3. no^; njn, •jdh; "idn (Hjis). n^rr--
 
 58 XLV. VERBS FIRST GUTTURAL. 
 
 4. nr_^S, njinS, "jiDnS ; idnS a. ^dnS (5Y,i9). 
 nSnnS ( 23,9 ), ni.T nSon:! ( u, v ), 
 
 DnD-'riN* D\iSk nnSnttD (nom. form. 22). 
 B. MIDDLE I VERBS. 
 1- I'v'in (12,8; in a //^///i/ following the S 
 
 pausal accent).— "iK 1D^;?*1 (36,12); pr^ llfiDn* 
 < -, - i< .. 
 
 but iv£)nv pvsn^ iDiN^ but njnnNn— 2'. 
 nS'inNt.— 2'. -I'lnn— 3. y^^^ prn- iSnn. 
 — 4. Sniip- ini;,':Dn, inprra- — 5. riS-ion; 
 
 D^i3jn. nS-*£3Jn (nom. form. 5). lo 
 
 c. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 
 Note Dnt:^;^Dn (49,ir); D^DlKOn (0 foru 
 • : - T 
 
 [ill sharpened syllable] due to the influence of 
 
 the gutt.). 
 
 D. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. 15 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 PEEF. 'D^snn iMPF. D^3n^ imp. o^nn 
 
 etc. etc. etc. 
 
 INF. ABS. DDnn INF. CSTR. 0*311)1 PART. 0*311^ 2o 
 
 nD;?n nvjpn n*o;^o
 
 XLV. VERBS FIRST GUITURAL. 59 
 
 ' 58,6'. 40,18 f.; 57 16'. 
 
 Note ^nonnn but '-.^"inm (58,6\ to, 
 
 <v: IV < r 
 
 i:3nprnni {u,2;ss,i6). n:i^i^n (43,2r). 
 
 PA'^SIVE. 
 
 Note TTiDrrn (58,12-), Snnn (4i,7); n::^nn 
 
 5 I- T •• '^t:|t 
 
 (41,2), nr2y\ D'^^^ mnn, "i,^ro, mnin,*:- 
 
 E. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. 
 
 THE T KEFLEX. 
 
 Note oSprin-SN (42,15); jiSc'-D^rnu^o, 
 
 — A • ■ 
 
 21). 
 
 jQ THE N REFLEX. 
 
 PEEF. Dnm(58,n'), in::^m, nnjip, n:)£)nji(cf. 
 
 2), ^nnti^m and pi^ (58,i8'), njQN> 
 
 iIqSnj, jidSnji, ^-idSnj. 
 
 iMPF. pSn^_ (56,13), :l-)^^ :r■J;;^flDN^ pnyn*. 
 
 15 niKpSnM44,2), ^S-Dsrnn^ (9'). f]DiVU 
 
 ny^nit. njDNn (3^;58,i2'). 
 
 IMP. ii^':5nn, iSnnrn, noNn. 
 I- I 
 
 INF. ABS. Dinnj, "IIDHJ- 
 - I -:r 
 
 INF. csTR. Drsnnn (kms), -ir;^n7. n^p^pn ^o^n- 
 20 PART. :itrm, m^i^j, nDsn^ , [dnj, nn |DNJ»
 
 60 XL VI. VERBS MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 
 
 n^jQNO- Note nnnr; a. p;?j, noS;^i D^nSi^jt 
 
 (a preserved in its purity). 
 
 F. WITH SUFIXES. 
 
 ♦jnrp.isT, 12) etc.;»j^trf7\ orirjL^n etc., p:};^^, 
 im"i:}r ' ^^?I^^ 5 '^^£)'^(1^ D£)^n\ ins'in^ ; ^innoN^i 
 
 t: V t: : : < r 
 
 (58,6'), innoNni ; ^Jjnn ; T]-)!});. ^t^Vj. '^T\rh^ 
 
 r ' r 
 XLVI. VERBS MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. 
 
 PEKF. toniJ^ iMPF. 'ioHLJ^* IMP. 'ton:^ 
 
 INF. ABS. tOintJ' 
 
 INF. CSTR. ^"^XW 
 
 PART. 'Dn:r; DintJ'. 
 
 ' 4^ ''a (and a, when not under the stress 
 of the accent) for orig. u with gutts. ;cf. 57,17. Note 
 that the formal distinction of middle a and middle i 
 verbs is thus obliterated in the impf. ' first a by as- 
 similation to a ; cf. 40,8'. " the nom. form preserves 
 the orig. vowel. » the gutt. has no influence upon a 
 following 1. 
 
 IS
 
 XL VI. VERBS MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 61 
 
 Note nnnn, nno. mriDi ; rnSn, mr) ; 
 
 SnX hSn::^, 'P;^V1t (note ^ with s ; cf. 34,80- 
 B. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 
 5 
 
 
 *nn'4^'n 
 
 
 
 T - • 
 
 T : •• - : 
 
 T : •• - 
 
 
 Vr^ 
 
 n:^?: 
 
 ••T 
 
 
 T-:|- 
 T : — 
 
 T : •• T : 
 
 • -:|T 
 T : "T 
 
 lo iNFF. nn:^'; r]n3. part, nmtp; r]n:3p, 
 
 NOTES, i. DHI^ "in?2 (note a <z//<?r jl and 
 
 n;cf. 60,21), "ir^i (55,11'); fm r]np ( the 
 
 gutts. admit of being doubled according to the 
 
 fllg. scale: + H, M, };, N* [,")]-)•— 2. DHT, 
 
 15 nn^^ "ip;i^ : fJ^OV rinn' (note e, not a!).— 3. 
 
 T < I I • T I < T < 
 
 PN tl")DD (11,15'; this moTeG also termed rnDVil 
 'v<T I|"<t: tt-:|- 
 
 c/ieck, viz. against shortening a long or 
 produced vowel).— 4. nntDOH, D^^rf^O, D^"nirb(1. 
 
 2o t^-itoS nni^'o, nnn^D.
 
 63 XLVI. VERBS MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 PERF. mn, nvm. nvnn- riih, nD"ii etc. 
 iMPF. yni'' etc. yiy etc. 
 INF. csTR. yni- T|"ii, 
 
 PART, ymtp- rpht2- s 
 
 Note mn ; ninbo, inp'i, nNhan, n^-ibD 
 
 mn^ (61,13 f.; 56,5=). 
 
 c. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. 
 
 Note Dnntrn (43,21'); c^^^Nn^^pj, ntim'hti 
 (61,15), nn*j*m; imp. nnnn, pmn (14, i»). 10 
 
 D. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. 
 
 THE T REFLEX. 
 
 PERF. ^nsn.i iMPF. r|nnn^ imp. Tjn^nn 
 nD"i3nn ^:Di3nn ^D-i^nn 
 
 -:iT -:|T -:|T 
 
 nD-i|nn n::jn|nn rTj:Dn|nn is 
 
 iNFF. 'q"i3nn part. T|n3n^ 
 
 Notes. 1. i:rn3nMJ"inDn (42,21) ; w^:in\ 
 nNiDnMp-i£)nn (6 f.)- — 2. nnm (55,r).-3. 
 fN^n, ^w, D;^i}nni (44,10.-4. nnmn 
 
 (verb first and middle gutts.). 20
 
 XLVII. VERBS THIRD GUTTURAL. 63 
 
 THE N REFLEX. 
 
 PERF. on&j^j iMPF. cDntt^* IMP. DH^n 
 nton:rj nj^ri^n mont^^n 
 
 INF. ABS. Dinti^J INF. CSTR. DPltJ^n 
 
 s PART. tontj^j 
 
 Note^rip^j, iji;^srj (62,9^); [>nSnv onSnt; 
 
 E. WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 '>^1VD^ (49,5=), ^S^^ti^V ^JiSnJJ^^; *Jjna ^JUHD; 
 lo nn^. 'n7j<^7,DDDN/;2(with vowels unaffected by the 
 
 gutt.) and r]iy)s% ^pp_ (cf. 60,190- — ^jnna 
 
 innp:iV ^nnt:^ (with preserved i) but "|0n"| a. 
 
 (60, 2), ^hny), !r]Dnpn ^:jnn:r* (piurai end. 
 
 15 wM nimation; cf. 32, 3'); DDnHi^S. DDti^"l5!31 1 ; 
 
 T 
 
 XLYII. VERBS THIRD GUTTURAL. 
 A. WITHOUT SUFFIXES. 
 
 20 PERF. 
 
 n7LJ^' ri^t:^ rt?^ nnm mm n^r^m nbm
 
 64 XLVII. VERBS THIRD GUTTURAL. 
 
 nSir' rh^ rb^ rh\:*r\ riin^n rhm 
 
 rtX -A" rtT AT <ST AT 
 
 nnStr' etc. 
 
 T : IT 
 
 nrhd etc. 
 
 T : -T 
 
 rsrh^ (2 p. fem. s.) nnW etc. 
 
 T 
 
 IMPF. 
 
 rhiy'' rh^'> riw^ nhiy'' nS:r> vhm'' rh^^' 
 
 -:• — : -;:-•:- -:t :• -t 
 
 n7C'> n'^iT^ n'?!^^ nStj*^ n'?ntr» n7ij^» 
 
 AT ~rt" AT AT AT "A" 
 
 juss. nStr'^ 
 
 IMP. 
 
 AT ~A" A- rtT ~A-* 
 
 njnSti^' etc. 
 
 T : - : 
 
 INF. CSTR. 
 
 ri^jT' n'^ij^' [h'pj:^'] n^^Lrn [n^crn] rbmr\ tht^n 
 
 - : -- -; -•:- -:t — :• -t* 
 
 -A" -A" -A" 
 
 INF. ABS. 
 
 '( I 20 
 
 - •• t •
 
 XLVIL VERBS THIRD GUTTURAL. 65 
 
 PAET. 
 
 nStr' vhm \i?m n*^::^"o nh'^D n^n'^f2 rh-^a 
 
 : t: : - •: - t : t •• - : • -j- : • 
 
 - T 
 
 NOTES. 1. nn3 (31,9;32,7), IH^n (37,33), 
 5 U*3:r'J (43,3'), P0^>^(36,13=), p^pC^T (ibyi6^;37,7=), 
 
 nrW (36,17^), in,^n (ib. is^',' r'^^^ (39;5--); 
 
 TAT : AT : AT • : 
 
 nv^nn) (62,i80; n'?::' (39,5'), ^^ooh (41,4'), 
 
 AT- AT : ^ AT : T 
 
 ^Pjp^n^ (62,18^)— 2. "nSv'1. nSyn (62,103); 
 
 i^/Dti' (the gutt. lias an intluence upon a preceding 
 
 10 i, which is turned into the homogeneous a; of. 
 
 37, 2=;61, 11). rS^^ (orig. gabuha), yi^'0 (37,2^, 
 
 ~ T A** T 
 
 ^n5^ nrisN, npijn, n,!Db', n^^r, n'?:i^S, 
 
 A ' A A 
 
 n^:rS. ;^nntrnn--3. dvx* nb^:) (cf. 6o,20') 
 15 but ^n5^' nns^ (cf. ib. icio. ij^hn v^yz a. 
 
 AT ..-'■- 
 
 PDVN nWt(nom.form.7).j;pb'(cf.60,15=), ^"|5 PpH 
 
 but D^n P4"i a. ^^^'i^r^ x^pnt. nsr^, jt^jinj:'^, 
 
 T ; A T - 
 
 4. nins (nhD), niStio ; r"i? = p3C'\\n ; nSon 
 
 - T - : • -'.T — : -|T - •• : T 
 
 20 (of. 56, If.). 
 
 B. WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 "^vy^ ( 60,4' ), ^ij;^pp ( 31,18 )\^'^mp\ 'yrhvn
 
 66 INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TRILITERALS. 
 
 (63,9'), ^^L^w, ^r\^hy•' »jnW, *:'i;^Qtr'; 
 »;^D:rD, ^rn2'2, ^n^r^S, r\nh^ but ^^pn a. 
 ")r-3£):j (cf. '^4,iG )pnSLr'- ^nSir, ^nS:^- -^n'^sr, 
 
 ^jn'pit^; ^n"7:i^\ Tjn^^^o, T]n'?:i'o. - r|^».o:rn, 5 
 ?|j;)ji'-i>, ^:;^>n:r'n, ^jj;;n*Lrn- 
 
 C. A^^RBS FIRST AND THIRD GUTTS. 
 
 — •• vl 1^ T| T T T 
 
 C. INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED lo 
 
 TRILITERALS. 
 
 1. NOUNS. 
 
 XLYIII. A. NON-GUTTURAL NOUNS. 
 
 1. kap'pu(ii) (the billteral root [Iq)] artificially 
 raised to a trilitcral l)y the shai-pening oii\\Q second 
 radical)=kap' (with the loss of the case ending, the 
 sharpening of the second rad. is given up) f|3, ft^. 
 
 nsnt. D^ (ef. 62,17-^), nSon-D^ (ii,i5')a. ciid-d^ 
 
 T T IT ' - 
 
 HD* (56,17"; with the return of the case ending, 
 
 T<T 
 
 the doubling is expressed, daGCs forte for increase of 
 
 volume). ^53, n£33, hd:)- 0^5:3, "i^rjn ^sn, ^dd, 
 
 • - I ; - 1^ 
 
 15
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 XLVIII. NOUNS. 67 
 
 Dyii2, miDD, vniD:). r\p, *n5 ; o'hd- nj_ji, nj^ 
 
 ?i:iN, in::i ; mj^ nno, 'd» hid ; niio. Note 
 ... _ _ . .J. 
 
 tDtDI {completely developed form).— ^^^ 13, 1^^, 
 
 naS, !r|-iDS, r|iaS. qoD nnS, ni^nn nn'^o- 
 
 2. iib'bu=ieB' :jS, ^^"2 nS' £J^^^*■lS, *^S; 
 ninS, DmnS- d;j:j^, D^p^n ^jtj'. n^n. nun 
 
 3. rub-bu=roB' n'l, ^'^\:>n T\'2. h'TVI'^Z- 
 
 • A -AT 
 
 niS but VHN niS ( 12,8 ), DD:J"I0 (note u, 
 
 T TV : 
 
 not o, because in sharpened syllable, cf. 39,5 ); 
 
 \iiin ^D"). nSi Dnr nSji- Note S:). opn Sd, 
 
 • T I 
 
 Dpn-S^D, rjS^t a. ^So, hSd ( = kullahu, 
 remnant of the older spelling and pronunciaiion). 
 
 4(V). SS;r' ( 3' ), -i>j;n SS:r, didSSjt- 
 
 nh'Sp. D\l7N nSSp («, not e, between two 
 identical consonants). 3^7, itD^ ^^7 ; ni^^7-— 
 
 -115, -n^S- "inin SSj:j, ^SSji3, r]SS:ia, 
 
 D^77Jl^-ll 4. b. ^J17JI (an intensive form, by 
 reduplication), V'?jS;i-ll < b. ^JlS*I.
 
 68 INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TRILITERALS. 
 5. (zik'ku^) zak'ku (cf.43,19')=zaK' Tj? ; D^'pp- 
 
 8. nny 
 
 9. rJS a. rbS-iio b, np-ip (6Y,2o), !r]n|:ip 
 
 (34,8' ). nSjiSji, inSjS:i; DnS:iS:iS.ii lo. fm s 
 
 11- h'hi bnjn h'hy, pyn nM^-- 
 n^^D, D^no^- n^nt2n nin^no ; nS n^::D' 
 nip \y^t2h d^ddd- ^nn^no. irnn^:iD- 
 
 15. -ini " '° 
 
 IT. -ntj^". npp^t. nnno, rmo ; 
 
 I 
 
 21. ma'sakku = masaK' T]D^. PTriiDil T|D*D- 
 ma'saqqu — massaq' {compensative doubling of '5 
 the 7?/'^/ rad., where that of the second is 
 
 given up) D^D^p^'O- 200 (cf. 26,4^^). ȣ)]-SS2D- 
 
 T- : 
 
 22. ma'ginnu = maGen' fj^, ^1?;^ fJO, ^JJfO 
 
 ( 56, r ); Do:io, m::i^^ nSpp, on::''^ rr^Do"; 20 
 mSoon. 
 
 23. ma"uzzu=:ma'oz' i'^n^ (hj/D), ^-^riTl^'n, 
 • : IT ' T 1 rt :
 
 XLVIII. NOUNS. 69 
 
 25. tapil'latu=tmlla' r]^^r\, D'pn^ ph^n- 
 30. Ompp (49,18f.). 
 
 B. WITH GUTTURALS. 
 
 1. or- D^v Dpn, inn a. :in,it. nnn (66, 
 
 - AT T T T T<V 
 
 5 19;62,18=). D^Oj; a. D^ODX^, pN*n ^D^^- D^HD 
 
 (62,171). nnnn (ib. ir), ^Nncr^nrr, vin. 
 
 Diin (51,10- pKH-D;^, ^a;; a. n/^;^, ?]Dr 
 ^-tDl/H' ^'t^pt, 1^;;; n^;^- ii^;^t, DD^pt, on^pt 
 
 ,o a. DO;^- 
 
 3. ph oSip-pn. 'pn, r]pn a. DDpm ( 56, 
 
 12')- npn but Njnt (note as an orthographic pe- 
 culiarity X for the usual n)- 
 
 ,5 7. nnn- ii 9. jin, :inS (67,io').ii lo. -niN- 
 12. nnnN- 12b. D>;^i:i^*:r' (68,40. 
 14. S^Sn- II 15. nrr.' Si^N- 
 17. omv- II 21. -|V5- D^SSr'^- ii 22. mKD. 
 25. nSnn- 11 29. p:n ; nry. 
 
 20 34. DUi:nn> D^S^iS^^n-
 
 70 INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TRILITERALS. 
 
 2. VERBS. 
 
 XLIX. VERBS NON-GUTTURAL. 
 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. 
 
 MIDDLE A VERBS. 
 
 TERF. 
 
 '^!DD iMPF. ya'subb(u)= imp. ^D 
 
 T-:|T 
 
 yasoB'i ^0» 
 
 T 
 
 
 sab'bata = 
 
 • < T 
 
 ♦3b 
 
 • < 
 
 sabba'Ta = 
 
 tasub'buna' = 
 
 
 sabbo'Ta' il^D 
 
 T < ~ 
 
 tasub'bina' = 
 
 
 INF. ABS. '2'i2D 
 
 td'subbe'na* 
 
 
 T 
 
 INF. CSTR. 20 
 
 PART. >:jiD; '2*1^0. 
 
