-••"T-ffi^fffi-Vn-.y"^,-^- -ir 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
XT be TUniversiti? ot Cbtcaao 
 
 FOUNDED BY JOHN D. KOCKEFELLER 
 
 A STUDY OF THE TEMPLE DOCU- 
 MENTS FROM THE CASSITE 
 PERIOD 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS 
 
 AND LITERATURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 (department of semitics) 
 
 BY 
 
 DANIEL DAVID LUCKENBILL 
 
 Reprinted from 
 The American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, July, 1907 
 
 Chicago, 1907 
 
Zbc 'Clniversity ot Cblcaao 
 
 FOUNDED 1!Y JOHN D. ROCICEFELLEK 
 
 A STUDY OF THE TEMPLE DOCU 
 
 MENTS FROM THE CASSITE 
 
 PERIOD 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS 
 
 AND LITERATURE IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE 
 
 OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 (department of SEMITICS) 
 
 BY 
 
 DANIEL DAVID LUCKENBILL 
 
 
 Reprinted from 
 The American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. XXIII, No. 4, July, 1907 
 
 Chicago, 1907 
 

 \ V 
 
 Composed and Printed By 
 
 The University of Chicago Press 
 
 Chicago^ Illinois, U. S. A. 
 
o/ 
 
 TO 
 MY PARENTS 
 
 1G52G7 
 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED 
 
 ASC= Stevenson, Assyrian and Babylonian Contracts. 
 
 ADB=Johns, Assyrian Doomsday Book. 
 
 ADD— iohwfi, Assyrian Deeds and Documents. 
 
 BA=Beitrage zur Assyriologie. 
 
 BBR—TAvnmexn, Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der babylonischen Religion. 
 
 i?£'= Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 VI, 1, Ranke, Legal and Business Documents from the Time 
 
 of the First Dy)iasty of Babylon. 
 
 X, Clay, Business Documents of MurasIX Sons of Nippur. 
 
 XIV, XV, Clay, Documents from the Temple Archives of Nip- 
 pur. 
 
 XX, Hilprecht, Mathematical, etc., Texts from the Temple 
 
 Library of Nippur. 
 
 Breasted, A History of Egypt. 
 
 £r=:Biuunow, A Classified List. 
 
 BR—Koh.\ev und Peiser, Aus dem babylonischen Rechtsleben. 
 
 Cff=lS.. F. Hai-per, The Code of ffammurabi. 
 
 Clay, Light on the Old Testament from Babel. 
 
 Cr= King and Thompson, Cuneiform Texts from the British 
 Museum. 
 
 Z)Ai7=Mus8-Arnolt, Dictionary of the Assyrian Language. 
 
 -DAi? =Daiches, Altbabylonische Rechtsurkunden. 
 
 i)(?"=Delitzsch, Assyrische Grammatik (zweite Auflage). 
 
 Godbey, Officials of the Sargonid Period. 
 
 Hommel, Geographic. 
 
 Hunger, Becherwahrsagung. 
 
 mrJ5=DeIitzsch, Assyrisches Handicorterbuch. 
 
 iL£=Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek. 
 
 LI ff —King, Letters and Inscriptions of Hammurabi. 
 
 i¥YLP=Meissner, Beitrdge zum altbabylonischen Privatrecht. 
 
 Meissner, Supplement. 
 
 Meyer, Sumerier und Semiten. 
 
 MVAG=Mittheiliingen der vorder-asiatischen Gesellschaft. 
 
 Myhrman, Die Labartu-Texte (ZA, XVI). 
 
 0£/= Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions. 
 
 Strassmaier, Inschriften von Cyrus. 
 
 Inschriften von Nabuchodonosor. 
 
 Tallquist, Die Sprache der Contracte Nabfindids. 
 
 MaklH. 
 
 Thompson, Devils and Evil Spirits. 
 
 rt/^Reisner, Tempel Urkunden aus Telloh. 
 
 ZA=Zeitschrift filr Assyriologie. 
 
 ZK=Zeitschrift fur Keilschriftforschung. 
 
[Reprinted from The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Litera- 
 tures, Vol. XXIII, July 1907.] 
 
 A STUDY OF THE TEMPLE DOCUMENTS FROM THE 
 
 CASSITE PERIOD* 
 
 E-KUR of Nippur was one of the oldest and most famous 
 
 temples of Babylonia. When the poet wished to impress upon the 
 
 mind of his hearer the great antiquity of the world, he spoke of 
 
 the creation and what went before as of the time when 
 
 Nippur had not been built, e-kdr had not been erected; 
 Erech had not been built, e-anna had not been erected. 
 
 The fact that the name of this temple became the ordinary term 
 for temple is significant. It is not possible, however, to conclude 
 from this that e-kur was the oldest sanctuary in Babylonia. f In 
 fact, it is always dangerous to be speculating about "the oldest" 
 in history. Edward Meyer ;|; has drawn a more plausible con- 
 clusion, namely, that e-kur, as its name "mountain-house" indi- 
 cates, was the first ziggu rat -temple, and became the type after 
 which the other temples were modeled. 
 
 It is not necessary here to go into the history of Nippur and 
 E-KUR. For this, cf. Hommel, Geographie, pp. 348 f. If Nippur 
 ever did play an important part politically, it was before the time 
 of Hammurabi. The period from which the documents under dis- 
 cussion come lies more than half a millennium after this time. If 
 we start with 555 b. c, the date of Nabuna id, and add to this date 
 800 years, we get 1355 b. c. as the date of Sagarakti-Surias. 
 Adding to this a minimum of 103 years (Burna-Burias 25, Kuri- 
 galzu 23, Nazimaruttas 24, Kadasman-Turgu 16, Kadasman-B6l 9), 
 we get 1458 b. o. as the date of Burna-Burias (II), the contem- 
 porary of Amenophis IV. But the date of Amenophis IV has 
 been fixed at 1375-1350 b. c.** Historians have given up the 
 attempt to use the dates furnished by Nabuna'id. Here we have 
 another instance where the date he has given us cannot be recon- 
 
 •The documents discussed are found in Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur, 
 Vols. XIV and XV of The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvariia, by 
 A.T.Clay. 
 
 tCf. Hilprecht, BE, XX, Part 1. p. vii and elsewhere. 
 
 tSumerier und Semiten in Babylonien, pp. 32 f. ^ 
 
 ♦♦Cf. Breasted, Ancient Records, I, p. 43. 
 
 7 
 
8 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 ciled with the dates obtained from other sources.* Taking the 
 date of Amenophis IV as our starting-point, we may date these 
 documents c. 1375-1250 b, g. 
 
 For the length of the reigns, and the order of succession of 
 the Cassite kings mentioned in these documents, see Clay, TAN, 
 XIV, p. 3.f Clay, TAN, XIV, 39, mentions Kurigalzu, the son 
 of Kadasman-^arbe, and Nazimaruttas, the son of Kurigalzu. 
 From the "Synchronous History" (cf. KB, I, p. 197) we get the 
 order: Burna-Burias; the "young" (sihru) Kurigalzu, his son; 
 Nazimaruttas, father not mentioned. Weissbach [Babylonische 
 Miscellen, pp. 5 f.) tries to locate Kurigalzu, the son of Kadas- 
 man-5arbe, in the Third Dynasty, by identifying Kadasman- 
 3arbe and Kadasman-Bel (Kallima-Sin), not accepting the 
 identification of Kurigalzu, son of Kadasman-JJarbe, with the 
 "young" Kurigalzu. But there is no ground for making Kadas- 
 man-5arbe identical with Kadasman-Bel. Hilprecht {BE, XX, 
 Part 1, p. 52) makes the Kurigalzu of these texts the son of 
 Burna-Burias, but fails to assign any reasons. It may be merely 
 by chance that none of the persons mentioned in the documents 
 dated in the reign of Burna-Burias are mentioned in those dated 
 in the reign of Kurigalzu; but this fact, in connection with what 
 follows, is significant. 
 
 In the document mentioned above, XIV, 39, one of the wit- 
 nesses, Ekur-nadin-sum, testifies that Ninib-nadin-aljbi gave 
 certain lands to his father; that his family held the land "from 
 the time of Kurigalzu, the son of Kadasman-^arbe, to the time 
 of Nazimaruttas, the son of Kurigalzu." Now, this Ninib-nadin- 
 ahbi appears as the next witness. It is therefore extremely 
 probable that the reigns here referred to are consecutive. This 
 will not allow the identification of the young (sihi'u) Kurigalzu, 
 son of Burna-Burias, of the "Synchronous History," with the 
 Kurigalzu of these documents, unless, as is possible, the author of 
 the "Synchronous History" was mistaken in calling Kurigalzu 
 the son of Burna-Burias. The contemporary evidence of these 
 documents is of greater value for us than that of the later 
 "Synchronous History." The Kurigalzu of these documents is not 
 the son of Burna-Burias, and their reigns are perhaps to be 
 separated by a considerable number of years. 
 
 *Cf. Meyer, op. cit., p. 10. 
 
 fThe length of the reign of Sagarakti-SuriaS should be 12 instead of 22 years; see the 
 date of XIV, 139. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 9 
 
 Just what were the means employed by the Cassite kings to 
 keep in touch with Nippur and its temple is not clear. Perhaps 
 we have in Innannu, Martuku, and others the civil officials of 
 Nip})ur, to be compared with Sin-Iddinam of the IJammurabi 
 Dynasty (cf. King, LIH). No title was ever given this official 
 in the letters he received from 5ammurabi, but from the contents 
 of these letters Mr. King drew the conclusion, doubtless correct, 
 that he was a powerful official with a large circuit. The fact that 
 some of the payments made to Innannu were made at places other 
 than Nippur tends to strengthen the comparison with Sin-Iddinam. 
 The kassu (see p. 31) were perhaps the officials who looked after 
 the king's interests in the flocks and herds connected with the 
 temple. The other officials will be discussed as they occur in the 
 texts. For lists of officials, etc., cf. "Names of Professions, etc.," 
 in the introductions to the two volumes. 
 
 The large flocks and herds belonging to the high -priestess and 
 inferior priestesses indicate that these were important ecclesiastical 
 personages.* The kings of Assyria and Babylonia frequently 
 called themselves the high-priests, sangti rabu, of the god. 
 Doubtless they did in some instances perform the functions of 
 high -priest, but in most cases the title meant perhaps as much 
 as the title "Defender of the Faith" of English sovereigns. 
 The baru, asipu, and zammeru priests are mentioned in 
 these texts, but no sangti. Perhaps the kings themselves held 
 this office. 
 
 These documents represent the highest development in Baby- 
 lonian bookkeeping. In the Tempel-Urkunden published by 
 Reisner we have good examples of the bookkeeping of the old 
 period. When the temple gave out grain, cattle, etc., for farming, 
 the scribe wrote down the amount and kind of grain, or the num- 
 ber of cattle, and put under this the name of the recipient. A 
 number of such entries were written one after the other in columns 
 which usually covered the obverse of the tablet. On the reverse 
 were such entries as would not go on the obverse, and the totals. 
 The whole document may be compared with a few pages from a 
 daybook combined with one from the ledger. The system was 
 crude, and the scribe was no doubt compelled to use other tablets 
 to put down his figures to find his totals. The scribe of the 
 Cassite period had a much simpler way of recording business 
 
 ♦For the laws concerning priestesses, cf. R. F. Harper, C0, Index, under " Devotee." 
 
10 Temple Documents from the Oassite Period 
 
 transactions. He would have treated the business described above 
 in this way: A large clay tablet would have been taken, a general 
 heading written at the top, and columns ruled ofiP. The columns 
 would have been headed with the names of the grain or cattle; 
 under these headings would appear the amounts received. In the 
 last column on the right, headed "name-list," would be put the 
 names of the recipients, and in the column immediately before 
 this the total amount received by each person. Finally, at the 
 bottom of the tablet the scribe would have put the totals of the 
 different kinds of grain or cattle. (See below, p. 27, "The Flocks 
 and Herds of the Temple.") The pay-rolls (see below) furnish us 
 other good examples of accuracy and simplicity in bookkeeping. 
 The notes which the scribe added to such lists and rolls are full 
 of difficulties for us, but they were quite clear to the bookkeeper 
 of that age. In "receipts" the word "received" is frequently 
 omitted. Again, in lists of payments it is frequently not possible 
 to decide whether the payments are to or by the temple. The 
 system of "check-marks" (cf. p. 16 of the Introduction to Vol. 
 XIV) helps us to determine this, but where these check-marks do 
 not occur we jare compelled to look for other evidence. This 
 appears at times as imhur, "received," placed after one or more 
 names in the list. For example, XV, 4, is called a record of pay- 
 ment of salaries by Clay on p. 57. But this may equally well 
 refer to grain, wine, etc., paid to the temple as tax; cf. also XV, 
 74, below, p. 39. Attention will be called to similar texts 
 when they are discussed. Clay, TAN, XIV, 136, is interesting. 
 It is a record of balances due. The ideogram ib-kid (see p. 23) 
 is used to designate the remainder, or balance due. In XIV, 136, 
 the word is rib^-nu. lal-ni (?) has a similar meaning. 
 
 How exactly the account of all the property of the temple was 
 kept is seen from XIV, 108a, "1 pi of corn of the x ka tax, which 
 Istar-riat stole." 
 
 The documents will be discussed under the following heads: 
 I, "The Legal Documents;" II, "The Property and Income of 
 the Temple;" III, "The Disbursements of the Temple;" IV, 
 "Miscellaneous Documents." 
 
 I. THE legal documents 
 
 For the nature of these documents and their relation to the 
 archives of the temple see Clay, TAN, XIV, p. 2. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 11 
 
 1. Adoption.— C\aj, TAN, XIV, 40: For a translation of 
 this document see Ungnad in OLZ, October, 1906.* 
 
 On adoption, cf. MAF, nos. 93-99; and Ranke, BE, VI, 1, 
 pp. 27 f. On p. 15, Ranke gives a list of the adoption documents 
 of the Hammurabi Dynasty, published in CT. 
 
 L. 4 = a-na ma-ru-ti ilki; cf. MAP, no. 95, 5. For su-ba- 
 AN-Ti = ilteki, cf. ibid., p. 101. L. 5: Ranke [op. cit., p. 29) 
 calls attention to the fact that "the adopted ones are slaves." In 
 this document we seem to have a reference to the purchase of the 
 adopted girl, the seven shekels of gold being the purchase price; 
 cf. no. 7 below, where a number of men and women, and a child, 
 are sold, the price of the men being ten shekels of gold, that of 
 the women seven, and that of the child three. LI. 6, 7: If 
 
 mutim were not written with mimmation, one would be tempted 
 to read muti[sa] and refer to CH, §§ 144, 146. Read barimuta, 
 as suggested by Professor R. Campbell Thompson. L. 12: 
 
 Palabu, "fear, respect, obey;" cf. Prince, Daniel, p. 215. L. 15: 
 Here we have the motive for the adoption. As in the case of other 
 peoples, the Egyptians and Greeks for example, the Babylonian 
 made provision for the hereafter. His children would perform 
 the necessary funeral rites, and make the customary offerings to 
 or for the dead. If he had no children, he legally adopted one 
 or more; cf. ZA, XVI, p. 178, 11. 24, 25. LI. 16-20: The usual 
 formula used in adoption ; cf. the cases in MAP and Ranke, BE; 
 cf. further §§ 185-93 in Code of Hammurabi. A-mu-ut-sa. 
 This determines the reading of the abstract noun from amtu, 
 "maid-servant." It occurs in Sir. Cyr., 307, 9, as AMAT-ii-tu, 
 and is usually read amtutu; cf. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, and Delitzsch, 
 HWB. Delitzsch reads it so with a question mark. In 11. 8 and 
 9 above we have AMAT-sa, which I have transliterated as amCitsa. 
 L. 24: UR-BI = mit|jaris, "together, tlbereinstimmend." in-pA- 
 NE-ES=itmu; written in-pad-de-mes, CT, II, 40, Bit. 91-5-9, 
 368; iN-PAD-DE-ES, CT, VI, 46, Bu. 91-5-9, 2477 A; in-pad, CT, 
 IV, 49, Bu. 88-5-12, 721; it-mu-u, CT, VI, 49, Bu. 91-5-9, 
 2518, and CT, VIII, 45, Bu. 91-5-9, 2173; cf. DAR, nos. 18, 21. 
 
 B6l, Ninib, and Nusku, the patron gods of Nippur, are regu- 
 larly invoked in the oath of these documents. In the documents 
 from Sippar the gods invoked are Samas, Aa, and Marduk; cf. 
 
 ♦ My translation, which agrees in practically every respect with that of Uuguad, was 
 made a year ago. I have concluded that it is not necessary to add it here. 
 
12 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 Ranke, BE, YI, 1. In OBI we have votive inscriptions of the 
 kings of the Cassite Dynasty. No. 62: "To Bel, his lord, Kadas- 
 man-Turgu presented (this) for his life." No. 61: "For Ninib, 
 his lord, Kadasman-Turgu, the son of Nazimaruttas, made this 
 bright lapislazuli disk, and presented it for his life." No. 58: 
 An inscription, similar to no. 61, to Nusku, by Nazimaruttas, the 
 son of Kurigalzii. 
 
 The name Ina-Uruk-risat should perhaps be read Ina-Uruk- 
 rimat. I follow Clay's readings of the proper names, except where 
 changes are necessary. 
 
