4566 L989t V. 1 A A o d ^ 1 g 3 6 4 1 i> > ID 3> 6 F ^ 5 " iin-j ^=nT.^i sVb^i =3 ^ _ ^ _ ^1 i Ml iiJi ^ Sa3AINrt]WV* sa]AiNn-3WV -^lllBRARYOc. ^ILIBRARYQ^ %ojnv3jo^ ^OFCAIIFO% ^i^ aweunivers-//. ^(?Aavaan#' o ^\^EUNIVER5'/A (Ja9AINI13W^ -^IIIBRARYQ^ -^lilBRARYQ^ AOSANCElfj> ^^Aavaan-^^ ^^Aavaan-^- ^WEUNIVER% ^lOS-A "^^JllONVSOl^ ^OFCAllFOff;^ ^OF-CAIIFO/?^ ^\WE UKIVERS/^ %a3Ai %a3Ai ^UIBRARYQc. ,\WEUNIVERS-/A vvlOSANCElfT> >- ^HIBRARYQr^ ;jiii i!:^! im IM ^UIBR ^ ii.2- d A GRAMMAR AND LI.XICON, ENTITLED ^' // ^T'Pl} r^^ ^r^P^ ^ i^tg to tit^oljoi tongue. IN TWO PARTS. PART I. A COMPLETE HEBIIEW GRAMMAR, WITH POINTS, ACCORDING TO THE ORIGINAL AM) PKCUIIAR SOUND OF THE LANGUAGE, ILLUSTRATED WITH ACCURATE TABLES, SiC, THE WHOLE OF WHICH IS INTENDED TO FACILITATE THE STUDY OF THAT DIVINE AND MOST SACRED OF ALL LANGUAGES. TO WHICH IS ADDED (NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED) A COMPENDIOUS CHALDEAN AND ENGLISH GRAMMAR. PART ir. A HEBREW AND ENGLISH LEXICON, COMPRISING ALL THE ROOTS AS FOUND IN THE BIBLE, ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, WITH THE MEANING OF EACH ROOT, AND THAT OF ITS SEVERAL BRANCHES, DERIVATIONS, &c. WITH NUMEROUS REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS BY THE AUTHOR, WUICK WILL BE FOUND OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE TO THE LEARNER. BY '^e&djtx of l^ebrcto TO THE VNIVERSITIES OF OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE, ETON COt-LEOE, LIVERPOOL : PRINTED BY G. F. HARRIS'S WIDOW AND BHOTHEK§, WATER STREIiT; Sold by the Author, and bjr those Booktellers whose Names are ia the LUtof Sahnrnbcr*. A. M. 5575. '^^ .; THE FOLLOWING WORK ON THE HEBREW LANGUAGE IS, BY PERMISSION, HUMBLY DEDICATED TO . HIS OBLIGED AND GRATEFUL SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. [IcntewD at Jbtationetd' ?^aU.] 3025784 TO f^i^ l^ogal Jgfgfimsijs HtHBuiit of ^m»tx. Sir, Dedications in general too often exhibit a redundant enumeraliou of known virtues in the exalted and distinguished personages to whom they are addressed ; and in that case are superfluous^ because universally acknowledged. I shall, there- fore, forbear, Sir, from stating minutely the high qualifications of your Royal Highness, which have induced me to seek your patronage of the Work I notv offer to the studious public. Your Royal Highness having added to your numerous branches of knowledge that of the Hebrew language — your pious endeavours in diffusing the contents of the Holy Bible through all quarters of the globe — ivill give such a weight towards a favourable opinion of my Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon, that the honor of being permitted to dedicate them to you will afford to my Old age surh ample scope for gratitude, that the remembrance of this distinguished favour, so condescendingly conferred upon me by your Royal Highness, will be cherished to the last moment of my life, tf'iih all that devotion and respect witft wfticft I have tfte fionor to subscribe myself Sir, Your Royal HigJmess's Most faitliful, obliged, And obedient servant, THE AUTHOR. and > . ^Can. PREFACE. ft<5 The author most respectfully apologizes for the delay of his publication entitled D>P?^n "^V^ * The Gate of Heaven;' feeling assured that a generous public, when acquainted with the cause, will continue towards him that support which it will ever be his pride to merit. The loss of sight for upwards of three years by cata- racts has hitherto prevented the fulfilment of his engagements with the public. He begs leave to say that, from the happy effect of couching, he has at last been able to complete his work ; and trusts that the useful and impor- tant knowledge it will be found to contain will sufficiently compensate for its unavoidable delay. The title of 0'>wri nvti^ the author has ap- plied to the Lexicon ; the Grammar he has nominated nnsp ' a key :' both will be found consistent with the publication, which is in- tended — first, to teach the elements of the lan- guage on a plan preferable to any yet published ; secondly, to unfold several mysterious and ob- scure parts of scripture, particularly the etymo- IV logy of names, and the several relations of f Deity, and that of each individual o^ i creation, as will appear in the Lexicon, ed D:p*fn iva^ * the gate -of heaven,' lh( j for acquiring true knowledge, alluded td-^^^h the word ^^^ ' the gate,' Psalm cxviii, verse 20: in ijcln^^ D^pn^^'^qS -\vm nr^' this is the gate of the Lord, in which the lighteous shall enter;' speaking of those who search after true know^ ledge, to comprehend divine mysteries, Sec, which can only be obtained from the Hebrew. The most important remarks of ihe author in this publication are chiefly intended to prove — - 1 . That the Hebrew language was coeval with the creation, and spoken by all until the building of the tower of Babel. 2. That after the confusion of tongues, the same remained in the family of '^^y. ngiebher^ from whom Abraham was descended," and with whom and his offspring the same continued in a pure state. In this language God revealed his oracles to the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ; by the family of the latter (the twelve tribes) it was carried down to Egypt, * Whence comes the nationfil adjective ^"^^V iis;ihhrery a descendant of inV the translation of which oui?ht p^e of whom Ezra was the chief, 3. That the Hebrew now in existence — the characters, the points, accents, kc. are the same, without any alteration whatever, Deuter. c. i. V. 12. 4. That from the knowledge of the Hebrew alone we comprehend that there is an Eternal Existence, the Creator of all, the foundation of Hue worship, religion, Sec. as will appear — First — From the remarks made on the or- gans of speech, shewing that the Linguals and Labials are the chief instruments of utterance. Secondly — From the additional Table of the vowel points, according to their original sound, the same hitherto preserved among the German and Polish Jews ; the difference between them VI and the Portuguese jews ; and also the cause of such change, together with the proof of the original. Thirdly — From an explanation of the word HN so often met with in the Bible, bearing various meanings, of which no notice has been taken by any former grammarians. Fourthly — From the original use of T con- versive, a most essential consideration in Gram- mar, never before published. Fifthly— From the remarks on the several Paragogic or additional letters, placed at the end of words, without any reason assigned ; since to this sacred book (the Bible) nothing can be added nor diminished. See Deut. ch. xiii. v. 1 . Sixthly — From the reasons of all Hebrew roots being in the third person masculine sin- gular of the preterpluperfect tense. Seventhly — From a most interesting remark on the letters ^Ij/oh, applicable to that incom- prehensible Eternity, the Creator of all things ; importing both his name and power, as will appear in the following explanation, illustrated with several scriptural remarks, and thereby shewing how necessary the knowledge of Hebrew is to the attainment of truth in divine informa- tion, which can only be found in the original. ,THEOLOGICAt OBSERVATIONS. .^lil ad J ji>flj CIU3?- Oil II iv/ An explanation.of the seventh of the foregoing remarks, respecting the letters'* and ^ which is principally intended as an ^rguinent against those wfuciy, from grounxiless imagination,, dis- pute the antiquity of the language, the origiii of the shape and form of the Hebrew characters, vjowels, &c> . . Many ineffectual endeavours have been made! to prove the certainty of the former, even from scriptural evidence ; but nefc onie has yet attempted to prove the latter. Both these: arguments still remain dubious iti the opinioa of many. Whatever effect this dissertation may produce must depend on the judgmentof the learued.and impartial reader, whose attention to the following remarks on the letters * and ^ will, it is hoped, terminate the controversy respecting the antiquity of the lan- guage, and the shapejof jfche characters, the vowfel pointSy Jec. > Jn,!! i . ! .! ; liUjjthe (observadoiils on the organs, the leaifneriwill find a remark made by the author, that in this sacred language there exists a most powerful analogy, deduced from the Hebrew, vi^^ nnjiH. i2nTv\ CenesisJ chap. xi.. y. X^^'S the * unity of words;* such as is mi equalled in VIU any other language. The same uniformity the author has discovered in the formation of the characters. Vide the table on the letters, where it will be seen that the first part of every letter is the same throughout the whole aU phabet ; from which the author infers the fol- lowing remarks : — - .i;j1.^* its motion is that of a dot with a peny thus(.)* and maybe executed by an infant capable of holding a pen or pencil, o /. 2. ('jfromits appearance, has neither begin- ning nor end ; but in itself is both, being cen- tripetaL> ; »:> :.. * ^ 3. * besides forming a complete letter, is also the first motion of the pen in ten letters, exclu- sively of the five finals,. the same as the ^ is in number, viz. ten. (See rule 42.) 4.^ is the first letter of that glorious appel- lation of the word ^lyoh^ the only name applied to. the Deity. From the shape, sound, and power, of these two letters we comprehend an Eternal Existence: thus, the? as has been noticed, being the mark of a centre, without beginning or end, is the first emblem of eteraity. The A whose sound is iio^other than the respirih ■ — ' • ^- ^7f0:d ... : j:h !:; -;! \yy)'.\\>-d\) //'■;>!-!!. f This is the origiivil form of ihe letter yiid, as it is found ill the Riibinical Hebrew : in the text it is something diflFerent, by way of ornament. IX tion of the lungs, is the representation of life, for whatever exists breathes, producing the sound of the letter "^ he, found only in the He- brew. Hence from these two letters we derive a true and only knowledge of the Deity — an Eternal Existence, w-ithout beginning or end. These two letters (V& H) are the characteristics of hiphil^ (see rule 4S) the fifth conjugation, expressing the same action done by means of agency ; alluding to him who is the agent of all causes. — By doubling each of these letters, (* k H) we have both the past and the future : the third person in each tense, thus '^''J} he was ; and ^!.r^,! he will be ; [consequently is at all times] which is comprehended from the four letters ^ yod, ^ he, T vov, n he, forming that incommunicable name Jehovah,* being the com- position of the above two letters (^ &: H) ; and by changing * into "• by rule 18, we find the present, thus, ^)p he is. 5. ♦is the first motion of the pen in every attribute of the Deity, as ^^ God, ^t^ Omnipo- tent, Almighty, &:c.: IV'^V Most High, kc. • The Hebrews are sfrictly forbidden to pronounce this mystetious name ; and whenevel* flie same appears, it is considered as a type and emblem of the Deity, for which the terra ''T\^ adonai (signifying my Lord) is substituted. B 6. The form of * is found twentv six times in the alphabet, including the five finals, agree- ably to the numeral power of that incohipre- hensible word Jehovah (set rule A2). Thus have I endeavoured to shew, that from the shape of these two letters the v.hole alphabet is Ibin^ed : (see table I.) each of the letters is emblematic of the Deity. The same will be found in the shape of everv vowel. 7- That * being the first mark of i>* Is also the last mark of ^ forming 4he word HX al- luded to in Isaiab,' chap, xivl ver. I. '"^P^? ^3 4D*ii^N ]^K nySnp^ \Tr\^ '^^ilX^^i^'^.'WV.—'' thus *' says the Lord of Hosts, 1 am the first, and I *' am the last, and w^ithoutrne there is no God." From the import of the letter * as before staled, this verse is understood. For the remainder of the author's remark on the word ^^ see observa- tion on rule 30. It is also further to be remarked, that the above three motions of the pen, forming the whole of the alphabet, are the only figures by vvhich all the vowels are represented, namely, a point (.), an horizontal line {-),' and a per- pendicular ( > ). (See the table on the vowels.) The author's observations on the same, respecting their situation, ppwer,&:c. will be found of the utmost import, and deserving of the reader's strictest attention. See second observation on the points. LNTRODUCTION. 1 HE design of this publication is already noticed ; a few directions however will be ne- cessary to assist the beginner. I. To be well acquainted with the Alphabet, endeavouring to repeat it by heart ; to know each character at sight, its power, and the dif- ference in the appearance of the similar letters. II. To take a view of the Vowel Points, to know their figures, power, Sec; and, as there are two tables of them given, the learner is recommended to study the second, on whicli this publication is founded. See observation on sound. III. After he is well acquainted with the letters and the vowels, to observe the several rules for Reading and forming Syllables ; the power of Shevoa (:) and Dagesh (•). IV. Then to proceed to the rules of Etymo- logy, the distinction of Gender, Number, and Cases of Nouns, both the substantive and the adjective. V. To get the separable Pronouns by heart, observing the inseparable Pronouns, as used for xu the declension of Nouns, with the exception of a few changes of some Vowels, as will appear in the table. VI. To proceed to the Verbs, according to the rules laid down for that purpose : the root given for an example he must endeavour to get by heart throughout the several Conjugations, Moods, and Tenses, Number, Person, and Gen- der, as in the table, observing the characteristic mark to each of them, which he will find to be the same in every other regular or irregular verb, without exception. VII. Having made himself perfect in declin- ing a regular verb according to the table, he will take a general view of the irregular, both the quiescent and defective, observing the seve- ral rules peculiar to each of them ; endeavour- ing to get the first word of each mood and tense (described in the table) by heart ; the rest of the persons will then follow in the same manner as in the regular verbs. VIII. To copy rule 69, viz. the division of the alphabet into Radicals and Serviles, ob- serving their signification, kc: let the same be before him at the time he is construing the He- brew into English, which will enable him at once to distinguish the root of the sam^word. from the servile letters : the signification of the latter he has before him ; forrthat of the root he Xlli must refer to the Lexicon. His attention to rule i 1 8 will be of infinite use. IX. He should endeavour to copy those lessons which are annexed to the Grammar, being designed for the purpose of exercise ; to repeat them several times, observing the rules referred to ifi the Grammai^'aiid Lexicon. He will then be able to open the Bible ; and, by the method before practised> pursue his study with ease; and by copying a few chapters from the Bible, like those in the exercise, putting down every new word he meets with, he will soon attain the end of his desire. The divisions of the Grammar into lessons are chiefly designed to facilitate the study of the learner, who should make himself perfect in one before he enters on another, taking no notice of the observations until he has gone through the Grammar, and commenced with the lessons given at the end by way of practice : he Avill then have occasion for the information contained in the notes. LESSON I. ON THE LETTERS. Rule I. — The Hebrew Alphabet consists of twenty-two Consonants, five of which have a OBSERVATIONS ON THE LETTERS. • 1 , The following Table will direct the learner how to form each letter by fragments, and will shew the different mo- tions of the pen necessary to each : the letter » is com- pleted by one motion of the pen ; some letters require two, none more than three. To form lliese characters the pen must have a broad nib, instead of being pointed, which, by drawing it^from the left to the right, will produce a line thus (-) or (.) being the first part of every letter : the rest are formed by drawing the pen up or down, except a few which have the line slanting thus (\) or (/). See Table I, TABLE L* c--5-^ '-^ "O- ^<- '^— '-_=! U.§i1-|.§ i § i i =lt-S rS .-sJ.ir .. ^ ....».-,...,. . » 1st n •» n "5 t> n «> n \ p 7 -^ 'Mir ^ tit -i x 2d n-iL'-ipyDj/DJoVD * D rt i i nTjnnSd f* - , - - jst 1 Five finals used at the]*' ^ t n -; gd Urder. end of words [^ t^ ^ D *] 3d J * The learner is most earnestly recommended to copy this table four or five times regularly, according to its first, 15 double form when used at the end of words, and are called Finals ; six have a double sound, distinguished by a point called dagesh ; for their names, figures, and powers, seepage 16. second, and third order, as it will enable him to write well, and to know each character, with the difference of similar letters. One of the author's motives for inv^jitii>g the foregoing table is, to shew the simplicity of the forma- tion of Hebrew characters. Three marks — a point (.)> a horizontal line (-), and a perpendicular (i), are the only shapes required, either in writing or printing; and wherever this sacred language is studied the text will be found the same, except that the perpendicular line in some of the letters is made slanting, or longer, for the sake of distinc- tion. The same uniformity the author has discovered io exist in the formation of the vowel points, viz. that these three marks, a point (.), a horizontal line (-), and a per- pendicular (i), fofm all the vowels. (See observation on sound.) Whence the author infers his second motive for the introduction of the foregoing table, to shew that he who created all things by the power of H^ .yoh, that is, by his own power, (see observation on rule 60) is also the author of this sacred language, whose charac- ters, vowels, &c. are formed from the very shape of these two let and n. Those who have acquired a knowledge of Hebrew computation, deduced from the numeral power of the alphabet, (rule 42^ as also that of a theological numeration contained in each of the above three marks, will discover in every letter of the alphabet the number of some of the attributes of the Deity. The same will appenr in the formation and from the situation of the vowel points. See second observation on the vowels. 16 THE ALPHABET. Pignre. Name. Power. « ,-V Vov, a r 13 D V Oleph, Bieth, Gimel, Daleth, He, Zoyin, n Cheth, ^ Teth, * Yud, Coph, Lamed, Mem, Nun, Samech, Gnayin, Pie, V ^' Tsadik, p Kooph, ^ Riesh, «^ I Sheen, e^iSeen, n Tov, has no other sound than that of B [the vowel joined to it. See G hardj as in go. [table oj vowels. D H aspirate (the act of breathing) y z Ch guttural (sounding from the T [throat and palate). Y C hard, as m co. L M N S Ng a nasal, as in ing. P Ts K R Sh S T These six, viz. D iH ^ ?n t< are often extended to prevent the division of a word at the end of a line. J7 THE DIVISION OF THE ALPHABET INTO FourGutterals, Vnnt^r ^ p^^np/^ Vrhroai, Four Palatines, p^^J j l^ I ^mp j ^ I Roof, Five Dentals, ti^^O^^ || V n\im2^ i Weeth, Five Linguals, n:iSt2-^ J 1 " I pti^^npl ^ I Tongue, Four Labials, ^'tiinL"' J D\nDJ5fnpL jLips. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ORGANS. Spr'ech is the production of the above five organs, which nature lias adapted to the utterance of their respective letters, as marked opposite to each : three of them, viz, the gutterals, palatines, and labials, are also instruments of sound. The remarks the author has made on the above division are upon the Unguals and labials, which, besides their own use in the production of those to which they give utterance, are necessary to assist the rest — soujid speech could not be well effected without the continual use of bolh : these two are therefore considered as being the chief means of articulation ; in conformity to which wc find that both the tongue and speech are of the same ety- mology in almost every language ; the word pti'7 in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Arabic, Syriac, and in most of the Ori- ental languages signifies both the tongue and speech : the same we find in most other languages, as langu, lingua, lan- guage, tongue, &c. the Hebrew language excepted ; which when spoken of throughout the whole bible is expressed by the word H^ti^ a lip, being the principal instrument of that language, from whence it takes its name ; thus we find. Gen. ck. ii. v. 1. DnniT DDK nSJ!^ pt^H Sd ♦Hn • T :l - - T T • V T T T • ;!- Dnnjj^ " And behold the whole earth was one language and one speech :" the Hebrew one lip and words of unitSy the 18 Letters of the same organ, also the lour quiescent letters ^^''^^? often change one for the other (see rule 18) \ they are called quiescent, that is, rest — without a vowel they do not sound. See observaUon on the letters ''*^^^ word n£3^ alluding to the Hebrew, the only language then spoken, and no other, as will appear from the following remarks of the author on the same verse, viz. DHK T\^^ Dnn>? Dn^*n From the literal sense of these words we • T -: • T ;l are informed, tha! both the language they spoke, and the foundation on which it is established, meaning the elements of grammar, are clearly demonstrated : thus, ^l^^^ HDfi!^ one lip, alluding to the Hebrew language, whose S' und and pronunciation is as it were one and the same. Respecting the rules of orthography, the pillar of all languages, whose exuberant rules are so frequently violated, or rather so totally disregarded, that little or no assistance can be derived to pronunciation from either books or masters — in the Hebrew they are found the most simple and attainable, if those few rules which it contains are attended to : in any part of the globe, by whatever nations it may be attempted, the same will be found as it was at first, viz. VVH^ nDC!^ one lip, that is, one mode of sound and pronunciation. The second part of the verse D^^^? DniTI words of units, or rather the unity of words, alluding to etymology ; namely, from the tendency and implication of these words we comprehend a language founded on its own basis, viz. the Hebrew, the mother of all languages, the only one spoken at that time, and which consequently could have no derivation from any other : all words are therefore ori- ginally derived from one and the same root, as will appear in the Lexicon, which is arranged in a manner peculiar to the Hebrew, imputed to its iirst cause, namely, Dn^TI 19 These six without a point are aspirate : — :i Bhieth or Vieth Bh or V. :» Ghimel Gh. T Dhaleth Dh. ^ Choph Ch. 5 Phie Ph. n Thov Th. DnnK the unity of words ; as it was general before the confusion of tongues, so it will be at the end — see Zepha- niah, chap. iii. v. 9. nn^n HQE^ U'm ^K "]3nj^ t^ *D inK DDfiS^ mvSl mn» am dSd ^^ph " For then will I turn unto all nations* a pure lip," that is, the same lan- guage in its original pure sound, (as it was at first) " that they may call on the name of the Lord, to serve him with one consent. "t The word "^9111;? I will turn, from root *^|)n he turned, is generally used in reference (o something before existing : the same language which God infused • The word D^^Jf a noun plaral, from tbe singnlar Q^f ^ people or nation, is generally used collectively, including many nations; thus we find in the same chapter, v. 17, J D^DVH ]fp DDnJjC ^DVSpl " And I will gather you out of all nations," «&c. whence it is confirmed, that the above prophecy is in allusion to all nations, whose form of worship will be one and the same ; see tbe conclusion of the above. t The word eonsejit, in the Hebrew Q^Ji^ a shoulder, is used here metaphorically, the shoulder being a place appropriated to bear a burthen or any servitude, even that of the mind; thus we find in Genesis, ch. xlix. v. 15, J /ISP^ ^^^^ tO^I " And he" (speaking of the tribe of Isachai) " shall incline his shoulder to bear [the buithen of the law]" : the word Q^tJ^ is here used figmatively, denoting one and the same; that is, they shall s-erve God in one form of worship, as is comprehended from the original— the foun- dation of all religion. LETTERS SIMILAR TO EACH OTHER. sh gn mtchzvhdg b ^ 3^ D D n T 1 n 1 J 1 '^ if D rj n \ "> n ^ :i D s ts s m th n y ch r n c into our first parents, spoken by all till the confusion of tongues, (as has been stated in the preface) the same will be returned again. Had the prophet alluded to a new lan- guage^the verb]r}l;^ I will gire, from the root IPJ he gave, would have been used instead of "^^HK I will turn ; thus we find in Ezekiel, chap. xi. v. 19, '^^^^ '^ DH^ ^riilil : D?