 T 
 
 
 MIDDLE I VERBS. 
 
 
 PERF. (qil'la=) 
 
 IMPF. yi'qallu= 
 
 
 qal'Ia = qal'' 
 
 yeqal'* 
 
 V'. 
 
 ''P- 
 
 
 '%n 
 
 qal'lat = 
 
 
 'n:i'ypn 
 
 qal'Ia^ H'^'p 
 
 t'<~ 
 
 INF. CSTR. 
 
 "^% 
 
 ri"?:^ 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 20
 
 XLIX. VERBS NON-GUTTURAL. 71 
 
 'cf. 67,16'; note the principle of differentiation . 
 ^!3D: Sp (cf. explanatory note 7) = StOp : n!33- 
 "cf. 67,l7f. 'cf Z\,\\\\A\Q, final vowel of the stem re- 
 tained (cf 44, I9f), in order to prevent the doubl- 
 5 ing of the second rad. from being given up (cf expl. 
 note 4); it is retained under the stress of the accent 
 which it receives, and irregjilarly produced to a (cf 
 40,7f) = 6 (35, 16). 'cf 66, 16f 'cf ib. 19f "cf 
 33,7; cf expl. note 8; u=i (48,10 f )= h (cf. expl. 
 lo note 8 ; 69,4«). In riJ*7pn unaccented a^i (cf 
 67,1=). 'cf. 68, 1 ; expl. note 4. 'nom. form. 7., 
 cf. 37,6'. 
 
 NOTES. 1. r\T\\ nDDi— 2. ijDn, ij^n; 1D?^ 
 
 < < :<- rt :|T 
 
 (17^J, nVn {hiliteral formations with no attempt 
 t:|T •:|- 
 
 ic it an artificial increase of volume'). — 8. Ci^ ( = yi'- 
 
 dumniu = yiddom', cf 68,15f), DI^J, YOT ; S*l\ 
 
 rT:iSi^n- — 4. !}D^1 (wayya'soB, cf 62, 19^), D^^lt; 
 : - • T<T :<T 
 
 B. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 2Q a. sa'baba =sa'biba = sobcb' ( 8 ) ^^1D 5
 
 73 INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TRILITERALS. 
 
 D^lD* etc. sab'iba=sa'baba=s6BaB' DDlD. DDlD^ 
 etc. 
 
 (cf. the Arabic qatala— the desiderative stem.) 
 
 b. n^p- lip: 
 
 NOTES. 2. ilip, rr:j^'^'i3, n:rtrjj, n::nj, s 
 D'pj^Snn- ppt^- o'^ppro^-i' ^ci^'^pi' nLrc^p;^. 
 nSSi:io— 3. Sp_Sp, fiVP^Nv "15")^^ (69, le^). 
 
 c. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 PERF. ha'sabba= impf. yaha'sibbu imp. ^DH ^° 
 
 ha'sibba = hi'- z=ya'sibb(u) — 
 sibb(a) = he- yaseB'' ^D> 
 
 see" ::pn ^''^pn *;jpn 
 
 'ni:3Dn inf. cstr. ion "' ^5 
 
 T < • -: •• T 
 
 INF. ABS. DDH PART, maha'sib- 
 
 bu(n)=ma'sib- 
 bu = mi'sibbu 
 =meseB''^D^ 
 
 PASSIVE. 20 
 
 PERF. hu'sabba impf. yahii'sab- 
 =hu'sabb ( a ) b(u) =:yusaB'' 
 =husaB'' lipV
 
 XLIX. VERBS NON-GUTTURAL. 73 
 
 T<- T<V - 
 
 •ni^Din INF. csTR.oDin 
 
 T < - I 
 
 PART. OD10 
 
 T 
 
 '71,8*. Hh.' =ib.3' -cf. 68, IT* «u irregularly 
 5 produced to ti; cf. 71.7. 
 
 NOTES. 1. Sf^n, ^'^T}. nSnn (7i,i4f.).— 
 2. pnn (ibn^). pmt (63,15=). :3D^i, insn 
 
 {^\,\ht).'\'Z^^>, {mixed ioxx^). —3. p^nri, 1J^J")<1; 
 DDC^n, D^^IJ^O (71,3=).— 4. O^n ( 7^j6^ ), 
 
 lo ^T\y ( 8i ). rii::Dio. 
 
 <— ; 
 
 D. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. 
 
 THE T REFLEX. 
 Note DQlnti^'* ( B a ), DDIti^n (t assimilated 
 
 to §; cf.62,170; ^nS'?£)nn ( B b ), iSSsm 
 15 DDnn (63,6^). iS:iSiin (72,7o. 
 
 THE N REFLEX. 
 
 PERF. na'sabba impf. (yahin'sib- imp. 
 
 ba=iiasaB'' bu= ) yahin' 
 
 2D-D sabb(u)— yis- 
 
 20 
 
 PART. 
 
 
 saB'* ^D* 
 
 ion 
 
 'ninpj 
 
 •^3Dri 
 
 ♦5Dn 
 
 TT 
 
 T<V- • 
 
 T <v - •
 
 74 INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TPJLITERALS. 
 ^73,4'. =ib.' =ib.' '71, ir. 
 NOTES. 1. ?|3DJV r!!3D^1 (73,9=).— 2. n^^t. 
 
 < T :|T I- • 
 
 njp^n- :3!}'?^ (ib.'o. — 3. jjii crrnnt {original 
 
 vowel [i] reintroduced). D*J^ D^.DM t (formation by 
 
 AT 
 
 analogy).—^. n'^j-^J, D^pOl m^C^'J- 
 
 E. WITH SUFFIXES. 5 
 
 f\'2';^_ (i=;67,i3f.), ^>npn, ^JDD, ^j::nD; ^i3p^. 
 (70,10), n^-^c^ Dirn^; mSD;"vjn.-i,ijDniD^ 
 
 ' T T T T ; 
 
 ll'Snn (72,15); *j:nDn (ib. 14). 
 <T • -: •<•• • : 
 
 L. INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TRILITERAL '° 
 VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. 
 
 A. FIRST GUTTURAL. 
 
 i". ijn;on ; nnn (o, not ai), ^^nn, •)j:in^ 
 (C9,ir), DD.nn; npn, ^j:iti; ;inS, D^tDnS, im^- 
 
 — 1^. rvT'^v^ ^^V ' D^^ onn a. D^^ i^n^; ?n^ 15 
 a. pn^; Di^j^nS (71, ir), njjnSt (53,9').— 2. 
 
 ijjnnn-— 3- rr\VT\^ m'^nn (69,50; '7nn''but 
 
 7n* (19') (note ^'//ftvr /<;//(? //^// of form for the pnr-
 
 L. VERBS WITH GUTTURALS. 75 
 
 pose of keeping distinct various meanifigs)'^ D^Piin. 
 
 (<59,6-), Vn.v, Snn a. Snn ^nS;jSt (T4,3^), i^nn. 
 
 B. SECOND GUTTURAL. 
 T - -:|- : -|- : ^ t:|T 
 
 ;^"^^ pi-^i, i^n£3'; ptrn, nnsn; ^nnS, ):'^r\y^ 
 
 -A" -< "A- •• ~ A 
 
 "i^^in pin; pn^- v^p^ nnyp, c^pnp- — 4. 
 ^nn,!Dn,onn, inDn^nn, n,!2nonn, n^Dn^nn:', 
 
 A ^ ^" 
 
 T' T|-' 
 
 J- NOTE. As in the verb 7^3 (44, 9f.) the first, 
 
 second and third radicals are the letters £), |^ a. 7, 
 the Jewish grammarians call the first radical of a 
 verb its £), the second its ^ a. the third its 7. In- 
 completely developed triliterals are thus marked 
 2c p"p {i. e. roots the ^ of which is twice represented. 
 e. g. y^Di ^ completely developed form).
 
 76 LI. LIQUID NOUNS. 
 
 D. LiaUID ROOTS. 
 
 LI. 1. NOUN S. 
 
 1-3. nnp a. -inj, ni: ; "in j; n3y«n, n:ij 
 (Nyn nn:S, did^. nDri;?, in^j— 'aii'pu(n) = 
 
 'ap'pu(n) (48,5'; note that tlie liquid, at th(3 
 stage of its assimilation, /lad lost the vozvet fol- 
 lowing //)^'ap ( U,l' ) f]N», f]{s», ^£DN ( ib\ ), 
 ^£3N*, ^£)N. D^DN, IH ^iDN. ^^D^y- 'in'zu='iz'zu 
 = 'ez' 71^; D>|^. [Note sid'su=sis'ssu (73,13') - 
 
 T • "TV •• 
 
 4—20. -inj; !n"i> nnfj; "i^J; D^Dim ; 
 
 TT 1 :|T - : T" • |- 
 
 'lO c. lia'n(a)sal(atu[n]), zz:lian'salatu=hassa- 
 
 la' nSvn, Dn»J3 m-in. 
 
 TT- •.•••: T 
 
 21. ma'n(a)ta'u(n)=zman'ta''u— matta" po^, 
 
 ")"!> nJnfO- nian'tantu(n)=:mat'tattu — mattai' nnO 
 n^ D^;2I^JD> n^I^^^' ('^ote that the ^z///. im- 
 mediately following upon the liquid, prevents the 20 
 assimilation of the latter). 
 
 15
 
 LII. LIQUID VERBS. 77 
 
 22. ni3:io, D)Dn na^ip- nn^p nSsD; 
 ' 30. mi^D- mpSn- ii 31. maqtii Dnj^iiJD. 
 
 , I - TT 1: - 
 
 32. p^3o, ^ix^jo- 1! 34. D'onjn, momn- 
 
 2. VERBS. 
 LII. VERBS NON-GUTTURAL. 
 
 PERF. ha'n(a)ga- hu'n(n)gi- na'n(a)ga- 
 
 sa = hin'- sa =:hua'- sa = nin'- 
 
 gis (a) z= gas (a) = gas (a) = 
 
 higgis'' huggas'* niggas'' 
 
 -T 
 
 
 • • 
 
 IMPF. 
 
 
 
 ya'n(u)- 
 
 ya'n(a)- 
 
 
 pulu = 
 
 gasa = 
 
 
 15 yin'pu- 
 
 yin'ga- 
 
 
 l(u) = 
 
 s(a) = 
 
 
 yippol' " 
 
 yiggas'» 
 
 
 SiJ! 
 
 m\ 
 
 tr>Jl 
 
 mp. hb^ 
 
 ^tr'^ 
 
 mn 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 -'* [Wiin] 
 
 ••T •
 
 ''^ LII. LIQUID VERBS. 
 
 INF. CSTR. 
 
 gast* 
 
 
 
 hh) 
 
 ^^fl. 
 
 cr^jn 
 
 ^■jn 
 
 INF. ABS. 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 PART. 
 
 T 
 
 mn 
 
 ^/?n 
 
 T . T ■ 
 
 •TG, 20. "03,0'.' at the begi7ining of certain forms, 
 the liquid and the unaccented [reduced] vowel follow- 
 ing upon it, are etitirely dropped. Note the principle 
 of differentiation (JJ^'JI but *7£)J). 'cf. the preceding lo 
 and note that the biliteral form is artificially raised to 
 a triliteral one, by assuming the fem. end.; cf. 27,3. 
 
 NOTES. 1. rinJ C?') a. nrtnJ (note the 
 
 T<- T T<- T 
 
 peculiar spelling whicli has in view the compensation 
 
 /■« wr///«^ of a loss of a sound), *ll"]^'| (^O- — ^5 
 
 2. Si3^. (Snj), pSn^n'i^ a. 1TV. c^'/\; fn». (/r^/ 
 
 example of an imp. act. in the simple stem with the 
 characteristic vowel i ; cf. 38, 10; 40, 10; 42, 9'; 43, 
 
 nf.).— 3. nnp: but rrrn'} (cf. 43, n;t5,2^); ^y, 
 jn, n,tD:!.'-[n\— 4. rjj:S"; rwh but iS-p^jSt .d 
 (pj^''^); nn (=tin'tu=tit'tu=teT', cf. '76,8'), nnS 
 TiS, ^^^t^'^'nN ?:ot.- 5. n^D D^'lSK inN* -i3j
 
 LIII. LIQUID VERBS WITH GUTTS. 73 
 
 (intens. act. ; note the similarity in form with the N 
 reflex.)— .6. DSn'^N, tOD^I, nyn:i^1, ^T\. -l^JNI 
 
 (40, 19'), V^Ni ; D^n, Nrtonn, hld^::.! - 
 
 D^Dn7: n^jn iii; t:'n::n, rn:^, d^c'JD, n^j^-j*? 
 
 5 HTnn; mp^L:^o--i>!i, T^n "tjh, trio, onjo- 
 
 — T. ^:|:jnK (^8,4), 'mjnr, i^£)J^ ^Jjnn (cf. 
 
 49,11'), :r]:n^; injn; *)S£): a. iSiDJ (66,3') 
 
 inU^Jl) *nfl- — 8- ^),'^ {complementary olWxQ lost -^Q,x{. 
 ofthe simple Stem, cf. ::'J>), Dnn:i, IIIJ: pjn 
 
 lo ^S, tr'D:-^"!, z^y^y^ fn:riS- q^: f]yi [nj^ [mn'. 
 
 D^C^':i:n- 9. pDN* (p7D) (cf. 71,16'). 
 
 LIII. GUTTURAL VERBS. 
 A. MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 
 
 1. jnj^_ (76,19 ff.), Dn:iM; jinj, Sr:it; 
 =5 Sn:S- — 2.' Tnx^jj but on:, onr, onrv-s. 
 
 Intens.: Dm, ^OHJ ; JHJ, n^HJt, ^jShJ* ; njL?J 
 
 -i^^jn; nnnK^, "iN*:t, p^r a. [wrt. Dm.-4.
 
 80 LIII. LIQUID VERBS WITH GUTTS, 
 
 62,18'), Dmn^ ; nSnjinN ; n;^jinn -e. n)hm'> ; 
 
 :]jnjV DD^mN ; DiSmnm (perf. ren. with 
 BuflF. I). 
 
 B. THIRD GUTTURAL. 
 
 1. m^ HT, ;;to^ nppj (58,i2'); ^^, ipo 5 
 but ^};^y, np^_S a. ^:i:^.-2. p^:in, np:in; 
 y^y, nr^^N*' nj;?:in, pji^i ; r^^- ri^Jin, *r'^p 
 
 1. nj^S, nnpS ; hdv ^npn, nnpi^ ; np, 
 nnp. *np a. npS, »npS ; nnp^ ; nph ; npS ; 
 
 D^npS— 2. npS, nnpS (note ^ for a[e-] after 15 
 I; I ; It".|: 
 
 o 
 
 q [ cf. 68,4'; 61,2' ] by assimilation to a).— 4. 
 
 np;--5. nnpSnD- - npSj ; np^K, npSni ; 
 D^4S^^1 p-iN npSn-^N— 6. ^jnpv ^r\'^\ ^rr^'^-, 
 iJinp, Nronp ; ^nnp ; inp'^n-
 
 lO 
 
 LIV, WEAK NOUNS. 81 
 
 D. INCOMPLETELY DEVELOPED TRILITERALS 
 WITH LIQUIDS. 
 
 nnnj.; n^*^^ j^iy, n'lm ; nn:, nnmj- onij. 
 
 Note the fllg. forms introduced by analogy 
 from the simple stem of liquid verbs into 
 
 the N reflex. of incompletely developed 
 
 triliterals : DO J (cf. middle i verbs); ?|DJ (cf. 
 
 ••T < 
 
 middle u verbs), part. DDJ- 
 
 •• T 
 
 Note the terms y'^, ^"£3 (T5,15 t^.). 
 
 E. WEAK ROOTS* 
 
 LIY. 1. NOUNS. 
 
 1. ra'(a)s=ras (12,ll)=r6s ( 71,83 ) t^'|<;l 
 (note that }< is retained m spelling)^ Hti^NI ; 
 
 le D^C^Nn (a preserved, cf. 52,2'), D^^il ^C^N"1-- 
 pal''u(n)=:rpe'le (the weak sound j^ is lost in pro- 
 nunciation at the end of a word or syllable; cf. 
 55,14> a. 57,15) K7£), HnSiD (at the beginning 
 
 of a syllable, J^ resumes its consonantal [guttural] 
 20 character, Tl^SiD ; D^nSiJ, niNSiD- 
 
 2. NtDH {second vowel entirely lost, cf 23,
 
 8i LIV. WEAK NOUNS. 
 
 1'), INDH, DNJOn ; D^NOn, ^D^ ^NDH (cf. '76,18 ), 
 
 D:)'NtOn- riN^n a. nnnt (=lii'mat; with the 
 
 : T ■ ■ 
 
 suppression of J^ at the beginning of a syllable 
 [ill the middle of a word], which takes place 
 at a later stage in the development of the 5 
 language, the preceding closed syll. is opened antl, 
 as a consequence, its vowel, if «^<r^///£'^, is produced.) 
 
 3. NOJ. riNQp (58,2'), DD^-lKO'tD. 
 
 4. K^^, D^Dti^n N!}V (a= accented a in open 
 
 T T 
 
 syll ); DriiVD^f; niNOlf, XTsTV n"1KnV- 10 
 
 5. NfOD. tJ^£)J NOtO (cf. 51, 11' and note that 
 in open syll. a does not take the place of i [ej). 
 
 nkXO'o, D^n riNp'o (cf. 56, s^). 
 
 8. n^r; Dip 'n^r. hSn^t', TjnSNir" a. yyyd'} 
 
 ({«{ following upon an unaccented [reduced] vowel, i^ 
 
 is readily suppressed together with the latter; note 
 
 that }< may not be retained in spelling), DH'^Nti^ 
 
 v:|v 
 (si"ilat; form. 2 ?). 
 
 10. Nitrj- II 11. N^DJ, DnN^:3J- 
 
 12. Knp; D\snp- 20 
 
 13. DN*ir', tTDJtON^a !r]DN|^t (l^S 81, 14).
 
 LV. VERBS FIRST «. 83 
 
 15 b. d^nSq- 
 
 IT. Nn:3,:]N-Dt(cf. ee, e^), riNVO (==inasi"t); 
 D*i<VO but DWp a. D\VDnt (82,21'). 
 
