^TiUDNvsov"^ %a3AiNfl]Wv ^(?Aavaan-3S^ ^c?Aiiv8an# oM-llBRAR) v^t•uBKARY•C;/ '^tfOdllVOJO'^ ^Wl UNIVtRiV/v ^lOSANC[lfJ> V>JO>^ o lllBRARY6ir \OJI1VJJO>^ 4,0F-CAIIF0%' ^OFCAlIFOff;^ ^'^oymnw^ ^^Aavjian-iS^ ^lOSANCFtfj^ CO = .•< %jiivjjo'^ ^^^ilIBRARY<9/, <>Sl-UBRARfY(3c ■'^jioa/vmirjn' 5? mmm^'' \wtiNivi«iy^ "^"'llJONVSOV^ ^ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ "^A^aani^ - , ^ ^ o %a3AlNa3Wv ■•^^OJIIVDJO-^ ..vlOSANC[lfj> ^ %a3AIN'a-3V\V^ ^OFCAIIFO/?!^ m 5iS^ ^.OFCAIIFOR^ "^C'AHVliail-l^ AV\tllNIVHii/A o .^ME■UNIVER% fiQ - ,— J/ ' O ^los^cnfj^ '- I/Or* aJI!lllllllllllllillllllllllllllllilllllllil|l||lillllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllll|i|llllllllllllHIII![li Immigrants in the Making The Italians By SARAH G. POMEROY i:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiii!:iiiiii!iii!!ii!;^^ :^ ^jo^ %Aavaan-i^^ ^TilJDNVSOV'^^ ^OFCAllfO;?^ ^^WE•UNIVERJ'/^ , ^ ^ o ^^lOSANlitUJy. o ^V,;:i!i^K %a3AiNa-3WV %a3AINn-3UV ^^03l]VD-3O'^ ^OFCALIFO% ^c>Aiivaan# ^^^l-ltliSAKTa': \03I1V3J0>^ l6 Contents I. The Italians as a Problem . . 9 II. A Bit of History .... 13 III. United Italy 23 IV. Enemies of Progress .... 28 V. Italy and the Eoman Catholic Church 34 VI. Emigration 40 VII. The Emigrants 45 VIII. Hand in Hand 37 THE ITALIANS AS A PROBLEM OF all the vast army of aliens who daily pass through the portals of our United States, no one nationality deserves more attention and study than does the Italian. This is true first because of the numerical problem which it presents. The stream of Italian emigra- tion has been turning towards the United States with a steadily-increasing current during the last twenty-five years. The percentage of Italian emi- grants going to the United States out of the whole number leaving Italy for foreign lands has increased from 12% in 1888 to 44.4% in 1905. In 1906, the Italians arriving 286,314 strong, headed the list of immigrants for that year and the fact that 274,147 came in the year ending June 30, 1913, shows that they are still attracted to our shores. But the Italians deserve consideration not merely because they present a numerical problem, but be- cause there has been a tendency to discriminate against them on account of the illiteracy and low standards of living displayed by a considerable por- 10 THE ITALIANS tion of the total number coming to our shores. And last, but not least, we owe them a debt of gratitude for giving us him who opened the path- way to the New World and made possible the development of our great nation. All the world is indebted to Italy but it has been truly said, " The New World owes to Italy the debt of the Old and more. There must be a strange lack of memory and of recognition of service when prejudice against Southern Latin origin would put up an irrational bar of entry in the face of the countrymen of Columbus." But it cannot be denied that these people help to complicate our national problem. Bishop Brent, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, recently de- clared that " the United States is in far greater danger from the quality of immigration that comes from Southern Europe than from any peril that could come by Japanese ownership of lands in Cali- fornia, or from Asiatic immigration as controlled by our laws." In " On the Trail of the Immigrant," Professor Steiner says, " The most dangerous ele- ment which can come to us from any country is that which comes smarting under real or fancied wrongs committed by those who should have been its helpers and healers. Such an element Italy furnishes in a remarkably great degree, and I have Genoese boy of the level brpw THE ITALIANS AS A PEOBLEM 11 no hesitation in saying that it is our most danger- ous element." "Why do the Italians come to America? The answer is long and complicated, but reduced to its lowest terms, it is twofold. First, like their great countryman, Columbus, they still seek the shortest passage towf^^lth: th^v set sail fronTtEeTand of past grandeur to the land of promise, confident that on its shores they will find the wealth which has been described to them in stories quite as allur- ing and quite as fabulous as those which inspired the great explorer to seek the wealth of the Indies. Secondly, they come because there courses in their veins not only the blood of past generations of ad- venturers and explorers, but of artists, musicians, litterateurs, which impels them to seek for them- selves opportunity not merely to maintain existence but to develop latent power s. How do we receive them ? ]^ot always, but all too often, in the spirit voiced by Kobert Haven Schauffler: " Genoese boy of the level brow, Lad of the lustrous, dreamy eyes A-stare at Manhattan's pinnacles now In the first, sweet shock of a hushed surprise, "Within your far-rapt seer's eyes I catch the glow of the wild surmise 12 THE ITALIANS That played on the Santa Maria's prow In that still, gray dawn, Four centuries gone, When a world from the wave began to rise. Oh, it's hard to foretell what high emprise Is the goal that gleams When Italy's dreams Spread wing and sweep into the skies. Ctesar dreamed him a world ruled well ; Dante dreamed heaven out of hell ; Angelo brought us there to dwell. And you, are you of a different birth f You're only a 'dago,' — and 'scum o' the earth' !" The history of past ages answers the two ques- tions, " Why do they come ? " and " What inher- itance do they Urfng? " But it is to the history of modern Italy that we must turn for a more specific answer to the question, " What is their immediate inheritance ? " II A BIT OF HISTORY EVERY student can recall enough of the Roman history of his school-days to vis- ualize the early history of Italy, the land which became a source of learning and inspiration second only to Greece, from which it obtained a goodly heritage. Italy became the centre of civili- zation and under its fostering care, Christianity took deep root. But it is not so easy for most of us to remember the story of the long centuries that lie between the downfall of the Roman Empire in 476, and the unification of modern Italy in 1870. It is a series of moving pictures, a kaleidoscopic panorama, a record of bloody wars. From the downfall of the old Roman Empire until the coronation of Charlemagne (800 A. D.) whose genius for ruling tended to overcome separa- tion, disorder and anarchy, Italy was ruled success- ively by the Visigoths, the Ostrogoths, and the Lombard kings and Byzantine exarchs. But the weak successors of Charlemagne were unable to carry out his policies, and the feudal system, fos- 13 14 THE ITALIANS tered by both nobles and clergy, developed rapidly until 962, when Otto the Great restored the Holy Eoman Empire and established a dynasty that lasted until 1024. This emperor aimed to reduce the number and power of the vassal nobles, to diminish the papal power and to favor the growth of cities and towns. The maritime towns, in par- ticular, Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, and Venice, profited by this policy which prepared the way for the so- called Age of City Eepublics — but which also an- ticipated the long quarrel between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines. All Italy became involved in this series of con- flicts between the papacy and the empire. At last, the Peace of Constance (1183) confirmed the tri- umph of the free cities, and for nearly three hun- dred years they flourished to a greater or lesser degree, and influenced national history. The in- dividual stories of these city republics are most fascinating and romantic but their rivalry was productive of inevitable discord that encouraged the rise of despots, who flourished from 1300 to 1500. This was a period of decadence, for the warring factions had deprived the people of all military spirit, and the country was not only at the mercy of domestic ambition but had become the battle-field of jealous foreigners. The many con- A BIT OF HISTOEY 15 quests and discoveries following the discovery of the 'Kew World and the East India passage had diverted commerce from its old channels and ended the brilliant history of Italian navigation. But Italy still maintained supremacy in letters, arts and sciences, and harassed though she was by political greed and rapine, she nevertheless fostered the Re- naissance and (in the phrase of Hamilton "Wright Mabie) " became the liberator and teacher of modern Europe." In the midst of the general political corruption, the House of Savoy was the only one of the great families to maintain itself by enterprises of valor. The dukes of this House had for centuries ruled over the little domain of Savoy, the loftiest moun- tain region of Europe, containing the highest moun- tain peak, Mont Blanc ; in 1559, by the peace of Catan-Cambresis, Piedmont was given to the reign- ing duke, Emanuel Filibert, whose bravery had won him fame. In the seventeenth century, the House of Savoy, through the brave deeds of four of its sons, arose with splendor above the general decay about it. Yet Italy as a whole continued in her decadent state throughout this century and the next, receiving her first impulse towards regenera- tion in 1792, under the influence of the French Kevolution. Napoleon created new republics that 16 THE ITALIANS he merged into the new kingdoms he created for himself, or his favorites, so that Ital}'- was still divided into several states of varying size, and still under the control of the foreigner ; but the revolu- tion had inspired a new intellectual and moral movement that was destined to bring freedom. Every social and moral evolution has its leaders who inevitably become popular idols. Italy had three, and the names of Garibaldi, Mazzini and Cavour still have power to bring a responsive gleam to the eyes of illiterate peasants. All three lived in the same period and were born within three years of each other (1807-1810). They have been called the knight-errant, the prophet and the statesman of Italian independence. Mazzini has been characterized as being " at once the William Lloyd Garrison and the Wendell Phillips of the Italian campaign " ; Garibaldi, " the Wellington of Italy," and Cavour, " the Italian Bismarck." The year 1820 witnessed the first of the series of unsuccessful revolutions that eventually brought forth the New Italy. It centred about the House of Savoy, for since 1720, the Dukes of Savoy and Piedmont had ruled over the kingdom of Sardinia, which included Genoa and Sardinia besides Savoy and Piedmont. It was in 1821 that Victor Em- manuel, then King of Sardinia, was forced to abdi- Garibaldi A BIT OF HISTOET 17 cate after the reactionary measures he had at- tempted to introduce had caused the above-men- tioned revolution. It was the sight of some of these unfortunate banished revolutionists, embark- ing for exile at the port of Genoa, which fired the boy Mazzini, then sixteen years old, to devote him- self to the liberation of his country. He felt that in order to have a free country, it was necessary to liberate its literature from classic and academic shackles and make it a political in- strument. His first published essay was a treatise on Dante's love of country, for he had been reared on Dante and fiad made his doctrines his own. He established a liberal paper in his native city and then conceived the idea of the secret political so- ciety that he called Young Italy. He worked out the idea while lying in prison where he had been confined for his daring statements. The objects of the society were the liberty, unity and independ- ence of Italy, and the only means to the end, as he conceived them, were education and insurrection. Thenceforth, spies and informers were always on his track; condemned to the gallows by Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, because of his part in the unfortunate invasion of Savoy in 1834, and for uniting with Garibaldi in plotting the insurrection of Genoa, he was forced to flee from Italy. His 18 THE ITALIANS influence was felt in other European countries where parties similar to the Young Italian party arose, and from London, where he found refuge, he instigated many unsuccessful insurrections. But "the mod- erate Guelph school of politicians turned to their own advantage the agitation created in Italy by Mazzini and his followers," and thus the successful revolution of 1848, conducted by the very King of Sardinia who had earlier condemned him to the gallows, may be said to have been in a great meas- ure the result of his activity. His character has .been epitomized as that of a " prophet, a dreamer md a visionary who was so intensely democratic IS to be really unfair to the autocratic land- rowners." The elder line of the House of Savoy failed in 1831 and a new era dawned with the accession of Charles Albert, the first of the younger line. He immediately developed the material resources of his little kingdom and granted his people a free constitution, as soon as he had brought them to a state of prosperity. All Central Italy rose against the Austrian power, under his leadership, and al- though he was thoroughly defeated and peace was secured only after great pecuniary sacrifice, he struck the first real blow for Italy's freedom. But it was his son, Victor Emmanuel II, to whom he A BIT OF HISTOEY 19 resigned his crown on the night of his overwhelm- ing defeat in battle, who became the real leader in the war for independence. The young king, though distrusted and unpopular at first, gained the loyalty of his subjects by con- tinuing the constitutional government established by his father in 1848, and by favoring a free press and considerable religious liberty. It was through this freedom of the press that Count Cavour, whose radical opinions in earlier years had displeased Charles Albert, first came into power. His growth in political influence was rapid and certain and he became premier in 1852. Nine years later, on March 17, 1861, Victor Emmanuel, King of Sar- dinia, assumed the title of King of Italy, for instead of acclaiming four foreign banners, the people now followed one flag. The boldness and determination of the king were supported by the statesmanship of Cavour, which was nothing short of marvellous amid the storm of internal commotion and foreign complication. His foreign policy was unique, in- trepid and successful, and he played a daring po- litical game that was crowned with good fortune. The military success of the revolution will be for- ever associated with Garibaldi, who had become an exile after the unsuccessful insurrections of the Young Italians in 1833-1834. After years of ab- 20 THE ITALIANS sence, he returned to take part in the wars of 1849, but his unfortunate experiences then drove him into exile again. This time he sought the United States and became intensely interested in the anti-slavery movement and its leaders, and more and more im- pressed with the success of the nation that had re- sulted from the revolt of the colonists against Eng- land. He began to dream of a rebellion of peasants in Italy and after renewing his friendship with Mazzini and other revolutionists by letter, he re- turned to his native land and commenced quietly to carry out his plans. " His ' Call to Arms ' is one of the striking docu- ments in military history. One morning a placard I was found on the walls of Italian cities. It was / Garibaldi's ' Call to Arms.' What he offered men •' was rags to wear, crusts to eat, ditches for beds, no pay, forced marches, scant rations, and for medals sword gashes and bayonet thrusts and death — but I with one accord the Italian peasants rushed to I Garibaldi. Without military training, not a stu- I dent of tactics. Garibaldi won victory after victory. \ Soon Sicily and South Italy were free and he moved on Naples. Then there was a coalition be- tween the forces of Victor Emmanuel, the leader of the royalist army, and Garibaldi, the leader of the revolutionists. Kings are proverbially ungrateful, A BIT OF HISTORY 21 and when Victor Emmanuel was safely seated on his throne, the Italian king sent Garibaldi, not to the head of his army but back to his peasant's farm. But if this act lessened the popularity of the king, | it enhanced the fame of Garibaldi." V King Victor Emmanuel II lived but seven years to carry on the work of reorganization and unifica- tion, and when he died, universally mourned as " The Father of his Country," the task fell upon his son, Humbert I. This king had the love of his people from the beginning and his wife was par- ticularly popular because she also was from the famous House of Savoy. Together they continued to win the love and loyalty of their subjects every- where, for, fearless of contagion, they