^n")ip3 \m n^nn mi " And I willgive them oVe heart and a new spirit; such as they never before possessed I will bestow on them." Another remark by the author ox\. the same prophecy of Zephaniah, chap. iii. v. 8. as being Jlie only verse in the bible containing the whole of the Hebrew alphabet, the finals, vowel points, &c. The subject of this verse is a declaration of God's wrath and indignation towards the latter days for the iniquity of the nations in violating the laws of God delivered to them in a pure language, the composition of this verse; God in the following verse pro- mises to return the same towards the latter end, "For then will 1 return," &c. This will be eflfected by means, and •with the assistance of the Almighty, as it is said Joel, chap. ii. V. 28. \ ^^2 Ss Sv ^m") ^D^fJ Ninn DV3 T^m *' And it shall come to pass, on that day I will send forth my spirit upon all flesh, (i. e. all rational beings) to whom my name shall be manifested and known to all," frorh the knowledge of the Hebrew; see Zachariah, ch. xiv. v. \b. : TV-; V ; • - - » V T T T - • .• IV ; -.• t t ; "THK " And the Lord shall be king over all the earth j on that day Jehovah will be one, and his name qwq,''^ 21 FIRST OBSERVATIONS ON THE VOWEL POINTS. A consonant without a vowel is, like a body withoat life, immovable and unutterable ; whence it is evident, that no language can be uttered without vowels. The Hebrew alphabet, consisting of consonants only, would have been inexpressible and totally ineffable, the Points being originally joined to the letters to institute the number of sounds necessary to articulation, and are therefore coeval with the language. God who endowed men with the power of speech, by means of the organs, directed nature at the same time to produce such a variety of sounds as was necessary for the modulation of speech, thus : — Short. Long. The Gutteral I ^ > lu oo. These are the original sounds ; each (according to the idiom of the Hebrew) is capable of being rendered long and short, both of the same sound, as will appear in the following tables. The additional table of the Vowel Points, according to the mode of reading among the Polish and German Jews, with the several remarks thereon, is intended — first, to shew that the different mode of reading between these two sects is only in the sound of some of the vowels, to which slight inacQuracy all languages are subject— differeut people 22 use different dialects : second, to shewllie cause of such change : third and last, the proof of which of the two is original, since there can be but one primitive sound. It has been observed, by way of defence respecting the different f )rms of worship practised in every religion, that a similar distinction prevails among the Israelites, i. e. between the Portuguese and German Jews : the author therefore endeavours to prove the dissimilarity of comparison, by shewing that the difference between the two sects consists only in the mode of pronunciation of the same word, owing to the loss of some of the primitive sounds, particularly of the diphthongs ; ozo and ie being peculiar to the Hebrew, no accurate example could be produced from any other language, and they are therefore left out in the first table, which is composed for that pur- pose, as will appear hereafter, where the reader will observe that these two sounds are still in existence, and it is the author's intention to restore the language to its primitive state, as it was spoken by all during the time they were in possession of the land of Canaan until their dispersion among different nations, whose language they soon learned, and by that means neglected their own. Such was the state of the Portuguese and Spanish Jews, who, being but few in number, became more mixed with those among whom they lived, and from whom they adopted new sounds. This was not the case with the Ger- man and Polish Jews, who at the time of their dispersion were in greater n'lmbers, by which means they kept them- selves more distinct and separate from those among whom they dwelt : the small portion of commerce they enjoyed afforded them mo'-e opportunity to study the law in its original state, and thereby they remained in full possession of the primitive sound, as stated in the second table. This, I trust, will prove sufficient to vindicate the first and second position, namely, the change of sound and its cause. 23 That the change of sound does not alter the sense must "be ascertained by those who know the language ; they will then find that there is but one Hebrew bible, c«Hitaining the same laws, statutes, and commandments, which are observed by all Israel. The third position, namely, the proof of the second table, will appear from the following observations, viz. First — From the two diphthongs ow and ie, whose sounds are equally the production of nature by means of the organs, and ought not to be omitted, but used like the rest of tlje sounds. Secondly — The reader's attention is more particularly requested to this remark, it being without exception the most powerful argument that can be deduced, viz. ]st — From the two vowels (-) and (•.• ) : these two vowels (as will appear from the observation on the second tabic) are original, capable of being rendered both long and short, the same as (t), (.), and (1): the several rules for dis- tinguishing the long vowel from the short the learner will lind applicable to (-) and (.) with regard to the letters ^IHK, which will be found equally attracted from (-) and (.) as Jl^ mah, and HO raaih, &c. 2dly — By rule of quiescent (:) and dagesh, which fol- low the short vowel. 3dly — From the accent, which by rule is joined to the long vowel only : these three signs are peculiar for the distinction of the long vowels from the short ones, in- cluding (-) and (•-• ) and prove their being equal in quality with the rest, according to their arrangement in the second table, by which the mode of reading is regulated. How these two vowels (-) and (.) came to be reduced from their original power and dignity,* according to the * The word diffnity used here is ronsistent with the denominations by which the ancient grammarians dtstiuguished the vowels relative to their sound 24 order of the first table, appears evident from the very cause before stated, viz. that the Portuguese and Spanish Jews, soon after their dispersion lost the primitive sound of ow and ie; and in order to produce the same number of vovvols comprised in their namrs, they were under the necessity to lessen the power of these two (-) and (•••) by placing them among the number of the short vowels, and thereby obtaining ten distinct sounds, thus: haw'thats^ isa^'reT/, chec-rick, chott'lom, and sh o-ruck, accordii>g to the arrangement of the first table, namely, ten sounds, produced from the five names, each composed of two syllables, the first long, the second short ; an observation ■which will be found to correspond with both tables, (never before noticed by any grammarian) whence it will appear that the order of the first table is not original, and that it was only adapted for the purpose above stated. SECOND OBSERVATION ON THE VOWEL POINTS. In the first table of t1''^ ngowlom hongelyown, the upper region ; D/Ij/ ^KVDJ^n ngowlom hocmtsoee, the middle region ; and ]1nnnn D /Ij^ ngowlom hattachtpwn, the lower region. Shewing that he who is called ]V7^ ngelyown, most high God, is comprehended by that point. The shape of (.) yud, the first emblem of eternity, is every where. Psalms, xxxiii. v. 13, 14, &c. This point is found in every other vowel except koamots (^) and pawthach (-), these two being the composition of H he, the emblem of life. This might be further illustrated : first, from the increase of that point in some of the vowels ; secondly, from the attraction of the letters *^^^{ after the long vowels ; but to say more would too much enlarge this publication, being only intended as a grammar. However, the author trusts that the remarks already noticed will be sufficient to prove the veracity of his positions, respecting the knowledge of eternity and the antiquity of the language. 26 LESSON II. FIRST TABLE OF THE VOWEL POINTS, According to the Pronunciation of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, whose number of distinct sounds are divided into— Five long. Five short. Figure. Name. Power. Figure. Name. Power. JiJJ^ kau-mats. .. . an, as in at. ^ pa-tbacli a,* as in at. 'K »•*»•>-■«•« ay, ••.. gay. ^ se-gol e,« If^ chee-rick • • ee, • • • • thee. ^ chi-rik i,» "jj^ choa-loni •• oa, •••- loan. ^ ko-mots o, T If^ .shoo-ruk • . 00, • • • • boot. {< ki-bnts u. To these are added one very short, called ^ shevoa e, '^ chatupb pathach, a, And Ilirce compound vowels < " """'I''' *«°' " ' ' f ^ chatuph koniots, o, fed. sin. don. bull. below. among. edition. other. According to the above table the Hebrew is in general taught by all grammarians, for reasons stated in the obser- vations, and is still practised all over the Fast. The deficiency of the two sounds aw and ie induced them to make such arrangements in the foregoing names of the points as would answer their purpose, in order to produce the number of sounds required, viz. five long and five short. Thi-i mode of reading was the c;uise of many ad- di ioml ruU's respecting the change of vowels, in order to correspond with the first table, particularly on account of (-) and (•••) which are here described short vowels only; and, as will appear in the second table, from the sound of their respective names, they are capable of being long and short, the same as the rest of the long vowels. • These three vowels ID tlie Hebrew sound thus > The same id the second table. : aw ay ee y 27 SECOND TABLE OF THE VOWEL POINTS. Rule 2. — According to the original sound of the language hiihefto preserved by the German and Polish Jews, the number of distinct sounds, as will appear from this table, are seven, two of which are always long, the other five are capable of being both long and short. Seven long. Five short Figure. Name, Power. Hgnre. Name. Power. •^ '*\^ chow-lowm-' ow, as in now. * — ^i^ tsie-rie ie, • • • • die. (There are but few words in the English language simil f ^ to theie two Hebrew sounds. Ji^7{i^{i^ koa-mo(8* • • • oa, oar. r i^ short komots • • o, T as in on. T f^- j^{^ paw-tbach • • aw, • • • • awe. - K ' • • • pathach. . a, at. Hv TMi sai-gel ay, ••-. day. r {^ .... segel .... e, . . • • end. »T ♦{^ chee-rick---- ee, •••- eel. ~ ^ chirik • • i, • • • . ill. ••1 'jj^ shoo-ruk oo, book. r ^ • • . . shurik • • u. . • • . bull. To these are added one very short, called 7 Jif shevoa e, .... below. C r. }i} chatupb pathach, a, . . • • among. And three compound vowels J ^. ^ chatuphsrgel" e, • ••. edition. I - ^ chatuph komots, o. . • . . other. THIRD OBSERVATION ON THE VOWELS. The establishment of the foregoing table has already been confirmed by the fixed rules of grammar ; the several references of quotations, as stated in the observa- • Chowlowm and tsierie are often fouud without the attraction of (^) and ()): this defect does not alter the sound, which is always loig. •• This vowel is often expressed by the word V^^p also D'lQJ^/O alluding to the mode in which the lips are formed to produce the souuds oa and oo. The 28 OF SHEVOA. Rule 3. — Two points perpendicular, thus (:) under a letter are called Shevoa ; which, the* among the rest of the vowels marked in the tions on sounds. The author, in order to support more firmly his assertion on the above, endeavours to lay down one more proof, deduced from scripture ; this, lie trusts, will evince at once the truth of the same, viz. First — From the number of distinct names applied to denominate the vowel sound of the Hebrew language, as expressed in both tables, which are seven,* alluded to in Proverbs, chapter ix. verse I, viz. TWHt^ JiniDV H^VH " Shet has hewn out of her seven pillars of wisdom the foundation of knowledge ;'* derived from the study of the law of God in its original : see Deuteronomy, chap. iv. V. 6, 7, &c. The seven pillars on which the Hebrew language is founded are the seven names of the vowels, expressive of distinct sound, equal in power, and are therefore nominated D07p kings : the first two, viz. (-) and (t:) which from their sound comprised in each name, are always long ; the rest, from the same observa- tioHj namely, each having one long and one short syllable, aaroe is observed from every other name applied to the vowels, each expressing the different motion of the lips in the production of soimd ; as, T*J3p koamots, signifyinfif he gathercth, (a handful) whicli requires the gathering of the five fingers, forming a round O. The same motion of the lips is required to pro* diice the sound oa; the word nHS signifies he opened : to souiid uk he must open the lips. The same is comprehended from the rest of the vowels. • Shevoa and the three compound vowels are not included. See ruk 3. . t (She) speaking of wisdom in the preceding verse, the word nDDH * "**"•* femiDine.singnlar, to agree with the verb H^VH '""''^ 105. T ;t T 29 table, in itself has no distinct sound, even as much as a short vowel : its only use is to shew that the letter over it must be joined to a another letter, either before or after, to form a monosyllable ; if before the letter, it is called pronounced shevoa ; the letter to v»hich it is joined sounds rapidly, like e in below, as *^3 benee, ^'P^ shemang : the shevoa begins the syllable, and the following vowel ends it. If after, it is called quiescent shevoa ; the letter over it does not move, as H.^l dibhrici ^'P^*? iishmee : here the vowel begins a syllable, and the (:) ends it. are the same in power, distinguished by the attraction of the letters ^IHK which follow the long vowels, and cause a double sound from that of the short one : no doubt this was the intent of the prophet, Proverbs, chap. viii. v. 30 : y^m h^^ ^•l^?^ " Then was I by him:" the composition of the word *nNl| are the four quiescent letters, tke prin- cipal and most essential to the language, as they are found, in most words, although they are not always expressed, (when without a vowel) yet the Hebrew could not be read, much less understood, without them. H being left out in the first table, notwithstanding the same being found throughout the whole bible after (-) and (-•) as it is after the rest of the vowels, to distinguish them from the short, is a clear testimony that the first table is the invention of grammarians, for the reasons before stated ; and that the second table is the original will, I trust, be sufficiently understood. 30 ON THE POWER OF SHEVOA. Rule 4. — Shevoa is pronounced six ways, viz. 1. — In the beginning of a word or syllable, as \^S penie. 2.— In the middle of a word after another (:) as ''"^P'?! yilmedoo. 3. — After a long vowel not accented with a pause, as ^^'^'^^ tiengoatseboo. 4. — -Under a letter with a dagesh, as H?^ sapperee. 5. — (:) is pronounced under a letter if the following is the same, as 177n halleloo ; ^^.}^ heenenee ; to preserve the sound of both similar letters. 6. — (:i) After (i) metheg, which is always pronounced, without exception. The learner is to observe, that in all cases where shevoa is pronounced it does not make a syllable by itself, but is joined to the next letter which ends the syllable. OF QUIESCENT SHEVOA. Rule 5. — Shevoa is quiescent, first, after a short vowel not accented, ''^"|.P^^ nilmadnoo ; secondly, two shevos in the middle of a word, 31 the first is quiescent, as ^'^P^^ nil-me-doo ; third, after a long vowel accented with a pause, as »nJtO(5 koa-town-tee ; fourth, at the end of a word, as ^^ at ; or even two shevoas, as ^")^*? oa-mart, ^fHyapht, &c. Rule 6. — All letters, except the letters ^'^'^^^ at the end of a word without a vowel are considered as if they had (:), as ^^11 vay-ya-ngas, ^yn vay ya-ngal ; the ^ and ^ sound as if they had (:) : except ^, 2, and \ which for the most part have (:) under them at the end of a word, as ^t^ at, ?^.!] vay-yieshb, 1?.!! vay-yiebht, 1/ loch. COMPOUND VOWELS. Rule 7. — There are two kinds of compound vowels, 1. primitive, 5. derivative. The pri iiitive compounds are placed under the gutteral letters* VnnK instead of pronounced (:), thus ^:?3;. 1^'^n *!7n UK, for*^^f^^^ &c. OBSERVATIONS. * The utterance of the gutterals from the throat is a mere vocal and aspirate sound ; these letters could not be pro- Bounced properly with the vowel(:) the power of (e) only; The derivatives, — when the same arc placed under any other letter besides the gutterals ; this composition is only found with (-) joined to {;) instead of metheg being placed perpendicular before it, thus (:i): the same line is put hori- zontal after it, thus (":), as ^^l) ^^m for 2r\n yp^^. See observations. for which purpose these three short vowels (-) (•) and (^) are joined to (:) to strengthen both tlie letter and the vowel, and thereby preserve the utterance of the gutterals, shevoa being the original vowel whence all the rules of pronounced (:) are observed in the compound vowels, viz. First — It cannot be placed in the last syllable. Secondly — Two compound vowels cannot come together in the middle of a word. Thirdly — No accent or metheg can be joined to it. Fourthly — Nodagesh can be put in the same letter. FiOhly— Nor can (:) follow it. Sixthly — No word can be composed with compound vowels only. These rules are original, the properties of pronounced (:). Derivative compounds are placed — First — In words wherein two letters are alike, as *'l^n 'V^n O^n ha-la-lee, hi-na-nee, ha-ra-ric. i!^econdly — Under the participle D in the dagesh conju- gation after H emphatic, as npDDH ; ( :) is put here in- stead of dagesh. Thirdly — After ^, as VD^I instead of metheg. Fourthly — In words from the root ^^^? he eat, and *]*n!a he blessed, comes HiyDKh towcha-la-noh, and *J3'l3n te-bo-ra-chie-ncc, &c. 33 Rule 8. — 1. A compound vowel in the middle of a word changes the preceding vowel to the same uncompounded, as ^)^1 for ^^^f ; except when f^ is to have (•) the preceding letter in- stead of (••) takes (••), and (••) under ^ is omit- ted, as"^1'^i^Sfor"i1'!:iJ^, and HK^n for nKVa.— 2. A compound vowel before (:) or dagesh is changed back, sometimes to quiescent shevoa, as 7l!irP for 7iirTj and sometimes to its vowel only, as ItSv: for irSjf^, and V}^1 for '^yr. . 3. Except a compound vowel in the last syllable in words quiescent in third radical ^ as ^^^ ^^}l which in the future ^ and the preceding vowel ( ) are sometimes cut off on account of "l conversive : see rule 60.; the (-:) is there changed to (-), thus, hr^ mil for nSivn ntz^ri. OF DAGESH. Rule 9. — A point in a letter is called Dagesh : if at the end of a word, it is called Mappik, signifying to utter; the H is then pronounced, as n*? loh, n3 boh, which without mappik would sound ^i lo, ^? bo, Dagesh may be either single or double : dagesh is single in the letters ^33 "^^2 when any of them £ 34 begins a word or syllable after a quiescent (:) to take away the aspir-ale (h) from the above ktters, thus ^.^^S pal-gie "^ISfri tiz-cowr : D n D without dagesli would be aspirate ; thus, phal-ghie, thiz- chowr ; and are therefore called single dagesh, because the letter retains the same single sound hard in the beginning of the same word, except after the quiescent letters ^1^^^ ; as,D"i!^f^~*.^? pe nie- thehowm, l^ ''^"!?^1 venibhrechoo bhechoa, &c. the letters n£3D"T^:i are then without dagesh : to this there are four exceptions : — 1. p''^^ map- pik ;— 2. P'P?'? maphseek; — 3. p^n"! decheek; 4. P^nyD ^nf] veoathee merocheek. First — Mappik, signilying to utter : i. e. when the letters ^^^^ are pronounced at the end of a word ; as, DTn'niVn betsee-doh toa-sim, ^^t^^ shoa liev bom, ^3 ^"i^ howy col. Second — Maphsik, signifying a stop or pause : i. e. if the two words are divided by a pause ; as, n^? ' 'i^J^ ngoa-soo | coa-loa, H'^nn ^h low, tir tsoch. Third — Dechik signifying pressing: i. e. a word ending in H with either (r) (-) or ( ) before it, joined to another word by a hyphen (-) ; or both words are accented milngel, that is before the last syllable, whence ^ is crushed between the two words ; as, ^i'^^^ ns-nntp Vi^'T^D ^S n^jr Dn niyxi : this rule includes any letters besides those of HDD m. 35 Fourth — Ve-oa-thee mie-roa-chik; i.e. the rea- sons of the letters begadcephath being dageslied after the letters *1^^ are from some distant cause : J. if the two first letters. in the second word are alike, as ^?? n:Dp ]11 »ni : 2. if the same two letters are labials, and the first has (:) as ♦'Pl^Dn »3 njr-)fln rM2}^ the reason of this dagesh is to preserve the sound of both letters. OBSERVATIONS ON THE LETTERS ^''^^^. These letters are called quiescent because they do not sound without a vowel point ; as, 1J!!1 boa-noo, Twj goa-loh, 1i3 benow, vHK o-ho-lee, and in the middle, as D'Jt^J^")!!! ' • t: T ' • " : berie-shith ; — except the L tter and the preceding vowel are of different organs, viz. the C) bei:ig a palate, sounds by way of dipthong after (1), (T), (t), and (-) ; as, *1JI gowy, ''r?^ goa-looy, ^ri/f^ clow-hoay, Ollj;? a-dow-nai. (1) being a labial, sounds after (r) () and (-); as, V^'2 boa-nov, Vt zeev, w\i^ shoa-liev, wti^n has-lov : the H sounds when with mappik ; as, HS boh, H? loh : the H being a mere breathing of the lungs, has no sound except that which the vowel produces, and is therefore mute whenever it is found without a vowel : the same is observed in K. See table on the vowels. 36 DOUBLE DAGESH. Rule 10. — So called because it doubles ihc letter wherein it is placed, and in general fol- lows a short vowel ; thus, *T^^ lum-mad, "^^l dib-ber. Double dagesh sometimes succeeds a long vowel, if" accented with a pause ; as, ^^^ 13p n^l? for the same reason as has been ob- served with regard to quiescent (:), viz. the additional sound produced by the accent is equal to that of a short vowel, after which shevoa or dagesh must follow. OBSERVATIONS. Double dagesh points out the defect of a letter, ot shews some different meaning of the word, viz. 1. For the deficiency of the first rad. J as ti^^\ for ^^^ 2. I' or first and third rad. i as ]n^^ for IHiiV, and nn^ for n^nj, r. ^ni . 3" For first rad. ^, as Hp; for nj^S*, r. Hph. 4. For third rad. fl, as n^S for rin")3, r" n^S. T— T t:— t' — T 5. For the deficiency of one of the letters in verbs whose second and third radical letters are the same, as H^D for nnnp, r. 220. 6 For the characteristic i of Niphal, as "Ip/H for nphn, r. "T^S. 7. For the characteristic D of hithpael, as HlSjll for ynSnni, r. ^nS. 37 Rule 1 1. — The gutterals "^Vnnx do not regu- larly admit dagesh, and instead thereof com- pensation is made usually in the gutterals, but always in "^ by changing the preceding short vowel into a long one ; thus, — Short Pathach (-) is changed into (^) koamots. Chirik . (.) do. do. (••) tsierie. Koraots (t) do. do. (1) chowlowm. Except ^^ and **, which according to the Me- sorah ^^ is found in four places, and *^ in seven with double dagesh. 8. After 1 conversive to the future, as "1'^K*2*j ^- "^P^- 9. After D preposition (from), as iHDp for IHS ]f2. 