 19 (27). riNOn, nNtOn ( = hata"at; 81,15), 
 5 ^n^i^ riNLDn (a long vowel shortened by false ana- 
 logy^ viz. by being taken for a produced vowel, of. 
 
 29, 16^), ^riNDn, !r)nNDn; mNtDn, oiNn n.vD-i 
 
 21. ^DNQ, nS^NO- VniTiSnp (=mara'..., 
 
 j^ cf. 69,2 ; note the position of the acrefitl) a. 
 
 DD^niCi^NP.P (=raa'ra...). yiht2\ WDiht^, »DnSo 
 
 Wrh^ but n^K70 ( =mala'...;cf. 82,2=), flDi^cSo 
 
 23. nnnn nnbm " ( = ma"asurt ; 4^ ). 
 I r n 73Dt (the suppression of the N* emphasises the 
 fllg. cons.). 
 
 2T. Ni:p. II 30. D\s:nnD- ii 34. D\snSnn. 
 45. ]^i^m. 
 
 2. VERBS. 
 20 LV. VERBS FIRST i^ {^"Q). 
 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. 
 1. f]DNU5T,14) etc. r|ph (=ta''asip; 78,17f.,-
 
 84 LV. VERBS FIRST X. 
 
 81,13;83,14),n£lDN a. flD^V n^N* ( 81,14; U,l^y 
 
 SiDiNH (20,5), nDN*. nS:)Nn, n:nniS*nv nriN*' 
 
 D1^ ':'DN-^T but 1t2H^\ ^DNI, n^Kl ( '79,2^ ); 
 
 - < V < - |T - |T 
 
 7^N\ 7DN1, IDNH (orig- vowel [i] reintroduced; 
 15, 3=) but -lQN\n!::j<, "IDN^I ( 65,8^ );nDN', 5 
 
 (•x— (S~ rt~ rt" 
 
 n;3Nn, p-i^N^n ( 37,2^).— 2. f|bN; nS:DN* but 
 
 HiDDNt (74, 16').— 3. DHN^jn nijN, ^nS^S 
 
 :iNio nttN, mn* iono, r^'in^ "idno, honS 1° 
 (12,12). -iDKn -ibNn— 4. T rhm (31, 10); 
 
 T T - :<T 
 
 »S?ri (36,12 ff.; 10';83,22^). 
 
 B. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 
 Note ^nrnni = *jnmit (83,12=), inn^Nnt. 
 
 ')J£)'pOt (of. q^N^). 15 
 
 C. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. 
 
 Note prN (cf. mtini 83,14) a. mOkVt 
 
 (Cf. n^^NnS ; ib. 22»). 
 -:r 
 
 D. THE N REFLEXIVE. 
 
 Note -)QN»», "^o^»^ 17 n,^D^*^ "i^n^- 20
 
 LVI. VERBS THIRD j{ 85 
 
 E. WITH SUFFIXES. 
 inSpN^ (T9,60; :]-|DN, Drn^K, DD-10N:i:T]iDDN; 
 
 F. WITH GUTTURALS. 
 
 5 1. rhN^ a. fn^n ; m^\ nrnK, rnx'-v 
 
 T I V < 
 
 ••, IT •.: IV A — . v: 
 
 v: -: I T Tv: - a-* - •.•: 
 
 pDnNP, DHN (84,12), i:}nNnt (z=ta'i'hab, cf. 
 
 • A (S •• — :|- ; 
 
 38,10), nnj<i (84,n^);:inN. iDHK, i:3nN*;::hNS, 
 - IT 
 
 lo n:}nN7 (nom. form. 1); ^Hi^; DIHK-nnN, 
 
 LVI. VERBS THIRD J< ({^"S). 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. 
 
 MIDDLE A VERBS. 
 
 15 PERF. ma'sa'(a) = impf. yaiii'su'(u)=: imp. 
 
 masa" 
 
 T -IT 
 
 yam'i 
 
 sa'(u)=yimsa''' 
 
 T : • 
 
 T : 
 
 
 T <TT 
 
 
 ♦NV^n 
 
 *NVP 
 
 INF. ABS. 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 T <v : 
 
 2C 
 
 
 INF. 
 PART 
 
 CSTR. }<Vp 
 T 

 
 t6 LVl. VERBS THIRD N. 
 
 '82,9. -^64,7'. '71, 9f. 
 
 NoteriNnpi, ^ny.*: (82,n); nNnpi a. riNnpi, 
 
 : t't T T <t' <t I 
 
 ^INipi; i;Di^'-N:j|> pKV'^ri' pK:3,T ; ^JNVDn ; 
 
 MIDDLE I VERBS. 
 
 thr2, hnSd, livSo, nxSro (82,iif.), ^-iSd- 
 
 B. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 PERF. N^Q IMPF. kXi^O) IMP. tS'VD 
 
 INF.ABS. ii)if2 INF. CSTR. ^s*^;;:^ PART. N^DD 
 
 Note. nNS;::i, ^dnSdi; orN'^nSi; NJp 
 ^-iKJip a. N£]-i> ND"i. )^hb, iNjpn, inSo, 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 PERF. N^D IMPF. KVP^ PART. NV^^ 
 
 T <•• •. T <v : : 
 
 15
 
 LVI. VERBS THIRD «. 87 
 
 » orig. vowel [i] reintroduced; cf. 86,14. 
 c. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 PEER ^<'yn^ impf. N*>yp> imp. isjvpn 
 
 5 HN^y^n ^N^i'on \v^y;2n 
 
 'nN*v^n njNvm rrmv^n 
 
 INF. ABS. NVpn INF.CSTR. {s*^i;":2n PART. ii'>)it2*2 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 PERF. NV^n IMPF. i^'^y INF ABS. N V^DH 
 
 T : T T : T •: T 
 
 lo HNV^n \s*V!:n "cstr. ^y^n 
 
 T : : T • : : T t : t 
 
 ['TiNvon] n^Ny^n part, kvo?:: 
 
 T <•• : T T <v : T T ; T 
 
 *86,14.n. 
 
 Note nSdH, NS£)^ nSiDD: N^'in (= tao^se', 
 
 •• :|- 
 
 not taDse'; meTCG /or euphony to avoid the com- 
 
 j, pound sound ds). 
 
 D. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. 
 
 THE T REFLEX. 
 
 PERF. Nvonn IMPF. ^•'iryr\\ imp. ^^v^n^ 
 iNFF. K^;^nn part. Ni'ono
 
 88 LVI, VERBS THIRD «. 
 
 '87, 12'. 
 
 'Note N'^Dnn (es,^), nKS^n^ in:3T ( t9, 
 
 180, NVt20^ HNODH (42,20 ff.). 
 
 T - ^ \ 
 
 THE N REFLEX. 
 
 PERF. K^^: iMPF. t<v!2* IMP. Nvon 5 
 
 T : -T- •• T • 
 
 T : : • • •• IT • • : IT • 
 
 T <• • : • T <:■ T • T <V T • 
 
 INF. ABS. J^VQ-3 INF. CSTR. NV?^!! 
 
 . . •• T • 
 
 PART. N^QJ 
 
 T : • 
 
 idue to a tendency towards uniformity^ cf. 1. 'o 
 Note Dn^tDJ, INiJnJl ( 83, 3 ), ^jlNp:! ; 
 1^'_p-^*SrD^ pNSD^ \^)f\y\ HK^D: (part, fem.; 
 cf. 9; 83,2^), HN^jDjn; DW^ojnt a. D\s{y^:n. 
 
 E. WITH SUFFIXES. 15 
 
 inNnp ( 66, 4> ), InSd (middle a verb), »:nN^:r; 
 
 (63,14") ; DDNVbnt (68, 19^; 83, 2^). — tjW^p ;
 
 LVII. VERBS THIRD K 89 
 
 LVII. VERBS THIRD J^— CONTINUED. 
 A. VERBS THIRD ^♦ AND FIRST GUTT. 
 
 2. n^tsHN (84,14'); iN^H. — 3. MK^^nn : 
 5 DN*^::inn, nshni, ^2nm- ' N^tonn, n^dh^i t, 
 
 T 
 
 N:Dm, i}<3m, ^N:Dm. nN:im ( eo, 2 ), Dn:im ^ 
 
 B. THIRD i< AND MIDDLE GUTT. 
 10 INHD^ TjNnD ( 66, 2« ). 
 
 C. THIRD {< AND FIRST ^ 
 
 1. iKtr:i mM; cf. 4' ); K:r\ njKirn 
 
 : T 
 
 (HJJi^n); NtJ^> ^Hli; (NtrJ, riDJt); nN^S ( si"t, 
 
 cf.83,2' ) a. iiti;^f2, flN*^ (e resolved into ^' e, 
 
 15 since the latter is very often contracted into the 
 
 former; cf. 82,14) DNtJ^D ? Nt^J- —2. NtS^J a. 
 ... T ... 
 
 T 
 
 —4. »nN!:in; Kb^jn* a. Ki^:^; Nt^^jnn ♦nS:}S; 
 
 2o n:31 D^NDJt.-4. '7\m\ !r|jiNirn (ss, leo; \vti^j- 
 "•mp- ^JN^cr'n, T]N*:i^'^ indj.i^.
 
 90 LVIII. NOUNS FIRST ){>), 
 
 F. SEMIVOCALIC ROOTS. 
 
 a. ROOTS FIRST ){'>) (^V'f)). 
 LVIII. 1. NOUNS. 
 1 — 3. wald = yald (at the beginning of a 
 word, an original 1 [labial semivowel] is turned 5 
 into '> [palatal semiv., cf. 4, 3]) 'iS\ mS* ; 
 
 nnh^n, Dn:3j;n nS^o, ninSn- ir\\ inv ;^t:^;» 
 a. ^^\ ^^*^\ ^ym (cf. T6,30. ny;, ijnv^ 
 
 D/^:nt, D^^S^* KTI, nin^ *N")^ wasi'nat = si'nat 
 (at the beginning of certain forms [cf. IS, Iff.] I(^) 
 and the unaccented [reduced] vowel following upon 1 5 
 it, are eu^ire/y dropped) ,1J^", ID^^.I n^t^, TS^XV TS'^V' 
 
 n^jci^. [wi]di" ^j;"!. rrh (= [wi] ii'dat) a. nnS 
 
 (=[wi]iidt'; cf Y8,ioff.);mS- njt;*! a. n^;"!, ^npn- 
 
 6(9). n:iv ntrn^ nn^vp t:'':}^^- d^dh T\m\^ 
 
 10. Sin^ 1 11. Tn\ .iTH^ 
 12. »Sn ^^in^i; D^;^nn-
 
 LVIII. NOUNS FIRST i()v 9 1 
 
 IT. piv nr"i*- N2^^nKVV^ (nl;^'^). 
 
 21. ma'w(a)rad=mawrad=mau'rad {^, having 
 lost the vowel following upon it, combines with the 
 preceding a into the diphthong au) = m6raD'(the diph- 
 thong au is contracted m Hebrew into the intermediate 
 monophthong 6; 6 long by contraction) *Tl"iQ(note that T 
 is retained in spelling), Dy1")'m")1D; pNH ^D^TID, 
 Dn')^S^);D1 (note that i may not be retained in spel- 
 lo ling); ntrmD- I^TO a. pTO t. Ni;iD> D^D Nifl^, 
 
 ^NViD, onNniot (88,19^); cr'npQn ^n^^d. 
 Dn^NviD- noiD (6 r^^z/./d'^ to ti); mi^iD. 
 
 22. npiD, "jnpiD; Dnr)o- nin» n^'^o- 
 15 24. :3:r'in, D^ntJ^m- rSin- nnDin, ^nn^in, 
 
 25. D^;::^*n ninSin- n:3pin, nin* nrjji^^n; 
 n^!3rin, Dn:inni:3r^n.nSrnn, ^nSmn- nn^in^ 
 
 27. ^I'pV fl 28. n>p\ 1 43. pnn^ I 45. ^^'^'^'<.
 
 93 LIX. VERBS FIRST lO). 
 
 LIX. 2. VERBS. 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. 
 MIDDLE A VERBS. MIDDLE I VERBS. 
 
 PERF. wa§ab(a)=yasab(a)* waris(a)=yaris(a)' 
 
 - T 
 
 
 IMPP. ya'wisib(u) — ya'- yi'w(i)rasu = yi'y(i) 
 
 'i§ib(u);:=yai'sib(u)::ry^seB'' rasu = yiy'ras(u) = 
 
 21^1 yiras" i^y^ 
 
 
 ' : I** 
 
 
 * • 1 ' 
 
 
 T :<- •• 
 
 
 T :<- • 
 
 IMP. 
 
 '^^' 
 
 ''^l' 
 
 T at: at 
 
 
 *?^' 
 
 
 T'"l 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 INF. CSTR. 
 
 •nDfi^' 
 
 
 "tj^X*' '°n^"i 
 
 " ABS. 
 
 T 
 
 
 T 
 
 PART. 
 
 ':ja^> 
 
 
 
 i90,4 ff. 'the form goes back to that sfagg 
 of the language^ which as yet had not suffered 
 the first vowel of the stem to be lost'^ w, between 
 
 15
 
 LIX. VERBS FIRST 1(^3. 93 
 
 two vowels, is turned into a tnere breathing ('), 
 which, at a subsequent period (cf. 81,13) is 
 absorbed into the vowel-complex surrounding it; 
 a diphthong is thu=3 formed — ai, which in Hebrew 
 
 5 is cotitr acted into the intermediate monophthong 6; 
 6 long by cotitr action) cf. 91,3 fl". ; also 78,17 f. ' w 
 between two vowels homogeneous with y, is turned 
 into y, which again, the second 1 being lost, is 
 absorbed by the first and formg i: iwi=:iyi=iy(i)=i; 
 
 10 cf. 12,13. Note that* is retained in spelling, 'cf. 
 43,19\ 'cf.90,14 ff. a. 78,7ff. '^^ : tJ^""l^»=^tr' : :3iy>. 
 ' ///-// form, 'formed by analogy, cf '2^- °cf. expl. 
 note 5 a. 78,10 fl".; n^^, for j-j^tT", cf. 90, 1\ 
 »«=rast. ''full form. 
 
 IS NOTES. 1. ny^^ ; y^'x y^*t^) (s^, 3^). 
 
 T : r- v< •• T 
 
 n::tr'- nDtrS--2. ontr'nnt ( 87, i) ; ij:r'» (note 
 
 t: < • :r 
 
 that '> may 7iot be retained in spelling), ")p * 1 a. 
 
 np^^T ; nLr'^S--3. ^-n^ (middle u), t^hy ^ (cf. 
 
 I- • ' T T : T|T 
 
 36,10). SdV (for yoKal', 91, 12, to avoid its 
 2o being confounded with 7DK\ cf. 74, 20.
 
 94 
 
 LIX. VERBS FIRST iO) 
 
 B. THE CAUSATIVE STEM. 
 
 ACTIVE.. 
 
 PERF. ha'w(a)§aba impp. 
 — lia'w(a)§iba ~ 
 haw'§ib(a)z=hau'- 
 sib(a)=:h6siB" inf. cstr. yt^'iH 
 
 yt:^)n " abs. :jtrm 
 
 yi^v IMP. rjLTin 
 
 
 
 ny^^n part. 
 
 T :<- 
 
 n^t^nr: 
 
 ■ : I 
 
 etc. 
 
 PAET. 
 
 PASSIVE. lO 
 
 PERF. liu'w(u)siba= impp. ^t^)'' 
 hu'w(u)saba = 
 huw'sab(a) = 
 
 htlsaB" 2ti^)r\ INF. CSTR. ^p)^ 
 
 n:imn etc. is 
 
 »91,3ff. niw(u)=u, cf. 93,9. 
 
 Note qpv; ^ipin-SN, fiDi^ :3tr'T^i, innit. 
 
 C. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. 
 
 THE T REFLEX. 
 
 Note M'i'n'x
 
 LX. ^/ERBS FIRST iO). 95 
 
 PERF. '^^'1J IMPF. "^^V IMP. Dt^in 
 
 .. -J-. ..-J- 
 
 T : 1 
 
 • :|T- 
 
 • :|T • 
 
 T :<- 
 
 nj^^^in 
 
 T :<- T • 
 
 PART. ^Ci'iJ INFF. iJC^^in 
 
 T ••T' 
 
 5 ^94,16\ "^^R preserved, \iQQ,dM?,Q sharpened. 
 
 Note iniN; Dn':'ij, m:rij, m^iW noiji 
 
 (combination of the t andN reflex, stems; t assimil- 
 ated to y^, of. 88,2'). 
 
 D. WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 '° !r|^-nSn (n,iof.); T\my\ r^wyy, u^y-^ 
 
 LX. VERBS FIRST •)(♦)— CONTINUED. 
 A. WITH GUTTS. 
 
 IS ^'y 1^-^' 1^^)' ^^'tR"?' ^^^^ q^nS); "|iSn; 
 
 »nDSm--^-i:);^ (90,8'); !r]D>Sin.-2. nnn- fjrv 
 isr- ^l;r^<; :3n, nnn a. ^innt. I'^n* ( 58, 5 ), 
 
 - T<T <T rt"'
 
 96 LXI. liOOT.i FIRST 10) AND MIDDLE v. 
 
 r^u !r]y;;\v.-3. ri;^T, p;^T ( 31,15); i;t 
 
 ^'LJ^'inn (yaw r^W?'^^ into jvhaw, cf. 40,10 f.), 
 
 pnvi, pmn, nnriy -!r]ij;;T ; ^piNi; in^^n; 
 
 B. VERBS FIRST •)(') AND THIRD {«^. 
 
 t^y"), )^y\ iNnv n^?, nNvi, *k5; ; Nnn iNn» t 
 
 T I I" "■ "^ : T : 
 
 (88,11=). riN^S; iiy ^rh:h- NV^-*JNn\ ^j^n^S, 
 
 • : T ; I- 
 
 K"i*n- - N^i^in, riNi^in; k^vv, kvid, nvvi. 
 