went into the midst of the cholera epidemic at Naples and, when- ever possible, studied conditions of all kinds at first hand. During King Humbert's reign (in 1882)1 Italy entered into the triple alliance with Germany j and Austria that assured i'rienaiy international i relations and freedom to attend to domestic prob- ) lems. But the personal popularity of the monarch did not save him from the hand of an anarchist, by whom he perished in 1900. All Italy mourned for him and in even the smallest villages prayers were said for the repose of his soul. His son, Victor 22 THE ITALIANS Emmanuel III, who succeeded him, is personally as popular as his father and he and his dearly loved queen (Helena of Montenegro) are ever zealous for the welfare of their subjects, going to the stricken districts after the eruptions of Mt. Vesuvius and nursing the injured and comforting the dying after the earthquake at Messina. And yet even this be- loved young monarch is in constant danger from assassination and has barely escaped death from the hands of an anarchist. Ill UNITED ITALY ALTHOUGH Italy was not really united, strictly speaking, until September 20, 1870, the Italians date the establishment of the modern nation from 1861 when the King of Sardinia formally assumed the title of King of Italy. There- fore Italy celebrated in 1911 the fiftieth anniver- sary of her liberty, and a brief review of what has been accomplished in the past half century is neces- sary for a thorough understanding of the genera- tion of the present day. The task of reorganizing, reconstructing and re- generating Italy has been stupendous. It has been complicated by the inherited suspicion and jealousies of ages, the lamentable ignorance of the great mass of the people, and the sensitiveness and reactionary attitude of the Eoman Catholic Church. In the face of these facts the wonder is not that Italy is behind some more prosperous European nations to- day, but that she has risen to the position of respect that she now holds. 23 24 THE ITALIANS When the United States of America came into being, it was composed of a united people, indus- trious, intelligent, educated and ambitious. When United Italy shook itself free from the despotism of seven or more centuries of foreign rule, it was com- posed of a mass of disunited, discontented people, many of whom were absolutely illiterate and living in direst poverty. Jealousies between rival cities and states had been handed down as a legacy from one generation to another. The physical character- istics of the Italian peninsula had fostered disunion, for the Apennines, traversing Italy from the Adri- atic to the Mediterranean, form a natural barrier be- tween the north and south, and one which the north- erners, for the most part, have shown little disposi- tion to overcome. A French writer, in speaking of this, quotes the words of a rich Italian merchant of the north who said to him," Napoleon had the right idea, a kingdom of upper Italy, a kingdom of lower Italy. They are two territories that cannot have the same institutions." Kecognizing this great fundamental barrier to union, the government attempted to overcome it by a cleverly devised military system which, although loaded with disadvantages, has succeeded in a measure in fusing the different national elements. " Military service is compulsory and in the same UNITED ITALY 25 regiment, in the same company, men of different provinces meet and live side by side for three years. Not only the soldiers of the active army but the reserves are grouped on the same principle. In case of mobilization, Sicilians would go to join their regiments in Lombardy, and Piedmontese in Cala- bria." As a result sectional rivalries are no longer what they were. The interior frontiers of former times grow less conspicuous day by day. But the work is far from being finished. All authorities agree on this point. Says one : " If you question any one you meet as to his nationality, using only the most general terms that the language affords, he will say : ' I am a Piedmontese, a Venetian, a Calabrian, a Sicilian.' He will not say, ' I am an Italian.' In speaking of marriages, of commerce, or of politics, the inhabitants of some duchy or kingdom of former days will speak of a neighboring province without the fraternal feeling." Education is the other great factor that has con- tributed to the unification of Italy, and the number of persons who are unable to read or write has gradually decreased. The census of 1871 gave 73% of illiterates, of 1881, 67% and of 1901, 56%— 51.8% for males, 60.8% for females. The lowest percent- age of illiteracy was in Northern Italy (in Piedmont) 26 THE ITALIANS where 17.7% of the population above six years were illiterate, while in Calabria (in Southern Italy) 78.7% of the people were illiterate, the percentage for the whole country being 45.5%.' The percent- age of illiteracy has undoubtedly been decreased still further during the past decade, as the total number of elementary schools has been increased by about 8,000 in that period. The educational laws require that there shall be an elementary school for boys and girls alike from six to seven years of age, upon which attendance is obligatory. Every commune of over 4,000 inhab- itants is obliged to maintain a school of higher grade and to provide instruction for children up to twelve, who are obliged to attend it. In 1910, there were about 68,000 public and private schools, but many more are needed. In the poorer villages the classes are grouped in small, crowded buildings, the children who live more than a mile and a quar- ter from school need not attend it, and the teachers are very poorly paid. In recent years new schools for adult illiterates have been founded, which have filled a real need, and the government shows a dis- position to improve educational conditions. Poverty seems to be the chief cause of the illit- ^ These are the latest available statistics, as given in the new edition of the Encyclopedia Britannioa. UNITED ITALY 27 eracy, for the children are bright and learn quickly, and Italian teachers are not without initiative and educational ideals. The wonderful influence and popularity of Madame Montessori and her methods, which bid fair to usurp the authority of the Ger- man Froebel, is only one proof of this statement. Poverty, too, has been responsible in large meas- ure for the low standard of living and the large death rate which has prevailed in the past. But mortality is decreasing, and the present physique and morale of the troops show great improvement over the conditions of a few years ago. The poor physique of the nation as a whole has been attrib- uted largely to the heavy manual labor undertaken by the women and children of the peasant classes, who form the mass of the population. IV ENEMIES OF PROGRESS POVERTY and sectional jealousy are easily seen to be the great opponents to advance- ment in Italy. Time and the development of moral responsibility on the part of the rich, in- dustrious and better educated North towards the poor and illiterate South seems to be the only remedy for the second of the two evils. The first, poverty, is more complicated in origin and cannot be so easily remedied, even in theory. Says Rene Bazini, author of " The Italijyuof JCS: Day," '^ This is an amazing problem, arid One wHich confronts us almost everywhere in Italy. In pass- ing from city to city, making no stop, asking no questions, you cannot help observing the contrast between the soil which gives or can give, every- thing in abundance, and the peasant, poverty stricken and unhealthy, as in Lombardy, or driven to emigrate as in Calabria. The villages along the route have not the clean and cheerful look of the French and Swiss ; the impression of the pictur- esque — for the moment dominant — fades completely 28 ENEMIES OF PEOGEESS 29 and vanishes in the presence of pity for human misery. This world of poverty is a hard-working world. The people are not idle. Everywhere and at all times, the same testimony comes to me of pa- tience and endurance in respect to this strong, un- happy race of men. To answer the question, ' Whence comes this extreme poverty ? ' we must take the provinces separately and examine local conditions, methods of agriculture, division of land, climate, hygiene and the profound