70. After H demonstrative, vocative, and relative ; as, WD\^^ to distinguish it from H interrogative and adraira- tive, which has no dagesh after it. 11. To mark the dagesh conjugation of pingel, pungaL and hithpongiel. Sometimes dagesh is compensated by an additional J before the affix : as, IHJ^^D*, r. ^^D and ^iinS^*, r. n^tS^. Dagesh is sometimes placed in the letters "jD^ at the end of a word, and is culled •^^*"1??D ^*}^pj[^ ^^^ ^^^ ornament of reading ; thus, ^D.pi"iK ;;l^i^c mt^p 2irn. * Before (») with (:) dagesh is omitted ; as, 7^'1 Tajecbal. 38 THE DISTINCTION OF SIMILAR VOWELS. Rule 1 2. — In the second table of the vowels it appears that these four marks, viz. (t), (-), (v)^ and (•), are the same in both columns : the rules required to distinguish the long vowel from the short are as follows, viz. 1 . By the attraction of the letters *'i^f*, which generally follow the long vowels ; as, ^^5 boa, np mah, ^l zeh, ^^ lee. 2. By shevoaand dagesh, which by rule must be joined to the short vowel ; as, 1? boch, ^^? at, "rp?^ nil-mad, V^^ shel-mee : these vowels being followed by quiescent (:) are short — the same when followed by dagesh.; as, *^'l ron-nee, ^^l^^ at-toh, *^^^ lim-mied. 3. By the accent, which is always joined to the long vowel, including (-) and (••), by which the long vowels are distinguished from the short ; as, ^^^'^ doa-bhor, 1*?p mai-lech, ^\}^ law-hat, &:c. Rule 13. — (-) is also short before chatuph- komots (-:), a hyphen (-), a mappik (.), and in the last syllable ending in a consonant ; as, Vvl? O'ho-lee, ti^''^^'^ col-eesh, l^njj kor-bon. 39 Rule 14. 1 at the beginning of a word sounds like u in under ; as, HOI u-mah, ^^^ u-bhenee. Rule 15. The distinguishing point on ^ sh, and ^ s, if no vowel goes before it, serves for chowlowm also ; as, ^^^ mow-she, ^^^ sow-nie : sometimes ^ has both points ; if it has no vowel under it, the second is chow-lowm, as "^^^ show-mier ; if it has a vowel, the first is chow- lowm, as D?^^ bow-sem. 40 LESSON III. OF READING AND FORMING SYLLABLES. Rule J 6. — Hebrew is read, the same as it is written, from right to left* — the consonant is pronounced before the vowel ; thus, ^^5 hoa, ^^ gaw, not oab, awg; except (-) at the end of a word under H, 0^ and 5^, the vowel then sounds before the consonant ; thus, ^ ang, ach, and \} ah. * The manner of writing and reading Hebrew, dif- ferent from other languages, is founded on the principles relative to the letters n% the first appellation of the Deity before the creation, shewing eternity without a beginning. These two letters (H*) became afterwards the composition of D'rt/j^ importing mercy and power, the substance of the creation, and afterwards constructed into mn* com- prising the present, past, and future. These three ap- pellations are appropriated to the Deity only ; the first declaring his existence, without beginning, before the creation ; the other two importing his power and existence without end : these three are one and the same ; see Isaiah, xxvi. V. 4— D^aSlV ^n "H rvn *3 " For with the power of n* Jehovah created the world." See observation 7 on rule 60. The second remark on H* is, that from the shape of these letters (as marked in the table) the whole alphabet is formed ; hence it appears that the consideration of eternity is found in the formation of every letter, vowel point, &c. 41 Rule 17. — Syllables are made by the follow- ing rules. First — From the power of the long vowel ; as, ^^I'i^ bow-rie, ^^*^^ roa-shie, Hi^n bce-noah, ^'-^^ koa-moo, kc. We shall also perceive that the mode of reading Hebrew from right to left is agreeable to the language itself, for the right hand is in preference to the left, as can be proved throughout the whole bible ; I shall cite a few passages in illustration of it : — Genesis, chapter xlviii. verse IS — ")1:)nn ^?1n »3 Wi^^ hy ^^^^P*. a^ " Place thy right hand upon his head, for he is the first born." Exodus, chapter XV. verse 6—^32 niKJ "H ^^fy '' Tliy right hand, O Lord, is glorified with strength." Psalm ix. verse 7 — *^^>J.l ^^JP! ny^in "Let thy right hand save me:" and again Psalm xcviii. ver. J, and cviii. 7, and lastly, ex. 1 — *J'P;S 2^ ''^lijh njn^ Ui^: «' The word of the Lord (to Abraham) commanding him to sit on his right hand ;" whence to look up to God we must look to the right. The letters in the word ]'/*J^ begin from the right to the left; but in 7X(D^ signifying left, the letters begin from the left to the right. The following lines are added to assist the learner, by way of exercise, to make himself perfect in reading, be- fore he attempts any further : — Of monosyllables with one long vowel, viz. 1^f ow, 13 bow, N^ noa, np mah. with two letters and one vowel ; as, 72^ el, ]4 hen, Dp kom, \f2 min. with three letters and pronounced (:)j as, 7l"lJ| gedowl, "?j5D pekad. with two shevos quiescent J as, JlQ^ J^P^^^ ''llil^i*^^^' F 42 Secondly — From the use of quiescent (:), which either begins or ends the syllable ; as, n^Jfn tish-meree, 0^1'??;) nil mad-tern, &:c. Thirdly — By the power of double dagesh ; as, ^^^ lim-mied, kc. Dissyllables with one long and one short vowel ; as, *)D}^ oa-mor. with quiescent (:) or dagesh; as, "T/p?^ nil-mad, 1(53 pik-kied. ^ # Of polly syllables ; as, DD'Hlli"!? ledow-row-thie-chem. EXERCISE OF READING. \'Zh loa-chien v IDH chac coo-lee DKi ne-um Hlil* a-dow*" nai DVv leyowm VJ^p koo-mee "1^7 lengied *3 cee ^pStt^D mish-poa-:tee ^1D^?^ le-esowph D^ligowyim ^^Ip^ lekobh- tsee nl^'ppp mam-loa-chowth "^D^^ Hsh-powch D^^Sv nga-lie-hem V2VI za-nga-mce 73 col \T\T1 cha-rown ^^^C ap-pee ^3 cee tJ^K3 be-eish *^l^f^p kin-oa-thee ^pij^^ tie- oa-chiel 73 col { fl^"^ hoa-oa-rets. Zephaniah, chap. iii. verse 8. — This is the only verse in the bible comprising the whole of the alphabet including the finals, the long and short vowels — the whole composition of the Hebrew language. Ver.Oib. »3 cee m oz -jbHiV ehe-powch Sk el, D W ngara-mim HDK^ soa-phoa ^'^'l'i3 beroo-roah N^p7 lik- row DSd chul-lom Cti^'2 beshiem "H a-dow-nai 1T3J^7 Icngobh-dow D3ti^ she-chem J"Tn{^ e-chod. For the trans- lation of this last verse, see observations on the organs. 43 ^ , ON THE CHANGE OF LETTERS. Rule 18. — The letters which are liable to change for each other are as follow. 1 . Those of the same organs or instruments of speech.* 2. The four quiescent letters ^^^^. + 3. The nasals, from a union of sound 4 4. Those which are similar in shape. ^ * The gutterals ; as, ]''K, Hosea, chapter xii. verse 8, for prt, Prov. ch. i. v. 13, substance, labials ; as, IJIl, Psalm Ixviii. v. SO, for "liS, Psalm liii. verse 5, to scatter, palate ; as, I^D, Genesis, chapter viii. v. 2, for *1^D, Gen. ch. xix. v. 6, he shut. linguals; as, HS^J, Nehemiah, chap. xiii. ver. 7, ^ for n3t2^7> Nehemiah, a chamber. dentals; as, V!?J^? '* Samuel, chapter ii. v. I, for "ny, Ps. xlvi. V. 12, he rejoiced. + The quiescent' l^ for »; as, Vip^y to do well, Is. ch.i. ' V.17, formj, r.-n^;. n for 1 ; as, HinS, they shouted, Ex. ch. xxxii. V. 17, for 1V")n, rootm. Iforn; as, 1712^, at ease. Job, c.xvi. ' \. 12, for nS^, r. nht^. ' for-K ; as, jlti^n, former. Job, c. Viii. v. 8, for ]'\m'l r. ^1, t The nasals ; these are the two letters D and i, whose sound is assisted by the nose ; they are liable to chan<*-e for each other, as Dfl^^^V for iH^^jr, Ruth, chapter i. verse 8 ; and vice versa in Ezekiel, chapter xxxiii. verse 26, again Daniel, y^r] for D^p^n, &c. § Similar letters—"! & ") ; as, S^?1^ for 7K1jn, Exodus. 44 OF THE ACCENTS. Rule 19. — Besides the vowel points there are several marks and points fixed to every absolute word (such as are not joined by ma- kaph (") a hyphen) ; these are called accents, of which there are twenty-seven in number ; and they are of equal importance to the lan- guage as the vowels — First — To point out the different pauses re- quired in a sentence : the proportion they bear to the stops used in other languages is the fol- lowing. TheSilluk N* TH Period . . . Athnach . . . . 5)f J | f Colon . . : Sokieph Kotown ^4 I f i Semicolon ; Rebhingee'' . . . {< V^J J Comma . , As much of punctuation as is required in other languages is comprehended in the above lour accents ; but, from the variety of beauties and excellencies, significant and expressive, com- prised in the Hebrew above all other languages, these could not be represented by so small a number as four. Secondly — To constitute a grammatical ex- planation, as will appear hereafter. There are two other marks, viz. -^n^ metheg (i), and ^pj^ makaph ("). See observation. * This accent is always placed in tlie middle of the letter, to.distinguish it''from chow-lowm, which is at the end, thus, rebhingee ^ and chowlowm ^, 45 The thirty accents are divided into nine- teen kings and eleven ministers : the kings are those which point out the distinct pauses in a compound sentence ; the ministers link together those words belonging to the same subject of a simple sentence : their names and figures are as follow. NINETEEN KINGS. Second order <{ First order. ^ silluk or soph posook f^ athnach . . . ^ zokeph kotown }^ zokeph godowl ^ rebhingee ^f tipcho . . ^ segowl . r ^ zarko I ^f tebhir . Third order < K telishogedowlo I ^ pozier . L i< pashto . ^ shalshaleth jlf azlo or gieresh ^ gershangim J^ yethive . . iJ^ pesik . . li^ legarmie _jj karniepoaro Fourth order •^p 46 ELEVEN SERVANTS. ^ kadmo ^ dargo . . . ^ rnunach . ^ maycharciel . fj gnilui . ^ mercho . . ^f merchokphulo ^? mahapach ^ mengalya • . ^? yerach benyowmow ^ telishaketano . . The art of punctuation is represented by the foregoing accents nominated kings, whose power in dividing a composition of words into sen- tences is distinguished from the order in which they follow each other ; they decrease in power as they descend, thus — the silluk, the athnach, the zokeph kotown, Sec. These accents are also Euphonic (producing an agreeable sound) ; for the Hebrew when read in public is uttered by way of chanting, which enables the reader to express himself with more ease, to give due force and exact proportion to each word. 47 THE SEAT OF ACCENT. Rule 20. — Two places are appropriated for the fixing of the accent, viz. I. ^"17? mil-rang, i. e. on the last syllable of the word ; 2. ^\J^Sp mil-ngel, i.e. on the syllable before the last. OBSERVATIONS. The usual place for the accent is on the last syllable, and it is never removed from thence except for some gram- matical reason — to distinguish the different meaning of the same word, viz. First — To point out the noun from the verb; as, Hy^ accented milngel, is a verb — to consider. Proverbs, chap- ter V. verse 1 ; but n^B accented milrang, is a sub. fern, sing. -^understanding, Proverbs, chapter iv. verse 5. Secondly— To point out the root; as, 1^5^ Genesis, chapter xxxiv. verse 29, a verb, third pers. masc. plu. pret. kal. — they took captives, root T}!lp he led captives ; but l^tj^ accented milngel, Jeremiah, chap. xi. v. 10 — they turned back, root mti^ to return. Thirdly — To point out the dijGferent tenses ; as, ^tD1p Zephaniah, chapter iii. verse 8, accented milrang, a verb, the infin. kal. C) the inseparable pronoun of the first pers. root Dip to rise, that is, when I rose up ; but VJlp Genesis, chapter xxi. verse 8, imp. second pers. fern. sing, from the same root Dip rise thou, masc; ''f2')\> rise thou, fem. Thus rvre found instances almost in every chapter where the meaning of the same word entirely depends on the seat of the accents ; whence it is evident, that the accents are as essential to the attainment of a true knowledge of the language, as the vowel points arc to the true reading ; and that both are coeval with the characters can no longer be doubtful. 48 THE POWER OF METHEG (i) AND MAKAPH (-). Rule 21. — Great attention is required to the above two marks, particularly of melheg, being of the utmost import in this study. See absenta- tion. The mark of metheg is a perpendicular line under the letter ( t ), the same as that of siUuk, and they are thus distinguished : the silluk is always placed under the last syllable at the end of a verse, the same as a period after the finish- ing of an entire sentence ; whereas the metheg is found in almost every word according to the rule of metheg : if the same is in the beginning of a word under a letter whose first vowel is (:) it is called ^^'3;^^ gang-yoa (:i) ; it is found eighty- four times in the Pentateuch (and no where else) according to the number of the letters in the 1 10 70 3 word K^^ OBSERVATION ON THE USE OF METHEG. First — To discover the rooi ; as, ^^p\ X? they sleep not, Proverbs, chapter v. verse 16, the metheg shews (>) is the first rad. r. ]pl he slept ; but ^^p] ^h they repeated not, Job, chapter 29, verse 22, without metheg, the root is ilitf^ he repeated, (>) is here the formative of tlie future ; the same 1^^")^^ and they saw, root HK"! he saw ; but 1^C"I*^ and he feared, root N'n* he feared, tlie metheer shews that (>)is the first radical. 49 Rule 22. — The use of makaph or hyphen (") is to join two words under one accent ; as, nriD-p-.ni2^0-7X h^n^ 0ii}-mii, when this line is found perpendicular, it is called pesik (a stop) ; the reader must make a long pause between the two words, as if something is understood : Genesis, chap, xviii. ver. 21, ^^7? ' ^^J' literally " Have they done it altogether ;" but the true sense is thuSj'lfi^J^ "Have they done it (presump- tuously);" ^z*? "A consummation or completion" shall follow. See Tarchi on the same. Observe, that the hyphen {") joins the words together; but the pesik (i) separates the one word from the other. Secondly — To discover the tense ; as, Hlpt '' She has remembered," Lamentations, cb. i. v. 7, third pers. fern, sing. pret. kal.; but TT\'2\ Nehemiah, chap. v. v. 19, >vithout metheg, is in the potential mood, expressed by the additional H (rule 116J " Remember me, I pray thee, (or if it please thee) O Lord." Thirdly — To compensate for dagesh in J2 participle after H demonstrative ; as, 1/I?7pn npDfPn ; also some- times under n interrogative and adrairative ; as, tS^^J^H 1V'DT\ instead of (-:) : also under the prefixed letters D/DH before a gutieral to monosyllables ; as, DH? HKp «&c.; and before a (-) ; as, ^^"nnti. Fourthly — To shew the true reading with regard *■•?• nm-i pits'. niii'igttB. nlm^^awes. nlKni^***". 56 Rule 29. — Example of nouns with number and gender : — Masculine. Feminine. A day D1^ S. ^^J? A year. Two days . . . D!^^^ D. DlD^f Two years. Days ..... Q^P: P. ^W Years. A thousand . . ^^f^ S. ^^p A hundred. Two thousands ^%)^ D. C)!D{?? Two hundreds. Thousands . . ^'P% P. HlJ^D Hundreds. Others which are feminine in the singular have a plural masculine, viz. F. S. niV a dove, HtOn "^eat, p^t 0'''^. HV*^ an egg. M. P. D^jv <^o*"« D^bn — D'D^t "I'vps. D**i*!Il eggs. Fourthly. — Nouns common to both genders, some of which agree with the masculine ; as, "IJll a garment, 0^0 a rod, npp a staff, &c.: others with the feminine ; as, ||"1N earth, ti^pl a soul, HT) breath, ]pli wine, &c. Fifthly. — The five principal members of the body, viz. ^H1 a head, niD brains, .^7 a heart, 123 liver, and US a mouth, are of the masculine gender : the rest of the members are of the feminine gender ; as, "l^ * hand, ]»y the eye, &c. Sixthly. — Some have but one gender in the sing, and both in the plural ; as, masculine singular Dyj^ a bone, plural D'pVV, and DiDVV bones ; 113^ ayear, feminine singular, plural D^^t^and JllJtJ^ years: some have no singular, as D*^9 face J others no plural, as HQ a mouth, &c. 57 CASES OF NOUNS. Rule 30. — Cases are made by particles pre- fixed, thus : — Nom Gen. '^f of Dat. . ■'? to Ace. "n.^*a Voc. . 'D 6 or the ( "P from l^ in or on Abl. 17? , a king. 1^5. V of a king. 17.5? to a king. •^^DTOaking. lyjfl^ o or the king. 17?P from a king. 179? i^ or on a king. The same particles are joined to nouns fern, as, O'^^*? to woman, kc.\ also to the plural of both genders, as, C30*7^n O kings, nlnlD^ to laws, kc. OBSERVATIONS ON THE WORD DK. * n^, as alluded to in the introduction, is by all gram- marians considered as the mark of the accusative case — sometimes of the nominative ; they also regard the change of (.. ) to (.• ) to be made on account of construction. The design of the author's remarks is to prove that the word DK is not always the sign of the accusative, being found in most places to denote the preposition with, Sec; and that the change of (•) to (.) is of more importance than the mere rules of construction, as will now be shewn. There are two roots from which tire word HX has its derivation — First, from the root nJlK an undeclinable verb, H 58 Rule 31. — 7 ^^ ^^ ^"^ ?> ^^<^h often supplies the sense of the rest, except the vocative, and the ^ that of the ablative. where the second and (liird radicals arc the saaie, like ^!2D — Second, from the root lllJ^ a sign, quiescent in the second radical T like Dip to rise, or 1 like ^W to return ; whence it will appear that the word D^ has its meaning from the root from whence it is derived ; tlius we find in Genesis, chap. v. verse 22, D^H^N*!! DK "f'On ^'pHnn " And Enoch walked (with) God ; again, Exodus, chap. i. ver. I, "And these are the names of the children of Israel who came into Egypt ^pV^ DK (with) Jacob." — The same is observable in the junction of ^^? with the inseparable pronouns ; as, ''HH with me, '^^l^? with thee, &c. The dagesh in D compensates for the deficiency of one D which is omitted (see rule 64, observation 1 on the verb ^^D ) ; but when the word Dii is derived from Dli^ a sign, it is always used to signify the accusative, and generally comes between two nouns following the verb, to express the true meaning ; as, Genesis, chap, xlvii. verse 6, ^DV Nl^*^ ^' And Joseph brought ^pV^ (^^) Jacob ;" again in the same verse, Hp^l T)^''.! " and Jacob blessed HVID (DN) Pharoah :" in these sentences the object could not be understood without the word Ht^y which is to point out who brought and wlio blessed ; the word Dii therefore in these instances is a just term to denote the accusative case. When the same is used with the pronoun affixes, as ^JliK me, "^nlt^ thee, the word Di^ can have no other meaning tlian the root from which it is derived, namely, a sign to direct the reader. Many more instances might be brought to prove the trulh of this assertion — those adduced will be sufficient to enable the reader to judge of the rest. 59 Rule 32. — ^The genitive ^^ of, is used only in the Prophets and Rabbinical Hebrew ; in the Pentateuch it is suppUed by an ellipsis ; as, Sx-ijp! f?p the king (of) Israel, "^V^ DiV' the With regard to the change of (•• ) to (.• ), I shall endea- vour to shew that it is not general, and that in many places the word DK is neither the sign of the accusative nor even the preposition, as will appear from Genesis, chap, xxxvi. ver. 3, %r] nl^nKH'SsTIK iriN* '^Vyh^ ^S ^3 " For to thee and to thy seed will 1 give all these lands ;" again, in the following verse, SnH nH^niVH Ss DK ^ntS ^rinjl " Then will I give to thy seed all these lands." The literal sense of these two passages seems to be the same : if it be really so, why the change of point under DJ^ ? Since both are in construction and should therefore have the same vowel; hence it will be seen that the word nX implies something more, and that it is often used to signify the whole of the object, as will be evident from its compo- sition, being composed of the first Jind last letters oCthe alphabet, which include the whole language. The true sense of these two passages, will be found by referring t*> Genesis chap. xv. ver. 17, 20, which contain the whole of the promise made by God to Abraham ; namely, that he would give to his seed from the river of Egypt to the great river Euphrates, including ten countries, viz. ^^p n^^i? ^pip_ ^m nn£) ^D^y ^'pyi: ^m^ np^ and d^j^dS* the Kenites, Kenizites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Jebusites, Gergoshites, Canaanites, Amoriles, and He- phaira. This has never been fulfilled, for they pos- sessed only the last seven out of the ten, as expressed in Genesis, chap, xxxvi. ver. 3, where it is said — *' To thy seed I will give those lands ;" that is, the seven last 00 peace (of) thy brethren — -^^ being understood by rule, viz. — ^Two nouns of different meaning coming together, the second is in the genitive case. countries only, for they never had yet possessed any more ; but in the following verse, where God continues his pro«» raise, thus — " When they shall multiply as the stars in heaven, then will I establish the oath I swore to Abraham, and then will I give them ^)^f the whole of my promise :" again. Genesis, chap. i. verse 1, V*l.¥'7 ^— ^''P?^D ^^ *' In the beginning God created Dl^ the whole of the hea- vens, riKI and the whole of the earth," i.e. every thing included above and below — all was created by the divine will at the same instant : again. Genesis, chap. i. ver. 18, " And God made the two great lights," &c. &c. JlK") D^IlDSn " and the stars also," i. e. the whole of the stars. Hence the learner will find that in these and many more instances the word Dt^ can neither imply the accusative nor the preposition ; that its meaning can be no other than that which it proves to be, namely, *the whole of the object to which it is joined . 61 OF PRONOUNS. Rule 33. — There are five kinds of Pronouns. 1. the substantive ; 2. the possessive ; 3. the demonstrative ; 4. the relative ; and 5. the in- terrogative ; which in the Hebrew are either distinct words called separable, or affixes called inseparable, viz. Sepal able pronouns, signifying the agent. Inseparable pronouns are affixes, which when joined to nouns signify the possessive — to verbs and adverbs, the patient — to infiDitive participle, agent or patient. 1 C. ojfc or »:l^^ To N Singular. 1~ DUNS Plural. Ac. Pat. Pos. I me my 2 M. 2 F. 3 M. 3 F. riK Kin Kin or ^^♦n in-rr T 1'! t: V- T V thou thee thy thou thee thy he him his she her hers > En a 1 C. liK or ^im or ^i^niK ir 1J»" we us our 2 M. 2 F. S M. njriK or ]JT^^^ n6n or DPI p': iD*-Dn-D- 1D»~Dh»- ye you your ye you your they them their ■1 3 F. mn or in in-i: 17: they them their The above are the personal and possessive pronouns ; the rest are as follows : — The demonstrative pronoun nt this, masc. riKT this, fem.; as, tJ^^Kn this man, ntJ^Kn DKt this woman: the plural niK these, common to both genders. The relative Ipij! or the pr .fixes n or fit^ who, or which that, common to both genders. * A pause accent transposes (f :) to (:t); as r]S for ?|S and "^^ for ?]3 ' &2 Rule 54 — An example of a noun with the inseparable pronouns. Masculine. Feminine. Sing. Plural.* SiNG.t Plural. My A song. Songs. 1 c. A law. Laws. ♦nilin Thy Thy His TIT' iiT' 2 M. 2 F. S M. vni-iin Her T • nn»^ 3 F. nniin n^nmn ' Our <> liTfii^ i:nT 1 C. i:n"iin ii»nnin . Yoar DDn^jt^ DDn»j2/ 2 M. DDnmn D:D^ninin St Your Their ]^y^ 2 F. 3 M. Their H'^ ]nn;^ 3 F. inT'n ^n^ni-iin Rule 35* — The first vowel [r) is changed to (:) on account of the affix, viz. Masculine. Feminine. Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural. My A word. Words. 1 c. A year. Years. Thy Thy »• — T 2 M. 2 F. l^nlia^' &c. The interrogative pronouns J *p, MD, nip, who, what, why, &c. — < / - * The pinral masc. drops Q final before the affix pronoun; the » remains to distinguish the noun pin. from the sing, which causes some change iu the vowels. t n> **»« characteristic of the fem. gender, is changed to ^ before the affix, which is never found with dagesh. i The interrogatite p|D before a word whose first letter is either ^, ^, 63 DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. Rule 36. — The particles, specifying the cases, (rule 29) are prefixed to the inseparable pronouns denoting the patient, thus : — . Gen. ■ Dat. Acc. 7 «» DN » Abi ^ from ^ in or on ♦— 'nti^ • '^ ^niK '^^P ^•l Me 1 C. ,1- 1- in Thee Thee Him 2 M. t F. 3 M. a n- T nn Her Us 3 F. 1 C, DD- DD"?!