 2. Slavery. — On slavery cf. 31 AP, pp. 6 f . ; DAE, pp. 8 f.; 
 Ranke, BE, VI, 1, pp. 14, 19; Kohler and Peiser, BR, I; Johns, 
 ADD, III, cap. vii; E. T. Kretschmann, TJie Slave Trade in the 
 Time of Nahonidus (an unpublished thesis in the Library of the 
 University of Pennsylvania).* 
 
 The statement made by Meissner and Daiches that the number 
 of slaves in ancient Babylonia was not large, needs modification. 
 Meissner draws this conclusion from the fact that relatively few 
 slave-contracts have come down to us. This cannot decide the 
 question. We do not have very many dowry documents, and yet 
 we do not conclude that there were few marriages in Babylonia. 
 The numerous laws referring to slavery in the Code of Hammurahi 
 (cf. "Index of Subjects," "Maidservant" and "Slave") would 
 argue for the opposite. It is probable that in Babylonia, as in 
 Egypt, a large portion of the population were slaves, or, better, 
 serfs attached to the soil. We have no means of determining their 
 number. In Egypt, in the time of Ramses III (1198-1167 B.C.) 
 the temples owned 107,000 slaves — that is, one person to every 
 fifty to eighty of the entire population; cf. Breasted, History of 
 Egypt, p. 491. It is not probable that conditions in ancient 
 Babylonia were any better than in later Babylonia, when the 
 number of slaves or serfs was certainly large. In the documents 
 published by Clay, Murasu, X, the overseers (Ijatri) of different 
 classes of serfs are frequently mentioned. Most of these serfs, as 
 their names indicate, were foreigners. They were, doubtless, the 
 captives or descendants of the captives taken in the campaigns of 
 the Babylonian kings. That similar conditions existed as early 
 as the 5ammurabi Dynasty is shown by King [LIH, III, p. Ill), 
 
 *An interesting parallel to the Babylonian slave-contracts is found on p. 47, K, of the 
 A7-amaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan, edited by Sayce and Cowley. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 13 
 
 who calls attention to "the public slaves, whose ranks were supplied 
 from prisoners of war, and also probably from men of the native 
 population who had been condemned to various periods of hard 
 labor in the king's service." The Code of Haiinnurahi, § 117, 
 shows us another way in which undoubtedly many persons were 
 reduced to temporary slavery. 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 2: 
 
 Transliteration: '™Tu-kul-ti-<iNiN-iB. -'"Al-si-su-ab-lu-ut. ^'"Ki- 
 di-in-ciGu-l;i. ^'I-la-nu-u-tum ama-a-ni-mes. *'Be-el-tu-tuin assat 
 ™Al-si-is-ab-lu-ut. *V nam-muld-gisqal. 'ardu sa '"'^BSl-ki-di-ni. 
 *i-ua bit ™tiBel-kid-i-ni ka-lu-ma. '■""^'^NiN-iB-ba-ni mar ">Ilu-ip-i^a-as-ra. 
 '"u ""Ba-il-'^Nabft ses-a-ni. "a-na su-hI-I nam-mdlu-gisgal. '''sa 
 
 ™<^Bel-ki-di-ni iz-zi-zu. '^u a-ka-an-ua ik-bu-u. '* nam-mdlu-gisgal 
 li-si li-ru-ub. '^a-na ba-la-ki pu-ut-ni. '®ni-te-mi-id .... '^nam- 
 MULU-GiSGAL lu i-hal-li-[i k] '^ . . . NAM-MULU-GisGAL '*.... a-na 
 ™dBel-ki-di-ui. '-'"[i-nam-] din. [Witnesses, date and seals]. 
 
 Translation: Tukidti-Ninib, Alsisu-ablut, Kidin-Gula, Ilantltum, 
 their mother, Beltutuni, the wife of Alsis-ablut; five persons, the servants 
 of BSl-kidiui, were held in the house of Bel-kidini, and Niuib-banl, sou of 
 Ilu-ippasra, and Ba'il-Nabft, his brother, have proposed to bring forth 
 (hire) the slaves of Bel-kidini and have spoken as follows: "Let them 
 come forth, let them enter (our service). We will be responsible ( ?) that 
 they do not escape from us. If a person (one) is lost, or .... , recom- 
 pense shall be made to B6l-kidini." 
 
 Owing to the condition of the text the translation of 11. 16 f. is 
 conjectural. L. 7: ardu, singular appositive; cf. DO^, ^167. 
 
 BSl-kidini, a slave-dealer; cf. XIV, 1, 7, 8. kalti ; note a differ- 
 ent meaning in CH, VIII, 71. For the ideogram nam-mulu- 
 GISGAL, Clay, TAN, XIV, IGG, is interesting: 
 
 Beltum, one of her sous, two of her daughters, total IV (written III 
 by mistake) persons (gisgal) belonging to Marattae; Kidiu-Niuib, son of 
 Attabuni, four of his brothers, five of his sisters, total X persons (gisgal) 
 belonging to Kidin-Marduk; Bunna-Marduk, son of ... . bauti, Raba- 
 sa-Gula, his brother, the daughter of Bana-sa-Marduk, one of her sons, 
 total IV persons (gisgal) belonging to Mar-IJiluui; Dilbat-baui, four of 
 his sisters, total V persons (gisgal) hurat (cf. Muss-Aniolt, DAL, p. 812) 
 of Belaui; the daughter of Gubbuhi, one of her daughters, total II per- 
 sons (gisgal) ditto; .... etum, .... rika, his brother, total II in the 
 power of (ina lit) Idin-Nergal; grand total XXVI persons, (nam-mdld- 
 qisqal) in the city IJal(?). 
 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 7: 
 
 Transliteration: 'kal •» I-ba-as-si-ilu slinu 10 siklu hurasi. ''kal 
 ™ E-la-mu-u simu 10 siklu ^urSsi. ^sal Bur-bu-ru-uk-tum simu 7 siklu 
 
14 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 burSsi. ''sALdSin-a-bu-sa simu 7 siklu ^urasi. ^sal Si-i-kab-ta-at 
 simu 7 siklu burasi. " sal Nu-hi-ma-tum simu 7 siklu hui-asi. ' sal 
 Ti-pa-ar-sa-nam-rat simu 7 siklu ^lu-asi. * tor-sal-gab I-na-Ni-si-in-ra- 
 bat simu 3 siklu bui'asi. ^nap^aru VIII nam-mdld-gisgal simu f 
 mana 8 siklu hurasi. '" sag-amat-arad-ne-ne sa ^ ^ NiN-iB-na-sir. '' u 
 nidNiN-iB-nadin-sum. '^itti ™^NiN-iB-nasir ™<3NiN-iB-nad.in-sum mar6 
 mAmel^Marduk. ^^lugal-e-ne-ne. '^m^iBel-ki-di-ni mar ^^^nin-ib- 
 nadin-ahe. ^^in-si-sam sam-til-la-ne-ne[-sd]. ^^120 se-gub simu 
 
 . . . . ''indgin-nadin-abe mar .... ''*5 birum .... [simu x 
 siklu bui"asi]. ^^mUballitsu-^ . . . . -°5 imerepi .... [simu x siklu 
 
 biirasi]. ^'^Iz-kur-dNergal mar ^ Nur-ili-su .... ^^Ibiltu 20 ma- 
 na sipatu simu 5 [siklu ^urasi]. -^m Ib-ni-'^ Amurru mar ™ ^ Sin-karabi- 
 is[mej .... '^^napbaru t mana 8 siklu ^urasi in-na-an[-lal]. 
 
 ^^DD-ME-DA UD-A-GA-Bi-SD n^ d NiN-iB-n^sir mar ™ Amel-d Marduk. ^^ses- 
 ne-ne u tor-ds-ne-ne a-na me-a-bi. -'a-ua ™I-ba-as-si-ilu u tdb-ne-ne 
 
 INIM ND-MAL-MAL. ^^INIM NU-GI-GI-DA-AS MD ^ Bel ^ jjin-ib d Nusku. 
 
 ^"u Bur-na-bu-ri-ia-as lugal-e. ^"dr-bi in-pa-ne-es. [Witnesses, 
 
 date, and seals.] 
 
 Translation: A man, Ibassi-ilu, at (lit. price) 10 shekels of gold; 
 a man, Elamu, at 10 shekels of gold; 5 women, Burburuktum, Sin-abusa, 
 Si-kabtat, Nubimatum, Tipai'sa-namrat, each at 7 shekels of gold; a girl, 
 an infant in arms, at 3 shekels of gold. Total eight persons, the slaves 
 of Ninib-nasir and Ninib-nadin-sum, at the price of | of a mana and 
 8 shekels of gold. From Ninib-nasir and Ninib-nadin-sum, sons of 
 Amel-Marduk, their master(s), Bel-kidini, son of Ninib-nadin-ahe, bought 
 (them) at their full price. 120 gur of grain [at x shekels of gold] Sin- 
 nadin-ahe, son of ... . [paid (?)]; 5 young oxen [at x shekels of gold] 
 Uballitsu-Marduk [son of ... . paid (?)]; 5 asses [at x shekels of gold] 
 Izkur-Nergal, son of Ntir-ilisu [paid (1)]; 1 talent 20 mana of wool at 5 
 [shekels of gold (?)] Ibni-Amurru, son of Siu-karabi-isme [paid(?)]. 
 Total, i of a mana 8 shekels of gold [they] paid. Never in future days 
 shall Ninib-nasir, son of Amel-Marduk, his (lit. their) brother(s), or his 
 (lit. their) son(s), for any reason have any claim or appeal against Ibassi- 
 ilu and his sons. By Bel, Ninib, Nusku and Burnaburias the king they 
 have taken oath. 
 
 For the price of slaves cf. XIV, 40, 1. 5, above. L. 8: 
 
 marat irti, "child at the breast;" cf. Ranke, BE, p. 28. 
 L. 10: sag-amat-arad(uru) ; cf. King, LIH, III, p. 133. King 
 suggests that URU is "employed as a general word for slave, while 
 amat indicates the gender." A more probable explanation is that 
 it means male and female slave, as one word; cf. lid-gud, equal 
 to "cattle." L. 13: lugal-e-ne-ne; cf. lugal-a-ni-ir, her master, 
 CT, II, 25, Bu. 91-5-9, 331; BAR, p. 81; MAP, p. 119; Ranke, 
 BE, p. 19 = belisu. In CT, VIII, 27, Bu. 91-5-9, 320, we 
 have the parallel be -el sag amtim, the master of the slave. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 15 
 
 LI. 15 f. : The tablet is broken, but enough is left to give us the 
 probable meaning. Bel-kidini is a dealer who buys the slaves 
 for others, who pay the different commodities mentioned. 
 L. 25: The usual introductory term is u(d)kur-ku. Here we 
 have UD-ME-DA=^matima, "at any time, whenever," and ud-a- 
 GA-Bi = umu arkisu. The meaning is clearly the same as 
 that of the usual formula, ses-ne-ne, tur-ne-ne. It is to be 
 noticed that only one of the owners of the slaves is mentioned in 
 the formula. Both are thought of, and consequently the plural 
 SES-NE-NE, etc. For the whole phrase we may compare, man-nu 
 sa ina ur-kis ina ma-ti-ma i-za-ku-pa-a-ni igarruni 
 (u-ni) lu nise an-nu-te lu-u aple-su-nu lu ah^-su-nu sa 
 itti ™Lu-ku u aple-su u ah^-su di-nu dababu ub-ta-u-ni, 
 Stevenson, ABC, no. 7. L. 26: a-na me-a-bi. Probably to 
 be connected with ekiam ; cf. DG\ §106, and translated "for any 
 reason." 
 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 1: 
 
 Transliteration: '[1 si-hi-rum] d-tu ™*tKa-ra-du-ni-ia-a-as. ^[x 
 ammatu] la-an-su. ^mTak-la-ku-a-na-Ka-mu-ul-la mu-ni. *itti "^A- 
 da-gal-pa-an-ili tamkaru. ^mar Babili^^i sa Lu-ku-du^i. *m^Bel- 
 ki-di-ni. "mar '" d>riN-iB-na-din-ahe. '*in-si-in-sam. ®sam-til-la- 
 
 Bi-su. ^''20 SE-GUB Gis-BAK 5 ka. " slmu 5 siklu hurasi. '^^I-na- 
 E-kur-ra-bi id-di-in. ^^dkur-ku [mulu-mdlu-ra]. ^*inA-da-gal[-pan- 
 ili]. '^tur-us[ne-ne a-na me-a-]bi. '*inim nd[-mal-mal-da?]-es. 
 
 "inim nu-gi-gi-?-es. '"mu <JB6l [djjiN-iBJ ^Nusku. "u Bur-ra-bu- 
 
 ri-ia-as lugal. ^"ur-bi in-pad-da-e-mes. [Witnesses, date, and seals]. 
 
 Translation: One child (minor?), a native of Kardunias, x cubits in 
 height(?), Taklaku-ana-Kamulla by name (his name), Bel-kidini, son of 
 Ninib-nadin-ahe, bought at his full price from Adagal-pan-ili, the mer- 
 chant, a Babylonian of the city Lukudu. Ina-Ekur-rabI paid 20 gdr of 
 grain of the 5 ka tax, the equivalent of 5 shekels of gold. In the future, 
 man against man, Adagal-pan-ili or his sons, shall have no claim nor 
 appeal for any reason. By B6l, Ninib, etc. 
 
 L. 1: Restored from XIV, 128^. L. 3: Kamulla; cf. Hom- 
 
 mel, Geographie, p. 36. L. 6: B6l-kidini, slave-dealer; cf. 
 
 above; here probably acting as agent for Ina-Ekur-rabl. L. 10: 
 Gis-BAR 5 ka; cf. Clay, TAN, XIV, p. 5. It is hardly possible to 
 translate gis-bar here as "tax;" cf. below under "Taxes," p. 21. 
 LI. 13 ff.: cf. no. 7, above. mulu-mulu-ra, "one against the 
 other." Usually the parties included in this term are to be sup- 
 plied from the preceding text ; here the first party is mentioned, 
 
16 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 namely, Adagal-pan-ili or bis sons, but the second party, B6l- 
 kidini, is to be supplied. 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 128^: 
 
 Transliteration: '1 ^si-^i-ir-tum u-to m*tKa-ra-<iDu-ni-ia-as. 
 ^^ ammatu la-an-sa ^^^Sukal-u-a mu-un-ne(?). ^itti ™Ku-ri-i mftr 
 
 ™Ba-bi-la-a-i. *SES-A-Ni-sa u itti fAp-pa-ri-ti. ^AMA-A-Ni-sa u 
 
 itti 'La-lu-ti. '^fla-u-tum mar °iRaba-sa .... ^in-se-sam. 
 
 *a-na sam-til-la-bi-sd. ^1 s'lbat kab-rum k[i-i] 2 siklu kaspi. 
 
 10 1 subat a-di-lum ki-i 2 siklu kaspi. "1 §ubat cd-dd-tik-ne ki-i 2 siklu 
 kaspi, ^'^1 subat ft ki-i 2 siklu kaspi. "6 ka samnu ki-i 1 siklu 
 
 kaspi. '*napharu 9 siklu kaspi ^la-u-tum. ^*a-na ™Ku-ri-i u *Ap- 
 pa-ri-ti. '^'u ^La-lu-ti a-na simi-[sa]. "id-di-[in]. '^fsi-^i-ir- 
 
 tum ib . . . . ^«2 ^si-hi-ri-ti m[Ku-ri-i] .... ^"fla-u-ta .... 
 
 [Witnesses, date, and seals]. 
 
 Translation: One little girl, a native of Kardunias, ^ cubit in height 
 (her height), Sukalua by name, lautum, daughter (written son) of Raba- 
 sa . . . . bought from Kuri, son of Babilai, her brother, and from Appa- 
 riti, her mother, and from Laluti. 1 kabrum garment at 2 shekels of 
 silver, 1 adilum garment at 2 shekels of silver, 1 ud-dd-tik-ne garment 
 at 2 shekels of silver, 1 ditto at 2 shekels of silver, 6 ka of oil at 1 shekel 
 of silver; total 9 shekels of silver lautum paid to Kuri, Appariti, and 
 Laluti as her full price. If the child .... 2 children .... Kuri .... 
 lautum .... 
 
 L. 1: sihirtum ; cf. 1. 1, XIV, 1. This is the word used in 
 the Code of Hammurabi for "minor." Cf. also kal-la-tu 
 si-bir-[tu], ZA, XVI, p. 174, 1. 39; also, CT, XVIII, pi 15, 
 k. 10089 [MVAG, 1905, 4, p. 4). u-tu = aladu. If 1. 2 con- 
 tains no mistake on the part of the scribe, we have a very small 
 child.* Unfortunately the parallel text is broken here, and con- 
 sequently we can derive no help from that source. The word 
 lanu used in connection with slaves is discussed by Johns, ADD, 
 pp. 519 f., and ADB., p. 80. In the latter place Johns trans- 
 lates lanu as "perhaps stature." It is used in connection with 
 rtitu, which Johns finally makes approximately equivalent to our 
 "foot." LI. 4, 5: A-Ni-sa, Sumerian and Semitic relative; just 
 
 as in 1. 8 a-na is repeated in su. LL 9-13: For these garments 
 
 cf. XIV, 157, where kabrum occurs, 1. 84. LI. 18-20 no 
 
 doubt contained the conditions of the sale. It is to be noticed 
 that in both cases, XIV, 1, and here, the slaves were- natives of 
 Kardunias. For Kardunias = Babylonia in Cassite times cf. 
 