differences of race and character to be found within the same nation." With these must be considered a series of catastrophes culminating in the terrible earthquake of Messina, in 1906, that have added to the im- poverishment of the nation. To undertake complete investigation of all these matters would be beyond the limits of these pages, but it is possible to speak briefly of two great underlying causes — excessive taxation and the maintenance of the feudal idea. The primary cause of taxation is the fact that the nation is overburdened with debt and lacks natural resources. Money for education, for do- mestic improvement and development, must be ob- tained, and the only available method has seemed to be taxation. A large proportion of the national income has been used to support the standing army 30 THE ITALIANS which the nation, from its past experiences, has felt to be a necessity ; the other large item of expendi- ture has been the interest on the national debt. As a result of this taxation, people have had to fight for a mere livelihood, and, as a northern Italian farmer of some M^ealth and unusual intelligence is quoted as saying, " What prosperity, what spirit of enter- prise, what progress, is possible in a country where the soil is taxed 33% of its net income?" Says another, " The state, the provinces, the towns, do not tax but plunder the soil." It is universally ac- knowledged that no civilized nation has ever been so burdened with taxes. "Men were taxed for every bullock and goat that was slain, taxed for every bushel of wheat that was raised and for every liter of oil and wine. The landlord was taxed for each electric light, and on the basis of every serv- ant that assisted his guests, until the weight of taxes crushed the people." Every traveller in Italy is familiar with the tax on railroad tickets. Under these conditions it was natural that the poor and their leaders should raise the question of how the lands could be broken up and sold to the people, " how the tax burdens could be lifted from the shoulders of the poor, who were least fitted to carry them, and transferred to the rich landowners who were best fitted to carry them." This involves ENEMIES OF PEOGEESS 31 a new adjustment of society and a series of far- reaching changes. The greater part of the land in Italy is in the hands of a few titled people and of the Roman Church. In north and south alike, property and privilege belong to the few. It is impossible to make a general statement in regard to the landed aristocracy because their characteristics differ in different portions of the country. The following, written by Luigi Villari in " Italian Life in Town and Country," a decade ago, seems to be, in general, true to-day : " There are two separate types of aris- tocracy in Italy — the feudal or territorial, and the citizen or burgher aristocracy. The former exists in Piedmont, in the Argo Romano, in certain parts of Tuscany, all over the south, in Sicily and in Sar- dinia. The nobility of citizen origin is found in the towns of Lombardy, Yenetia, and Central Italy." The Lombard nobility is described as being the most progressive and the richest of the Italian upper classes. "They are active and public-spir- ited and exercise some political influence." On the other hand, the nobles in Central Italy are " fairly shrewd and intelligent, but narrow-minded and conservative," taking little interest in politics. The landed aristocracy of Piedmont has lost its feudal character, and is assimilated with that of the rest 32 THE ITALIANS of Northern Italy, rather than with Southern Italy. In the past they had considerable political influence. They are good landlords and introduce improve- ments on their estates. The same is true of the Tuscan nobles, who treat their dependents with kindness and consideration. But the feudal aristo- crats of the south are ignorant, lazy, overbearing and corrupt. They look upon their estates merely as sources of income, are absolutely callous to the condition of the peasantry and care nothing for improvements. There are some fine, public-spirited men among them but " as a class they show few signs of improvement, and diifer little from their fathers in the old Bourbon days." In consequence of this attitude, the sanitary and domestic condi- tions of the mass of the people are deplorable. The present situation in Italy is something like the economic situation in England, where the system of great landed estates has been a drawback to the rise of the lower classes for generations ; but, in a way, they are not analogous, for in England the landlords are generally interested in the moral and physical welfai'e of those dependent upon them. All this explains why socialism — not Christian socialism but the most radical type of the idea pre- sented by that much-abused term — has taken such deep root in Italy. "The peasant who, in older ENEMIES OF PEOGEESS 33 times, was not reached by the rei^ublican propa- ganda of the Mazzinians and had remained quite indifferent to his political rights, has in the last quarter century become more and more interested in that which Socialism preaches in the elemen- tary form adapted to his mental condition which says, ' You have nothing, they have everything : take their place.' " Such doctrines have led to out- breaks of anarchy and the formation of pernicious secret societies. The situation is not entirely unlike the situation in France before the revolution. And yet, in spite of the popularity and the propagation of such theories, there still exists a strong feeling of personal loyalty between master and servant, a feeling which retains an almost feudal strength. While it remains, the educated, privileged classes might work reforms, if they would. ITALY AND THE EOMAN CATHOLIC CHUKCH ITALY has had its share of the social and eco- nomic unrest of recent years. The number of strikes has varied irregularly from 628, in- volving 110,832 workmen, in 1905, to 1021, in- volving 172,969, in 1910. The government has recently taken vigorous steps to suppress the Camorra, the most dreaded of all the great secret societies ; and this is sure to bring good results. There is still another element, however, which com- plicates the social conditions, and that is the power and attitude of the Church of Kome. In order to make clear the present attitude of the church, it is necessary to go back some centuries in the history of Italy and trace the part which the Eoman Catholic Church has played. From the time of Constantino the Great, who is said to have endowed the episcopal see of Rome with large landed possessions, the Popes possessed temporal power over a large portion of Central Italy, and Charlemagne confirmed their right and donated THE EOMAN CATHOLIC CHTJECH 35 large possessions to them. " Under varying forms and with varying boundaries, the papal state ex- isted through the Middle Ages as a spontaneous, legitimate growth, and its long possession through twelve centuries was no despicable element in the propagation of Christian faith and culture." It underwent various vicissitudes and its adminis- tration, particularly during the reign of Gregory XVI, caused great excitement among the popula- tion. Revolutions that broke out in 1831 and 1848 were only quelled by the aid of foreign soldiers, and they prepared the way for the victories of Victor Emmanuel and his army, who defeated the papal forces in 1860. Then only Rome and the patrimony of St. Peter's were left to the Pope and, ten years later, these, too, were incorporated into the kingdom of Italy. The government guaranteed the Pope the possession of the Vatican and Lateran palaces, and the continued enjoyment of the honors and immunities of a sovereign. But the Popes have never recognized the incorporation of the papal state, nor accepted the guarantees by which the government undertook to regulate its internal relations with the papacy. As an evidence of this, no pope since 1870 has stepped foot outside the Vatican domains, but has remained a voluntary prisoner rather than to appear to acknowledge in 36 THE ITALIANS any way the temporal power of the King of Italy. The influence of Cavour in the matter of the papacy was significant. His idea was " a free church in a free state." He believed in full freedom for the church in all spiritual afl'airs and for the state in