THE OKDO SERIES OF CLASSICS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 HENRY HOLT & CO., NEW YORK. 
 
 I. 
 
 CESAR'S COMMENTARIES (W THE GALLIC WAR, 
 
 With JJatin Ordo and Notes. 
 12mo, half roan, $1.25. 
 
 II. 
 
 CICERO'S SELECT' ORATIONS. . 
 
 With JLatin Ordo and Notes. 
 12mo, half roan, $1.50. 
 
 III. 
 
 IN PREPARATION, ON A SIMILAR PLAN, AND TO BE 
 SOON PUBLISHED, 
 
 VIKGIL'S ^ENEID. 
 
 With the favor of the public, the series will be ex- 
 tended so as to include the Latin and Greek Classics 
 in general use. The whole will be presented in a 
 uniform edition of attractive typography and con- 
 venient shape and arrangement. 
 
THE ORDO SERIES. II. 
 
 > SELECT ORATIONS 
 
 M. T. . C I C E R O , 
 
 ACCOMPANIED WITH A LATIN ORDO, AND ILLUSTRATED 
 
 WITH ENGLISH NOTES, EXPLANATORY 
 
 AND CRITICAL. 
 
 By CHARLES WILEY, D. D 
 
 Rector of Montrose Classical. and Military School. 
 
 Ordinis hcec virtus erlt et venus, aid ego fallor, 
 Utjam nunc dicat,jam nunc debentia did. 
 
 Kor. 
 
 
 NEW YORK 
 HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 
 
 1874 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by 
 
 JOHN WILEY & SON, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. ft 
 
 John F. Trow & Son, Printers 
 205-213 East 12TH St., New York. 
 
fault /fay 
 
 l$7Y L\ T DEX. 
 
 'flW _ 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 I. The Original Tact <>f < ( %cero 1 
 
 1. The First Oration against Catiline 1-12 
 
 2. The Second Oration against Catiline 13-24 
 
 3. The Third Oration against Catiline 25-36 
 
 4. The Fourth Oration against Catiline 37-47 
 
 5. The Oration in behalf of T. Annius Milo 48-83 
 
 6. The Oration in behalf of A. Licinius Archias 84-95 
 
 II The Transformed Text of Cicero in Accordance 
 
 i'-ifh'the English Order. . , 97 
 
 1. Introduction to the Four Orations against Catiline. 99-101 
 
 2. Ordo and Notes to the 'First Oration against 
 
 Catiline 103-12:5 
 
 3. Ordo and Notes to the Second Oration against 
 
 Catiline 124-142 
 
 4. Ordo and Notes to the Third Oration against 
 
 Catiline 143-162 
 
 5. Ordo and Notes to the Fourth Oration against 
 
 Catiline 163-181 
 
 ( ; . Introduction to the Oration in behalf of T. Annius 
 
 Milo LS2-1M 
 
 7. Ordo and Notes to the Oration in behalf of T. 
 
 Annius Milo 185-24$ 
 
 8. Introduction to the Oration in behalf of A. Licinius 
 
 Archias . . .250-25 1 
 
 9. Notes to the Oration in behalf of A. Licinius 
 
 Archias. . 252-260 
 
 &dys 
 
fYA*A~^ 
 
 -j 
 
 <i-4 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J^*-v) 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
}JtU J'''ffr *y*\ 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 
 
 The present edition of Cicero is on the same plan 
 with the volume of Caesar already published the 
 ordinary text in the front part of the volume, the trans- 
 formed text or Ordo at the end, and English notes con- 
 nected with the latter. The notes of the Cicero are 
 somewhat more extended than thoSe of Caesar, on 
 account of the ideas of the orations being of a more 
 abstract character, and not so level to the ordinary 
 comprehension of boys. In selecting the orations to 
 be illustrated, the editor chose the four orations against 
 Catiline, as being in a manner indispensable, both on 
 account of their own merit, and as the counterpart and 
 complement of Sallust's history of Catiline's Con- 
 spiracy ; to these he has added the defence of Milo, as 
 being by far the most elaborate of Cicero's orations, 
 and embodying, in a careful and thorough preparation, 
 the best and most consummate expression of the great 
 abilities of the orator ; and lastly, the oration in be- 
 half of Archias, as containing a delightful exhibition 
 of Cicero's enthusiastic devotion to literature and fer- 
 vent interest in the cause of liberal learning. 
 
 In this, as in the former volume, the editor has kept 
 in view not any accumulation of learned matter, nor 
 the introduction of incidental and only remotely related 
 topics, such as might be of interest to the teacher, 
 though they seldom engage the attention of unthought- 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 ful boys ; but only what directly aids the pupil in get- 
 ting his allotted task of translation and analysis from 
 day to day. 
 
 For the reasons which have prompted him to furnish 
 an Ordo as a specific feature of the series, the editor 
 refers to the preface to his Caesar, and here reproduces 
 a part of the same. 
 
 1. Through the Latin Ordo as well as the original 
 text the pupil is kept in constant communication with 
 the very words of the original classic. He is conversant 
 all the time with a pure Latin phraseology. In this 
 respect the use of an Ordo is to be preferred to the 
 device of a Latin, paraphrase, adopted in the Delphini 
 Editions of the Classics, which to the early student is 
 sometimes as obscure as the original text, and offers to 
 him a double task of translation one of the classical 
 Latin, and another of the paraphrase itself, of modern 
 and sometimes of doubtful Latinity. 
 
 2. With the assistance of the Ordo and the diligent 
 use of Lexicon and Grammar, the student can approach 
 his lessons with some assurance of success. He will 
 have a more confident feeling that he can get his own 
 lesson ; and no longer be discouraged by having to 
 encounter, besides other difficulties, the intricacies of 
 an involved and inverted phraseology. He will be 
 under less temptation to resort to English translations 
 t>r to look to others for assistance in his work. 
 
 3. With the use of the Ordo the student will be able 
 to traverse more preparatory ground of a Latin course 
 in the same space of time. In the view of the editor a 
 foreign tongue, ancient or modern, is not to be learned 
 so well in its usus loquendi and its idioms, by confining 
 the attention with critical examination to a small por- 
 tion of the language, as by much, and continual reading 
 
PREFACE. 1 \ 
 
 of the language in its various authorship. This, of 
 coarse, is much facilitated by the use of an Ordo in the 
 earlier stages of a Latin collide. 
 
 4. More time can be given to the enlargement of the 
 vocabulary, to the familiarizing of forms, to syntax and 
 analysis, where less is taken up in extricating the puzzle 
 and complication of the Latin order as it presents itself 
 to the beginner. Relief at that point, such as is aff< m led 
 by a carefully prepared Ordo y leaves opportunity for 
 a more rapid advancement at every other, whilst the 
 difficulties that remain to be surmounted are sufficient 
 to give ample scope to discipline and mental in vigo ra- 
 tion. 
 
 C. A. 
 
V 
 
 I V EttSITY 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 V 
 
 IN 
 
 L. C ATILIN AM 
 
 ORATIO PRIMA 
 IIABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 I. 1. Quousque tandem ab'utere, Catilina, patientia nos- 
 tra? Quamdiu etiam furor iste tuns nos eludet? Quern 
 ad finem sese effrenata jactabit audacia ? Nihilne te noc- 
 turnum praesidium Palatii, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor 
 populi, nihil concursus bonorunY omnium, nihil hie munitis- 
 simus habendi senatus locus", nihil horum ora vultusque 
 moverunt? JPatere tua consilia non sentis? Constrict am 
 jam horum omnTum conscientia teneri conjurationem tuam 
 non vides ? Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi 
 fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, quern nostrum 
 ignorare arbitraris ? \ 2. O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus 
 haec intelligit, consul videt : hie tamen vivit. Vivit ? 
 Immo vero etiam in senatum venit : fit publici consilii par- 
 ticeps: notat et designat oculis ad caedem unum quemque 
 nostrum. Nos autem, viri fortes, satisfacere rei publicae 
 videmur, si istius furorem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, 
 Catilina, duci jussu consulis jampridem oportebat ; in te -^ 
 conferri pestem istam, quam tu in nos omnes jamdiu machi- 
 naris. 3. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex 
 maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum 
 rei publicae privatus interfecit : Catilinam orbem terrao 
 1 
 
2 ORA.TIO I. IN CATILINA3I. 
 
 caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules per- 
 fe re in us ? - Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod 0. Ser- 
 vilius Ahala, Sp. Maelium no vis rebus studentem, maim sua 
 oceTdit. Fuit,fuit ista quondam in liac re publica virtus, ut 
 viri mites acrioribus suppliciis civem perniciosum, quam 
 acerbissimum hostenl coercerent. Habemus senatus corisul- 
 tum in te, Uatilina, veLemens et grave : non deest, rei pub- 
 licae consilium, neque auctoritas hujus ordinis* nos, nos, 
 dico aperte, consules desumus. 
 
 II. 4. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius 'consuj 
 videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nox nulla 
 intercessit : interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum sus- 
 piciones C. Gracchus clarissimo patre, avo, majoribus; bCci-* 
 sus est cum liberis M. Fulvius consularis.- Simili senatus 
 consulto C. Mario et L. Yalerio consulibus est permissa res 
 pubEcai Num uimm diem postea L. Saturninum tribunum 
 }>lebis, et C. Servilium praetorem mors ac rei publicae poena 
 remorata est? At vero nos vicesimum jam diem patinmr 
 hebescere aciem liofum auctoritatis. Habemus enim liujus- 
 modi senatus consultum, verumtam^n inclusum in tabulis, 
 tamquam in vagina reconditum,: quo ex senatus consulto 
 confestim interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Yivis : et 
 vivis non ad deponendam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. 
 Cupio, Patres conscripti, me esse clementem ; cupio in tan- 
 tis rei publicae periculis me non dissolutum videri ; sed jam 
 me ipsum inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 5. Castra sunt 
 in Italia contra rem publicam in Etruriae faucibus collo- 
 cata : crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus : eorum 
 autem castrorum imperatorem, ducemque hostium intra 
 moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam aliquam 
 quotidie perniciem rei publicae molientem. ^Si te jam, Cati- 
 lina, comprehendi, si interfici jussero * credo, erit verendum 
 milii, lie non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me, quam quis- 
 quam ciudelius factum esse dicati ) Yerum ego hoc, quod 
 jampridem factum esse oportuit, certa de causa nondum 
 adducor, ut faciam. Turn denique intern ciam te, quum jam 
 
oKATIO I. IN CAT1I. IN A.M. 3 
 
 nemo tain iinprobns, lam pmlitas, (am tui similis invcniri 
 
 poterit, oui id oon jure factum esse fateatur. r>. Quamdiu 
 
 quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vivea: Bed vivos ita, 
 
 ut vivis, nmltis meis et firinis pracsidiis obfteSBUB, no com- 
 movere te contra rem publicam possis, Multorum te etian 
 (u-uii el auirs Don Bentientem, sicut adhuc feoerunt, Bpecula- 
 buntur atque oustodient. 
 
 III. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod jam ainplius exspec- 
 tes, si neque nox tenebria obscurare coetus nefarios, ncc pri- 
 vat a doinus parietibus continere voces conjurationis tuae 
 potest? Si illustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? Muta jam 
 istam mentem, milii crede : obliviscere caedis atque incendi- 
 orum. Teneris undique : luce sunt clariora nobis tua con- 
 silia omnia : quae jam meciini licet, rec ognoscas. 7. MeVwi- 
 nistine me ante diem XII. Kalendas Novembres dicere in 
 senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies futurus ess ot 
 diem VI. Kal. Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satelJitem 
 atque administrum tuae? Num nnBfefellit^ Catilina, non 
 modo res tanta, tarn atrox, tani incredibilis, verum, id quod 
 mul to magis est admirandiim, dies ? Dixi ego idem in sena- 
 tu, caedem te optimatium contulisse in ante diem V. Kalen- 
 das Novembres, turn, quum multi principes civitatis Koma, 
 non tarn su^eonsci -\ audi, quam tuorum consiliorum repri- 
 niendorum causa profugerunt. Num infitiari potes te illo 
 ipso die meis praesidiis, mea diligentia circumclusum, com- 
 movere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, quum tu, dis- 
 cessu ceterorum, nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede 
 contentum te esse dicebas ? 8. Quid? quum tu te Praeneste 
 Kalendis ipsis Novembribus occupaturum" nocturno impetu 
 esse confideresv: sensistine illam coloniam meo jussu, meis 
 praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliisque esse munitam ? Nihil agis, 
 nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod ego non modo aud^ain, sed 
 etiam videam plane* pie sentiam. y 
 / IV. Recognosce tandem niecum noctem illam superio- 
 rem: jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem 
 quam te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte 
 
4: OliATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 venisse inter falcarios (non agam obscure), in M. Laecae 
 domum : convenisse eodem complures ejusdem amentiae 
 scelerisque socios. Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? 
 Convincam, si negas. Video enim esse hie in senatu quos- 
 dam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O dii immortalcs ! ubinam 
 gentium sumus? Quam rem publicam habemus? In qua 
 urbe vivimus ? Hie, hie sunt, nostro in numero Patres con- 
 scripti, in hoc orbis terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque con- 
 silio, qui de nostro omnium interitu, qui de hujus urbis 
 atque adeo orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video 
 consul, et de re publica sententiam rogo ! ) Et, quos ferro 
 trucidari oportebat, eos nondum voce vulnero ! Fuisti 
 igitur apujJL.JLaecam ilia nocte, Catilina : distribuisti partes 
 ItaTiae : statuisti, quo quemque proficisci placeret : delegisti, 
 quos Romae relin queres , quos tecum ^duceres ; descripsisti 
 urbis partes ad incendia; confirmasti te ipsum jam esse exi- 
 turum ; dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae, quod 
 ego viverem. lieperti sunt duo equites Komani, qui te ista 
 cura liberarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte paullo ante lucem me 
 in meo lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 10. Haec 
 ego omnia, vixdum etiam coetu vestro dimisso, comperi : 
 domum meam majoribus praesidiis munivi atque firmavi : 
 exclusi eos, quos tu mane ad me salutatum miseras, quum 
 illi ipsi venissent, quos ego jam multis ac summis viris ad 
 me id temporis ventuios esse praedixeram. 
 
 Y. Quae quum ita sint, Catilina, perge, quo coepisti : 
 egredere" aliquando ex urbe : patent portae : proficiscere. 
 Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manlja na castra deside- 
 rant. E duc t ecum etiam omnes tuos : s^ minus, quam plu- 
 
 rimos. Purga urbem. Maguo me metu liberabis, dummodo. 
 
 inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobiscum versari jam 
 diutius non potes : non feram, non patiar, non sin am. 11. 
 Magna diis immortalibus habenda est, atque huic ipsi Jovi 
 Statori, antiquissimo custodi hujus urbis, gratia, quod hanc 
 tarn tetram, tarn horribilem tamque infestam rei publicae 
 pestem to ties jam effugimus. Non est saepius(in uno homine J 
 
 Ls(in u 
 
OBATTO I. in t f.vriLix am. 5 
 
 anmma Balus periclitanda rei publicae. rQuamdiu mihi non- 
 Buli designato, Catilina, intddiatua ea, non publico me prae- 
 sidio, Bed privata diligentia defend! Quum proxinus comi- 
 tiis conaularibua me consulmi in campo , et co mpetitp rea titoa Wj. 
 interfioere voluisti, compressi coDatua tuos nefiuioa amicormn 
 praeaidio et copiis, nullo tumultu publico concitato : deni- 
 qne, quotiescunque me petisti, per me tibi obstiti: quam- 
 qnarn yidebam perniciem meam cum magna calamitate rei 
 publicae esse conjunctam. Nunc jam aperte rem publicam 
 universam petis : templa deorum immortalium, tccta urbis, 
 vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totam, ad exitium 
 ac \ astitatem vocas. 
 / 12. Quare, quoniam id, quod est primum, et quod hujus 
 imperii disciplinaeque majorum j)roprium est, facere non- 
 duiii audeo, faciam id, quod est ad severitatem lenius, et ad 
 communem salutem utilius. Nam, si te interfici jussero, 
 residebit in re publica reliqua conjuratorum manus ; sin tu 
 (quod, te jamdudum hortor) exieris, exliaurietur ex urbe 
 tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rei publicae. 
 13. Quid est, Catilina? Num dubitas id, me imperante, 
 facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe jubet 
 consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium ? Non 
 jubeo : sed si me consulis, suadeo. 
 
 VI. Quid est enim, Catilma^quod te*jam in hac urbe 
 dclrctare possitj In qua nemo est extra istam conjura- 
 tionem perditorum hominum, qu f teLpoh m etuat ; nemo" qui"" 
 non otterit. Quae nota domesticae turpituuinis non i nust a \rr^ 
 yitae tuae est? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret 
 infamiae ? Quae libido ab oculis, quod lacinus a manibus 
 unquam tuTs, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit 2 (Jui tu 
 ftdolescentulo, quem corruptelarum illecebris irretlssos, non 
 aut ad audaciam ferrum, aut ad libTdinem facem praetu- 
 listi? 14. ^.Quid vero ?j Nuper, quum morte superioris 
 uxoris novis nuptiis domum vkcuen?cisses, nonne etiam alio 
 incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? Quod ego praeier- 
 mitto, et facile patior sileri ; ne in hac civitate tanti facino- 
 
b ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 ris immamtas aut exstitisse, aut non vindicata esse videatur. 
 Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes impen- 
 dere tibi proximis Idibus senties : ad ilia venio, quae non ad 
 privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad doraesticam 
 tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad summam rem 
 publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam salutemque per- 
 tinent.*- 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut lmjus 
 coeli spiritus esse jucundus, quum scias horum esse nemi- 
 nem, qui nesidat te pridie Kalendas Januarias, Lepido et 
 Tullo consulibus, steiisse in coniitio cum telo ? Manum, 
 consulum et principum civitatis interficiendorum causa, 
 parayisse ? Sceleri ac furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut 
 timorem tuum, sed fortunam populi Romani obstitisse ? Ac 
 jam ilia omitto (neque enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa 
 post commissa) : quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens con- 
 sulem interficere conatus es ! Quod ego tuas p*e*!itiones ita 
 conjectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam 
 declinatione, et, ut aiunt, corpore euugi ! Nihil agis, nihil 
 assequeris, nihil moliris, neque tamen conarijac velle desis- 
 tis. 16. Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica Isfa de manibus ! 
 Quotiens vero excidit casu aliquo et elapsa/esfc ! Tamen ea 
 carere diutius non potes : quae quidem quibus abs te lniti Jta O^ 
 v^-s Bacris ac devota sit, nescio, quod earn nece^se putas esse in 
 y^ consulis corpore defigere. 
 
 ' YII. Nunc vero, quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim jam 
 
 tecum loquar. non ,ut odio perniotus esse videar, quo debeo^ 
 vy- sed ut mTsericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paullo 
 N * ante in seriatum. Quis te ex hac tanta*frequentia, tot ex 
 ^ tuis amicis ac necessariis salutavit ? St hoc post h ominum 
 memoriam contigit nemini, vocis exspecta*s contumeliam, 
 / quum sis gravissimb jlldicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid, 
 / quod adVentvTtuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt ? quod omnes 
 <* consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caeclem constifcuti fuerunt, 
 simul atque assedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam at- 
 que inariem reliauerunt, quo tandem animo hoc tibi feren- 
 dum putas ?\Aln) SeryT mehercule mei si me isto pacto 
 
OBATIO I. l.\ OATILINAM. ' 7 
 
 ni'iiK-rent, ut tc metuunt omiies cives tui, domum moam 
 n^liiKUHMidanrputarem : tiftibi arbem noii arbifcraris? EJt, 
 si mS iikTs cTvibus LnjuriJ suspectum tarn gi&yiter at 
 offensum vidoivin, can :< me adspcctff civium, quam infestis 
 oculis omnium conspicTmaliem : tu, quum oonscientia scele- 
 runi tuorum agnoaoas odium omnium j ustum ei jam diu tibi 
 aebitum, dubitas, quorum menies sensusque vulnerasj eorum 
 adspootum praesentiamque vitare ? Sfte parentes timcrcnt 
 atque odissent tin, neque eos ullaTatione placare posses, ut 
 opfiior, ab eorum oculis aliquo concecleres : nunc te patria, 
 quae communis est omnium nostrum parens, oclit ac metuit, 
 et jamdiu te"nihil judicat nisi* de pamcidio sud""cogitare. 
 Hujus tu neque auctoritalem verebere, nee juclicium sequere, 
 nee vim pertime'sces ? 18. Quae tecum, Catilina, sic^ agr^ W/y 
 et qxiodam modo tacita loquitur : " Nullum jam aliquot annis 
 factnus exstitit nisi per te; nullum flagitium sine te; tibi 
 uni multorum civium neces, tibf vexatio" direptioque soci<> 
 rum impunita fuit ac libera ; tu non solum ad negligendas 
 leges et Ojimesdp^eSj verum etiam ad evertendas perfringen- 
 dasque valuisti. S iiperi ora ilia, quamquam ferenda non 
 fuerunt, tamen, ut potui7 tuh : nunc vero me totam esse in 
 metu propter "uhum te, quidquid increpuerit, CatilTnam 
 timeri, nullum videri contra me consilium iniri posse, quod 
 a tuo scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem dis- 
 ce*3e, atque hunc mihi timorem eripe : si est verus, ne op- 
 i>rimar_; ^^falsus, ut tandem aliquand6*timere desinam." 
 V SQXL -19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne 
 impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? Quid, 
 quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti? quod vitandae sus- 
 picionis causa aptid M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ? 
 A quo non receptus, etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque, ut 
 domi meae te asservarem, rogasti. Quum a me quoque id 
 responsi^tulisses, me nullo modo posse iisdem parietibus 
 tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod iisdem 
 moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venisti. 
 A quo repudiatus, ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, M. 
 