 ♦The tablet clearly reads as copied. Of course we cannot be sure about the " cubit " 
 meant. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 17 
 
 Hommel, Geographie, pp. 257, 289. Perhaps these cases come 
 under the three-year law [Cff, §117; cf. also §§280, 281). 
 For the price, cf . XIV, 7. LI.' 26 ff. : Thumb-nail marks of 
 
 Kurl, Appariti, and Laluti, instead of their seals. It is of interest 
 to notice that each person made five nail-impressions. 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 8: 
 
 Transliteration: '"nDa'an-f^Marduk mar f" Ap-pa-a-a-i. ^"Ar- 
 ka-sa-ilu a-na mi-is-su-ti. 'sa ™ d-Adad-ri-sa-su mar ^'"^Ini-sur. M1- 
 ga-su-um-ma. ^n^Da'an-dMarduk i-sa-lu-ma. ®su-um a-bi-su ki- 
 me(?) su-um a-bi-su ul i-di. 'su-um a-Jji-su i-sa-lu-su-ma su-um. 
 *a-bi-su ia-a-nu-um-mi ik-bi. "a-na pa-an "> ^ Sin-^adin-sum m&r 
 •n Adi-mati-f' Marduk. "- a-ka-am-ma ik-bi a-na te-ru-ub-ti-a. " te-bu- 
 ku-ma a-ma-ti ul lu-uni-mu-da-ku. '-mar ^ Gu-ub-bu-hi mar "" U-bar-ri 
 il-Ii-kam-ma. '^a-ka-an-na ik-bi. '*m Nftr-belit-A-GA-CE ^'^ ses-a-ni a-bi-su. 
 '*i-na Dftr-f^NiN-iB mi-it-ma ki-bi-ir. '®u ^Ikisa-^Adad a-bu-su. 
 "i-na Dtir-^NiN-iB^*' u-si-ib. '^u"ifiAdad-ri-sa-su a-bu-su "*.... 
 u-a a-li-id. -".... sa-a i-sa-lu-ma ul i-di-mi ik-bi. ^'"^^i Adad-ri- 
 sa-su mArka-sa-ilu u-mi-is-si-ma. -^[a]-ua >" <i Bel-ki-di-ni id-di-in. 
 
 ^Hil i-ta-ar-ma. '*ni Ar-ka-sa-ilu as-sum <» ^ Adad-ri-sa-su. ^"a-na- 
 ™ dggl-ki-di-ni ul i-ra-asr-sru-um. 
 
 *e> »" 
 
 Translation: Da'an-Marduk, son of Appai, took Arka-sa-ilu to be 
 cleansed by Adad-risasu, son of the ni-sdr; and they questioned Da'an- 
 Marduk, and the name of his father as well as the name of his father he 
 did not know. They asked him the name of his brother, and the name 
 of his brother he did not tell. Before Sin-nadin-sum, son of Adi-mati- 
 Marduk, he spoke as follows: "I objected to my entrance; I was not 
 consulted at all." Mar-Gubbuhi, son of Ubarri, came and spoke as fol- 
 lows: "Nftr-belit-Agade, his uncle, died and was buried in Dfir-Ninib, 
 and Ikisa-Adad, his father, dwelt in Dfir-Ninib, and Adad-risasu, his 
 
 brother was born, .... they questioned, and he said: ''I do not 
 
 know." Adad-risasu has cleansed Arka-sa-ilu, and has given (him) to 
 Bel-kidini. He shall not appeal the case. Arka-sa-ilu shall have no 
 claim against Bel-kidini, because of Adad-risasu. [Seal of Arka-sailu.] 
 
 The noun missuti, 1. 2, and the verb umissi, 1. 21, seem to 
 indicate some ceremony of cleansing. L. 6: ki-me, a variant of 
 kima; cf. r^ forms. L. 10: terubtu perhaps refers to enter- 
 
 ing into the service of some man; cf. XIV, 2, 1. 11. L. 23 is 
 
 perhaps to be taken more literally, "he shall not return." Adad- 
 risasu evidently had some claim on xArka-sa-ilu which he relin- 
 quished in favor of Bsl-kidini. Arka-sa-ilu was then in the 
 power of Bel-kidini, who, as we have seen above, was a slave- 
 dealer. 
 
18 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 127: 
 
 Transliteration: 'nam-mulu [gisgal] sa™Ta-ri-bimar '"Ti-sa. *i- 
 na aiEs-si as-bu-ma. ^"n Amel-'iMarduk "^ Ardu-nu-bat-ti is-pur-ma 
 *u-se-lara-ma i-na ai D^j-dBele^fi. Hi-se-si-im-ma ™ Ardu-nu-bat-ti 
 *bu-us-su im-ha-as-maim-hur. ' » Ta-ri-bu istu ai Dlir-<3 Bele i^ i. 'us- 
 si-ma a-tar sa-nim-ma. " il-la-ak-ma us-sam-ma. '""^Ardu-nu- 
 bat-ti is-sa-an-ni-ik. 
 
 Translation: The slaves of Taribu, the son of Tisa, were dwelling in 
 the town of Essi. Amel-Marduk sent Ardu-nubatti to bring (them) up 
 and make (them) reside in the town of Dur-Bele. Ardu-nubatti arranged 
 the transaction and made the agreement with him. If Taribu goes forth 
 from Dtlr-Bele, goes to another place and dwells there, Ardu-nubatti 
 shall be held (responsible?). 
 
 L. 6: cf. mabis putisu, Nbk., 134. 4; cf. Tallquist, SN, 
 p. 92. L. 8: a-tar, cf. Delitzsch, HWB, p. 42 abaztu(?) 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 129: 
 
 Transliteration: 4stu babu sa ™ Ki-din-dGu-la. ^adi mu-tir-ti. 
 'ka-ab-li-i-ti. *massartu sa™Ta-ri-bi. ^anosipittisa mu-tir-ti, *sa 
 ki-li a-na mu-te-ir-ti. 'us-sa-am-ma. 4t-ti sa-ni-im-ma. *id-da- 
 ab-bu-ub-ma. ^"Ta-ri-bu. ". . . . da in-ni .... 
 
 Translation: The "watch" of Taribu is from the gate of Kidin-Gula 
 to the middle-doors. (If) the keeper of the doors of the prison shall go 
 forth and speak with another, Taribu shall .... 
 
 L. 2: Mutirti = mutireti, feminine plural of mutirru, so. 
 dalati, 'doorwings.' Taribu (cf. preceding text) is the respon- 
 sible party of this document. This is shown by the fact that his 
 nail-marks instead of his seal are attached. He was probably a 
 slave-master who had charge of the slaves of different owners. 
 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 126: 
 
 Transliteration: ' m «i Adad-ba-ni mar «" ^ Adad-sum-lisir. ^'Sa- 
 lit-tum marat ™Ki-din-DL-MAs. ^ama-a-ni. *kal ^Man-nu-ib-ba-ak- 
 dini-su ses-a-ni. ^ Marat ™Kar-zi-ban. ^e-ge-a. ^napharu 4 kin- 
 ni n^ Ilu-ba-ni. ^mar •" la-u-ki. '•" Am-mar-sa-^^Adad. ^"u-ma- 
 as-si. "i-na ^i^^ Gu-zal-lum-sa-ilu. "a-si-ib. 
 
 Translation: Adad-bani, son of Adad-sum-lisir; Salittum, daughter 
 of Kidin-Ulmas, his mother; a grown person, Mannu-ibak-dinisu, his 
 brother; the daughter of Karziban, a bride; total 4, the family-servants 
 of Ilu-bani, son of lauki. These Ammar-sa-Adad shall free. In the 
 town of Guzallum-sa-ilu they shall dwell. 
 
 L. 4: KAL, cf. XIV, 7, 1. L. 7: Kin-ni, "family;" cf. 
 
 kinatati of Clay, Murasu, X, 115, and others; also XIV, 60, 
 p. 35, of the Introduction to XIV. L. 10: U-ma-as-si, cf. 
 
 XIV, 8. The document refers to a transfer of servants. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 19 
 
 3. A case at laic— Clay, TAN, XIV, 39: 
 
 Transliteration: ' Di-nu sa f" U-zi-su .... tig-en-na Nippur ''i. 
 -'m (i jsij^-XB .... mar "™ ^^ NiN-iB-kin-pi-su. ^u ™ E-KUR-nadin-sum .... 
 [°i] Iz-kur-f^NiN-iB i-di-iiu. *"» E-KDR-nadiu-siim a-na danu ki-a-am ilf- 
 bi. *50 se zer i-na ugaiu "i»Sa-ir-ri-e i^i. *n^<^NiN-iB-nadin-ab-bi 
 mSr ™ E-til-pu. 'a-ua a-bi-ia ™ Ilu-ra-bi a-fei-su i-ta-din. *is-tu Ku- 
 ri-gal-zu mar Ka da-as-mau-5ftr-be. "a-di Nazi-ma-ru-iit-ta-as mftr 
 Kii-ri-gal-zu. '"ab-bu-u-a i-te-tir-ri-su u ma-am-ma ul is-bu-us. 
 
 iimdNiN-iB-kiu-pi-su mar "» ^ B^j-ni-gu. >-i-na Na-zi-ma-ru-ut-ta-as 
 ekli sa-a-su. 'H-ta-bal danu ™ ^^ NiN-iB-nadin-ab-bi i-sal-ma ™ ^ nin-ib- 
 nadin-al^-hi a-na danu ki-a-am ik-bi. '^ekli itti ir-ri-su-ti "^nin-ib- 
 ni-su. "'a-bi a-bi-su it-ti ah-hi-e-su e-ri-is. 'Uil itti ekli bur-ku-ti 
 na-ad-na-as-su. "^'^Di-mah-di-'^Uras a-hi a-bi-ia. "*sa i-na Na-zi- 
 ma-ru-ut-ta-as ekli sa-a-su. -'-'is-bu-su li-sa-lu-su. ^'danu "^ Di-iuab- 
 di-f^Uras i-sal-ma. ^-■"Di-mah-di-'JUras a-na danu ki-a-am ik-bi. 
 
 Translation: The decision which Uzisu .... the tig-en-na of Nip- 
 pur rendered Ninib .... son of Ninib-kin-pisu and Ekur-nadin-sum 
 .... Izkur-Niuib. Ekur-nadin-sum spoke to the judge as follows: "50 
 acres of laud in the fields of the city Sa-irr§, Ninib-nadin-abhi, son of 
 Etilpu, gave to my father, Ilurabi, his brother. From the time of Kuri- 
 galzu, the son of Kadasman-JJarbe, to the time of Nazimaruttas, the son 
 of Kurigalzu, my fathers cultivated (the land), and no one collected the 
 sibsu-tax. Ninib-kin-pisu, son of Bel-nisu, took possession of that field 
 in the reign of Nazimaruttas." The judge questioned Ninib-nadin-a^^i, 
 and Ninib-nadin-abhi spoke to the judge as follows: "Ninib-nisu, his 
 uncle, cultivated the field in partnership with his brothers. The 
 burkuti was not given him with the field. Dimahdi-Uras, my uncle, 
 who collected the sibsu-tax in the time of Nazimaruttas, let them ques- 
 tion him." The judge questioned Dimafedi-Uras, and Dimabdi-Uras 
 spoke to the judge as follows : 
 
 For some reason the rest of the suit was not recorded on our 
 tablet. Owing to the fact that the text is not complete, it is not 
 possible to restore the connection between the persons in the 
 first three lines. LI. 10, 20: sabasu. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, 
 
 p. 1006, quoting KB, IV, p. 145, translates la isabbas "soli nicht 
 geheischt werden." The translation offered in KB is not this, 
 but "korn .... steuer soil nicht eingetrieben werden" — shall 
 not be collected. The translation in KB follows BA, II, p. 569. 
 The word is no doubt to be connected with sibsu; of. p. 23, 
 below. L. 15: literally, "cultivate with cultivation." L. 17: 
 
 burkuti. For this word I would, with much reserve, offer some 
 such meaning as 'deed.' For the kings mentioned in this docu- 
 ment cf. above, p. 8. 
 
20 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 4. Contracts.— C\^j, TAN, XIV, 42: 
 
 Transliteration: ' dup-pi ri-ki-is-ti. ' sa ™ In-na-an-nu. ^a-na 
 am6i rikke pi. *UKA-ziD-DA. ^ir-ku-su. ** kurunnu ul ta-am-ma. 
 
 ' GAR (akalu) ul ba-ni-ma. ^ i-na ba-lu '" Raba-sa-dNergal. ^ gar sikaru 
 u me-ri-is-tum. '"i-nam-di-in-ma. " i-na-du-u. '"i-ba-ka-nu. '^nap- 
 ba-ar. '*si-ka-ri. '^sa is-tu arbuArahsamna. '^ sa satti 1 kan, ^'a-na 
 ka-ab-ri. ^^ i-ka-na-ak. 
 
 [Date and seals of the rikku and ka-zid-da officers.] 
 
 Translation: The tablet of contract which Innannu drew up with 
 the rikku and ka-zid-da officers. In case the wine is not good and the 
 bread is not clean, without (the consent of?) Raba-sa-Nergal, he (In- 
 nannu) shall give bread, wine and new-wine, and they shall deliver 
 them, they shall .... All of the wine from the month Araljsamna of 
 the year one, shall be sealed for the kabri. 
 
 L. 9: Me-ri-is-tum, the uBual meaning is "planting." Here 
 perhaps an m-formation from the root of IcilTl ; of. the Sou- 
 danese marlsa, "date-wine" (Doughty, Arabia Deserta, p. 629). 
 L. 12: Do we here have a verb corresponding to bukanu? 
 L. 17: Kabri, of. kapri, 'cup' (Muss-Arnolt, DAL, p. 423). 
 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 123: 
 
 Transliteration: '1 alpu ri-it-ti ki-i [2 siklu hurasi]. -1 inieru 
 ki-i 2 siklu hurasi. ^ it-ti °^ Tab-sil-li mar "^ Ab-ta-a-na-ilu ^ ^ nin-sar- 
 murassu-rSmii. ^in-si-sam. ^a-na sam til-la-bi-su. '60 til-li-e 
 
 samni ra-bu-ti. ^ki-i 4 [siklu hurasi] i-di-in. ^ul i-tar-ma ™Tab-sil- 
 lum. "^as-sum alpu im^ru ul i-ra-gu-um. "u ™<iNiN-SAR-murassTi- 
 remu. ^^as-sum 60 til-li-e [samni ra-buj-ti. '^a-na ™Tab-[sil-li mar 
 ™ Ab-ta-a-na-ilu]. '* ul i-[ra-gu-um]. 
 
 Translation: One pasture-ox at 2 shekels of gold, one ass at 2 
 shekels of gold, NiN-sAR-murassii-remu bought from Tab-silli, son of 
 Abta-ana-ilu, at their full price. Sixty large vessels of oil, valued at 4 
 shekels of gold, he paid. He shall not have recourse ("Er soil den Kauf 
 nicht riickgangig machen"). Tab-silli shall bring no claim for (con- 
 cerning) the ox and the ass; and NiN-SAR-murassti-remu shall bring no 
 claim against Tab-silli for the 60 large vessels of oil. 
 
 L. 7: Til-li-e, perhaps to be read tal-li-e, plural of tallu, 
 "vessel;" of. XIV, 163, below. 
 Clay, TAN, XIV, 106: 
 
 Translation: 30 gur of grain of the 12 ka tax, the portion of the 
 city Sarmas, which Bel-mukin-aplu received from Bel-sululi, son of 
 Belani, Mutakkil-Marduk, the scribe, son of Ilu-rabi, Amel-Sin, son of 
 Adad-rizua. 30 gur 108 ka of grain of the 12 ka tax they shall pay, and 
 their seals they may break. [Date and seals of Amel-Sin, Bel-sululi, 
 and Mutakkil-Marduk. Note stating that this is a duplicate tablet.] 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 21 
 
 Other contracts are: XV, 43: "3 gur of grain, at interest, 
 out of the wages tax (gis-bar-se-ba) Pu-Adad, son of Ikkari, 
 received. On the day of harvest he shall repay it." XV, 82: 
 
 "14 GUR 72 KA, the portion of the full tax remaining unpaid out 
 of all that he paid and delivered. On the day of harvest Restusu 
 shall pay it." (Restusu owed the temple a certain amount of 
 grain, part of which he paid, the unpaid part becoming the 
 amount on a note to be paid on the day of harvest.) XV, 142: 
 "90 KA of AS-AN-NA grain of the full tax, with interest to the 
 amount of 66 ?a of corn, was received by Likdisir. On the day 
 of harvest he shall repay it." XIV, 11: Takalti-Adad agrees 
 
 (bu-us-su im-ha-as) to deliver a cow in payment at a certain 
 time. In case of non-delivery he is to repay two cows. The 
 beginning of the document has to do with a detained slave, 
 ik-la-su. XIV, 38: "Cattle to the number of 5, for (?a-na, 
 we should expect from) Sin-etilli son of Zabrum, Selibi received 
 and tended (ib-ki?-id). Selibu shall take and deliver the 
 cattle to Innaunu. If he does not deliver them, he shall repay 
 (i-ta-na-pal) x cattle." XIV, 49: "2 gur 162(?) ka of 
 grain of the full tax, together with 2 gur 24 ka, his share, which 
 .... paid and delivered. On the day of harvest Sukal-a^u- 
 eris shall pay to Martuki." XIV, 98: Receipt of grain, 
 
 which is to be repaid on the day of harvest and the debtor's seal 
 (tablet) broken. XIV, 41rt.- A promissory note, for arrears 
 
 in interest (ib-kid har-ra) to be paid on the day of harvest. 
 XIV, 119: Cattle contract. L. 3, a-pa-ar, "meadow." The 
 end of the contract gives the number of cattle to be repaid, i-ta- 
 na-ap-pal, in case of losses, |ja-li-ik-ti. 
 
 II. the property and income of the temple 
 
 1. The income designated as gis-bar, gal, 5 ka, 6 ka, etc. — 
 This is discussed by Clay, Vol. XIV, p. 5. Under this head only 
 those documents will be noted which clearly have to do with 
 income. There are a number of documents, such as XV, 4, which 
 may be statements of taxes paid to the temple, but which may 
 equally well be taken as payments of salaries; cf. "Babylonian 
 Bookkeeping," above, p. 9. 
 