all civil affairs and he opposed alike those who wanted to confiscate the estates of the church and those who hoped to make the state a mere tool in the hands of the church. The Roman Catholic Church still has spiritual supremacy. According to the latest statistics 97.12% of the people are nominal Roman Catholics, i" But in spite of the churches and cathedrals, Italy, (more than almost any other country in the world, may be said to be the land of no religion." The people, especially the men, have broken away from the ancient church and few have found anchorage elsewhere. The women in greater numbers cling to it with devotion, but as many educated Italian women testify, and as at least one writer declares boldly, it is rapidly losing its hold upon the women also, because of the disposition of the priesthood to take advantage of their sex. The spirituality and rarely beautiful personal character of the present Pope is well known, and there are many pure, noble and self-sacrificing men connected with the administration of the church, THE EOMAN CATHOLIC CHUECH 37 but the majority of the priesthood in Italy is de- generate. In many cases, younger sons of im- poverished fathers have adopted the church as a profession solely for pecuniary reasons, and men of lovi^er classes have used it as a stepping-stone to raise their level. Undoubtedly a certain percentage of them vi^ould leave it could they find other means of gaining their livelihood. There are fre- quent instances of priests coming in disguise to Protestant missionaries by night, declaring their belief in the aims of Protestantism and sympathy with it, and seeking guidance in regard to their course if they should leave the church. The finan- cial exactions of the church from the poverty- stricken and tax-burdened people in order to keep up the splendor of the empty churches are excessive, and this, added to the fact that the superstitions and ceremonials of the services have long ceased to appeal to the reason of the better educated men, accounts for the large increase of atheism. So far back as fifty years ago, Mazzini, visionary and dreamer though he was, saw this danger, and dur- ing the last period of his revolutionary labors, his desire to separate republicanism from socialism and atheism was significant. He was neither Catholic nor Christian, but took for the motto of his banner, " God and the People." 38 THE ITALIANS If the great Roman Catholic Church, so wonder- fully organized and firmly established, could get the broader vision, and reform her methods, much good might be accomplished for the kingdom of Italy. Instead of that, she seems to take keen delight in blocking the national government in all attempts at progress, even at the expense of the temporal wel- l fare of her own communicants. An illustration of I this attitude is furnished by the methods which she I employed to ruin the financial success of the I World's Fair of 1911, when all Italy had prepared f for an unusually large tourist invasion. Early in I the summer, mysterious stories began to be cir- I culated over Europe and in England and America i about the dreadful epidemic of cholera which was i sweeping over Italy. Tourists by the thousands I cancelled steamship passages and turned back from \ the Alpine passes. Throughout Switzerland, I wherever one travelled, he met frightened travellers I who asserted that he took his life in his hands if he entered the infected country. And yet the writer, who was not to be deprived of the fulfillment of the dream of a lifetime, found that the actual con- ditions were not dangerous, and that the cholera epidemic had not been much more serious than it is likely to be during any unusually hot summer. Everywhere the people were saying openly that by THE EOMAN CATHOLIC CHUECH 39 embellishing and circulating this story through underhanded and crafty means, the church had ruined the celebration of an anniversary which revived all her ancient rancor. The situation served to emphasize, also, how much a large per- centage of the population depends upon the income derived from tourists for, in many cases, people who were generally comparatively prosperous had been reduced to real need. VI EMIGRATION BUT Italy realizes her own condition and in that fact lies her salvation. An overmaster- ing economic movement has taken posses- sion of the land. Everything that has to do with the land laws, capital, labor, taxation and currency is being analyzed and discussed. To-day, Italy is publishing more books on these subjects than any other nation. Meanwhile, hundreds of thousands of the people, driven to desperation by the condi- tion of affairs which they despair of seeing bettered during their own lifetime, have emigrated in largely increasing numbers. But the nation is acting as well as considering, as recent developments in- dicate. " What class of Italians emigrate ? " " Where do they go by preference ? " " What contributions do they carry with them and what elements of strength or weakness are they likely to incorporate in the adopting nation ? " These are pertinent questions which should interest us as citizens of the 40 EMIGEATION 41 country to which so large a percentage of them come annually. Mr. William Dean Howells, writing in the closing years of our own Civil War, remarked, that it was very difficult to tempt from home any of the home- keeping Italian race. That was before the great tide of emigration which had become especially noticeable in 1888 had commenced. The earlier emigrants to lands beyond the seas went preferably to South America, where the climate and the social environment promised to be homelike. Sufficient time has elapsed to make the effect of their presence in that portion of the New World very evident. It is estimated that over three million native-born Italians now reside in Brazil, Uruguay and the Argentine Republic. About three-fifths of the £►,562,730 Italians who were living outside of Italy in 1910 were in South America. The majority of them left their native land practically penniless, and they now represent the leading element in the population of the countries in which they settled. " The}'^ are not merely navvies or agricultural laborers ; the richest merchants, the biggest con- tractors and stock-brokers, the most successful barristers, doctors, engineers and other professional men are Italians." This record of emigration would seem to prove the statement made by Emil Reich in 42 THE ITALIANS " The Future of the Latin Eace," ^ who says, " There can be little doubt that they are the most gifted nation in Europe. What characterizes them above all is their initiative. It is the first step which is hardest to take, but the Italians have been ready to take it." A dispute between the Argentine Republic and Italy in 1911 resulted in the temporary suspen- sion of emigration to that country. This injured the trade and agriculture of the republic but en- hanced Italian prestige and the condition of Italian citizens throughout South America. Negotiations which were signed in 1912 insured peace. Among the anticipated good results of the opening of the Panama Canal and the consequent encouragement of more intimate relations between North and South America, the closer union of the Italian citizens in the two continents is anticipated. In recent years the tide of emigration has turned towards North rather than South America. This is largely due to the fact that Italian emigration is of two kinds, temporary and permanent; for the people are to-day, as they were when Howells wrote of them, fifty years ago, essentially a home-loving people, and a large percentage of them are willing to go into voluntary exile for a period in a country ^ The Contemporary Review, ElVIIGEATION 43 where labor is needed at high wages and where they can save enough to keep their families in comfort for a lifetime. According to the standards of comfort in Italy, comparatively few American dollars will suffice to place an Italian peasant in affluence for the rest of his life. A case in point is told byl Mr. Brandenburg of a young Italian whom he met| in the steerage returning to Italy after working hard for three years in America. Hardships and depriva- ; tions had made him a victim of the white scourge, and he could hope to live only long enough to be- hold his native land again, but