8 OEATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 Marcellum demigrasti; quern tu videlicet et ad custodien- 
 duin te diligentissimum, et ad suspicarfclum sagacissimum, 
 et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. Sed quam 
 longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui 
 se ipse jam dignum custodia judicarit? 20. Quae quum ita 
 sint, Catilina, dubitas, si emori aequo amino non potes, abire 
 in aliquas terras, et vitam istam, multis suppliciis justis 
 debitisque ereptam, fugae solitudinique mandare ? 
 
 w Pefer, inquis, ad senatum : " id enim postulas, et, si hie 
 ordo sibi placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, ob tempera- Q 
 turum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis 
 moribus : sed tamen faciam, ut intelligas, quid hi de te 
 sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina : libera rem publicam 
 metu: in exsilium, si hanc vocem exspectas, proficiscere. 
 Quid est, Catilina ? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis 9 
 horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auc- 
 toritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem tacitorum per- 
 spicis? 21. At si hoc idem huic adolescenti optimo, P. 
 Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi 
 consuli hoc ipso in templo, jure optimo, senatus vim et 
 manus intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, quum quiescimt, 
 probant; quum patiuntur, decernunt; quum tacent, clamant. 
 Neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, 
 vita vilissima : sed etiam illi equites Pomani, honestissimi 
 atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, qui circumstant 
 senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam videre, et studia perspi- 
 cere,"et voces paullo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum ego 
 vix abs te jamdiu manus ac tela contineo, eos<lem facile 
 adducam, ut te.,. haec, quae jampridem vastare studes, relin- 
 quentem usque ad pprtas prosequantur. " 
 
 IX. 22. Quamquam quid loquor? Te--ut ulla res 
 
 frangat'? Tu ut unquam te corrigas ? Tu ut ullam fugain 
 meditere ? Tu ut ullum exsilium cogites? ittiiikm 'tibi 
 istam mentem dii immortales duint ! Tamesti video, si mea 
 
 * voce perterritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta 
 tempestas invidiae nobis, \i minus] in praesens tempus, 
 
ORATIO I. IX OATILINAM. 
 
 rccenti memoria scelenim tuoruni, at in posteritatem im- 
 pend.eat. Sed est tanti ; dummodo istii privata sit calami- 
 tas, eta rei publicae periculis scjungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis 
 tuis comnioveare, ut l^gum poenas pertfmescas, ut tempori- 
 bus rei publicae cedas, npn est postulandum. Neque enim 
 is es, Catilina, ut te aut pufror a turfukudine, aut metus a 
 periculo, aut ratio a furore revoeai it. 23. Quamdbrem, ut 
 saepe jam dixi, proficiscere : ac, si mihi inimico, ut prae- , 
 dicas, tuo compare vis invidiam, recta perge in exsilium : J 
 vix feram serraones hominum, si id feceris: visr molem |" 
 istius invidiae, si in exsilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. i 
 Sin autem servire meae laudi et gloriae mavis, egredere cum 
 iin})ortuna sceleratorum nranu: confer te ad Manlium ; 
 concita perditos cives ; secerne te a bonis, infer patriae 
 bellum ; exsulta impio latrociuio, ut a me non ejectus ad 
 alienos, sed invitatus ad twos isse videaris. 24. Quam- 
 
 quam quid ego te invrtem, a quo jam sciam esse praenussos, 
 qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati ? Cui 
 sciam pactarii et constitutam cum Manlio diem? A quo 
 etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi ac tuis omnibus 
 perniciosam esse confido ac funestam futuram, cui dorni tuae 
 sacrarium scelerum tuorum constitutum fuit, sciam esse 
 praemissam ? Tu rtt'illa carere diutius possis, quam venerari 
 ad caedem proficiscens solebas ? a cujus altaribus saepe 
 istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium trans^misuJLlfS^ 
 
 X. 25. ^bis tandem aliquando, quo \e jampridem tua 
 ista cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa ra'piebat. Neque enim tibi 
 (jjaec^rep affeW dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
 .tatem. Ad banc te amentiam natura rfepent, voluntas 
 exercuit, fortuna servavit. Nunquam tu non modo ptiujn, 
 sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefariiim conciipisti. Nacxus es 
 ex perditisj^atque aJ^mni non modo fortuna, verum etiam 
 spe derelict js, co^matam improborum manum.J 2G. Hie tu 
 qua laetitia perfruere? Quibus gaudiis exsultabis ? Quanta 
 in voluptate baccnar>ere, quum in tanto numero tuorum 
 neque an dies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis ? Ad 
 
10 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 b 1. ... i 
 
 hujus vitae studium meditati sunt illi, qui fenmtur, labores 
 tui : jacfere humi, non modo ad c^Dsia^enaum^^uprum, verum 
 etiam ad facinus obeulidum ; vigilare non solum ^^i^mutem 
 somno_ maritorum, verum etiam bonis Otiosorum. Habss^. 
 ubi ostentes illam tuam praeelaram patientiam famis, fdgoris, 
 inopiae rerum omnium, quijbiis te brevi tempore coniectum 
 * , es^e senties. 27. Tantum profeci turn, quum te a consulatu 
 1 " vvvJ repuli, nt exsul potius tentare, quam c onsul vexare rem (^ 
 publicam posses, atque ut jd, quod esset abs te scelerate 
 susceptum, latrocmmm potius quam bellum nominaretur. **** ^ 
 l( :yXI. ISuiic, ut a me, Patres conscripti, quandam prope 
 justam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer^percipite, 
 quaeso, diligenter, quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris 
 mentibusque mandate. Etenim, si mecum patria, quae mihi 
 vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res 
 publica loquatur :j" M. Tulli, quid agis? Tune eum, quern 
 esse hostem comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum vides, 
 quern exspectari imperatorem in castris hostium sentis, 
 auctbrem sceleris, principem conjurationis, evocatorem ser- ^ 
 vorum et civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non 
 emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? 
 Nonne hunc in vineula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non 
 sunimo supplicio mactari imperabis ? 28. Quid tandem te 
 impedit ? Mosne majorum ? At persaepe etiam privati in 
 liac re publica perniciosos cives morte multarunt. An leges, 
 quae de civium liomanorum supplicio rojotalr simt"? At 
 nunquam in hac urbe ii, qui a re publica defecerunt, civium /^ 
 jura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Prae- 
 elaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te hominem 
 per te cognitum, nulla commendatione majorum tarn mature 
 ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, 
 si propter invidiam, aut alicujus periculi metum, salutem 
 civium tuorum negligis. 29. Sed, si quia est invidiae 
 mT5tus,'num^est vehememtius severita.tis ac fortitudinis in- 
 vidia, quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda ? An 
 quum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta arde- 
 
 P ASL4 I 
 
 L^>W 
 
.no I. in r.vnuxAM. 11 
 
 bunt, turn te nan existimaa urridiae imoendio conflagrft- 
 
 turum?" 
 
 X II. His ego sanctissimis ivi pnbllOM voi-ibus, et coruin 
 hominum, qui boo idem sentinnt, inentibut paaca respon- QoMi 
 debo. Ego, si hoc optimum jactu judicarem, Patres con- 
 Boripti, Catilinam morte mulfari, unius usnrain norae gladi- 
 R&ori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Ktenim, si Bummi 
 n hi et clarissimi cives, Saturnini et Gracchorum ot Plaod 
 ei superiorum compluriuri sanguine non modo se non con- 
 taininarunt, sed etiam honcstarunt, certe verenduni milii 
 non erat, ne quid, hoc parricidac>vium interlecio, invidiae 
 mihi in posteritatein lvdundarct. Quod si ea mihi maxime 
 imponderet, tamen hoc animo semper i'ui, nt invidiam vir- 
 fcute partem gloriam, non invidiam puxarein. 30. Quani- 
 quam nbnnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui ant ea, quae 
 imminent, non vidcantyaut tea, nuae vident, disslmulent : 
 qui Bpem Catilinae inomous' sententiis amerunt, con- 
 jurationemque nascenteni non credendo corroboraverunt: 
 quorum auctoritatem secnti multi, non solum improBi, 
 verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crude- 
 liter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intelligo, si iste, 
 (juo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn 
 stultum fort>, qui non videat conjurationein esse faetam, 
 neminem tarn improbum, qui non faleararj/ Hoc |utem uno^ 
 interfecto, intelligo banc rei publicae pestem paujlisper 
 
 ivpriiui, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quod 
 
 si 
 
 ejeoerit, secumque suos etfuxerit, et eodem ceteros undique 
 collectos naufragoa aggregaverit, exstinguetur atque delebitur 
 non modo haec tain adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiam 
 strips ac semen maionmi^mSuTm. 
 
 XIII. 31. Eteniin jamdiu, Patres conscripti, in his peri- 
 cuUs conjurationis insidiisque versamur ; sed nescio quo 
 pacto omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturi- 
 tas in nostri consulatus tern pus erupit. Quod si ex tanto 
 latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve 
 qnoddam tempus cura et inetu esse relevati : periculum 
 
12 
 
 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 autem residebit, et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in 
 visceribns rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo 
 {^^igravi, quuni aestu jfebrique jactantur, si aquam gelidam 
 biberint, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius 
 vehementiusque afflictantur ; sic liic morbus, qui est in re 
 publica, relevatus istius poena, vehementius vivis reliquis 
 ingravescet. 32. Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a 
 bonis, unnm in locum congregentur, muro denique, id quod 
 saepe jam dixi, secernantur a nobis, desinant insidiari domi 
 suae consuli, circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani, obsidere 
 cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflammandam 
 urbem comparare ; sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius 
 cuj usque, quid de re pubjica sehtiat*. Polliceor vobis hoc, 
 Patres conscripti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore diligen- 
 tiam, tantam in vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus 
 Romanis virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, 
 ut Catilinae profectione omnia pateTacta, illustrata, oppressa, qJ 
 vindicata esse videatis. 
 
 33. Hisce* ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publicae 
 
 i x x ~~ x ' i -4- 
 
 salute, et cum tua peste ac pernic^e, cumque eorum exitio, 
 
 qui se tecum omni scelere pamcidioqueiunxerunt, proncis- 
 
 cere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tiim tu, Jupiter, qui 
 
 iisdem, quibus haec urbs, auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, 
 
 quem Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, 
 
 hunc et hujus socios a tuis aris ceterisque templis, a tectis 
 
 urbis ac moenibus, a, vita fortunisque civium omnium arce- 
 
 bis : et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes patriae, latrones 
 
 Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate con- 
 
 junctos, aeternis suppliciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 
 
 '%f 
 
 ^ 
 
IN 
 
 L. CATILINAM 
 
 ORATIO SECUKDA, 
 AD QUIKITES. 
 
 1* 
 
 I. 1. T^andem aliquando, Quiriles, L. Catninam, furen- 
 tem aTidac^ scelus ^nhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie 
 molientem, vobTs atque huic urbi ferro flammaque mfuftan- 
 tem, ex urbe Vfel ejecimus vel eroisimus, vel ipsum egrectf en- y%^ 
 tem verbis pr$se*cuti sumus. Abiit, "excessit, "evasit, erupit. Vjjj 
 Nulla jam pernicfes a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus + 
 ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc qurdem unum 
 hujus belli d&mestYci cfticem sme controversfaT vicimus. 
 Non enim jam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur : rion 
 in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra 
 do'mestJfcos parties pe*ramescemus. Loco ille molus est, 
 quum est ex iTrbe cfepulsus. Palam jam cum hoste, nullo 
 impHliente, bellum justum geremus. >me cfubio perdulimus 
 h^minem magninceque viciinus, quum ilium ex. occultis 
 insidiis in apertum latrocinium conjecimus. 2. Quod vero 
 non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vivis 
 nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus extorsimus, 
 quod inc^limies elves, quod stantem urbem reliquit: quanto 
 taiicTem ilium maerore esse afflictum et profngatum putatis ? 
 Jacet ille nunc prostratusque est, et se percitlsum atque 
 abjectum esse sentit, et retorquet oculos prtffecto s'aepe ad 
 
 6\^v*-/i jl^l ^-^ Ar u-c d-^_y 
 
14 OEATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 hanc urbem, quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget: quae-/ 
 qiudem mihi la"tari videtur, quod tantam pe*stem evomuerit 
 forasque projecerit. 
 
 II. 3. At si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, 
 qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio inea, me 
 vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non compre- 
 henderim potius, quam emiserim : non est ista mea culpa, 
 Quirites, sed temporum. 'unterfectum esse L. Catilinam, et 
 gravissimo supplicio affectum jampridera oportebat : idque 
 a me et mos majorum, et hujus imperii severitas, et res pub- 
 lica postulabat. Sed quam multos fuisse putatis, qui,(quae V^ 
 ego deferrem^ non crederent ? Quam multos, qui propter 
 stultitiam non putarent ? Quam multos, qui etiam defende- 
 rent ? Quam multos, qui propter improbitatem faverent ? 
 Ac si, illo sublato, depelli a yobis omne periculum judica- 
 rem, jampridem ego J^Qatilinam non modo invidiae meae, 
 jtv*^ 7 erum etiam vitae pMiculo sustulissem. 4. Sed quum vide- 
 rem ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam turn probata, si ilium, 
 ut erat meritus, morte multassem, fore, ut ejus socios invidia 
 oppressus persequi non possem, rem hue deduxi, ut turn palam 
 pugnare possetis, quum hostem aperte videretis. Quern qui- 
 dem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse timen- 
 dum putem, licet hinc intelligatis, quod etiam illud moleste 
 fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille ^fj. 
 omnes secum suas copias eduxisset ! Tongilium milii eduxit,' 
 quern amare in praetexta coeperat ; Publicium et Munatium, 
 quorum aes alienum contractum in popina nullum rei publi- 
 ^sjs cae mptum afferre poterat : reliquit quos viros ! quanto aere ' 
 aiieno ! quam valentes ! quam nobiles ! 
 i"*7^II. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum et Gallicanis legioni- 
 ^nbus et hoc delectu, quern in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. Metel- 
 lus habuit, et his copiis, quae a nobis quotidie comparantur, 
 magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex 
 agresti luxuria, ex rusticis o^ecoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimo- 
 nia de^erere quam ilium exercitum maluerunt ; quibus ego 
 non niodo si aciem exercitus nostri, verum etiam si edictum 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 15 
 
 pvnetoris ostendero, concident. Hos, quos video volitare in 
 for, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiani in senatum venire ; 
 qui niteni unguentia, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secumsuos 
 militea othiTJnimt qui si hie permanent, n.t mentote non tain 
 exercitum ilium esse nobis, quam hos, qui exercitum deseru- 
 erunt, pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, 
 quod, quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permo- 
 ventur. 6. Video, cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat 
 Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has 
 urban*! insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. 
 Omuia superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt ; 
 patefeci in senatu hesterno die; Catilina ipse pertimuit, pro- 
 fugit : hi quid exspectant ? Na^. illi vehementer errant, si sJ^AA 
 
 Xillam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant futuram. 
 IV. Quod exspectavi, jam sum assecutus, ut vos omnes 
 factam esse aperte conjurationem contra rem publicam vide- 
 retis. Nisi vero /si/ quis est, qui Catiliuae similes cum Cati- 
 lina sentire non putet. Non est jam lenitati locus: severi- 
 tatem res ipsa flagitat. * Unum etiam nunc concedam : exe- 
 . ant, proticiscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catilinam ?a^~J 
 
 niiserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia via profec- 
 
 tus est. Si accelerare volent, ad vesperani consequentur. 
 7. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem banc sentinam 
 hujus urbis ejecerit ! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto, 
 relevata mihi et recreata res publica videtur. \ Quid enim 
 mali aut sceleris fingi aut cogitari potest, quod non ille con- 
 ceperit ? Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis 
 latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis testamentorum sub- 
 jector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quisnepos, quis adul- 
 ter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor juventutis, quis cor- 
 ruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina 
 non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per hosce 
 annos sine illo facta est ? Quod nefarium stuprum non per 
 ilium ? 8. Jam vero quae tanta unquam in ullo homine 
 juventutis illetebraljuit, quanta in illo? Qui alios ipse 
 amabat turpissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, 
 
16 ORATIO II. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 aliis fructum libidinum, aliis mortem parentum, non modo 
 impellendo, verum ,etiam adjuvando, pollicebatur. Nunc 
 vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agris, 
 ingentem numerum perditorum hominum collegerat ? Nemo, 
 non modo Romae, sed nee ullo in angulo totius Italiae, op- 
 pressus aere alieno fait, quern non ad hoc incredibile sceleris 
 foedus adsciverit. 
 
 V. 9. Atque,. ut ejus diversa studia in dissimili ratione 
 perspicere possitis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paullo ad 
 facinus audacior, qui se non intimum "Catilinae esse fateatur ; 
 nemo in scena levior et nequior, qui se non ejusdem prope 
 sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque idem tamen stuprorum 
 et scelerum exercitatione assiTefactus, frigore et fame et siti , - 
 et vigiliis perferendis, fortis ab istis praedicabatur, quum ^ 
 industriae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in libidine 
 audaciaque consumerentur. 10. Hunc vero si secuti erunt * 
 sui comites ; si ex urbe exierint desperatorum hominum 
 flagitiosi greges : O nos beatos ! O rem publicam fortunatam, 
 O praeclaram laudem consulatus mei ! Non enim jam sunt 
 mediocres hominum' libidines, non humanae audaciae ac tole- 
 randae : nihil cogitant nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas : 
 patrimonia sua profuderunt : fortunas suas obligaverunt : res *" 
 eos jampridem, fides nuper deficere coepit : eadem tamen ilia, 
 quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in vino 
 et alea comissationes solum, et scorta quaererent, essent illi 
 quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Hoc vero quis 
 ferre .possit, inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiari, stul- 
 tissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilan- 
 tibus ? Qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, complexi mulieres 
 impudicas, vino languidi, conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, un- 
 guentis obliti, debilitati stupris, _eructant sermonibus suis ' 
 caedem bonorum, atque urbis incendia. 11. .Quibus ego 
 confido impendere fatum aliquod ; et poenam jamdiu impro- 
 bitati, nequitiae, sceleri, libidini debitam aut instare jam 
 plane, aut certe appropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, 
 quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve nescio quod 
 
ORATIO II. IN OATILINAM. 17 
 
 t 
 tempus, sed multa secula propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est 
 
 enim natio, quam pertimescamus ; nullus rex, qui helium 
 populo Komano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa unius 
 virtute terra marique pacata : domcst iru m helium manet ; 
 intus insidiae sunt, intus inclusum periculum est; intus est 
 hostis. Cum luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere cer- 
 tandum est. Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites ; 
 suscipio inimicitias hominum perditorum. ^'(Juae sanari po- 
 terunt, quacunque ratione sanabo : quae resecanda erunt, non 
 patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde .aut exeant, 
 aut quiescant, aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente perma- 
 nent, ea, quae merentur, exspectent. 
 
 VI. 12. At |tfam sunt, qui dicant, Quirites, a me in ex- 
 s^ltum ejSctum esse CatilTnam. Quod ego si verbo asse*qui 
 possem, istos ipsos ejYcerem, qui haec loquuntur. Homo 
 videlicet tfcnifdus aut e*tfam permodestus vocem consulis ferre 
 non potuit : sYmul atque ire in exsilium jussus est, pariiit, 
 ivit. Hesterno die, quum domi meae paene interfectus essem, 
 senatum in aedeni Jovis Statoris convocavi ; rem omnem ad 
 patres conscriptos de^uli. Quo quum Catilina venisset,<juis 
 eum senator appellavit? quis salutaVit ? quis denique ita 
 adspexit ut perditum civem, ac non pOtius ut importumssi- 
 mum hostem ? Quiii etiam principes ejus ordinis partem 
 illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque 
 manem r^irquei-unt. 13. Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui 
 verbo cTves in Exsilium ejicio, quaesivi a CatiKna^ nocturno 
 conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. Quum ille, homo 
 audacissimus, consoientia convictus, promo reticuisset, pate- 
 feci cetera ; quid ea" nocte egisset, quid proxima constituis- 
 set, quemadmb'duni esset ei ratio tdtius belli desenpta, edo- 
 cui. -\ Quurn haesitaret, quum teneretur, quaesivi, quid dubi- 
 taret profipisci eo, quo jamprjdem pararet : quum~arma, quum 
 secures, quum fasces, quum tubas, quum signa militaria, quum 
 aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium scelerum 
 domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praeniissam.N&4. In exsilium 
 ejiciebam, quern jam ingressum esse in bellum videbam? 
 
lb OEATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 Etenim, credo, Mallius iste centurio, qui in agro Eaesulano 
 castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit ; 
 et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille, 
 ejectus in exsilium, se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in liaec cas- 
 tra conferet. 
 y . VII. O conditionem miseram, non modo administrandae, 
 /J^ verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc, si L. Cati- 
 lina consiliis, laboribus, periculis meis circumclusus ac debi- 
 litatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit 
 suos, consilium belli faciundi abjecerit, ex hoc cursu sceleris 
 et belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium converterit^non ille 
 a me spoliatus armis audaciae, non obstupefactus ac perter- 
 ritus mea diligentia, non de spe conatuque depulsus, sed 
 indemnatus, innocens, in exsilium ejectus a consule vi et ; 
 minis esse dicetur : et erunt, qui ilium, si hoc fecerit, non 
 improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum consulem, 
 sed crudelissimum tyrannum existimari velint. 15. Est 
 milii tanti, Quirites, hujus invidiae falsae atque iniquae 
 tempestatem subire, dummodo a vobis hujus horribilis belli 
 ac nefarii peripulum depellatur. Dicatur sane ejectus esse a 
 me, dummodo eat in exsilium. Sed mihi credite, non est 
 iturus. Nunquam ego a diis immortalibus optabo, Quirites, 
 invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. Catilinam ducere exer- 
 citum hostium, atque in armis volitare audiatis ; sed triduo 
 tamen audietis : multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit in- 
 Yidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius, quam quod 
 ejecerim. Sed quum sint homines, qui ilium, quum profec- 
 tus sit, ejectum esse dicant, iidem, si interfectus esset, quid 
 dicerent? 16. Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam 
 ire ^dictitant, non tarn hoc queruntur, quam verentur. 
 Nemo est istorum tarn misericors, qui ilium non ad Man- 
 lium quam ad Massilienses ire malit. Ille autem, si meher- 
 cule hoc, quod agit, nunquam ante . cogitasset, tamen latro- 
 cinanteni se interfici mallet, quam exsulem vivere. Nunc 
 vero, quum ei nihil adhuc praeter ipsius vohmtatem cogita- 
 tionemque acciderit, nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profec- 
 
ORATIO II. IN ( 'ATI UN' AM. 1 ( .) 
 
 ft 
 
 tafl est, optemus potius, ut cat in exsilium, quam quae- 
 
 raillUr - | bAM 
 
 VJJJ..J17. Sed cur tamdiu de uno hostc loquinmr, et de 
 
 eo lioste, qui jam fatctur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, 
 quod semper volui, murus interest, non timeo: de his, qui 
 dissimYtlant, qui Ltomae remanent, qui nobiseum sunt, nihil 
 dicimus? Q'uos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non 
 tarn ulcisci studeo quain sanare, et ipsos placare rei publicae ; 
 Deque id quare fieri non possit, si me audi re vol nt, intelligo. 
 Exponam enim vobis Quirites, ex quilms generiDua hominum 
 istae copiae compareutur : deinde singulis medicinajn con- 
 silii atque orationis meae, si quam potero, affeva^m. 18. 
 Unum genus est eorum, qui magno in aere alie'no majores 
 otiam possessionem habent, quaruin amove adducti, dissolvi 
 nullo modo possunt. Iloruni hominum species est honestis- 
 sima ; sunt enim locuplctes : voluntas vero et causa impu- 
 dent issima. Tu agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, 
 tu rebus omnibus ornat.us et copiosus sis, et dubites de 
 possessione detrahere, acquirere ad fidcm ? Quid enim 
 exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid ? Ergo in vastatione omnium 
 tuas possessions sacrosanctas futuras piitas? An tabulas 
 novas? Errant, qui istas a Catilina exspectant. _M<o 
 beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae. 
 Neque enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla 
 
 salvi esse possunt. , Quod si maturius facere voluissent, 
 neque (id quod stultissimum est) certare cum usuris fructi- 
 bus praediorum, et locupletioribus liis et melioribus civibus 
 uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertimescendos, 
 (juod aut deduci de sententia possunt; aut, si permanebunt, 
 inagis mihi videntur vota factnri contra rem publicam, quam 
 arma laturi. i ' * / 
 
 IX. 19. Alterum genus est eorum, quj quamquam 
 premuntur aere afieno, dominationem talnen exspectant, 
 rerum potm vmunt/honores, quos quieta re publica des- 
 perant, perturbata consequi se posse arottrantur. Quibus 
 hoc jmtf&ipieinTuin videtur, unum scilicet et idem, quod 
 
 Vjjti Cfl^ K*A. 
 