 T • 
 
 LXI. b. ROOTS FIRST 1(>) AND MIDDLE V- 
 
 A. 1. NOUNS. 
 
 21(22). ma'w(a)sab = maw'sab = massab (w 
 
 assimilated to s) !}^D.t ^^n^r^, D^n^'SD :3yO, 
 
 ^ny^n- .1:3^^. n:nm Sj;nn mv^/pN n:im 
 
 B. 2. VERBS. 
 
 !r|-)^N, nvri- !i*2;n, ^nvm, rlf^ iV^vn- p2;\, 
 
 IS 
 
 20
 
 LXn. ROOTS FIRST '. LXIII. NOUNS MIDDLE \. 97 
 
 LXII. c. ROOTS FIRST » (V'fj). 
 
 A. 1. NOUNS. 
 
 4. nS^», Dpin nSV- 1 s SS^ 
 
 5 21. ma'y(a)tab=:may'tab z= mai'tab = metai]' 
 
 (cf. 93, 4ff.) ^f2l:^ DD*o, DnL^♦■»Q. 
 24. p^n, njj^i- 
 
 30. ma'y(a)sar— mi'y(i)sar=mis6r' (cf. 93, 9) 
 
 B. 2. VERBS. 
 
 lo >S-!i^^\ j*p_* pJ'*' ivp» ; :iD^n ppj^i a. f*p;»r- 
 
 :j^p\'l ( 5 ); n^D^n, ncr'^n (cf. maytab), 
 
 iV^Vnn ( 96, 3 ), njp\v, :3OT ; SS\i, ^Tt^^n ; 
 
 d. ROOTS MIDDLE ") (yy). 
 
 1$ LXIII. 1. N U N S. 
 
 1. saw'mii(n) = saiira'z=s6m ( 95, 5' ) D^^^^, 
 
 D^IDV 5 niOIVrr- mo (*l '"^y assume its conson- 
 
 antal character; note a, not e!) ni^H T]"!^"^^' 
 
 oinn ; vnbn but 0^1:^' a. o^mnt ciiir'a. nin). 
 
 20 
 
 D^nt:^-
 
 98 LXIII. NOUNS MIDDLE ). 
 
 2(8.14). Dn^^p. 
 3(9). su'w(u)r=sur (94,16^) niVil, )^);ty^ 1*)V; 
 
 Dnv- mi- Note nn^l a. n^pw- nsiD- Dip^ 
 
 D^ytr")- pNn"D;^ n"?! n^ir, Sip ^nSir (remnan^ 
 of the geni'L case ending, of. 17, 12 ff.). ^flSir, 5 
 
 4. za'war=za''ar=zar' (84,U') "|| ; DHt. 
 
 , T 
 
 rjnr- nil mnr- riyn n^p., D^ntr^D ni/*:p_, 
 
 D^1D"l- naht=nalit ( 40,13 )=na'haT nilj, illl^J^'. 
 
 -<- rt 
 
 T - 
 
 nnn, nnn^- inn nnn, rn^D nnn^. nnnn 
 
 5. ma'wit=ma''it=:mait' = meT' (93,1 ff.) fltD. 
 
 A T 
 
 6. ba'wus=ba''us=baus'— bos' (cf.97,16)D^::^'l;3. iS 
 
 niK, niN; Dn\\v ni^iN- b6st=bust (cf.9'0 
 = bo'seT nt^3, D^JD n^^'DDi, ^i:rnv 
 
 V • T T 
 
 10. da'war=da''ar=dar'=d6r' "11"^, ^-j, "1*)^^ ; 
 
 Dnn, nni, dd^ii-i, DnnnS- SnjDvn d:;, 
 
 m^^D a. ^im^^ (tbe word, having verbal force, 20
 
 LXm. NOUNS MIDDLE 1. 99 
 
 assumes verbal /^rw, cf. 48,3 3".), i^"])^, Tyi)^, 
 
 r]*iipt, i:nip. nji-np; oni;^- ::id, d^did ;n:iito, 
 
 m^lD- II 10 c. hana'wapat=hana''apat=liana'pat 
 
 =hflnapa' ,15^(1, (im»1. 
 TT -: 
 
 5 11(14). Snp; SnK- 
 
 12. niawtil'=:iiia'fl.l'=iniil' (not m61, because 
 of the position of the tone) ^)f2, D^Sd- HDiS- 
 21. ma'qawam=ma'qa'ani:=nia'qam= maqom' 
 
 Dip^, n? Dip^, »nipo- '0)^12 (93, 19). rvjipon, 
 lo Dyr\r2^pt2, onoipD- niNo- mjo- nmjD- n^dq. 
 
 pip- ^IID SlO (=*SlNp, cf. 14 a. 96,9' ), 
 24. DlHil (t aha' warn). 
 
 32. pivD, npiv f)i;?p- n^im dino (n), 
 15 Dio- nnira, lining- 
 34. D^JN*n, mii^n- 
 
 Note h)^, ^h)^. nS)^ (97,17 f.; note the 
 guttural surroundings) a. ^y7^^ > fIN a. flj.?; 
 
 nn *n;^)^; nnnn ; iji^hk y):^^ ; ni^t" (81,21).
 
 100 LXIV. VERBS MIDDLE 1. 
 
 LXIV. 2. VERBS. 
 
 A. THE SIMPLE STEM. MIDDLE A VERBS. 
 
 PERF. qa'wama= impf. ya'quwumu= imp. 
 qa''am(a) = qam'' ya'qu'um(u) = ya- 
 
 Dp qum'» D*)p| Dip 5 
 
 'HDP '^Dipn ^»op 
 
 t)<t ■ I<t • i< 
 
 T ;l<- T<v I : T . )< 
 
 INF. ABS. *Dlp INF. CSTR. 'Dip 
 
 PAET. =Dp: "Dip 
 ' 98,7. *cf. 70, 19\ 1' \ 'cf. 98, 9^. Mb. 18. lo 
 nb. 2. 'cf. n, 8« a. expl. note 3. '98, 2. « ib. T. 
 »99,6. 
 
 NOTES. 1. DNpl (81,14), Dpi; n:}tri a. 
 
 n!iiri (4o,n'), nDiri (84, ip); nnnji (78,i3^). 
 
 < ~ T : 
 
 —2. "ip\ fii;i"is nj^ira (ptj^n. ny Juss. ,5 
 
 nb^> (40,16') a. Dp^ Dp^^l, D1pK1--3. Dp, HOIp 
 
 but ^Sk nniD ^JiiS* nniD ,nin^ n^ip. - 4. 
 DipS, oh 
 
 B. VERBS MIDDLE I AND U. 
 
 1. nia'wit(a)= ma''it(a) =m6T' (98, 13) nO, 2c
 
 LXIV. VERBS MIDDLE V 101 
 
 nni, r\t2X r\nf2,nr\D\ nnD, un^. -ba'wus(a) 
 
 rt < rt T<- rtT 
 
 =bau's(a)=b6s'(98,15)tJ''l:3,trD1. <1^^:j. *QD;riLr3. 
 
 *n:^^, 1J:r^ ( = bost etc., cf. Ib. 16). — 2. ni^' 
 
 (formed dy analogy^ of. 100, 5). — yi'bawas(u) =yi'- 
 
 5 ba'as(u) = yi'bas(u) = ycBos' (84,17«) ^\2\ "Sn 
 
 < 
 
 C. THE INTENSIVE STEM. 
 
 a. Dpip, DOIp^etc; DOlp, D^lp^ etc. 
 10 b. D?|p, D*p> D*p etc. (cf. tl, 20-Y2,4.) 
 
 NOTES. 1. ^rinio, n:i:ipn, nniDo, n'ljjpnS; 
 
 • <- T<" ' •• I 
 
 1:1:10, iiJDQnn--2. i;2p— 3.^nS3'7::i, SoSdn, 
 
 SdSdSi, ^dSdD; iSdSdI (cf. 72, 7). 
 
 T 
 
 D. THE CAUSATIYE STEM. 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 PERF. ha'qawama, impf. yaha'qawi- imp. 
 
 ha'qawima = hi'- mu= ya'qiyim(u) 
 
 qiwima = hi'qi- = yaqim" 
 
 yiin(a)=lieqlm'^ D^^ Dprl 
 
 15 
 
 J9
 
 103 LXIV. VERBS MIDDLE 1. 
 
 T )<••• T<v I • : T : )<"T 
 
 I v: T < •• -: T : '<*-t 
 
 INF. ABS. Dpn INF. CSTR. D\'^n 
 
 J "T I -T 
 
 PART. °D^p^ 
 
 '97,8. May not the irregular production of 5 
 i to i in Ttpp^ (40, Y f.) be due to the principle 
 of false analogyl W. 73,4=; 57,14». 3 cf. 73, 4'. 
 
 NOTES. 1. ♦niD^jn a. ns^n (cf. ioo,i5'), 
 nnoni, oriDn (93,i6o,DnDnv nD^Dn-^m^jomt. lo 
 —3. nn't^^'rr. cj^dj n:}»ra, o^n^oD- 
 
 PERF. 
 
 HDplil INF. CSTR. Dpin 
 T : ' <- ' - 
 
 Cf. 72,30 ff.; 74,4'. 
 
 Note mnn; nom-SiV, riDini; n^in, 
 < < 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 Dpill IMPF. 
 
 Dp> 
 
 PART. 
 
 nnpin 
 
 tI: I 
 
 etc. 
 
 D,7)D 15
 
 LXIV. VERBS MIDDLE ). 103 
 
 E. THE REFLEXIVE STEMS. 
 
 THE T REFLEX. 
 THE N REFLEX, 
 
 5 PERF. na'qawama impf. yahin'qawi- imp. 
 na'qa'ama = na- mu — yin'qawa 
 qom'* DlPJ i^(u) = yiqqom'^ 
 
 T l<T 
 
 
 Dipt 
 
 Dipn 
 
 'nioipj 
 
 
 ♦Qipn 
 
 »Qipn 
 
 o ixF. ABS. Dipj; Dlpfl 
 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 PART. 'DipJ INF. 
 
 CSTR. 
 
 Dipn 
 
 
 ilOl, 4 f. =99, 9*. 'the second a perhaps 
 introduced from the perf.; cf. also T4,l*. 
 
 Note Dmvb:3 ; n:in^ n^^isj. D^r^nj, 
 15 nivbj. 
 
 P. WITH SUFFIXES. 
 
 ♦jriDV (poet for h Dn^v), *J5itr> "i^ipN*}-- 
 ^JD'^rn, ^iTr:ni, innn^r:n, inn^;::r] but vnpm, 
 
 20 »
 
 104 LXV, VERBS MIDDLE 1. 
 
 LXV. VERBS MIDDLE 1 — CONTINUED. 
 A. WITH GUTTS. 
 
 (74,19=), ni^p^' '^H''! l:;^p^^^^ii''ypyy'l^^^*^^ 
 T^ii)■-^^^\ -iiN|-2. ^:mi; mJ^ m-'-i,' y^") no'^ s 
 
 " Note' nin^ piJiv nm (99,nf.). 
 
 B. VERBS MIDDLE *) AND THIRD J»{. 
 
 1. K3. HNn, HNDi, nN*3. n^n, onNn-- i° 
 
 T < T <T : 
 
 —2. N^nn. nN^:3n, nN^:3mt, riN^n, onK^n a. 
 < <•• 
 
 HN^nn, »N^::n; nirr' ^^^^ll f^^p^; Diy: N;:m; ^5 
 
 LXVI. e. ROOTS MIDDLE *)(») AND MIDDLE 20 
 
 A. 1. NOUNS. 
 1. sa'y(i)du(n)=sai'du=sa'yiD ( 17,10f. ; note
 
 LXVI. NOUiNS MIDDLE iO). AND MIDDLE v 105 
 
 the influence of the ^) n'V. "I^^, ^J!J 1'>)if2 (said= 
 s6d',100,20), n^^'D, n^l^O- S^S, nS^S (remnant of 
 the accus. ending, without any ai'z'^r(^/«//<?r^,?, more 
 frequent in poetry), p^n^- m^\S- D':i^^"l a. n)T^ 
 
 5 butD^Q nr;?- D\y^, V"iDr 'J'pSi- na^i:^,nn^£r 
 ^in::;^, ^r\y^, rjm^r (note the spelling!), ny^- 
 pK, p^n, "15D0 pN, ^:i:'K (cf. 98,2o=),:r]rN,r)j^K, 
 ^jirx- n:ij^K; i:ij\s*, d:)^^, d:\v. niNn p;?, ^j^:^. 
 ^Ty )Ty )T}'y nyyy nn^^'y )Tn)T2, 
 
 2. si'y(i)r = sir' (102,5') y^^f, p^^f yi^f^, 
 
 n^tTDi, n^tr cnh^ti'); n^b^- ^n'ty- yyty- ny\^, 
 nn nn^c^ hyn r\)y^- 
 
 4. LJ'Nn, D*:^'iSn (l 00,13'); n. la'yas = la'yis 
 
 T T ' T • 
 
 15 (?)=i^s'pS'Dnr; 
 
 21. nyp(cf. 99,13). nniy^a. nmi;o. 
 
 22 (31). nnnD, mn,^- 
 
 29(34). n^)2r}, mn^ n^^m, Tn^ibw 
 
 21. ?n, hudSk rn (83,5 f.). D>Ty. D^:n 
 2° a. D^Jin- nl'^-
 
 106 LXVI. VERBS MIDDLE 10) AND MIDDLE V 
 
 45. pb'bv ''Ji p:^•^ (io5,i9^). 
 
 Note fi> V ; pir^^N; DVk ; '?'N* ; y'^^ 'H^^IN 
 
 I" T T • T Tv: •• ' ' 
 
 (note that i is preserved with '>). 
 
 B. 2. VERBS. 
 
 <in:i!J: nn:i^' ; Vy (=ya'biyin(u), impf. with the 5 
 characteristic vowel i, preferred here on account 
 of the ^), n^.3n D^'Il/'' a. QW\ ni^H NrSN> 
 
 nnn; p^n pnt('i3;i5f.),, D^irn oi:r; pSS a. 
 
 pSS, nnS; D'2y D^jSt (Note p^} [for*p5, cf. k 
 
 io5,uf.], nun, ^nr^i-MnN hh)nr\\ nmti^N*, 
 
 "iTIt^*^- — IJUn (t'le causative forms, it seems, are 
 due to fa/se analogy, cf. p^* in the simple 
 stem); J^H '^ P^JhS 5 p:}D. D^JUD, P;^;^ ^JUQV 
 
 -p^Dnn, SnSnnnv ^iij:;! ij'?^^; p:3j, pDJi i, 
 
 Note the following table of 1. ^'y forms of 
 yy verbs, 2. V'p forms of p"p verbs and 3. 
 Vf) forms of T'P verbs.
 
 LXVII. NOUNS THIRD "i^J AND THIRD'. 1U7 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 a. D, nto, 101; Sb; a. m, -lir""); "iiaS- 
 
 - - AT ' T - < 
 
 •• T ...... 
 
 r n^DH, n^D^ a. n^DH, 
 
 ^y'ln- n^jin (io4,6f!, 
 74,20), n^3\ mn-'7N, 
 mi, mn, nn^jin, 
 
 ir'^n. . 
 
 c. noj, bi!DJ, -^ii^p; c. riisri ?l:in; nipn, 
 
 rtT 
 
 3. 
 
 ,g ni:i^'^:}n a. ncrnin. 
 
 *5 T < • v: T : <- 
 
 f. ROOTS THIRD '){'') AND THIRD i 
 (>V'S AND 1"^). 
 LXVII. 1. NOUNS. 
 1. sa'h(u)wu(n)=sa'hu (97,18; 100,11=) )r\t^, 
 
 2o nStra; r^^hty, d'S^dd mSir". hinj. ^mNi 
 
 gad(i)'yu(n) (the y maybe original or not; i, its
 
 108 LXVII. NOUNS THIRD \{^) AND THIRD \ 
 
 homogeneous vowel, draws, in connected speech, tlie 
 accent upon itself =g<?Di' (105,11) HJ, ^Jl (=ga'diy; 
 
 note h\\ V:3tr', ^.*?J^'t. D^^ltT' but D:)^nL^> (note 
 the shifting of the tone). D^njl, D^Di; a. D\X!l^ 
 
 • t: • T T 
 
 (y=' , cf. ib. 14^), Dnp ^nji (cf. 82, p). n;^, n;^n s 
 D^nv, !nni^- I'nS- ^^nS, ^n^^nS- n^!}:^"; niN^y 
 (rr\vr^)^ »n'p"]-(ha'n(u)wt=hanuT'*nijno nl^^nrr 
 
 (hanu'wat=hanuyy6T'; the doubling of the third 
 
 radical [w, which then is formed into y, cf. 101,11] 
 prevents its absorption by the preceding vowel; lo 
 note that the vowel in the sharpened syllable re- 
 mains short, because unaccented: a closed unaccented 
 syllable is equal in duration of pronunciation to an ac- 
 cented syll. with a produced vowel). H^^Ii^- H^^n. 
 'nn^jn. D^n^Jnn (the plural ending attached to 
 the t of the fern. end. , which, by false analogy^ is re- 
 garded as a radical conson. ; note that the loss in 
 pronunciation of the final cons, was favorable to 
 such formations), Dn^nin^^nV H^V (9 ff. ), 
 tj^ninj- day'yu(n)=day' *<%, n^, nOH^ H^ (day = ^ 
 
 d6', 105,1s), v'»'^,'n^>^ (ib. 70, on— ini^LTI^^D, 
 
 .- -r'v" T-
 
 LXVII. NOUNS THIRD 1(>) AND THIRD i. 109 
 
 N*"in-)inD ^nS:j (98, 4f.), D1^1 ^nSri, r^io^ 
 ^n*:':: f;i<, ?]nS^, SbN ^nbnS- S5 ( = bai'ya(n), 
 
 § with the third radical entirely absent, a hi literal form ; 
 poet, for }<7 etc.). 
 
 2. ninn, rr\rv nnn- »m *Vi7''i'^n; n^J!}.- 
 
 'in(y)t' (4 f.) = 'in'ta ='it'ta='eT' -|DpS")n3 jli^, 
 
 V <T :t: 
 
 ^° IJriNt, DDHK, Dni^- 'i(w)(w)t'='eT' D^DtTTr HK, 
 
 T 
 
 I^^plHTIK- See XIV. a. 
 