he declared that it / was worth while because the $820 which he had/ saved would make his wife and family compara- tively independent. All over Italy are villages where an indefinable something in the very atmos- phere bespeaks the introduction of American ideals and standards, and, upon inquiry, you will find that a returned emigrant dwells among the villagers. Originally the Italians went to near-by countries where labor was needed. Most of the continental railways and the great Alpine tunnels were made by their hands. The northern peasant still seeks employment in France and Switzerland, whence he can return easily to his home after making enough money to tide him over a crisis. Those northern men who emigrate to lands beyond the seas, as a 44 THE ITALIANS rule take their families with them. This is not generally true of the southern emigrant ; he is more likely to go alone, spend two or three years study- ing the situation and finding means for a livelihood, and then to return with money enough to bring out the wife and the children and the old people. VII THE EMIGRANTS THE majority of northern Italians who come to the United States are from somewhere around the port of Genoa. But by far the larger proportion of the Italian emigrants who seek our shores come from the south of Italy, and since the characteristic differences are clearly de- fined, it is sufficient to confine an estimate of the personality of the Italian emigrant to the southern races. The percentage of emigration to the United States is highest in Calabria where, as has already been shown, the percentage of illiteracy is also the highest in the nation. But a large number come from the neighboring provinces, from those still farther south, and from Sicily. Professor Drecke in his intimate study of the race says, " The southern Italian possesses great natural vivacity, impulsiveness, loquacity, humor, quick perception of the ludicrous. He is enduring and self-sacrificing when he is inspirited, or urged on, but soon lets go his hold if other things direct 45 46 THE ITALIANS his interest or attention. He is amiable and com- plaisant but lacking in mutual confidence." The Sicilians are a mixed race; they possess external dignity and the sentiment of standing by one another rules their whole lives. Their conduct is generally good, but hatred and impulsive rancor are characteristic. There are such differences in dialect that a Neapolitan and a Sicilian can scarcely understand each other. The bitterest sectional feel- ing exists between the inhabitants of the various provinces and may be easily traced in the Italian quarter of any large American city. It is said to be particularly strong between the Calabrese and the Sicilian. These people come from an agricultural country but many of them are also familiar with forms of home industry — for Italy, though not a manufac- turing nation, has encouraged home industries to a great degree and the line between the artisan and the farm hand is not sharply drawn. The great proportion come in response to the demand for un- skilled labor, for heavy out-of-door work, or manu- facturing work of the crudest kind, which the American-born workman disdains. They mass in the cities on the seacoast because they are slow to venture alone in a strange community where they are ignorant of the language, and it is remarkable THE EMIGEANTS 47 how soon and how easily they change habits and modes of work and adapt themselves to different conditions. The peasant who seemed lazy and in- dolent in his home village generally becomes energetic and thrifty when removed from the enervating climate and from traditional strictures. All this was marked in the report of the Industrial Commission of 1901, which declared that the Italian peasants were learning the making of cloth- ing very rapidly, that the elastic character of the Italian was similar to that of the Jew, and that the future clothing workers of this country were likely not to be Jews but Italians — a prophecy which the past twelve years has already partially fulfilled. Say the authors of " The Italian in America," " There is a larger proportion of Italian skilled labor coming to our country than is popularly sup- posed, and more than is marked in the official re- turns of our Immigration Department. The Italian immigrant is now, perforce, content to per- form unskilled labor for the time until he has gained a better foothold in the country, but his children born here will not engage in it, and educated workmen will not stoop to it. Among the Italian laborers on our streets and railways are some clerks and artisans and even professional men. Their ignorance of the language constrains them to 48 THE ITALIANS hard labor until they are able to make their serv- ices otherwise valuable to American employers. In such work they can be readily directed by Italian foremen and the average immigrant shrinks from exposing his ignorance to any but his own country- men." It is possible that still another factor in Ameri- can life keeps these people in the unskilled class, and that is the fact that trade-,uniuns have such con- trol that a skilled workman not possessing a mem- bership card finds it almost impossible to get em- ployment in his own trade. Several individual anecdotes of workers in our large cities tend to bear out this theory. An editorial in a leading Eastern newspaper declared, " Unlike the United States, Germany to some extent bars foreigners from the skilled trades that command a higher remuneration." Elmer Roberts, giving in Scrihner's Magazine an account of the steps by which Ger- many is winning admirable industrial supremacy, tells how the police keep track of every foreigner who holds a workman's pass, and quickly discover if he is engaged at skilled labor — in which case, under the statutes of various states, the employer is obliged to discharge him. " Quite different is the case here," he adds, " where in spite of contract labor laws numerous German experts are brought THE EMIGRANTS 49 over for work requiring a grade of skill not easy to get in this country. In the case of Germany this attitude is natural and needs no defense." But it is hardly to be questioned in the case of the immi- grant from Southern Europe whose competition is dreaded by longer established aliens, that such dis- crimination is being made, as a part of the race antagonism already evident among the foreign population of our cities. It has recently been pointed out that " there is a positive economic waste in the transportation back and forth of the fluctuating wave of cheap labor, as between the Mediterranean and the United States." The question naturally arises, " What impres- sion of America do they take back with them ? " So far as the Italians are concerned the question has been answered by Mr. Brandenburg, who speaks of the false atmosphere w hich the temporary immigrant creates for himself and his fellows, and from which he emerges only when he becomes Americanized. Those who come over merely to acquire a few hundred dollars feel that it does not make a great deal of difference what they wear or do, if they only get the money and get back. They do not rise above this state until they have been drawn into the real American life around them and have decided to remain here. Separated from 50 THE ITALIANS its opportunities for betterment, their state is in- ferior to that of those at home. Eight of the nine members of the Congressional Immigration Commission advocated " the reading and writing test as the most feasible single method for restricting undesirable immigration." Those opposed to this test were declared by many people to be governed only by sentiment, and the spirit was expressed in the following jingle which was read in the House by Congressman Moore of Penn- sylvania : li "V^Te've dug your million ditches, We've built your endless roads, We've fetched your wood and water, Aud bent beneath your loads. We've done the lowly labor, Despised by your own breed — And now you won' t admit us Because we cannot read. " Your farms are half deserted ; Up goes the price of bread ; Your boasted education Turns men to clerks instead ; We bring our picks and shovels To meet your greatest need ; Don't shut the gates upon us Because we cannot read." But there is more than a sentimental side to the question. One