20 OEATIO II. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 reliquis omnibus, ut desperent, se id, quod conantur, con- 
 
 sequi posse : priinum omnium, me ipsum vigilare, adesse, 
 
 providere rei publicae ; dehicfe magnos animos esse in bonis 
 
 viris, magnam concordiam, maximam multitudinem, magnas 
 
 praeterea copias militum ; deos denique immortales huic 
 
 invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi contra 
 
 tantam vim sceleris praesentes auxilium esse latiiros. Quod 
 
 si jam smt id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, adepti, num 
 
 illi in ciiiere urbis et in sanguine civium, quae mente con- 
 
 scelerata ac nefaria conciipierunt, consules se, aut dictatores, 
 
 aut etiam reges sperant futuros ? Non vident id se cupere, 
 
 quod si adepti sint, fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit 
 
 necesse?/ 20. Tertium genus est aetate jam affectum, sed 
 
 tamen exercitatione robustum : quo ex genere iste est Man- 
 
 lius, cui nunc Catilina succedit. Hi sunt homines ex iis 
 
 * ^ . . v \*AiJLt- 
 
 coloniis, quas Faesulis Sulla constituit : quas ego uniyersas 
 
 civium esse optimorum et fortissimorum virorum sentio : 
 
 sed tamen hi sunt coloni, qui se in insperatis ac repentinis 
 
 pecuniis sumptuosius insolentiusque jactaruntA Hi dum 
 
 aedificant, tamquam beati, dum praediis, lecticis, familiis 
 
 magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in tantum aes alie- 
 
 num inciderunt, " ut, si salvi esse velmt^ Sulla sit iis ab 
 
 inferis excitandus. Qui etiam nonnullos agrestes, homines 
 
 tenues atque egentes, in eandem illam sp'em rapinarum 
 
 veterum impulerunt ; quos ego, Quirites, in eodem genere 
 
 praedatorum clireptorumque pono. Sed eos hoc moneo : 
 
 desinant furere, et proscriptiones et dictaturas' cogitare. 
 
 Tantus enim illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, ut 
 
 iam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi 
 
 passurae esse videantur. 
 
 X. 21. Quartum genus est .sane varium et mixtum et 
 
 turbulentuin ; qui jampridem premuntur, qui nuriquam 
 
 emergunt ; qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, 
 
 partim etiam sumptibus in vetere acre alieno vacillant ; qui 
 
 vadimoniis, judiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum defatigati, 
 
 permulti et ex urbe, et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre 
 
 
OKATio II. IN CATILINAM. 21 
 
 dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn milites acres, quam iniitia- 
 
 toree L^ntos esse arbitror. Qui hoi iinum si stare non 
 
 sed ita, ut non niodo ci vitas, sod no 
 
 lcTni quideba jiroximi smtiant. Nam illud non int clliu r < >, 
 
 4uamobrem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter 
 elint, aut cur minora dolore peritiiros se cum multis, quam 
 si soli pereant, arbitivntur/j 22. Quintum genus est par- 
 ricidarum, sicariorum, dehique omnium faci'norosorum ; quos 
 ego a Catilina non revbco ; nam neque divelli ab eo possunt, 
 et pereant sane in latrocinioj quohiara sunt ita multi, ut eos 
 cam r capore non possitjf Postremum autem genus est, non 
 lum numero, verum etiam gene re ipso atque vita, quod 
 proprium Catilinae est, de ejus delectu, immo vero, do 
 eomplexu ejus ac sinu ; quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut 
 imberbes, aut bene barbatos videtis, manicatis et talari- 
 bus tunicis, velis amictos, non togisl;' quorum omnis indus- 
 tria vitae, et vigilandi labor in antelucanis coenis expromi- 
 tur. 23. In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes adulteri, 
 omnes impuri impudicique versanti! r. Hi pueri tarn lepidi 
 ac delicati non solum amare et amari, neque cantare et 
 psaliere, sed etiam sicasvibrare et spargere venena didice- 
 runt ; qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina perierit, 
 scitote hoc in re publica semmarium Catilinarium futurum. 
 Yerumtamen quid sibi isti miseriiVolunt ? Num suas secum 
 mulierculas sunt in castra ducturi ? Qucmadmodum autem 
 illis carere poterunt, his praesertim jam noetibus ? Quo 
 autem pacto illi Apenninum, afque illas pruinas ac nives 
 perferent ? Nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem toleraturos 
 putant, quod nudi in conviviis s'altare didicerunt. 
 
 XI. 24. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, quum 
 
 hanc sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam Voji^^ 
 Tnstruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras Cati- ' 
 
 linae copias, vestra praesidia, vestrosque exercitus ; et 
 primum gladiatori illi confecto et saucio consules impera- 
 toresque vestros opponite : deinde contra illam.naufragorum 
 ejectam ac debilitatam nianum, florem totius Italiae ac robur 
 
-rt 
 
 22 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 educite. Jam vero urbes col oniar um ac municijnorum 
 resj)ondebunt Catilinae tumulis silvestribus. JSTeque ego 
 ceteras copias, ornaments, praesidia vestra, cum illius la- 
 tronis inopia atque egestate confcrre debeo^|p$6. Sed, si, 
 omissisVjiis rebus J omnibus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget 
 ille,\senatu, equitibus Romania, populo, urbe, aerario, vec- 
 tigalibus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exteris nationi- 
 buSji si, liis rebus omissis, causas ipsas, quae inter se con- /^ 
 fligunt, contendere velimus : exeo_jSoJ quam valde^illi 
 jaceant intelligere possumus. Ex liac enim parte pudor 
 pugnat, illinc petulantia : liinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum : 
 liinc fides, illinc fraudatio : hinc pietajs, illinc scelus : bine 
 constantia, illinc furor: hinc, honestas, illinc turpitudo : 
 hinc contineniia, illinc libido : denique (aequitas, tempe- $X 
 rantia, fortitudo, prudentia,)virtutes omnes, certant cum 
 iniquitate, luxuria^gnavia, temeritate, cum vitiis omnibus : 
 postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdifta^mens 
 sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium rerum 
 desperatione confligit. In huj usmodi" certain ine ac proelio, 
 nonne, etiam si hominum studia deficiant, dii ipsi im- 
 mortales cogent ab his praeclarissimis virtutibusl tot et 
 tanta vitia superari ? 
 
 XII. 26. Quae quum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quemadmo- 
 \i dum jam an tea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defendite : 
 ^mihi, ut urbi sine vestro motu, ac sine ullo tumultu satis 
 esset praesidii, consultum atque provisum est. Coloni omnes 
 niunicipesque vestri, certiores a me facti de hac nocturna 
 excursione Catilinae, facile urbes suas finesque dependent : 
 gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissimaiiinoreputavit, 
 quamquam meliore animo sunt quam pars patriciorum, potes- 
 tate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. Metellus, quem ego 
 hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque praemisi, 
 aut opprimet hominem, aut ejus omnes motus conatusque 
 prohibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis, matu- 
 randis, agendis, jam ad senatum referemus, quem vocari 
 videtis. 
 
ORATIO II. I\ (A II LI. NAM. 23 
 
 27. Nunc illps, qui in urbe rcinanserunt, (atque adeo/qui 
 
 i-oiitia uiliis salutcin oimiiuni(|iic nostrum in urbe a Catilina 
 relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia nati sunt 
 i dve&j monitoe cos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas ad- 
 huc si cui solutior visa est, hoc expcctavit, ut id, quod late- 
 bat, ( rumperet. Quod reliquum est,Jam non possum obli- 
 visci meam hanc esse patriam, me liorum esse consulem, 
 mild aut cum his vivendum, aut pro his esse meriendum. 
 Nullus est portis custos, nullus insidiator viae: si qui v** \ 
 ex ire volunt, connivere possum: qufvero se in urbe com- /*" 
 
 moverit, cujus ego non modo factum, sed inceptum ullum 
 conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sentient in hac 
 urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse egregios magistratus, esse 
 fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quern vindicem 
 nefa riorum ac manifesto rum scelerum majores nostri esse 
 voluerunt. 
 
 XL II. 28. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut 
 res maxima minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, 
 bellum intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam 
 crudt'lissimum et maximum, me uno togato duce et impera- 
 tore, sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si 
 ullo modo fieri poterit, ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac 
 urbe i)oenam sui sceleris s^perat. Sed si vis manifestae 
 audaciae, si impendens patriae periculum me necessario de 
 hac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud profecto peficiam, quod 
 in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum videtur, ut 
 neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque ]>oena vos jam 
 omnes salvi esse possitis. 29. Quae quidem ego neque mea 
 prudentia, neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, 
 Quirites ; sed multis et non dubiis deorum immortalium 
 significationibus, quibus ego ducibus in hanc spem senten- 
 tiamque sum ingressus; ^ii jam non procul, ut quondam 
 solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, sed hie praesen- 
 tes suo numine atque auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta 
 defendunt ; quos vos, Quirites, precari, venerari, atque im- 
 plorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam, florentissi- 
 
24 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 mam, potentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc, omnibus hos- 
 tium copiis terra manque superatis, a perditissimorum civium 
 nefario scelere defendant. 
 
IN 
 
 L. C ATI LIN AM 
 
 ORATIO TERTIA, 
 AD QUIKITES. 
 
 I. 1. Rem publicam, Quirites, vitamqiie omnium ves- 
 trum, bona, fortunas, cOnjuges, liberosque vestros, atque hoc 
 domicilium clarissimi imperii, fortunatissimam pulcherri- 
 mamque urbem hodierno die deorum immortalium summo 
 erga vos amore, laborious, consiliis, periculis meis, ex flamma 
 atque frrro, ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis con- 
 servatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et, si non minus nobis 
 jucnndi atque illusltressunt ii dies, quibus conservamur, 
 quam illi, quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, 
 nascendi incerta conditio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum 
 voluptate servamur,Jprofecto, quoniam ilium, qui hanc 
 urbem condidit, ad deos immortales benevolehtia famaque 
 sustulrmus, j esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore 
 debebit is, qui eandem hanc urbem conditam amplifica- 
 tamque servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac 
 moenibus subjectos prope jam ignes circumdatosque restinxi- y, 
 mus, iidemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos retudimus, " r H^ 
 mucronesque eorum a jugulis vestris dejecimus. 3. Quae 
 quoniam in senatu illustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt per 
 me, vobis jam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta, et 
 quam manifesta, et qua ratione investigata et comprehensa 
 sint, vos, qui ignoratis, ex actis scire possitis. 
 
 2 ^ttffrSM* 
 
 \ 
 
26 
 
 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 Principio, lit Catilina paucis ante cliebus erupit ex urbe, 
 quum sceleris sui socios, hujusce nefarii belli acerrimos 
 duces Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, 
 quemadmodum in tantis et tarn absconditis insidiis salvi esse 
 possemus. 
 
 II. Nam turn, quum ex urbe Catilinam ejiciebam (non 
 eiiim jam vereor lmjus verbi invidiam, quum ilia magis sit 
 tirnenda, quod vivus exierit), sed turn, quum ilium extermi- 
 nari volebam, aut reliquam conjuratorum manum simul 
 exituram, aut eos, qui restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac 
 debiles fore putabam. 4. AtqtlB ego, ut vicli, quos maxime 
 furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum 
 esse et Komae remansisse,. in eo omnes dies noctesque con- 
 sumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac 
 viderem : ut, quoniam auribus vestris, propter incredibilem J< 
 magnitudinem sceleris, minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, 
 rem ita coniprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saluti ves- 
 trae provideretis, quum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. ^ 
 J>. Itaque ut comperi legatos Allobrogum, belli Transalpini 
 et tumultus Gallici excitandi causa, a P ^Lentulo esse solli- 
 citatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos cives eodemque itinere 
 cum Uteris mandatisque ad" Catilinam esse missos, comitem- 
 que iis adjunctum T. Volturcium, atque liuic esse ad Cati- 
 linam datas literas, facultatem mihi oblatam putavi, ut, 
 quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper optabam a diis 
 immortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a 
 senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. Itaque hes- 
 terno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum, praetores, fortissi- ^ 
 mos atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi ; 
 rem omnem exposui; quid fieri placeret, ostendi. Illi 
 autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia 
 sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium sus- 
 ceperunt, et, quum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem Mul- 
 vium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipartito 
 fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et poris interesset. Eodem 
 autem et ipsi sine cujusquam suspicione multos fortes viros 
 
ORATIO III. IN CAT1LINAM. x 27 
 
 eduxerunt, ctego ex p raefectura Reatina complures delectos 
 adoleeoentes, quorum opera utor assidue in re publica, 
 
 . r j>raeaidio cum gladiis iniseramjgJ6. Interim, tertia fere 
 vigilia exacta, quum jam pontem Mulvium magno comitatu 
 legati Allobrogum ingredi inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit 
 in eos impetus; educuntur et ab illis gladii et a nostris. 
 
 . li<s ( rat praetoribus nota solis ; ignorabatur a ceteris. 
 
 III. Turn interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae 
 erst commissa, sedatur. Literae, quaecunque erant in eo 
 comitatu, integria signis praetoribus traduntur ; ipsi coin- 
 prehensi ad me, quum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque 
 liorum omnium, scelerum improbissimum machinatorem 
 Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me nihil dum suspicantem 
 vocavi. Deinde item arcessitur L. Statilius, et post eum 
 0. Cethegus. Tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo quod 
 in Uteris his dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte 
 vigilaverat. 7. Quum vero summis et clarissimis liujus 
 civitatis viris, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane con- 
 venerant, literas a me prius aperiri quam ad senatum refer ri 
 placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus 
 tumultus injectus civitati videretur, negavi me esse factu- 
 rum, ut de periculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem 
 integram deferrem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad 
 me delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in 
 tantis rei publicae periculis, esse mihi nimiam diligentiam 
 pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, 
 coegi. 8. Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. 
 Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus 
 Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret ; ex quibus ille maxi- 
 mum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 
 
 IV. Introduxi Yolturcium sine Gallis : fidem ei publi- 
 cam jussu senatus dedi; hortatus sum, ut ea, quae sciret, 
 sine metu indicaret. Turn ille dixit, quum vix se ex magno 
 timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Oatilinam 
 mandata et literas, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, et ad 
 urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet : id autem eo 
 
28 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 consilio, ut, quum urbem ex omnibus partibus, queniad- 
 moduni descriptum distributuinque erat, incendissent.caed- 
 enique infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui et 
 fugientes exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus con- 
 jungeret. 9. Introducti autem Galli jusjurandum sibi et 
 literas a Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem datas 
 esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse v*i 
 praescriptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mit- 
 terent : j>edestres sibi 'copias non defuturas ; Lentulum 
 autem sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllinis haruspicumque 
 responsis, esse se tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quern regnum 
 hujus urbis atque imperium pervenire esset necesse; Cin- 
 nam ante se et Sullam fuisse ; eundemque dixisse fatalem 
 hunc esse annum ad interitum hujus urbis atque imperii, 
 qui esset decimus annus post Virginum absolutionem, post 
 Capitolii autem incensionem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem 
 Cethego cum ceteris controversiain fuisse dixerunt, quod 
 Lentulo et aliis caedem Saturnalibus fieri atque urbem in- 
 cendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 
 
 V. Ac, ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jussi- 
 mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae., Primum ostendimus 
 Cethego signum ; cognovit. Nos linum mcidimus ; legimus. 
 Erat scriptum ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et populo, 
 sese, quae eorum legatis confirmasset, facturum esse : orare, 
 ut item illi facerent, quae sibi eorum legati recepissent. 
 Turn Cethegus, qui paullo ante aliquid tamen de gladiis ac 
 sicis, quae apud ipsum erant deprehensae, respondisset, 
 dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum studiosum 
 fuisse, recitatis Uteris debilitatus atque abjectus, conscientia 
 convictus, repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius ; 
 cognovit et signum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt tabel- 
 lae in eandem fere sententiam : confessus est. Turn ostendi 
 tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne signum. Annuit. 
 " Est vero, inquam, notum signum, imago avi tui, claris- 
 simi viri, qui amavit unice patriam et cives suos : quae 
 quidem te a tanto scelere etiam muta revocare debuit." 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATII.INAM. 29 
 
 11. Leguntur eadem ratione ad scnatum Allobrogum popu- 
 lumque litef&e. Si quid de his rebus dicero vellet, feci 
 jx.tcstatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit ; post autem 
 
 I uliquanto, toto jam indicin expoidto atque cdito, sunv\it; 
 quaeeivit a Gallis, quid Sbi ease) cum iis ; quamobrem 
 domum snam venissent; itemque a Volturcio. Qui quum 
 illi breviter constauterque respoudissent, pe r qu ern ad euni vw ju-^ 
 quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo, nihilne secum a^ 
 esset de fatis Sibyllinis locutus, turn ille subito, scelere 
 demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset, ostendit. Nam, quimi^^* 
 id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium con- 
 fessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium illud et dicendi 
 exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam, propter vim 
 sceleris manifesti atque deprehensi, impudentia, qua super- 
 abat omnes, improbitasque defecit. 12. Yolturcius vero 
 subito literas proferri atque aperiri jussit, quas sibi a Len- 
 tulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat. Atque ibi vehemen- 
 tissime perturbatus Lentulus, tamen et signum et manum 
 Buam cognovit. Erant autem scriptae sine nomine, sed ita : 
 Qui sim, scies ex eo, quern ad te misi. Cura, ut vir sis, et 
 cogita quern in locum sis progressus et vide, quid jam tibi sit 
 necesse. Et cur a, ut omnium tibi auxilia adjungas, etiam 
 infimorum. Gabinius deinde introductus, quum primo im- 
 pudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex iis, 
 quae Galli msiinmajoant, negavit. 13. Ac mihi quidem, 
 Quirites, quum ilia certissima sunt visa argumenta atque 
 indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique unius cuj us- 
 que confessio, turn multo certiora ilia, color, oculi, vultus,. 
 taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, sic terrain intuebantur, 
 sic furtim nonnunquam inter se adspiciebant, tot non jam ab 
 aliis indicari, sed ipsi a se viderentur. 
 