 XV, 10: "Grain of the full tax, in the form of BAR-grain 
 (*®bar), flour, etc." L. 4, col. 2, shows that flour was due, but 
 not paid (lal-ni). The revenues were received from the town of 
 
22 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 Zarat-IM, the neighborhood of the city (Nippur?), the soldiers 
 (sabe) of Nippur; and as interest (ru-ub-bi-e) accruing from 
 grain of the tab-kitax; cf. XV, 29, 5, from which it seems that 
 tabki, "poured out," must refer to some use to which the grain 
 is put, not to storing it. XV, 48: "Grain of the full tax, which 
 
 Kisabbut received (mi-tah-hu-ru Perm. I, 2) from three persons." 
 The total is designated as salary for the rikku officer. XV, 54: 
 Taxes received from certain towns. XV, 58: "a^GUB of grain 
 
 of the full tax, arGUR, wagon-hire, out of the grain of Bel-mukin- 
 aplu, Ninib-muballit, and Bana-la-Sukal brought from the town 
 of Dtir-Nusku." L. 3, i-na libbi se'um sa. This is the full 
 formula; frequently se'um is omitted. XV, 61: L. 5 shows 
 
 that the tax came to the temple through Innannu. XV, 102: 
 
 A list of towns and the revenues they paid to the temple. L. 7, a 
 note, "In addition, 224 GUR which (for?) ki-mu sikaru^^ (bi-mes) 
 is dal-tu." LI. 34 ff., perhaps payments "up to the year 19." 
 XV, 149: Taxes in the form of flour, wine, and sheep paid to the 
 temple by certain persons and towns. L. 144 gives the amount 
 still due ( IB-kid). XV, 159c.- A list of towns and their revenues. 
 XIV, 18: Payments of grain from certain towns. For the head- 
 ing of the column of towns, cf. XV, 132, and perhaps XIV, 166, 
 25. XIV, 24: L. 16, "besides 28 gur delivered as support 
 
 for the temple (kurmat bit ili)." XIV, 26: "1 gur 96 ka, 
 
 unpaid interest on the full tax, which Kiditi and Eribi (owed and 
 now paid?), together with 1 GUR which was paid (on time?), and 
 1 PI which Abiauti delivered" (sulu, the regular word for paying 
 or delivering tribute or tax) . XIV, 68: Receipt of sheepwool. 
 XIV, 112 and 114 show how careful was the record of tax-collec- 
 tions. The names of the towns from which the taxes came, the 
 local agents who collected them, and in some cases the date of 
 collection (no doubt when it was not the tax for the year mentioned 
 in the note at the end) are given; finally the totals, the agent of 
 the temple who received the revenues (mi-tah-hu-rum), and 
 the date. 
 
 2. Other kinds of revenues. — XIV, 31: "Year 19 of Kuri- 
 galzu." Six columns headed re-es busi, sib-sum, zittu u-du- 
 u, ki-is-rum, napharu, mu-bi-im. The reverse had a similar 
 heading. Res-busi, literally "first or best of property," here 
 means "first-fruits," and is to be considered as a regular kind of 
 tax; cf. Heb. t^'^^!J<"1. Zittu (ha-la) udu, perhaps a tax on house- 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 23 
 
 hold goods, personal property in contrast to one on real estate; 
 cf. lexicons under zittu and ndu. For udu cf. XIV, 51, 124, 
 146; XV, 130, 181, and the following. Kisru, "rent" or "hire;" 
 cf. XV, 90, 48; 157, 27; XIV, 128. Si'bsu; cf. Muss-Arnolt, 
 DAL. A more definite meaning than "tax" cannot be determined 
 from these texts. Other references to sibsu are found in the fol- 
 lowing texts: XIV, 125: [seum] mab-ru-ma i-na Dur-'^Sin 
 tab-ku, satti 13^**" Ku[-ri-gal-zu?], "grain received and 
 'poured out' in Dur-Sin, the thirteenth year of Kurigalzu (?)."* 
 The grain is classified as sibsu and as-an-na. For miksu, 1. 14, 
 see DAL, p. 538. L. 15, "in addition, 24 ka from the town 
 Pa-tir(?)." XIV, 37: "Year 22 of Kurigalzu. Grain received 
 and 'poured out' in Karu-Bunna-Marduk. Sibsu, seed-grain 
 and AS-AN-NA, paid by the patesis of Erba-Nergal." XV, 166: A 
 list of grains, no doubt collected as revenue, including sib-sum, 
 kisrum, as-an-na, tig-tur, tig-gal, and siblu. L. 19, miksu; 
 see XIV, 125, 1. 14. XV, 47; see below, p. 44. L. 14, "1 gur 
 114 KA, the sibsu of the town Ntir-Adad." XV, 115; see below, 
 p. 25. XV, 131: "Revenue (full tax) from the town Zarat-dtir 
 Gula, for the year 22. First-fruits, sibsu, kipatu, as-an-na, 
 sibsu, TiG-GAL, mu-bi-im." XIV, 32: "Tax (telitum) of the 
 year 19 of Kurigalzu. Res-busi, sibsum, as-an-na, tig-gal, and 
 ZAG-Hi." The word telitum has a more general meaning than 
 "crop." These documents make it evident that the word means 
 "tax," "revenue;" cf. sulu. The above text then reads : "Revenue 
 for the year 19 of Kurigalzu, paid as first-fruits, etc." XIV, 31, 
 above, is the same kind of list with telitum implied as a heading. 
 XIV, 33: [Telitum] satti 20'^«" Kurigalzu. seum( ?)sibsum 
 pa-rim-ma-tum ( ?), mabru, ib-kid. This text is important 
 because from it we can determine the meaning of the frequently 
 occurring ideogram ib-kid. We have three columns, the first giv- 
 ing the amount of grain due as sibsum, the second the amount 
 received, and the third the amount still due, that is, not received. 
 That this is the correct interpretation is seen from the fact that 
 the amounts in column 2 subtracted from those in columm 1 give 
 those in column 3. The transcription of parimmatumis con- 
 jectural, but it does not affect the correctness of the conclusion 
 drawn. For the ideogram ib-kid cf. XIV, 26, 5; 33, 2; 92, 1; 
 99, 49; 113, 5; 121, 4; 41a 1; 117a 9; XV, 6, 8; 19, 19; 30, 2; 
 
 •Cf. Introd. to Vol. XIV, p. 3. 
 
24 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 46, 11; 64, 10; 68, 2; 82, 1; 106, 9; 122, 7; 141, 8; 155, 21; 
 173, 6; 182, 9. XIV, 100: "The revenue classified as full tax 
 from the town of 5amri for the year 12, in the form of first-fruits 
 andsibsum." XIV, 141: " . . . . 10 ka tax, revenue (te- lit) 
 from the town of , . . . , as first-fruits, sibsum kisru and na- 
 ab-hu-bu." Nahhuhu occurs here only; no doubt it is a form 
 of revenue. XIV, 144: "a; gur of grain of the full tax, classed 
 as first-fruits, the salary of 4 rikku officers for the year 5. a; gur 
 as salary (aklum), 10 gur 'poured out' (tu-bu-uk-ku-u; cf. 
 tabku) for 1 gur, 1 pi, 5 gur wagon-hire, x gur salary, x gur 
 unpaid (lal-ni)." Tubuku ina 1 gur, 1 pi; cf. above, p. 22. 
 XV, 10. Here again it is evident that tabaku is some business 
 transaction. XIV, 146: "First-fruits, sibsum, udu, and kis- 
 rum." XIV, 79: "Grain classed as full tax which was paid by 
 Martuku out of the revenue of the sowing of the year 22 on the 
 estate of Ninib-aplu-iddina. 72 ka as wages of the potter, 72 ka 
 as salary of Adagal-pftn-Marduk, the gardener. XIV, 118: 
 
 "Wagon (loads of grain), the revenue from Dur-bele, year 5 of 
 Kudur-Bel." That sumbi here is to be translated as "wagon- 
 loads of grain" follows from 1. 24, where ^®zer, "seed-grain," is 
 inserted. For the meaning of ^arbu, 1. 9, cf. p. 35. This is 
 the revenue from Dur-bele from the 10th of the 3d month to the 
 5th of the 4th mouth, year 5 of Kudur-Bel. XV, 5: A receipt 
 given by Amel-bani for certain grain of the revenue classed as 
 full tax, from the town of Zarat-dtir-Gula, For 1. 2 see below. 
 The meaning of mu-is-ri of 1. 1 is not clear. XV, 59: 
 
 "^®har-ra, tumru, prepared grain as full tax," etc. L. 2, end, 
 the Gis-sign takes the place of the usual mu-bi-im; cf. Br. blOl. 
 L. 10, together with 48 ka, instead of the ru-(sup)ga of the year 
 5. Ki-mu here and in cases like XV, III, 14; 132, 5 seems to 
 be a variant of kima; cf. XIV, 8, 6, kime. In XV, 196, 16 it 
 is probably to be translated as "flour," and in XV, 135, 7 either 
 translation is possible; cf. below, p. 41. The reverse deals with 
 taxes, telitu. 
 
 XV, 91: Like XIV, 118, with additional lists. The tablet is 
 too badly rubbed to determine the headings of columns 2 and 3. 
 ZAG-gi-Li-SAR (written also zag-hi-li and ZAG-gi), siblu; cf. 
 Meissner, Supplement, p. 71; there translated as "a prickly 
 plant;" cf. references io Maklu 5, 32, etc.; cf. also Labartu {ZA, 
 XVI), II, 34; III, 56. In the latter instance it is written out 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 25 
 
 sib-lu-u. The word also occurs in the historical texts; see 
 Muss-Arnolt's DAL. The word is translated as "thorn" by 
 Myhrman and others. This may be a correct meaning of the 
 word, but from the passages quoted below it seems clear that 
 ZAG-gi-Li-SAR in these texts is a plant of value. As Tallquist 
 has shown (p. 140 of 3IaJdil), the plants there mentioned are 
 chosen because of the likeness of their radicals to those of the 
 verbs used; cf. Zimmern, BBR, p. 223. The ideogram occurs 
 also in the following texts: XIV, 18, in connection with as-an- 
 NA, etc., in a revenue list; XIV, 21, in a payment of flour, wine, 
 onions, etc. ; XIV, 24, similar to 18. L. 13 contains a note, 
 bar-su-u; cf. ^r. 5990; Delitzsch, i?TF5, p. 293; Muss-Arnolt, 
 DAL, p. 341. The root has such varied meanings that one can- 
 not assign any meaning here, in view of the context. L. 16, cf. 
 above, p. 22. XIV, 34, like 18 and 24; XIV, 88, 1. 6; 
 XV, 5, 2; 9, 2; 12, 4; 29, 2; 70, 5; 91, 2; 117, 2; 157, 1; 166, 
 1; 170, 1. As-AN-NA, see Vol. XIV, p. 31, note. Ziemer (BA, 
 III, p. 484) thinks it is equivalent to asne, but his argument 
 is by no means convincing, and we are no nearer a solution with 
 this equation; cf. Zimmern, BBR, p. 220. The connection be- 
 tween AS-AN-NA and bututtu is seen from XIV, 77; 1 gur 30 
 KA AS-AN-NA GIS-BAR 6 KA la i-na libbi sa ^^ Za-rat-dtir- 
 '^Gu-la a-na bu-tu-ut-ti ha-as-la-ma a-na a-bi nadnu 
 (nu) : "1 GUR 30 KA of as-an-na out of the 6 KA tax from Zarat- 
 dur-Gula, was ground into bututtu and given to the abi ;" cf. 
 XV, 35, 7. Bututtu is therefore a variety of flour ground from 
 as-an-na; cf. XV, 53: as-an-na of the full tax of Zarat-iM, paid 
 to certain persons. For 11. 5 and 6 cf. p. 39. A note is added 
 after the date, accounting for 90 ka of flour (kime) made from 
 AS-AN-NA grain of the full tax, which the "house of the seal" 
 (bit-kunukki) sent to Nippur; 4 pi of flour (kime), 1 pi of 
 flour (bututtum) received by Sin-napsira. Here we clearly 
 have two kinds of flour made from as-an-NA. For other kinds of 
 flour see below, p. 27. As-an-na is a grain, and is a regular 
 kind of revenue paid into the temple. 
 
 ^®BAL. XV, 115: "55 GUR of BAL grain, of the tax 'poured 
 out' (tab-ki) in the town of Taribatum. Innannu received it 
 from the hand of Belsunu by order of Lu.ssu-ana-nur-B6l." Out 
 of it were paid amounts to certain persons. The grain is classi- 
 fied under three headings: Tabki, "poured out," salary tax, 
 
26 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 and 10 KA tax. The only amount under the first Lead is 3 gur, 
 which was paid to the house of Innannu at Nippur. There are 
 three entries under the second head: 7 gur paid to AUia, son of 
 Lussu-ana-nurisu, received by Ia-e(?)-a (as agent for the first); 
 
 1 GUR as wages (zer?) of 2 patesis of Sin-issahra; 1 gur of 
 HAR-RA grain (or perhaps interest) paid to Hunnubu. Belanu 
 received 25(?) gur of the 10 ka tax grain, and a note states that 
 he received 8 gur 144 ka additional by order of Lussu-ana-nfir- 
 B6l. L. 11 probably belongs to the same note, and gives the 
 explanation of the extra grain paid. It was paid from the sibsu 
 tax of the god of the zakiri. L. 13, "6 ka to Innannu for 
 fodder for his horse." L. 14, "a; gur for the measurer (ma-an- 
 di-du)." L. 16, "6 gur to Takisu, fodder for an ass, and for 
 wine." L. 18, perhaps the same as 1. 11: "out of the sibsu of 
 the god in the zakiri." LI. 19, 20, "an amount paid out of the 
 portion of Innannu." L. 21, "90 ka paid out of the portion of 
 Martuku." Or the ditto may refer to the portion of Innannu, 
 and is to be translated, "Martuku paid out of the portion of 
 Innannu." L. 24, "3 gur 78 ka of as-an-na, the sibsu -tax of 
 the zakiri of the shepherd, A^idutum and Isemutum(?) brought 
 to the storehouse and gave it to Innannu (usam^arum)." The 
 meaning of ^?zakiri is not clear; perhaps it is a wooden shrine. 
 ^*'BAL also occurs in XV, 144, 1. 6, with ^^zer, "seed-grain" and 
 Ki-MU. Bal with grain occurs in Reisner, TU, in the sense of 
 "aufspeichern." 
 
 Other grains given to the temple as revenue are the following : 
 TIG-GAL; cf. above, passim; cf. also Clay, Murasu, X, sign-list. 
 No. 179. This grain is also referred to in the Ritualtafeln, 
 Zimmern, BBR, p. 225. tig-tur; cf. the same references; cf. 
 XIV, 3a, 3, s«ma-ti; XV, 133, 2, and 150, 4, ^^ne and ^«be. 
 
 XV, 97: Date. "The grain which was brought from the 
 town of Tablas and put into the large gate (abulli) of the god 
 Sulmu." The grain was brought by the parties named. The 
 large gates seem to have been used as granaries in Babylonia, 
 just as they were in Europe in the times when cities were walled 
 in. XV, 141 : Grain brought from Dur-Nusku and perhaps paid 
 out. L. 15, "flour which was brought from the open steppe(?)" 
 (sa istu pa-an seri(?) na-sa-a). The total received was 
 
 2 gur, 18 ka; 24 ka were still due (lal-ni). XV, 17: Prob- 
 ably a list of payments to the temple. L. 16, su-la-as-sum 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 27 
 
 = "delivered it for him." XV 173: Grain received by In- 
 
 naiinu from two towns for the temple. In addition there is a 
 payment, not belonging to the list, from another. L. 5 gives 
 the total amount received, 1, 6 the amount un})aid; perhaps not 
 turned over by Innannu. XV, 174, 175: It is not clear 
 
 whether these are payments to or by the temple. The absence 
 of the check-marks is in favor of the former. XV, 182: Pay- 
 
 ments from certain towns. LI. 8 f., amount received, amount 
 still due ( IB-KID ), and wages. XV, 196: Lists of grains 
 
 received or still due (lal-ni). 
 
 Besides the bututtum flour mentioned above, p. 25, the fol- 
 lowing are found in these texts: XIV, 47: si-lji-rum, cf, XIV, 
 117a, 1; si-ni-tum, cf. XIV, 117rt, 5, and XV, 181, 8; ki- 
 patu(?) fiour, cf. XV, 181, 6; pa-bi-du, cf. XIV, 117a, 2; XV, 
 181, 5; si-GAR-TAK, cf. XIV, 117a, 3; ri-du, cf. XIV, 117a, 6; 
 XV, 181, 3; su-ad-e(?), cf. XV, 181, 4; si-ib-ri flour, cf. XV, 
 181, 7. For sibru, a grain, cf. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, p. 1005, 
 and BA, IV, p. 305. To translate kin, sipru (cf. Br. 10753) 
 and connect it with l^'dj is rather a case of juggling with ideo- 
 grams. That "i2"vE and sibru are to be connected is more 
 probable. 
 
 The connection of mun, XV, 181, 9 (cf. XV, IG, 8; 44, 20; 
 64, 7; 147, 6; 169, 3), with these different kinds of flour makes 
 it unlikely that it is to be translated "salt" (tabtu). For doubt 
 as to whether it ever means "salt," see Muss-Arnolt's Dictionary. 
 Here it probably represents some member of the vegetable 
 kingdom. 
 