authority says, " If I had the choice S-fTT (Copyright by Underwood and Underwood, N. Y.) ITALIAN GIRLS. _ THE EMIGRANTS 51 between admitting to the United States a wealthy, educated Eoman nobleman and a poor Calabrese contract laborer unable to read and write, I should choose the laborer every time." He goes on to ex- plain his stand by saying that a goodly proportion of the Italians of the better class emigrate to this country. " The lower class Italians in this country continue to pay respect and homage to those of their race who have been born to position, without regard to the changed and democratic conditions under which both gentleman and peasant are now living. It is safe to say that half the Italians from the better classes who come to America are far more*un5esn^^e'than any of the lower class immi- grants, except that class of habitual criminals who are doing so much to get their race despised by honest, clean-handed Americans. One of their worst influences is to retard the assimilation of their people by the great American body politic, by refusing themselves to be assimilated, even go- ing so far as to send their children to private schools in order that they may not learn English, and insisting on wearing clothes of imported pat- tern and make. They are by birth, tradition and intent the leaders of Italian communities in this country, and their prejudices and examples confuse, if they do not entirely divert the natural social de- 62 THE ITALIANS velopment of their humbler countrymen all about them." Those who cannot read or write are more easily moulded by American standards and are less apt to be affected by the newspapers — printed in Italian and reflecting anything but the true American spirit — which flourish in the Italian quarters of all our large cities. What impression the temporary dweller among us takes back to the folks at home can be ascertained in part by conversation with the villagers in any Italian hamlet. For the most part, they have a distorted, exaggerated view of the country, but one and all regard it as a wonder- ^ land, a land of promise where riches may be found [in abundance. They gain this impression in part from the American tourists whose expenditures form the income of no inconsiderable number of the people, and, partly, from the stories of returned emigrants. Italians dearly love their children and the size of the population does not seem to have been materially affected by the great amount of emigration. According to the provisional returns of June, 1911, the population of the country increased 6.6% during the previous decade, and both Naples and Genoa show increased population. The children soon learn the great lesson of Southern Italy that " He who eats must toil." A THE EMIGEANTS 53 story is told of an eight-year-old boy, the child of a temporary emigrant who had been in America two years, who pined to return, saying that he could make more money here after school selling papers than he could working all day in the fields in Italy where "' he never had no time for no fun." Little lads like this furnish the incentive for the departure of many an older emigrant. One writer, in summing up the characteristics shared in common by all Italians, includes, " A de- light in music, as much in rhythm as in melody, the passion for play, including the game of chance called lotto, the liking for politics and public dis- cussion, a great hardness of body and connected with it a liking, at least among the men, for pass- ing their lives out-of-doors in the streets." Some of these characteristics are quite evident among the Italians in this country. " The traditional eminence of Italy in art is maintained in the choice of the late Itahan Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New TorlFlinci by the proficiency of the Italian-American children in all primary schools of drawing and design. Ah*eady the Italians of Kew York have contributed three monuments to the city and the handiwork of naturalized Italians as well as of their children born in this country may be seen in the pictures, statuary and mural decora- 54 THE ITALIANS tions adorning many fine residences in America. The love of music is also universal and all Italians have correct ears, if not trained voices. In this connection an anecdote told by the author of " Four Months Afoot in Spain " is significant. In the steerage of a trans- Atlantic liner, he met a young Italian who was returning home after spending eighteen months in this country, during which time he had lived in the Bronx and had earned seven dollars a week kneading spaghetti dough. In speaking of his savings, he remarked confi- dentially, " I have spent only what I must — two dollars in the boarding-house, sometimes some clothes, and in the winter each week six lire to hearjiaruso." The author remarks " Thirty dol- lars a month and the peerless-voiced a necessity of life ! I, too, had been a frequent ' standee ' at the Metropolitan, yet had as often charged myself with being an extravagant young rascal." The Italians hate slavery and have an innate bent for politics. They appreciate American progressiveness and the necessity of American stand- ards of education for the advancement of their children. It is a well known and amusing fact that some of them rechristen their children with Irish names in order that they may be " real Ameri- cans." This is only one illustration of the fact that THE EMIGEANTS 55 there is sympathy between the two races which is stronger than many people appreciate. It has been recognized by most social workers. The essential good nature of both, and the common religion, are bonds of union, and the Irishma n ofte n becom es the Italian's political guide^ ,,, " We ought all, once a year at least, mentally to live in the steerage," says Professor Steiner, and he has followed his own advice not once but many times. Among the discoveries thus made by him and by others who have done this for the sake of service is that many unlit and dangerous people are constantly slipping through the barriers, helped, pos- sibly, by the Italian emigration laws that may thus clear the country of dangerous characters. It is also asserted that many of the hopeless tragedies of Ellis Island, where men and women are turned back at the very gateway of the New "World im- poverished and discouraged by their fruitless at- tempt to enter the land of promise, could be averted if the various tests were made in Italy, and the emigrant were aided intelligently, instead of being left the victim of sharpers and charlatans of all kinds. Although it is undoubtedly true that no nation of Europe has been more circumspect in its provisions for regulating and safeguarding its emigration and colonization, Italy seems to have 56 THE ITALIANS realized only recently that it is to her interest to have the Italians who go to the United. States of such character as shall reflect credit upon the nation. Not until May, 1913, did the Italian gov- ernment, acting upon the personal suggestion of King Victor Emmanuel, take steps to prevent crim- inals, and particularly anarchists, from emigrating to the United States. The Council of Emigration has decided to extend legal assistance to all Italian emigrants to America in order to ameliorate the |diflB.culties which hitherto have beset them at the [port of departure, as well as at the port of arrival. Yni HAND IN HAND THE problems of Emigration and Immigi'a- tion go hand in hand. The Old World is concerned primarily with the first, and the New World with the second, but neither can be solved independently. Intelligent and sympa- thetic cooperation is necessary. It looks as if the day of such cooperation between Italy and America had already dawned. An example of the new methods being employed to help in the solution of the mutual problem is seen in the appointment by the Italian government, two years ago, of Professor Eacca, to study conditions in Southern Italy and the causes of emigration. A student of economics for over twenty years, and an assistant professor of political economy in the University of Rome for several years. Professor Racca came to this country highly recommended by the Italian minister of for- eign affairs, to study the conditions and problems of immigration here. During his stay he was in- duced to give courses of lectures in New York