 3. mill inn- niD3, JrjniD::- ^nnnn ^i)», 
 ♦D\ !n^3v T]^£3^ vsv n'£)v 'hn, ^Snn,»Sm; D^Sm- 
 
 '5 4. 1J;;(VJ;^ q^re, false analogy, cf. 16, 11); 
 
 on:;?, pN"nj;;. 13 n:i^N-SD*i nji^ rSp^ (poet.), 
 
 miJ^ (— sa'day=sa'd6=saDe', h widened to h-, note 
 the function of H as a vowel letter ; the term S1"7 
 roots' is therefore to be rejected), "1*^,1 TTW (6
 
 110 LXVII. NOUNS THIRD ){^) AND THIRD \ 
 retained), ^-S\D ( 109,8 ), ^^D. initT (15, 15; 
 
 •T > :|T <-T 
 
 the third radical retained in 6, to which the form 
 of the suffix is attached without an intervening 
 case vowel), HliT ; IDH Hb^, ^m:^, ^HtT ; 
 
 nnb', v^^ nnL^, irmir, on^nic^, ornti^n. 5 
 
 T - V 
 
 mn» ^jDTiNv D\'iSKn »JiDS, rr\T\'^ ^jdo- d^di^' 
 
 (=sa'may-ira, falsely taken for a dual, hence the 
 peculiar accent), D^QCTn ^DtT, ?]»nC^- H^N* H^ 
 (» retained in spelling] poet.), tJ^KTip ( 1' ). ^o 
 np (= 'a'day-y[a], the noun [prepos.] in the 
 
 -T 
 
 (poet.), r^^iyhv- *Sp, ^S;;, ri^Sr, ri'^l^ T^l^' 
 o^Si^t (cf. 16,9'), r^p, n^S;^; iJ^Sr- d:)^S;^, 
 
 • :at T , -: 
 
 ur\hv^ fn^S;^- niS^;i ^v^^ nrir^ii *jd-S;^o, ^s 
 
 PP")S"SpD- T\\'^V (= 'a'rawat = 'a'ra'at etc.). 
 
 nVp (qasa'wat), ni^^p ; flJO, nVJO (mNJD), 
 t': * T I T : 
 
 nlN (='a'wat='a'wawat); niniN- HIJ;^, ^m^);; 
 nm- hSd- pN*n niSjl (^galawtO. 
 
 5. r)^\ D7i;^ nbtJ^'. nS^ (ya'pi y ^yapg' 20
 
 LXVII. NOUNS THIRD l(^). AND THIRD 1. Ill 
 
 = yaP6', by analogy, cf. 109,17), D^^*l^ ^£)^ T\^\ 
 
 '• : TT 
 
 "iNn-nsv ^^^' ' -nisN hn-id ni£3^ *n. nin^ ^n 
 and ^J2*£)J »n, D'.^n ; .i^h/ nvH- 
 
 5 i;^"i a. in;^-); o^pn, !H*^^ ^pnt, ♦p-i, Dn*;;nt. 
 
 D^PO. nVp (with the accent shifted), HD^ 
 
 •<- •• v'<" v<v 
 
 ( 93,14 ). h'rhii (poet), nSi:in-SiS*, ^Sk. »Sk, 
 
 ?1»^K, ^I^Sn t]>SN,' vSk, H^Sk ; 1J^Si<, dd^Sk, 
 
 P^Sk, d.tSn, p7j^. 
 
 lo 10. ga'lawu(n) = ga'la'u = ga'la=gal6' Jl^J, 
 
 11. na'qiwu=:na'qi'(u)=:naqi' Kp^t, "pj. *p^ 
 
 D^D!), 7:i;^S ( 108,19^ ); D»^j;^n, ^d;^ ^^jp, ""^^^jr- 
 
 15 12. sa'p^iwu=sa'p1i'(u)=saPll' ?)5Vt, flllDJ a. 
 
 • ■ T 
 
 nilb'I^ (k^TiB). ba'zAy(u)=baziiy' nt!!, D;^ nr^l ; 
 
 D^n:n, nin» ^niiDV nnoi nvio:- tr^n ^ism, 
 13. inD, '>)% in- ni::riD ^nSn a. »NiSa 
 
 T T : : T 
 
 15. -ii;? ^03-
 
 113 LXVII. NOUNS THIRD i(^) AND THIRD \ 
 
 '>:t^ (108,210 a. ^jKnt. rpi^rt), ^t^'p but tj^nt, 
 inn3 (iio,2ff.), n^j'p, i^n"i; Dvn;D^:n, »:d 
 nnStr, nm, r]»jD, ViD^;, n^Ni, i:'n:r', Dn^Ni, 
 , fn^jp. nhn, n::nN nSn- .T:piD (iii,i30, nvn^n, 5 
 Note rr^D;?t. 
 
 T : 
 
 18. qatui niSji, n^^n niSji, »mSj 
 
 T I T 
 
 20. riKj, D\s:i; nNJi. 
 
 21(22.) npii''D(io9,nff.), ^S^n npra. !riti^yD 
 
 (= ...Saika = sayka), ']nt^};f2, )y^^>t2 > D^tTX^D, lo 
 
 onnt »^pD, ♦t^^pn, ^:r;^Q, ^^trpo, r]*&r;?D, 
 t]^^PD. vt^r^, n'i:^;^D, orr^trpD- nNno- n;^no, 
 minn n:iLj^b-- n*7pD, nso- mvD, non- ncsQ; 
 niDD- njo^, nt3D, nDDS(D)- h'pi^d- nSpD, S;;od, 
 
 T<- TAT , T^<- "^ h , 
 
 22 (31). n^5"io, Dn^n-iD- Spti'n n^ifna- 
 
 23 (32). n'"hnt2> nn"iD. 
 
 25 (33). n^Sbn, ^n^^i^no. n^ivn, n^ij^'in 
 (5^ ). npn, DW"i i^pn. niKn- min, 
 njin- 20
 
 LXVIII VERBS THIRD ^0). AND THIRD v 113 
 
 26 (34). D^KiSnn- n^mii ninnn- 
 
 S 43. pjp, 1i3D^ fW fvSp. fV!li^. 
 
 45. fvv.^, D^j^;^ fv'pDv fvrn, nS^S ]vm- 
 m\if2, ni:nn- p^n (110,10 ), DoSo pncfi^rti^ 
 
 ^^7 [106,1" ] explained by i\\Q principle of analogy)^ 
 
 ^Jii^n, ^IJiv"). pirn, i.t;^^': prn; niJir- 
 
 JO . LXVIII. 2. VERBS. 
 
 A. WITHOUT SUFFIXES. 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 PEEP. ga'la"wa=ga'la'a= 
 1 5 ga'lawat =ga'lat=ga'lat=ga'latat= 
 
 ga'i^Ta" nnSj nn'pj nnSjn nn'^jnn nnSjj 
 
 T :|T T : • T : : • t :- : • t : : • 
 
 (ga'lawta = )ga'layta = gal^'Ta = 
 
 gaii'Ta' n^S.3 n^'pji T\hyr\ n^'p'inrT n^Sjj 
 
 T <• T T<" • T <•• : • T <•■ - : • T <•• : •
 
 114 LXVIII. VERBS THIRD iO)AND THIRD v 
 IMPF. (yag'liwu— ) yag'liy(u):= 
 
 yigi6" nSji» r^)>y nhy n^^n' nSji! 
 
 '♦S^n ^^:n ^Sjn ^"p^nn ♦Sjn 
 
 'nrSjn nj''?:in nj»S:in nr'pjnn nrS*in 
 
 T<v : • T<v- : T<v:- t,--.- : • t<-. t • 
 
 IMP. 'n7Ji n'?ji n7:in n'pinn nSjn 5 
 
 T <v : T<v~ T <•.•:- T<v-: • t<vt* 
 
 iNP. csTE. «ni7^ niv^ nn^n niv^nn niSjn 
 " ABs. «,iS^ n'?^ nS;iii cn'v'jnn] niSjj 
 
 PART. -nSji njp^p nS^;5 njpin^ "nS^.^ 10 
 
 T 
 
 '100, 10'; 3Y, 2'. «38, 12'; T3, 6', 
 
 with the shortening of a (106,1'), thet was taken 
 for a radical letter (popular eiytnologyX) and, as a 
 consequence, the word was inflected anew, ^e may ^5 
 be flattened to i. *112,li; with verbs (orig.) 
 middle i, the form goes back to yaglay. *113,*''. 
 
 •110,19'. •111,10. i°112,l'>=naglay, cf. 112,9'. 
 "111,16.
 
 LXVIII. VERBS THIRD 10) AND THIRD \ 115 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 T : T T : : T T<" : t 
 
 IMPF. yagul'lay, jug'lay etc.^ 
 
 v:t -it t^v:t 
 
 INF. csTR. ni'pji- ni7:in. 
 
 : T 
 
 V : : V : T 
 
 icf. 114, 181'. 
 
 lo NOTES. 1. nS:in ( u, n^ ).— 2. nv"i«*ii a. 
 nS:int; nnS:?, nnS:ij, nnpm- ^S^ ( ii4,i7» ). 
 —3. Tiiw; ri^7X n^jriOTi, nnjD; ir^:i:^, 
 DD^DD ; n^jDi, ^n^JDi, Ti^ipi, n^7:)i, nptrm 
 a. np:rm--4. n^'iN, noDri-s. vScr^ (y 
 
 15 retained; note the position of the accent!), 
 
 vy^\ rvann, |v^n^-6. njSnnv-7. r]:im. 
 
 —8. Otn-— 9. a. jy ( 100,161; the second 
 
 vowel a faint remnant of the corresponding vowel of 
 
 the stem, cf. 23, 1 f. ; note that the first vowel, 
 
 ~o though accented, remains as yet short), p"*) ;
 
 Ua LXVIII. VERBS THIRD l(^) AND THIRD \ 
 
 b. fDnUcf. 23, 5^), f£)N1.; c. n£3^1(cf. ib. ^ ; 
 the daaeS lene indicates that a faint vowel was 
 heard after the final consonant), ^t^'Hl. "Ip"'!, 
 
 (cf. 23,1 ); b. ri£iv iy, pm--h!in% S^in, s 
 
 n^DQ, niDDD, D^DDn, n'?:iD, moD^-. ns'iD 
 D'hn, D^!}-1^, n^-iD; D^S^on ; D^DDn;^ ; D^raj, 
 
 T 
 
 B. WITH SUFFIXES. lo 
 
 1. ^m (115, 12'), nn5, n:p, in:ip, oniD; 
 »jiD"i, inoD, ij'^D ; '^jpn, ^Dim, ^5")ni, nnrirn, 
 dSjih.- *:nD:D, in'pDv inij^ nn:D, DirjC'n; 
 
 inn^i^'o, n^i^j^i; '^^n^m : D^nnnni.-2. ^jynm, ^s 
 3. '>2np ; i:id:} ; inp^n--4. '^n'S^; im"?:: ;
 
 LXIX. VERBS THIRD ){>) AND THIRD \ 117 
 
 LXIX. VERBS THIRD X^) ^^^ THIRD » 
 —CONTINUED. 
 
 A. FIRST GUTTURAL. 
 
 1. .TDH a. vont^ty^^, Dr\'h^--r]i^:i, 
 
 5 n V' ptrpn. fi^pn, nSr^ ; nnn\i a. n:nri, 
 
 nrn*, iot, [ii;n;^ ; fvr^^ fVDn\ nonn, nji.i>, 
 
 ^D^^ n^nnN, fV/t)nv-n;?m (cf. 53,12) , hyi<\ 
 
 tr;?Ni (HWNi) ; rnn, rnNv f*m, nrnNn, *i?n*i, 
 
 Dvn^v Note in*i (cf. tinh'^, 64, 5 ), rn*i but 
 
 lo njm^, *inp--n7i^; W ojj^); nrrr, n^m, idh; 
 
 ^SK;-nitr;^S- Note nti^i^ fi^oS, itrp riS^on, 
 
 in^r Snin-KS- nirnS, nionS a. monS; 
 
 D'^* mn.iD. -2. rfS;;n, ^nSpn, onSi^n, 
 
 nnS;^ni. iS;;.i, ^S;^n^ n^Spn, n^'7pm, ijn>S;^n, 
 i- ._. .. ^ ^.. „ < .. |_ 
 
 Dii'i ")nn--in'7pn, Sj;n, »Spn but )mn. 
 
 -n)hyr\'?--r\unt2, nn.j nS^^D, D^ts^no, D^Sp;:,
 
 118 LXIX. VERBS THIRD M>) AND TUIRD 
 
 — s.Snnn, Snnm.-nSpj, n'l^^y: but nntrr^; 
 
 rt A — — IV 
 
 B. MIDDLE GUTTURAL. 5 
 
 Note >:iN-i^ a. ^jNnnt. rv;^nn- Wn- ;^nni; nm 
 
 nSnV NT (81, 16 ff.), NHN, Nim, N-INI but 
 
 {<-)V) (cf. ib. 21 ).— vj^n.-mntrS; !r]^jiD nim- 
 
 HNnn, ^:N"in, ^:)N"in, r|Npnt, \-\nsnmt.-r]iNS:, 
 HNnn nQn-S>\v ;^n!> NTv--^JNnn, ^j>Nnn.- 
 D^^i'jN niNSn--n\snn, asnn, nNnQ.-4. 
 iN-inn; HNnni ixnn^i. rnnn-7N, "iJnn-SN; 15 
 n:inni; nS n^n-^'o- mririCT (intqatiai(a) ), 
 mnn^rn *nnnt^'\ mnc*'^ (107, lo), innt^'-^i, 
 iinn^rn; nnn::^n; ninn^rnS- winnirn:}; 
 mnnc^D, DnnntJ'D- - nnNnj ; nrrr, pN^i^'v 
 nNT;nDn-SN.n^n (ts, 2^), nt, Nnn.NnNi; ^c
 
 LXIX. VERBS THIRD )(^) AND THIRD \ 119 
 
 C. VERBS FIRST : AND THIRD ){^) (THIRD ^). 
 
 1. VLD> MDV r^i, n (^6,10*), Dn-SN-on-. 
 
 <T •. : 
 
 HDJ; niDjS- ^jm--2. ♦n^pj: npjv nn^j, i^j-- 
 
 3. n^n, )r)'^n, niyn-' r\^\ n^y, .iddv bn-SiS* 
 
 (^ - 
 
 5 (ib. 8'), r]% yi DNn ; n^n, r[n ; monS-- 
 HDo, nnnn; idd; D^nS^* nnn, d^dd- ^Jimn, 
 ^jmV-4. VDJ, npj; noj^ ipjn npjn- 
 
 D. VERBS FIRST K AND THIRD ){'>) (THIRD >). 
 
 1. DiTDN; n£iN\ HHiVv nnxn. vdn*; 
 
 ■.•:|v •• <T V 
 
 '° irr5hi, HNn (12, lof.); iDN, vnN.-2. vnri; 
 Sn^ : vn.i; "inSNiiS. 
 
 E. VERBS FIRST '^{'>) AND THIRD •)(*) 
 (THIRD '<). 
 
 F. VERBS MIDDLE *) (MIDDLE i) AND THIRD 
 *)(^) (THIRD »). 
 
 T:lT
 
 120 LXIX. VERBS THIRD lO) AND THIRD \ 
 
 m^H' w;?n, ijnpn ; 'inipn.-4. * iipj ; iipn 
 
 .. - .. _ -J. _ 
 
 ' G. (mn) n\'i and o^n) n^n- 5 
 
 1. n^1, rrnM. n^^1. n\m a. nn'm, n^\m, 
 
 TT <• ^T-| T< : 
 
 Dn^sn, Dn^^n1 ( ii,i6 ). n»n>, ni> (los, if.), 
 
 v: : r : |- • : 
 
 Mn, \'in, »nNn ; mn a. nn, mn, mm, >>n 
 
 I- Av • v:|T -v: -v: yv: : |v -: 
 
 vn, vm ; Dn^n n1^n, nl\n3, 'nb, 'nn, ^nvn, 
 
 v: :|- v: : i : r : r •.•: 
 
 ^nvn^i; mm vn; mh, nnm-mnj, nmm, '° 
 
 : r T V T T : r I- 
 
 »m\n: ; n^n^-2. m, n^ms* ^v-nn^, n^»n, 
 om^i ; n^m, M^ ^n, m>i, ^n, ^n ; n^i, 
 
 : r I' ' : -^ - <^ : IV 
 
 *M, vnvnvnS, onvn; mn, vn.-»jmn, omnn; 
 
 -: :r r -: T rs 
 
 m^^ mnN, irM\ fvnn ; w, in»M ; ijnvnS; 
 n^D.-n^n, ^n^^n, omnnt, ijn^^n; ^j^^n, is 
 vnn; nvnnS. 
 
 Note the following table of 1. ^{"7 forrag 
 of n"S verbs and 2. ^''S forms of ^''^ 
 verbs.
 
 LXX. DENOMINATIVE NOUNS. 131 
 
 1. 2. 
 
 1. N-iti^"' ^iiNvni; 1. n^n, ^n^h^y, 
 KriN ; Nin (^« sj>e//m^). n^^^; n^imi, nnnn. 
 
 T 
 
 flectioii). 
 
 3. dikSji, -Sn 3. ^jnSs, ^irj, 
 
 VSQnn {in inflection and JlD^I ; "l£lT1 ; ^n^VQri; 
 
 ^/^///«^o.). Note also n*:njnn , n^iin ; 
 irrn riKipS (119, nn£)-ij, iji^Ssji, isnn. 
 
 -':• AT <• T|" 
 
 LXX. DENOMINATIVE NOUNS. 
 IS A. WITH THE AFFORMATIVE AN. 
 
 (=|1+d^"1. 6[and li] dissimilated to 1 before a 
 
 following 6), D^::rN"i. njt^'K"), nj:rN"i:i. niJ^^N"); 
 pv^n (=p+pn), pD^n. - pnnn. pn'^pr.- 
 
 lO 
 
 20 
 
 [nt^n^
 
 123 LXX. DENOMINATIVE NOUNS. 
 
 B. WITH THE AFFORM. lYY. 
 
 »S;n. *nr)j, n^r- ^^^^i^' ^^"^^^ ^i^H' ''^'ht^f^ *nr;^ 
 but nin> (nri^ a. nmn^)j nvo (on^^D); »d^j£3 
 
 (D^JiD); ^nin^ii cnin^);]; n^ (hd); 'ii'^^t^ (hh^, 
 
 n inserted /<?r euphony). — *JD1p- — D* 7^1» DH^i^ 5 
 
 a. u^^'yzv (112, 18'), on^rr a. D^N*n:in (los, 
 4 ), nnvD, n^^Nb; mnn;^. 
 