^' D3'7 DliDK DDDD DD3 You 2 M. Dn- Dnn You Them 2 F. 3 M. si \^T ]^i^ \^i ]n'\t^ in» 10? Them 3 F. OBSERVATIONS. First. — The ablative adds i in the first pers. com. and third fem. to distinguish it from the interrogative V2 and HD the rest add only D with dagesh, to compensate for J from ]f^ ; before DH and ]T} the D takes (-) to compensate for dagesh in H being incapable. Second. — The dagesh in 3 the third masc. sing, is to compensate for H from KIH the pronoun (him), instead of in^Dp, and is therefore omitted in 3 of the first pers. com. plur. to shew that 12 is the inseparable pronoun (us), from 1J^? (we). or -|, the J2 is with(T); as, ^li^e HD ^'2'l HD X^i^T} HDI = before n or 3; it is with (•); as, 1i>»n HD ^l^^t is our life? H^Jt^V HD = '^ before any other letter of the alphabet, f2 '^ with (-); as, m"iJ3 HJS iDJi^ nS • *r before a verb or pronoun of the second and third person, it takes 0)7 as, Tiin ^D Kin ♦» r\ii ♦»♦ 64 NOUN ADJECTIVE. Rule 37. — The adjective, or adnoiin, is ori- ginally masculine singular, and is made to agree with its substantive in number and gender, thus : — Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem. Sing. ^^'^^ ^^ HnlO ^M^ ( hSIIJ Rule 38. — The adjectives in the Hebrew are placed after the substantives. Masc. Feiw. Sing. niD D"i* a good day. , nilD nJ2^ a good year. Plur. D^^lD D^D* good days. nl^lD nii^ good years. Rule 39. — Nouns denoting employment are for the most part masculine ; as, '^P^ a scribe, DDIti^ a judge, ^^^^ a watchman : they are sel- dom made feminine, as it is not customary for women to have those employments. Some have a different name; as, "^?,^ a man- servant, nnsii^ a maid-servant, &:c. except a noun of lineage ; as, Hf ^ an Ebrew, H^P an Third. — The accusative Jlf^ when joined to the inse- parable pron. (v) is changed to 1, being derived from ^1^? a sign, except in the second and tliird pers. plur. (Ois retained, which in (he third pers. is sometimes regular, as it, is in the table, instead of ]T}r\^ and DHni^* 65 Egyptian, being originally adjectives, form the feminine singular by adding ^ ; as, ^H^V an Ebrew woman, nnVD an Egyptian woman: plural by adding j-^i* to the singular ; as, nin^iV THE DEGREES OF ADJECTIVES. Rule 40. — The comparative degree is formed^ First, by *^ prefixed to a noun or pronoun, pre- ceded by a verb in the same sentence ; as, liDD npvy '3 '' Thou art stronger than we," Genesis, chap. xxvi. ver. 16 — Second, by the adverb TK)9 very much ; as, "TtiD 'JiN m Tl^l "l?.^ *' The Lord has blessed my master very much," Genesis, chap. xxiv. ver. 35. The superlative degree is formed — First, by prefixing ^ to a substantive preceded by an adjective ; as, D'K^Jl np*n " Thou art the fairest among women," Solomon's Song, chap. vi. ver. 1 — Second, by the repetition of "^^^^ ; as, "^i< ^^n^?^ " And 1 will multiply thee to the greatest num- ber," Genesis, chap. xvii. ver. 2, kc. Rule 41. — Adjectives admit of the several cases, like substantives ; as, ^Iton that which is good, 5^17 to evil, ^It^p from good, &:c.; except the gen. 72^. which is always understood before the adjective, the same as before th^ substantive. I 66 Rule 42:. — Grammarians have reduced the several appellations of" nouns (noticed in the observation on rule 24 ) to the number of three. First, "129^'^'^ ^^^ a noun expressing number, a numeral noun, divided into figurative* and verbal. + * The figurative numbers arc expressed by the letters comprising the alphabet, including the five finals, making a total of twenty-seven letters, which are divided into — 1 .. 2-. 3.. 4.. 5.- 6-. 7 .- 8.. 9.. ..n -. J .-1 .-n -- 1 -- r --n 10 .- ' 20 ..D 30 .. h 40 . . a 50 -. :i 60.. D 70 .. y 80 .. fl 90 .. \f Nine Hundreds. Thousands 100 .. p « 200 .. n h 300 . . ti^ n 400 ..n i| 500 .. -| 600 .. D 1 » • ^1 700 .. ] 800 .. ^ 900 .. V Tlie other form second dii Thousands arc made either by units accented or words, as — I II 1000 - . p)7K K 2000 d^dSk n 3000 — " \'j 4000 — h 5000 — 6000 — 7000 — 8000 — 9000 — In joining numeral letters, the highest is placed first, thus— J^'» U, y 12, i'» 13, T 14; and instead of using II II n* and V for 15 and 16, we say or write ID for 15, and TD for 16, because the above letters form that glorious name Jehovah, and are therefore omitted in numeration. // // // II The present aera, according to A. M. is ^y'^7^ 5576, or thus— IVpn n 5576 ; the days of a year are HDt!^ 365. t The verbal numbers are expressed by words, as one, two, three; or first, second, third, &c.; and are divided into four parts, viz. the absolute, relative, distributive, and collective. 1. The absolute is a number fully comprehended by it- self, and has no relative to any other word, as one, two, &c. 67 Second, DVVn Up the name of a substance ; also called *^?[7 ^P the name of a thing, i. e. eveiy thing that has a name. Third, '^i^'inn D;;^ a name denoting the quality of a thing — an adjective or adnoun. 2. The relative is a number governed by some other word, as first, second, third, &c. 3. The distributive is that number which denotes a part or portion of a thing, as half, quarter, &c. 4. The collective is a word comprising many things of different kinds and species, yet is in itself of tlie singular number, as a day containing twenty-four hours, a score the number of twenty. The verbal numbers are divided into masculine and fe- minine, each divided into absolute and regimen, viz. Masculine. Femimne. Absolute.* Regimen. Absolute. Reo:inicn. "T^^? -THNt 1 One J^ nn?< n^^^ D^isi^ ^;p 2 Two :i O^Pip ^np r^fjk^ np^p 3 Three ji uhp tii%' ^/?Y^ nyy]i^ 4 Four n VTk Vi•^? n^bn ntf^an 5 Five n ^6r} j^pn f]pp ^PP 6 Six , 1 ^P ^'p rif'ip nvn^ 7 Seven r v^P y^p riiip r\}Dp 8 Fight n r]pp npti^ r^vp'h nvph 9 Nine D ypn ~mr\ ^y/z ^'^'py 10 Ten 1 '^'py ^p'v * Observe in this column from 3 to 10 the masculine ends in j^, the fem- inine is without ,"| except n^'Oti^ eight : the feminine has (... ) before (pj-.- ) n^DK^ to distinguish it from the mascnline, which has (t) nyOti^* 68 Above ten there is no difference between the absolute and regimen, viz. Masculine. Feminine. *m' y or nnx 11 Eleven K» ♦nii'j; ornnj^ D»it^ 12 Twelve n» D^n:!> n^Sjj^ 13 Thirteen T t^^ip nynnK 14 Fourteen -T* V2n^< r 15 16 Fifteen Sixteen n .^■^G ^'^ - nvnts^ 17 Seventeen ?» jrntt^ n^Dts^ 18 Eighteen n' n^Dit^ T 19 Nineteen D* j^^ri Twenty is made by adding D* to IS^V 10; the same D* is added to the units of the feminine absolute, to form the tens, thus: DHJi^jr 20, D^whtt^-SO, D^n^NMO, U^p^HbO, n^pu^ 60, 0'V2p 70, Dobti^' 80, D'vt^n 90, nN,tj"ioo, femin. sing., plural DiKD hundreds, dual U^IlijtD 200; ^7K 1000, masc. sing. D^D^N* thousands, raasc. plural, D^^^^? 2000, dual. OP THE RELATIVE NUMBER. AlASCtXINE. \>P First Second Thiid '>T'2r\ Fourth ^L^^on Fifth w0 Sixth ^V^DJJ^ Seventh '^Dti^ Eighth *y»tt^h Ninth *T^^. Tenth Feminine. n\i^ or " nw n^^'pri n^Tpn A bo ve 1 there is no difference between the absoUite and rfiti- men, and above 20 no distinction in gender. — The concord of nu- meral nouns with other substan- tivcs from 1 to 10 inclusive — a numeral adjective sinp. takes a plur. snbstantive, as D^)^* ^JJJf two days, Q^^t^^" HtJ^SijJ '*»•■« years, D^J^>i^? r\VT\H fo"' • - T -: T T : - mcii ; P|7X * thousand, follows Uie aaoae rule, as D^JC^ ^7K • T i-.-iv a thousand years, &c. above 10 ^ the substantive is in the sing, as DV 12^ynV3"l{< 14 fJays ; HNVIO too, follows the same rule, Gen. ch. xxiii. v. 1, D*i2^ Vi^^VriiK^ DnJi^jri"n:t5^'nK/p "One hundred years, and twenty years, and seven year*." 69 A NOUN OF PORTION. By this notin is expressed the part or portion into which a thiiifif is divided : it has two genders — the masc. as ^y^Il"\ the fourth part, ^^11 or n*;^nD half, and SJ^^W the third part ; the feminine is expressed by the r« lative, as staled in the foregoing table, and is distinguished thus : the relative comes after the substantive, as H^VO'^n HitS^ the fourth year, &c.; but the n.mn of portion precedes the substanUve, as I^HH r^pwU!^ the third part of a (mea- sure called^ hin, HSKH DH^K^J^ the tenth part of an ephah, another name of a measure. THE COLLECTIVE NOUN. This noun is used — First, to express a quantity of weight, measure, or sums of money ; also a certain number of days, monlhs, y ars, &c.; as, VMlli^ a week, i.e. seven days; tt^Till a month, i.e. four weeks; JlJtJ^ a year, i.e. twelve months, or 3G5 days ; /IIV a jubilee, a number of fifty years, &c. — Second, to denote a certain number of a na- tion or thing, and is expressed, first, by the collective noun (all) as Di^H 73 all the people ; second, by the verbal noun masculine regimen, as n1ni7 ♦J[tJ^ the two tables, n'>'p^p \:ii^ the two sheep, D»p^ ri^ two days, yWf2 na^rn 6'bl ntr^ Exodus, chap^ xxiii verse 12, " Six days shalt thou labour ;" by which is understood that the tables, sheep, and days were alike ; but D*^1*)3 D^JJi^ the two cherubims, the one resembling a male, the other a female ; the same is observable in Genesis, chap, xviii. verse 4, O'mji^, H^SlT T]^;:}] " The three men coming to Abraham," each on a different mission- (See Yarchi on the same.) Nouns of this form often admit of afl[ixes ; as, DDn^W WV '* Go ye out, all three of you," Numbers, chap', iii. ver. 4 ; DflVn'^KS HHi^ DID"! " One likeness T : — : — : T ••• : to all four of them," Ezekiel, chap. x. ver. 10, &c. 70 THE CHANGE OF VOWELS. Rule 43. — Nouns frequently undergo a change of some of their vowels on account of number, gender, absolute, in construction^ and affixes. See the table. Masculine. Affixes. Plural. Construe. Absolute. Affixes . D^jnK »^n{< □nDb nDD D^ni^ .^n^; D^rinx onK O'RIV »p-rv D^nn »n^2 • T ; Singular. Construe. :ii^ tirnp n^3 I All niiins of ilija form foltou the' me ADSOinie. j i''t'"'«=»a° >P'e. 1^1 lA word. P^N A lord. "iQpJAbook. niS«'-ilS"|A heart. J _ is jAn enemy ti^l^pHoly. 1 t ....... :in3 Justice. A bouse. Wri ting Feminine. Singular. m':i^' nbnS^ T — • T n • Plural. npnSp nonn mt2^" A year. Trouble. Altw. nca^ A lip. A blescinif. War. Dry land. Observe, this is one reason for the change of vowels; there are several other reasons which cause these changes both in nouns and verbs, viz. - First — On account of dagesh, that is, nouns derived from irregular verbs, where dagesh is required to compen- sate for the deficiency of a letter, the long vowel is changed to a, short one, thus, sing. 17 pin D^ , plural D^pfl W'lpl mnS, rootanS ppn Dn\ "' ' 71 Secondly — On account of quiestent (:), which requires a short vowel before it ; as from "^£30 comes n£)p , and from p^V] comes ''p^r}. Thirdly— On account of a hyphen (-), which changes the long to a short vowel ; as from 73 HK comes 73~nK &c. Fourthly — On account of the pause accent, which al- ways changes the short into a long vowel ; as l^'lt^ for \*'^^?. Fifthly — On account of gender, to distinguish the mas- culine from the femin., in nouns hemantiv ending in Ht, as njpD n^nb ; also a few adjectives, as HD^ nj?i"l Pl'^in ; being originally feminine, are made masculine by chang- ing the last vowel (t ) into (••) ; the construction in both genders terminates in (••)• The author's remark on the above, wherein it will appear that the change of vowels, both in nouns and verbs, in many instances is no other than the production of nature, originating from that powerful unity which exists between the letters and the vowels, the composition of the organs; whence the reader will find the utterance more easy if the letter and vowel are of the same organ, or near each other, than if they were of different organs : this may be ob- served in the two nouns "]7p. and p'Vi the reason of the one( ,.) being changed to (-) and the other to (.) is no other than to facilitate the utterance, the D being a labial, the opening of the lips will produce the sound D mah, as *37D which with any other vowel would not be found §o easy : this case will appear in the sound of ^S^V tsidcee, the 5^ will rather have (.) than any other vowel. — The same reason for the change of vowels is also observed in verbs, viz. in the future of kal, hiph. andhithpo. where the formatives take (.) the K will have (••)> because i^ being a guttural will sound much easier with (■), as vK el, ti^K esh, than with (.), as il, ish : thus the reader will find in most cases that the change of vowels is merely to facilitate the utterance of the same letter. 72 LESSON V. ON VERBS. Rule 44. — A word signifying action or pas- sion is called 73^1D a verb/' varied by moods, tenses, conjugations, number, person, k gender. OF MOODS AND TENSES. Rule 45. — The Hebrew language has three moods— the indicative, imperative, and infini- tive ; and two tenses only — the preter called *^^i^+ signifying the time past, and the future called "^^OJ^ signifying the time to come ;% and * The word 7J^15 (as will appear hereafter) is a parti- ciple from the root vVS he worked, whence comes 7^19 signifying a man who is working ; from this circumstance, it becomes the term to denote a verb, because a word that denotes action ; the several variations and modifications of the same word, in every part of its inflexion, may justly be deemed a labour. t The distinction of time in the preter, namely, the perfect and pluperfect (as noticed in other languages), also the first and second future, are in the Hebrew discovered from the use of Iconversive, CSee rule 65.) X Both the preter and the future are often used to express the time present, especially in the parts of prophesy, where the preter is used instead of the future ; also in the poetical parts of scripture, where the preter is used to express the continuation of doing a thing ; also such as are customary, lawful, or desirable to do. 73 instead of the present tense is used the parti- ciple called *^''^^?* signifying between, i. e. be- tween the past and the future ; it has at times the signification of a substantive. See observation. Rule 46. — The root from whence Hebrew words have their derivation consists of three letters, which in general is a verb, expressing the third person masculine singular of the pre- terpluperfect tense, t pointed (-t), as \'?^ he * A word in the form of the participle of an active con- jugation ; as, kal. /VID one man who wo;ks, from 7^3 he worked ; ^i^'ifi^ one who watches, from 1D5t^ he watched ; pee-ngiel ."^DSP ""'^ ^^*^ teaches diligently, from ^D*? hiph-ngil /nnQ one who causes a separation, from ^"13. Sucli words are often used as substantives, viz. /VlQ a workman, 1/t3lti^ a watchman, "TPyp a teacher or preceptor, "^n^^ separation, i. e. the thing which separates ; and are subject to construction, regimen, &c. t That God himself is the author of the Hebrew has been already shewn in the observations upon the shape and power of the alphabet, and upon the remarks on the vowels, &c.; the same will now appear from the construction of this divine language. The root of a Hebrew verb, dif- ferent from that of all other languages, consists of three letters, comprising the third person masculine singular of the preter. This is a circumstance in allusion to the Deity, of whom we have no other knowledge than from his eter- nal existence, viz. that he was, is, and will be ; compre- hended from the three letters of the root T\''T\ he was whence all Hebrew roofs take their meaning, namely, the third masculine singular preter (he) the unknown person. K abode; some have {-•'), as i^7P he was full, and a few (\) as 7^^^ he was able;* see Exodus, chap. xl. ver. 36. To this root it is that we must look for the meaning of every word ; and hence we are continually admonished of our dependence on that Almighty Being, who is the source of our existence, and the author of our actions ; this is demonstrated in Proverbs, chap. iii. ver 6, ^OIT ^D3 ^^nlmlK ^py Kini inVl «« in all thy wayVknow (acknowledge) him, and he will direct thy paths." The word '^"I'l is often found to express action, the actions of man being in reality his ways. Thus it is said, Genesis, chap. vi. ver. 9, HJ iSnnn D^^S^?rl HIJ " And Noah walked with God ;" that is, he acted like him, or rather in obedience to his will : the same we find by Abraham and the rest of the patriarchs. Hence we are authorized to interpret the passage in Proverbs thus — " In all thy ways or actions know antl acknowledge him (who first acted — the Almighty, the creator of all things) :" impute not the power of action to thy own understanding, but rather to him by whose divine influence thou art enabled to act. See the preceding verse of the above, Proverbs, chap. iii. ver. 5, ]yfr\ hi^ ^n:^n Ski " Do not lean upon thine own understanding, but confide in God." — The root of the Hebrew verbs consisting of three letters, in the third person masculine singular of the preterpluperfect tense, cannot therefore but point out the origin of the language, and keep us in remembrance of our contijiual dependence on its Almighty Author whenever we study the oracles of his divine will. * Of the three different forms of the vowel points to the root, those in the form of (- ^) are in general transitive, the action has an effect upon some object ; as, ID^ he 75 OF CONJUGATIONS. Rule 4 7. — Conjugation is a varying of the same verb, in order to express its different mode oi signification. The Hebrew has seven conjugations ; three active, three passive, and one which is both active and passive ; their names and meaning are as follow, viz — I./'iZkal, or ^>f3 poa-gnal,* 2. ^^*^} niph-ngal, 3. ^VS pee-ngiel, 4. ^VB pu- ngal, 5. Vypn hiph-ngil, 6. ^F^k} huph-ngal, 7. Vj/Snn hith-poa-ngiel. taught (some person), -whence comes the passive *tp/Il he was taught ; those with (•• t), as |(PJ he was old, )^Sn he delighted, are for the most part intransitive, i. e. they do not admit of a passive ; but those with ( V)> as ^IDp he was little, /ID^ he was able, are always intransitive ; and to know the one from the other, place the in'crrogative pronoun *D who, or Hl^ what, before the verb ; if it m vke sense with either, as /DJ*? TM2 what did he eat ? or *1D^ *D who or what did he watch ? — The answer will be the passive, viz. 1. /DNi "l^^H the meat was eaten, 2. "l/p^^i ]^'^r} the flock was kept, &c.; but such as *^Sn he walked, ]ti^* he slept, do not admit of the pronoun *D who, or np what ? such are therefore intransitive, having no passive. * The word 7VS is the name of the first conjugation, from whence the rest are named, being distinguished by dif- ferent characteristics added to the above three letters, which are the root, and generally called 7)5 kal, signifying light, from not being burthened with any a.idition to the root like the rest, except the personal terminations. 7t» Rule 48. — The signification of a verb according to the conjugation from whence it is derived, viz. !• /VB or ^p is simply active; its charac- 1 . terislic are the vowels (-t), as. • • ' j -7 2. /VSi is its passive; it has J prefixed to ) • f the root for its characteristic, as. . j ^'^7r | ^ 3. '^'VQ is active, signifying the same action ^ done intensely; its characteristic is dagesh in the second radical and the . change of vowels, as 4. /•VB is its passive, it has also dagesh in "j tlip cfTnnrl ruAittn] unA the rh,?nnrp ', -TD^ He learned. e was taught. He learnt intense- ly, or for some purpose. idS He was taught to some purpose. the second radical and the change )■ of vowels, as J 5. ^*V5nis active, signifying to cause an- ^ other to do; its characteristics are n before the root, and ♦ between the second and third radical, as • • j 6. /J^Sn is its passive ; it has also H for its characteristic before the root, as • • 7 . /VDnn is both active and passive ; a verb ■> m this conjugation signines to act on himself really, or intensely, or in pretence J its characteristic is the syllable DH h'tl'j before the root, and dagesh in the second radical, as '^.jfCjIin and 7-V9 /'VB are called dagesh conjugations, because the second radical receives a dagesh ; the rest are light conjugations. I'tj'^ri i ip^n j ittSnn < He causes ano- ther to learn. He was made t© learn. He taught him- self intenselyy or in pretence. Note.— Some verbs in kal hate tlie signification of nrph-ngal, as ^y^ he was hungry, plti^P ^^ '^'^ ^'^^'^> ^^''' *"*' '**''"^ '" oiph-ugal h;vve that of kal, as yitt>i he swore, DPl^^ he fmiKht, &c.; and some in hiph-ngil have that of kal, as n^Stt^H •»<: threw down, D^Dl^H ^'^ rose early, &c. 77 OF NUMBER, PERSON, AND GENDER. Rule 49.— The variation of a verb* in order to express the different persons, &:c. is a varying of the same verb by different terminations, prefixes, kc. as marked in the following table : The Partici- ple is origin- ally in tlieSU person mas- culine sing, aiul iidniits ot' affixes the same as a noun acijec tive. See rule 33. The Infinitive is like the Im- perative : it is the name of the action, has one ot the letters f2/^li prefixed occa- sionally. Future. T Imperative. This mood is in the Hebvtw ill the second person only — 1 mas. and fem. sing, and phi 1- n:i_ Preter. n - T n_ T \- Dn- \ri- He She Tiion M. Thou F. I C. They M. Fhey F. Ve M. VeF. We C. * The mode of varying Hebrew words, difForent from ail other languages, originates from the distinct impoi!*. of the root, which in the Hebrew, as before mentioned, ex- presses the third person masc. sing, preter, whence its modification begins, to avoid a repetition of the same ; whereas in all other languages the root is in the infinitive, having the particle (to) before it, as to be, to do, &c.; neither person nor time is understood : their inflections^ similar to those of nouns, are rendered more familiar by habitual practice. This may be considered as one reason why the varying of a Hebrew root commences in the third person. Another reason of more importance will appear from the author's remark, similar to tliat made on the root • The black line in each column represents the three letters which are the root of all verbs; the terminations, made by the inseparable pronouns, are the same throughout the whole of the conjugations. t Observe, the postfix J^ to the preter, when joined to verbs quiescent in third rad, {»J or H ** without dagesb. "" 78 DIVISION OF VERBS INTO REGULAR & IRREGULAR. Rule 50. — Regular verbs are called ^V'^p signifying perfect ; that is, such as retain the three letters of the root throughout the whole conjugations, moods, and tenses, and the same are pronounced, — the verb is then regular ; as, noS 'im "Tp9, fcc. fpage 59J, which will now be fully confirmed by the nature of its inflection, &c.; shewing that the whole con- struction of the language is emblematical, pointing out its author the Creator of all, and that whatever can be com- prehended of the Godhead must be deduced from the Hebrew ; this may be observed in every division of gram- mar, from the beginning of the alphabet to the completion thereof, shewing that there is an Eternal Existence, being the only idea we can have of a Deity — no mortal can know more, even Moses, who comprehended more than any other man. He who could commune with God at all times, see Numbers, ch. ix. ver. 8, "H HV^; HD r^VM^} HDy *' Stand, and I will attend the Lord to hear his commands concerning your claim" — he who received the two tables from God himself, Exodus, chap. xxxi. ver. 20, every direction of the building of the tabernacle with all its contents — he of whom scripture tells us, Numbers, chap. xii. ver. 5, 6, 7, 8 ; from the contents of these verses, the reader will find that God himself testified that his inter- views with Moses were different from those of other pro- phets to whom God appeared by visions or dreams ; but r\pD2 n^3^3.P ^^ " Not so with my servant Moses, 13 *^S^K nS ^K nS with whom I spoke like one man speaking to another," (as it were mouth to mouth) not by visions, &c.; D^^l "H ^\m^)^ " Who shall behold the •similitude of the Lord :" yet notwithstanding all these 79 Rule 51. — Irregular verbs are of two kinds. 1. ^V^ quiescent, that is, such as have one or more of the quiescent letters ^1•^^f among the root, viz. whose first rad. is ^ or \ the second rad. ' or 1, the third rad. ^^ or H. 2. ^npn de- fective, that is, such as lose one or more of their radicals, as will appear in the following ex- amples given to each, as far as they are irregular in themselves ; the rest, namely, the conjuga- tions, moods, and tenses, are regular. declarations, he knew nothing of the Godhead : see Exodus, chap, xxxiii. ver. 19, 20, 21, 22, Moses en- treating the Lord, saying, ^"lilD HK K^ ^J.