 ^jfe 7 "!. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum 
 consului, de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae 
 sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, quas 
 senatus sine ulla varietate est consecutus. Et quoniam non- 
 dum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria vobis, 
 
30 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 Quirites, quid senatus censuerit, exponam. 14. Primum 
 mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, con- 
 silio, providcntia mea, res publica maximis periculis sit libe- 
 rata ; deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus, praetores, quod 
 eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito ac jure lau- 
 dantur: atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus impertitur, 
 v quod eos, qui hujus conjurationis participes fuissent, a suis 
 et rei publicae consiliis removisset. Atque ita censueruut, 
 ut P. Lentulus, quum se praetura abdicasset, in custodiam 
 traderetur: atque idem hoc decretum est in L. Cassium, qui 
 sibi procurationem incendendae urbis depoposcerat : in M. 
 Caeparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apuliam esse attri- 
 butam, erat indicatum : in P. Furiuni, qui est ex iis colonis, 
 quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit : in Q. Manlium Chilonenij 
 qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat in hac Allobrogum solli- 
 citatione versatus : in P. Umbrenum, libertinum hominem, 
 a quo primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. 
 15. Atque ea lenitate senatus usus est, Quirites, ut ex tanta 
 conjuratione, tantaque vi ac multitudine domesticorum hos- 
 tium, novem hominum perditissimorum poena re publica 
 conservata, reliquorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur. 
 Atque etiam supplicatio diis immortalibus, pro singulari 
 eorum merito, meo nomine decreta est, Quirites ; quod raihi 
 primum post banc urbem conditam togato contigit : et his 
 decreta verbis est, Quod urbem jncendiis, gaede gives, 
 Italiam bello liberassem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris 
 supplicationibus conferatur, Quirites, hoc intersit, quod 
 ceterae bene gesta, haec una, conservata re publica, constituta 
 est. Atque illud, quod faciendum primum fuit, factum 
 atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam pate- 
 factus indiciis et confessionibus suis, judicio senatus, non 
 modo praetoris jus, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen ma- 
 gistratu se abdicavit : ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo 
 viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nomi- 
 natim erat decretum, praetorem occideret, ea nos religione 
 in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 31 
 
 VII. 16. Nunc, quoniam, Qui rites, scelcratissiini pericu- 
 losissimique belli nefarios duces captos jam et comprehensos 
 tenetis, exist Lmare debetis, oinnes Catilinae copias, pmnes 
 spes atque opes, his depuUos urbis jaericulis, concii 
 Quern quidem\ego quum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providi-bam 
 aninio, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi esse PTXenUili 
 somnum, nee L. Cassii adipem, nee C. Cethegi furiosam 
 temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex 
 his omnibus, sed tamdiu, dum moenibus urbis continebatur. 
 Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat ; appellare, tentatv, 
 sollicitare poterat, audi'bat . ; erat ei consmum ad facinus 
 apt um; consilio autem neque lingua, neque manus deerat ; 
 jam ad certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac 
 descriptos habebat; neque vero, quum aliquid mandaverat, 
 confectum putabat. Nihil erat, quod non ipse obiret, occur- 
 reret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus, sitim, famem ferre poterat. 
 17. Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tarn paratum, tarn auda- 
 cem, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in perditis 
 rebus diligentem, nisi ex domesticis insidiis in castrense 
 latrocinium compulissem (dicam id, quod sentio, Quirites), 
 non facile hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depu- 
 lissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque'tanto 
 ante exitii ac fati diem rei publicae denuntiavisset, nee com- 
 misisset, ut signum, ut literae suae, testes manifesti sceleris 
 deprehenderentur. Quae nunc, illo absente, sic gesta sunt, 
 ut nullum in privata domo furtum unquam sit tam palam 
 inventum, quam haec in tota re publica conjuratio manifesto 
 inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod si Catilina in urbe ad 
 hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoatrfuit, omnibus ejus 
 consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dicam, 
 dimkandum nobis cum illo fuisge^ neque nos unquam, quum 
 ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam, tanta 
 pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio, liberassemus. 
 
 VIII. 18. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a 
 me administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consi- 
 lio et gesta et provisa esse videantur. Idque quum conjee- 
 
32 OEATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 tura consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consilii 
 tantarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse ; turn vero ita prae- 
 sentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut 
 eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam, ut ilia omittam, 
 visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces, ardoremque coeli, 
 ut fulminum j actus, ut terrae motus, ceteraque, quae tarn 
 multa nobis consulibus facta sunt, ut haec, quae nunc fiunt, 
 ; canere dii immortales viderentur : hoc certe, Quirites, quod 
 
 sum dicturus, neque praetermittendum, neque relinquendum 
 est. 19. Nam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato 
 consulibus, complures in Capitolio res de coelo esse percus- 
 sas, quum et simulacra deorum immortalium depulsa sunt, 
 et statuae veterum hominum dejectae, et legum aera lique- 
 facta ; tactus est etiam ille, qui hanc urbem condidit, Romu- 
 lus ; quern inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, 
 uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem 
 tempore, quum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, cae- 
 des atque incendia, et legum interitum et bellum civile ac 
 domesticum, et totius urbis atque imperii occasum appropin- 
 quare dixerunt, nisi dii immortales, omni ratione placati, 
 suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque illorum 
 responsis tunc et ludi per decern dies facti sunt, neque res 
 ulla, quae ad placandos deos pertineret, praetermissa est : 
 iidemque jusserunt simulacrum Jo vis facere majus, et in 
 excelso collocare, et, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem 
 convertere : ac se sperare dixerunt, si illud signum, quod 
 videtis, solis ortum, et forum, curiamque conspiceret, fore, ut 
 ea consilia, quae clam essent inita contra salutem urbis atque 
 imperii, illustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano per- 
 spici possent. Atque illud signum ita collocandum consules 
 illi locaverunt, sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque a 
 superioribus consulibus, neque a nobis ante hodiernum diem 
 collocaretur. 
 ' IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tarn aversus a 
 vero, tarn praeceps, tarn mente captus, qui neget haec omnia, 
 quae videmus, praecipueque hanc urbem, deorum immorta- 
 
Ik? 
 
 ('RATIO III. IN CATII.INAM. 33 
 
 Hum nutu ac potentate a&ninxstrari ? Etenim qoum esset 
 
 it:i reaponsnm, caedes, incendia, iuteritumque rei publicae 
 comparari, et ea per cives, quae turn propter magnitudinem 
 Bcelerum lumimllis incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo 
 0Ogltat& a nci'ariis civibus, verum, etiam suscepta esse sensis- 
 iis. lllud vero liounc ita praesemTest, ut nutu Jovis Optimi 
 Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, quum hodierno die mane 
 per forum meo jussu et coujurati, et eorum indices, in aedem 
 Concordiae ducerentur^ eo ipso tempore signuni statueretur ? 
 uo collocato, atque ad vos senatumque converso, omnia et 
 senatus et vos, quae erant contra salutem omnium cogitata, 
 illustrata et patefacta vidistis. 22. Quo etiam majore sunt 
 isti odio supplicioque digni, qui non solum vestris domiciliis 
 atque tectis, sed etiam deorum templis atque delubris sunt 
 funestos ac nefarios ignes inferre conati. Quibus ego si me 
 restitisse dicam, nimium milii sumam, et non sim ferendus : 
 ille, ille Jupiter restitit : ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, 
 ille banc urbem, ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Diis ego 
 immortalibus ducibus banc nflenEftm, Quirites, voluntatemqueA*" : 
 Buscepi, atque ad haec tanta indicia perveni. Jam vero ilia 
 Allobrogum sollicitatio, sic a P. Lentulo ceterisque domesti- 
 cis bostibus, tarn dementer, tanta res, credita et ignotis et 
 barbaris, commissaeque literae nunquam essent profecto, nisi 
 ab diis immortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset 
 ereptum. Quid vero ? ut homines Galli, ex civitate male 
 pacata, quae gens una restat, quae bellum populo Romano 
 facere et posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperii ac rerum 
 amplissimarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus oblatam neg- 
 ligerent, vestramque salutem suis opibus anteponerent ; id 
 non divinitus factum esse putatis ? Praesertim qui nos non 
 pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerunt. 
 
 X. 23. Quamobrem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvi- 
 naria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum con- 
 jugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honor es diis 
 immortalibus justi habiti sunt ac debiti, sed prefecto jus- 
 tiores nunquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac 
 2* 
 
34: OKATIO IIT. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 miserrimo interitu, efc erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, sine 
 exercitu, sine dimicatione ; togati, me uno togato duce et 
 imperatore, vicistis. 24. Etenim recordamini, Quirites, 
 omnes civiles dissensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed 
 eas, quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis : L. Sulla P. 
 Sulpicium oppressit: ex urbe ejecit C. Marium, custodom 
 hujus urbis, multosque fortes viros partim ejecit ex civitate, 
 partim interemit. Cn. Octavius, consul, armis expulit ex 
 urbe collegam suum ; omnis hie locus acervis corporum et 
 civium sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum 
 Mario. Turn vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civi- 
 tatis exstincta sunt. Ultus est hujus victoriae crudelitatem 
 postea Sulla ; ne dici quidem opus est, quanta deminutione 
 civium, et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. 
 Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro, Q. Catulo. Attulit 
 non tarn ipsius interitus rei publicae luctum, quam cetero- 
 rum. 25. Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant ejus- 
 modi, Quirites, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam 
 rem publicam pertinerent ; non illi nullam esse rem publi- 
 cam, sed in ea, quae esset, se esse principes ; neque hanc 
 urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. 
 Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium 
 rei publicae quaesivit, ejusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconcilia- 
 tione concordiae, sed iuternecione civium dijudicatae sint. 
 In hoc autem uno post hominum memoriam maximo crude- 
 lissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla unquam barbaria cum 
 sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Cati- 
 lina, Cethego, et Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui salva urbe 
 salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur; ita me 
 gessi, Quirites, ut omnes salvi conservaremini ; et, quum 
 hostes vestri tantum civium superfuturum esse putassent, 
 quantum infinitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis, 
 quantum flamma obire non potuisset, et urbem et cives 
 integros incolumesque servavi. 
 
 XI. 26. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a 
 vobis praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum 
 
Q'68 
 
 v 
 
 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 35 
 
 monumentum laudis postulabo praeterquam hujus tlitsi inc- 
 lnoriam scmpiternum. Iu animis ego vestris omnes tri- 
 umphofl meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloria.', 
 
 laiulis insignia, concli et collocari volo. Niliil mo mutum 
 potest delectare, nihil taciturn, nihil deniqne ejusmodi, quod 
 etiam minus digni assequi possint. Meinoria vestra, Qui- 
 rites, nostrae res alentur, sermonibus crescent, literarum 
 monumentis inveterascent et corroborabuntur : eandemque 
 diem intelligo, quam spero aeternam fore, et ad salutem 
 urbis, et ad memoriam consulatus mei propagatam ; unoquo 
 tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum 
 alter fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed coeli regionibus 
 terminaret, alter ejusdem imperii domicilium sedemque 
 servaret. 
 
 XII. 27. Sed, quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, 
 non eadem est fortumi atque conaiuo^'quae illorum, qui 
 externa bella gesserunt : quod milii cum iis vivendum est, 
 quos vici ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut opj)ressos 
 reliquerunt: vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris recte facta sua 
 prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint, providere. Mentes 
 enim hominnm audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefai'iae ne 
 vobis nocere possent, ego providi : ne mihi noceant, vestrum 
 est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem ipsi nihil 
 ab istis jam noceri potest. Magnum enim est in bonis 
 praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est ; 
 magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita de- 
 fendet ; magna vis conscientiae," quam qui negligent, quum 
 me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 28. Est etiam in 
 nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nullius audaciae 
 cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro semper lacessa- 
 nius. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum hostium de- 
 pulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis erit viden- 
 dum, Quirites, qua conditione posthac eos esse velitis, qui 
 se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omni- 
 bus. Mihi quidem ipsi quid est, quod jam ad vitae fructum 
 possit acquiri, praesertim quum neque in honore vestro, 
 
36 ORATIO III. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 neque in gloria virtutis quidquam videam altius, quo mihi 
 libeat ascendere ? 29. Illud perficiam profecto, Quirites, ut 
 ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem ; 
 ut, si qua est invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, 
 laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. Deinde ita me in 
 re publica tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, 
 curemque, ut ea virtute, non casu, gesta esse videantur. 
 Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, veneramini ilium Jovem, 
 custodem hujus urbis ac vestrum, atque in vestra tecta 
 discedite : et ea, quamquam jam periculum est depulsum, 
 tamen aeque ac priore nocte, custodiis vigiliisque defendite. 
 Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit, atque ut in perpetua pace 
 esse possitis, providebo, Quirites. 
 
3 / 
 
 L* CATILINAM^ 
 
 ORATIO QUARTA, 
 HABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 I. 1. Video, Patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum 
 ora atque oculos esse conversos. Video vos non solum de -j 
 vestro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit^ de 
 meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi jucvmda in malis, et 
 grata in dolore, vestra erga me voluntas : sed earn, per deos 
 immortales ! deponite, atque obliti salutis meae, de vobis ac 
 de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si haec conditio consulatus 
 data est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores cruciatusque 
 perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, 
 dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano dignitas 
 salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, Patres conscripti, 
 cui non forum, in quo omnis aequitas continetur ; non cam- 
 pus consuJaribus auspiciis consecratus ; non curia, summum 
 auxldrum omnium gentium; non domus, commune perfu- 
 giuni ; non lectus ad quietem datus ; non denique haec sedes 
 honoris, sella curulis, unquam vacua mortis periculo atque 
 ^^^sidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa pertuli, multa concessi, 
 multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc, 
 si hunc exitum consulatus mei dii immortales esse voluerunt, 
 ut vos, Patres conscripti, populumque Romanum ex cacde 
 miserrima; conjuges, liberosque vestros, virginesque Vestales 
 
38 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 ex acerbissima vexatione ; templa atque delubra, hanc pul- 
 cherrimam patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma 5 
 totam Italiam exjbello et vastitate eriperem, quaecunque 
 milii uni proponexur fortuna, subeatur. Etenim, si P. Len- 
 tulus suum nomen, inductus a vatibus, fatale ad perniciem 
 populi Romani fore putavit, cur ego non laeter, meum cou- 
 sulatum ad salutem rei publicae prope fatalem exstitisse ? 
 
 II. 3. Quare, Patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospi- 
 cite patriae, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos, fortunasque 
 vestras, populi Romani nomen salutemque defendite, milii 
 parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo 
 sperare, omnes deos, qui liuic urbi praesident, pro eo milii, 
 ac mereor, relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, 
 aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors 
 forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura consulari, nee 
 misera sapienti. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui fratris -Qj 
 carissimi et amantissimi praesentis maerore non movear, lio- 
 rumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. 
 Neque nieam mentem non domum saepe revocat exanimata 
 uxor, et abjecta metu filia, et parvulus filius, quern milii 
 videtur amplecti res publica tamquam obsidem consulatus 
 mei ; neque ille, qui, expectans hujus exitum diei, adstat in 
 conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his rebus omnibus, sed in 
 earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum omnes, etiam si me vis 
 aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et illi et nos una rei publicae 
 peste pereamus.^flj4. Quare, Patres conscripti, incumbite ad 
 salutem rei publicae ; circumspicite omnes procellas, quae 
 impendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum 
 tribunus plebis fieri volnit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios 
 concitare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium 
 occidit, in discrimen aliquod, atque in vestrae severitatis 
 judicium adducitur : tenentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad 
 vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum, Romae 
 restiterunt. Tenentur literae, signa, manus, denique unius 
 cuj usque confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges ; servitia exci- 
 tantur ; Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum consilium, ut, in- 
 
oKAHO IV. IN CATII.1NAM. 39 
 
 terfectis omnibus, nemo ne a<l deplorahdum quidem populi 
 
 Roman] noiuen, atqui' ad lamcntandam tanti imperii calami- 
 tatem relinquatur. 
 
 III. 5. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt ; 
 vos multis jam judiciis judicastis: primum, quod mini 
 tias egistis singulations verbis, et mea virtute atque diligen- 
 tia perditornm liominum conj urationem patefactam esse 
 decrevistis : deinde quod P. Lentulum, ut se abdicaret prae- 
 tura, coegistis ; turn quod eum et ceteros, de quibus judicas- 
 tis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maximeque, quod meo 
 nomine supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus 
 ante me est nemini ; postremo, hesterno die praemia legatis 
 Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis amj)lissima. Quae 
 sunt omnia ejusmodi, ut ii, qui in custodiam nominatim dati 
 sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. 
 
 G. Sed ego institui referre ad vos, Patres conscripti, tam- 
 quam integmm, et de facto, quid judicetis, et de poena, quid 
 censeatis. Ilia praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego magnum 
 in re publica versari furorem, et nova quaedam misceri et 
 concitari mala jampridem videbam; sed banc tantam, tarn 
 exitiosam haberi conjurationem a civibus nunquam putavi. 
 Nunc, quidquid est, quocunque vestrae mentes inclinant 
 atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante noctem est. Quan- 
 tum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. Huic si paucos 
 putatis affines esse, vehementer erratis. Latius opinione 
 disseminatum est hoc malum ; manavit non solum per Itali- 
 an^ verum etiam transcendit Alpes, et, obscure serpens, 
 multas jam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando 
 ac prolatando nullo pacto potest. Quacunque ratione placet, 
 celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 
 
 IV. 7. Video duas adhuc esse sententias : unam D. 
 Silani, qui censet, eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte 
 esse multandos; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam ^ 
 removet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes acerbitates amplec-^k* --?* 
 titur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate, et pro rerum magnitu- 
 
 dine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos, qui nos 
 
40 OEATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 omnes, qui populum Romanum vita privare conati sunt, qui 
 delere imperium, qui populi Komani nomen exstinguere, 
 punctum temporis frui vita, et hoc communi spiritu, non 
 putat oportere ; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos 
 cives in hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. Alter 
 intelligit, mortem a diis immortalibus non esse supplicii 
 causa constitutam ; sed aut necessitatem naturae, aut labo- 
 rum ac miseriarum quietem esse. Itaque earn sapientes nun- 
 quam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter appetiverunt. Yin- 
 cula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad singularem poenam 
 nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Municipiis dispertiri jubet. / 
 Habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si imperare velis ; diffi- 
 cultatem, si rogare. Decernatur tamen, si placet. 8. Ego 
 enim suscipiam, et, ut spero, reperiam, qui id, quod salutis 
 omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae dignitatis 
 recusare. Adjungit gravem poenam municipiis, si quis 
 eorum vincula ruperit ; horribiles custodias circumdat, et 
 digna scelere hominum perditorum sancit, ne quis eorum 
 poenam, quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per populum 
 levare possit ; eripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in mise- V 
 riis consolari solet. Bona praeterea publicari jubet : vitam 
 solam relinquit nefariis hominibus ; quam si eripuisset, mul- 
 tos uno dolore animi atque corporis, et omnes scelerum poe- 
 nas ademisset. Itaque, ut aliqua in vita formido improbis 
 esset posita, apud inferos ejusmodi quaedam illi antiqui 
 supplicia inipiis constituta esse voluerunt ; quod videlicet 
 intelligebant, his remotis, non esse mortem ipsam pertimes- 
 cendam. 
 
 Y. 9. Nunc, Patres conscripti, ego mea video quid in- 
 tersit. Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam 
 hanc is in re publica viam, quae popularis habetur, secutus 
 est, fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore hujusce 
 sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi : sin illam 
 alteram, nescio, an amplius mihi negotii contrahatur. Sed 
 tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae 
 vincat. Habemus enim a C. Caesare, sicut ipsius dignitas, 
 
ORATTO^rf. IN CATILINAM. 41 
 
 r< majotom ejus amplitndo postulabat, sententiani, tamquam 
 obsiilcm perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intollec- 
 tum est, quid intersit inter levitatem concionatorum, et ani- 
 mum vere populaivm, saluti populi consulcntem. 10. Vi- 
 deo de istis, qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse non ne- 
 niinem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum senten- 
 tiam ferat. Is et nudiustertius in custodiam cives Romanos 
 dedit, et supplicationem mihi decrevit, et indices hesterno 
 die maxiinis praemiis- affecit . Jam hoc nemini dubium est, 
 qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici praemium 
 decrevit, quid de tota re et causa judicarit. At vero C. 
 Caesar intelligit, legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romania 
 constitutam ; qui autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum civem 
 esse nullo modo posse : denique ipsum latorem Semproniae 
 legis jussu populi poenas rei publicae dependisse." \ Idem 
 ipsum largitorem Lentulum et prodigum non putat, quum 
 de pernicie populi Romani, exitio hujus urbis tarn acerbe tam- 
 que crudeliter cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. 
 Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Len- 
 tulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare, et sancit in pos- 
 teruaa, ne quis hujus supplicio levando se jactare, et in per- 
 nicie populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit. Adjungit 
 etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus et 
 corporis etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. 
 ffekyi. 11. Quamobrem sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi 
 comitem ad concionem, populo carum atque jucundum ; sive 
 Silani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque vos cru- 
 delitatis vituperatione populo Romano exsolvetis, atque ob- 
 fcin'ebo, earn multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, Patres con- 
 scripti, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris immanitate punien- 
 da crudelitas ? Ego enim de meo sensu judico. Nam ita 
 mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui liceat, ut ego, quod 
 in hac causa vehementior sum, non atrocitate animi moveor, 
 (quis enim est me mitior?) sed singulari quadam humani- 
 tate et misericordia. Yideor enim mihi videre banc urbem, 
 lucem orbis terrarum, atque arcem omnium gentium, subito 
 
42 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 imo incendio concidentem ; cerno animo sepulta in patria, 
 miseros atque insepultos acervos civium ; versatur mihi ante 
 oculos adspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 
 
 12. Qmim vero mihi proposui regnantem Lentulum, sicut 
 ipse se ex fatis sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic 
 Gabinium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, turn lamenta- 
 tionem matrumfamilias, turn fugam virginum atque puero- 
 rum, ac vexationem virginum Yestalium perhorresco ; et, 
 quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera atque miseranda, 
 idcirco in eos, qui ea perficere voluerunt, me severum vehe- 
 mentemque praebebo. Etenim quaero, si quis paterfamilias 
 liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo, 
 supplicium de servis quam acerbissimum sumpserit ; utrum 
 is clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus 
 esse videatur ? Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non 
 dolore ac cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque le- 
 nierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, qui conjuges, qui 
 liberos nostros trucidare voluerunt ; qui singulas unius cu- 
 j usque nostrum domos, et hoc universum rei publicae domi- 
 cilium delere conati sunt ; qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allo- 
 brogum in vestigiis huj us urbis, atque in cinere deflagrati im- 
 perii collocarent ; si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes 
 habebimur ; jsin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis 
 crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda est. 
 
 13. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissi- 
 mus rei publicae, crudelior nudiustertius visus est, quum so- 
 roris suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et audien- 
 tem, vita privandum esse dixit; quum avum jussu consulis 
 interfectum filiumque ejus impuberem, legatum a patre mis- 
 sum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. Quorum quod simile 
 factum? quod in itum delendae rei publicae consilium? Lar- 
 gitionis voluntas turn in re publica versata est, et partium 
 quaedam contentio. Atque illo tempore hujus avus Lentuli, 
 clarissimus vir, armatus Gracchum est persecutus : ille eti- 
 am grave turn vulnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica 
 minueretur : hie ad evertenda fundamenta rei publicae Gal- 
 
oKATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 43 
 
 loa anvsxit, servitia OOQCLtftt, ( alilinam vocat, attribuit nos 
 trucidandos Cethego, ceteros cives interficiendos Gabini<>, 
 arbem iuilammandani Cassio, totam Italiain vastandam diri- 
 piendamque Catilinae. Vereamini, censeo, ne in hocscelere 
 tain iiiiinaiti M oeflUldo, niinis aliquid severius statuisse vide- 
 amini. Multo inagis est verendum, ne remissione poenae 
 orudelea in patiiam, quam ne severitate animadversionis 
 nimia vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamur. 
 