and Boston, speaking to the Italian citizens of both 57 58 THE ITALIANS cities in their native language on the history, eco- nomics, geographical, political and social conditions of the United States, and the opportunities and dangers that Italians meet here. His audiences increased in size through each course and the effect of his lectures is said by social workers and others well qualified to judge to have been exceedingly important. Eecent developments in Italy prove that she is thoroughly awake to the interests of her people. Realizing the need of more industrial enterprises in the south, the government is promoting a scheme for the construction of three grea t artificia l lakes in the Siia range of mountains^ which will furnish one hundred and fifty thousand horse power for indus- trial purposes in Calabria and Apulia. In Sardinia a great reservoir is already under construction which will noTonly remove a menace to the public health by draining a malarious region of fifty thou- sand acres of marshes, but will provide power for electric lighting and traction for the Sardinian mines. Italy's chief resource, however, will always be agriculture, and she has taken the initiative in organizing and developing this great occupation along modern lines. The International Institute of Agriculture was established in Rome in 1905, HAND IN HAND 59 upon the personal suggestion of King Victor Em- manuel III, who provided it with land and build- ings and contributed largely to its financial sup- port in addition to giving it official approval. Forty-nine other governments have joined Italy in this movement, representing ninety-five per cent. ' of the world's area, and ninety-eight per cent, of | the world's population. It has already done work I of incalculable value to the world as a whole " by f securing international cooperation in world crop! reports, in disseminating agricultural intelligence, I in promoting cooperative agricultural finance, inl fostering more economical distribution of the| world's. agricultural production, and in facilitating! better understandings between the peoples of the| earth." * Speaking to the members of the American Com- mission visiting Italy, in 1913, His Excellency, Hon. Lugi Luzzatti, spoke especially of the " popu- lar banks," the independent banks, and the various systems of collective earnings, all of which, he de- clares, it is hoped will help to turn the tide of emi- gration without making necessary the passage of obnoxious prohibitive laws. If this same commis- sion could formulate some plan whereby the Italian peasants who come to this country, ignorant or mdcTern farming methods and machinery but mas- 60 THE ITALIANS ters of the art of irrigation, could be encouraged to settle in some of our arid regions, it is quite possi- ble that the desert would soon be made to " blossom as the rose." This is only one way in which the Italian Immigrant could be made a genuine national asset. The writer knows of one American woman who made it a point to speak a kindly word to the young Italian fruit-vendor who came daily to her door. The acquaintance developed into a lasting friend- ship, and the kindly American woman has stood as a mother to the young man alone in a stra,nge land, and has his gratitude for helping him to start in the right path. Little acts of friendly interest like this are possible to many Americans, but how few perform them. After all, the Immigration problem is a problem of good citizenship, and so is a personal problem w^hich each should help to solve. No one who has ever crossed the Atlantic from Naples and watched the steerage passengers as they approach America can fail to be moved by the pathos of the hopes w^hich shine in their ex- pectant faces. More and more do we come to real- ize the aptness of that simile which has described America as "the Melting Pot" of the nations. "Were ever words fuller of real prophecy than those HAND IN HAND 61 of Israel Zangwill — " The real American has not yet arrived. He is only in the crucible. He will be the fusion of the races, the coming superman. . . . Yes, East and West and North and South, the palm and the pine, the crescent and the cross — how the great Alchemist melts and fuses them with his purging flame ! Here shall they all unite to build the Republic of Man and the Kingdom of God. What is the glory of Rome and Jerusalem where all nations and races come to worship and look back, compared with the glory of America, where all races and nations come to labor and look forward ! " No thoughtful citizen of the United States who studies the Italian immigrant sympathetically can deny that he possesses qualities which by the fusion of the races in the great melting-pot of modern his- tory will enrich the endowment and inheritance of the coming American. ,.^-^%ti0 VJ \ Printed in tk* United States of Amtricm '^NW'.jC*'-" ■'w If' 'i J', A .? ^ ■m *^- Interdenominational Home Mission Study Course Each volume i2mo, cloth, 50c. net (post, extra); paper, 30c. net (post, extra) Under Our Flag By Alice M. Guernsey The Call of the Waters By Katharine R. Croiuell From Darkness to Light By Mary Helm Conservation of National Ideals A Symposium Mor monism, the Islam of America By Bruce Kinney, D. D. The New America By Mary Clark Barnes and Dr. L. C. Barnes In Red Man's Land. A Study of the American Indian By Francis E. Leupp Supplementary America, God''s Melting- Pot By Laura Gcrould Craig Paper, net 250. (post, extra) JUNIOR COURSE Cloth, net 40c. (post, extra); paper, net 25c. (post. extra) Best Things in Amet ica By Katharine R. Croiuell Some Immigrant Neighbours By John R. Henry, D.D. Comrades from Other Lands By Leila A lien Dimock Goodbird the Indian By Gilbert L. Wilson HOME MISSIONS JOHN T. PARIS A uthor of ' 'Men Who Made Good' ' The Alaskan Pathfinder The Story of Sheldon Jackson for Boys. l2mo, cloth, net $i.oo. The story of Sheldon Jackson will appear irresistibly to every boy. Action from the time he was, as an infant, rescued from a fire to his years' of strenuous rides through the Rickies and his long years' of service in Alaska, per- meate every page of the book. Mr. Faris, with a sure hand, tells the story of this apostle of the Western Indians in clear- cut, incisive chapters which will hold the boy's attention from first to last. JOSEPH B. CLARK, P.P. The Story of ~ American Home Missions Leavening the Nation: Nft,rtr and Revised Edition. International Leaders^ Library. i2mo, cloth (postage lOc), net 50c. This standard history of the Home Mission work of all denominations in America, has been thoroughly revised and brought up-to-date. MARY CLARK BARNES and PR. LEMUEL C. BARNES The New America Home Mission Study Course. Illustrated, i2mo, cloth, net 50c. (post. 7c.) ; paper 30c. (post. 5c.). Ibis, the regular text-book for the coming year is on the siibject of immigration. The author is eminently fitted for writing on this theme as she has been a worker among immi- grants, and has given much time to studying the problem. LAURA GEROULP CRAIG America, God's Melting Pot Home Mission Study Course. Illustrated, i2mo, paper, net 25c. (postage 4c.). The subject chosen for study this year, Immigration, covers so wide a field that it was thought best to prepare a supple- mental text book from an entirely different standpoint. The author has written a "parable study" which deals more with lessons and agencies than with issues and processes. LEILA ALLEN PIMOCK Comrades from Other Lands Home Mission Junior Text Book. Illustrated, i2mo, paper, net 25c. (postage 4c.). This book is complementary to the last volume in thi3 course of study. Dr. Henry's SOME IMMIGRANT NEIGH- BORS which treated of the lives and occupations of foreign- ers in our cities. This latter tells what the immigrants are doing in country industries. Teachers of children of from twelve to sixteen will find here material to enlist the sym« pathles and hold the interest of their scholars. "-- 'nS?' ^, •'juaaimi jp' 33 -r ^.{/ojnvj jo^" s^ ^/i 000 ^^Aiivyaij-io' 836 749 2 ''-t/Advaaiiiv ^VlOSAMCfl^j-^ |. '^- 1 < -< ^A 000 836 749 ^^^AiivaaiViV^'- W^fUNIVERJ//, ^vVOSANCUf;;^ =3 :=: O ^AaaAiNQJwv ^ ^ aMEUNIVERS/a o o %il3AiN(l-3WV r^ OC ^. ^ -< ■5^ -^^^UIBRARYQ^ ^^J^HIBRARYQ/: ^aOJIlVDJO"^ ^ ^^Aavaani^^ ^(?Aaviian# .\WEUNIVER% ^lOSANCElfx. 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