^?"^*!) " Shew roe thy glory, I pray thee ;" God answered, ^JK*!! ^<7 ^3 "m DIKH " No man shall see me and live." The re- • T T T T mainder of the above verses contain mysteries almost incomprehensible, at least from the literal translation, except what may be drawn from the conclusion, viz. '1^C'^^ vh 'iSI n'm^ m^ n^^^m " And thou shalt see my back part, but my face shall not be seen."* • This is very erroneously translated ; the word ••'K signifies after, behind, the same as JQT which signifies before Hence the meaning of the passage runs thus — " And thou mayest see me ;" that is, thou mayest know that there is a God from the consideration of every thing behind riie, meaning after the creation. Minute attention from man, even to every individual particle of this immense fabric, will point out to you that there is a God : but before me, that is, before the creation, no one can see— even angels are daily askin? each other mI^D DIpD ^^^? " Where is the place of his glory ?" Thus, we are taught to know God is, by descending from him towards his creation; this we understand from the manner of modifying the Hebrew verb, to begin with the root, which is an emblem of the Deity, viz. the Unknown He who first acted ; to know more, is to descend from him to every object of the creation, and thereby obtaia all possible knowledge of an Eternal Existeuce. 80 Rule 52. — An example of a regular verb by way of abstract or epitome ; as, "^'?? he learned. Hith-poi iigiel Hoph ng.il- Hiph nifil. I Fu iigalj f.ii- Hipn ngii. fa iigaij "i/!:^D td'^d Tee n|;iel. Niph-ng^al. na^j Kal or I'o iigal. -Tp*J "lip"? Pretef. Imperative. Future. Infinitive. Participle A. Participle P. Obs. First. — Each word in the above table is the first of the same mood, tense, &c. which in the preter, future, and participle, is the third masc. sing.; in the imperative it is the second masc. sing.; place the same in the begin- ning of every black line in the preceding table, the rest of the persons will follow by the same terminations, affixes, &c. Secondly. — The above is an accurate table of all regular verbs ; as, 1{5D *^pK^ .&c. by placing the same letters of the root instead of Tp? with the exception of some of the vowels, viz.^1. That the vowel (^) is retained in the pre- ter of kal, except in the second pers. p.lur. masc. and feni. when it is changed to (:) ; as, Dn"lp^ l^"??^ — '^. The termination vowel (1), if the second or third rad. is one of the gutter. VrTHK or "1, is changed to (-) ; as, nf^S PTpS* ym Viy^] n']p nnp^, r. ym nifj np_9; excep"tbefJr« a hyphen or pause, when it terminates with (^ ), as KyHD*. 3.— (.) under the formatives of the future of kal, niph-ngal, and hith-poa-ngiel, is changed to("); under K this letter will sound with more ease when with (•) than (.). Thirdly. — In hiph-ngil the Ms often left out, and (.)is changed to(..); as, Slljl for Sn^n, or (.,), as "^VIl^ on account of constfuction. Fourthly. — In hith-poa-ngiel, if the first rad. is ti^ 2^ or D, it changes place with the n, thus — "IDriSJ^H 73r)Dn npntJ^n from "IDK^ 15ij> SnO ; and if the first radicaf is 81 Rule 53. — The infinitive is the mere name of the action, called the infinitive noun, admitting of the prefixes ^^^^ ; thus — "^"^^'7? in learning, '^''^'P? as learning, '^'^^^^ to learn, "'WP from learning ; this last is always taken negatively, i. e. that I should not learn : if" to a passive infi- nitive, their signification is passive ; as, "^P^i?^ in being taught, '^^^\^7 to be taught, kc. Rule 54. — The infinitive in construction with a noun or pronoun is rendered by the subjunc- tive mood ; as, ^i!^'l|^'?? Genesis, chap. ii. ver. v. literally, " In their being created," i. e. when they were created : ibid, D»nSN"nnl5trir Dvn " lu the day making the Lord God," i. e. when the Lord God made, kc. See observation on rule 60. Rule 55. — The participle* is always in the third pers. masc. sing, and declined like adjec- tives ; thus, *^P >* one man who is learning, ^7?^ one woman, kc; the first and second persons are formed by prefixing the separable pronouns to the part.; as, "^P^ ^^^, I am learning, "^^^^ "^^^^ thou art watching, ^H^,"^"^ ^^^ ye men are speaking. V the characteristic H is changed to D, which also changes phice with the first radical V ; thus, from fj'lV pljS comes P)")9Vn Pl^"^*? ; and if the first rad. is T , D, or V), the characteristic (H ) is omitted, and compensated by dagesh, • So called from its quality in partaking of tlie nature of both noun and verb. t Words of this form are often taken for uiph-nijal from ihe sinrilarity of the vowels and dagesh, and can only be distinguished from the sense, as Numb. ch. xxii. V. 25, "^^pH Sj^ VnSril " And she thrusteth herself unto the wall;" the dagesh in 7 compensates for J^ of bitbpo. instead of <» v ; • -• 82 LESSON VI. IRREGULAR VERBS. Rule 56. — Example of" a quiescent verb, C) first radical ; as, ^^l he sat down. Hith poa-ng > i Miiph ngal 2m 2m^2 H oh ugil. j Hu ugal. :itJ^'o Fee ni^iel. ■ W: 2^y 2^2 Ni|ib imnl, Kal or Poa-n^ai — — 2^' nj:^ii 2V2^' Prcter. Im|ierativc. Future, fjifinitive. Participle A. Participle P. OBSERVATIONS, AND EXCEPTIONS TO THE ABOVE. 1. Verbs with* first radical are regularly declined in the preter and participle of kal and in Ihe dagesh conju- gations ; the iiiperalive, future, and infinitive of kal * is omitted, the infinitive adds D with two (, ) before it, as n^Ji^ sitting, except such whose second or third radical is n or y, they terminate with (-), as nV"! riiJ^"!*? from V1\ — 2. In niph-ngal, hiph-ngil, and huph-ngal, * is changed to"), which in th- preter and participle of niph- ngal and in all hiph-ngil is 1, and in all huph-ngal 1 ; but in the imperative future and infinilive of niph-ngal the 1 becomes a consonant, receiving a vowel, and regularly declined, thus, l^JlH, &c; like I^Sh'.— 3. The prefixes *^i^2^^^ to such verbs with ^ first radical take a long vowel to compensate for % thus in the future of kal the forma- tives have (.. ), as yj^^^ *^V instead of (.), except the root b^y he was able ; in kallhc letters JD^K take % as *?DV he shall be able, &c. — 4. These four, viz. ^^ he gave suck, ^V he howled, ID* he did good, and */p^ he turned to the right, in hiph-ngil the formatives^ have (..), and * is for the most part retained, as Il^p^H VtH ^'p^H &c.— 5. The root J»?1* he feared, retains * with its regular vowels 83 Rule 5 7. — Verbs whose first radical is ^^ are but few that will admit of tlie several conjuga- tions, fcc; those which are found follow the re- gular table of "^1^^, except these fivei viz. ^^^ IDi} ^DK "in^ najj ; in the future of kal the letters :ln»^? take \ as ^?«' "^^^'^ kc.\ these three, viz. ^l)^ ^U^ ^P¥ sometimes follow this rule, as TniW Psalm cxxxvii. ver. 9, except when ^? is to have a compound vowel, on account of its being a guttural, as ^D.?^.!] and "^'Ptf^l : in the fu- ture of kal and pee-ngiel ^^ is omitted in the first person thus, as "TM ^5« for "^^^^N ^5^^ ; the rest of the conjugations are regular. in the future of kal, as J«J"** KT/^ &c. in the imperative it is ^J1^ fear thou, plural Mil'' fear ye, and is read thus, yeru, yi\ as if {^ were omitted, to distinguish it from the future, which has the same letters, as, IK"!' they shall fear ; the * having metheg, shews that the first rad. '> is omit- ted ; but ^ti'^\ they shall see, from HKI he saw, * having no metheg, shews ^ to be (he formative of the future. — These seven having ^ first rad. viz. ti^y ^Jl' "fD^ IT IP " •• T — T — T — T — T ^K* and |K^^ retain "* and are regularly declined. These four, V']'' ny "ID^ HT in hithpoangiel ^ is changed to 1 consonant", thus yiTHH n3T_nn "IpiriH HTinH. Note. — The root ^7* and ^^H have the same meaniisg (he walked) ; in kal, th« prcter and present are maile from "l^H *'i"s HD /H DO /iH Ij— T ' ! "^ •■IJJ ■ •■ 1 &c. the imperative, future, infinitive, from *T1'' thus, 'T^ '37 5 ^"•^' "17* *1 7PI the infinitive sometimes from both, as fl^^ or ^i /H g"i"g ; ^^^ rest of the conjugations are some from ^S^ as hiph. 'l*7"in ''^*^ ^^tJ^lH some from "l^H as hithpoanniel, "iSniin the learner v ill easily discover the root by attending to the abstracts of each. Some verbs of this form are regular in the imperative and future of hiphni;il, as fmm '«^ he was up- i"'?'''! l^V* I'e went out, which in the imperjiive of hiphngil comes "^J^t^^H caase to be riyht, and {>^V*n cause them to go out, Genesis, ch. viii. v. 16, and in the future ')"\»tJ^»» like TJ^pD' ^^' 84 Rule 58. — Of a verb quiescent in the Sdrad. Ilitli poa II. U- D^ipnn u| b iigal Hipli ngA. DPin Dpin DPID D'p; D'p/i Pa ngal. Pee iigiel. Niph ngal Kil or Poa n,' DOip; DIDip DOip^: Dpip!; D?Jlp' aioip aaipp D/::ipd: - — 1 Dip: oipn Dip^ D"ipn Dip: Dip Dip' Dip Dp. Dip Freter. Imperative. Future. Infioitive. P irticiple A. Participle P. OBSERVATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS. First. — Such verbs as have the vowels lor 1 in the place of the second rad. and tliose with *— , the root in a'l dic- tionaries is ill the infin.; as Dip to rise, ^^tl^ to return, or ]'2 to consider. In the preter of kal 1 or 1 is changed to (/), as Dj^ y^^ V^» except these five, ")^^^ m2 lit 2X0 ^VJ retain i in the pret. and part, of kal, as PS^"]-! D^tl>i2 Ht^'in L ■ ■ • • ■" ' '' DvID &c. The verb ^\^D T in the preter is changed to (..) as T}J2, and 1 is sometimes changed to (.. ) as *J2^? DP* Ge- nesis, chap, xxvii. ver. 31. Secondly. — The formatives of the future in kal and hiph. have (t ) distinguished by the next vowel, which in kal is 1 or "i, and hiph. (— ) ; the letters J^)'^f in kal and hiph. have sometimes (••), as Il'O^ ^^2^ ; these two verbs arc found in the lexicons derived from two roots, as HID and 2D* to be good, ^^'^ and tt^2' to be ashamed. Thirdlv. — 1 conversive changes T or 1 in kal to short (^ ) as Dpn ; in hiph. *- is changed to(r), as DJJ^n for D*K^n 'tT- ■ V T— • T— the same if before a hyphen, as ^^^~^^*, and in hiph. as i^J~2(^^' except with a final termination, as 121ui'*1 ItDlp-l. Fonrthly. — Words of two consonants, and i instead of second rad. the noun and the verb are the same ; as, '^^^f lit:h% also to shine, HID good, also to be good, except pin a statute, from ppj]. Fifthly.— Those with ( ♦-), as ]''2 1*C^ 1*0 retain ( t^) "i general, as *1*Dn "l*ti^* ^21^ ; the fi,rniatives take the same vo\\o\ ns those quiescent in 1 or 1. Sixthlv. — Such as have 1 or * consonant, as H*K V)^ V^^ are regularlv declined, as T\V^^ 'nil*X Sec. Seven Illy. — i is inserted before the personal pronoun in the first and second pcrs. sing, and plur. of the preter of ^ niph. and hiph. as nirip3 *nVJ^pn iniD*pn &c. 85 Rule 59.- radical ^. -Of a verb quiescent in the third Hith po-i ngifl Haph ugal. hiph ngil. Pa-Dgal. I Fee-ngiel. — HI N-vp Ki-^D X*:;aDi -'N-^DD Nipb nga). K>fD: Kal or Poa.usal. Preter. Imperative, Future. Infinitive. Participle A» Participle P. OBSERVATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS. First. — The vowels in this verb are the same as in the regular, except — I. the termination vowel (-) is changed to (t) on account of K which will rather have (t) before it than (-) or 1. — 2. In tlie infiri. of kal 1 is retained to dis- tinguish it from (he imper. — 3. These fourK*!' K^2^ NQD J^Sd retain (•) in the pret. of kal, as Hl^"!* n&Srj'^nj^ii!? •• T •" ' T •• T T •• T •_ j "T 4. The infin. of kal often terminates in Di^, as Dt^/p Secondly. — i< is retained throughout the whole conju- gations ; it is never omitted, neither does it change for any other like those quiescent in the letters ^IH, except these two, i^tjn and J<^^, in which J< is once omitted, as ^Hif* for *nKY; and iDnP for iNDHp. Thirdly. — The root ^?'^p retains the twoCr) in the pret. of kal, as1h?'l(5; and in niph. the second (t) is changed to (..)as^r)i^'1p^ 'IJ^'lp^ &c.;, the part. fem. often terminates in n instead of H, as n^?^Di DX^lpi &c. Eighthly. — Verbs with 1 or 1 for the second rad. the third fem. sing. pret. and part, of kal are the same, distin- guished by the accent ; thus, if milngel the verb is in the pret., and if the accent is milrang it is in the participle ; as, ri/^p she did rise, but HDp she is rising, Genesis, chap, xxxvii. ver. 7 ; the same HNl Sll"!! Rachael is coming, but n>?3 /Pm Rachel came. Gen. xxix. v. 7, 9. Ninthly. — In the dagesh conjugations the third radical is doubled, as DDlp to compensate for dagesh in the second radical, which ^is a vowel ; some double both rad. letters, as SdSp from Sl3. Rule 60. — An abstract of a verb quiescent in the third radical ^. ni Hith poangiel. Hiipt^ngaU nbOifz Hiph iigil. niSjn' Fu Dgal. n^jD Pee-nniel. niSi Niph ugal nlSiin n^jij Prctcr. Iiiipcialive. P'utuiT. Infinitive. Participle A. Paiticiple P. OBSERVATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS. First. — That the third rad. H is only found in the third masc. sing, of every conjugation. In the third fem. H is changed to D, as Hri/J nri/JJ &c. In the iirst and se- " ' T :|T T ; : • ! cond pers. sing, and plur. H is changed to % as HvJ &c. except in the third pers. plur. com. the third rad. is omit- ted, as l/J Sec. except HDn retains *, as VDH ' T * TJT ' T|T • Secondly. — In verbs of the above form the vowels of the first syllable are regular throughout the whole conjuga- tions — the last of the preter in (r), the iraper. in (••), the infin. in Dl, and fl is omitted j the future and participle in(v). Thirdly. — Tn the r. H?!^ the H is changed to T con- sonant, as T})?^ present kal ; the verb Hflti^ in hithpoa- ngiel 1 consonant is inserted between the second and third rad. as n"]nri{i^J<, except at the end of a word it is 1, as innti^'l *' And he bowed himself," Genesis, ch. xiii. v. 7. Fourthly. — In the irnper. of peengiel, hiph. and hith. n is ofm'^^ is the be- ginning of wisdom :" the word n'ti^t^*) alludes to priority; and since there was nothing prior to the creation except God, who is called D't^t^'^. being the first cause of all things, from hence the word r)^ti^")3 derives its meaning, as will appear from the conclusion. The next remark is on Genesis, ch. ii. ver. 4, " These are the production of the heavens and earth, DN'lIinS T :|T • : (literally) when they were created," and, according to the rule of grammar, in their being created ; neither of these bears sense with the rest of the verse. The mystery of this word is notified by the letter (n), which in all printed bibles is of less size than the rest of the alphabet ; the pur- port of which will be found the object of this observation.' M 90 nished ; such verbs are for the most part regular, except, J. the termination {"i) is changed to (-) The third remark is on Isaiah, chapter xxvi. verse 4, D'fDh'W "11^ "H n»H *D " For with H* yoh the Lord created the Avorld :" the meaning of this verse appears very unin- telligible. The/ourth and last remark is on Psalm xxxiii. verse 6, O^y^ Ss VB nmi Ito D^DtJ^ "n -inin ''By the word of God the heavens were made, and by the breadth of his moulh all the hosts of them." The difficulty of this verse is, first, to know the word by which the heavens were made ; secondly, how to apply the latter part of this verse to the Dcily. These are phrases peculiar to the Hebrew lan- guage, which in many places cannot be literally compre- hended. Innumerable instances might be produced to shew the inconsistencies, improprieties, and obscurities, which must often occur to the mind of an attentive reader, occasioned from an incorrect and unintelligible translation, originating from the translator not being fully conversant with the true import of the original. Such has been the principal object of the preceding quotations, whence it will appear, that the comprehen- sion of the above four verses depends on the knowledge of one word, viz. the first and only appellation of the Deity — the word H*, for the import of which see page 19, where the reader will find that these two letters are emblematical, representing the Eternal Existence ; and in observing these two characters attentively, the know- ledge of eternity will present itself ; as will appear from the explanation of these verses, viz. D^K^K'^.^ with (he first ; here the reader will observe, that there is but one who is called n^tf^K") emblematically H* comprising eternity, i. e. with that power of H* namely, with his own power, created he the world. This will be more fully 91 on account of ^f, as ^^^ for 7lK^ second masc. imper.; 2. that -^ instead of quiescent (:) takes a compound vowel, as I^l] kc. elucidated by the next remark. The word Df^'^lUnS . . . T :iT • ; viz. 11 with, n i. e. with that aspirate sound hee or yehee t^")3 created he 0^ thera : the point (•) the mark of* yud, when joined to H, before or after, produces the sarae sound as when placed under. This is confirmed by the third remark, viz. D^dSiV "nVi; "H H^n *D for with H* i. e. with the power of H* being the composition of ^H* a word used by God at the creation, alluding to the fourth remark, viz. " By the word of God the heavens were made :" this word is specified in the latter part of the verse, namely, " by the breadth of his mouth," i. e. a word distinguished from the breathing of the lungs, peculiar to the Hebrew language, thus, H hee, or ^H^ yehee, being the only word in the bible whose sound is produced by nature : the same was used by God at the creation, as before noticed, to shew by what facility this wonderful performance came into ex- istence, — namely, by the sound yehee, the production of nature, being the representation of eternity : this could not have been comprehended had the word remained in its original state, H^.n* or *n\ The contraction of the word, as also the transposition of the vowels, is therefore con- sistent with the above quotations. 92 LESSON VII. ON DEFECTIVE VERBS. Rule 62. — Defective verbs are such as lose one or more of their radical letters, either first, second, or third ; some which lose both first and third radical i an example of each will be given, as far as they are defective in them- selves; conjugations, moods, and tenses omitted, which are regular, like those of the foregoing examples. ABSTRACT. Hith-poa nglel Hiiphngal. Hiph iigil, r\i-nc:;il. Pee-ngicl. Nipli-njal. Kalorl'oa m'n m: "T * Pretcr. Imperative. Future. Infinitivr. Participle A. Participle P. OBSERVATIONS. First. — Defective verbs in first rad. i arc regular in the preter and participle of kal; in the light conjugations i is omitted, and compensated by a double dagcsh after any of the formatives, except the second rad. is one of the letters y^^^e, they are then regular, as UV)'', :\r})'> i(^y r. DVJ Jjni ^^?J ; also in verbs in the form of Dip, as Dl^' Tl^n r. 93 Rule 63. — Defective in the first rad. are such whose first letter of the root is ^, as ^^i he ap- proached, one with 7, as Hi^^ he took, and nine with \ which are in general omitted ; and after Secondly. — The vowels are regular, except — 1. where the first syllable in regular verbs ends in quiescent (:) ; in the above it ends in double dagesh, as ti'^iin hig-gish, like "TVJ?!^ hil-mid. — 2. The iraper. and infin. kal terminate in (..), and H is added to the latter, as ti^J H^Jl, except the third radical be Vorn, as nnS nVJD root VDJ n£)> The future in kal terminates in (-), except the root 7^3 ; 1 is retained, as 73,^ /l^ri &c.: the formatives in huphal have (•.,) instead of 1 on account of dagesh. Thirdly. — The root 11(57 is reg., in the pret. and pres. of kal, in the impcr. fut. infin. 7 is omitted, they ter- minate in (-), as n[5 n}5* ; the infin. adds n__, as r)n|57 In the other conjugations some retain 7, as '^^lp^? Hj^^ril **And Esther was taken," chap, ii, ver. 16; 'lissome- times omitted in the light conjugations, as Genesis, ch. xii. ver. 15, nj^ni " And she was taken," fut. huph. The root Vrn to break, is found once defective, Job, ch. iv. ver. 10," WJ DniDD ^it^^l " And the teeth of the young lions were broken," for IW/J T : • • Fourthly.— The root t^'m he lifted up, and VO} he de- parted, sometimes omit dagesh, as 1^0*1 and INJt^n ; the same dagesh is often omitted from Hpb, as ^lilp^l. Fifthly. — Verbs defective in J, some of the persons in the preter of niph. and peengiel are the same ; such words can only be distinguished from the sense, as Exodus, ch. iii. 9A the formatives ^nitst^n the first rad. is compen- sated by double dagesh in the second rad. as ^^! for ^i^.* third masc. future of kal. ver. 22, DnSv^l '' And ye shall spoil Egypt," the third masc. plural peengiel, where the dagesh in *:» shews the dagesh conjugation, like DH'IS^I from '^^'1, Sixthly. — Defective with * first rad. are such whose se- cond rad. is V, as 1V» :iS'» V'^^ PV» DV* which lose % and compensation is made by dagesh, like those with i, as nilV^? f^nVil : these two tiy f^p^ sometimes follow the same rule, as 0^3*1 i^7 Psalm cv. ver. 14, and in Leviticus, chapter xix. verse 17, IDpfl ^7 ; these two ID^ I'i^ are found twice defective in * . Seventhly. — Defective in first and third rad. are such as have Jin both first and third rad. as *rii he gave or placed, and is thus declined, viz. in the pret. of kal the first and second pers. sing, and plur. the last i is omitted, compen- sated by double dagesh in the pronoun D thus, DH^ riflJ ^nnj, plur. Dnnp ]nni l^ni; in the future the fir'sti is omitted, as \r)\ for ]r)^\ the imper- is ]r\ ; the infin. both 3 are omitted, and n is added, as DT) Hriv to give, with afl&xes *nn my giving, &c. Eighthly. — ^Defective in the second rad. are — I. those whose second and third rad. are the same, as HHD (sec observation on the same) ; — 2. those with i second rad. as ^]i^^ he was angry, whence comes f]^? anger, and with the affixes ^Q^C 1D^? ; dagesh in B compensates for i second rad. Ninthly. — Defective in the third rad. are those whose third rad. is J or H, which are omitted before the personal pronouns 1i and D, as VPi'D for HrTlS root JT^S, and ISH^ for i:ini root tnj " " : — T • - T * 95 Rule 64. — Of a verb whose second and third radicals are the same ; as, ^^D he encompassed. Hith-poa-ngiel. nnnpn ni/npn nnnpn nnhob Hupbngal. npv Hiph ngil. riDD •• I" Pu-ngai. 22b 22D\ 22D 22bD Pee ngieL I Niph ngsU. nnbj np; anbj :ipn nib anb Preter. Imperative. Future. Infinitive. Participle A. Participle P. OBSERVATIONS. jFirst. — Verbs in the form of the above table are called DvlDp doubling, i. e. the second rad. being doubled; as, mp he bowed, Dnil &c. which are usually declined thus : in the preter of the light conjugations one of the two let- ters and the preceding vowel (t) are cut off, as above, and before the alfix pronoun compensation is made by double dagesh in the remaining letter, as 1130 130 113011 &c.; the formatives take a long vowel, as 310^ 3lDJ , except some in the fut. which retain their regular vowels, as 'T^p^C. Secondly. — In the preter of the light conjugations 1 is inserted in the first and second pers. sing, and plur. before the affixes, thus, DBD ^H Qp^ &c. Thirdly. — \^ is inserted before the affix flJ, as HJ^SOn third pers. fem. sing, future peengiel. Fourthly. — The dagesh conjugation retains the second radical, as 220 33b 33/^pn, except root T?P in the future of peengiel, one 7 is omitted, and "] is changed to (••), as 7pjji1 ^\l^l 5 T conversive to the future of kal changes T to short (t), as Dll^l like Di5^*1 and in hiph. (.)is changed to (,.), as 7^^*] like DpH ; the roots *113 and 110 retain (t ) in the preter of kal, as 13 1113 10 IllO to com- pensate for dagesh in 1 ; these two Dll 7iy are the same as 001 and ^7^ , like Dip and 33t5 ; and are by some considered quiescent, and by others defective. Fifthly. — The root 7711 the, characteristic H of hiph. takes (-:) instead of (.), as ill^nn nn{< Deuteronomy, chap. iii. ver. 24 ; the rest follow the verb 330 96 (1) CONVERSIVE, Rule 65. — "^ prefixed to a verb in the preter changes Its sense to the future ; as, *^?