 3. The flocks and herds of the temple. — XIV, 44: A list of 
 persons and the sheep which they presented to (?) the temple. 
 XIV, 52: The meadow (?) za-kur; date. List of 1 bull, 34 
 full-grown cows, 4 three-year-old cows, etc. Total, 77 cattle 
 (lid-gud-sun) .... ? and a quantity of butter. The cattle 
 are in the hands of Gubbubi, and belong to the district (pi bat) 
 over which Nunakte has charge. This is no doubt a single herd 
 of cattle, a number of which made up the larger herds of the 
 temple. A list like that represented in XIV, 99a (see below) 
 was made up of smaller lists like this one. The quantity of but- 
 ter recorded corresponds to the amounts recorded in the last 
 column of such a text as 99a. XIV, 137: This tablet is badly 
 
 broken, but enough of the text remains to show that it was an 
 
28 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 inventory of a herd of 20 cattle, the butter due, and the names of 
 the nakidu, hazannu, and kassu (see below). The seal of 
 Am&l-Marduk is attached, which shows that he is the person who 
 "took out" (i-ti-ik( ?) ) the herd. He is to pay over the hides 
 (tahsa), etc. (i-na .... 10 masku (?) i-nam-din, i-na 
 . . . . i-na 100 . . . . sa it-te-ik, i-na 150 . . . . liimetu 
 i-na 170 .... ha-za-an-nu a-na . . . . su lid-gud-sun i- 
 man-nu, ha-za-an-nu a-na . . . . su ul in . . . . ^'^^ire'u u- 
 pa ( ?) -ka ( ?) -ru-ma ( ?) lal-ni t|a-za-an-nu is-si-rum). 
 The latter part of the document is the contract with the temple. 
 A man took out a certain number of cattle, was allowed a certain 
 percentage for losses by death, etc., but was also expected to 
 return a certain percentage by way of increase, and for the dead 
 he was to return the hides, bones, etc. Cf. Clay, Murasu, X, 
 pp. 23 fP., and Introd. to Vol. XIV, p. 26. XIV, 162 is another 
 
 herd similar to XIV, 52. 
 
 XV, 199: Lists of cattle with the names of the herdsmen in 
 charge. The totals do not include the numbers after ta, unless 
 those numbers are included in the numbers before it. These inser- 
 tions are perhaps to be considered as notes, and refer to cattle 
 which the man holds, but are accounted for in some other list. It 
 is to be noticed that there are two sets of totals. In column 9 the 
 totals of the herds in charge of the different men are given; and 
 in 1. 14 the grand total of all the cattle, got by adding up the 
 totals of column 9. Besides this there is a separate total of all 
 the cows. The percentage of increase in flocks and herds is 
 based on the number of potential females — cf. above. L. 15, cf. 
 XIV, 99«, 5, below. 
 
 Transliteration: -'"^napharu 719 birum na-kam-tum adi 2 sa Mar-™Ah- 
 li-u u-ak-ki-ra adi 1-40 (?) sa Bab-mi-ni adi 185 sa tamtim .... -'istu 
 tamtim u Dur-ku-ri-gal-zu il-ga-am-ma id-di-na .... adi 21 sa ™ Amel- 
 Marduk im-<ihu-ru-[ma] a-na .... ^''mdMarduk-nasir is-si-ir-su itti 60 
 sa Mar '^ La-ki-it-zi-e (?)-la [im-hu]-ru-u-ma a-na ^ ikkarepi u-za-'-i-zu itti 
 30 (?)... . -^ itti 30 sa a-ua simu a-me-lu-ti ua-ad-uu itti 69 sa pa-te-si .... 
 be bilpi na-ad-nu itti 4 sa a-na ™ Bel-u-za .... ^"itti 13 bu-ul-lu-ku- 
 tu e-li zi-kar u a-ra-ad sar-ri itti 1 sa a-na nikti ^ Istar pa-al .... ^' u 
 
 29 masku su-lu-u kat "^ d Marduk-nasir 2 lal-ni masku sa nakidepi itti 
 5 sa i-na satti llkaa na-ad-nu su-lu-u. ^^1 pi-ik-du mTa-ri-bi-ilu 1 pi- 
 ik-du °igu-za-him itti 3 sa i-na satti 12'^an na-ad-nu su-lu-u napharu(?) 
 4 a-na e-si-ri-su. ^^26 birum sa i-na satti 7 ^^^ istu tamtim il-ku-ni kat 
 ™ d Marduk-nasir duppi su-ma-ti ma-^i-ir is-si-ra-am-ma a-na mu-uh .... 
 ^Htti 19 sa m Amel-dMarduk a-na mu-uh sa aiu Ardu-Beht ki m-ud-du-u 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 29 
 
 [itti] 8 (?) sa >" 'I Nin-ib-mu-bal-lit i-na li'u-su .... ='=^itti 12 sa 
 'n Iddiua-'^Nerg'al a-ua mu-uh-su ru-ud-du-u itti sa 20 biruni 160 gur 
 seum sa 1 alpu 8 gur seum sa ™ Ib-ni-dKUR iddina (na) a-na .... 
 ^^25 biruni sa Dur-ku-ri-gal-zu sa i-na satti 17 ^^^^a-na e-ri-si u tu-iir-ri 
 ua-ad-uu itti 21 sa a-na ir-ri-si sa a^Ardu-Belit .... ^M-na duppi 
 sa a'Ardu-Belit '''sa-at-ru su-lu-u kat "'Amel-dMarduk duppi su-ma- 
 ti ma-^i-ir is-si-ra-am-ma a-na "» '^ Marduk-nasir i-nam-din (in). ^^30 
 birum sa istu tamtim il-ku-ni(?) ana Mar-'"ki-lam-da-ku ka-an-gu a-na 
 e-risi u tu-ur-ri na-ad-nu duppi su-ma-ti [ma-hi-ir]. ^® is-si-ra-am-ma 
 a-na '" <i Marduk-nasir i-uam-din(iu) 1 alpu Mar-i" '^Adad-sa-kini-ta 
 . . . . itti-su i-nam-din(in) a-na '" 'iNiu-ib-iddiua(na). ''"birum sa 
 
 i-na satti 15 ^^i" istu tamtim il-ku-ni itti sa 67 birum 536 gur seum sa 1 
 alpu 8 gur seum sa "^ Dispu-E-kur i-si-ru .... " sa satti 10 a-na 
 ™ '1 Marduk-nasir ru-ud-du u 30 birum sa a-na ri-mu-ti na-adnu su-lu-u. 
 *- alpu coll so-Gi sa i-na kat a'^si pa-te-sipi mali-ru-u-ma a-na la-ta-ki pa- 
 ak-du 2 m d Marduk-nasir 2 m 'iNin-ib-mu-bal-li-it. "1 m Amel-dMar- 
 duk 1 m JJa-an-bu 1 "^ Mu-kal-lim napbaru 7 alpuc^'H su-gi a-na la-ta-ki 
 pa-ak-du u-kab (?)-ba? "15 birum sa a-na pa-te-sipi u ^a-za-na-ti i-na 
 satti 5fkau] iprxi a-na e-ri-si u tu-ur-ri mah-rum duppi su-ma-ti-su-nu 
 "^ A^-iddina (na)-dMarduk [ma-hi-ir]. *"is-si-ra-am-ma i-nam-din. 
 
 Translation: Total, 719 young oxen [or perhaps to be read simply 
 "cattle" in all cases], the property [literally "treasure"] of the temple(?). 
 In addition, 2 which Mar-Ahliu bought(?); in addition, 140 belonging to 
 Bab-mini (Gate of numbering .... [x] from the sea (country) and 
 Dftr-Kurigalzu brought and gave . . . . ; in addition, 21 which Amel- 
 Marduk received and gave to [x] .... which Marduk-na,.sir collected 
 for him(?); together with 60 which Mar-Lakitziela(??) received and dis- 
 tributed among the farmers; together with 30 ... . together with 30 
 which were given for the purchase of men; together with 69 which the 
 patesis of ... . gave; in addition, 4 which to Bel-uza . . . . ; in addi- 
 tion, 13, apportioned amoug(?) the men and servants of the king; together 
 with 1, an offering to Istar .... and 29 hides delivered by Marduk- 
 nasir (2 hides short), the hides due from the herdsmen, together with 5 
 which were paid and delivered in the year 14 [cf. XIV, 136, 14, 27]. One 
 herd(?), Taribi-ilu; 1 herd, Huzalum; in addition, 3 which were given 
 and delivered in the year 12. Total (?) 5(?) for gathering (?) by? ... . 
 Twenty-six young oxen which were brought from the sea (country) by 
 Marduk-nasir in the year 7; when he receives the tablet with the names, 
 he shall inclose it(?) [or perhaps, "check it up"] and to .... In addi- 
 tion, 19 which Amel-Marduk drove to the city of Ardu-B6lit .... In 
 addition, 8(?) which Ninib-muballit wrote on his tablet [that is, made an 
 inventory of them on his tablet] .... In addition, 12 which Iddiua- 
 Nergal drove to him (to Ninib-muballit?), taking, in addition, 160 gur 
 of grain for 20 oxen, 8 our per ox, which Ibni-KUR gave for .... 25 
 young oxen, belonging to the town of Dfir-Kurigalzu, which were given 
 in the year 17 for farming and turri. Together with 24 [given] for the 
 farming of the town of Ardu-Belit, .... on the tablet of Ardu-Belit 
 
30 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 the account of them is written, they were dehvered by Amel-Marduk. 
 When he receives the tablet with the names, he shall inclose it(?) [or 
 perhaps, as above] and give it to Marduk-nasir. Thirty young oxen 
 which were brought from the sea (country) and given to Mar-Kilamdaku, 
 the notary, for farming and turri. When he receives the tablet with 
 the names, he shall inclose it(?) [or perhaps, as above] and give it to 
 Marduk-nasir. One ox Mar-Adad-sakimta [gave] .... with it he shall 
 give to Ninib-iddina. The young oxen which were broxight from the 
 sea (country) in the year 15, together with these 67 oxen 536 gur of 
 grain, 8 our per ox, the grain Dispu-Ekur gathered .... [a* young 
 oxen] of the year 10, driven to Marduk-nasir, and 30 young oxen which 
 were paid and delivered, for salaries. Old oxen which were received 
 from the patesis and kept for ....(?) 2, Marduk-nasir; 2, Ninib- 
 muballit; 1, Amel-Marduk; 1, Hanbu; 1, Mukallim; total, 7 old oxen 
 kept for . . . . (?). Fifteen young oxen which were received in the year 
 5, for the patesis and hazannu, as wages for farming and turri. When 
 Ah-iddina-Marduk receives the tablet with their names, he shall inclose 
 it(?) [or perhaps, as above] and give it over. 
 
 The reverse of this tablet gives the sources from which the 
 temple received its herds, and the disposal made of them. Most 
 of the large herds owned by the temple no doubt were received 
 in payment of taxes, or as gifts. These herds were then hired 
 out and brought in a large revenue. 
 
 The rendering of isiramma is uncertain. "Inclose it" was 
 given in view of esiri sa duppi; cf. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, and 
 Delitzsch, HWB. On the other hand, it seems as though the 
 alternative tra^islation offered would fit the context better; cf. 
 XIV, 99, which follows. 
 
 XIV, 99: "The numbering of large and small cattle which? 
 Bel . . . . " (mi-nu lid-gud-sun u senu sa ^^^Bel ....). 
 Then follow the lists of bulls, cows, etc., and at the right-hand 
 side no doubt stood the names of the herdsmen in charge. Occa- 
 sionally we find a line where no numbers are recorded, but the 
 words ul i-ti-ik, "he did not take out," are inserted. This 
 means that the herdsman did not take out any cattle at that time. 
 L. 16, "In the year 11 of Kadasman-Turgu, in addition, his large 
 cattle inspected (? it-ta-an-ba or ma-ar) at Nippur." This 
 note may be incomplete and is consequently more obscure than 
 such notes usually are. L. 23, "In addition, 3 full-grown cows 
 and 1 three-year-old cow, belonging to Ilu-majjhi. In addition, 
 1 full grown cow and 12 calves belonging to a;." Notes like 
 these seem to bear out the translation of adi as 'in addition.' 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 31 
 
 At the head of this tablet stands the name of Bel . . . . , who 
 had charge of the flocks and herds. To the side belong the 
 names of the herdsmen who tended the herds. The numbers 
 after adi perhaps represent the cattle or sheep belonging to 
 another overseer, but at the time of counting in the care of these 
 herdsmen. L. 31, '"Gi-mil-lum i-si-ra dup-pi su-ma-a-ti 
 i-na Gi gur-im-ma kam-sa-at; cf. below, p. 35. 
 
 Rv. ^ In addition, 19 which he took out; in addition, 4 cows; in addi- 
 tion, 87 three-year-old oxen, etc. ^" Driven [to some town] and sold 
 [literally, business conducted, nikasu ipsu], together with 4 which 
 were taken to Nippur, and received by Irimsu-Ninib; together with .... 
 ^'aud 50 hides, as many as he received, he delivered (50 masku ma -la 
 il-ka-a su-lu-u). ^^In addition, 19, which he took out; in addition, 
 4 cows, together with 40 young oxen, which through Istar-nisu in the 
 year 12 were . . . . *° were taken and received by Irimsu-Ninib, together 
 with 20 which were overdue (lal) and collected (is-ru; cf. XV, 199 
 above) in the year 13 and to .... ^' 11 four-year-old oxen, 13 three- 
 year-old-oxeu, etc., total 32. "In addition, 24 which he took out; in 
 addition, 8 cows, together with 11 which were due from the year 13 (itti 
 11 sa i-na satti 13 lal ma), these he gathered and drove to the dis- 
 trict of ... . (is-ru-ma a-na pi-ha[-at ( ) ru-ud-du-u]) [cf. 1. 40 
 above]. *^42 young oxen, which were received from Istar-nisu in the 
 year 12, and (driven) to Nippur. " 42 oxen, sa(b)-gud of 6 fields (h a r - b e , 
 cf. below, p. 35) of the city of Tukulti-Belit. ''^48 oxen, sa(b)-gud of 9 
 fields (har-be) of the patesis of the new-land(?) around the towns of 
 Kar-Bel and .... *® 43 oxen, sa(b)-qud of 7 fields (har-be), together 
 with 5, which Gimillum received in the year 13. ^'6 oxen, sa(b)-gud for 
 hadali, in the possession of Gimilli; in addition, 1 which Subarti re- 
 ceived from ....***.... and 1 two-year-old cow, a small one (? ta- 
 feu-u) sa si-ma-at uz-ni pa-al-tu. ^''4 young oxen, still due as 
 per contract (? ib-kid ri-ik-si), through Ninib-nadin-sum they shall be 
 .... on the 5th of the 12th month. 
 
 L. 50: From here on we have the accounts of the small cattle. 
 LI. 51-54 state that no flocks were taken out since the fourth 
 year of Kadasman-Turgu. L. 65, " . . . . small cattle of the 
 increase (si-bi-ti) of the town of Tukulti-Bel and . . . . " L. 
 65 ... . the tablet with the names i-na gi gur-im-ma ; cf. above. 
 XIV, 99a.- This document gives a list of the cattle in the hands 
 of certain herdsmen, nakidu, bazannu, and kassti. The 
 nakidu ("^pb) was the actual herdsman. The bazannu was of 
 higher rank and had charge of a number of nakidu; cf. XV, 90, 
 109, 128, 199; XIV, 99a, 123, 137; and Godbey, Officials, p. 34. 
 The kassti was probably the royal overseer. That they were the 
 
32 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 representatives of the Cassite kings is perhaps to be seen in their 
 names, Kilamdu, Sadbar^u (XV, 6, 3), etc. L. 4: Totals, sum- 
 ming up the number of cattle in the pi -hat of Ilu-ahu-iddina. 
 The pihat was, no doubt, the district of which Ilu-ahu-iddina 
 had charge. This does not conflict with the explanation of the 
 office of the kassti. The Cassite Dynasty left the local govern- 
 ment in the hands of Babylonians, naturally such as were loyal 
 to them. But this does not exclude the possibility that they had 
 men of their own nationality stationed over the country, who would 
 look after their interests and see that the taxes were properly 
 paid. We have a parallel to this in Egyptian history; cf. 
 Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 162; cf. also p. 494 for the herds 
 of the temple. The meaning of lam-ma-nu, 1. 5, is not clear; 
 cf. XV, 199, 21, 22, below. 
 