 T • -: I 
 
 C. WITH THE AFFORM. AY. 
 
 Of. »ntj^; »nD, nN* m\ *3 (=* ^3. cf. lu, iso, *Sr- 
 
 -T - T --: T • - " -: 
 
 t:--:~ -ta I T 
 
 (innn), n'nnn, irnnn, DD^nnn, on^nnn, 
 in^inn- nn?^ (opp. '•jdS) nnN*, ^nnriN. vnnK, 
 
 I -: |- -T : <s I 
 
 nnnK, i^nnK, D::nnK, Dnnnx, rnnn^; nni^ 
 
 D^SI {pack formation from HIlK etc. ), ^PlK 
 
 nS'in. HDi- ^ncTK, ^rr\pH, intrN; n.tj'K 15 
 tr^Nn. nnb'^ D'ri^r'. 
 
 D. WITH THE AFFORM. (I)YAT, It. 
 T • I • : - ■ :- t:- • : 
 
 (99, 11), :]n^ti^i<n, nnnN*, inn n^^inn,
 
 LXXI. NOUNS WITH MIXED FORMS. 1^3 
 
 E. WITH THE AFFORM. lYYAT. 
 
 cf. nnv--n-^S»S;;. 
 
 T • : T • • -: 
 
 F. WITH THE AFFORM. tT, 
 
 Cf. nnip- nnTj. - i:n"i:3;^_ ; r\rh;j hidSd, 
 5 nS'^ht^ (122, 6i) ; n'i^n5;"nn;^;nn53-niS^p3- 
 
 Note denominative verbs: 7n{^ — 7(1{< iltD^ ; 
 
 - T V TT 
 
 n5p:i) ")£)r5 "I't^^n (cf. "ito;^); onn^riD (cf. 
 
 T T|v •• • • : • T T -:r : " 
 
 lo LXXI. NOUNS WITH MIXED FORMS. 
 
 jr'^i<, '»c^^N; D^tr'^i< (poet.), d'ct'jn, Dipon ^l^'jn, 
 vtr:N*, rn^^jN- nti^N*. nan n^K, intr'N; 
 n'm, nn ^^j, ^t^'j, uy^^- 
 
 n':D, npniD nn^:n, onrj;? n^n, "Tin; o^na (120, 
 
 T <•• • IT 
 
 15 r), ^nap ^^3, rj^n:^, uyt^2\ 
 
 , ' 'IT ' |T IT 
 
 yy, r\y^-' nni^^, onSn nr^, r]n;^, Di^n;^. 
 
 LXXII. ISOLATED NOUNS. 
 
 20 !JN, S^Nt:^ ^:?^f. ^n.N, r|>nN, rj^^K, in^jK, v:?k,
 
 134 LXXII. ISOLATED NOUXS. 
 
 n»^K ; ^j^nN. Dy:i^, p*:3Nv Dn^::j<, rn^j*. 
 
 DninN- 
 HN, 1/tDN »^^^, »nK, D:D^niV ; d^hj^, on^riN *nN, 
 
 *^^^, ^HK, n^HN, ri^HN, vhk, h^hn ; ^j^hn, s 
 
 <ST V I V - I '< T V T V 
 
 T T • T -: T -:| : - 
 
 n!i, »ri!i ; niJ|, pxn m^iD, *nijn, D::^mj!}- 
 n ; D^ji, D•^'^ ui- nn, dni n:ii, Dn:n. 
 
 T ■ T : T T - : 
 
 v<v : ~ • T 
 
 n-'-S^n ninSn. 15 
 
 T • - • T I : IT V : • • T I •• : 
 
 T, Dn;?r7 1\ n\ ^rns onnv on*, "i^Dn n\ 
 
 T -I - T ' IT V :v • T I ••: 
 
 '^ T : T -
 
 LXXIII. THE NUMERALS. 125 
 
 T I: I • T 
 
 dSip n)!2\ ijn^i;^ m^^. 
 D^o, nn»^n, "inj *n, HTn ^D^D, ^q^d, dh^/^^d- 
 
 •<- t:<-- •• I .. .. _ .. 
 
 5 yy, !r]vi;.; D^yj;' n^yr] '>)s^^ ^^vj;- 
 nb^, D^r;^ nir, Vi^, in^ t:^. 
 
 • • • • <■ • ; 
 
 nsir, inn niD jr, insi^ ; D^nssr, npSn ^mb^, 
 
 lo Dt;;', "s^^ip D^, ):td^, '>t2^' r\r2ty r\D'^, DDo:r"; 
 nw. nn^n niDtr, nmn^"- 
 
 vj::'. i^^j&s'. -iDDD niJLT, »ni:^, ^ni:tr, 
 Tj^niJtr. rj^j:^, vnij^r, i:^iii^, oni^c^- 
 
 15 LXXIII. THE NUMERALS. 
 
 A. CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 1. inN tr\\*, onnn nn^ ; nnx nts^"j<. 
 
 TV • - - - - T • 
 
 (ST V ' ~ ~ • T -: 
 
 20 "ir:i:r, DiD^jjr, nn^T^- d^ltj o^nij^'; D^ncr'Dn;^.
 
 136 LXXIII. THE NUMERALS. 
 
 3-10. onp c^Str', c/h^^ on;^, trS^S 
 D^Jt^n, nii^-i^^hm-' D'22 n^^, nsrStr oniDD. 
 
 V T T : 
 
 : T 
 
 ^T)^ est 
 
 ••T 
 
 
 t^^nx 
 
 T T : - 
 
 ^'^Q 
 
 T • -: 
 
 ^'^' 
 
 T • 
 
 ^?^' 
 
 T : • 
 
 
 T : 
 
 r^'n 
 
 n^.OT 
 
 "li:^!^ 
 
 nnb'i; 
 
 est. r\:^T}^ 5 
 
 njbtr' 
 
 11-12. D^^DiD nirr -inN*, nw 'my-' 
 
 •T| TT TT -:- 
 
 (7,12) n^''ii;^y^y, d^j^n h-ilt;^ dw- 
 13-19. D^jiiV "i:ri? nw'^, on;; ni^j^p :i^S:r'. ^s 
 
 r^v^^ " v"^^ 2o
 
 LXXIII. NUMERALS. 127 
 
 20-99. y); an'^v; ^^* on^i^ nisNt, 
 
 5 vnn ; Dntr;^, D*&j^7:r, d^s^nv D^trpn, nw^ 
 D'>^y^, D^jbiT", D^;?irn- n:ti^' u'^^di^) v:i^, 
 
 ••T • • •• T 
 
 D^Jn^^ riND- tJ^^N d^hk^, onto D^nND- ti^'S^' 
 
 lo n:^ niN^, lt^n hind i^niN, ni:inN m^n tron, 
 
 D^Sp^ mN^ trt^^', mN*;2 i^:::!^ ir^:, nwn npQtJ^ 
 
 SSn, nji^mND ^m, tim fj^K. D^Dr5fl^^<= 
 
 tr^^^ O.^s'^K' D^DID D^sSk- cr^N D^D^i^ n^rStT, 
 tr^K ^sSk ntrSiTD ; D^£)Sn np!l"lN etc. 
 
 IS n:3!n, Niisn, i!n- ni^n ^nt^^', Ki^in ^nt^*, 
 
 T T : • • • •• : . • •• : 
 
 Nl^JT r^nN,i:n m*Lrr D^n:r; nlN^in w"- 
 
 • •• 
 
 fj^N riND, fj^K niND :i^^- 
 
 B. ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 I1:r'N"j. ^J)^*. *^'*^tf. ^y*!!'^; ♦t^^'^nn, "'t£^:i'',
 
 128 LXXIV. POLYLITERALS. 
 
 nv 
 
 ^''2^, 'TW, »;^^tr'n, n;ti^:^; Note-iti^;;-n;^n:ra 
 
 C. FRACTIONS. 
 
 n^t^^^Str, riT^n, n^^r^n a. n^t^^^nn, n^t^t?^, 
 r\^^^:it^, nn^cr;^ (nn^:i^p). pn'i or pnn, trm- s 
 
 • -: Tv:iv • -:r 
 
 D. DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS. 
 
 D^jjT a^:p, nx'2:y r\^:i^- 
 
 E. MULTIPLICATIVE NUMBERS. 
 
 □^n;^:3nK, wn^:!::^ D^nr:isr. lo 
 
 •AT : : • ~ T : • is 
 
 LXXIV. POLYLITERALS. 
 
 A. NOUNS. 
 
 1. p^' D^:ijr"i> n:j;^-i- m^j, hin:- -)n:iD, 
 
 't-:|- V t t t • :- 
 
 pyi^_ J, n"11"ip:2^' (the //;/n/ radical repeated).— 
 
 m'^pSpr- njip'ni?";- Sh^n^- nnmntr'- nip-npij, 
 
 flD£)DK (tlie second and //;z>^ radicals repeated). — 
 
 3. Sp^r'n, D\i ;^p_ip; nnpj;. D^nip;^, nspS],
 
 LXXV. ISOLATED PARTICLES. 129 
 
 t^'^D'^n, "i^v :i^'oSn- i^^m^ rh^i^n (a new con- 
 
 • T - : !•• — ': v<v — ' 
 
 sonant added or inserted). 
 
 B. VERBS, 
 
 1. mm. nj:ir"i. ^ly^^-^ SS^ns SSdn. 
 
 : rt - : - : at : - t' 
 
 n^fOD"!^^; DSDHD (all intensive formatiojis). 
 T V : : ~ : T : ; : 
 
 LXXY. ISOLATED PARTICLES. 
 
 1. ADVEKBs. hnSh, H/tDci^', rIr^i^ dSh, n^n, 
 
 T T --: T- l.-T I- I - •• V :v 
 
 T<T •• ' •• •• ■■ •— T<v- 
 
 i^N, D\V- PN?D, ?N"11^ (ai irregularly contracted to 
 
 T- '•<- •• 't 
 
 a), ms*. n^iS-i;^. pn^- iS, ni NrS^, r3n* 
 
 T<T T<T --_ ^ ^_^^ 
 
 ,5 2. PREPOSITIONS, mn* ^t!-^.??^' *"ir'^3':2V 
 
 ■' 3. CONJUNCTIONS. f]{^, ^3 t]t<, 1N. DK> 73N. 
 
 DS^^<, Hf^' "^^'^^' "'^^^^' "^^^^ ' Oil' D'^to, *5. ■ ♦D 
 
 D5<, lS, nSiS. (for *nSiS, dissimilation,Qt 121, Uf.), 
 
 20 g, n::^N nni<, nc^N [;;^ etc.
 
 130 LXXVI. NOUN AND VERB. 
 
 4. INTERJECTIONS. tlHHi PlN. ^I^?^, ^1^{> ^iDKi 
 T -: T T V -: 
 
 ''K, \n. ^3- ?n, or (H. mn, ^j:n ^JJin, ^:i:in, n^n 
 riiint.ijin, ijjni^jn, i^^n.DDJin, djih- 
 
 It : • rt V : • t • 
 
 LXXVI. NOUN AND VERB. A RECAPIT- 
 ULATION. 5 
 
 BAETH, Die Nominalbildung in den semitischen 
 Sprachen. Leipzig. 1889—1891. 
 
 1. [qutulaj qatula (36, Y), yaqutulu (?) (verbs as- 
 serting an ////^<fr^«/ quality [30,12 have the vowel 
 
 u as their characteristic vowel in both [?] the jq 
 perfect and imperfect tense-stems; with triliterals 
 the char, vowel is found in the second syllable of 
 the stem). 
 
 2. [qitila] qatila(36,2), yaqatalu [yaqitalu] (ib 
 12.) (the char, vowel of verbs asserting a stmj>/e j- 
 quality [30, IP] is i in the perf. and A in the 
 impf tense-stem). 
 
 3. qatala (31,9) yaqitilu (114,1: I06,5f ; 93,6'; 
 83,22%- t8,17f) or yaqutulu (32,21) (verbs assert- 
 ing a /acf [30, ir] have in the active voice as ^o 
 their char, vowel a in the perf, i in some cases, 
 but as a rule, u in the impf tense-stem). 
 
 4. qattala, yaqattilu (37,17); haqatala, ya- 
 haqatilu(39,20f ); hitqattala, yahitqattilu (41,17f).;
 
 LXXVI. NOUN AND VERB. 131 
 
 naqatala, yahinqatilu ( 43,2 f.) ( the intensive, 
 causative and reflexive stems exhibit in the perf. 
 and impf. tense-stem respectively the same char, 
 vowels as the simple stem of middle a verbs, cf. 
 5 130,18 ff.). 
 
 5. quttila, yaquttalu (39,4); huqutila, yahu- 
 qutalu (41,2); cf. also 30, 15ff. (the char, vowels 
 of the perf, and impf tense-stems respectively 
 in the passive are the same as those of verbs 
 
 lo middle i, cf ib. 14ff.). 
 
 6. qatalu(n) (32,15); qattalu(n) (38,3), haqa- 
 
 talu(n) (Y6,15), naqatalu(n) (43,9.14^); ^DpH 
 
 ••I : T 
 
 (41, T. 9') (the nominal form [32,15], commonly 
 called the infi?i. absolute^ shows char, vowel of the 
 15 perf. tense-stem in lengthened form; hence the 
 name given ib. 14). 
 
 7. qutulu(n) (35,12; 37.6^;38,11; 39,13^; 40,14^; 
 41,11^; 42,10; 43, 19f.) (the nominal form [35,12 f. ], 
 commonly called the infin. construct^ constitutes 
 
 20 the bare impf tense-stem; hence the name given 
 ib. 11.) 
 
 8. maqattilu(n) (38,10), maquttalu(n) (39,14°), 
 inahaqatilu(n) (40,10), mahuqutalu(n) (41,10'), ma
 
 133 LXXVI. NOUN AND VERB. 
 
 liitqattilu(n) ( 42,r ); naqtalu(n) (43,14') (the 
 participles of the intensive and causative stems 
 show the char, vowels of the respective impf. 
 tense-stems, while that of the N reflexive reproduc- 
 es the vowel of the perf. tense-stem). 
 
 9. qatilu(n) (35,16), qatlllu(n) (ib. 11) (the 
 participles of the simple stem show equally the vowel 
 of the impf. tense-stem, cf. yaqatilu [yaqitilu,130,IT] 
 and yaqatulu [yaqutulu,ib.l8);in one case the first 
 vowel, in the other the second is lengthened; note lo 
 also the principle of differentiation). 
 
 10. Dp^(ioo, io=):Dp^(ib. 5')^]pr^ ip}=\bp:^ 
 
 'njbp (note in these nouns [participles, adjectives) 
 • : It 
 
 the vowel of the perf. tense-stem, and the cor- 
 respondence in meaning of the nominal and verbal 
 forms). 
 
 11. qa'talu(n)=qa'tal (nom. form. 4) or qa't(a)l 
 (1), qi'talu(n) = qi'tal (51, 8') [or qi't(a)l (nom. 
 form. 2)], qu'talu(n) [=qu't(a)l (3)] ; qata'lu(n) or 
 qita'lu(n)=:[qatal' or] qital' (T). — qa'tilu(n)=qa'til 
 (5) [or qa't(i)l (1)], qi'tilu(n)=qi't(i)l (2), qu'tilu(n) 
 [=qu't(i)l (3)J; qati'lu(n) or qiti'lu(n)=qatil' or) 
 qitil' (8).— qa'tulu(n)=qa'tul (6) [or qa't(u)I (1)], 
 
 15
 
 LXXVL NOUN AND VERB. 133 
 
 qi'tulu(n) [=qi't(u)l (2)], qu'tulu(n)=qu't(u)l (3) ; 
 qatu'lu(n) or qitu'lu(ii) or qutu'lu(ii) = (qatul', 
 qitul', qntul'(9) (the nom. forms. 1 — 9 all go back 
 to dissyllabic forms, with the char, vowels a, i, or 
 5 u ; note the variations effected by the position of the 
 accent ; when the second vowel is unaccented, it 
 may or may not be retained as a full vowel; when 
 the second vowel is allowed to fade away into a 
 mere remnant of a vowel, it so happens that inmost 
 ^° cases the first vowel was identical with the second, 
 and consequently the monosyllabic forms 1-3 have 
 preserved the char, vowels of the original forms, 
 from which they are derived). 
 
 12. qatal(nom. form. 10): qatal (4)=qatLl(ll): 
 15 qatil (5) = qatul (12): qatul (6)= 13: 1 = U: 8 = 15: 9 
 
 {formative lengthening of the char, vowel). — qattal 
 (19): 4=qittil (20): 5 (formative sharpening of the 
 middle radical). — 2T-29 combine both these elem- 
 ents. — 21-26. 35-37. 40 — nouns with formative pre- 
 2c fixes (preformatives). — 30-34. 38 f. 41 — the same 
 with the char, vowel lengthened. — 42-45 — nouns 
 with formative suffixes (afformatives). 
 
 13. qatal: qatalat (cf. HplV) = qatil: qatilat
 
 131 LXXVI. NOUN AND VERB. 
 
 (cf. ft^DN and ,150^)= qatHl : qatulat (cf. n^bD^ 
 (formations with formative lengthening of the char, 
 vowel may be replaced by such with feminine ending, 
 the characteristic vowel remaining short; compensa- 
 tive forms.). 5 
 
 14. nS; l'^S^ \pv\ iii^Drr, ^-l^< cf.nsnw*'aru- 
 
 ka. Note HN^t} II N^D (u for i metaplastically). TW'^^ 
 D^j;j n^::^)T 'th'sy^ (adjectives) llp^p, *na'ima 
 
 TO^), ^ri^^^- :Dk r\\:hVi ^i3^' n^rj^- ?V.j;j 
 (adj.). )r:i» ■ :jid, fiDJii' D\3ipr 1 D^jt^pv lab!" r|jn lo 
 
 pt^^;,_'nb?^'\ i^jp;- nintr' mppj, hdi^d! bp;iti^'i;, 
 DiS^'TOc^'l ™j;^t)' ^'fe, SDK^ D Will- prnii 
 
 p]nv IpD, "l^pN (VdK).' Si"i:i ll*yapqidu, *ya'slru, 
 
 (adj.). nS^bib, SiSob, HDijnD, D^Jint^^'Q, nionoii 
 
 .,. -:,- :- T-:- •-:- :- 
 
 7^{<. IpD"*!' "n^'*^' "^DnN (ALL HEBREW NOUNS PRE- 
 T- ' V • • AT : V 
 
 SENT THE CHARACTERISTIC VOWELS OF EITHER THE 
 PERFECT OR IMPERFECT TENSE-STEM.)
 