 VII. 14. Sed ea, quae exaudio, Patres conscripti, dis- 
 Bimulare non possum. Jaciuntur enim voces, quae per- 
 veniunt ad aures meas, eorum, qui vereri videntur, ut 
 habeam satis praesidii ad ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno 
 die, transigunda. Omnia et provisa, et- parata, et constituta 
 sunt, Patres conscripti, quum mea summa cura atque dili- 
 gentia, turn multo etiam majore populi Pomani ad summum 
 imperium retinendum, et ad communes fortunas conser- 
 vandas, voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum ho- 
 mines, omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena 
 templa circum forum, pleni omnes aditus hujus templi et 
 loci. Causa est enim . post urbein conditam haec inventa 
 sola, in qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem, praeter eos, 
 qui, quum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus 
 potius, quam soli perire voluerunt. 15. Hosce ego homines 
 excipio et secemo libenter ; neque in improborum civium, 
 sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero habendos puto. 
 Ceteri vero, dii immortales ! qua frequentia, quo studio, 
 qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque consen- 
 tiunt ? Quid ego hie equites Romanos commemorem ? qui 
 vobis ita summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobis- 
 cum do am ore rei publicae certent ; quos, ex multorum 
 anuorum dissensione hujus ordinis ad societatem concor- 
 diamque revocatos, hodiernus dies vobiscum atque haec causa 
 conjungit; quam si coujunctionem in consulatu confirmatam 
 meo, perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, confirmo vobis, 
 nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rei 
 publicae partem esse venturum. Pari studio defendendae 
 
44 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 rei publicae convenisse video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos 
 viros ; scribas item universos ; quos quum casu hie dies ad 
 aerarium frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad 
 salutem communem esse con versos. 16. Omnis ingenuorum 
 adest multitudo, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim, cui 
 aon haec tenipla, adspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux 
 denique haec ipsa, et hoc commune patriae solum, quum sit 
 carum, turn vero dulce atque j ucundum ? 
 
 VIII. Operae pretium est, Patres conscripti, liberti- 
 norum hominum studia cognoscere ; qui, sua virtute fortu- 
 nam hujus civitatis consecuti, vere hanc suam patriam esse 
 judicant, quam quidam hie nati, et summo nati loco, non 
 patriam suam, sed urbem hostium esse judicaverunfc. Sed 
 quid ego hujusce ordinis homines commemoro, quos privatae 
 fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos denique libertas, 
 ea, quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam 
 excitavit ? Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili conditione 
 sit servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat ; qui 
 non haec stare' cupiat ; qui non quantum audet et quantum 
 potest conferat ad communem salutem voluntatis. 17. 
 Quare si quern vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod auditum 
 est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, 
 pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque im- 
 peritorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tentatum ; sed 
 nulli sunt inventi tarn aut fortuna miseri, aut voluntate 
 perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus 
 quotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac lectulum suum, qui 
 denique non cursuni hunc otiosum vitae suae salvum esse 
 velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in tabernis 
 sunt, nisi vero (id enim potius est dicendum) genus hoc 
 universum amantissimum est otii. Etenim omne instru- 
 mentum, omnis opera atque quaestus, frequentia civium 
 sustentatur, alitur otio : quorum si quaestus, occlusis taber- 
 nis, minui solet, quid tandem incensis futurum fuit ? 
 
 IX. 18. Quae quum ita sint, Patres conscripti, vobis 
 populi Romani praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Ro- 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 45 
 
 mano deosse videamini, providete. Habetis consulem ex 
 ])lurimis periculis et insidiis, atque ex media morte, non ad 
 vitam suam, sed ad salutein vestram reservatuin ; omnes 
 ordines ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, 
 studio, virtute, voce consentiunt ; obsessa facibus et telis 
 impiae conjurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria 
 communis ; vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis 
 arcem et Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ignem 
 ilium Vestae sempiternum, vobis omnia deorum templa atque 
 delubra, vobis muros et urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea 
 de vestra vita, de conjugum vestrarum atque liberorum 
 anima, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestris, 
 hodierno die vobis judicandum estSrjj! 19. Habetis ducem 
 memorem vestri, oblitum sui, quae 'iron semper facultas 
 datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnes homines, universum 
 populum Romaimm, id quod in civili causa hodierno die 
 primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. Cogitate, 
 quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute sta- 
 bilitam libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exag- 
 geratasque fortunas una nox paene delerit. Id ne nnquam 
 posthac non modo confici, sed ne cogitari, quidem possit a 
 civibus, hodierno die providendum est. Atque haec, non ut 
 vos, qui mihi studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus 
 sum ; sed ut mea vox, quae debet esse in re publica prin- 
 ceps, officio functa consulari videretur. 
 
 X. 20. Nunc antequam, Patres conscripti, ad sententiam 
 redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est con- 
 juratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimi- 
 corum multitudinem suscepisse video, sed earn esse turpem 
 judico, infirmam et abjectam. Quod si aliquando, alicujus 
 furore et scelere concitata, manus ista plus valuerit quam 
 vestra ac rei publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum 
 atque consiliorum nunquam, Patres conscripti, poenitebit. 
 Etenim mors, quam mihi illi fortasse minitantur, omnibus 
 est parata : vitae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestris 
 decretis honestastis, nemo est assecutus. Ceteris enim bene 
 
46 OEATIO IV. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 gesta, milii uni conservata re publica gratulationem decre- 
 vistis. 21. Sit Scipio darns ille, cujus consilio atque vir- 
 tute Hannibal in Africam redire, atque Italia decedere 
 coactus est ; ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas 
 urbes huic imperio infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiam- 
 que deievit; habeatur vir egregius Paullus ille, cujus currum 
 rex potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus, Perses, hones- 
 tavit : sit aeterna gloria Marina, qui bis Italiam obsidione 
 et metu servitutis libera vit ; anteponatur omnibus Pom- 
 peius, cujus res gestae atque virtutes iisdem, quibus solis 
 cursus, regionibus ac terminis continentur : erit profecto 
 inter horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae ; nisi forte 
 majus est patefacere nobis provincias, quo exire possimus, 
 quam curare, ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant, quo victores 
 revertantur. 22. Quamquam est uno loco conditio melior 
 externae victoriae, quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae 
 aut oppressi serviunt, aut recepti beneficio se obligatos 
 putant : qui autem ex numero civium dementia aliqua de- 
 pravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos, quum a 
 pemicie rei publicae repuleris, nee vi coercere nee beneficio 
 placare possis ; quare mihi cum perditis civibus aeternum 
 bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro, bonorumque 
 omnium auxilio, memoriaque tantorum periculorum, quae 
 non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed etiam in 
 omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haerebit, 
 a me atque a meis facile propulsari posse confido. Neque 
 ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae conjunctionem ves- 
 tram equitumque Poinanorum, et tantam conspirationem 
 bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit. 
 
 XI. 23. Quae quum ita suit, Patres conscripti, pro im- 
 perio, pro exercitu, pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro trium- 
 pho ceterisque laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me propter 
 urbis vestraeque salutis custodiam repudiata, pro clientelis 
 hospitiisque provincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non 
 minore labore tueor, quam comparo : pro his igitur omnibus 
 rebus, pro meis in vos singularibus studiis, proque hac, quam 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 47 
 
 conspicitis, ad conservandam rem publicam diligentia, nihil 
 a vobis, nisi hit jus temporifl, totiusque mei consulattua 
 memoriam postulo ; quae dum exit in restris fixa mentibus, 
 atno me muro septum esse arbitrabor. Quod si meant 
 spent \ is improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo 
 vohia parvum ltietmt filium; cui profecto satis erit praesidii, 
 non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, si ejus, 
 qui haec omnia suo solius periculo conservaverit, ilium filium 
 esse meinineritis. 24. Quapropter de summa salute vein 
 populique lxomani, Patres conscripti, de vesttis oonjugibua 
 ac liberis, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de totius 
 urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio ac libertate, de salute 
 Italiae, de uni versa re publica decernite diligenter, ut insti- 
 tuistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum consulem, qui et parere 
 vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea, quae statueritis, quoad 
 vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare possit. 
 
OEATIO 
 
 PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 I. 1. Etsi vereor, judices, ne turpe sit, pro fortissimo 
 viro dicere incipientem timere, ininimeque deceat, quum T. 
 Aunius ipse magis de rei publicae salute, quam de sua per- 
 turbetur, me ad ejus causam parem animi magnitudiuem 
 afferre non posse, tamen haec novi judicii nova forma terret 
 oculos, qui, quocunque inciderunt, consuetudinem fori, et 
 pristinum morem judiciorum requirunt. Non enim corona 
 concessus vester cinctus est, ut solebat ; 2. non usitata fre- 
 quentia stipati sumus ; nee ilia praesidia, quae pro templis 
 omnibus cernitis, etsi contra vim collocata sunt, non afferunt 
 tamen oratori aliquid, ut in foro et in judicio, quamquam 
 praesidiis salutaribus et necessariis septi sumus, tamen ne 
 non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus. Quae si 
 opposita Miloni putarem, cederem tempori, judices, nee inter 
 tantam vim armor um existimarem esse orationi locum. Sed 
 me recreat et reficit Cn. Pompeii, sapientissimi et justissimi 
 viri, consilium, qui profecto nee justitiae suae putaret esse, 
 quem reum sententiis judicum tradidisset, eundum telis 
 militum dedere ; nee sapientiae, temeritatem concitatae mul- 
 titudinis auctoritate publica armare. 3. Quamobrem ilia 
 arma, centuriones, cohortes non periculum nobis, sed prae- 
 sidium denuntiant, neque solum, ut quieto, sed etiam, ut 
 magno animo simus, hortantur, neque auxilium modo defen- 
 sioni meae, verum etiam silentium pollicentur. Reliqua 
 vero multitudo, quae quidem est civium, tota nostra est, 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 49 
 
 neque eorum quisquam, quos undique intuentes, untie aliqua 
 fori pars adspici potest, et hujus exituiri judicii exspectantes 
 videtis, non quuni virtuti Milonis favet, tum de se, de liberis 
 suis, de patria, de fortunis hodierno die decertari putat. 
 
 II. Unum genus est adversum infestumque nobis eorum, 
 quos P. Clodii furor rapinis, et incendiis, et omnibus exitiis 
 publicis pavit ; qui hesterna etiam concione incitati sunt, ut 
 vobis voce praoirent, quid judicaretis. Quorum clamor, si 
 qui forte fuerit, admonere vos debebit, ut eum civem 
 retineatis, qui semper genus illud liominum, clamoresque 
 niaximos pro vestra salute neglexit. 4. Quamobrem adeste 
 animis, judices, et timorem, si quern habetis, deponite. Nam, 
 si unquam de bonis et fortibus viris, si unquam de bene 
 meritis civibus potestas vobis judicandi fuit, si denique un- 
 quam locus amplissimorum ordinum delectis viris datus est, 
 ut sua studia erga fortes et bonos cives, quae vultu et verbis 
 saepe significassent, re et sententiis declararent, hoc profecto 
 tempore earn potestatem omnem vos habetis, ut statuatis, 
 utruni nos, qui semper vestrae auctoritati dediti fuimus, 
 semper miseri lugeamus, an, diu vexati a perditissimis civi- 
 bus, aliquando per vos, ac per vestram fidem, virtutem 
 sapientiamque recreemur. 5. Quid enim nobis duobus, 
 judices, laboriosius, quid magis sollicitum, magis exercitum 
 dici aut fingi potest, qui, spe amplissimorum praemiorum, ad 
 rem publicam adducti, metu crudelissimorum suppliciorum 
 carere non possumus ? Equidem ceteras tempestates et 
 procellas in illis dumtaxat fluctibus concionum semper pu- 
 tavi Miloni esse subeundas, quia semper pro bonis contra 
 improbos senserat ; in judicio vero, et in eo consilio, in quo 
 ex cunctis ordinibus amplissimi viri judicarent, nunquam 
 existimavi spera ullam esse habituros Milonis inimicos ad 
 ejus non modo salutem exstinguendam, sed etiam gloriam per 
 tales viros infringendam. 6. Quamquam in hac causa, 
 judices, T. Annii tribunatu, rebusque omnibus pro salute rei 
 publicae gestis, ad hujus criminis defensionem non abutemur, 
 nisi oculis videritis insidias Miloni a Clodio factas : nee de- 
 3 
 
50 OEATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILO^a. 
 
 precaturi sumus, nt crimen hoc nobis propter multa prae- 
 clara in rem publicam merita condonetis ; nee postulating, 
 ut, si mors P. Clodii salus vestra fuerit, idcirco earn virtuti 
 Milonis potius qnam populi Romani felicitati assigned*. 
 Sin illius insidiae clariores hac luce fuerint, turn denique 
 obsecrabo, obtestaborque vos, judices, si cetera amisimus, hoc 
 saltern nobis ut relinquatur, vitam ab inimicorum audacia 
 telisque ut impune liceat defendere. 
 
 III. 7. Sed antequam ad earn orationem venio, quae est 
 propria vestrae quaestionis, videntur ea esse refutanda, quae 
 et in senatu ab inimicis saepe j aetata sunt, et in concione ab 
 improbis, et paulo ante ab accusatoribus, ut, omni errore 
 sublato, rem plane, quae veniat in judicium, videre possitis. 
 Negant intueri lucem esse fas ei, qui a se hominem occisum 
 esse fateatur. In qua tandem urbe hoc homines stultissimi 
 disputant? Nempe in ea, quae primum judicium de capite 
 vidit M. Horatii, fortissimi viri, qui, nondum libera civitate, 
 tamen populi Iiomani comitiis libera tus est, quum sua manu 
 sororem esse interfectam fateretur. 8. An est quisquam, 
 qui hoc iguoret, quum de homine occiso quaeratur, aut 
 negari solere omnino esse factum, ant recte et jure factum 
 esse defendi ? Nisi vero existimatis, dementem P. Afri- 
 canum fuisse, qui, quum a C. Carbone, tribuno plebis, 
 seditiose in concione interrogaretur, quid de Ti. Gracchi 
 morte sentiret, responderit, jure caesum videri. Neque enim 
 posset aut Ahala ille Servilius, aut P. Nasica, aut L. 
 Opimius, aut C. Marius, aut, me consule, senatus non ne- 
 farius haberi, si sceleratos cives interfici nefas esset. Itaque 
 hoc, judices, non sine causa, etiarn nctis fabulis, doctissimi 
 homines memoriae prodiderunt, eum, qui patris ulciscendi 
 causa matrem necavisset, variatis hominum sententiis, non 
 solum divina, sed etiam sapientissimae deae sententia 
 liberatum. 9. Quod si duodecim tabulae nocturnum 
 furein quoquo modo, diurnum autem, si se telo defende- 
 ret, interfici impune voluerunt, qnis est, qui, quoquo modo 
 quis interfectus sit, puniendum putet, qnum videat ali- 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 51 
 
 quando gladium nobis ad hominem occidendum ab ipsis por- 
 riiri legibus? 
 
 IV. At<jui si tempua est ullum jure hominis iicraiidi, quae 
 multa sunt, certe illud est non modo justum, verum etiam 
 necessaiium, ([mini vi vis illata defenditur. Pudicitiam 
 (Hiuin eripefet niiliti tribunus militaris in exercitu C. Marii, 
 propinqatM ejus imperatoris, interfectus ab eo est, cui \im 
 afferebat Facere enim probus adolescens periculose, quairi 
 perpeti turpiter maluit. Atque hunc ille summus vir, scelere 
 solutum, periculo liberavit. 10. Insidiatori vero, et latroni 
 quae potest inferri injusta nex ? Quid comitatus nostri, quid 
 gladii volunt ? quos habere certe non liceret, si uti illis nullo 
 pacto liceret. Est igitur haec, judices, non scripta, sed nata 
 lex, quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus, verum ex na- 
 ture ipsa airipuim.ua, hausimus, expressimus, ad quam non 
 docti, sed facti ; non instituti, sed imbuti sumus ; ut, si vita 
 nostra in aliquas insidias, si in vim, et in tela aut latromim 
 aut inimicorum incidisset, onmis honesta ratio esset expedi- 
 eiulae salutis. Silent enim leges inter arma, nee se exspedari 
 jubent, quuni ei, qui exspectare velit, ante injusta poena 
 luenda sit quam justa repetenda. 11. Etsi persapienter, et 
 quodammodo tacite, dat ipsa lex potestatem defendendi, 
 quae non hominem occidi, sed esse cum telo hominis occi- 
 dendi causa vetat ; ut, quum causa, non telum quaeieretur, 
 qui Bui defendendi causa telo esset usus, non hominis occi- 
 dendi causa habuisse telum judicaretur. Quapropter hoc 
 maneat in causa, judices ; non enim dubito, quin probaturus 
 sim vobis defensionem meam, si id memineritis, quod oblivisci 
 jion potestis, insidiatorem interfici jure posse. 
 
 V. 12. Sequitur illud, quod a Milonis inimicis saepissi- 
 nie dicitur, caedem, in qua P. Clodius occisus est, senatum 
 judicasse, contra rem publicam esse factam. Illam vero 
 senatus non senteniis suis solum, sed etiam studiis compro- 
 bavit Quoties enim est ilia causa a nobis acta in senatu ? 
 quibis assensionibus universi ordinis ? quam nee tacitis, nee 
 occultis? Quando enim frequentissimo senatu quatuor, aut 
 
52 O RATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 sunimum quinque sunt inventi, qui Milonis causam non pro- 
 barent? Declarant hujus ambusti tribimi plebis illae inter- 
 mortuae condones, quibus quotidie meam potent? m invidiose 
 criminabatur, quum diceret, senatum non quod sentiret, sed 
 quod ego vellem, decernere. Quae quidem si poteutia est 
 appellanda potius, quani aut propter magna in rem publicam 
 merita mediocris in bonis causis auctoritas, aut propter hos 
 officiosos labores meos nonnulla apud bonos gratia, appelle- 
 tur ita sane, dummodo ea nos utamur pro salute bonorum 
 contra amentiam perditorum. ,13. Hanc vero quaestionem, 
 etsi non est iniqua, nunquam tamen senatus constituendam 
 putavit. Erant enim leges, erant quaestiones, vel de caede 
 vel de vi ; nee tantum moerorem ac luctum senatui mors P. 
 Clodii afl'erebat, ut nova quaestio constitueretur. Cujus 
 enim de illo incesto stupro judicium decernendi senatui po- 
 testas esset erepta; de ejus interitu, quis potest credere, 
 senatum judicium novum constituendum putasse ? Cur igi- 
 tur incendium curiae, oppugnationem aedium M. Lepidi, 
 caedem banc ipsam contra rem publicam senatus factam esse 
 decrevit ? Quia nulla vis unquain est in libera civitate sus- 
 cepta inter cives, non contra rem publicam. 14. Non enim 
 est ilia defensio contra vim unquam optanda, sed nonnun- 
 quam est necessaria. Nisi vero aut ille dies, quo Ti. Grac- 
 chus est caesus, aut ille, quo Caius, aut arma Saturnini non, 
 etiamsi e re publica oppressa sunt, rem publicam tamen vul- 
 nerarunt. 
 
 VI. Itaque ego ipse decrevi, quum caedem in Appia fac- 
 tam esse constaret, non eum, qui se defendisset, contra rem 
 publicam fecisse ; sed, quum inessent in re vis et insidiae, 
 crimen judicio reservavi, rem notavi. Quod si per furiosum 
 ilium tribunum senatui, quod sentiebat, perficere licuisset, 
 novam quaestionem nullam. haberemus. Decernebat enim, 
 ut veteribus legibus, tantummodo extra ordinem, quaerere- 
 tur. Divisa sententia est, postulante nescio quo ; nihil enim 
 ncesse est omnium me flagitia proferre. Sic reliqua auctor- 
 itas senatus empta intercessione sublata est. 15. At enim 
 
OKATIO PRO T. ANNK) MIU 53 
 
 Cn. Pompeius rogationo sua, et de re, et de causa judicavit; 
 tulit onim de caede, quae in Appia via facta esset, in qua I*. 
 ( ilodiua occisus esset. Quid ergo tulit? Nempe ut quaerere- 
 tur. Quid porro quaerendum est? Factu nine sit ? At con- 
 stat. A quo ? At paret. Vidit igitur, etiam in oonfessione 
 facti, juris tamen defensionem suscipi posse. Quod nisi 
 \ idisset, posse absolvi eum, qui fateretur, quura videret nos 
 i'atiri, neque quaeri uiiquani jussisset, nee vobis tarn banc 
 salutarem in judicando literam, quam illam, tristem dedis- 
 set. Mihi vero Cn. Pompeius non modo nihil gravius con- 
 tra Milonem judicasse, sed etiam statuisse videtur, quid vos 
 in judicando spectare oporteret. Nam qui non poenam con- 
 fessioni, sed defensionem dedit, is causam interitus quaeren- 
 dam, non interitum putavit. 16. Jam illud ipse dicet pro- 
 fecto, quod sua sponte fecit, Publione Clodio tribuendum 
 putarit, an tempori. 
 