^f he said, ^P^] and he shall or will say, except the same be preceded by another verb in the preter, as Psalm cxlviii. ver. 5, ''^^l^^? J^JV ^''•^ " He com- manded, and they were created:" the 1 joined to the second verb is conjunctive only.* * In the explanation of the above rule, as described by grammarians in general, there appears a defect in grammar, from whence arise two powerful arguments, viz. — First, on the transposition of the two tenses, for which ilo reason has ever been assigned, an observation which seldom escapes the learner^s notice, who, con- formably to this sacred study, expresses a desire to know the cause of such change. — Second, on the division of time, the imperfect and pluperfect of the preter, as also the first and second future, which in all languages are dis- tinguished by the help of auxiliary verbs ; none of these terms are found in the Hebrew, nor has any substitute ever been described by grammarians to supply their defi- ciency. From these principles the author is induced to present the following observations, in order to shew, that the Hebrew grammar surpasses those of all other lan- guages, and that all disputations in opposition thereto originate either from neglect or imperfections of the tran- scriber, as will appear from the following remarks on the rule of 1 conversive, whose principal use (the reader will find) is to point out the division of time in both tenses much more intelligibly than from the comprehension of auxiliary verbs, except the signification of 1, which when 97 Rule 66. — "^ prefixed to a verb in the future with (-), and dagesh in the formative, changes its sense to the preter ; as, '^^^^ he shall or will say, ""'^^^'2 and he said ; before the formative f^ the T takes (-), as ]^^} and I gave ; if with any other vowel "^ is conjunctive only, as ''^^?")^!' •^?7i^ " I will go and see him," Genesis, chap. xlvi. ver. I. prefixed to the preter retains its poArer of conjunctive (and), but when to the future it is adverbial (then). The difference between the two words according to grammar is this — the adverb alludes to some prior cause ; but the con- junctive (and) only joins words in one sentence, as will appear from the following observations. The root in the Hebrew being the third masculine sin- gular (as stated in rule 46) is invariably the preterpluper- fect, which will be shewn from the root H^n he or it was, whence all Hebrew roots are regulated (see observation page SO, also observation on H* pages 10, 11, 12) where the reader will find that the root ITH alludes emblemati- T T cally to the Deity, -whose existence is indeterminate ; it is therefore evident that the above verb is the preterpluper- fect ; the imperfect of the same verb the reader will find clearly expressed by 1 conveisive to the future ; as Gene- sis, chap. i. ver. 3, "And God said, let there be light, ■^ih? *n^1 and there was light," instantly, without inter- mission of time : the same distinction of time will be ob- served respecting the future, viz. the first future is the ori- ginal, made by the formativcs (the letters *n't»?) to the root, expressing the object to be done intensely, without any interposition of time, as, ibid, "And God said, "li>? ^r?* N 98 Rule 67. — ^ conversiveto the future to verbs quiescent in ^ third radical causes ^ to be omit- ted ; as, '^EUor r^'m::^ root n?^V he made. let there be light,"* immediately. The second future is comprehended from the power of 1 conversive to the preter ; as, Genesis, chapter i. verses 14, 13, Vni " And they shall be (speaking of the two groat lights) for signs and seasons," &c.; which will be found useful here- after : such are the terms of the second future. The same distinction the reader will find, by due attention to the root, throur\nl^ then will I give, and H^nJI • — :— '•— t: ^ ' t:t; then shall the earth produce; these verbs are originally in the preter, and are made future by 1 conversive ; are therefore considered as the second future, relating to some priority : many more instances might be produced ; how- ever those above stated, the author trusts, will prove sufficient to substantiate the above rule. lUO THE DIVISION OF THE ALPHABET INTO RADICALS AND SERVILES. Rule 69. — The twenty-two letters of the alphabet are divided into — Eleven radicals p'l j^ J/tJl *^£D HD ^"""ing ^Ji* >'00t of a word ; Eleven serviles ^^^^^ Hti^iD TD^N shtwii g ihe various parts of speech.* Serviles may become radicals in such words as are composed of servile letters only ; as, ^l*^ he was, ^?^? he eat ; they are only called serviles when they serve to shew number, person, and gender; also to constitute the inseparable pro- nouns, or to supply the place of adverbs, pre- positions, conjunctions, kc. * The Hebrew language (as noiiccd in rule 23) has but two parls of speech — a noun and a verb ; the rest are supplied by letieis from whence they receive iheir ap- pellation of serviles, for the reason already given. The author's remarks relative to their power when joined io verbs are as follow : — First, that from the addition of five servile letters to the root of a verb transitive are formed seven conjugations, forty-six moods and tenses; and with the addition of five more of the servile letters are expres- sed the different persons, number, and gender in ail the conjugations (see general table of verbs), where the reader will find 235 distinct words modified from the root ; and by adding the personal pronouns, as noticed in the table of affixes, to the root, the number of words d. duced from ihe first conjugation are 221, which make a total of 456 ; and if these personal affixes are joined to peengiel and hiphil, as the rest do not admit of personal affixes, there will ap- pear no less than 1368 distinctive words derived from the root ; the whole of which the reader will find at one view in the general table for the declension of verbs, invented by the author: this may be considered as an additional proof of the power and beauty of the language, as also the necessity of the vowel points. 101 Rule 70. — Servile letters joined to verbs and nouns, thus : — These six '^tS^nn ")are postfixedrto the pret. ^ in all the Thet>e four HjV ?to i>hew nuin.^ to the imp. \ conjuga- 3pers. & gen.f^and future ) tioiis. These four :n'i< ) f are pre- Th( se four dSd^ i ^"^"^^ [ to mark the difierent per- sons in the future, to the infin. occasionally. These prefixes cause a double dagcsh in the surcfCiSii g letter if capable (rule \0). n is also interrogative and adtiiirative; — it take> (-: ). These seven ^7^1 HJJ^'J* are prefixed to nouns and adverbs, sigiiilying as follows :— P Prepoaition — from, out of, &c.; takes (.), before the letters "nj/linj^ (••) D is also the characteristic of the participle or the hemantiv, distin- guished by the vowels and da- gesh (lule 1\.) ^ Relative — who, >yhich, that ; takes n Demonstrative, vocative, emphatic — the, &c ; takes (-). • The above seven prefixes are derived from distinct words — both have the same meaniig; the difference betvtcen'the affix and the distinct word is in quantity or quality of the object to which they are joined, thus: — J3 from iP a preposition ; l>oth signify from, as Genesis, chapter ii. verse 17, ^^1!!? V.V'?'' " ^"' ^''"™ ^''*-' tree," i. e. the smallest portion ; but, ibid, chap. iii. ver. 12, " And she gave me, \ Vm jO from the tree," &c. meanii g a great part. , j t|^ from '(^^^. the relative prononn, as Psalm cxlvi. ver. 5, -lpJ;._ ^^^ '• That the God of Jacob." n from \\} an adverb of interjection, pointing out the object, as Jl^JM that house, W iy\ > that man. ' from I ' a noun, signifyiiig a hook, used to join or disjoin tilings, as Exod. chap, xxxviii. v. 28, D^IIDV? D'H HE^V " ^^ ^^^^ hooks for the pillars," theonly word in the bible whose first rad. is *), and is therefore considered a servile in the beginning of all other words whence it is derived, namely to join and connect sentences ; as, nriKI *^K land thou} or diyoin, as iDi^") V2i} his father or his mother. 102 1 Conjunctive or disjunctive — and, if, but, when ; take^ (:), before a labial or another (:) it takes 1, before a pause or monosyllable it has (r) 3 Similitude — as, so, like as. 7 Dative — to, into, about, &c. 3 Ablative — in, on, among. These four t^I17}^ may be serviles in the beginning of a word, otherwise they must be considered as radicals. These tlirec,* whose original vowel is (:), except before an accent or monosyllable, when they take (■>■), before (:) tliev take (.), before * the letters ^^^T take (.), and (:) is omitted, as ^H^T for ") &c. 3 from j3 an adverb of similitude — like, as, so; and if 3 is prefixed to two nonns in construction, each expresses similitude : as, '11)33 ^3 ny^QD " Thon art like Pharoah, and Pharoab like thee." 7 from y^ adverb — to, towards, into, near. JJ from 1^ preposition — in or on, between; as, ^2 '" "'fj *i*3 between me, '1^31 *"*' between tbee. • The prefixes JJ 7 3» ^'jose original vowel is (:) shevpa, admit of the following exceptions:— 1st, before a monosyllable, an accent, or the demonstrative prononn, also before the infinitive f^ with two (w) or two (-)they take (r ), as njn3 HtS llVh n3ti^7 &<•.; 2d, before a T " T V T — - T V V T J compound vowel it takes Ihe same uncompoundfd, as ^"^f^S *llDJ^7 *llDK3 3d, before the word ^J^f^ my Lord, or the letters nYil^ "'th the same vowels; the prefixes ^^^^^ «ake (-), as »J^^e^ »Ji^^"; ''}'^^^ nih'l tbc last is read ^ni^l » '"'* before the woid Q^H /^C God, or the letters j^")j-j» with tlie same vowels •__ the prefixes have (•• ), as D^H/NS^c. If these attributes are prefixed by the letters HtJ^D ^^^y 'etain their \owels, as ]'\li^D mn^ti^ D^nSjStn ; 5tu, before a period they have (-), as Q^Q^ 6th, the letters 3*73 pi'ffixed 10 i.ouns with f^ emphatic, or the characteristic of nijih. hiph. and huph. usually cause n to be omitted, and take its vowel, as riJ<31 D*Dt5^3 ^w"" \"^^<^3^ D^St2^n3 •" ^^e heavens and in the earth ; the article (the) is understood from the vowel (-) instead of (:). Note. — The learner i$ recommended to copy the above seven serviles, and to lay them b^ore him in his first attempt to translate the Hebrew into English, as it tvill greatly assist him in pointing out the radicals from the serviles; the meaning of the latter he will find before him, and for that qf the root he must rqfer to the Lexicon. 103 LESSON IX. THE DIVISION OF NOUNS. Rule 7 1 . — There are four kinds of Nouns, the radical, the infinitive, the participle, and the hemantiv, except a few which are primitive. Rule 72. — Radical nouns are such as ?'e composed of the same radical letters as the verb, which is the root of all words, both regular and irregular.* OBSERVATIONS. * Regular nouns may be derived fromkal, peengiel, orpu- ngal, distinguished from the verb by the change of vowels ; thus, "^Sp a king, root '^Ji2 he reigned, l^QTJ a desire, root \pn he delighted, t2^1p holy, root ti^"lp he made holy; those which are in the form of peengiel and pungal retain the same vowels, as /"^H a mast, D^^D a ladder ; all such nouns are regular, containing the three radical letters of the root from whence they are derived : some radical nouns are defective, derived from irregular verbs, and therefore lose some of their radical letters in the following manner, viz. 1. Defective nouns in first rad. '> ; as, mj^ an assembly, nifj^ a counsel, r.nj^^ he appointed, and l^y he counselled. 2. Defective inthe second rad. T or * ; as, *^J a stranger, r.llJ to sojourn, '|^7a scorner, r. ^17 to scorn, 711 strength, ]yt the e^^e, from Vh y^; also tliose defective in J, as ^H anger, r. ^i^? he was angry, r\^ thou, from ri!lK H^n r.'oin. 104 Rule 73. — The infinitive noun is the infinitive mood — the name of" the action (see rule 53J ; as, ^nj great, r. ^li he magnified ; also nouns end- ing in n with (•••••) or (--), as nnip a seat, riVl knowledge, r. y^l 5^"!^ ; the root ^^i he lifted up, whence comes the infinitive kal ^^*^ exaltation, forgiveness ; those ending in Hi and n\ as ^"^'^D. middle, ^117.3 captivity, are derived from verbs n"b m, roots Hi^n nSj frule 60; ; those which have "i or T in the place of the second rad. as "'"Ji^ light, ^^^ good, root the same, (seeobs. 4 on rule 58j except pn a statue or law, from p\i^. Rule 74. — The participle noun, so called from its quality in being both noun and verb ; as, "^'r^'^one man who is watching, also a watch- man, 1??^^ darkness, r. 1^^ he hid or darkened, *^^^?. a teacher, r. peengiel "^^7 ; some are de- rived from irregular verbs, as ^} '^1] a fugitive and a wanderer, roots ^^^ and '^'^^. 3, Defective in the third rad. H as l^? or *Ilt^ a father, r. n^X he was AviUin"r, VD, a son, from tl^'2 he built : some are regular, as Hiti^ a year, from Hi^ he repeated, &c.; n is sometimes changed to ^ consonant, as '\'^V meek, r. XW he afflicted. T • 4. Some nouns double the first and second rad.; as 7^7^ or . Sj a heap, r. SSj and iSs'pD'I r. Sl3 and SSs ; all stich nouns are considered as radical nouns. 105 Rule 75. — The hemantiv noun ; that is, such nouns as are made from verbs by adding one or more of the letters VDiQJ^n to the root ; as, n^oSri a desciple, r. "^P^, ^^^P judgment, r. £30?^ he judged. OBSERVATIONS. The letters Vn^Df^H are added to the root in the fol- lowing manner : — }C in the beginning, as ^pi;^ a liar, from iDhe told lies ; the D both in the beginning or end, as "tlD*7n a scholar, D*^tDV a crown, r. "TD7, 10^ ; H gene- tally at the end to form nouns fern, as PlpTif justice, r. pyi ; i2 in the beginning, asDipD a place, r. Dip ; J is commonly at the end, as ]rhp a table, r. Tlb^ he sent forth ; * in the beginning to form nouns proper, as pr\'^] r- pn*^ ; '^y^^^\ from V/P*f and W God heard, in the middle to form adjectives, as "inhf mighty, 1''^^ rich, r, "TT^J *lt£^J^ and at the end of a word to form numeral ot — T — T national adjectives, as HifD an Egyptian, r. *nVp he oppressed, HDi a stranger, H^V an Ebrew, ^Hp second, ^pyp third, &c.; 1 is always a vowel at tlie end of a word, as ^12^1 strong, r. 1^^ he prevailed, mD'7P a kingdom, r. ■^^D ; in nouns feminine 1 or 1 is put before the last syl- lable, as rhr^y nmaji &c. From these observations relative to the division of iiouns the learner may easily discover the state of the one before him — whether regular, quiescent, or defective, a radical, infinitiv.', participle, or hemantiv noun : with regard to the other circumstances of a noun, viz. number, gender, absolute or in construction, simple or with affixes, (which has already been noticed in the rules of etymology) as also the power of the servile letters, the only thing loft is the rule of finding the root ; but previous to this, something more must be observed about the verb. 10t» Rule 76. — There are several more distinct verbs in the bible, besides those stated in rules 50 and 51 ; these are called double irregular, the number of which, together with those already noticed, is twenty-seven — the same number as the letters in the alphabet, including the five finals : an example of each the learner will find in rule 82. Rule 7 7. — Verbs having a two-fold irregu- larity are varied according to each of them, viz. the root ^X he celebrated, in hiph. third plur. pret. l"Jln, fut. nV, like :^^l and nS^i, the root no^ he inclined, infin. hiph. HniLDnS, Numbers, chap. xxii. ver. 3, like ^21 and 5^?^ Rule 78. — Words composed of more than three radicals the reader will find in the Lexicon at the end of every letter, distinguished thus : — 1. Dvp^^P From the power of doubling ; i. e. two out of the three radical letters are double, to com- pcnsate for the defect of the third ; as, 7^7Jl ^1?X ^rom hhy nnn and SsSd npjlj5 r Jots SisS'^jP &c. 2. D^VBlip From the form of four ; i. e. such words as have four different radicals ; as, /HS iron, ntt^nil brass, DH^lD paradise. 3. D^K^pinp From the form of five ; i. c. such as have ' five different letters ; as, V"l"jDV frog, nDySj burning, or trembling : most words of this form are nouns, except a few, as tti^'^9 " He spread," Job, chap. xxvi. W^SSV" 1 will nourish ye," Genesis, ch.xlv. v. 11, r. 7^'3, 107 Rule 79. — Sometimes an ' undeclinable part of speech is the root, and accordingly inserted in the Lexicon without the vowel point, to shew that the same has no meaning, but is placed as the root for several other words which are de- rived from it, such as verbs, nouns, adverbs, prepositions, particles, Sec; as^^^ time, root nm ; S^ all, r. '^^^ ; r)^ with, r. nnK ; Di^ a mother, r. D»^e; ;iK thou, r. nJ^? fcc.; D^^r hiph. D»32^n he rose up.f^fly, ^"1:3 niph. ^^J^^ he sepa- rated. OV,' !l Rule 80. — Sometimes the noun, or some other part of speech, is put as the root in the Lexicon, from whence are formed verbs in al- most every conjugation, excepting kal ; as, 0^7 food, niph. QD^^ he fought ; "l?1 a word, pee- ngiel "^Sl he spoke ; V^^ seven, niph. ^2B^3 he swore ; T^^ before, hiph. "^^^n he declared, Sec. OBSERVATIONS. The several divisions of verbs are described by the letters /VD . this word (as noticed in rule 44) grammarians have made use of, — 1st, for an example of a verb; 2dly, to form the different conjugations ; Sdly, as a guide for the distinction of the several kinds of verbs, by way of con- traction, whence all the roots in. the language are exem- lOB Rule SI. — Adverbs, prepositions, and other [)iirticles of monosyllables, sorae of which are primitives, may be simple, as D^ also, ^^ not, »^> then, ^poi; or compound, as l^ns within, rn^ without ; and with the affixes, as *^ in me, 1^ in thee, ^k}^ in them, the same with the rest of the pronouns. piified; thus, the root 1f2t^ ; the tt^ is termed '^VDIT'D Yh'y first rad.; the 12 bv^ri'V the second radical ; the n *^>'!)n"^ the third Tad.; and with the addition of the two words, viz. ♦TO quiescent, and HDn defective, are all the ir re fibular verbs notified : as, HU^Ms termed *"£) ^TO ijiiiescent in first rad. > ; Dlp,T'J^ *ni quiescent in second Xiid, ^; ^^VD,^?"S ♦m quiescent in third radical K; T\^} n'b VI quiescent in third rad. H; tt^Ji i"£) *"lpn defec- tive in first rad i • DID the term of DvIDD i. e. doubling, as^ill appear in the following table. 109 Rule 82. — The several divisions of verbs. n"S — i"£) npn ' ''' S"b — ~ yh nnvpn D*>£)Op Perfect, i. c. all such vorhs as retain their - three radical letters thruiighotit all the coDJiigalioits, as Quiescent, i.e. such as have one or more of the letters ^THl^ '" '''^ '''^*' "* which there are twelve, viz. Quiescent in 1st raH. }^ as istrad. » as 2d rad. *1 as . . . . ' 2d rad. * as . . . .• . Sdirad. J T; from 77J ; before a final addition, compensation is made '^riiy double dagesh, as ''BH &c. 1 r ■.'"'rr". ; • " ~ ' "■'' I cn, 2 If the prefixes hemantiv have a short vowel, and dagesh in the succeeding letters, put ^ for the first tadical. Hi Rule 84. — If two or only one letter remains, the word is defeciive, derived from an irregular verb ; and in order to find the root, place \ ^, or ^ before, ^ or ^ between, or ^ at the end, or double the second radical ; in either of these cases the root will be found. as npriD a gift, r. ]nJ he gave, or* as nn^D an offering, r. ny ; and if the two remaining letters are Pip, place ^ before it, as nj5{»? I will take, or n|57 he took. 3. After the servile letters are noticed, if there remain but one, it must be considered as the second cadical ; put n for the third radical ; and if 1 or 1 precede the second, place * for the first, (by rule 56J as *lp1D instruction, r. ID* 2U/^D a seat, r. ^55^* ; otherwise the first radical is i, which in general is compensated by double dagesh after the formatives, (see rule 63) as lO*] r. HDJ "^^l r. HDJ ; and if the root is not found in the letter J, place ♦ for its first radical, as Ifljpn X? Leviticus, chapter xix. verse 27, r. P]j^ being one of the nine verbs defective in ♦ (rule 62, observation 6) or ^ by the preceding rule. are Note. — Words consisting of many letters, as D**TVl/D /I ^wo only radicals, namely J^ and 1, the rest are serviles; thns, ^ conjngation (and), 7 dative (to or for), JQ hemantiv, "^ asubstitnte for*, r. ^yfl he appointed, •" T whence comes a noun hemantiv, IJ/lD ^" appointed time or season, plural D^^yiD seasons. 112 OF ADVERBS. KuLE 85. — Adverbs make no sense alone, either as verbs or nouns; they have no tense, declension, num- ber, or gender, but arc highly useful by their junction with Ihe above : twenty-seven adverbs nre excepted, which do admit of declension ; those wilha * decline like nouns plural, the rest like nouns singular, viz. • ^™ After. T^'ii Where. V^ Not. • ^i< Unto. End. By. With. Because. vi Between. r ^y^^ Besides. !. ;^r»^n Except. ^inv'n For the sake. njn ir} Behold. 'nSi't Except. IDS As. Alone. Therefore. Opposite. Before. '"i^ From. "^^i^- Against. HDi'i Over against. Round about. Upon, . niir Yet. oy With. • nnn Under. nn.K Afti r me. ^i'k Wlierc art thou. "^m ^'"i^ Not you. To him. vik The ends. By tliee. With them. ^^S^u On my account. vi-»2 Between me. Besides thee. Only thee. On her account. Behold us. Except me. Like us. Thou alone. On my account. ♦nbiv^ Opposite me. T.^?i^ Before thee. upb From tis. ■i"!^;! Against him. lni)i Over against him Round-about me Upon us. 'in'ij^ While, as yet. ^:by Willi us. r\^mn Instead of thee. These three, V^ not, Tiy yet, and HiH behold, instead of the pronoun i take i|3 as JijiJt^ ^^^Tiy liiH. 113 The following adverbs are undeclinable. ►How. Snrely. >Not.* >Biit. fBecanse. '•Where. v0hv ^']^ Dvp pirn nnr nins) Never. I pray. Now. Lest. Little. There. Between. Three. Something. r Yesterday. Three days past To-morrow. Last night. Above. Below. Far off. Middle. Once. Twite. More. Less. Four times. Even 80. Who, which. I wish. nnt^ n^^ Woe. nn HHK Sorrow. nini* Behind. Before. Without. DJts^n On account of ns nrn Here. n Enough' This Com. ir nr This M. DKT nr I This F. D^cO Not yet. K^^ Is. in* I'ogether. »3 For, &c. HDD So. How much. 1 If not. Theiefore. Why wherefore ^p np na [what. • The adverb y^ not, is used to the fiitnre only, as l7at^ri ^H >'* shall not eat ; 5^7 is used to both, as ^]^*^3 5^ /I **"<* ^ \ia\e not consumed, "^DJ^n ^7^ ^*'"" ^^^^^ "*** *^y '> ^"^ rt^ "*>> ^^ "sc<* o^'y l>efore nonns, as t5^*K t*J^ "" "'^"» n{*?'i"^ ya "^ °"^ seeing : there are several more adverbs, which the reader will find in the Lexicon. f t For the different vowels nnder the JJ interrogative, see obsenatiom on rule 33. P UJ AFFIXES TO VERBS. Rule 86. — Verbs take the same affixes as nouns singular, signifying the agent or patient, viz. TABLE. T in. in^in.'ii^. "i ■ m ri n tit:- t i: li ii D D D Ayent. I. Patient. Me. , 1 Com. Thon. Thee. 2 Mas. Thou. Thee. 2 Fem. He. Him. 3 Mas. She. Her. 3 Fem. We. Us. 1 Com. Ye. You. 2 Mas. Ye. You. 2 Fem. They. Them. 3 Mas. Tbey. Them. 3 Fem. II OBSERVATIONS. 1. An affix to a verb signifies the patient, that is, the person or thing acted upon ; as, '^072^ he has sent me, iTpS he visited him, with the same vowels as marked in the table. 2. The pronoun of the first person to a verb is ♦J to dis- tinguish it from the noun, which has ♦ only, except the infinitive ; as, Hptt^S in my watching, that is, when 1 watched (see rule 53) ; except also the participle, both active and passive ; from their being considered as adjec- tives (see rule 55 J j they admit of the same affixes; as, npB my visitors, linpC^ our watchmen, &c. 115 3. The adverbs '^J? to, unto, 7V upon, DV with, are sometimes understood ; as, H^nni I gave it (to) her, lil^l^n it shall come (upon) him, V"1^")J* ^^ evil shall not dwell (with) thee. 4. The personal pronoun H^ of the third fem. pret. is changed to D before the affix ; as, ^Jnii^S she visited me. 5. In the future of the dagesh conjugation i is some- times inserted before the affix ; as, inj^DD* 'iniDDl"\K See observations on rule 10. 6. An affix to a verb changes the first vowel when (r) to (:) ; as, IhSk^ pret. kal, r. H^t^ ; TjO^fii^^ future hiph. r. Dlti^ ; in the imper. and infin. of kal the first vowel (:) is changed to (t), as '^"^Dtt^ guard me, and 1i"ip7 teach us; except (:) under the formatives in the dagesh conjugations, which does not chancre on account of the affix, as ^3"^^* lie shall bless thee, ^"IpK^H and guard thee, &c. 7. 