 The second series of totals, 1. 7, make up the pi -hat of Samas- 
 nadin-ahe. LI. 8 and 9, "besides 3, which he took out;" cf. 
 XIV, 99. ul i-ti-ik, cf. ibid. "In addition, 1 tab-kir-ti," see 
 p. 33, below. "In addition, 15 two-year-old oxeji from Babmini, 
 year 11. In addition, 2 cows, and 5 zi-ga (taken away?). Hides, 
 as many as he received, he delivered." L. 11: "10 six-year-old 
 oxen, for carrying the salary (in grain, etc.) of the rikku and 
 KA-ziD-DA officials. They are in the care of Samas-nadin-ah6." 
 L. 12: "14 ditto, in the charge of Ilu-ahu-iddina." L. 13: 
 "Total, 329, (the herd of) the high-priestess." LI 17 fP. con- 
 tain notes to the preceding lists: "16 six-year-old oxen, etc.; 
 total, 83 young oxen, the property (na-kam-tum; cf. above) of 
 Mar-Dini(ni)-Samas, in the hand of Bel-bel-nisesu." The pre- 
 ceding totals make up the pihat of Bel-bel-nisesu. "In addition, 
 55 which he took out; 11 cows; 15 two-year-old oxen from Bftb- 
 mini, year 11; 24 one-year-old oxen and 1 cow. which were exam- 
 ined (inspected, counted?) in Kar-Bel-matati" (bu-uk-ku-ra 
 bakaru; cf. Aramaic npn , and XIV, 168, 1. 55, XIV, 128, 1. 2, 
 tSTl. If taken from pakaru, it would have to be translated 
 "reclaimed"). L. 19: "together with 16 hides of the dead-cattle 
 (Ri-Ri-GA = mikittu; cf. Clay, Vol. X, p. 23), as many as he 
 received, he delivered." L. 20: "12 oxen sa(b)-gud; in addition, 
 4 which Bel-mukin-aplu gave to Ntir-Samas in the 10th year of 
 Kadasman-Turgu, They are in the hand of Bel-bel-nisesu." Cf. 
 1. 17 above. Sa(b)-gud occurs in Reisner, TUj see Worierver- 
 zeichniss, and cf. XIV, 99, 44 ff. The reverse contains lists of 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 33 
 
 small cattle, the totals making up the piljat of Samas-nadin-ahe 
 and B6l-b6l-nisesu. The last two columns contain the number of 
 talents, mana, etc., of wool (?) from the sheep; cf. Clay, Vol. X, 
 p. 23, from which we see that wool, hides, sinews, etc., were the 
 regular products from flocks and herds. L. 30: "28 (za-bit-ti, 
 cf. above), the increase of the year 11, together with 68 ... . 
 and zi-GA (cf. above). (Total) 28 delivered for salary (ak-lu), 
 up to the 28th of Arahsamna. In addition, 16 the increase 
 (za-bit-ti) of the year 11, together with 6 (paid) as salary and 
 ZI-GA ; and 3 hides, as many as he received, he delivered." L. 32: 
 " . . . . 202 of the increase (si-be-e-ti) of the years 10 and 11," 
 that is, which are the increase of these years. The translation of 
 si-bit-ti, za-bit-ti, and si-be-e-ti as "increase" is offered 
 with reserve. L. 33: "Totals, the flocks of the high-priestess." 
 LI. 35 ff. : Similar lists, making the pib'it of Bel-bel-nisesu. "In 
 addition 21, the increase of the year 11, together with 16 ki-is- 
 bii" (perhaps to be read, "less* 16, which were killed?"). L. 46: 
 "The numbering of the large and small cattle of the priestesses, 
 for the year 11 of Kadasman-Turgu."-!- 
 
 XIV, 168: A list similar to the foregoing. The heading is 
 broken off, but the three lists of names are doubtless those of the 
 nakidu, the bazannu, and the kassfl. As in 99ff, obverse, 
 there is a list of gur and ka of butter. L. 15, end of a note: 
 " . . . . which (is) at the disposal of (before) the pi]jati of the 
 young oxen; .... in addition, 5 as a peace-offering (?) sul -ma - 
 ni." Perhaps 99rt, 1. 5, should be read sul-ma-ni. L. 15, right, 
 presents (peace-offerings, sul-ma-na-tum) from the year 6 to the 
 year 9." L. 16, right: tab-ki-ir-tum sa ma-du-tu u-pa-ak- 
 ki-ru-ni, "the herd which many (a multitude?) herded (??), 
 [cf. bukkura, above] and large cattle which belong to Ina-Ekur- 
 balatu," duppi sumati (mu-meI) i-na gi gur-im-ma ka-am- 
 sa-at; cf. below, p. 35. L. 18: "the herd (tab-ki-ir-tum) of 
 (from) the sea-country." L. 20 begins a new list with nftkidu 
 only, in charge. L. 21, "Total, 60 cattle the property (na-kam- 
 tum) of Zabru." L. 22, notes: "6, which he took out; in addition, 
 
 *One would naturally expect EN = adi to mean "thereto," "added." and TA = igtn, 
 "therefrom," "subtracted." Rut after takiiifj all the passages into consideration it was 
 decided that a d i should provisionally be translated " in addition," and ta= i 1 1 1 , " together 
 with." 
 
 tOf. XIV, 89, a list of flocks belonging to the high-priestesa (nin-dinoih-oal) and 
 the inferior priestess (nin-dingie-tcr), with the names of the men in charge. The column 
 of mames is headed za-k6r(T)- 1 urn. Do we here have the Semitic equivalent for MC-Bl-Mi7 
 
34 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 51 from Bab-mini, year 11 ; in addition, 3, the herd (tab-kir-tum) 
 of Mar-Ina-Ekur-balatu, from the sea-country, together with the 
 cows brought ( ?) from the city Suri [reading istu '^^Su-ri li-ku- 
 nim]. Cows for Ibnuti, for the district (pi-ha-[atj) , . . . 
 [duppi] su-ma-a-ti . . , ." Cf. below, L. 23: "7 large cows, 
 etc., which are at the disposal of the pihati of the young oxen 
 .... [accounted for] in the account-tablet for the year 1, driven 
 to the .... of the town of Kar-banuti," (sa i-na pa-an pi- 
 ba-ti sa birum .... i-na[dup-]sa-ra( ?) sa satti 1 ^'^'^ 
 a-na mu-uh mu(?)-ri-su sa ^^ Kar-ba-nu-ti ru-ud-du-u). 
 L, 24: i-na bu-di a-na sarri nadnu (nu) itti 3 birum a-na 
 mu-uh .... (?) .... ru-ud-du-u itti 1 ak-lu u 8 masku 
 ma-la il-ka-a su-lu-u: "Given to the king as per contract ( ?) 
 [some number to be supplied at the beginning of the line] , together 
 with 3 which were driven to ,...(?) ; together with 1 for salary ; 
 and 8 skins, as many as he received, he delivered." L. 25: "7 
 cows, (ceremonially) clean ( ? ellitu, azag-ga), Nergal-a^u-iddina 
 ki-mu [see 1. 44] Mar-za-ki-ri, etc." L. 26: "These make up the 
 pibat of the governors, hazanati." L. 33: "1 three-year-old ox 
 ....(?).... belonging to Ninib-Bani, together with x(?) which 
 were accounted for in the account-tablet for the year 10. One 
 two-year- old cow belonging to Taribi, ditto, which is in the account- 
 tablet, ditto. These are in the hand of ^umbanapir at Bab- 
 mini in the year 12." L. 34: "3 large cows which were accounted 
 for in the account-tablet of the year 10, under the name [i. e., as 
 belonging to] ( ? mu) Hunnuni and given in the charge of Nusku- 
 nadin-sum (a-na ™*^ Nusku-nadin-sum pa-ak-da) ; in the year 
 11 he did not take them out for esiri. lamu received them from 
 Lultamruti." L. 36: "In addition, 10, which he took out; 1 calf 
 (? isten a-lit); in addition, 7 two-year-old oxen, at Bab-mini, 
 year 11; together with 11, which Irimsu-Ninib divided with his 
 partner, (a-na su-ta-pi-e .... u-za-i-zu) in the year 11; 
 and 4 skins, as many as he received, he delivered." L. 37: "20 
 oxen sa(b)-gud of 5 fields (har-be, see below) of the patesis. 
 They are in the possession of Irimsu-Ninib." L. 37: "6 ditto 
 belonging to (his) partner, in the possession of ditto." L. 38: 
 "19 young oxen; in addition, 10 from Bunna-Gula, and 6 from 
 Raba-sa-Nergal, Irimsu-Ninib received in the year 11 for himself 
 and partner; they are in the hands of ditto (Irimsu-Ninib), of the 
 house, estate (bit) of Ninib-aplu-iddina" (cf. XIV, 131, 17). L. 43: 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 35 
 
 "5 (two-year-old) oxen; in addition, 1 e-si-ir-ti; 3 (cows); in 
 addition, 1 ditto (esirti), etc., which were accounted for in the 
 account-tablet for the year x, under the name [cf. above, 1. 34] of 
 Nusku-z6r-iddina." L. 44: "The herd (tabkirtu ?) of Zabru, 
 Ki-MU [cf. 1. 25], Ninib-mulallim, in the hand of Bunna-[Gula]." 
 L. 45, like 1. 36. L. 51: "Totals, making up the pihat of 
 Raba-sa-Nergal." L. 52: lists of asses, 3, 2, 1, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 
 1-year-olds; harnesses, ('Ptillu) nakidu, ^azannu, and kassft. 
 L. 55: " . . . . which were inspected (bu-uk-ku-ra [cf. XIV, 
 99a, 1. 17 above]) in the year 1. The tablet of the names with 
 . . . ." This note shows that the phrase i-na Gi gur-im-ma (cf. 
 above, p. 31) consists of the preposition ina and perhaps the 
 word kanu, "reed," with a verb. One would expect the over- 
 seers to receive tablets from the temple occasionally, giving the 
 number of cattle which were let out and the names of the men in 
 charge. The overseer would receive such a tablet, check it up 
 after going over the flocks and herds, and return it to the temple. 
 This may be what the phrase implies. It is offered merely as a 
 suggestion; cf. the following: L. 58: . . . . a-na ma-ha-ri-e 
 bu-uk-ku-du duppi su-ma-a-ti i-na kat(?)u-di-e sa har- 
 rtlni kam-sa-at. None of the meanings assigned to kamftsu 
 seems to fit in this phrase. Ud© sa barrftni, "utensil for the 
 road," " traveling-bag ( ?)," or some such meaning, must be 
 assigned. The word dup-sa-ra is new. It is related to dub- 
 SAR just as musaru is to mu-sar. Its meaning is clear. The 
 word esirti gives difficulty. We have esiri in the documents 
 which have to do with cattle. XIV, 131 perhaps gives the 
 explanation of the word. This document gives a list of lambs 
 and kids which make up the e-sir-tum of the high -priestess. 
 This may mean the " flock," but it is more likely that it refers to 
 the increase, lambs and kids, from the flock. Ana esiri may 
 then mean "for breeding." 5arbu and ki-mu: For these words 
 the following is significant: XV, 144: "As-AN-NA grain, the full 
 tax, which Martuku received for seed (^®z6r), sowing, in Dfir- 
 Nusku, from Marduk-nftdin-sum, son of Irlmsu-Ninib. It was dis- 
 posed of as follows: 10 GUR for the ki-mu of Mar-Airi, 5 gur for 
 the KI-MU of Ibiii-Uruk, 4 and 10 gur for ^^bal of Etil-pI-Ninib, 
 2 GUR for the sowing of 2 ijar-bu of Martuku, 2 gur for the sow- 
 ing of Nusku-ibni, 18 gur for 9 ijar-bu of B6l-mukin-aplu, 90 ?A 
 seed-grain which Libur-nadinsu received in Zarat-iM." In XIV, 
 
36 Temple Documents fkom the Cassite Period 
 
 56a we have a series of payments of salaries, wages, etc. L, 4, 
 "for fodder for 50 oxen." L. 6, "for the seed-grain (i. e., sowing) 
 of 10 HAR-BU of the patesis." In view of these passages, as well as 
 
 XV, 144; XIV, 56, and XIV, 99, it would seem as though harbu 
 must mean afield of some kind; cf. XIV, 118, above; also ^arbuti, 
 used of fields, Johns, ADD, III, p. 131. Johns translates the word 
 "waste," or "cropped," stubble-land. In the Labartu texts {ZA, 
 
 XVI, p. 176) we have a reference to this word in an oath by the 
 kak-ki har-bi hasbi zeri, the implements of the field and the 
 seed-pot. If 1. 45 of 99 above is correctly translated, the li-me-ti 
 es-se-ti might point to a meaning like "newly reclaimed land." 
 The more general word "field" has been used in the above trans- 
 lations. The use of ki-mu in XV, 144 and XIV, 99, 1. 28 ; 168, 
 
 I. 25, and the above passages, points to a similar meaning of "field" 
 or "estate." On the other hand, XV, 196, 16 and 135, 7, must 
 contain a different word. 
 
 XIV, 132: "[The numbering] of small cattle which . . . . 
 Marduk, the king's chief officer (*°^^^sag sarri), witnessed, (u- 
 kin-nu) in the year 6 of Sagarakti-Surias, and in the year 7 sa- 
 pi-ki-ni .... [The break comes at the beginning of 1. 3 and 
 makes a translation impossible], and the dead (Ri-Ri-GA = mi- 
 kittu; cf. XIV, 99a, 19) the shepherds reported before the god." 
 (a-na mahri ili is-bu-ru ; the meaning of this is clear from 
 § 266 of the Code of Hammurabi. ) The columns are headed : 
 la a-na e-si-ri kun-nu (?), which were inspected with refer- 
 ence to the increase; sa a-na mah-ri ili sab-ru, which were 
 reported before the god — that is, dead or missing. Over the 
 names stands "the shepherds of the god." L. 10: iM-BE = siru 
 = "hedge," here, perhaps, "shepherd's lodge." The same word 
 occurs in 11. 24, 36, 41, 44, 46, 47, 51. With it occurs gal-ia-ti. 
 That they do not belong together as one ideogram is seen from 
 
 II. 16, 46. LI. 12, 16, 17 are similar. L. 16: "With Ilu-kidini, 
 son of Badani, the shepherd of Bit-Malawi u-kam-su" (cf. 
 kamsat, above). LI. 43, 53, gar mat u-pi-i; cf. ^^Upi = Opis. 
 L. 48, e-sir-tum; cf. above. 
 
 XIV, 136: "The balance-sheet of the accounts of the priest- 
 esses which Amel-Marduk, the tig-en-na of Nippur, audited 
 before .... in the month Abu, of the year 9 of Sagarakti- 
 Surias." (ri-ha-nu sa dub-sar-mes sa nin-dingir-mes sa 
 "^ Amel-**Marduk tig-en-na en-lil-[ki] i-na*''*^ Aibi sa satti 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 37 
 
 9'^''*° Sa-t^a-ra-ak-ti-Sur-ia-ag i-na mu^bi .... ii-kin- 
 uu.) This heading is followed by columns headed, "grain of 
 the 10 KA tax," "sesame," "butter," "wool," and another product 
 that was measured by weight. Some of the figures are broken, 
 but enough remain to justify the interpretation given. Taking 
 the wool account, col. 4, it reads: 
 
 Talents 
 
 Mana 
 
 Names of Persons 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 
 51 
 
 163^ 
 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 
 68 
 
 42 
 
 
 Total 174 28J Balance diie (lal-ni) from the shep- 
 
 herds. 
 
 XIV, 1176; The first line is probably to be read immoru 
 pak-du; cf. 1. 11. "Total 4, intrusted to (pak-du) Kudurani." 
 XV, 78: "The hides for the years 16 and 17, received at Nippur 
 in Nisan of the year 18." The obverse is taken up with an 
 account of skins of sheep, ewes, lambs, etc., together with the 
 names of the shepherds who were responsible for their delivery 
 to the temple (sulti, to be understood). The columns are 
 headed kA and NU. The meaning of the first is not clear. The 
 second, of course, negatives the statement contained in kA. kA 
 is used parallel to ki-lal in XIV, 123a. L. 9 gives the totals 
 and grand totals of the hides due from the pihat of Raba,-sa- 
 Nergal. The reverse gives a list of ta^-sa received and not 
 received, together with the names of the herdsmen, as above. 
 The tabs a are weighed by the mana, etc. The word is perhaps 
 to be translated as "leather;" cf. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, under 
 gabsu and tabsu, for references. For the value of skins in 
 exchange, cf. XV, 21, 29, from which we see that 16 sheep-skins 
 are worth 2 KA of oil. 
 
 XIV, 104: "Butter, of the 6 ?A tax, year ic . . . . 3 gur 11 
 ?A paid by Raba-sa-[Nergal]. Total 3 gur 11 KA (paid for the 
 [highj-priestess) ; this (which) Irlmsu-Ninib received in the 
 year 13 of Kadasman-Turgu, brought it (caused it to enter) to 
 the 'house of the seal' (bit »*'*° dub), and sold (?) it for 4 ves- 
 sels of wine (bi-us?)." Sa-pi-ik, cf. Tallquist, Sprache Naho- 
 nidus, abjlku; a permansive Shaphel? XIV, 116: See under 
 receipts. XV, 167, is perhaps a list of payments of sheep to 
 
 the temple. XIV, 10: Cattle let out (?) by, or given to the 
 
38 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 temple. The columns have no headings. The notes must refer 
 to some such transfer of tablets as is mentioned in the notes to 
 XIV, 168, etc., above. XIV, 94: "Sheep- wool which was 
 
 received from the shepherds on the 13th of Ulul of the year 7 of 
 Kadasman-Turgu. The wool is from the years 6 and 7. Total, 
 1 talent, 2 mana received by Raba-sa-Nergal. Two garments [cf. 
 XIV, 157] belonging to Mar-Abiensi, Raba-sa-Nergal received 
 this day (in payment of?) arrears in sheep- wool." Sheep, etc., 
 
 are paid as salary in XV, 1, 2, 9, 21, 23, 65, 79. 
 
 III. the disbursements of the temple 
 
 1. The documents relating to salaries, 
 a) Receipts for aklum. 
 
 (1) Innannu. — This oflBcial is first mentioned in a document 
 dated in the thirteenth year of Kurigalzu (XIV, 23). But, as 
 Professor Clay has pointed out (XV, p. 2) all the tablets (with 
 one exception) of Innannu belong to the reign of Kurigalzu, so 
 that the aklum, and other texts with the name of Innannu on 
 them, are to be dated in this reign. If we had all the tablets of 
 the temple archives, we should probably have a much larger list 
 of aklum tablets, covering the salary payments of the entire 
 term of oflSce of Innannu, Martuku, and the other officials. XV, 
 8 and 9 are consecutive. They state that on the 27th of the 3d 
 month, year 2 of Kurigalzu, Innannu received as salary, 24 gur 
 71 KA of grain. This was due him for the period from the 13th 
 day of the 2d month to the 27th day of the 3d month, that is, for 
 1 month and 14 days. The next tablet gives the salary for a 
 period of 5 days, from the 27th of the 3d month to the 2d of the 
 4th month. The nature of the payments makes it impossible for 
 us to estimate the yearly salary of an official. The text XV, 1 
 shows that under aklum is included kurmat sise, "horse- 
 feed." Clay (XIV, p. 29) recognizes the fact that aklum is 
 more general than our word "salary." Perhaps it would be best 
 translated by our expression "salary and expenses;" cf. XV, 1, 2, 
 65, 137; XV, 48c, 1. 3, ripsu u ba-za-za. 
 
 (2) Martuku, the successor of Innannu (XV, p. 2). — XV, 12: 
 salary receipt, with date and place given. In many of these 
 salary receipts we have the place mentioned. Either the salary 
 was taken to him from Nippur, or, more probably, the official 
 drew upon the local granary or "subtreasury" of the temple, at 
 
Temple Documents fbom the Cassite Period 39 
 
 that particular place. XV, 1-4; XV, 16, expenses for one year. 
 
 XV, 17: "Paid at Selibi." XV, 18: aklum omitted. XV, 
 
 23, 25: Consecutive. No. 23 gives the expenses for one year, 
 from the 2d month of the 8th year to the 2d month of the 9th 
 year; no. 25, from the 2d month of the 9th year to the 2d month 
 of the 10th year. The amounts in 23 are broken, but those 
 in 25 give us an opportunity for comparison with no. 16. No. 
 25 has a case which shows that these tablets are receipts; cf. 
 