 VII. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propugnator, 
 atque, illis quidem temporibus, paene patronus, avunculus 
 hujus judicis nostri, fortissimi viri, M. Catonis, tribunus 
 plebis M. Drusus occisus est. Nihil de ejus morte populus 
 consultus, nulla quaestio decreta a senatu est. Quantum 
 luctum in hac urbe fuisse, a nostris patribus accepimus, 
 quum P. Africano, domi suae quiescenti, ilia nocturna vis 
 esset illata ? quis turn non gemuit ? quis non arsit dolore, 
 quern immortalem, si fieri posset, omnes esse cuperent, ejus 
 ne necessariam quidem exspectatam esse mortem ? Num 
 igitur ulla quaestio de Africani morte lata est ? Certe 
 nulla. 17. Quid ita? Quia non alio facinore clari ho- 
 mines, alio obscuri necantur. Entersit inter vitae digni- 
 tatem summorum atque infimorum ; mors quidem illata per 
 scelus iisdem et poenis teneatur et legibus. Nisi forte 
 magis erit parricida, si qui consularem patrem, quam si 
 quis humilem necaverit, aut eo mors atrocior erit P. Clodii, 
 quod is in niominientis majorum suorum sit interfectus. 
 Hoc enini ab istis saepe dicitur ; proinde quasi Appius ille 
 Caecus viam muniverit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi 
 
54 OEATTO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 impune sui posteri latrocinarentur. 18. itaque in eadera 
 ista Appia via, quum ornatissimum equitem liomanum P. 
 Clodius M. Papirium occidisset, non fuit illud facinus puni- 
 endum ; homo enim nobilis in suis monumentis equitem 
 Romanum occiderat ; nunc ojusdem Appiae nomen quantas 
 tragoedias excitat ! Quae cruentata antea caede honesti 
 atque imiocentis viri silebatur, eadem nunc crebro usurpa- 
 tur, posteaquam latronis et parricidae sanguine imbuta est. 
 Sed quid ego ilia commemoro ? Comprehensus est in 
 templo Castoris servus P. Clodii, quern ille ad Cn. Pom- 
 peium interficiendum collocarat ; extorta est confitenti sica 
 de manibus ; caruit foro postea Pompeius, caruit senatu, 
 caruit publico ; janua se, ac parietibus, non jure legum 
 judiciorumque texit. 19. Num quae rogatio lata, num quae 
 nova quaestio decreta est ? Atqui, si res, si vir, si tempus 
 ullum dignum fuit, certe haec in ilia causa summa omnia 
 fuerunt. Insidiator erat in foro collocatus, atque in vesti- 
 bulo ipso senatus ; ei viro autem mors parabatur, cujus in 
 vita nitebatur salus civitatis ; eo porro rei publicae tempore, 
 quo, si unus ille occidisset, non liaec solum civitas, sed 
 gentes omnes concidissent. Nisi vero, quia perfecta res non 
 est, non fuit punienda ; proinde quasi exitus rerum, rion 
 liominum consilia legibus vindicentur. Minus dolendum 
 fuit, re non perfecta, sed puniendum certe nihilo minus. 
 20. Quoties ego ipse, judices, ex P. Clodii telis et ex cruen- 
 tis ejus manibus effugi ? ex quibus si me non vel mea, vel 
 rei publicae fortuna servasset, quis tandem de interitu nieo 
 quaestionem tulisset? 
 
 VIII. Sed stulti sumus, qui Drusum, qui Africanum, 
 Pompeium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre audeamus. 
 Tolerabilia fuerunt ilia ; P. Clodii mortem nemo aequo 
 animo ferre potest. Luget senatus, moeret equester ordo, 
 tota civitas confecta senio ast, squalent municipia, afflictan- 
 tur coloniae, agri denique ipsi tarn beneficum, tarn salu- 
 tarem, tarn mansuetum civem desiderant. 21. Non fuit ea 
 causa, judices, profecto, non fuit, cur sibi censeret Pom- 
 
OKATTO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 55 
 
 peiua quaestionem forendam ; sed homo sapiens, atque alta 
 et divinn quadam niente praeditus, multa vidit; fuisse ilium 
 sil.i inimicum, familiarem Milonem ; in oommuni omnium 
 
 lattitia si etiam ipso gauderet, timuit, ne videretur infirmior 
 fides reoonoiliatae gratiae; multa etiam alia vidit, sed illud 
 maxime. quamvis atrociter ipse tulisset, vos tamen fortiter 
 judicaturos. Itaque delegit e florentissimis ordinibua Lpaa 
 
 lumina. Neque vero, quod nonnulli dictitant, secrevit in 
 judicious legendis amicos ineos. Neque enim hoc cogitavit 
 vir justissimus, neque in bonis viris legendis id assequi 
 potuisset, etiamsi cupisset. Non enim mea gratia familiari- 
 tatibus continetur, quae late patere non j>ossunt, propterea 
 quod consuetudines victus non possunt esse cum multis ; 
 sed, si quid possumus, ex eo possumus, quod res publica 
 nos conjunxit cum bonis; ex quibus ille quum optimos 
 viros legeret, idque maxime ad fidem suam pertinere arbi- 
 traretur, non potuit legere non studiosos mei. 22. Quod 
 vero te, L. Domiti, huic quaestioni praeesse maxime voluit, 
 nihil quaesivit aliud, nisi justitiam, gravitatem, humani- 
 tatem, fidem. Tulit, ut consularem necesse esset ; credo, 
 quod principum munus esse ducebat, resistere et levitati 
 multitudinis, et perditorum temeritati. Ex consularibus 
 te creavit potissimum. Dederas enim, quam contenmeres 
 populares insanias, jam ab adolescentia documenta maxima. 
 IX. 23. Quamobrem, judices, ut aliquando ad causam 
 crimenque veniamus, si neque omnis confessio facti est in- 
 usitata, neque de causa nostra quidquam aliter, ac nos 
 vellemus, a senatu judicatum est, et lator ipse legis, quum 
 esset controversia nulla facti, juris tamen disceptationem 
 esse voluit, et electi judices, isque praepositus quaestioni, 
 qui haec juste sapienterque disceptet, reliquum est, judices, 
 ut nihil jam quaerere aliud debeatis, nisi, uter utri insidias 
 fecerit. Quod quo facilius argumentis perspicere possitis, 
 rem gestam vobis dum breviter expono, quaeso, diligenter 
 attendite. 24. P. Clodius quum statuisset omni scelere in 
 praetura vexare rem publicam, videretque ita tracta esse 
 
50 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 comitia anno superiore, ut non multos menses praeturam 
 gerere posset, qui non honoris gradum spectaret, ut ceteri, 
 sed et L. Paullum collegam effugere vellet, singulari virtute 
 civem, et annum integrum ad dilacerandam rem publicam 
 quaereret, subito reliquit annum suum,' seseque in proxi- 
 mum annum transtnlit, non, ut fit, religione aliqua, sed ut 
 haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad praeturam gerendam, hoc est, 
 ad evertendam rem publicam, plenum annum atque inte- 
 grum. 25. Occurrebat ei, mancam ac debilem praeturam 
 suam futuram, consule Milone ; eum porro summo consensu 
 populi Romani consulem fieri videbat. Contulit se ad ejus 
 competi tores, sed ita, totam ut petitionem ipse solus, etiam 
 invitis illis, gubernaret ; tota ut comitia suis, ut dictitabat, 
 humeris sustineret. Convocabat tribus; se interponebat ; 
 Collinam novam delectu perditissimorum civium conscribe- 
 bat. Quanto ille plura miscebat, tanto hie magis in dies 
 convalescebat. XIbi vidit homo ad omne facinus paratissi- 
 mus, fortissimum virum, inimicigsimum suum, certissimum 
 consulem, idque intellexit non solum sermonibus, sed etiam 
 sufFragiis populi Romani saepe esse declaratum, palam agere 
 coepit, et aperte dicere, occidendum Milonem. 26. Servos 
 agrestes et barbaros, quibus silvas publicas depopulatus erat, 
 Etruriamque vexarat, ex Apennino deduxerat, quos vide- 
 batis. Res erat minime obscura. Etenim dictitabat palam, 
 consulatum eripi Miloni non posse, vitam posse. Signifi- 
 cavit hoc saepe in seuatu ; dixit in concione ; quin etiam 
 M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerenti ex eo, qua spe 
 fureret, Milone vivo, respondft, triduo ilium, aut summum 
 quatriduo esse periturum ; quam vocem ejus ad hunc M. 
 Catonem statim Favonius detulit. 
 
 X. 27. Interim, quum sciret Clodius (neque enim erat 
 difficile scire), iter sollemne, legitimum, necessarium, ante 
 diem XIII. Kalendas Februarias, Miloni esse Lanuvium ad 
 flaminem prodendum, quod erat dictator Lanuvii Milo, 
 Roma subito ipse profectus pridie est, ut ante suum fundum 
 (quod re intellectum est) Miloni insidias collocaret. Atque 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO Mil 57 
 
 ita profectUB est, ut concionem turbulentam, in qua ejus 
 furor desideratus est, quae illo ipso die habita est, rclin- 
 queret, quam, nisi obi >ria locum tompusque volu- 
 
 issrt, nunquam reliquisaet. 28. Mil<> autem quum in sonata 
 fuisset eo die, quoad senatua est dimissus, (Ionium vexdi ; 
 calceoa et vestimenta nmtavit ; paulisper, dam B6 uxor (ut 
 fit) comparat, commoratus est, deinde profectua id temporifl, 
 quum jam Clodius, si quidem eo die Romam ventures erat, 
 redire potuisset. Obviam fit ei Clodius, expeditus, in equo, 
 nulla rheda, nullis impedimentis, nullis Graecis comitibus, 
 ut solebat, sine uxore, quod nunquam fere, quum hie insidi- 
 ator, qui iter illud ad caedem faciendam apparasset, cum 
 uxore velicretur in rheda, paenulatus, magno et impedito, 
 et muliebri ac delicato ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. 
 29. Fit obviam Clodio ante fundum ejus, hora fere un- 
 decima, aut non multo secus. Statim complures cum telis 
 in hunc fapiunt de loco superiore impetum ; adversi rheda- 
 rium occidunt ; quum autem hie de rheda, rejecta paenula, 
 desiluisset, seque acri animo defenderet, illi, qui erant cum 
 Clodio, gladiis eductis, partim recurrere ad rhedam, ut a 
 tergo Milonem adorirentur, partim, quod hunc jam inter- 
 fectum putarent, caedere incipiunt ejus servos, qui post 
 erant, ex quibus, qui animo fideli in dominum et praesenti 
 fuerunt, partim occisi sunt, partim, quum ad rhedam pug- 
 nari viderent, domino succurrere prohiberentur, Milonem 
 occisum ex ipso Clodio audirent, et re vera putarent, fece- 
 runt id servi Milonis (dicam enim aperte non derivandi 
 criminis causa, sed ut factum est), nee imperante, nee sciente, 
 nee praesente domino, quod suos quisque servos in tali re 
 facore voluisset. 
 
 XI. 30. Haec, sicut exposui, ita gesta sunt, judices ; in- 
 sidiator superatus est ; vi victa vis, vel potius oppressa vir- 
 tute audacia est. Nihil dico, quid res publica consecuta sit, 
 nihil, quid vos, nihil, quid omnes boni. Nihil sane id prosit 
 Miloni, qui hoc fato natus est, ut ne se quidem servare po- 
 tuerit, quin una rem publicam vosque servaret. Si id jure 
 3* 
 
5S ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 fieri non potuit, nihil habso, quod defendam. Sin hoc et ra- 
 tio doctis, et necessitas barbaris, et mos gentibus, et feris 
 etiam belluis natura ipsa praescripsit, ut omnem semper vim, 
 quacunque ope possent, a corpore, a capite, a vita sua pro- 
 pulsarent, non potestis hoc facinus improbum judicare, quin 
 simul judicetis, omnibus, qui in latrones inciderint, aut il- 
 lorum telis, aut vestris sententiis esse pereundum. 31. 
 Quod si ita putasset, certe optabilius Miloni fuit dare jugu- 
 lum P. Clodio, non semel ab illo, neque turn primum peti- 
 tum, quam jugulari a vobis, quia se non jugulandum illi tra- 
 didisset. Sin hoc nemo vestrum ita sentit, illud jam in judi- 
 cium venit, non, occisusne sit, quod fatemur ; sed jure, an in- 
 juria; quod multis in causis saepe quaesitum est. Insidias 
 factas esse constat, et id est, quod senafcus contra rem publi- 
 cam factum judicavit ; ab utro factae sint, incertum est. De 
 hoc igitur latum est ut quaereretur. Ita et senatus rem, 
 non hominem, notavit, et Pompeius de jure, non de facto, 
 quaes tionem tulit. 
 
 XII. Numquid igitur aliud in judicium venit, nisi, uter 
 utri insidias fecerit ? Profecto nihil ; si hie illi, ut ne sit im- 
 pune ; si ille huic, turn nos scelere solvamur. 
 
 32. Quonam igitur pacto probari potest, insidias Miloni 
 fecisse Clodium ? Satis est in ilia quidem tarn audaci, tarn 
 nefaria bellua docere, magnam ei causam, magnam spem in 
 Milonis morte propositam, magnas utilitates fuisse. Itaque 
 illud Cassianuin, cui bono fuerit, in his personis valeat ; 
 etsi boni nullo emolirTiento impelluntur in fraudem, improbi 
 saepe parvo. Atqui, Milone interfecto, Clodius hoc asseque- 
 batur, non modo ut praetor esset non eo consule, quosceleris 
 facere nihil posset, sed etiam, ut iis consulibus praetor esset, 
 quibus si non adjuvantibus, at conniventibus certe, speraret, 
 se posse eludere in illis suis cogitatis furoribus ; cujus illi 
 conatus, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent reprimere, si 
 possent, quum tantum beneficium ei se debere arbitrarentur, 
 et, si vellent, fortasse vix possent frangere hominis scelera- 
 tissirni corroboratam jam vetustate audaciam. 33. An vero, 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 59 
 
 jttdices, vos soli ignoratis, voshospitcs in hao lirbe I rsaiuini ? 
 restrae peregrinantur aures, neque in hoc pervagato civitatis 
 sermone versantur, quas ille logos (si leges nomiuandae sunt, 
 ac 11011 faces urbis, pestes rei pviblicae) fuerit iinpositurus 
 nobis omnibus atque inusturus ? Exhibe, quaeso, Sexte Clo- 
 di, exhibe librarium illud legum vestrarum, quod te aiunt 
 eripuisse e domo, et ex mediis armis, turbaque nocturn:t, 
 tamquam Palladium extulisse, ut praeclarum videlicet 
 munus, atque instrumentum tribunatus ad aliquem, si nactus 
 esses, qui tuo arbitrio tribunatum gereret, deferre posses. 
 An linjns ille legis, quam Sex. Clodius a se inventam gloria- 
 tur, mentionem facere ausus esset, vivo Milone, ne dicam 
 console? De nostrum omnium non audeo totum dicere. 
 Videte, quid ea vitii lex habitura fuerit, cujus periculosa 
 etiam reprehensio est. Et adspexit me illis quidem oculis, 
 quibus turn solebat, quum omnibus omnia minabatur. Mo- 
 vet me quippe lumen curiae. 
 
 XIII. Quid? tu me tibi iratum, Sexte, putas, cujus tu 
 inimicissimum multo crudelius etiam punitus es, quam erat 
 liumanitatis meae postulare ? Tu P. Clodii cruentum cada- 
 ver ejecisti domo, tu in publicum abjecisti, tu spoliatum 
 imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, infelicissimis lignis 
 semustilatum, nocturnis canibus dilaniandum reliquisti. 
 Quare etsi nefarie fecisti, tamen, quoniam in meo inimico 
 crudelitatem exprompsisti tuam, laudare non possum, irasci 
 certe non debeo. 34. [Demonstravi, judices, quantum 
 Clodii inter'] fuerit occidi Milonem. Convertite animos 
 nunc vicissiin ad Milonem. Quid Milonis intererat interfici 
 Clodium ? Quid erat, cur Milo, non dicam admitteret, sed 
 opiaret ? Obstabat in spe consulatus Miloni Clodius. At 
 eo repugnante fiebat ; immo vero eo fiebat magis, nee me 
 suffragatore meliore utebatur quam Clodio. Yalebat apud 
 vos, judices, Milonis erga me remque publicam meritorum 
 memoria ; valebant preces efc lacrimae nostrae, quibus ego 
 turn vos mirifice moveri sentiebam ; sed plus multo valebat 
 periculorum impendentium timor. Quis enim erat civium, 
 
60 ORATTO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 qui sibi solutam P. Clodii praeturam sine maximo rerum 
 novarum metu proponeret ? Solutam autem fore videbatis, 
 nisi esset is consul, qui earn auderet possetque constringere. 
 Eum Milonem unum esse quum sentiret nni versus populus 
 Romanus, quis dubitaret sufFragio suo se metu, periculo rem 
 publicam liberare ? At nunc, Clodio remoto, usitatis jam 
 rebus enitendum est Miloni, ut tueatur dignitatem suam ; 
 singularis ilia et huic uni concessa gloria, quae quotidie 
 augebatur frangendis furoribus Clodianis, jam Clodii morte 
 cecidit. Vos adepti estis, ne quern civem metueretis ; hie 
 exercitationem virtutis, suffragationem consulatus, fontem 
 perennem gloriae suae perdidit. Itaque Milonis consulatus, 
 qui, vivo Clodio, labefactari non poterat, mortuo denique 
 tentari coeptus est. Non modo igitur nihil prodest, sed obest 
 etiam Clodii mors Miloni. 35. At valuit odium, fecit ira- 
 tus, fecit inimicus, fuit ultor injuriae, punitor doloris sui. 
 Quid ? si haec, non dico, majora fuerunt in Clodio, quam in 
 Milone, sed in illo maxima, nulla in hoc? quid vultis 
 amplius? Quid enini odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac 
 materiem suae gloriae, praeter hoc civile odium, quo omnes 
 improbos odimus? Ille, erat, ut odisset, primum salutis 
 meae defensorem, deinde vexatorem furoris, domitorem ar- 
 morum suorum, postremo etiam accusatorem suum. Reus 
 enim Milonis, lege Plotia, fuit Clodius, quoad vixit. Quo tan- 
 dem animo hoc tyrannuni ilium tulisse creditis ? quantum 
 odium illius, et, in homine injusto, quam etiam justum fuisse ? 
 XIY. 36. Reliquum est, ut jam ilium natura ipsius, 
 consuetudoque defendat, hunc autem haec eadem coarguant. 
 Nihil per vim unquam Clodius, omnia per vim Milo. Quid ? 
 ego, judices, quum, moerentibus vobis, urbe cessi, judici- 
 umne timui? non servos, non arma, non vim? Quae fuisset 
 igitur justa causa restituendi mei, nisi fuisset injusta eji- 
 ciendi ? Diem mihi, credo, dixerat, multam irrogarat, 
 actionem perduellionis intenderat, et mihi videlicet in causa 
 aut mala aut mea, non et praeclarissima et.vestra, judicium 
 timendum fuit. Servorum, et egentium civium, et faci- 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONK. (U 
 
 norosorum arm is meofl rives, meis consiliis periculiflque 
 
 sn-vatos, pro me objici Dollli .'>7. Vidi enim, vidi, hunt 
 ipsum Q. Hortensium, lumen efc ornamentuin rei publicae, 
 paene interfici servoruni manu, quum milii adesset ; qua in 
 tuiba 0. Vibienus, senator, vir optimus, cum hoc quum eeset 
 una, ita est mulcatus, ut vitam amiserit. Itaque quando 
 illius postea sica ilia, quam a Catilina acceperat, conquievit? 
 Haec intentata nobis est; huic ego vos objici pro me non 
 sum passus ; haec insidiata Pompeio est; haec istam A.p- 
 piam, mouumentum sui nominis, nece Papirii cruentavit ; 
 hare, haec eadem, longo intervallo, conversa rursus est in 
 me ; nuper quidem, ut scitis, me ad regiam paene confecit. 
 '58. Quid simile Milonis? cujus vis omnis haec semper fuit, 
 ne P. Clodius, quum in judicium detrain non posset, vi 
 oppressam civitatem teneret. Quern si interficere voluisset, 
 quantae, quoties occasiones, quam praeclarae fuerunt ? Po- 
 tuitne, quum domum ac deos penates suos, illo oppugnante, 
 defenderet, jure se ulcisci ? potuitne, civi egregio et viro 
 fortissimo, P. Sestio, collega suo, vulnerato ? potuitne, Q. 
 Fabricio, viro optimo, quum de reditu meo legem ferret, 
 pulso, crudelissima in foro caede facta ? potuitne L. Caecilii, 
 justissimi fortissimique praetoris, oppugnata domo ? po- 
 tuitne illo die, quum est lata lex de me ? quum totius Italiae 
 concursus, quern mea salus concitarat, facti illius gloriam 
 libens agnovisset, ut, etiamsi id Milo fecisset, cuncta ci vitas 
 earn laudem pro sua vindicaret ? 
 
 XV. 39. At quod erat tempus ! Clarissimus et fortis- 
 simus consul, inimicus Clodio, P. Lentulus, ultor sceleris 
 illius, propugnator senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis, pa- 
 tronus publici consensus, restitutor salutis meae ; septem 
 prae tores, octo tribuni plebis, illius adversarii, defensores 
 mei ; Cn. Pompeius auctor et dux mei reditus, illius hostis, 
 cujus sententiam senatus omnis de salute mea gravissimam et 
 ornatissimam secutus est, qui populum Romanum est cohorta- 
 tus, qui, quum decretum de me Capuae fecit, ipse cunctae 
 Italiae cupienti et ejus fidem imploranti signum dedit, ut ad 
 
C2 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONp:. 
 
 me restituendum Eomam concurrerent ; omnia turn denique 
 in ilium odia civium ardebant desiderio mei ; quern qui. turn 
 interemisset, non de impunitate ejus, sed de praemiis cogi- 
 taretur. 40. Tamen se Milo continuit, et P. Clodium in 
 judicium bis, ad vim nunquam vocavit. Quid? privato 
 Milone, et reo ad populum, accusante P. Clodio, quum in 
 Cn. Pompeium pro Mil one dicentem impetus factus est, 
 quae turn non modo occasio, sed etiam causa illius oppri- 
 mendi fuit? Nuper vero quum M. Antonius summam 
 spem salutis bonis omnibus attulisset, gravissimamque ado- 
 lescens nobilissimus rei publicae partem fortissime sus- 
 cepisset, atque illam belluam, judicii laqueos declinantem, jam 
 irretitam teneret ; qui locus, quod tempus illud, dii immor- 
 tales, fuit ? Quum se ille fugiens in scalarum tenebras ab- 
 didisset, magnum Miloni fuit conficere illam pestem nulla 
 sua invidia, Antonii vero maxima gloria. 41. Quid? comi- 
 tiis in campo quoties potestas fuit, qunm ille in septa irru- 
 pisset, gladios destringendos, lapides jaciendos curavisset, 
 dein subito, vultu Milonis perterritus, fugeret ad Tiberim, 
 vos et omnes boni vota faceretis, ut Miloni uti virtute sua 
 liberet? 
 