 PART III. 
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE MODIFICATION 
 OF SOUNDS. A SUMMARY.
 
 A. CONSONANTS. 
 
 LXXVII. THE ASPIRATED PRONUNCIATION OF nQ3-in. 
 
 The explosive mutes 3, J, T, 3, s, T) (i. e. all except the 
 emphatic sounds), when preceded by a vowel, are aspirated, i. 
 e. after the opening of the organs, the glottis remains in its po- 
 sition for a short while during which the remaining air produces 
 a breathing. In course of time, the aspirated mutes pass into 
 fricative sounds (3, 18 ff. ). 
 
 LXXVIII. THE SIMPLE AND EXTENDED PRONUN- 
 CIATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 1, Every syllable originally ends in a vowel (5, 10), i. e. 
 after eac^h vowel a stop is made to allow the organs of speech to 
 perform those operations which are necessary for the sounding 
 of the following consonant. Occasionally the stop is made 
 after the organs have assumed their new position (have been 
 closed or brought near one another), and just before they are 
 opened. The time spent on this mode of consonantal pronunciation 
 may be twice as much as that employed in the simjile sounding 
 of a consonant. The impression which the extended (emphasis- 
 ed, sharpened) pronunciation makes upon our ear is that of repe- 
 tition or doubling (6, 6 ff.). 
 
 2. The extended pronunciation of a consonant may be due 
 a. to formative reasons: 87, 12 f.; 133, 17f,; b. to the desire 
 of increasing the volume of a word: 66, 14 flF. 19 ff.; 68, 15flf. ; 
 c. to the contraction of identical consonants: 14, 4f.; 18, 8^. 19; 
 32, 11; d. to the assimilation of consonants (cf. LXXIX); e. 
 to the suppression of a following (cf. LXXX, 7) or preceding 
 (ib.. 5 note) n; f. to the desire of preventing the absorption of a 
 semivowel or its passat^e into a mere breathing (x): K'8, 8ff. (cf. 
 LXXXI, 2); g. or of preserving a short vowel in its purity, i. e. 
 preventing its production (cf. LXXXV, 4), reduction (ib. 5) or
 
 138 LXXIX. ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 modification (ib. 11 ); h. or of making the Zoss (cf. LXXXVI) 
 of a following vowel impossible: 49, 18 f.; 69, 3; i. to euphony: 
 13, 8; 58, 5 f.;33, 13; 34, 9. 
 
 3. Certain consonants are not capable of being extended, 
 viz. the lingual i and the gutturals in the following order: X, ]}, 
 n, n. Cf. 11, 32; 61, 12 ff. n and n retained their capability of 
 extension for a longer time than the rest; wherever, in the later 
 stage of the language, we find them pronounced siviphj (without 
 effecting a change in the preceding vowel, cf. LXXXIV, 3), we 
 have a case of lost doubling). 
 
 4. The following consonants, if followed by a reduced vow- 
 el, equally admit of no doubling (cf. ib.); a. the emphatic sound 
 p (49, 13=); b. the sibilants (Q: 80, 5^; K': 83, 13^ ^'': 73, 5^ V: H, 
 19'); c. the se?ni-vowels •• (11, 31; cf . 19, 9) and 1 (26, 3'); d. the 
 liquids ^ (11, 19^), o (ib., 20'; cf. 19, 9) and j (73, 5>). 
 
 Note cases like 59, IG^ 74, 19^ . 
 
 5. No consonant standing at the end of a word (a syllable), 
 can be doubled: 66, 16 f. 
 
 LXXIX. ASSIMILATION OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 1. The dental nasal 3 and, in some cases, the lingual 7 are 
 not sounded in certain forms, when they are found in the middle 
 of a word and, in consequence of the loss of the vowel following 
 upon them (cf. LXXXVI), come to stand at the end of the syl 
 lable; the time which was to be spent on their pronunciation is 
 employed in placing the organs in the position required by the 
 fo]lov,4ng consonant which is anticipated. The latter is sounded 
 doubly (cf, LXXVIII,1); hence the impression that the liquid has 
 been replaced by a sound similar to the following consonant, or 
 assimilated to it. 13, 7^ 19'; 43, 19^ 48, 5'; 76, 5flf.; 78, 7'. IS'. 
 3P. — 11,9 f.; 79, 11"; 80, 13'. The liquid may exceptionally 
 remain unassimilated: 48, 4; 77, 3'; 78, 20^ It is, as a rule, not 
 assimilated, when the following consonant is a guttural: 76, 19 
 ff.but 13, 9f.; 79, 15'. 
 
 2. Real assimilation, which is due to the anticipation of the 
 following cognate consonant (T, T, t2, tJ'. J U takes place with the 
 dentals 1 and ri (the latter as augment of the T reflexive); the
 
 LXXX. DISAPPEARANCE OF CONSONANTS. 139 
 
 further result is contraction of the identical consonants (cf. 
 LXXVIII, 2 c): 16, 11. 42 14; 62, 17' ; 73, 13^ 79,18^ n exception- 
 ally assimilated to the palatal D : 43, 21. With D or K' as 
 first radical, the form hiqtattala is preferred, because the passage 
 in pronunciation from a sibilant to a dental explosive is easier 
 than the reverse: 12, 14 f.; with the emphatic :;, n in addition ia 
 transformed into the emphatic ti {partial assimilation). 
 
 LXXX. DISAPPEARANCE (ABSORPTION) OF 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 1. N, between two short vowels, is often absorbed by the 
 vowel-complex surrounding it; the result is contraction of ident- 
 ical vowels (cf. LXXXII, 1) or formation of diphthongs in the 
 case of dissimilar vowels (cf. ib. 2}. 12, 11; 81, 13; 4^ 14. 22'. 
 
 12, 12; 84, 12. Cf. LXXXI, 2. 
 
 3. K, following upon an unaccented (reduced) vowel, is 
 readily (but not necessarily) suppressed together with the latter: 
 
 13, 15 f. 31'; 83, 3^ 7'; 84, 14'; 83, U^ 89, 4'. The suppressed 
 sound may and may not be retained in spelling: 81, 14; 82, 17. 
 
 3. K, at the end of a word or syllable (the following vowel 
 namely having disappeared, cf. LXXXVI), i^ unexceptionally 
 lost in pronunciation: the closed syllable is tlius opened. 81, 16 f . 
 
 4. N, at the beginning of a syllable [in the middle of a word)? 
 preserves its consonantal [guttural] character: 81, 18ff. The ex- 
 ceptions are few in number, and, in each case, the K is preceded 
 by a closed syllable: 82, 2 ff.; 83, 13=. 
 
 5. X, at the beginning of a word, is always consonantal. 
 Note the singular case 83, 15 f. 
 
 6. n, between two short vowels, or preceded by a reduced 
 vowel, is suppressed in certain prefixes (preformatives, augment) 
 and suffixes. The vowels, or, in the other case, the reduced 
 vowel, undergo the changes indicated above (^under 1 and 3). 12, 
 15; 15, 15; 16, 2; 40, IP; 41, 2'; 43, 9^; 43, 18. 
 
 Note cases like 16, 11; 46, 7. 
 
 7. n, preceded by a closed syllable,emphasises, if suppressed,
 
 140 LXXXI. SEMIVOWELS. 
 
 tlie consonant upon which it follows: 18, 9; 48, 5'; 44, 14 f. (n ex- 
 ceptionally not suppressed; 66, 4'; 96, 3.) 
 
 8. n of the feminine ending (both in the verb and noun) is 
 preserved before suffixes and (in the noun) in the construct state: 
 15, 3; 16, 16 ff. ; 45, 8 ff . In the absolute state and in the verb with- 
 out suffixes, the n. because originally unaccented, as a rule is 
 dropped and, as a consequence, the closed syllable is opened: 26, 
 17 f.; 31, 10. n exceptionally preserved: 84,11''; 110, 17. Accent- 
 ed n (in the absolute state) is retained: 27, 8. 
 
 9. 3 (d I of the old case-endings (14, 12 S.), the old plural end- 
 ing in verbal afformatives (32, 3"; 33, 14"), the 2 person singular 
 feminine of the personal pronoun (14, P) and the corresponding 
 afforma.tive in the imperfect (33, 13^), the cohortative (34, 7) 
 and the emphatic imperative (35, 4) is, as a rule, dropped. 
 Exceptions: 51, V; 96, V; 37, 4^ 63, 14=; 37, 4«. 
 
 10. Cf. 78, 7 ff. 10 ff. 
 
 LXXXI. SEMIVOWELS. 
 
 1. The labial 1 is rarely preserved at the beginning of a 
 word (cf. 12, 17) or syllable (cf. 96, 4''); as a rule, the palatal ^ 
 takes its place: 90, 4 ff.; 92, 16'; 93, 19'; 94, 20. Double 1 is pre- 
 served (with some slight exceptions) in the impf. tense-stem of 
 the N reflexive of verbs first 1 (95, 5"), while elsewhere (101, 11; 
 108, 9) it is replaced by \ 
 
 2. A semivowel, standing between two full vowels, passes 
 into a mere breathing (x). The latter may be preserved (108, 4^); 
 but, as a rule, especially when standing between two vowels of 
 the stem, it is subject to absorption (cf. LXXX, 1). 98, 7; 100, 
 10'; 101, 4f.; 114, 12. 93, Iff.; 98, 13; 100,2 0. 98,15; 101, 2'. 
 98, 18. Sometimes the semivowel (^) is preserved by being doubl- 
 ed (cf. LXXVIII, 2 f): 108, 8 ff.; Ill, 13=. 
 
 3. A semivowel which closes a syllable (the following vowel 
 having disappeared) is turned into its corresponding (cognate, 
 homogeneous) vowel, 1 into u and ^ into i . 91, 3 ff.; 94, 16'; 97,16. 
 97, 5 f . ; 104, 23. If the preceding vowel be u or i, 1 is absorbed 
 by the former and ^ by the latter (in most cases the lost vowel was 
 the same as that which precedes the semivowel, so that we act- 
 vially have here the fact indicated above under 2). 12, 13; 13, 3*; 
 38, 15'; 93, 9; 97, 8; 102, 5'; 105, 11; 106, 5; 108, 2. — 94, 16=; 98,
 
 LXXXII, ORIGIN OF LONG WOVELS. 141 
 
 2; 100, 11"; 107, 19. In some of these cases, the vowel-complex 
 decides the retention of 1 respectively its passage into v 93, 6 ff. 
 The conjunction w(a) passes into u before labials, or any other 
 consonant followed by a I'educed vowel: 13, 3. 
 
 4. ^ or ^ which close a syllable, are assimilated to the fol- 
 lowing V: 96, 16 f. 
 
 5. At the beginning of certain forms, "i(^) as first radical av.d 
 the unaccented [reduced] vowel following upon it, are drop'ped: 
 90, 14flf.; 93, 1\\ l2^ 
 
 6. 1 assumes its full consonantal character especially in 
 guUui-al surroundings: 97, 27 f.; 99, 17 f.; 104, 8. 
 
 B. VOWELS. 
 
 LXXXII. ORIGIN OF LONG VOWELS. 
 
 1. Long vowels owe their quantity either to formative 
 motives: 14, 13. 17; 72, 3; 133, 16, or to the contraction of two 
 consecutive identical vowels (cf. LXXX, 1 ; LXXXI, 2) 
 respectively to the absorption of a semivowel by its cognate 
 vowel (cf. LXXXI, 3). Thus aa = a, [ii,] iy = i, [uu,]= H. The 
 vowel-complex ii, at a later stage when it is sounded ee (cf. 
 LXXXV, 6), is contracted to e: 13, 12 ; 84, 12; 85, 8^ Cases 
 of contraction resulting in a short vowel are exceptional: 12. lU; 
 119, 10^ Iy = e (respectively e): llO, 20^ 114, 16^ (cf. Ill, 1). 
 
 2. Diphthongs are two dissimilar vowels spoken without an 
 intervening stop. They may be original (formative: 17, 10; 18, 
 13) or derived, i. e. due to the anticipation (epenthesis) of a vowel 
 belonging to the following syllable (aik=aki: 15, 14), or to the 
 fact described LXXXI, 3. Diphthongs are contracted in Hebrew 
 into tTieir intermediate single sounds (monophthongs): au = 6, 
 ai = e (91, 5 ff.; 93, 4 ff.; exceptionally ai = a: 16, 11; 129, 12 f.). 
 Less frequently diphthongs are resolved into their constituent 
 elements (104, 22), by analogy, it seems, also in cases like 17, 10; 
 18, 13 where the diphthong is original. 
 
 LXXXIIL MODIFICATION OF LONG VOWELS 
 AND CHANGE OF QUANTITY. 
 1. t and A are always preserved in their purity, while A, 
 wliich requires the tongue to be in its normal or indifferent po-
 
 113 LXXXIII. MODIFICATION OF LONG VOWELS. 
 
 sition, as a rule, shows a tendency towards a pronunciation with 
 rounded mouth (narrowed opening of the lips). Thus a in most 
 cases is rounded too: 13, 19; 18, 1, 18; 25, 4. IG; 71, 8. 20; 81, 13; 
 83, 22-'; 84, 17=; 101, 5; 103, 12». Wherever a is preserved in its 
 purity (of. bl, 15), it may sometimes be due to tlie principle of 
 differentiation (of. 100, 10' and "); where no such principle is 
 discernible, it is the business of the lexicographer to ascertain in 
 each case, whether the word goes back to the period of the pu>-e 
 pronunciation of a, or it is one of those which, in the latest form- 
 ative stage of Hebrew, were introduced from Aramaic wliere tlie 
 tendency towards a rounded pronunciation of a is unknown. 
 
 2. E maybe flattened to i (114, 15") or widened to e (109, 17; 
 110, 20=; 112, 1'; 114. 16^). 
 
 3. E is also found widened to e before the guttural n (16, 13) 
 and the palatal 2 (ib. 7) . 
 
 4. O may furthermore be rounded to Hi, especially if the 
 next syllable contain the former {dissimilation of vowels, of. 
 LXXXV, 14): 91, 12; 93, 19; 99, 9^ 103, 12^ For the same 
 reason 6 and ti are replaced by i (if the laws of formation permit 
 that vowel) before afollowing 6: 121, 17 f. 
 
 5. Long vowels are not tolerated in closed syllable at the 
 beginning or in the middle of a word (doubly closed syllable), but 
 must change their quantity. The resultant short vowel is 
 subject to the laws governing the modification of short vowels 
 (cf. LXXXV, 6.9). 40, 13; 98 9^ 16; 100, 10'; 101, 8. 
 
 6. Long vowels are also shortened, if unaccented: 45, 12. 19; 
 114, 12. 
 
 7. Change of quantity in long vowels is often due to the 
 principle of false analogy (the long vowel being falsely taken for 
 a produced vowel and then subjected to the laws of vocalic pro- 
 duction, cf. ib., passim): L9, 16'^; 83, 5 f.; 105, n^; 106, 1^; 113, 8. 
 
 8. Sometimes the quantity changes for formative reasons: 
 134, 3f. 
 
 LXXXIV. COMPENSATIVE PRODUCTION OF SHORT 
 VOWELS. 
 
 1. In the case of a consonant not being sounded (cf. LXXIX, 
 1), especially if the following consonant is not capable of being 
 doubled Ccf. LXXVIII, 3), or simply in case of omitted doubling
 
 LXXXIV. COMPENSATIVE PRODUCTION. 143 
 
 (ib.)j the time which was to be spent on the lost consonant, is 
 employed in extending [drawing out, lengthening) or producing 
 the vowel preceding it. Thus a = a (11, 22 f.; 12, 18; 19, 11 f.; 
 55, 2*; 56, IP; 61, 15; 62, 17=; 69, 6'), i(e) = e (13, 19=; 55, 4^ 59, 
 14.1; 61, 12'^ 75, 2=), u(o) = (5G, 5=: 62, 16 f.). 
 
 2. Wherever the omission of consonantal doubling does 
 not ojjen the preceding syllable (as in the case indicated 
 LXXVIII, 5), i and u = e and 5 (67, 6\ 9'; the vowel is shortened 
 again in ligature, cf . LXXXV, 10 ), but a, as a rule, remains 
 unproduced (66, 17; a exceptionally produced ib. 18^), evidently 
 because in closed syllable. 
 
 3. In cases like those indicated LXXIX, 4, the vowel is 
 never produced (42, 22— an exceptional case J; so also in case of 
 lost doubling (LXXIX, 3). 
 
 4. Because this kind of vocalic production presupposes 
 the loss of a consonant respectively the omission of consonantal 
 doublinfjf, the impression is gained that its purpose is the compen- 
 sation of the loss of a sound, and is therefore commonly called 
 compensative production. 
 
 LXXXV. PRODUCTION, REDUCTION AND MODIFICATION 
 OF SHORT VOWELS. 
 
 1. The changes of short vowels which will be described 
 in the following pages, are due partly to the stress of the accent 
 respectively its absence, partly to syllabic conditions and conson- 
 antal surroundings. 
 
 2. The accent of which we speak here, may be either the 
 original or natural accent Cqa'tal[a], qat'tal[a], ya'subb[u], 
 na'qam[a] etc.), or the modern or rhythmic (qatal', qattal', 
 yasubb', naqam' etc.). The vocalic changes may be due to either 
 (yas5B' etc.), while those coming from the time of the natural 
 accent, could no longer be affected by the shifting of the tone. 
 
 8. ACCENTED SHORT VOWELS IN OPEN SYLLABLE ARE 
 
 PRODUCED (cf. LXXXIII, 1). Thus a'=a(12, 8; 33, 3f. ; 56, 
 7^33, 8), i'(e') = e(49, 4'; 68, 17^ 14, 2f.; 23, 5^ 36, 2; 116, 1»), 
 u'(o )=d (53, 20. 23, 6; 34, l''}. E exceptionally \\ddened to e: 90, 
 7'. In an older period, sometimes also in consequence of false 
 analogy, we find a' = a = 6 (71, 8=), i'=:i (40, 7 f.; 102, 5 ff.), u' = ii
 
 144 LXXXV. PRODUCTION, REDUCTION 
 
 (74, 4'). Production is sometimes, though very rarely, neglected; 
 44, 20 (with a under the stress of the modern accent). 
 