 XIV, p. 9. 
 
 (3) Other receipts.— XIV, 27, 55; XIV, 71 contains the seal 
 of Rimuti, who acted as agent for Bel-Istar-*'^Zabi. Of a similar 
 nature are XIV, 78, 83. XIV, 82: seal of Rimuti; cf. XIV, 
 71, 80, 87a. XIV, 97, "through the hand of gar-ri-ki( ?)." 
 
 XV, 60; XV, 70; XV, 79: '1 immeru, '1 buhadu, 'ak-lum, 
 *biti-nu, ''gar barrani, *siL-Li-gA. Date, and seal of Susati: 
 "1 sheep, 1 lamb, expenses, our house, food? for a journey? to? 
 siL-Li-SA." L. 4, bitinu; cf. XV, 36, 19; 71, 6; 38, 2; 127, 5, 
 etc. L. 5, GAR^akalu. Aklum not in receipts, XV, 21, 1 (see 
 below, p. 40). XV, 46: "Flour tax of ... . for year 4, 
 . . . . Sukal-abu-6ris paid. Payments of aklum for the sec- 
 ond Ulul, Tasritu, etc." The meaning of 1. 9 is not clear: "Total, 
 1 GUR unpaid bargali [ib-kid, see p. 23], 2 pi unpaid kip§,- 
 tu?, by Sukal-abi-eris," Date. XV, 74: "Sheep for aklum" 
 from(?) different places. In many of the shorter tablets it is 
 impossible to tell whether the amounts mentioned are paid to or 
 by the persons mentioned. When town-names take the place of 
 those of persons, there is still more uncertainty. XV, 45, see 
 p. 42; XV, 90; XIV, 61, see p. 41; XIV, 64; XIV, 133, see 
 p. 47; XIV, 144; XIV, 56a, see p. 41. XIV, 167: "Grain 
 paid for the expenses of the years 24 and 25. It was delivered 
 to (u-se-lu-u) Ba'il-Marduk." Then follow the amounts paid 
 to certain individuals, 11. 3-7; 1. 8, ''158 GUR 72 ]KA, to the shrine 
 of Bel;" 1. 9, "48 gur, to the temple of Istar;" 1. 10, "144 gur 
 132 ka, for the expenses of the palace; 1. 11, "61 gur for feeding 
 fat oxen (alp6 niaruti; cf. alpu SE, below, p. 45) paid to 
 Abusina;" 1. 12, "38 gur, for feeding sheep;" 1. 13, "83 gur 
 119^ KA, asbargalu" (cf. XIV, p. 29) ; 1. 21, "110 gur 106 ka for 
 feeding birds(?);" 1. 22, "4 gur, for the board of the arri" 
 ("bird-catcher?"); 1. 26, "12 gur, for syrup (ta-ba-a-tum) ;" 
 1. 27, "140 GUR, for the hire and feeding of oxen;" 1. 30, "24 
 
J 
 ." 
 
 3 
 
 40 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 GUR, for building boats." XV, 21: "Oil, of the 6 ka tax paid 
 
 for expenses, from the month .... of the year 2 to the month 
 Ulul of the year . . . . " L. 5, 6 ka, the price of two? . . 
 1. 7, "for the expenses of a boat;" 1. 12, "for a lamb . . . 
 1. 12, "for 'anointing' (pas^si) horses;" 1. 28, "for 16 sheep- 
 skins;" 1. 29, "1 KA for 6 vessels" (used for incantations; cf. 
 Muss-Arnolt, DAL, p. 710); 1. 32, "for taking out (?susi 
 [si]);" 1. 34, mar-lja-su, from "iTll ; 1. 40, " for greasing 6 
 sheepskins of .... " (6 masku immeru sa ni(?)-ra-ti 
 pa-sa-si). 
 
 A word similar in meaning to aklum is ku-kar; cf. XIV, 
 p. 28. XV, 3, cf. p. 18 of the introduction to the volume. 
 
 XV, 19: LI. 13 ff., rimutum, ku-mun (see below) and ku-kar 
 are included in the one term rimutum (see below) in the total, 
 1. 18. In XV, 21, 7, we have a reference to the ku-kar, "ex- 
 
 penses," of a chariot. XV, 36, 4, 5; see p. 43. XV, 42: 
 similar to 36. XV, 48: "Grain of the full tax which Kisahbut 
 
 received (mi-tab-bu-ru permans, I, 2, maharu). It was for 
 the expenses (ku-kar) of the rikku -officials." XV, 52: LI. 
 
 19 ff., ku-kar payments. XV, 62: payments of ku-kar, in 
 
 the form of ^^bar and as-an-na. XV, 86: a receipt for 2 gur 
 of grain as ku-kar. XV, 114: ditto. XV, 122: an account, 
 including an entry of ku-kar of Restusu, received for him by 
 Sin-issahra. XV, 124: receipt of ku-kar. LI. 7 f.: "The 
 pay he shall receive and ga ta? return, u-ta-ar." XV, 126: 
 
 ditto. XV, 129: ditto. XV, 135: payments, including 
 
 ku-kar, 1. 3. XV, 138: receipt of ku-kar. XV, 139: ditto. 
 XIV, 17: receipt of AS-AN-NA as ku-kar. XIV, 62: payments 
 
 of wages, etc. XIV, 65: "Grain taken from Duniahi, and 
 
 paid for ku-kar, boat-rent, ku-mun (see below)," etc. XIV, 
 
 91: "Grain received as wages for grinding flour (a-na ku-kar 
 bazali kime)." XIV, 92: L. 4, ku-kar of a scribe. XIV, 
 
 46rt; payments of ku-kar. XIV, 56«.- "Grain of the full 
 
 tax which was paid at the town of Zarat-iM from the 7th month 
 of the 12th year to the 1st month of the 13th year. It was 
 taken out of the revenues of the 12th year of Nazimaruttas." 
 LI. 4 and 6, cf. above, p. 85. L. 7, ku-kar of a rikku-official. 
 L. 8, ditto of a ka-zid-da official. XIV, 99a.- L. 11, "10 oxen 
 for carrying the ku-kar of the rikku and ka-zid-da officials." 
 XIV, 114a.- receipt. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 41 
 
 KU-MUN seems to be another word for "salary;" cf. XV, 19, 
 16; XIV, 23, 1; XIV, 65, 13. 
 
 Rimutu, literally "grace," then "present, gift;" in these 
 texts a general term for "salary." The best example is in XV, 
 19, 13 ff.; cf. above, p. 40. XV, 128, 5, 6; XIV, 61, 3; XIV, 
 62, 16; XIV, 79, 7; XIV, 95; XIV, 56a, 29; XIV, 91rt, 53; 
 
 XIV, 154, 1. 
 
 Ipru, se-ba, "wages." XIV, 91a.- a long list of payments 
 to artisans. XIV, 62: a similar list of payments to certain 
 
 "families," kin-ni. Food for 5 kurku birds; rimtitum and 
 KU-KAR. XV, 1: cf. Introd., p. 20. XV, 2: cf. ibid., p. 19. 
 
 XV, 8: similar to 1. XV, 18: ditto. XV, 25: flour, etc., 
 paid as salary (aklu) out of the tax levied for wages, ipru. 
 XV, 79; XIV, 60: translated, p. 35. XIV, 79: cf. p. 23, 
 under telitum. 
 
 The ideogram kin-SIK is to be considered as similar in mean- 
 ing to KU-KAR, SE-BA and the other words for "salary." XIV, 
 35: "4 GUR 90 ka of grain out of the kin-sik revenue (gis-bar 
 KIN-SIK, cf. GIS-BAR SE-BA, etc.) Nusku-malik-ilani received from 
 Innannu at K^r-Astabbakantuk as fodder for the horses of B6l- 
 alsah. Date. On the day of harvest Nusku-malik-ilani shall 
 return (su-u-ta-a-ar) the grain at Pi-nari." XIV, 81: "120 
 ?A (of flour), maintenance, kin-sik of Rimutum from the 4th (?) 
 to the 8th day. 12 ka, Ardu-Marduk, the sanu. 12 ka, board, 
 kurmatu, Erba-Sukamuna." L. 7: "Total, 165 ka of flour, 
 as aklum." XIV, 131: L. 21: "33 sheep for maintenance, 
 kin-sik, for 3 days. In addition, 5, sar-kal(?)." XIV, 145: 
 "5 GUR of grain out of the kin-sik revenue which Ilu-abi-iddina 
 received from Gula-ib(ui) at Pinftri and gave? his seal(ed docu- 
 ment). 4 GUR 60 K A at .... Mar-duk .... for maintenance, 
 KIN-SIK, shall .... 120 KA, Ea-ibni son of Ezia at Selibi with 
 the 4 GUR 60 KA (mentioned above) shall .... Total 5 GUR of 
 grain out of the KIN-SIK revenue Ilu-ahi-iddina shall pay, and 
 his seal(ed document) he shall take and destroy" (ub-ta-as- 
 sa-ra, literally "cut off;" that is, cut or break off the sealed 
 envelope). XIV, 152: a list of payments. L. 1, kin-sik. L. 
 2, "to Hanbu." L. 3, "for presents( ?)." Some noun from 
 damftku. L. 4, si-el-lum ; cf. sellu, Delitzsch, HWB, p. 501, 
 and XV, 154, 44. L. 5, si-im-ri-is. L. 6, u-kul-tum. L. 
 8, si-a, dir. L. 18: "Total 29(?) ka, adi se-ri, paid up to 
 
42 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 the morning." L, 25: "For 3 kadii birds;" cf. kadu vessel 
 or bird. L. 26: "Total x ka for the night, sa mu-si. Grand 
 total, for the 15th day." 
 
 2. Simple receipts.— XIY, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 28, 29, 3(3, 35, 
 86; XIV, 74: "i mana of ornaments for a bed." XIV, 76, 84, 
 90, 91, 96, 108, 1146, 114a, 147, 158, 160; XIV, 72: "1 talent 
 of sheep- wool, the price of 4 gur of be-'-ti, . . . . 10 gur of 
 be-'-ta they returned to him." The connection is not clear. 
 Be-'-tu is no doubt the Semitic reading of one of the many 
 ideograms found in these texts. XIV, 165: "11 miskannu 
 chairs [cf. XV, 6], which Pir'u-Sukal, son of Hanibi gave, u-sa- 
 am-hi-ir-su, Ntir-Istar in payment of some debt" (a-na ga- 
 ma-ri °^Nur-'^Istar). XV, 11: see below. XV, 22, 29; 
 XV, 32: "150 KA of ^i-nu" (henna? cf. Thompson, Devils and 
 Evil Spirits, II, p. 170). XV, 35, 38, 45, 57, 86, 87, 88, 110, 
 114, 116, 117, 118, 121(?), 124, 125, 126, 129, 138, 139; XV, 
 161: "40 GUR of grain, the price of a chair overlaid (?) with 
 gold (as-si burasi) ^ of a mana in weight." The chair may 
 have been the seat of an idol in a shrine. 
 
 3. The pay-rolls. — XIV, 58: translated by Clay, pp. 32 f. 
 XIV, 19: " .... •'i (city-name), year 13 of Kurigalzu." L. 2: 
 " . . . . gab MEs TUM, Adaru, Nisannu" (nine columns, the 
 headings of the first three are broken away; the fourth and fifth 
 are to be restored from XIV, 22). The meaning of the heading 
 of column 8 is not clear. Perhaps it is to be read asabu, "in res- 
 idence;" cf. la asabu. The heading of column 9, mu-bi-im, 
 occurs very frequently in these texts; cf. Clay, XIV, p. 34, and 
 also viii. In King, CT, V, pi. 3 (translated by Hunger, Becher- 
 wahrsagung, we have mu-bi-im used to designate the "stanzas" 
 of the incantation formulae, seventy-two in number. While mu- 
 bi-im no doubt refers to the "names" which come under it, it 
 should perhaps be translated as "index or list of names;" cf. 
 Egyptian 'imy rnf. XIV, 22: similar to 19. The month is 
 the second Adar. XIV, 25; XIV, 57: For the heading cf. 
 Introd., p. 6. The grain was paid out as board, kurmatu, for 
 oxen and the farmers who worked with them. From the arrange- 
 ment of the list it seems that the farmers worked in groups of three. 
 XIV, 62 : payments of wages to men and their families. XIV, 
 65: salaries, rents, etc. XIV, 101, 102, 103 (101 and 103 
 may be payments to the temple); XIV, 105: monthly wages. 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 43 
 
 XIV, 110: From 1. 9 we see that tablets of this kind are pay- 
 ments to, and not by, the persons named. XV, 96: cf. Introd. 
 to Vol. XV, p. 21. XV, 111, 1. 22: wages for the harvest. 
 
 XV, 163: salaries for certain months, paid in corn. Most of the 
 payments are to women. L. 28: wages of 8 women of the god 
 (the kadistu), [)aid to the Banti. LI. 52, 53: duppi sa nu 
 (ul) sa-at-ra-at: The meaning of this phrase is not clear. It 
 is evident from the permansive feminine form of the verb that 
 duppi is treated as a feminine noun; cf. duppi .... kamsat, 
 above. XV, 165: payments of wages to slaves? XV, 177 
 and 178 are fragments of pay-rolls. XV, 180, 181, 183, 184, 
 185, 186, 188, 190, 191, 194, 195, 198. 
 
 XV, 4: cf. above under "Income." XV, 33, 34: perhaps 
 payments of salaries in flour, sheep, etc. The meaning of e-li 
 sarri in the date of both tablets is not clear. XV, 36: "Grain 
 
 of the full tax paid at the storehouse of Astabbakantuk." L. 4: 
 "10 GUR of corn as salary (ku-kar), besides 1 gur ma-at>-ri- 
 ti." This refers, perhaps, to a gur of grain due at some former 
 time, but not paid at that time. LI. 16 f. : a note concerning, 
 "mu, 2 gur of AS-AN-NA which Restusu received in the month 
 second Adar, and for which he gave a receipt (?) ka-na-ki." 
 The latter may be a place-name; cf. Pl-na-a-ri. L. 17: "3 gur 
 of AS-AN-NA which Kadi-da-bi-bi received, ma-[lji-ii"J- The 
 sealed document of our house he took out (su-si-i)." For mu 
 cf. XV, 152, 11. XIV, 14: payments to certain persons. XV, 
 37: cf. Introd. to XIV, p. 6. XV, 38c; "The as-an-na which 
 
 was paid at Kar- Astabbakantuk as 5 ka revenue." From the 
 check-marks and the note at the end it seems best to regard the 
 persons mentioned as recipients. The note reads: "the as-an-na 
 grain which was received at a former time was paid to the royal 
 family (zer-6kalli)." L. 19: a note, "For their food in harvest- 
 time he shall give it." XV, 39: "as-an-na grain which was paid 
 out of the ffrain of Irlmsu-Ninib at Kar-Astabbakantuk as 5 ka 
 revenue." L. 5: "48 ka without interest (bu-bu-ut-tu-tum ; 
 cf. p. 45) by the hand of Ibni-Ea-sarru, mftr-RAT (cf. p. 45)." 
 L. 15: ''jr ka to Mitliasu for flour." LI. 16 f., note: "In the 
 transaction the flour was not given su-u-i-bal ( ?)." XV, 40: 
 L. 5, mas-sar-ti, cf. p. 45. XV, 41: L. 3, "for the wages 
 
 of the servants of our house." XV, 42: cf. p. 40. L. 6, "In 
 
 addition, 1 gur e-bi-ir-ta sa kat "■"^^ rikk6 p'." L. 14, cf. 
 
 7 • • • 7 
 
44 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 below. XV, 44: cf. p. 27. For 11. 18-22 c£. above, p. 26. 
 XV, 46: cf. pp. 23, 39. XV, 47: "Grain of the full tax which 
 was paid out of the 10 gur mal-sar-ti [cf. p. 45] of the 
 palace." L. 5, "for the great expedition to Isin (?)" (a-na ga 
 --alaku GAL sa I-si-in^^i). L. 7, cf. XV, 39, 15. L. 14, cf. 
 sibsu above, p. 23. XV, 51: L. 15, "for 3 farmers who are 
 
 with the oxen" (cf. XIV, 57). XV, 52: L. 7, "for wages of 
 
 3 pikdi, herdsmen" (but cf. XIV, 199). XV, 53: see under 
 
 AS-AN-NA, p. 25. XV, 56. XV, 64: L. 10, "6 gur 60 ka 
 still due the rikku official." XV, 69: "payment of salaries from 
 the 1st to the 2d Ulul." XV, 71: salary for the rikku and ka- 
 ziD-DA officials for certain months. L. 6, "for our house," L. 7, 
 "for the (our?) wages of our house, Raba-sa-Nergal received." 
 L. 9, "ki-i kat = by order of." XV, 73: cf. XIV, 57 and 
 XV, 81. XV, 75: "Oil of the 10 ka tax taken away, zi-ga. 
 
 It belonged to Dispu-Ekur." This is not necessarily a pay-roll. 
 The temple may have held oil belonging to this man and carried 
 on business with it. XV, 80: Perhaps a pay-roll. L. 10, "A^i- 
 bani u-se-en-ni 11^, sanft" (cf. XIV, 5, 1. 2). L. 11, mas-sar- 
 tum sa i-na ku-ri-e-ti tab-ku. For kuretu cf. II R., 60, 17. 
 XV, 81: cf. 73. XV, 83: "Payments made by Restusu, for 
 
 the temple(?), through Sin-res." XV, 90: ^® har-ra, some 
 form of prepared grain, not "grain at interest." L. 42, mas- 
 sar-tum, see p. 45. XV, 92: payments, including "wages 
 
 of 7 women," 1. 10. XV, 94: ^Junubi receives grain for mak- 
 
 ing payments, including some to soldiers. L. 2, ^® bal, see 
 p. 25. XV, 95; XV, 103: salaries, and 1. 10, wagon-hire. 
 