 XVI. Quem igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, hune 
 voluit cum aliquorum querela ? quem jure, quem loco, quem 
 tempore, quem impune non est ausus, hunc injuria, iniquo 
 loco, alieno tempore, periculo capitis, non dubitavit occi- 
 dere? 42. praesertim, judices, quum honoris amj)lissimi 
 contentio, et dies comitiorum subesset ; quo quidem tem- 
 pore (scio enim, quam timida sit ambitio, quantaque et quam 
 sollicita sit cupiditas consulatus), omnia non modo, quae 
 reprehendi palam, sed etiam quae obscure cogitari possunt, 
 timemus, rumorem, fabulam fictam, levem. perhorrescimus, 
 ora omnium atque oculos intuemur. Nihil est enim tarn 
 molle, tarn tenerum, tarn aut fragile aut flexibile, quam 
 voluntas erga nos, sensusque civium, qui non modo improbi- 
 tati irascuntur candidatorum, sed etiam in recte factis saepe 
 fastidiunt. 43. Hunc igitur diem campi speratum atque 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 0fl 
 
 exoptatuin sibi proponens Milo, cruentis manibus, scelus et 
 facinufl prae se ferens et confitens, ad ilia augnsta centu- 
 riarum auspicia vmiebat? Quam hoc non credibile in hoc ! 
 quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum, qui se interfecto 
 Milone regnaturum putaret! Quid? quod caput est and a- 
 ciae, judicea, quia ignorat, maximam illecebram esse pec- 
 candi impunitatis spem? In utro igitur haec fuit? in 
 Milone, qui etiam nunc reus est facti, aut praeclari, aut 
 certe necessarii, an in Clodio, qui ita judicia poenamque 
 contempserat, ut euni nihil delectaret, quod aut per naturam 
 fas esset, aut per leges liceret ? 44. Sed quid ego argumen- 
 torV quid plura dispute? Te Q. Petili, appello, optimum et 
 fortissimum civem ; te, M. Cato, testor; quos mihi divina 
 quaedem sors dedit judices. Vos ex M. Favonio audistis, 
 Clodium sibi dixisse, et audistis vivo Clodio, perituruin 
 Milonem triduo. Post diem tertium gesta res est, quam 
 dixerat. Quum ille non dubitarit aperire, quid cogitaret, 
 vos po testis dubitare, quid fecerit ? 
 
 XVII. 45. Quemadmodum igitur eum dies non fefellit? 
 Dixi equidem modo. Dictatoris Lanuvini stata sacrificia 
 nosse negotii nihil erat. Vidit, necesse esse Miloni, pro- 
 ficisci Lanuvium illo ipso, quo est profectus, die. Itaque 
 antevertit. At quo die ? Quo, ut ante dixi, fuit insanissi- 
 ma concio, ab ipsius mercenario tribuno plebis concitata ; 
 quern diem ille, quam concionem, quos clamores, nisi ad 
 cogitatum facinus approperaret, nunquam reliquisset. Ergo 
 illi ne causa quidem itineris, etiam causa manendi ; Miloni 
 manendi nulla facultas, exeundi non causa solum, sed etiam 
 necessitas fuit. Quid ? si, ut ille scivit, Milonem fore eo 
 die in via, sic Clodium Milo ne suspicari quidem potuit ? 
 46. Primum quaero, qui scire potuerit ? quod vos idem in 
 Clodio quaerere non potestis. Ut enim neminem alium, nisi 
 T. Patinam, familiarissimum suum, rogasset, scire potuit, 
 illo ipso die Lanuvii a dictatore Milone prodi flaminem 
 necesse esse. Sed erant permulti alii, ex quibus id facillime 
 scire posset ; omnes scilicet Lanuvini. Milo de Clodii reditu 
 
64 OEATIO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 unde quaesivit ? Quaesierit sane. Videte, quid vobis 
 largiar. Servum etiam, ut Q. Arrius, meus amicus, dixit, 
 corruperit. Legite testimonia testium vestrorum. Dixit C. 
 Cassinius Scliola, Interamnanus, familiarissimus et idem 
 comes Clodii, cujus jampridem testimonio Clodius eadem 
 hora iDteranmae fuerat et Romae, P. Clodium illo die in 
 Albano mansurum fuisse, sed subito esse ei nuntiatum, 
 Cyrum architectum esse mortuum; itaque repente Romam 
 constituisse proficisci. Dixit hoc, comes item P. Clodii, C. 
 Clodius. 
 
 XVIII. 47. Videte, judices, quantae res his testimoniis 
 Bint confectae. Primum certe liberatur Milo, non eo con- 
 si lio profectns esse, ut insidiaretur in via Clodio ; quippe ; 
 si ille obvius ei futurus omnino non erat. Deinde (non enim 
 video, cur non meum quoque agam negotium) scitis, judices, 
 fuisse, qui in hac rogatione suadenda dicerent, Milonis manu 
 caedem esse factam, consilio vero majoris alicujus. Me 
 videlicet latronem ac sicarium abjecti homines et perditi 
 describebant. Jacent suis testibus hi, qui Clodium negant 
 eo die Romam, nisi de Cyro audisset, fuisse rediturum. 
 Respiravi ; liberatus sum ; non vereor, ne, quod ne suspicari 
 quidem potuerim, videar id cogitasse. 48. Nunc persequar 
 cetera. Nam occurrit illud : Igitur ne Clodius quidem de 
 insidiis cogitavit, quoniam fait in Albano mansurus. Si 
 quidem exiturus ad caedem e villa non fuisset. Video enim, 
 ilium, qui dicatur de Cyri morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, 
 sed Milonem appropinquare. Nam quid de Cyro nuntiaret, 
 quern Clodius, Roma proficiscens, reliquerat morientem ? 
 Una fui ; testamentum simul obsignavi cum Clodio ; testa- 
 mentum autem palam fecerat, et ilium heredem et me 
 scripserat. Quern pridie hora tertia animam efflantem 
 reliquisset, eum mortuum postridie hora decima denique ei 
 nuntiabatur ? 
 
 XIX. 49. Age, sit ita factum ; quae causa, cur Romam 
 properaret ? cur in noctem se conjiceret ? Quid afferebat 
 causam festinationis ? Quod heres erat? Primum erat 
 
OltATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 65 
 
 nihil, cur properato opus esset; deinde, si quid esset, <|ui<l 
 tandem erat, quod ea nocte consequi posset, amitteret ant i in, 
 si postridie Elomam mane venisset? Atque ut illi noc- 
 tunms ad urbem adventus vitamins potius, quam expetendus 
 
 fuit, sic Miloni, qimm insidiator esset, si ilium ad arbem 
 noctu accessurum sciebat, subsidendum atque exspectandum 
 fuit. 50. Noctu, insidioso et pleno latronum in loco 
 occidisset ; nemo ei neganti non credidisset, quern esse 
 omnes salvum, etiam confitentem volunt. Sustinuisset hoc 
 crimen primuni ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor 
 locus ; turn neque muta solitude indicasset, neque caeca uox 
 ostendisset Milonem ; deinde ibi multi ab illo violati, spoli- 
 ati, bonis expulsi, multi haec etiam timentes in suspicionem 
 caderent; tota denique rea citaretur Etruria. 51. Atque 
 illo die certe Aricia rediens devertit Clodius ad se in 
 Albanum. Quod ut sciret Milo, ilium Ariciae fuisse, sus- 
 picari tamen debuit, eum, etiamsi Eomam illo die reverti 
 vellet, ad villam suarn, quae viam tangeret, deversurum. 
 Cur neque ante occurrit, ne ille in villa rcsideret, nee eo in 
 loco subsedit, quo ille noctu venturus esset ? 
 
 Video constare adhuc, judices, omnia ; Miloni etiam utile 
 fuisse Clodium vivere, illi ad ea quae concupierat, optatissi- 
 nnun interitum Milonis ; odium fuisse illius in hunc acerbis- 
 simum, nullum hujus in ilium ; consuetudinem illius per- 
 petuam in vi inferenda, hujus tantum in repellenda ; 52. 
 mortem ab illo denuntiatam Miloni, et praedictam palam, 
 niliil unquam auditum ex Milone ; profectionis hujus diem 
 illi notum, reditus illius huic ignotum fuisse ; hujus iter 
 necessarium, illius etiam potius alienum ; hunc prae se 
 tulisse, illo se die Roma exiturum, ilium eo die se dissimu- 
 lasse rediturum ; hunc nullius rei mutasse consilium, ilium 
 causam mutandi consilii finxisse ; huic, si insidiaretur, noc- 
 tem prope urbem exspectandam, illi, etiamsi hunc non 
 timeret, tamen accessum ad urbem nocturnum fuisse 
 metuendum. 
 
 XX 53. Videamus nunc id, quod caput est, locus ad 
 
66 OEATIO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 insidias ille ipse, ubi congressi sunt, utri tandem fuerit 
 aptior. Id vero, judices, etiam dubitandum, et diutius 
 cogitandum est ? Ante fundum Clodii, quo in fundo, 
 propter insanas illas substructiones, facile hominum mille 
 versabantur valentium ; edito adversarii atque excelso loco, 
 superiorem se fore putarat Milo, et ob earn rem, eum locum 
 ad pugnam potissimum elegerat ? an in eo loco est potius 
 exspectatus ab eo, qui ipsius loci spe facere impetum cogi- 
 tarat? Res loquitur ipsa, judices, quae semper valet pluri- 
 mum. 54. Si haec non gesta audiretis, sed picta videretis, 
 tamen appareret, uter esset insidiator, uter nihil cogitaret 
 mali, quum alter veheretur in rheda paenulatus, una sederet 
 uxor. Quid horum non impeditissimum ? vestitus, an 
 veliiculum, an comes? quid minus promptum ad pugnam, 
 quum paenula irretitus, rheda impeditus, uxore paene con- 
 strictus esset ? Videte nunc ilium, primum egredientem e 
 villa, subito ; cur ? vesperi ; quid necesse est ? tarde ; qui 
 convenit, praesertim id temporis ? Devertit in villain 
 Pompeii. Pompeium ut videret ? sciebat, in Alsiensi 
 esse ; villain ut perspiceret ? millies in ea fuerat ; quid ergo 
 erat ? mora et tergiversatio ; dum hie veniret, locum relin- 
 quere noluifc. 
 
 XXI. 55. Age, nunc iter expediti latronis cum Milonis 
 impedimentis comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore; 
 turn sine ea ; nunquam nisi in rheda ; turn in equo ; comites 
 Graeculi, quocunque ibat, etiam quum in castra Etrusca pro- 
 perabat ; turn in comitatu nugarum nihil. Milo, qui nun- 
 quam, turn casu pueros symphoniacos uxoris ducebat et 
 ancillarum greges. Ille, qui semj)er secum scorta, semper exo- 
 letos, semper lupas duceret, turn neminem, nisi ut virum a viro 
 lectum esse di ceres. Cur igitur victus est ? Quia non semper 
 viator a latrone, nonnunquam etiam latro a viatore occiditur ; 
 quia, quamquam paratus in imparatos Clodius, tamen mulier 
 inciderat in viros. 56. Nee vero sic erat unquam non para- 
 tus Milo contra ilium, ut non satis fere esset paratus. Sem- 
 per ille, et quantum interesset P. Clodii, se perire, et quanto 
 
ORATIO TEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 07 
 
 UU odio eeset, et quantum ille auderet, cogitabat. Quamo- 
 brem vitam suam, quam maximia praemiia juopositam et 
 paene addiotam Bciebat, aunquam in periculum sinep ra eaidio 
 ci sinecuatodia projiciebat. Adde casus, addc incertos exitus 
 pugnarum tfartemque communem, qui Baepe spoliantem 
 jam et exsultantem evertit, et perculit ab abjecto ; adde 
 inacitiam pransi, poti, oscitantis ducis, qui quum a tergo 
 bostem inicivlusum reliquisset, nihil de ejus extremis comiti- 
 bua cogitavit, in quos incensos ira vitamque domini desperan- 
 tes quum incidisset, haesit in iis poenis, quas ab eo servi 
 fideles pro domini vita expetiverunt. 57. Cur igitur eos 
 manumiait? Metuebat scilicet, ne indicarent, ne dolorem 
 perferre non possent, ne tormentis cogerentur occisum esse a 
 servis Milonis in Appia via P. CI odium confiteri. Quid 
 opus est tortore ? Quid quaeris ? Occideritne ? Occidit. 
 Jure, an injuria? Nihil ad tortorem. Facti enim in equu- 
 leo quaestio est, juris in judicio. 
 
 XXII. Quod igitur in causa quaerendum est, id agamus 
 hie ; quod tormentis invenire vis, id fatemur. Manu vero 
 cur miserit, si id potius quaeris, quam cur paruni amplis 
 affecerit praemiis, nescis inimici factum reprehendere. 58. 
 J )ixit enim hie idem, qui omnia semper constanter et fortiter, 
 M. Cato, et dixit in turbulenta concione, quae tamen hujus 
 auctoritate placata est, non libertate solum, sed etiam omni- 
 bus praemiis dignissimos fuisse, qui domini caput defendis- 
 sent. Quod enim praemium satis magnum est tarn bene- 
 volis, tarn bonis, tarn fidelibus servis, propter quos vivit? 
 Etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod propter eosdem non 
 sanguine et vulneribus suis crudelissimi inimici mentem ocu- 
 losfjue satiavit. Quos nisi manumisisset, tormentis etiam 
 dedendi fuerunt conservatores domini, ultores sceleris, defen- 
 sores necis. Hie vero nihil habet in his malis, quod minus 
 moleste ferat, quam, etiamsi quid ipsi accidat, esse tamen 
 illis meritum praemium persolutum. 59. Sed quaestiones 
 urgent Milonem, quae sunt habitae nunc in atrio Libertatis. 
 Quibusnam de servis? llogas? De P. Clodii. Quis eos 
 
68 OEATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 postulavit ? Appins. Quis produxit ? Appius. Unde ? 
 Ab Appio. Dii boni ! quid potest agi severius ? De servis 
 nulla lege quaestio est in dominum, nisi de incestu, ut fuit 
 in Clodium. Proxime deos accessit Clodius, propius qnam 
 turn, quum ad ipsos penetrarat, cujus de morte, tamquam de 
 caerimoniis violatis, quaeritur. Sed tamen majores nostri 
 in dominum de servo quaeri noluerunt, non quia non posset 
 verum inveniri, sed quia videbatur indignum, et dominis 
 morte ipsa tristius. In reum de servo accusatoris quum 
 quaeritur, verum inveniri potest ? 60. Age rero, quae erat, 
 ant qualis quaestio ? Heus tu, Rufio, verbi causa, cave sis 
 mentiare. Clodius insidias fecit Miloni? Fecit. Certa 
 crux. Nullas fecit. Sperata Iibertas. Quid hac quaestione 
 certius ? Subito abrepti in quaestionem tamen separantur a 
 ceteris, et in areas conjiciuntur, ne quis cum iis colloqui 
 possit. Hi centum dies penes accusatorem quum fuissent, 
 ab eo ipso accusatore producti sunt. Quid hac quaestione 
 dici potest integrius ? quid incorruptius ? 
 
 XXIII. 61. Quod si nondum satis cernitis, quum res 
 ipsa tot tam claris argumentis signisque luceat, pura mente 
 atque integra Milonem, nullo scelere imbutum, nullo metu 
 perterritum, nulla conscientia exanimatum, Romam revertis- 
 se, recordamini, per deos immortales ! quae fuerit celeritas 
 reditus ejus, qui ingressus in forum, ardente curia, quae 
 magnitudo animi, qui vultus, quae oratio. Neque vero se 
 popnlo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit, neque senatui 
 modo, sed etiam publicis praesidiis et armis, neque his tan- 
 tum, verum etiam ejus potestati, cui senatus totam rem 
 publicam, omnem Italiae pubem, cuncta populi Romani arma 
 commiserat ; cui nunquam se hie profecto tradidisset, nisi 
 causae suae confideret, praesertim omnia audienti, magna 
 metuenti, multa suspicanti, nonnulla credenti. Magna vis 
 est conscientiae, judices, et magna in utramque partem, ut 
 neque timeant, qui nihil commiserint, et poenam semper 
 ante oculos versari putent, qui peccarint. 62. Neque vero, 
 sine ratione certa, causa Milonis semper a senatu probata 
 
ORATIO PBO T. AN MO MI LONE. 60 
 
 est. Videbant cniiu sapientisaimi homines fecti rationem, 
 praesentiam animi, defensionia constant iam. An vero 
 obliti estis, judices, recenti illo nimtio necis Clodianae, non 
 modo iiiimicorum Milonis seraiones et opiniones, sed non- 
 nullorum etiam imperitorum ? Negabant eum Romam esse 
 reditu rum. G3. Sive enim illud aiiimo irato ac percito 
 fecisset, ut incensus odio trucidaret inimicum, arbitrabantur, 
 eum tanti mortem P. Clodii putasse, ut aequo animo patria 
 careret, quum sanguine inimici explesset odium suum ; sive 
 etiam illius morte patriam liberare voluisset, non dubitatu- 
 rum fortem virum, quin, quum suo periculo salutem rei 
 publicae attulisset, cederet aequo animo legibus ; secum au- 
 ferret gloriam sempiternam; nobis haec fruenda relinqueret, 
 quae ipse servasset. Multi etiam Catilinam, atque ilia por- 
 tenta loquebantur : u Erumpet, occupabit aliquem locum, 
 bellum patriae faciet." Miseros interdum cives optime de 
 re publica meritos, in quibus homines non modo res prae- 
 clarissiraas obliviscuntur, sed etiam nefarias suspicantur ! 
 G4. Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt ; quae certe vera exstitissent, si 
 Milo admisisset aliquid, quod non posset honeste vereque 
 defend ere. 
 
 XXIV. Quid ? quae postea sunt in eum congesta, quae 
 quemvis etiam mediocrium delictorum conscientia perculis- 
 sent, ut sustinuit ! dii immortales ! sustinuit ? immo vero 
 ut contempsit, ac pro niliilo putavit ! quae neque maximo 
 animo nocens, neque innocens, nisi fortissimus vir, negligere 
 potuisset. Scutorum, gladiorum, frenorum, pilorumque 
 etiam multitudo depreliendi posse indicabatur ; nullum in 
 urbe vicum, nullum angiportum esse dicebant, in quo non 
 Miloni conducta esset domus ; arma in villain Ocriculanam 
 devecta Tierbi; domus in clivo Capitolino scutis referta ; 
 plena omnia melleolorum ad urbis incendia comparatorum. 
 Haec non delata solum, sed paene credita, nee ante repudi- 
 ata sunt, quam quaesita. 65. Laudabam equidem incredi- 
 bilem diligentiam Cn. Pompeii ; sed dicam, ut sentio, judices. 
 Nimis multa coguntur audire, neque aliter facere possunt ii, 
 
70 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 quibus tota commissa est res publica ; cui etiam fuerit audi- 
 endus popa Liciiiius nescio qui de circo maximo ; servos 
 Milonis apud se ebrios factos sibi confessos esse, de interfi- 
 ciendo Pompeio conjurasse, dein postea se gladio percussum 
 esse ab uno de illis, ne indicaret, Pompeio in hortos nuntia- 
 vit. Arcessor in primis. De amicorum sententia rem de- 
 fert ad senatum. Non poteram in illius mei patriaeque cus- 
 todis tanta suspicione non metu exanimari, sed mirabar tamen, 
 credi popae ; confessionem servorum audiri ; vulnus in latere, 
 quod acu punctual videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari. 66. 
 Verum, ut intelligo, cavebat magis Pompeius, quam timebat, 
 non ea solum, quae timenda erant, sed omnia, ne vos aliquid 
 tinieretis. Oppugnata domus C. Caesaris, clarissimi et for- 
 tissimi viri, per multas noctis horas nuntiabatur. Nemo 
 audierat tarn celebri loco, nemo senserat ; tamen audieba- 
 tur. Non poteram Cn. Pompeium, praestantissima virtute 
 virum, timidum suspicari ; diligentiam, tota re publica sus- 
 cepta, nimiam nullam putabam. Frequentissimo senatu nu- 
 per in Capitolio senator inventus est, qui Milonem cum 
 telo esse diceret. Nudavit se in sanctissimo templo, quoniam 
 vita talis et civis et viri fidem non faciebat, ut, eo tacente, 
 res ipsa loqueretur. 
 
 XXV. 67. Omnia falsa atque insidiose ficta comperta 
 sunt ; quum tamen metuitur etiam nunc Milo. Non jam 
 hoc Clodianum crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. Pompei (te 
 enim jam appello, et ea voce, ut me exaudire possis), tuas, 
 tuas, inquam, suspiciones perliorrescimus. Si Milonem 
 times, si hunc de tua vita nefarie aut nunc cogitare, aut 
 molitum aliquando aliquid putas ; si Italiae delectus, ut 
 nonnulli conquisitores tui dictitarunt ; si haec arma, si Capi- 
 tolinae cohortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si delecta juventus, 
 quae tuum corpus domumque custodit, contra Milonis im- 
 petum armata est ; atque ilia omnia in hunc unum instituta, 
 parata, inteuta sunt, magna certe in hoc vis, et incredibilis 
 animus, et non unius viri vires atque opes indicantur, si 
 quidem in hunc unum, et praestantissimus dux electus, et 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 71 
 
 tota res publica armata est. G8. Sed quis non intelligit, 
 omnes til>i ici jmblicae partes aegras et labantes, ut eas liis 
 armis sanares et confirinares, esse commissas ? Quod si 
 locus Miloui datus esset, probasset profecto tibi ipsi, nemi- 
 nem unquaui homiiiem homiiii cariorem fuisse quani te sil>i ; 
 nullum so unquam periculum pro tua dignitate fugissc; 
 own ilia ipsa teterrima peste se saepissime pro tua gloria 
 contendisse ; tribunatum suuin ad salutem meam, quae tibi 
 carissima fuisset, consiliis tuis gubernatum ; se a te postea 
 defensum in periculo capitis, adjutum in petitione praeturar ; 
 duos se habere semper amicissimos sperasse, te tuo beneficio, 
 me suo. Quae si non probaret, si tibi ita penitus inhae- 
 sisset ista suspicio, nullo ut evelli modo posset, si denique 
 Italia a delectu, urbs ab armis sine Milonis clade nunquam 
 esset conquietura, nae iste baud dubitans cessisset patria, is, 
 qui ita natus est, et ita consuevit ; te, Magne, tamen an- 
 testaretur, quod nunc etiam facit. 
 