 4. In the absolute (and construct, wherever of the same 
 form) state of so-called monosyllabic nouns (cf. as to their or 
 igin LXXVI, 11) of the form qatl (nominal formation 1) and 
 in the jussive and shortened imperative forms of verbs third l(^) 
 in the causative stem (116, 4. 6), a, instead of being produced to 
 a, is flattened to e (23, 1; note, however, a before 1 : 97, 18; 
 note also a 107, 19 as over against unproduced [perhaps because 
 preceding an originally doubled n, cf. below under 5] a 118, 
 16^). The i in the absol. of the form qitl (nom. form. 2) is 
 regularly produced, viz. to e (23, 5); while the corresponding 
 verbal forms in the simple stem show also cases of neglected 
 production (115, 19 f.). The reason for such neglect of produc- 
 tion seems to be the feeling that, because the last syllable 
 contains only the faint (colorless) remnant of a vowel, the first is 
 not an open syllable of the kind usually to be met with : hence also 
 with the vowel a, the tendency towards flattened pronunciation. 
 
 5. Production may be avoided by an artificial closing 
 of the syllable in which the originally accented short vow^el is 
 found (cf. as to the principle involved, below under 11), viz. 
 by the sharpening of the following consonant (especially if the 
 latter be a liquid, dental or one of the stronger gutturals). 12, 6; 
 24, 9'. 11; 26, 6^ 29, 18^ 52, 2=; 54, 11'; 55, 1^ 74, 19'. 20^ 
 
 6. UNACCENTED SHORT VOWELS IN OPEN SYLLABLE AREEEDUO- 
 
 ED, i. e. half the time of what is spent on the sounding of a short 
 vowel is employed in their pronunciation. Syllables containing 
 reduced vowels are but half -syllables which are joined in speech 
 to the one following them. As a rule,the reduced vowel is so in- 
 distinctly spoken that it resembles most the vowel e, and is there- 
 fore transcribed e. 12, 14; 23, 3'; 31, 20'; 33, 13^ 36, 3. 8; 49, 10'; 
 79, 6'; 85, 2^; 99, 13. With certain consonants (gutturals [55, 
 14*], emphatic sounds [34, 8^]) or between two identical conson- 
 ants [67, 17f.], the reduced vowel retains more of its original (or 
 assumed, in accordance with the laws of vocalic modification, cf. 
 below under 12 j coloring, and is transcribed respectively a, e 
 and o. •
 
 AND MODIFICATION OF SHORT VOWELS. 145 
 
 7. ORiaiNAXLT ACCENTED SHORT VOWELS IN (FIRMLY OR 
 LOOSELY} CLOSED SYLLABLE REMAIN SHORT: 23, 2^ A*. With the 
 
 shifting of the tone in the later period of the language, however, 
 they are subjected to certain modifications which are largely 
 due to the nature of the preceding or following consonant. If 
 the syllable be at the beginning of the word, a, as a rule, is flat- 
 tened to i (13, 13; 34, 1; 26, 4; 33, 11; 43, 14') or e with gutturals 
 in certain cases, especially N (58, 17'; 59, IP. 33,4; 43, 2P; 57, 
 15), sometimes also before palatals (76, 8'; 95, 18^), and retained, 
 as a rule, with gutturals (12, 9'; 50, 5«; 51, A*; 53, 12ff.; 57, 13f.; 
 60, 2; 89, 7^ 117, 7^) [cf. 58, 6^ 7'; 59, 2']; iwith gutts. shortened 
 to e (50, 12=; 52, 20>; 53, 9'; 74, 17^ 84, 7'; 115, IP); u shortened 
 to o (23, 2'; 24, 17') and retained before a cognate (labial) con- 
 sonant (23, 9; 58, 2'; 82, 8"). In the middle of a word, a remains 
 unchanged (note an exception 95, 10): 31, 16; i, as a rule, it re- 
 placed by a (36, 5; note an exception 93, 16^) and u shortened to 
 o (36, 10). The same laws hold good with such vowels (in the 
 same position) as never were accented, except that i then very 
 often is shortened to e (25, 19^49, 10'; after gutturals e and a 
 may be found in the place of i (63, 13ff.) which is retained regu- 
 larly before a following ^ (its cognate semivowel, 106, 3) and ex- 
 ceptionally elsewhere (especially before sibilants, 49, 13'), while 
 before gutturals (especially k[ 83, 2') it is replaced by a in certain 
 forms (66, 3^), and in others, under the stress of the original ac- 
 cent, produced to e (ib. 3^). 
 
 8. Short vowels in closed syllable at the end of a word reveal, 
 under the stress of the modern accent, the workings of a law ob- 
 served above (L XXXIV, 2) in reference to compensative produc- 
 tion of short vowals in the same position. Thus a remains un- 
 produced (so in middle a verbs: 31, 19; the production in nomin- 
 al formations with a in the last syllable [e. g. 23, 15] is duetotlie 
 principle of differentiation; note exceptions: 53, 7'; 56, 20), i is 
 produced to e (in the noun regularly: 24. 5', so also in the verb: 
 36, 2, where, however, very often e is replaced bv a: 37, 2'; 38, 
 12'; 68, 1; 71, IP; 74, 1'; 84, 1'; 73, 6' [; note 114, H] and excep- 
 tionally by e: 38, 13') and u to 6 (both in verb and noun: 24, 8'; 
 3f>, 7; note the singular cases 14, 1*; 58, 2' where, as it seems, 
 through i as a medium, u is shortened to e).
 
 148 LXXXV. PRODUCTION, REDUCTION 
 
 9. Short vowels in closed syllable in the middle of a word 
 (in doubly closed syllable), when under the stress of the modern 
 accent, on the whole testify to the truth of the law as stated un- 
 der 8. It is a noteworthy fact that the final syllable of nouns 
 (with an originally short vowel at the close) in the construct 
 state is, for purposes as the one before us, regarded as doubly 
 closed (the reason evidently being this, that the noun in the con- 
 struct state [the governing noun] and the one in the genitive case 
 immediately following it [the noun governed] are logically one). 
 Thus a remains short (31, 11; 23, IG), i oftener appears as a than 
 was the case above (3(), 4; 38, 2'; 4-», 7^ 43, 19"; 93, 10'), though 
 cases are not wanting where the regular production of i to e may 
 be witnessed (24, IV; 38, 2=; 74, 3'; 75, 3'; 92, 15), and finally u is 
 regularly produced to 6 (36, 9; 24, 8'). With the shifting of the 
 accent, the vowels come under the rule given above under 7 (cf. 
 63, 18*). Observe the effect on open syllables: 86, 3*. 
 
 10. In the present system of Hebrew accentuation it fre. 
 quently happens that for certain reasons the accent recedes to, 
 or rather resumes, its natural position. Thus it is against the 
 laws of Hebrew euphony to allow two accented syllables (the 
 final syllable of the first, and the first [penult] of the second 
 word) to follow closely upon one another. Again two words may 
 be joined together as one, with one common accent on the 
 second which, as a rule, is the much shorter one, and a secondary 
 tone on the first, coinciding with its original accent. The final 
 syllable of the first word, if closed, comes, by the very nature of 
 the case, under the category of such vowels in closed syllable 
 as never were accented (cf . above under 7 end) where there is 
 no occasion for vocalic production. Thus a remains unchanged 
 (32, 12> ; 32, 12"), i appears as e (44, 3'. 1^ 78, 7'; 24, IP) and u as 
 o (71, 17"; 24, 17'). Note i exceptionally retained before a sib- 
 ilant (73, 7") and u before a labial (71, 17=). Note also 74, 14" 
 but 75, 9". Observe the effect on open syllables: 87, 3". 
 
 11. Sharpened syllables are, for matters of vocalic 
 changes of the nature described in this lesson, regarded as 
 closed (or rather doubly closed, for they are only possible at 
 the beginning or middle of a word, cf . LXXVIII, 5). Hence, if
 
 AND MODIFICATION OF SHORT VOWELS. 147 
 
 coinciding with the place of the modern accent, the vowel a 
 with them must remain unchanged (70, 17'), i appears as a (73, 
 6') and e (73, 14i) and u always as 5 (70, 7). Originally accented 
 sharpened syllables do not allow their vowels, with the shifting 
 of the accent, to undergo the modifications mentioned above 
 under 7; with slight exceptions (a flattened to i [67, 1"; 71, 10] 
 and u shortened to o after gutturals [58, 12'] ), they retain their 
 pure sounds (cf. 69, 7'. IP). Hence the doubling of a con- 
 Bonant in such conditions the best means for shielding short 
 vowels, whether against production (cf. above under 5)^ reduc- 
 tion (28, 17^) or modification (51, 9' compared with ib. 9^). 
 
 13. The influence of gutturals upon surrounding vowels 
 has been touched upon in the preceding paragraphs. A few 
 eupplementary words will suffice. The vowel a readily associates 
 itself with gutturals as their cognate vowel, especially in the 
 case of the vowel preceding the gutt. : 57, 13*. Such is the ease 
 with which a is spoken before gutts., that it is regularly inserted 
 before a guttural (except K which rather repudiates a, showing 
 often a marked preference for e: 57, 15) closing a word and 
 preceded by a heterogeneous vowel: 56, 1 f . Thus the gutts. 
 shield an original a against modification. I is replaced in the 
 verb by a, if preceding the gutt. (65, 9 ff.), but remains unaf 
 fected by the latter in certain nominal forms (65, 16'), or if 
 following the gutt. (60, 21^; 63, 9'). U is equally replaced by a 
 in the verb (60, 16'; cf. especially u as first vowel of the stem 
 to a with first gutts.: 57, 17. 19), while in nominal forms it re- 
 mains unaffected (65, 14'; cf. 63, 10 f.). The faint vowel in the 
 second syllable of the nominal formations 1—3 in the absolute 
 for construct) state, appears as a with gutts. in the second or 
 third place of the root (57, 19'; note e with «: 81, 18'). A gut- 
 tural preceding an unaccented short vowel in an open syllable, 
 causes the reduced vowel to retain something of its original 
 coloring: a thus appears as a (50, 6 f.), i as a (ib. 13^) or e 
 (especially with N : 52, 3), u, as a rule, as o (50, 17 f.), but also 
 as a (57, 19') respectively as e with x (ib.'). 
 
 13. As the syllabic accent of a word, so does the accent 
 which a word receives by virtue of its position at the end of a
 
 148 LXXXVI. DISAPrEARANCE OF VOWELS. 
 
 smaller or larger complex of sentences (the pausal accent) effect 
 the production of the accented short vowel, independently of 
 the syllabic conditions in which it is found. It may be worthy 
 of notice that e of a non-pausal form is represented by a in the 
 corresponding pausal form (cf. 44, 1'; 66, 10^), which fact should 
 help to understand the frequent occurrence of a in cases where e 
 is expected (cf. above under 8—9). 
 
 14. Examples of vocalic modification through assimil- 
 ation are less frequent (a to i : 38, 8; 40, 8 f . and e respectively 
 o : 12, 9) than of such due to vocalic dissimilation (a to e : 15, 
 13'; 45, 1^ 15, 13'; 19, 15 f.; 20, 7; 55, 1'; 55, 14'; 63, 18'; 69, 4^ 
 71, 9 f. ; 86, 1'; 79, 18*; note that the intervening consonant 
 is, as a rule, a guttural or the palatal 3; cf. also 74, 8'; 
 100, 11«3. 
 
 LXXXVI. DISAPPEARANCE OF (SHORT) VOWELS. 
 1. Owing to the stress of the original accent, it hap- 
 pens that, in completely developed triliterals (respectively 
 polyliterals), one of the vowels of the stem disappears. The 
 loss maybe total, and, as a consequence, the preceding consonant 
 is joined to the antecedent syllable which becomes ^rmZi/ closed, 
 or partial, when some faint remnant of the vowel is left and the 
 antecedent syllable is loosely closed. In all cases, it seems, total 
 disappearance of a vowel presupposes a period when the vowel 
 was not ivholly lost. 
 
 2. At the end of a word, total loss is the only thing possible 
 (31, 9; 32, 21). To this category belong also the lost case-endings 
 in the noun (14, 13ff.;cf. 17, 13 f.). 
 
 3. The middle vowel of the stem is not ivholly lost in cert- 
 ain forms of the imperative (34, 17; 48, 10) and in the inflection 
 of the nominal formations 7-9 (cf. 48, 19; 49, 7"), also in those 
 forms of the plural of the formations 1-5 which had the original 
 accent on the first vowel of the stem (cf. 23, 5*), A full vowel 
 or, at least, the remnant of such may be seen in cases where the 
 next vowel is either totally lost or reduced (23, 1; 53, W). Total 
 loss is the rule in the singular forms of formations 1-3 with 
 suffixes (23, 2'; cf. also 23, 7^; 116, l\ 80, 21; 118, 9'). The final
 
 LXXXVI. DISAPPEARANCE OF VOWELS 149 
 
 stem vowel is also f of aZZy lost before consonantal afformatives 
 (32, V), but retained, in reduced form, with third gutts. (65, 2V). 
 4. The first vowel of the stem is totally lost in nominal or 
 verbal forms with preformatives or augments bearing the original 
 accent (26, 4; 33, 11; 36, 12; 40, 21; 41, 2); it may be retained (in 
 a reduced form, and as a full vowel, if followed by a reduced 
 vowel) with first gutts. (52, IS.; 57, 13'. 18; 58, 6'. 18'; 59, 5. 
 12^); elsewhere it is occasionally retained by an artificial 
 sharpening of the preceding consonant (49, 18 f.j.
 
 TABLE OF REFERENCES TO STANDARD 
 GRAMMARS. 
 
 G=Gesenius — Kautzsch, K = K6nig, S=Stade(cf. Preface, p. viii). 
 I. 1. G 5; K 6; S 18-25.— 2. G 5; K7; S 36.-3. G6; K 8; S 58. 
 61-69.— II. 1. G 7, 1; S 59 f.— 2. G 7, 2; K 9, 1-3; S 37 31.— 3. G 7, 
 3f. 8; K 9, 4-6; S 33-37.— III. a. G 26. 10; K 10, 1. 31; 9, 7; S 70. 
 — b. G 39. 16, 3; Kll, 7; S 71.— IVa. G. 13 ; K 10, 3 ; S 38.- b. G 
 13; K 10, 4; S 38.— c. G 10, 1, 2; K 10, 5.— d. G 10, 2; K 10, 6.— 
 V. a. G 15. 16, 1; K 11, 1-4. 6; S 43-49.— b. G 31; K 10, 4. 
 
 VI. G 35. 16, 2; K 16. 11. 7; S 172. 50-57.— VII. G 103, 2; S 374. 
 —VIII. G 104, 2i S 379.— IX. G 102, 1; S 376. 
 
 X. G 32; 15 a ; S 177-179. —XI. G 90. 89. 87. 94; S 341. 323— 
 333. 308. 313 322.— XII. G 33. 91; S 345-360.— XIII. a. G 90; S343. 
 — b. G 103; K 15b; S 374.— c. G 103; S 374.— XIV. a. G 103; K 15b; 
 S 377.— b. G 103; S 376.— c. G 88; S 339. 340.— XV. G 34; K 17; S 
 170. 171.— XVI. G 36; K 18; S 176.— XVII. a. G 37; K 19; K 19; S 
 173.— b. G 37; K 19; S 173.— b. G 100, 4; S 175. 
 
 XVIII. G 30. 31. 38. 39; S 139-169.— XIX. G^Sl; S 180-183.— 
 XX. G93, Parad. I, a-c; S 191198. — XXI. G 93. P. II, a-d. note 
 4; S 300-30rt. 199. 205. 206. -XXII. G 93, P. IV (and notes); S 207- 
 213.— XXIII. G93, P. Ill, a. b.(and notes); S 213 215. 317-333. 261- 
 2G3. 269-373.— XXIV. G 93, 4, n. 3; S 334-338. 264-266. 274. 275 — 
 XXV. G 94. 95.— XXVI. S 255-259.— XXVII. S 292 298.— XXVIII. 
 S 366.— XXIX. G 38-41; S 381-383. —XXX. G 44; 45; 49, 1. 3; K 
 20, 1-6.— XXXI. G 47; K 20, 7.-XXXII. G 48; 46; 49, 1. 2; 45; 50; 
 K 20, 9-14.— XXXIII. K 21.— XXXIV. a. S 224. 228.— b. c. G 53; 
 K 23. 24. - XXXV. G 53; K 27. 28. — XXXVI. G 54 ; K 35. — 
 XXXVII. G 51; K 23. —XXXVIII. G 59, 3; K 29, 1.— XXXIX. G 
 60; K 39, 3.— XL. G 61; K 29, 3. 4.— XLI. K 29, 6-13.— XLV. G63; 
 K30, -XLVI. G 64; K 31.— XLVII. G 65; K 32.— XLIX. G 67; K 
 34, 1-6.— L. K34, 7.— L. K 34, 7,— LII. LIII. G 66; K33.— LV. G 
 68; K 35.— LVI. LVII. G 74; K 42.— LIX. LX. G 69 ; K 36, 1-7.— 
 LXI. G 71; K 36, 8.-LXII. G 70; K 37. — LXIV. LXV. G 75; K 
 41.— LXX. G86; S 292-304. —LXX I. LXXII. G 96.— LXXIII. G 
 97. 98; S 381-365. LXXIV. S 230-241.— LXXB. S 366-380. 
 
 LXXVII.— LXXXVI. G 18-29; S 73-138.
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
 This book is lOUi^ the last date stamped below. 
 
 ^PR 27 1961) 
 
 JUN9 196(1, 
 
 'D ID i.irii„ 
 
 
 n^G 2 8 1984 
 
 MAY 2 9 
 
 Form L9-40»i-7,'56(C790s4)444 
 
 '=t^,j 7^.. 
 
 ^ THE LIBRARY 
 UHIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 - LOS ANGELES
 
 L 009 562 093 6 
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 AA 001 247 344 3