 XV, 105: see ku-kar. XV, 119; XV, 122: payments of salary, 
 
 interest, and for conducting the business of the storehouse, ni- 
 ki-is kari. Nikis seems to be a word similar in meaning to 
 nikasu, "business;" cf. XV, 42, 14; 73, 17; 130, 8; 150, 14, 
 etc. LI. 6, 8, ^= gal, a grain; cf. XV, 131, 7. XV, 127; XV, 
 130; XV, 132: L. 10, a-tak-na, meaning not clear. L. 11, 
 "payment (kurmatu) for 10 ox hides, to the^^^^^SA." This is 
 the dealer in hides, bones, sinews, etc. SA = buanu, gidatu. 
 XV, 133: "payments to two patesis." For the grains see above. 
 XV, 1.35: "Payments made by Innannu at Kar-Adab to the 
 rikku official," etc. L. 6: "for the house of Innannu at Nip- 
 pur." L. 7: "ki-mu har-ra for the storehouse of the palace 
 Nunakte brought to Kar-Astabbakantuk." XV, 136 ; XV, 140: 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Pebiod 45 
 
 payments of different kinds of flour to Erba-Marduk ; ef. p. 27. 
 "as-an-na flour, white flour, mi-ir-ku flour." L. 9: in-sar 
 " he wrote it ( ? ) ; " cf . XIV, 156, 8 ; 159, 19. XV, 176 ; XV, 
 179; XIV, 59: payments of grain, rent, etc. XIV, 113: pay- 
 ments of salaries, horse-fodder, arrears in wages, etc. 
 
 It will be noticed that many of the above documents are not 
 strictly pay-rolls. They were inserted here because they are in 
 part such. They might equally well have been discussed under 
 the following: 
 
 4. Payments for miscellaneous purposes. — XV, 6: "The grain 
 of the 5 ka tax, which was brought from the town Mar-Ba'li 
 and paid out at Bit-Ilanuti. 2 gur, the price of an ass, to Sad- 
 barhu, the kassu; 2 gur, the price of a chair of miskanna 
 wood; 60 KA for a pair of boots, senu. 2 gur, not paid, ib-kid. 
 66 KA by the hand of Pirsati acting as agent ( ?)." For tur-rat, 
 cf. XV, 19, 12; 39, 5; 135, 5; XIV, 95, 6. Perhaps it is a com- 
 pound like mar-sipri. XV, 7: L. 2, li-te-ik-ku-u, perman- 
 sive, I, 2. L. 5, "2 gur by boat." XV, 19: "The grain of the 
 6 KA tax which was brought from Zarat-iM and returned free of 
 interest (?), a-na bubuttati turru. The grain was paid for 
 salary and wages, boat-hire, for the guard of the great-gate, ma- 
 ^ar abulli." XV, 28: L. 6, "grain paid as wages for six 
 soldiers who stood guard (?) before the gate in the months Airu 
 and Siman(?)." XV, 66; XV, 67: Line. 4, "for mas-sar- 
 tum." Here it seems to mean wages of some kind; cf. Muss- 
 Arnolt, DAL, p. 612; but cf. XV, 76, "grain of the full tax 
 which was paid out of the massarti of the month Tebitu of the 
 year 17." L. 4, "1 gur, the price of a kabri garment;" cf. 
 
 XIV, 157, 84. XV, 99; XV, 100: L. 4, "seed for sowing(?), 
 z6r ir-sum, three fields, Ijar-bu (cf. p. 35). XV, 101; 
 
 XV, 106: L. 7, "2 gur 77 ka out of the 6 ka tax for ripsu, to 
 Mannu-balu-x4.dad. 2 gur 93 ka of ripsu, tiic unpaid ripsu, 
 together with 1 GUR of ripsu paid and delivered by Mannu-balu- 
 Adad." XV, 109: L. 3, •• fodder for fattening oxen, alpu se 
 (see p. 39). XV, 112; XV, 115; XV. 120; XV, 123; XV, 
 143; XV, 145; XV, 152: L. 7, "white oxen." L. 10, note con- 
 cerning mu (cf. p. 43): "Nusku-ida-abul, the slave of Ninib- 
 karrad, who is detained, ka-lu-u in the city IM." L. 15, "for 
 8 months' wages of the 'palace-slave' ardu-ekalli, from Duzu 
 to Sabatu"-=^8 months inclusive. XV, 154: L. 41, "for the 
 
46 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 sak-sup-par;" cf. XV, 13, 4 L. 44, si-il-lu-u; cf. p. 314. 
 XV, 156: L. 2, "for provisions for a journey." L. 10, ku-uk- 
 ku; cf. Muss-AvnoWs Lexicon. L. 22, "shepherd of the zu(?)- 
 ra-ad." L. 23, ib-sik. XV, 157; XV, 160; XV, 164; XV, 
 168: L. 22, a-an is equivalent to ma and ki-i; cf. Br. 11391, 
 ki-i takes the place of simu in some texts, cf. XIV, 128a. 
 XV, 169. The heading of column 5 gives us the name of a grain, 
 ha( ?)-ar-za-na. XV, 170; XV, 187: "payments made out 
 
 of the grain of Belani by Innannu." This shows that many of 
 these documents may be private instead of temple documents. 
 XV, 192; XV, 192a; XV, 197: L. 4, "feed for 4 teams, gar-lal, 
 brought from Selibi, il-li-ku-ni." L. 11, "feed for 2 teams for 
 the plow(?), i?KAK-KA." XIV, 21; XIV, 23; XIV, 50; 
 
 XIV, 48o; XIV, 106a; XIV, 1066. XIV, 43: "Grain of the 
 
 6 KA tax, horse-feed for the month Tebitu. 95 ka for 5 gar-gal, 
 teams, for the 10th day (18 ka per team)." For gar-lal cf. 
 XIV, 56a and XIV, 12. Probably a synonym of lal and ^? lal, 
 simittu. XIV, 92; XIV, 107: "For a pilgrimage to Parak- 
 
 mari;" cf. XIV, 148: "2 ka for te-e-ni;" cf. DeWizsch, HWB, 
 p. 698. XIV, 130: L. 2, "for light," nu-ru. This is an 
 
 account of oil "taken away," zi-ga; cf. XIV, 148 and XIV, 73, 
 1. 14. XIV, 133: Probably a list of grain or sheep payments 
 
 for sacrifices, ginti and nike, in different temples. L. 2 men- 
 tions Ekur; 1. 7, Parak-mari, for the sacrifices there; cf. XIV, 148. 
 XIV, 134: cf. Introduction to XIV, p. 3. XIV, 138; XV, 200. 
 
 Mostly taken up with payments of salaries. Col. 6, 1. 1, ki-is- 
 bu u ri-im-ku, "for libations to the dead"(?). 
 
 XIV, 148: The first line is perhaps to be restored to gis-bar- 
 sE-BA and translated "grain from the wages-tax, grain from the 
 5 KA tax, sesame, names." Under these headings are put the 
 amounts of grain given for the temples, etc., which make up the 
 last column. These temples, or rather temple and shrines, are: 
 E-kur; E-ki-ur, cf. Br. 9739, and Zimmern, BBE, I, p. 8; E-su- 
 ME-Du; E-'iNusku; E-**Adad; Mar-™Sum-mu-lji (the persons 
 whose names follow the temple names were no doubt the agents 
 of these temples); E-^Sin; E-^Ea; E-^Gula; E-^nin-ib ( ?); 
 E-'^KA-MA-Ni-su, cf. 5r. 705, ^Ka-ma-ni-zi ; E-'iNergal; E-'^Mar- 
 duk; E-*^Samas; E-'^un-gal (of) Nippur (correctly given by 
 Clay, XV, p. 56, under "Deities," and not to be changed into 
 kar-gal, as Hilprecht has attempted to do in BE, XX, Part 1, 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 47 
 
 p. 18). There is no context which would permit a translation of 
 su-bu-la-tum from wabalu of 1. 1(5. LI. 18ff.: "for ofPerings 
 in E-'i UN-GAL (of) Nippur [cf. above, 1. 14] E-'»Gula, E-^»Adad." 
 LI. 21-23, 25, 26(?), 27: "for offerings to Istar, Adad, gamas, 
 Gula, NiN-SAR, Marduk, Nusku, and Sin." The meaning of u-Ri 
 after the names of these divinities is not clear; cf. perhaps, 
 Br. 604(). L. 24 is not clear, but is not to be restored to nikti, 
 etc., unless the scribe made the mistake. The tablet clearly reads 
 gu-ga-bi, etc. L. 28: "for offerings to Samas of Dtir-Ninib." 
 L. 29: "for a kid." LI. 31 ff.: ^'payments at Parak-mari [cf. 
 XIV, 133, 3, 6 and Bi\ 6900] to Mar-Burra-Sali for a horse; to 
 Mar-Iluki for ditto." For ni-pi cf. ni-pi-sum (tak), a vessel 
 used in incantations; XV, 21, 29 (p. 40, above). LI. 36 ff., a 
 note, "from the 21st of Sabatu to the 30tli of Adar ^ ka per 
 day." L. 42, "for a horse of an udie;" cf. p. 35. L. 43, 
 "of the sir'ibisu of the king;" cf. XIV, 98, 11, for "siribi." 
 L. 44, "for light (?), nu-ri" (cf. XIV, 73, 14) of the king. 
 L. 45, "for light of our temple (house)." L. 46, "for the king." 
 L. 47, "for our house." L. 48, "for sani of the smith a-ra-bi 
 ki u sil(ki)." L. 49, "for sani of the smith a." L. 50, "for 
 silki;" cf. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, p. 763, Mangold? L. 51, "for 
 honey, mu-ut-ta-ki." L. 52, "for ku ( ?) -ub-ri-ti." L. 53, 
 "for mar-su-ti." L. 54, Marat-Na'suti. 
 
 IV. miscellaneous DOCUMENTS 
 
 XIV, 4: an omen-tablet; cf. Clay, Light on the Old Testament 
 from Babel, p. 312. XIV, 12: From such words as gar-lal 
 (cf. above, p. 41) and pi^at this obscure document seems to 
 have to do with sheep or cattle. The personal names are Cassite. 
 XIV, 73: L. 2, "for the ab-ta-rum," an official ( ?) ; 1. 3, "for 
 the ki-du-u," another official (?). XIV, 120: A list of men 
 
 and their occupations: L. 23 gives the total of the foregoing 
 amel-batti, "spear-bearers" (?); in addition, 6 NU-si. Perhaps 
 "the man of the front," p&nu, mahru; cf. nu-ab, nisakku, Br. 
 1979, and nu-gis-sar. XIV, 128: "Wool (bu-ku-nu) which 
 is due from (?) the year of accession, inspected, bi-i-tfi i" the 
 month Simanu, year 1." XIV, 140: "2 gur 108 Ka duh-bu 
 
 belonging to L^bburi, which Ninib-b6l-aplu used for conducting 
 his business, ta (ana) nikasasu ipsu ukln." XIV, 142. 
 
 XIV, 150: dimetum; cf. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, p. 256. XIV, 
 
48 Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 
 
 163: a list of wooden articles, jars of seed, vegetables, etc. 
 Whether given to the temple or received from it, is uncertain. 
 L. 13, " . . . . kan-da-as, for si-'-tum (las.) and as (dil)- 
 lum;" cf. 11. 14, 15, 21. L. 14, ersu; cf. 1. 21. L. 15, i? 
 luluppi; cf. Br. 11414; Muss-Arnolt, BAL, p. 482. L. 16, su- 
 bu-ur-tum; cf. pi. of same word, 1. 18. L. 17, kas gis-dub-na. 
 L.18,"totall8 . . . .Pinu-ur-bi;"cf.l.23,"adi2su-ub-bu-ra- 
 tum." L. 19, "1 bed a-ma-ra-tum, a-am;" cf. Br. 11486, 7; adi 1 
 immeru ? t1 ^? TU-u. L. 20, "a tablet of miskanna wood, 
 si-'-tum pi-ti-il-tum; pitiltum is a cord, but the connection 
 here is not clear. LI. 19 and 20 evidently go together, as is seen 
 from the total, and the dittos a-am of 11. 21 and 22 which refer to 
 1.19. L. 23, "total 3 beds, i?nu-ur-bi." L. 31, i?kip-pa-tum; 
 cf. Muss-Arnolt, DAL, p. 424. L. 32, "12 vessels (sappu) of 
 oil." L. 34, probably, "total x Nur-gamas." L. 38, "2 posts 
 (dimmu)." L. 39, '?ad-du; cf. Br. 4177 ff. L. 40, "1 tallu- 
 vessel of pikandi. L. 41, "2 tallu- vessels of seed of (?)." 
 L. 42, "3 tallu- vessels of provisions for the god of the stream 
 (?), besides 1^ . . . ." L. 43, "1 tallu-vessel of seed of the 
 edu;" cf. DAL, p. 19. L. 44, "1 stitu-vessel of a-si-i plants." 
 L. 45, "1 tallu-vessel of zibu-plants;" cf. DAL, p. 273. L. 46, 
 "a? KU-KU-BU-vessels of clean ( ?) seed,°^^KU-KU-BU;"Z)J.Z/, p, 378, 
 "a measure of oil." It does not follow that such a specific mean- 
 ing is to be assigned to this word because the context in TA, 
 (London), 5, 25, speaks of oil. The word is more general. 
 L. 48, "1 tallu-vessel of buluppi;" cf. Br. 11854. L. 50, 
 "■X KU-KU-BU-vessels of ^ami-plants;" cf. DAL, p. 320. L. 51, 
 "ic sutu-vessels of la-am be-lum." 
 
 The following difficult texts deal with metals : XV, 13 : "^ mana 
 of zag-SA for the covering (?) ba-til of a chariot, Erbatum the 
 saksuppar received from Martuku." XIV, 121: "10| shekels 
 of dark gold, hurasl sami, weighed out for a cup [cf. sappu] 
 by Marduk-sar-ilani. ^ shekel, the remainder, (leavings from the 
 working) of the gold, Zakirum receives for pay." zi-ba-a-ti, 
 plural of sibtu, "interest," etc., here "pay." XIV, 122: 
 
 "^ shekel of gold from Marduk-mukinnu, li shekels of gold from 
 the master of the house, bel-biti, total 3 shekels of gold, for pay 
 for making a cup of 10| shekels, 22i she of gold, Zakirum 
 received." XIV, 63: "i al-lu ba-dil [cf. XV, 13 above] for 
 ka-ra gal-du (strong . . . . ) of su-si-ri(?). Mar-Kalbi 
 
Temple Documents from the Cassite Period 49 
 
 received." XV, 172: "^ al-lu ba-dil; B ka of oil; 1 mana 
 
 of ornaments, sindu; 1 mana of zag-sa; 1 mana of zag-lu ; 1 mana 
 of bronze; 3 ox-hides; ku-kar is-si, paid for wood( ?)." XIV, 9a; 
 "10 bronze bolts, 2 mana 18 shekels in weight, sa-gal-lum" (cf. 
 ZK, II, 32-1). XIV, 124: "3^ mana of weighed bronze, 1 mana, 
 10 shekels, etc., total 11 mana, 5 shekels of bronze belonging to 
 the 'house of the seal of the palace,' the palace 'library,' su-us-si 
 su-za-a." The meaning of "4 gir-rat .... ," 1. 9, is not clear. 
 L. 10, "1 ki-bir-ri 2| ni . . . . ;" 1. 11, "u-di-e sa barrftni, 
 equipment for the road;" so perhaps also 1. 13, si-ri-in-na-tum 
 sa barrftni. L. K), "for the equipment (i-kar-ti, lit. 'decora- 
 tion') of the king's chariot." XIV, 123rt; Bronze paid out for 
 different purposes. L. 8, bi-in-du; cf. Strassmaier, Nhk., 10,2. 
 L. 12, "14 shekels kA (cf. XV, 78), 2 mana ki ? li gam-ru." 
 XIV, 149: "1 ma[na .... besides, 2 shekels in zig6 Iba-si- 
 nu, 'ax,' besides 6 shekels ditto." L. 5, "for a present, a-na ni- 
 di- it- ti." XIV: "Oil of the wages tax for, literally of bi-ri- 
 ti 11 ba-ru-ti." Have these words to do with the Becherwahr- 
 sagung of the barti? Cf. XIV, 156, oil a-na bi-ri-ti. The 
 reading of 1. 2 (cf. XIV, 155) is not clear. 
 
 Pai ifO'^^^\^^^^ 
 
VITA 
 
 I, Daniel David Luckenbill, was born June 21, 1881, in Berks 
 County, Pennsylvania. My father, Rev. B. F. Luckenbill, is a 
 minister of the gospel in the Reformed Church in the United 
 States. My early education was received in the public schools of 
 my native state. In 1899 I graduated from Lehigh, now Beth- 
 lehem, Preparatory School, and entered the College Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania. I graduated from this insti- 
 tution with the degree of A.B. in 1903. Immediately after 
 graduation I took up post-graduate work in the Semitic languages 
 at the same university, having been appointed Harrison scholar 
 in Semitics for the year 1903-4. Later I was appointed 
 Harrison fellow in Semitics for the years 1904-6. My studies 
 were pursued under Professors Jastrow, Clay, Hilprecht, Lamber- 
 ton, and Dr. Ranke. I continued my study of Egyptology under 
 Professor Erman at the University of Berlin during the summer 
 semester of 1905. In the summer of 1906 I entered the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago, having been appointed fellow in Semitics for 
 the year 1906-7. Here I devoted my time to Egyptology under 
 Professor Breasted, and Assyriology under Professor Harper. 
 
 I desire, in this place, to express my sincere gratitude to all 
 my teachers, and especially to Professors Clay, Jastrow, and 
 Harper. 
 
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