1 the pronoun plural before the affix is sometimes changed to (...) ; as, Htl^^S Genesis, chap. iv. ver. 28, " Thou shalt subdue it," imper. of kal, r. B^^3 imper. C'l^S subdue thou, mas. sing. 1{t^I13 subdue ye, mas. plu. n the pronoun fem. third pers. sing, (her, or it), (...) kibbuts, being placed here instead of ^ shooruk, on account of the affix pronoun H her, or it. lltl SYNTAX. Rule 87. — This part of" grammar teaches the construction of words in tlie same sentence, either simple or compound, with regard to number, gender, person, 8cc.; as also the in- fluence of one part of speech over another, in directing its moods, tenses, kc. as will appear by the following observations. OBSERVATIONS. 1. The agreement of a verb and noun; as, Genesis, chap, xxxii. ver. 5, ^pr ^W ^DK HiD '' Thus said thy servant Jacob," *ri*l)3il iTltJ^ " Sarah, my mistress ;" except nouns signifying power, dominion, particularly the several attributes of the Deity, which in general arc of the plural, and are often joined to nouns and verbs singular ; as, Ex(^dus, chapter xxi. verse 4, T^m "i^ ]r\] ''*J"i"^N; DK ^*' If his master [Hebrew masters! gave him a wife ;" again, Genesis, chapter xlii. verse 30, piJH WN: tt^^KH " The man the lord [Hebrew lords] of the" land ;'' mn» D^nS^n Kin " Jehovah— he is Elohim," I. Kings, chap, xviii. verse 39 ; again, Genesis, chapter i. verse 1, D^rtSx ^^"J.:l nW^n " in the beginning, God [he] created." 2. The adjective generally agrees with its substantive in number and gender ; as, 0311 2^^N a wise man, D^K^JK DVJ^n wise men, HD* HK^K a fair woman : and in verbs, . T -: ' T|T T • ' 117 as "l^in nnN tUou shalt speak, DnUll DDK ye who arc speaking ; the same with regard to the pronouns, as HD/ti^ 'in " My son Solomon IJnK DH D^dSiT hSkH D'COl^n those men are in peace with us," Genesis, chap, xxxiii. ver. 21 ; except a noun plural signifying power, dominion, which is often joined to an adjective singular, as Isaiah, chap. xix. vor. 4, ntt^|5 D'illK Tl *' In the hands of a cruel lord [Hebrew lords];" i.e. you shall be under the yoke of many masters, where each of them shall deal with you cruelly : the construction of such sentences must be rendered distributively, as Psalm xix. verse 9, *p5ti^Q npt^ "H " The judgments (plur.) of the Lord is iirue," (sing.) meaning every one of thy judgments is right and true. 3. Two substantives of different genders governed by a verb, participle, or an adjective : — each of the latter will agree with the masculine gender ; as, Genesis, chap, iii. verse 5, ^nJr^<'l D■^^?n ^?3^nn "And he hid himselves, Adam and his wife7'"D*^^1n 'WKI nliDT Judges, chap, xiii. ver. 19, " Manoach and his wife seeing," participle mas. plur.; again, D'Jpt 7^1ti^^ D^*)l^f " Abraham and Sarah were old," plur. mas. 4. Except in such instances where some excellency or dignity is observed in the feminine gender ; as, Genesis, chap, xxiii. ver. 14, n^ll^^H H^m *' And it shall come to * T-:— — T T : pass," instead of nn^HI; again. Judges, chap. v. ver. 1, pnni n")1n"T n^ni "And she sung, Deborah and Baruk;" here the verb masculine being joined to the noun feminine to shew some eminence on the part of the woman : some- times this mode of construction is to point out a kind of base or mean action in. the masculine gender, as DHp inin^ nti^Dn pi^) " And she spake, Miriam, and Aaron dgainst Moses ;" again, Ezekiel, ch. xxiii, v. 14, H^Jfln ^n^fiS^V third feminine, for DJl'^V masculine, " Ye have acted abominably." 11» 5. A verb plural in construction with a noun singular, or a verb singular to a noun plural, are often rendered dis- tributively ; as, Psalm cxix. verse 103, ^yvh IvSd^ HD ^inilpK " How sweet (pliir.) are thy word (sing.),*' i- e. every word ; again, Genesis, chapter xviii. verse 20, ninS *3 DnKOni "And their sins (plur.) is heavy (sing.)" for 1"T^3, are heavy, meaning each of their sins. 6. In reading Hebrew with an English translation, the reader will observe a great difference with regard to the arrangements of the Hebrew words; as, Genesis, chap. ii. verse 19, lOt^ Jii^r] H^H 0D^ DIKH lS }^"lp» 'l^^i^ VD^ ; here the word /D) a noun collective, all or every, belongs to the noun H^n ^D) i. e. "And every living animal, "\tt^K DlN^n 1^ i»?np; to whom Adam shall give names, 1D^ Niri shall be (or is) its name »" 7. An adjective plural in construction with several nouns of different number shall belong to the one in oppo- sition ; as, Genesis, chapter iv. verse 10, ^j^PfK *D"7 ^1p npij^n \0 ^Sn^ D^fpyV;; " The voice (sing.) of thy bro- ther's bloods (plur.) are crying (participle) to me from the ground ;" the adjective plural D^pVlV crying, agrees with the substantive zip the voice (sing.).* 8. An infinitive before a verb shews the certainty of the object ; as, DIDn ry^D " Dying, thou shalt (surely) die," *?r)l (•••)> ^^^^ capable of being both long and short; they are long when followed by the letters ^IHK, or when they are accented ; otherwise they are short, making but half a syllable, and must therefore be joined to the next letter by (:) shevoa or dagesh, or in the last syllable of a word, which always ends with a consonant, as DH^JH hig- gash-tom, &c. 4 Q. — What is the general rule of f:) ? A. — (:) before another vowel, either in the beginning of a word or syllable, is termed pronounced (:), the letter over it sounds rapidly to the succeeding one, which ends the syllable, as *iil benee ; and in the middle of a word, when preceded by an accent or melheg, as "^l/priT vethee melowch (rule 12) ; otherwise (:) is quiescent by rules 4 and 5. 5 Q. — How is single dagesh distinguished from the double ? A. — Dagesh is single in the l)eginning of a word, or in the middle after quiescent (:), which is in general found in the letters JlDSIill to take away the aspirate (h) (rule 9) ; but dagesh preceded by a short vowel, not accented, is double — the letter sounds twice (rules 9 and lOj. 6 Q. — What is the use of double dagesh ? A. — First, to compensate for the deficiency of a letter ; second, to mark the dagesh conjugation, &c. See observa' tions on rule 10. 7 Q. — What causes the change of vowels ? A. — The increase of a word from its original state, as explained by tVe several remarks stated in the observation on rule 43, where the reader will find that in most cases the first vowel is changed to (:), sometimes the second vowel, to prevent an increase of the number of syllables. 128 8 Q. — Of what use are the accents ? A — Firs', to iu»rk the long vowel from the short, whereby the similar vowels are distinguished ; secondly, to point out the different pauses in a sentence (rule \9) ; thirdly, to distinguish the various meaning of the same word (see observation on rule ^0) ; fourthly, to assist the reader by their quality of being euphonic — producing an agreeable and harmonious sound, in which the text is read in public. 9 Q. — The Hebrew having but three parts of speech, (rtile S3 j how are the rest (those used in other languages) supplied ? A. — The word DJi^ a name, comprises all ihings distin- guished by name, either common or proper, the name of the thing or quality ; hence it will appear, that in the term noun is included the substantive, the adjective, and the pronoun. The v6rb includes the participle. The other parts are comprised in the word H^O an adverb, i. e. all such words as are usually joined to both noun and verb, to express the different meaning and various circumstances of each, including conjunctions, prepositions, and interjec- tions, which are represented two ways ; first, by distinct words (rule Id) 'y second, by prefixes and postfixes, com- posed of the servile letters (rule 72;, except the article (a) or (an) which is always understood, as ^'^i^ a man, \'')J an eye, &c. 10 Q. — How is the accusative case distinguished from the preposition (with), since both are expressed by the word n^^ or ^^j^. A. — From the connexion of the words to which it is joined. See observation on rule 30. 11 Q. — How is the radical noun distinguished from the verb ? A. — By the vowels ; if (-t) the word is a verb (rule 46^, if with any other vowel the word is a noun. 129 12 Q. — How are the diflFerent conjugations, moods, and tenses distinguished ? A.-^By the characteristic letters and the change of vowels. See rule 48. 13 Q. — How are the different persons expressed in a verb ? A. — By the inseparable pronouns postfixed, (rule 49j the same being derived from the separable. Rule 33. 14 Q. — How are the inseparable pronouns distinguished ? A. — From the word or part of speech to which they are joined, viz. if to nouns they are termed the possessive, denoting the possession of the thing, as "'ri'S my house, from n)5 ^ house ; if joined to verbs they signify the pa- tient, &c. (see rule 33) except that the H from the sepa- rable pronoun in the second person masculine and feminine, singular and plural, remains the same when joined to a verb in the preter, as PDJ^tl^ &c.; but to nouns it is changed toD or *], as ^H^^ &c.; except also the pronoun of the first person (*— ) I, me, my, which when joined to a verb adds D, as THf^^ I watched, root "1^2^ 15 Q. — In verbs transitive it appears that the participle passive of kal, the preter and participle of niphngal, all allude to the same thing — receiving impression of the agent — what is the distinctive quality of each ? A. — The disproportion of time, comprehended from the two kinds of participle, namely, the absolute and com- pound ; thus, the participle passive of kal is compounded of all the tenses, as Psalm v. verse 9, Dii*^-!! HinS l^p "Their throat is niDS an open sepulchre," i. e. it has, is, and will always be (open) ; again, Ecclesiasticus, chap. v. ver. 13, InnS vSvnS "^^^'2^ ^^'\y " Riches is kept to ■'tT;Tt:- TV r the owner for his hurt," i. e. the same has, is, and will R 130 be l^uitl^ kept for his destruction ; but in niphngal the sig- nification of these words is different, pointing to that very time, as Genesis, chap. vii. v. 11, innS;) D WH n'n"^Kl " And the windows of the heavens innp^ were opened," i. e. at that very time the flood began, to increase the rain, and no longer ; whence the difference between HinQ and inniDi is evidently in time, the former being compounded of all the three tenses, whereas the latter only comprises the present and preter ; the participle in this conjugation is always absolute, as II. Samuel, chapter xx. verse 10, KTOn " But Arasa ^m^ xS was not on his guard," third mas. sing. part, niphngal; ^KV ^*^n? (at that moment) of the sword (which was in the hands of) Job ; whence it will appear that IIDt^ the participle of kal, is compounded of all the tenses comprehended from the text ; whereas *1^t^J points to that very moment, neither before nor after : the same distinction the reader will find throughout the whole bible. 16 Q. — How are the various meanings of the servile letter D, when used as a prefix, distinguished? \, — From the vowel point and the dagesh ; thus D with cheerik and dagcsh in the next letter, or with (. ) D be- fore a guttural, denotes the preposition (from) &c. (rule 12) if with any other vowel, or even with (.) if no dagesh fol- lows, it is the sign of an hemantiv noun, as DlpO a place, root D^p to rise, DStJ^p judgment, root DDt!^ he judged, (rule 81 j otherwise it is the characteristic of the participle of the last five conjugations, with the same vowels as marked in the table of the different verbs. 17 Q._Words of four letters, as HDir^: hWd each having D and H of the servile letters, how is the certainty of the root discovered, since one of them must be consi- dered as a radical ? A. — By the experiment of declension, whence one of 131 llie two must drop, either D or H thus, from "^K^D we find T\20D HDt^D &c. n therefore must be a servile ; but from T :| T T ; - T . . ' . n^VD we only find T^bV HH^V &c. the D in H^Vp is therefore evidently a servile, to make it a noun heraantiv, as will appear in the Lexicon, under the root Twy ; this will be found in every word of the above form, except TwVj^ Leviticus, chap. v. f2 having (t), root 7J^D, 18 Q. — Words ending in D , by what rule is it known whether D is original, or a substitute for H ? A. — By the additional affix pronouns ; if D receives a dagesh it is original, as from fTlKDr) Il'I'lK comes 1n"l1J^ ?|nnjp &c. 23 Q. — Nouns of monosyllables — by what rule is the root discovered ? A. — From their vowel points, viz. those with (••) are in general derived from TV ^H^^ as IJj a stranger, ^7 a scorner, r.- "11JI ^7, except]!! a son, r. HJS^ ]\y a tooth, r. nitS^ ; those wi -^ "- — a O (t — =• =i4:-6J i=- = = '••nT- It ~ '£ H n"" ~ 3 a, o a. x" ?■ < ^ «■ ** "^ n n !^» £• t 3 ^ 12. O. (8 •' < ^. n • " '^ n = E- E' < 3 =r ^ S " — ?■ »> s " 2. < ^ =^ c=; -► ^ a. pj lis . r 7 - -• = J-g a; * iS «.. ■"< 3 S. tr 2-' ^c, •5' P 2.-*> 3 t" S => ? S- & 5 c S -^ ££*•-!- ^Z S- — " 5^ 3 ^ 3 « a." o ^ 3 ** CO B 3 S "^ 5L 3 — ?r -. 5. i^II 5 O _ (iq3' S-'^*S S' p^ sr » c o 3- ■« i- 1 ** , 1 t-* n 2'^ ti IP 1 n c oS .u r- "^ 1 .E^ •^i 3* S _i. __!_ 1 •■ a - p 2 T 0| 2 2 n 1 * t 4 1? D t ^i . 1 &. 1 1 1 • T . 3- 1 •?^ rt 55 1 ? -♦ 35 • 1 ^ ••^7 * <* re ^ • 1 1 P IK > o- S 2. :3 '7i T C s * m I 1 • ^ ^ ^ 1 :; M M ^ 1 § :T| = .1 : ;•! ;•! « •'•ri i 1 1I .5 B .I 1 •: i .' 1 •• 1 1 ^a -ir ;i •*ll ?• 1 ? T '5 •• 1 ■ 1 • 1 •■ 1 .: - •a 1 •; [ 1 r\^ M 1 1 1 1 S ..••I ,: 1 n ' .1 ■!ti ;•! !.i i-1 ;.| 1 z - • ■5' •u -1 ^•\ -1 1 1 ° »^ 1 . e. 1 e 1 • 1 1 • ■ 1 i 1. L 7 1_. P _i_ _„ • L .. 1 H 1 S M s = s •• s> t; re j» s_ 3 2' Q. S i re •5] •5J <' ' '^^ rt fT re < re ^3 > 3' 135 LESSON XII. RULE 92.— THE LEARNER'S PREPARATIVE FIRST EXERCISE. ■ '>m n^K3 D*p£!^*/tpi D^ipn DDriN* w^'p ^^Jn D^"t. c. iv. v. 6. r\:2ti> D^j^n nr\^ ^m -rn^n n^pn p nitt^;i^S '>rhii '"n D;Dn:^nT D^nppn Kin p on' w Dnn^K^i e. : nntr}> ^W ^^"Tj ^'ij 'p p 7. : nrn Sn^n *i:in liny. D^n dv pn : vSk n:l^^^|5 Son ^j»nW "pi? vS?< D»ninp D^'^'W 1^ : D^n D3»ipS in"^ ^p:^ "it^s* nt) in tlie midst the land (in) vrhicb ye (are) coming tlierc to inherit it. And ye shall keep (them) and ye do them (continually) J 38 DDnDpn 'y^v^ *!p cee— Conjunction, for. Kin hee, for N^H — Pronoun, third ferain. sing, she or it : * is changed to \ choch-ma-the-chem — Substantive, fern . sing. HDlDn wisdom, root DDPf he was ^ T :| T ' — T wise, Dp pron. mas. plur. possess, your, u-bi-na-the-chem — Substantive, fem. sing., ni*3 understanding, r. ]^3 to consider, land : before a labialf:) is changed to T D3 pron. mas. plur. possessive, your. le-ngie-nie — Substantive plur. mas. in construction ending in * r. ]*J/ an eye, 7 to, or for, iu. D^^Vn ho-nga-mim — Substantive plural masc. sing. Dy a people, r. DDV H the, (-) is changed to (r ) (rule 1 i), 1t5^^^ a-sher — Relative pronoun, who or which. pj^p^^ yesh-me-ngoon — Verb, third mas. plur. kal, r. Vf2^ he heard, » the fut. 1 the plur. mas. and \ paragogic, signify each of them (rule 116;. "SD'DK cth-col — DJ^ accusative, 73 a collective noun : 1 is changed to (t ) before a hy- phen. D'ipnn ha-chukfkim — Substantive plural masc. sing, ph a statute, r. p|5n he decreed : dagcsh compensates for one of the double letters (rule 64J, H the. hSkH ho-ic-leh — Pronoun demonstrative plur. V •• T com. n emphatic. 11DX1 ve-om-roo — Verb, third plur. com. pret. kal, 1 conjunctive and conversive [see > obsercations on rule 65^. for it (is) your wi&doiB and joor un- derstanding in the eyes the people who shall hear all the statutes these then shall they say 139 p"! rak — Adverb, undeclinable. Dy ngam— As before, noun singular. ODn cho-chom — Adjective, mas. singular. P^il ve-no-bown — Substantive mas. r. |*!2 as before, i heraantiv, "1 conjunctive. *iiin hag-gow — Substantive common, a primi- tive, n the emphatic. 7niin hag-go-dowl — Adjective mas. r. 7*1^1 he magnified, H emphatic. J ntn haz-zeh — Pronoun demonstrative, mas. sing, n emphatic. *D *3 (for) ^D a pronoun interrogative, who, or where, (is there). 711 J ^^ gow godowl— a great nation. 17 Iti^Ka-sher, low— "ltf^^5 who, as before, 1^ compounded of ^ to, and 1 pron. third mas. sing, him, or (whom). D^n*7^? e-low-him— God, as before. D^Jll'^p ke-row-bim— Adverb plural, r. n^j^ he approached. V^i^ ie-loav— compound of 7^? to, and V the pronoun him : takes (t) before the affix (rule 96), T^^T\''^ caedonai— As the Lord, IJ^ii/t;? our God, as before. 7D3 be-chol— Compound of 3 preposition, in, 73 all, every, as before. ^iK")n) kor-ie-noo — Verb, infin. kal, ^} the pro- noun of the first person plur. (we) (our), r. K"J|5 like i^'iD, : vbi^ ie-lov— As before. surely (a) people wise & uDder&tand- ing that nation that great this for where is (there a) great nation to whom Go D^rl7|!^ e-low-him— God, as before, piii eth — Accusative, DV yowra, day. ^VOtS^li hash-she-bhe-ngee— Seventh, as before. tJ^p^l va-ye-kad-desh— Verb, } conv. and conj. > fut. pee-ngiel, third mas. sing. r. t^*']\^ he sanctified. ^nit^ ow-thow — Pronoun accusative, him or it. *3 cee— Conjunction, for. "13 bow — Composed of 2 in, and "1 pronoun, it. r\:iW sho-bhath— Verb, third mas. sing. pret. kal, r. itself. SsD mic-col— As before. TJIpK^P rae-lach-tow— As before. ' *lti^i< a-sher— Pronoun, as before. J^SS bo-roa— Verb, third mas. sing. pret. kal, TT r. itself. , Wthvi e-low-him— As before. : nltt^vSla-nga-sowth— Infinitive kal, r. T^'fV he '■ " made, with S the gerund (to) (rule 53;. which he madr, and he rested OD the day seventh from all his work which he made and God blessed the day seventh, and he sancti- fied it; in it he rested from all his work which God created to do or to act. 145 OBSERVATIONS ON THE SECOND EXERCISE. The author has chosen these last verses to shew the necessity of some knowledge of the original, and that the translation of the bible cannot always be depended upon, as will appear from the last word of this lesson, viz. H 12^3^7 la-nga-sowth, a verb in the infinitive of kal, r. n2^5^ he made,^ did, act, 7 being prefixed by rule 53, signifying (to),, whence nitS^V/ to do, or to act, which is evidently proper, viz. that which God created to act, i. e. to perform the office for the purpose for which they were created : according to the translation the Hebrew ought to have been HJiS^yT and made — the verb PlK^V he made, and T con- T T : T T : junctive.* 2d. In the last verse of the first chapter, and the first of the second, run thus : — " And the evening and the morning were the sixth day ;" thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them : whence it is understood, that the whole of the creation was finished on the sixth day. The next verse of the second chapter evi- dently proves that the whole was not completed — " And God finished his work on the seventh day :'' this seeming contradiction the author endeavours to explain in the following manner: — In rule II6 the learner will find the remarks the author made on the additional letters so often met with in this sacred volume, called nilH the law; wherein T nothing can be added nor diminished, much less can there appear any contradiction ; see Psalm xix. \.7- If therefore any part of the bible be found unintelligible, such must be imputed to the translator not being fully conversant with the original. That every thing was finished on the sixth day is evidently comprehended from the two verses — the last of the first chapter, and the first of the second — " Thus (alluding to the sixth day) every thing was finished ;" and that there was yet something wanting to complete the whole is also manifested from the second verse — " And God finished his work on the seventh day." This was no more than the seventh day itself of the creation, requisite for the formation of weeks, months, and years : this was not completed until the appearance of the seventh day, when at the very moment of the appearance of which the whole was completed. *NoTE.— If the 3 of ^V'^llS^n DVn will admit of the adverb Q'^jlQ (before) as it does in many places, as Exodus, chapter xii. verse 15 — pti^N"in D V3 "IK " ^"' '^'^'^ heath, that ye put away the leaven before the first day;" if so, the meaning of the text here might be rendered thus: " And God finished his work before the seventh day." T 140 > a o S 3 - o r^ l5^ .-ti O Hit- r Ph - Q r I ^ 0) 05 r •jjjsj(f s f»- •JRJllSUjS •(P.llll^ £• S b « ^ 4> O *> H >- >- ^ •jiii.f 'anjs H H >- •j.injii,| •r |iniii<,' D 2 ^ ^ U H ^ H r- h- I ni^n-nt'ni.nt'n-ni ni Q^ I r^jl'^r r r r r r r nin-nrni nrn-'ni'ni'ni n c^-c; c; a *- n n n n r r TF n:n n n: r r r r r-.c; C c sc >' n n n n ^ r r I r pnrnrnrnr ir p.f-..,- a •^ SiT r'-r r-'r -r r rr- n. nn n- n n n. n n. 33 J3.,Q:J3Lrji OlO- J3i Oi Qi n c r nn n rz n n fz rz. c c c c c c I ol nil iDi cii fD| uni • r:iJ rM rn- r» ' '^ ni a *^ n r r r-r; n ' r r r^r ' r r r=*r Hi n, Hi Hi n ,Q, |%-J^:j^:j^.. ' r r r r n n n n c c c c o< fill mi oi r r^r r- n ^/:\- a* G\i Cli Gil r: 147 ■ajtiinj •|BJU|J S f^ . >■> >- S b H f> > > :s ■r c: c q *"*:. M f 1 f~ J^.O .n f C r n n 1 ■)iiasajrf 3|diouJ»?,l "iSBfl sidiDijiPJ ■""IS •Ji'cT ■.luis' •JUi^ vi en so ^ 04 ■^ S c <» s ^ § g J g * fc fc. g fc. {« cc PL C- 0° c ^ E « g CB = S tl- S tu r rj: n-ri: n^n' n Co F 13 p n p n ? a C r-' n:n..n.'-' i- r r r-' n n r *- '- r r r r. 53. r 53:ii.53iif3 13 r r^^rr r n Co £ n 5^ 13= 13- 13= J:-'" --j-:^ |:=' 13:13 Q=P' ^ f" *" n n n Hi ^• 13 r 13= r C.c; c; c n n n c 13: r r r-p r n. 13il3" 13il3' Q ra Q •ci-Q n_ ri: ni- />_■ '^ n c^ r r r 13-13i-n..O'- 13 13 13 13. 13- C C C C-C x^i r^i r-i r-.s^f r r'-r r:.r- n Co £ .s O 148 o ei >;»• rii -TS n rt ^ rt ■4>j a CO ^ V U3 A en 5* Is S2h m 'T3 rl' r I ri Oi r •.wjaij •|»"»lcf 'jeinSaii;; •34ilBjadiui •jnij -iJuis 'ajnjn^,] •JBJllSUIS qJ -' H >L_>i_^_jL H H>< >< 2£f 251- as*- %^ ici- ssh aji asr ^1 ^ 13i J3 Q' 13i J3i 13 C* I J3i O' « r r'-r r r r r r r a " 3, S2i-2S"S2Kj5;:S5ivJCK55i;^:-^-: f Qi Q- Q« Q' Hi Q Hi O' Q" -= J- r^rrrr r r r a T' '^■' IJ'" T" '^'■' ''*■■■ T" •V'-r^:- 25> :«=• ^^ 5J- SSV 55:; :gi; ^;- 55iv Di r m n n' m m n~r\' Q^ SC>- 5Ck 2C»- 25 ►^ 2Sk 2:f 25i 3Si 2s^ . m n-ni ni ni n-ni t nt « r r^r r r r r r r a •" -rn-. '-i:- »-n-. »-|:. *"»:• »"»:• '"«:• *"»:• *"»:• _. aj:; 2S;-- 3K:; 2S:; 2S|: SS-: JK;: 25;; 25;: * Hi r|~ni rii Hi Hi Hi Hi rji ^r rT r r-rr r r 4 n c^c; c; - g C:P 2Sk aS" a:" 2S>^ 25k 2S^ 25i 2Ji 2S«- Hi ni rii Hi Hi flKrii H' fli n n^nn n n n n n- n m^c c; '" c: c p a " *-|:- *-»:. #-!:• *-«:. #^.. »-».. «n:. »-»:. »n:' 25K 25;: 25;: 35 ;•• 25;: 25:; 25;: 25;: 25;- „. rj n, Hi fi" Hi h, ri' ri' ri « n n^n n n.n n n n 25: 25 25 25: o n n « rCrf - s V W kT >- >- 5 •aAUav J"38'>-'cI 'aAissBj jaasajd[ ■n.iis '■""rT •"llMtJ "IHM CO «3 as 0H CU s s a fa S fc. Ki CO 0. (X ^^ 52 2 25 ^ j; f" ^ '^ n n •2..C ,- -C: x- V r- r- n *" n 5'!.'^' '^^ '^^ V' n n r 22 n .n .25 .55 .35 .35 .25 r r*TTr n Co p 25 .35 .35 .35 .35 351:35;: 25> 25;- r.OQ 25:; 35-:: 25:: 35-:: '^ a c '^ .'^ .c^ .'^ '5 S:35 2S 25 ^. 5v- r r r-' n' n' r S' 35-^ 35k 35.^^ .: l:,: u,: I:,: •^■ r 35-^ 35k 35.^^ P n^ 35k .Q cr 25-, i'^ 35r:35;:^= g" .C n n 35 35 35 .35 35 H: n-n-Ln-n- r r^r rr n c a E .35 .35 .25 .35 .^ " HE 5:? 35:; 351: 35:-: 35:; OkOi-QkQ; 3.3 35" 25 •• 25;: 35-:: nt-fit-ni-nt. Pa E .2- a c •" -c 35i- S or «*■ '-= ^ n o «^ b •?« ? ° « o .3 " 2 >• « 351 03 351 r B !C ti ■ •- a 150 •JA]3l,f •(' •"Id s a 2 Jr r- 5- MlilllnUlS ^ s &: > ? h 5- > >. « V »''^'''»«,I •\niaid ■p •auts- 'i»\d •3U!S -JIMd They M. They F. YeP. We. »3 cc aj Oh' C^ 1 1 1 1 1 «j w SU fc S S S E S Ch S ^ n n c a c n .*"• .'"' .'^ .*"* n n^n n n b £ a 13 J3|13;J3 13 n Q a Q n f^ a £ :?- e e c; P n rirf, n n n h o .p 9 p 9 »^ IT e c; p n rr- n i.'^^- 1 « n o J3 J- c e c p 1? n n n"* n Q O O 013. mm. ■- o Q C . 1 -r* Q ^ 152 •J,n:>Jrf •aAnw.ndiuj ■ajuiiij •ji!|>i?;!iis •p..in|^ Mll|,| '''UlS •j'.|n3t»is HeM. She F. ThouM. Thou F. IC. They C. YeM. YeF. WeC. Thou M. Thou F. YeM. YeF. He She Thou M. Thou F. IC. ^ ^ ^ ^ a n_ n. n^ Hi.. a a ^a n. .n_ J^ n_ J^ ri_ n_ a 5^0 5 n 6 5 ''- c^c E *" E a J — . n n n n n •Jz III. /n. isi- /li- '^ a 5 5 Q n_ n_ n n_ n_ n_ n_;/i_ n_ > a Q'-O O O Q f3.0 Q a QQ Q n •y^ ti- f^ n^f^ a a J3 a n= n: r n n tz n='r:'i?:= ^ h nwh h n n hsn in n n ft.nn-n n n n ^ n n-n-nn.n n n n ) . s: ^ ^ ^ ^ 'n nan _i n ^ c c c-c c c C PC a n_ n- n- n_. n_ n_ p. .p- J^ t a o'-Q n n Q q q-o rt n rx n c 5 "^ t n i5:i •ajiunj ►5 •3AU.>V ■'■'^_ ^ a £ "a o h 13 Q: O- n- h h>-hh f^ a £ a J ^ c; c: c: P ^ n-n n ** n n Q p p Q n n^nn <:&£ o w •a 5 a i f-.c; g; n; 22 n c C C C C n n n n >• 1 o ■r 154 •njjja *3Ai)eMdu<] V»JlliUJ •JBIII^i'llS 'irjUlj^ •J"I.I •i'"!S -.KinSHiK She F. Thou M. Thou F. IC. They C. YeM. YeF. WeC. Thou M. Thou F. YeM. YeF. She Thou M. Tliou F. IC. o 3g as'-% sc :s as ;5 52 is ^ n c^q c -^ c c :5 j-:r-r r: :& % as 2c- ;^:.i:; CC^- * js 52 as % «-,, #-|. .rn. »~%. 'n. #T 'n. «-»• *-|. -? ri:- ri:* n::" ri:- 1^ .. f>_.. n:- rii- fi^- rut- n^ r^ f^ r-r- r r as as- as as- •- rr- t--\\. n* o- J3- o- o- i3 n- Q- o- ;?»: >|. >»: >^: X: >^-:*|: >l: ><: as as^as-as-as-as as-as-as- n c^c c *" c c p as as- as as- ^ as as as ^ Sjasasi-asasasasasasas a •^ as as as as o.J^..n•^.J3 J3 o 13 Q jn. >». t^: >»: ^^: JA- ^^: t'*: >i: ^ «^ as as as *^ as as as ^ ^^C-^C C^ C C P n'nmin. Q J3 no M:Jyt..V«..>»: as as- as as- n h.Q o Q Q ^ tA- >\. yt. tA. ^ as at as. as -• Q n o Q Q Q J3 o Q ?f, ;>»i.?^";'«= J^= •'»• i^- •^' ^^= i^= ? as as- as as as as as as as f n c-c; c *" C £:^ nn r n r r nnn q c ; c c C; c c q. q CI: CI" CI: CI: CI: Cl: C|: CI' C|: as as-as-as ^ ^ as-as-as- n q-q q -^ q EiP h'q-q-q-asK ^Ji;Q Q Q p ^ I'll, j/^i- J'* ...>»». ^ as as as. as n n rn q-q q q r'r'nr, C|: CI-CI-CI:. as as- as as- r q q q «- PiQ Q Q c: ci:r'r"r'ri ;g CI: S= CI-CI: as 55 as as 1^5 'dimnjl j^ -aAlJDV ■J-"'cl *3A!SV»d 'JJBtl 1 •IBJuid; 1 1 t5 •aaig *jnyf I 'Snig "JMIH | They M. They F. YeF. VVc. CO CO p; &; 1 M ^^ la; fc, g Pk »D tK Ol fl< 1 s « i !g &u S fs. r r r r fl"^ ^ 55755 a:-^ tt n r n. Q- /I. n> 55 55.55 55 r r r r 55 ^'■55^ g Ik £ S:& n r: 55 »-|. .rn. *-»• «T r-r-r-r- 55 55-55-^ r« 55 i3. Q'O'Qi 55 55-55 55 '^ a £ ^55-55 55-^ 23.- >> J3 Q n o 53-53 Q.Ci. 55 55-55-55 J;^ a Q J3 g n •" n n. i3 5: ^^• j^. i^. j>»- 55 55'^5:. $: nb£ i|;.g..g;| ^ 55 55 55 ^ 53" 53.53k53-53- 53 53 53 53 55 55.55-55 i' ri i' ri|: ... p.^ g. n c r' 55 Q- n- on- ce cc r' r'nri la: m c>..£n-. 55 55-55 55 •5 55- S pi- 2 -B 55 I' 6C ♦J JS 55 5 n *~ •«— a .a 150 M.»13l^ S fa s a aJ 2 2 MK|n3uis ?? S fa 4- 2 ^ -= •aAilHJodniY S fa' . •a.inin^.| jc|ii.iais' S fa s s 4, flJ 2 2 " ^ "" H I-- SI 3: ninrn'.ni' «-i_ *n. cj- *n' *"«• '^• poc C a "^ 5 '""C''~'^C'' '- n n - fi « «-«. .,^. ,^. <-i. *^. *n. *^. *^. *n. n n' l^:■'^i •n' «ni *^i '- fl n ^ n _. -Tt-r^-j^: J^iJ^:_r•,_r•=-/^^J^• 5 11 '^ a — _/N|. n '- n n ^ r n:.n.n n n ^- r r..r r r r ft. J_ «- S n r h a n n. r- r ■ r r r r j^Lei C" mi isi *- n n ^ n •rr .rT-«-|-*-i..#-» '^..*^..^^. 00 f— g— .— » •- ^ *~ *- — V '- n n '^ n •a n.n n.n n n n n r rt-i"*-i''-ri.r'-c:«' ;^! cj! ;?! J^^^oc c c c ;p ^' -ni r?' ^' I J^:-C»< '^' '^i s?i n - *" PiHJ *" n n '^ n 157 •ajiunj 1 j •dAii^v ■'"'rT •aAissv^ M-iCfl a •|Bjiiia 1 > ■;t(llS Mlllrt •3HIS -JlWa They M. They F. YeM. YeF. We. wj c« a; &; 1 i a e g fe g fa M5 CC 0." P^ 1 i 1 i S tu 2 fc s o pVC G C pi r:i' £ 'n *^ '^ *-« cs o u w a. j^kc e c; pi. n £ *^. *n' *-». *-«. n n a £ o 1 £ *^^ 'ni 'ni *~J" n r. a E ■fc» a 1 c o s 2 1 >■ f,?e-;e-.e-.?!:i r~- *T '^■■ *~s-" rs:. £ n n a £ ic r r r L.. Hi r £ f-- r- r r ■ £ nhPt-ri'-Q'- *^..*^..T•*^•• n n a c a a Is f- c c; c; p n n n c £ J3 O Q Q j;J!.Pkr^!.P' n n a £ o S u ja \ u § 15B " M-najj •<»\H«,i.niai( •,)imii.| •JB|tlHu >S •I« "IcT •. "»!ci •Sins; •j;.|nr'i;s B 5 U >- YeF. WeC. e o ^ She Thou M. Thou F. d go Qi Qi Di O' Qi Di Di Di Qi = nri>-nn(iinririn s ^ a — Q Q Q Q ^ ? 5 S; r. i^ D D D O #-1 •#" .r— ■*~ '*~ '^ n r\ nn r-\\- r-\\- m-^..t-\ ..r~\..r-\v r-\..tf-\,..r-\. -• 0<0> OiOi Oi OiOi QiDi Sd n '^^^ n p ri n n n a — C-C C r n nn n n- n r\. n n nil Q. di Qi .Q Q Q Q Q Q a Q Q r\- n rii m ni n-ny n- ni n G^c c; *" e c.p J3 — Q Q Q 9 n n- n '^~ n Q g: c: C"^' n .a Q ^ S ^ n n n n .Q Q Q Q Q Q Q .Q fj ni n~ni ni n' n-ni ni ni n n>-n n-n n nnn- n m^c; c;'- c.i; p a — p, c n; q 551 *^ n n n.r\ _. OtOOQ, Q 0=0.Q0 5> '"J p-h n h P.P P P n n.^ n^ O: n C:D. Q: Q: n n n n Qi Oi O' Oi O' Oi Qi Oi Oi nni-nnnnnnn '^ £.£ £ " £: & P a i.£^ n n p- 1 n nn r~ r~ r. r.n r.- ^ Q.Q..D Q O O O D O 4 c c ^ q c ^ c c e ^ ri: n-ni rti ni n ni Hi n' g. n n^n n n p n n n o c; c; t; c ■r- •»— •#— r- n-nnn- n nn n^ n ^ '^ n n c: ri=h:n n n n- n: n 159 2 b. . ?> ?:» S fc >- > p •aAnay 'ijb^ 'Sens' ■«"'jT tl, 0H &■ g [b '3AISS8J 'JJSd CO w: D.' C « e «• s g I g I ^ O. Q O i=* n p Q O Q '^ a £ Q'-Q-OO n n n n '^ a E F\\ C* C- C- JrJ; Jr-' n: n n '' n n Q n mono a a Q a n= n n n n rinn n f-aE Q« oi Qi or n florin ^^ S o 3 P n.n n '^ n n Q n O J3 O J3 .O Q a Q n n^n n 5^4 o. Q: o 2 0| n n' n' n- n n Q H: O. Q u- n M c p- c; m c P S'B.o.S-S' n n n p p p n Q'-OiSiO' n n^n. n f— *- -r- *- a r ^ c c: c !5 Jr? n n nJ^ n E^ n. D., c ■r— rt: n Q O Q O Q Q Q.O- e ^ m c n n.n ^- a P n: n 1(30 •J^jajj •AMlR.iatluIJ •ajtuuj •|eiuu ■jv|u:^nig •juij -fluis' •iBiirnis He. She. Thou M. Thou F. I. They. YeF. We. S fa . h H >- >. i si 1 1 E K P H ^- s r r^r r r' r r r r la-ia'-ia- «a m- m: m^im- F r r '~ ir r'r r r r C r n •- - ;^ 1= h n »:- ,_ #7- lahia- c\- m.m_ m_ r r r #-«■». m-ia ci.c) m-ia- m m p ri± nJ" nJ riJ fM mi- m •■ m ' " £r^r^r r r r r r Cl- C- 2S- mi- Q: Q r^- mi" riir rr- r r m_^ mJ m> mJ Pi 1 p «r'r!.r r r p spn ciC r;- c p pp-^' *" p- lahxa*- xa*- p:|-. r- ^ p p mj xa • ^•• r X5^ Or- p r- r p' p" _i fM-m>-mJmi mj- mJ P .ri^r.r r r r ,up c e^c; ;:; c xai-xa- xa m^- ri_- xn.:- r r' r xa c; c;. p!.. xa- xa-. U r r- '" P P la-ia • in-ci" xa- , m 1 m± r^ i mJ* mJ ^ sr ri r r r JIJ =n=C^ C f^, p r^. X2J- rij- a (^ ^ a a la-ta • ia, la • la . mJ mj- mJ m_ mJ CLgn:.!:; c; -, p iaia£a,ia;ja-ia;' ja- la- :^mj-mJ-mJmJmJmJ mi mi a '^r^r^r r rr r- r ,Ea c c-^c; n; p c; p xai-xah xa. r=r r ° a 5 !-■ x>_ m:-m- . la-Qjia-ia la-ia • la- ci- •— r/mj-m.'"mj mi mi mj- mJ '^ 1 pr^r'^r r r r r r la^ra- xa. ri-m.:- m^- r r r s &: S' <*; ta . r- >- >< ^ •jAiioy 'uRff ■SiijS mirf £ S S fc. S fa •Suit; "Jui^"" ?i C- C '^" '^' 5? Q J=; Q CI i- p,r r r a*- m.ia xa ci r r»^r r n a c zii- /:>^ /2_ /p- r r^r F n a C r n .£a CI .la m r r r=r ^ 5 t E. CI c» m -^ n_ /:i- /:i_ ;=- F r^r^Jr "^ Q ^ Q* n- H"^ n*^ rz' 01-1 -Ci) .d.-iH .HI n: I n- ni nj n^ r«- r'-r r-r r. I- ^ n.£.. n> n. n_ {=- r r-r ri r m-cvia..^ Hl- n_ n_ n. ci'-S:. i5»v .CI CI CI .CI r= r r r r cici CI ci- ri- n. n_ •=:- F F^FT CI '^ CI r CI" r d*- .CI .CI. CI CI I CI -CI CI r ci. Clf r n_ ni itL:- rii- 1 rL n_ rL J=- Pf;r'r Ir'F F-r .CI .CI .CI .CI rr rr rt e^ t-i, i; F^F p pg. t r " a CI: nJ- r- O:- a Cl»- r- n: a CI CI CI .CI fiz- ni' ri:- <-^- r rir r ° h a S a n: CI.CI.. — FT- a r> a a r ci». n:- r .CI .CI .CI .CI rLi-f^n-n- rr'rr n= n'- ci-ci- p:pl F r *~h: F:' /Ij • U- r r a a ••- en- X. ri- CI r /^ r n_: r a a Clw a •CI .CI .CI CI a C< CI- a CI" r i- a ri o CI- r CI- r- a*- n: •CI CI CI CI r^r r r CI CI ri_n_ p.p. CI CI F r he 1=; 162 Rule 102. — Example of a defective verb, ^ foi its first ladical. with rliiph-i'.gal. nmii Hiph-ML'iJ. N i{tli-ugal. K»l. — T tZ 5b Ho. She. Hioii M. Thou F. I. They. Ye M. YeF. We. ^0 s e 2S u ce "5 PES Thou M. Thuu F. YeM. YeF. Si ■J. it > a. £ cd He. She. Thou M. Thou F. I. They M. They F. Ye M. YeF. We. 'C 3 C k ta ^^•? 0\^r} Kigiilnr. V V fnfi'iif've. u PC Mas. S. Fem. ii. F«m. 'S. Mas. P. Fem. P. ■ 1 Note.— ^-^'Q ^VD 3'"* ^J-'SDH «ie rcgnlaiij declined. A COMPENDIOUS CHALDAIC GRAMMAR, INTENDED to enable the reader to understand that part of the bible ( written in that language) comprised in Daniel, Ezra, and one verse in Jeremiah, making two hundred and sixty-eight verses ; besides several distinct words in diffe- rent parts of the Pentateuch.* * In the preface to the Hebrew Grammar, page vi. there is a remark made on the antiquity of that language, shewing that the same was preserved in its pure state after the confusion of tongues, by Abraham, son of rf^ri Terach, who inhabited the land of Chaldee ; Genesis, ch. x. and xi. After the departure of Abraham and his family from that country by the command of God, (Gen. ch. xii. v. 1) lini IVochour, his brother, being left behind, confounded the Hebrew into a dialect, to which he gave the name of the country he lived in — the ('haldee ; and as the Hebrew icmained in the family of Abraham, so did the Chaldee in that of Nachor. See Genesis, chap. xxxi. vcr. 47, " And Laban (grandson of Nachor) called it Nn^lilfit^ 1^] a pure Chaldaic word ;" j^eg-ar, a heap, and sohadootka, of testi- mony; and Jacob called it "TJ/^^ i* e. ga/, a heap, r. ^7^ and ngied} a testimony, r. "liy. Hence it is manifest that The difference between the Chaklee and He- brew chiefly consists in the etymology, owing to the change of" letters and vowels in the same word. The number, shape, and power of the letters^ as also those of the vowel points, are the same, without exception, as in the Hebrew. See note. the Chalclee language^ from its gfeatcr similarity to Ihd Hebrew than any other, was first spoken in the family of Terach, descended from "^IlV ngebcr, who, as related in Genesis, chap. x. yer. 21, had two sons, the one he pro- phetically named JyD Peleg, signifying a division, from JlSe he divided, saying, \'^^r\ HJ'^Di VD»n ^3 " For in his days (see Yarchi, the year he died) the earth became divided," after the confusion of tongues, into different nations, according to the language of each family ; the Hebrew then remained in the family of *)^J^ down to WyTS Terach, the father of Abraham, Nachor, &c. Genesis, chapter xi. verse 25. By Abraham it was preserved in its pure original state. See preface to Hebrew Grammar. — When he left his native land (Genesis, chap. xi. ver. 31, again, chap. xii. ver. 4) he took all his family with him, except his brother Nachor, whom he left behind : the knowledge he still possessed of his mother tongue, namely the letters, vowels, &c. was soon converted into a different dialect, which he named after the country he inhabited — the Chaldce— Hebrew, DHtS^D n^J< the valley of Casdim, named after the name of one of his sons, Genesis, chap, xxii. ver. 22, "lCy3 ^\^^ " And Cesed," &c. This Ian- guagc was soon after known by the name of D1JI")ri signify- ing explanation, being as it were an explanation of the Hebrew ; and it is considered as one of the nlost faithful comments on that sacred language. RULE 1.— ON THE CHANGE OF LETTERS. Chal. Heb. Chal. Heb. Nnnjoy. *?nniron. ' 2 and pas V2I^ fo^ tpri he made *' ;• • right. 7\S>. he went. J— >-nn53— r)^15jl brimstone o—'0- "i3p — *1D2^ watched 1 — to- nsD— nil"! scandal. 3^— K xvi rj; a tree. n— K- KniD— nniD »'o°'*- X—y- ynx X^^ earth. 1— K- n^^p— T*'p summer. nVij< 'and. D — }- i^yo — t3»J3 lime. fit^ — n rh'r\ ti^^ti^ tree. » — K- c>n — t^J^*^ head. n — to- nyp — nvn to en- T T Rule ^, — i* is often omitted at the beginning of a word ; as, "^D for "^HK one, ^1 for ^^^^ man ; V and ri at the end ; as, ^P V^p seven, *? for r)*5 a house, &:c. ETYMOLOGY. Rule 3. — The Chaldee has three parts of speech, like the Hebrew, viz. ^^ a noun, ^^? a verb, and ^t^ a word. OF GENDER AND NUMBER. n Rule 4. — All nouns are of the masculine gender, excepting those ending in ^?^ ^^ ^?0 11^ ni and r)\ ; as, {y dunghill. ii.i Rule 5. — ^, the termination of the feminine gender, is often omitted ; as, 2Vp 1*7]; ^^1J. Rule 6. — Three numbers, the singular, plu- ral, and dual, distinguished by their ending ; thus, the plural masculine by adding to the sin- gular]*., the dual in I*, or?.., the feminine by changing ^^^ intol^ ; the difference between the absolute and construction is the same as in the Hebrew. RULE 7.— AN EXAMPLE OF NOUNS. Masculine. Absolute. Sing. T a hand, Plural tn"» hands. '• TT Feminine. Sing. J^Dpn wisdom, Construction. Plural ]D2n *"1* the hands of. n^Dn the wisdom of, The dual in both genders adds T.. to the sin- gular, except the feminine, when ^^ or "' is changed to ^ ; thus, mas. dual T.'X two hands, fern, dual I!C^^? two hundred. Rule 8. — Some nouns are in the masculine singular, as ^^ a father, and in the feminine plural, as IC?^ or V"??^ fathers ; some are in the singular feminine, as ^^/P or 5^;P a word, and in the plural masculine, as V^P words. & OF CASES. Rule 9. — The Chaldee has five cases, prefixed like-those in the Hebrew, viz. Nora. 1^9 Gen. n or lot l!2P'T Dat. 7 "to. V-^i Ace. h a. "pan' -•! i from. l^ap in or on. to? a king, of a king, to a king, a king. from a king. ' in or on a king. Rule 10. — The vocative, instead of placing "^ before the noun, they put ^^ after ; as, sing.>^3^-P O, or this king ; plur. ^/d7P these, or O kings ; this ^^ is also used instead of ^ demonstrative or emphatic, as ^1?P for "^^^D this or that book, mas. sing.; plur. ^^-^P these books; the femi- nine terminates in J*9t ? as ^^^^^^Q O, or that wisdom. Rule 1 1. — Nouns ending in HI or Hi form the plural absolute in IJ, emphatic in ^^^I3^ as sing. niD^p, plur. iJS^P, emphatic ^r\}f?^' Rule 1^. — ^ demonstrative or emphatic is only joined to the pronouns of the third person, asf^innhe, Vi?^^'^they, these, &;c. 6 RULE 13.— OF PRONOUNS. Separable. iNSEPAHABLiE TO NoUNS. Singular. Flmal. Ageitt. Pat. , Pessea. 1 C. k:n or n:iK » t 1^ ♦ I. Me. My. 2 M. 2 F. nhjt* or r\H 0» Thou. Thon. Thee. Tliee. Thy. Thy. 3 M. ? kings. 1?"?^ Thy king. 2 M. 1!??'^ Tliy kings. 137P- Thy king. 2 F. 'yi'ii Thy kiiigkif ns'i'/!: His king. 3 M. ^nis^/':: HtS kingS,;;^ nD7D Her king. 3 F. KHS^D Her kings. k^sSd Onr king. 1 C. J^P'?^^ Our kings. li^??? Your king. 2 M. ]'^y?7^ Your kings. P37D Your king. 2 F. P'37'^ Yonr king!*. r^n379 Their king. 3 M. I'in'sSD Their kings. in??^ Their king. S F. I'T?^'^ Their king<. Rule 15. — -Nouns feminine take the same affixes, as I'inril^V their prayer, like l^^UK their father. RULE 16.— DECLENSION OF PRONOUNS. Nooiiuative. Gen. n of. Dat. "5 to. Ace.nj Abl. P fro ,n. ^ in or on. I c. t^:^? !77 n'7 h ' ♦n^ 0^0 *n MeC. ThouM. rii{< "]Sn -jTn i? 1^: 1PP 1? Thee M. Thou F. n^ 17*7 177 V 1^: i;;p 1.? Thee F. He. in^ii '^77 nS nrr n;D nn Him M. She. «n»K T nn'^ T • ni. T HerF. WeC. ]^,V iVt nn ^r^U' UP 1? UsC. Ye M. pni^' li37T p:)^. liBH' p^;?^ pD2 You M. Ye F. ^riK l?p P,^ pn: p^p P3 YouF. TheyM. \^^^ l^n?! lin^ linn: pniiD pn3 ThemM. TheyF. j»J}^ P71 inl^ ^nn: i^ip in? Tliera F, Rule 17. — Demonstrative, mas. H. Tl fern. ^V:T1 com. PI this, that— singular ; l''^? 1*?^* ^^. n^?!^ ?!?^ these — com. plural. Rule 18. — Relative, H 7 who, which, that, for, &:c. com. Rule 19. — Interrogative, IP what? whence comes the name of the food which the children of Israel eat in the wilderness — in the Hebrew IP man, and in every other language manna, being originally a Chaldaic word, viz. IP what ? " They asked each other i^^^ IP what is it?" for they did not know what it was : it therefore retained thai name — VP man, or mano. A a OF VERBS. Rule 20. — The Chaldee, like the Hebrew, has three kinds ol" verbs, viz. 1 . perfect, 2. qui- escent, 3. defective; which admit of conjuga- tions, moods, tenses, number, person, Sec. Rule 21.— The example given for a verb is the same, but differently pointed ; thus, 7^2 for ^i^P ; whence the rest of the conjugations are named, with different characteristics, viz. 1 7j^5 or*;?!? is simply active ; has {- :) for its characteristics, as . le visited. VSnX its passive, has n^^ prefixed to 1 -.^p,-,^ C __ ... -:•■•, -,,•■•.. i ipSDN i He was visited, the root fonts characteristic, as. , i -: • • ^ •]|5S 3. 7'VS active, signifying intensely; has dagesh in the second radical, and the change of yowels, as 4'7yDr)t< its passive, has Hf^ prefixed, and dagesh for its characteristic, > '|!!IT'^ as He visited dili- gently. He was visited diligently. TPDK He caused ta visit. 5. /VpK active, signifying to cause another to do; has K, sometimes H pre- fixed to the root for its characteris- tic, as 6. Vyp^? its passive, has also ^^ or H for | "'PJ?^ C He was J I > its characteristic, as j^*" 'iir!/ | visit. ■ The hith-poa-ngiel conjugation is not used in the Chaldee, on account of the characteristic mark, which they apply to the second and fourth conjugations. made to 9 Rule 22. — The different persons, number, and gender, are made by the inseparable pro- nouns affixed to the root, as marked in the following table, viz. The Partici- ple declines like nouns, witii tbe same aflUxes. See the table rule 25. Its characteris- tic is— thus 1'>pQ one who is visit- «d.* The Infinitive in 7p hasQ prefixed with (•) as -T|5DD In the other conjugations It lias the same characteristics as marked in the table rule 25: it also ad- mits of the let- ters ^27Dn prefixed, like the Hebrew. The Impera- tive is in the second person only mas. and fern. sing, and plnr. Pretcr. V He M. She F. ThouM. Thon F. I C. They M, They F. Ye M. Ye F. WeC. ■3 Note. — Both the preter and the future often signify the tinie present. • This fotm is termed by the Chaldeans 7*J^9 whence they form tlie preter of an active conjugation, thus: — Preter. Sing. 3 M. n>p5D 3 F. ni^ps) 2 M.t iJ-T^pS 2 F. r>Ti?s 1 0. niRSi Plur. t Whence the yrpri} }^^7^'5^ Daniel* chap. V. vepse 27, " Thoa art weighed," r. VpJl Hebrew 7S|^ he weighed; the {^ is here added for |^ pnragogic. 10 •JSlSJrl 'd/viiejddiuj •aiiuuj ■jeiiiituis ■|''"Md •auis -jiiia -jejuSuis 2 fa S fa . g BS.-^>.Sfa''^ Thou M. Thou F. YeM. YeF. HeM. Slie F. Tlion M. Thou F. I C. u a 72 toO J » tf |rr.r;r:r:r r»^r r r i: 15 52 :c S5. :c - c c c c c c ! n, O; p' J3» Qi O o-r r'r r r.r 5 C c;^^ c -^ c c c c.. r rr r C C 22 • r r r r r-r r .x-i j^, r^i "^i r-i ^1 r-i J^i j^, r^i ^ 13: O: Xd! 53 13. O. 53 e I 53 53= gi^r ririr'rr rt-r r r ? C e.c C '^ ^ c,c,.7> (0 #^^ •-'— ^B as. as- ss. as- as- as- as. as. as. as -;: c c c c c c c c c c 6f r^i r-i r-i j^i r^i Jr^i .r i r-i /^i r-i ? C: 53= 53: 53. 53= 53 53 53= 53= 0= S.r r'rir r=r r-^r r r ^ C c^c q *" as c C:2^ 53= 53: 53: 53= r rr r P'-B r 53i r!"53« r r r * r r rr a:= as:-as= as• C C C C 53:53 53 fl= r r r r as ?-:.c; cc; as> J^.c c c C r 53:53=53^' ■^ r r r r . asi as' as, as' as, asi asi asi asi as, I asi asi asi >si lio 53= Q 53 53 53 53 53 Q 53- Q: 53= 53 53! 53:. = r rirtr,r:r r'^r r r r r *" *". ± c c;^*^ c '^ ss c: Cig*^ ^ — ' _rs!.c;i ci c;. asi n:J^-j^r-..r^.. r 53:53=53 Q, r r r r asK as^ as^ as. ^•^ as. ^- ^^acH ^K S) 531 53 53 53 .53 53 n- 53' 53i 53i 2 r r'r'r.rr r'^r r r- € r c^f^ c *- as E E::3- C c^C C £ii ac J^'.E-EKC'-asf r='^nK53.Q Q" r |- r^r u S' 5* s s: js x: « « ^ H H 5h >« ? Jk q c C J^ •5 •JAljjy U-rej i •»AI8SBJTiBJ •auis uiMj i •Soig -Jiiia i s s s 3 a i3. r n e C n p i3i c c c 5— r rT ' 5-r r-^r x- 13:13 13 O U.CIQQ- ~r^' D 13 O Q rK| 13: 13 .n 13 £; C C C g. r;j3=n:i3J^ 25 r- r^Q 13 Q p 13k 2S 13»13il3«13' Q:I3.J3 2: as ::-• 3r.oc 13. Q. 13.13. rN-r-..r-..r^i- 13»13i.l3»-13 r r^r rv C C C C pn on- 55 i:-*^ Q'-OhlSi-Q'- 13':13»-13fl3'' r r'-rr" 5S i^ — « CI; J- !.'•:•» r r 12 OF QUIESCENT VERBS. Rule 24.— Quiescent in first radical *, as ^D! he sat, are declined like ^^l^ viz. in the imper. fut. and infin. of kal ; * is omitted, compensated sometimes by dagesh, as 5^1^. ; sometimes by ^, as ^'^r'>^!', first pers. fut. kal, and I shall know, r. ^y^ : in the light conjugations * is changed to l, as Ezra, chap. iv. verse 10, "i^H ^nlni third mas. sing. pret. aph-ngel, " And made them dwell," Rule 25. — Quiescent in second radical \ as ^^p to rise, have no dagesh conjugation ; the rest are declined as follows : Aph-ngel. Fern. Mas. ]»p»pn q^pn ' D^pk ^^'^pri pD^pn " '.' D»p> VP.*15P D»pp ]D;f5p J^D^pp Ith-pc-ngal. Fem. Mas. nppn^f Dpn^? ripj5ri^ Pi:2pjnij: l*e-ngal or Kal. ^*ppnK vjpnK ]rippnK pnpphN "_ll_Nippnx *pipm ^bpm ^mpr\k ..1a^pn^< ^hpm npn\ VDphk nphri : — DpDN ]^p:prip Dpnp ibipnp NDiprip Fem. nBp M £i8, AP(5 — — npp ^.?i^ lip^ \r\hp_ |inj:|5 __ir ^^^pif :^piit), Dip Njbp ^p^p mpn Dip' yf:i^ph Dipn — ^ D^P^i ]f^^pr\ x\nY ]6^pn ]M2^p'n 1 — 1 Dipi ' T •'r T :'t 3(1 Sing. ^ Vd — 1st — 3d Pliir 2d — 1st — '2d Sing 2d Pliir 3d Sing. 1 2d — 1st — 3d Plnr 2d — 1st — Infinitive. 3d Sing 3d Plur, Note. — Oph-ngal is very seldom used ; as nQ'pn " Were made to stand :" some have Daniel, chapter vii. verse 4, short (t ), as Daniel, chapter IT. verse 33, DJpnil 13 Rule 26.— Verbs quiescent in third radical ^J or n are of the same meaning ^'^^ or "^^n a verbal noun, one ; and ^^^H or ^"111 a participle noun, rejoicing : these letters are often changed to ' before the affix, sometimes to "•. EXAMPLE. Aph-Dgel. Fern. 3Ias. ItU-pe-Dgal Fcm. Mas. K2^7JnK Pe-ngal or Kal. Fern. Mas. nK7J n*7i 3d Sing. ~i 2d — 1st — 3d Plur, 2d — 1st — 3d Sing. N o 3d Plur. j = pan pSjin p7hnn 'T : ; • p7iri; ]i7Jnr) 3(1 Sirg. 2d — 1st — 3d Plur. 2d — 1st — b j^^Sjj^ ^^JSJn^^ kSjxd Infinitive. N»7hD ham ^?*7ilnb ' T ;iT T :l T 3d Sing. )^ 3d Plur. r. U« Rule 27. — The dagesh conjugations are the same as that of kal ; they are distinguished by dagesh in the second radical, and the change of vowels, like those in the Hebrew. 14 Rule 28. — The Chaldee end in "i instead of ^ as ^IlJ for ''11! they were ; ^ third radical is changed to "* for vn. Rule 29. — Final ] is often added, as P^lf'!'! " And that they might drink," Daniel, chap. v. ver. 2, r. nne^. OBSERVATIONS ON RULE 25. 1. The characteristic D in ith-pe-ngal is always da- geshed. 2. The future in kal 1 is often changed to short (t), as'^H'^ and ^HO^ Eara, chap. v. ver. 3, r. '^^'il to go. 3. In ith-pe-ngal (t) is often changed to (.), as |'?ri* " Were fed," Daniel, chap. iv. ver. 12, r. \)t to feed. 4. Sometimes both the characteristic of the conjugation and that of the mood and tense remain ; as, O^IVllnri '* They have made me to know," Daniel, chap. ii. ver. 5, where D the formative of the future and H the charac- teristic of aph-ngel both remain : also in verse 6, pnnjn ** Shall shew." 5. If the first radical be one of the letters ti^VDT it changes place with the characteristic D of ith- pe-ngal and ith-pa-ngiel ; as, ^?iW^ r. i^^p & pn^DltrT 15 D^^iSDi npn Rule 30. — Defective verbs are those whose first radical is ^ as p?^ "He went out," Daniel, chap. ii. ver. 14. After the letters ^Ti^JKn the J is compensated by dagesh, like ^4^, kc. Rule 3 1 . — Verbs doubling the second radical, i. e. those whose second and third radicals are the same, as pp."7 she broke in pieces, are de- fective in one of them — see the table ; and before the affix pronoun compensates by double dagesh in the remaining one, like ^?P, kc. Apb-ugel. Pent . Mas. ^— ??^ n— n— - — ^z — K — ^- — in \^n Ki T Itb-pt'-Dgal. Feni. Mas. np_'^n^^ ^pinN ^Pl™ nprfnj^ -— npini^ >^'';TnK ipn'riii? inp.inxpnjnnN "-— -" N:)pn™ T ' : — : . Pe-ngalor Kal. Fcm. Ma^. npl PI npl npi -— npi Np^ 'ipn tnpnpnpi — ^^P^ 3d Sing. 2d — 1st — i 3d Pliir i; '2d — ut — '> pTK i^:- — 1 — ' *pl p"1 id Sing, i NJpl Ipl ^dprn^l — n py_ p — n — h — — ii 1— n \^ : 1— n P n — : — nn — n: p — ^ — nri ]-;— nn t'v — n'^. IT— nn p — nn " — 1' — n5 ppin pin — - P"'^? tjDin tiph; I|5in ppnn — piJ 3d Sii^. 2d — 1st — aJ 3d Plnr. = ;*d - 1st — Kpnx P^nJ? Pl^ lotinitlve. V — pirM2 lij ^^. V: — Ptinp ix^ — K— ^ 't t t • rp"T pn l^?pi^?¥P.i 3d Slug, i, 3d Pliir.'S '3-. Ol>Ji-ngal. — Few w ords are found in this conjugation, as '^VH w* brought up, r. n*?V similar to the Hebrew. T T B b 16 Rule 32. — The servile letters are the same as in the Hebrew, except ^ the relative pronoun, which in the Chaldee is "', sometimes '1 that, which, Sec; ^ is also interrogative, as ^l^ij is it certain? Daniel, chap. iii. ver. J 4. Rule 33 . — The power of "^ conversive is the same as in the Hebrew, all of which the reader will find in the following verses, annexed to this Grammar for the same purpose as those exercises to the Hebrew. EXERCISE. ver. 17. ; — : .. . T ' : ; T • T ; t t - t — ; t v: T : - • T : V : ■• • t : ' : •. t •• • -: t : "i/tD^^i ^i^^ji m^ 20. ; h^^k; ^*7^^7 inn 7K'n :niV ^'^j — T : •• • T , •• T T — : T v; V ' • t •■ . t ' • — — : • — ; T T ; T • T : T — : T : T ' • ' " T : T T V • •• ; •••.•;•.• N*oi>n ^^»nr K^ti^nD t^im 21- : t*»n n^ n ^^m^lJ1 T — : • ; T — T • •• : — : ; • •• • t : ;| KVi:Dn r