 XXVI. 69. Vide, quam sit varia vitae commutabilisque 
 ratio, quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae infidelitates 
 in amicitiis, quam ad tempus aptae simulationes, quantae 
 in periculis fugae proximorum, quantae timiditates. Erit, 
 erit illud profecto tempus, et illuscescet ille aliquando dies, 
 quum tu, salutaribus, ut spero, rebus tuis, sed fortasse motu 
 aliquo communium temporum (qui quam crebro accidat, 
 experti scire debemus), et amicissimi benevolentiam, et 
 gravissimi hominis fidem, et unius post homines natos fortis- 
 simi viri magnitudinem animi desideres. 70. Quamquam 
 quis hoc credat, Cn. Pompeium, juris publici, moris majo- 
 rum, rei denique publicae peritissimum, quum senatus ei 
 commiserit, ut videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti 
 caperet, quo uno versiculo satis armati semper consules 
 fuerunt, etiam nullis armis datis, hunc exercitu, hunc de- 
 lectu dato, judicium exspectaturum fuisse in ejus consiliis 
 vindicandis, qui vi judicia ipsa tolleret ? Satis judicatum 
 est a Pompeio, satis, falso ista conferri in Milonem, (pii 
 legem tulit, qua, ut ego sentio, Milonem absolvi a vobis 
 
72 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 oporteret, ut omnes confitentur, liceret. 71. Quod vero in 
 illo loco atque illis publicorum praesidiorum copiis circum- 
 fusus sedet, satis declarat, se non terrorem inferre vobis 
 (quid enim minus illo dignum, quam cogere, ut vos eum 
 condemnetis, in quern animadvertere ipse et more majorum 
 et suo jure posset?), sed praesidio esse, ut intelligatis, con- 
 tra hesternam illam concionem licere vobis, quod sentiatis, 
 libere judicare. 
 
 XXVII. 72. Nee vero me, judices, Clodianum crimen 
 movet, nee tam sum demens, tamque vestri sensus ignarus 
 atque expers, ut nesciam, quid de morte Clodii sentiatis. 
 De qua, si jam nollem ita diluere crimen, ut dilui, tamen 
 iinpune Miloni palam clamare ac mentiri gloriose liceret : 
 " Occidi, occidi, non Sp. Maelium, qui annona levanda jac- 
 turisque rei familiaris, quia nimis amplecti plebem videba- 
 tur, in suspicionem incidit regni appetendi, non Ti. Grac- 
 chum, qui collegae magistratum per seditionem abrogavit, 
 quorum interfectores impleverunt orbem terrarum nominis 
 sui gloria, sed eum (auderet enim dicere, quum patriam 
 2)ericulo suo liberasset), cujus nefandum adulterium in pulvi- 
 naribus sanctissimis nobilissimae feminae comprehenderunt ; 
 73. eum, cujus supplicio, senatus sollemnes religiones ex- 
 piandas saepe censuit ; eum, quern cum sorore germana 
 nefarium stuprum fecisse, L. Lucullus juratus se, quaestioni- 
 bus habitis, dixit comperisse ; eum, qui civem, quern sena- 
 tus, quern populus Romanus, quern omnes gentes urbis ac 
 vitae civium conservatorem judicarant, servorum armis ex- 
 terminavit ; eum, qui regna dedit, ademit, orbem terrarum, 
 quibuscum voluit, partitus est ; eum, qui, plurimis caedibus 
 in foro factis, singulari virtute et gloria civem domum vi 
 et armis compulit; eum, cui nihil unquam nefas fuit, nee 
 in facinore nee in libidine ; eum, qui aedem Nympharum 
 incendit, ut memoriam publicam recensionis, tabulis publi- 
 cis impressam, exstingueret ; 74. eum denique, cui jam nulla 
 lex erat, nullum civile jus, nulli possessionum termini ; qui 
 non calumnia litium, non injustis vindiciis ac sacramentis, 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILoM . 73 
 
 alienos fundos, sed castris, exercitu, signis inferendis, pete- 
 bat ; qui non solum Etruscos (eos enim penitus contemp- 
 'serat), sed hunc P. Varium, fortissimum atque optimum 
 civem, judicem nostrum, pellere possessionibus, armis cas- 
 t risque conatus est ; qui cum architectis et decempedis 
 villas multorum, hortosque peragrabat ; qui Janiculo et 
 Alpibus spem possessionum terminabat suarum ; qui, quum 
 ab'equite Romano splendido et forti, M. Paconio, non im- 
 petrasset, ut sibi insulam in lacu Prilio venderet, repente 
 lintribus in earn insulam materiem, calcem, caementa, arma 
 convexit, dominoque trans ripam inspectante non dubitavit 
 aedificium exstruere in alieno ; 75. qui huic T. Furfanio, 
 cui viro ? dii immortales ! (quid enim ego de muliercula 
 Scantia, quid de adolescente P. Apinio dicam ? quorum 
 utrique mortem est minitatus, nisi sibi hortorum possessione 
 cessissent) ; sed ausus est Furfanio dicere, si sibi pecuniam, 
 quantam poposcerat, non dedisset, mortuum se in domum 
 ejus illaturum, qua invidia huic esset tali viro conflagran- 
 dum ; qui Appium fratrem, hominem mihi conjunctum 
 fidissima gratia, absentem de possessione fundi dejecit ; qui 
 paiietem sic per vestibulum sororis instituit ducere, sic agere 
 fundamenta, ut sororem non modo vestibulo privaret, sed 
 omni aditu et limine." 
 
 XXVIII. 76. Quamquam haec quidem jam tolerabilia 
 videbantur, etsi aequabiliter in rem publicam, in privatos, 
 in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos irruebat ; 
 sed nescio quomodo jam usu obduruerat, et percalluerat 
 civitatis incredibilis patientia. Quae vero aderant jam, et 
 impendebant, quonam modo ea aut depellere potuissetis 
 aut ferre ? Imperium ille si nactus esset, omitto socios, 
 exteras nationes, reges, tetrarchas ; vota enim faceretis, 
 ut in eos se potius immitteret quam in vestras posses- 
 sions, vestra tecta, vestras pecunias ; pecunias dico ? a 
 liberis, medius fidius, et a conjugibus vestris nunquam 
 ille effrenatas suas libidines cohibuisset. Fingi haec pu- 
 tatis, quae patent, quae nota sunt omnibus, quae tenen- 
 4 
 
74 OKATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 tur ? servorum exercitus ilium in urbe conscriptu rum f uisse, 
 per quos tofcam rem publicam, resque privatas omnium pos- 
 sideret ? 77. Quamobrem, si omentum gladium tenens 
 clamaret T. Annius : u Adeste, quaeso, atque audite, cives ; 
 P. Clodium interfeci ; ejus furores, quos nullis jam legibus, 
 nullis judiciis frenare poteramus, hoc ferro, et hac dextera, 
 a cervicibus vestris repuli, per me ut unura jus, aequitas, 
 leges, libertas, pudor, pudicitia in civitate manerent," esset 
 vero timendum, quonam modo id ferret civitas ! Nunc 
 enim quis est, qui non probet ? qui non laudet ? qui non 
 unum post hominum memoriam T. Annium plurimum rei 
 publicae profuisse, maxima laetitia populum Eomanum, 
 cunctam Italiam, nationes omnes affecisse, et dicat, et sen- 
 tiat ? Non queo, Vetera ilia populi Romani gaudia quanta 
 fuerint, judicare. Multas tamen jam summorum impera- 
 torum clarissimas victorias aetas nostra vidit, quarum nulla 
 neque tarn diuturnam attulit laetitiam, nee tantam. 78. 
 Mandate hoc memoriae, judices. Spero multa vos, liberos- 
 que vestros in re publica bona esse visuros ; in iis singulis 
 ita semper existimabitis, vivo P. Clodio nihil eorum vos 
 visuros f uisse. In spem maximam, et, quemadmodum con- 
 fido, verissimam sumus adducti, hunc ipsum annum, hoc 
 ipso sum mo viro consule, compressa hominum licentia, cupi- 
 ditatibus fractis, legibus et judiciis constitutis, salutarem 
 civitati fore. Num quis est igitur tarn demens, qui hoc, P. 
 Clodio vivo, contingere potuisse arbitretur ? Quid ? ea, 
 quae tenetis, privata atque vestra, dominante homine furioso, 
 quod jus perpetuae possessionis habere potuissent ? 
 
 XXIX. Non timeo, judices, ne odio mearum inimicitia- 
 rum inflammatus, libentius haec in ilium evomere videar, 
 quam verius. Etenim etsi praecipuum esse debebat, tamen 
 ita communis erat omnium ille hostis, ut in communi odio 
 paene aequaliter versaretur odium meum. Non potest dici 
 satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum in illo sceleris, quantum 
 exitii fuerit. 79. Quin sic attendite, judices. Nempe 
 haec est quaestio de interitu P. Clodii. Fingite animis 
 
ORATIO ritO T. AN M<> Mll.nNK. <5 
 
 (liberae sunt enim nostrae cogitationcs, et, quae volunt, sic 
 intuentur, ut ea cemimns, quae videnuu), fingite igitur cogi- 
 tations imAgttiftiin hujus conditionis mcae, si possim efficero, 
 ut Milonem absolvatis, kc<1 it a, si P. Clodius revixerit. 
 Quid vultu extimuistis f Quonam modo ille vos vivus affi- 
 ceret, quos nioituux iiiaui cogitatione percussit ? Quid? si 
 ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea virtute ac for.tuna est, ut ea potu- 
 erit semper, quae nemo praeter ilium, si is, inquam, potuisset 
 ant quaestionem de morte P. Clodii ferre, aut ipsum ab 
 inferifl rxritare, utrum putatis potius facturum fuisse ? 
 Etiamsi propter amicitiam vellet ilium ab inferis evocare, 
 propter rem publicam non fecisset. Ejus igitur mortis 
 tis ultores, cujus vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse, 
 nolitis, et de ejus nece lata quaestio est, qui si eadem lege 
 reviviscere posset, lata lex nunquam esset. Hujus ergo 
 interfector si esset, in confitendo ab iisne poenam timeret, 
 quos liberavisset ? 80. Graeci homines deorum honores 
 tribuunt iis viris, qui tyrannos necaverunt. Quae ego vidi 
 Athenis ? quae aliis in urbibus Graeciae ? quas res divinas 
 talibus institutas viris ? quos cantus ? quae carmina ? 
 Prope ad immortalitatis et religionem et memoriam conse- 
 crantur. Vos tanti conservatorem populi, tanti sceleris 
 ultorem non modo honoribus nullis afficietis, sed etiam ad 
 supplicium rapi patiemini? Confiteretur, confiteretur, in- 
 quam, si fecisset, et magno animo et libente, fecisse se liber- 
 tat is omnium causa, quod esset ei non confitendum modo, 
 verum etiam praedicandum. 
 
 XXX. 81. Etenim, si id non negat, ex quo nihil petit, 
 nisi ut ignoscatur, dubitaret id fateri, ex quo etiam praemia 
 laudis essent petenda ? nisi vero gratius putat esse vobis, sui 
 se capitis, quam vestri defensorem fuisse ; quum praesertim 
 in ea confessione, si grati esse velletis, honores assequeretur 
 aitqtlissimos ; si factum vobis non probaretur (quamquam 
 qui poterat salus sua cuiquam non probari ?), sed tamen si 
 minus fortissimi viri virtus civibus grata cecidisset, magno 
 animo constantique cederet ex ingi-ata civitate. Nam quid 
 
76 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 esset ingratius, quam laetari ceteros, lugere cum solum, 
 propter quom ceteri laetarentur ? 82. Quamquam hoc animo 
 semper onmes fuinms in patriae proditoribus opprimendis, 
 ut, quoniam nostra futura esset gloria, periculum quoque et 
 invidiam nostram putaremus. Nam quae mihi ipsi tribuenda 
 laus esset, quum tantumin consulatu meo pro vobis ac liberis 
 vestris ausus essem, si id, quum conabar, sine maximis dimi- 
 cationibus meis me esse ausurum arbitrarer ? Quae mulier 
 seeleratum ac perniciosum civem occidere non auderet, si 
 periculum non timeret ? Proposita invidia, morte, poena, 
 qui nihilo segnius rem publicam defendit, is vir vere putandus 
 est. Populi grati est, praemiis afficere bene meritos de re 
 publica cives, viri fortis, ne suppliciis quidem moveri, ut 
 fortiter fecisse poeniteat. 83. Quamobrem uteretur eadem 
 confessione T. Annius, qua Ahala, qua Nasica, qua Opimius, 
 qua Marius, qua nosmet ipsi, et, si grata res publica esset, 
 laetaretur, si ingrata, tamen in gravi fortuna conscientia sua 
 niteretur. 
 
 Sed hujus beneficii gratiam, judices, fortuna populi 
 Roniani, et vestra felicitas, et dii immortales sibi deberi 
 putant. Nee vero quisquam aliter arbitrari potest, nisi qui 
 nullam vim esse ducit, numenve divinum, quern neque 
 imperii nostri magnitudo, neque sol ille, nee coeli signorum- 
 que motus, nee vicissitudines rerum atque ordines movent, 
 neque, id quod maximum est, majorum sapientia, qui sacra, 
 qui caerimonias, qui auspicia et ipsi sanctissime coluerunt, 
 et nobis, suis posteris, prodiderunt. 
 
 XXXI. 84. Est, est profecto ilia vis, neque in his cor- 
 poribus, atque in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam, quod 
 vigeat et sentiat, et non inest in hoc tanto naturae tarn prae- 
 claro motu. Nisi forte idcirco non putant, quia non appa- 
 ret, nee cemitur ; proinde quasi nostram ipsam mentem, qua 
 sapimus, qua providemus, qua haec ipsa agimus ac dicimus, 
 videre aut plane, qualis aut ubi sit, sentire possimus. Ea 
 vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe incredibiles huic urbi felicitates 
 atque opes attulit, illam perniciem exstinxit ac sustulit, cui 
 
ORATTO PRO T. ANNIO MTLONE. 77 
 
 primum mentem injirit, ut vi irritare, ferroque lacessere 
 fort issiinum viiuun aiuleret, vincereturque ab eo, quern si 
 vicissefc, habit urus asset impunitatem et licentiam seinpiter- 
 nam. 85. Non est humano consilio, ne mediocvi quidexn, 
 judices, deorum uxunortalium cura res ilia perfects. Reli- 
 giones mehercule ipsae, quae illam belluam cadere viderunt, 
 commovisse se videntur, et jus in illo swum retinuisse. Vos 
 enim jam, Albani tumuli atque luci, vos, inquam, imploro 
 atque testor, vosque Albanorum obrutae arae, sacrorum 
 popuK Romani sociae et aequales, quas ille, praeceps amen- 
 tia, caesis prostratisque sanctissimis lucis, substructionum 
 insanis molibus oppresserat ; vestrae turn, arae, vestrae reli- 
 giones viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, quam ille omni scelere 
 polluerat, tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte Jupiter, 
 cujus ille lacus, nemora, fmesque saepe omni nefario stupro 
 et scelere macularat, aliquando ad eum puniendum oculos 
 aperuisti ; vobis illae, vobis vestro in conspectu serae, sed 
 justae tamen, et debitae poenae solutae sunt. 86. Nisi forte 
 hoc etiam casu factum esse dicemus, ut ante ipsum sacrarium 
 Bonae Deae, quod est in fundo T. Sestii Galli, in primis 
 honesti et ornati adolescentis, ante ipsam, inquam, Bonam 
 Deam, quum proelium commisisset, primum illud -vulnus 
 acciperet, quo teterrimam mortem obiret, ut non absolutus 
 judicio illo nefario videretur, sed ad hanc insignem poenam 
 reservatus. 
 
 XXXII. Nee vero non eademira deorum banc ejus satel- 
 litibus injecit amentiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine cantu 
 atque ludis, sina exsequiis, sine lamentis, sine laudationibus, 
 sine funere, oblitus cruore et luto, spoliatus illius supremi 
 diei celebritate, cui cedere etiam inimici solent, ambureretur 
 abjectus. Non fuisse credo fas, clarissimorum virorum for- 
 mas illi teterrimo parricidae aliquid decoris afFerre, neque 
 ullo in loco potius mortem ejus lacerari, quam in quo esset 
 vita damnata. 
 
 87. Dura, medius fidius, mihi jam fortuna populi Romani 
 et crudelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium in hanc rem pub- 
 
78 OEATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 licam insultare pateretur. Polluerat stupro sanctissimas re- 
 ligiones, senatus gravissima decreta perfregerat, pecunia se a 
 judicibns palam redemerat, vexarat in tribunatu senatum, 
 omnium ordinum consensu pro salute rei publicae gesta res- 
 ciderat, me patria expulerat, bona diripuerat, domum in- 
 cenderat, liberos, conjugem meam vexarat, Cn. Pompeio ne- 
 farium bellum indixerat, magistratuum privatorumque caedes 
 efFecerat, domum mei fratris incenderat, vastarat Etruriam, 
 multos sedibus ac fortunis ejecerat ; instabat, urgebat ; ca- 
 pere ejus amentiam civitas, Italia, provinciae, regna non 
 poterant; incidebantur jam domi leges, quae nos servis nos- 
 tris addicerent; nihil erat eujusquam, quod quidem ille ada- 
 masset, quod non hoc anno suum fore putaret. 88. Obsta- 
 bat ejus cogitationibus nemo, praeter Milonem. Ilium ip- 
 sum, qui poterat obstare, novo reditu in gratiam quasi de- 
 vinctum arbitrabatur ; Caesaris potentiam suam esse dice- 
 bat ; bonorum animos in meo casu contempserat ; Milo unus 
 urgebat. 
 
 XXXIII. Hie dii immortales, ut supra dixi, mentem 
 illi perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret insidias. 
 Aliter perire pestis ilia non potuit ; nunquam ilium res pub- 
 lica suo jure esset ulta. Senatus, credo, praetorem eum 
 circumscripsisset. Ne quum solebat quidem id facere, in 
 privato eodem hoc aliquid profecerat. 89. An consules in 
 praetore coercendo fortes fuissent ? Primum, Milone occiso, 
 habuisset suos consules ; deinde quis in eo praetore consul 
 fortis esset, per quern tribunum virtutem consularem crude- 
 lissime vexatam esse meminisset ? Oppressisset omnia, possi- 
 deret, teneret ; lege nova, quae est inventa apud eum cum 
 reliquis legibus Clodianis, servos nostros libertos suos fecis- 
 set. Postremo, nisi eum dii immortales in earn mentem im- 
 pulissent, ut homo efFeminatus fortissimum virum conaretur 
 occidere, hodie rem publicam nullam haberetis. 90. An ille 
 praetor, ille vero consul, si modo haec templa atque ipsa 
 moenia stare eo vivo tamdiu, et consulatum ejus exspectare 
 potuissent, ille denique vivus mali nihil fecisset, qui mor- 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONH. 79 
 
 inns, iino ex suis satcllitibus Sex. Clodio duce, curiam iiuvn- 
 (Iciit? Quo quid miseriua, quid acerbius, quid luctuosius 
 vidimus? Templum sanctitatis, ampUtudinis, mentis, consilii 
 publid, caput urbis, aram Bodorum, portum onmiumgentium, 
 Bedem ab universo populo oonoeesam uni ordini, innammari, 
 exscindi, funestari? neque id fieri a multitudine unperita, 
 quamquam asset miaenum id Spawn, Bed ab uno? Qui quum 
 tantum ausus sit ustor pro mortuo, quid signifer pro vivo 
 lion esset ausus? In curiam potissimum abjecit, ut earn mor- 
 tuus incenderet, quam vivus everterat. 91. Et sunt, qui de 
 via Appia querantur, taceant de curia ? et qui ab eo spirante 
 forum putent potuisse defendi, cujus non restiterit cadaveii 
 curia? Excitate, excitate ipsum, si potestis, a mortuis. 
 Frangetifl impetum vivi, cujus vix sustinetis furias insepul- 
 ti? Nisi vero sustinuistis eos, qui cum facibus ad curiam 
 concurrerunt, cum falcibus ad Castoris, cum gladiis toto foro 
 volitarunt. Caedi vidistis populum Romanum, concionem 
 gladiis disturbari, quum audiretur silentio M. Coelius, tii- 
 bunus plebis, vir et in re publica fortissimus, et in suscepta 
 causa firmissimus, et bonorum voluntati et auctoritati sena- 
 tus deditus, et in hac Milonis sive invidia, sive fortuna sin- 
 gulari, diviua et incredibili fide. 
 
 XXXIV. 92. Sed jam satis multa de causa ; extra causam 
 etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat, nisi ut orem ob- 
 testerque vos, judices, ut earn misericordiam tribuatis fortis- 
 simo viro, quam ipse non implorat, ego, etiam repugnante 
 hoc, et imploro et exposco ? Nolite, si, in nostra omnium 
 fletu, nullam lacrimam adspexistis Milonis, si vultum semper 
 eundem, si vocem, si orationem stabilem ac non mutatam 
 videtis, hoc minus ei parcere. Haud scio, an multo etiam 
 sit adjuvandus magis. Etenim si in gladiatoriis pugnis, et 
 in infimi generis hominum conditione atque fortuna, timidos 
 atque supplices, et ut vivere liceat obsecrantes, etiam odisse 
 solemus, fortes et animosos, et se acriter ipsos morti offer- 
 entes, servare cupimus ; eorumque nos magis miseret, qui 
 nostrum misericordiam non requirunt, quam qui illam effla- 
 
80 ORA.TIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 gitant, quanto hoc magis in fortissimis civibus facere debe- 
 mus? ,93. Me quidem, judices, exaniinant, et interimunt 
 hae voces Milonis, quas audio assidue, et quibus intersum 
 quotidie. "Valeant, inquit, valeant cives mei; sint incol- 
 umes, sint florentes, sint beati; stet haec urbs praeclara 
 mihique patria carissima, quoquo modo erit merita de me ; 
 tranquilla re publica mei cives (quoniam mihi cum illis non 
 licet) sine me ipsi, sed per me tamen, perfruantur; ego 
 cedam atque abibo ; si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, 
 at carebo mala, et quam primam tetigero bene moratam et 
 liberam civitatem, in ea conquiescam. 94. O frustra, in- 
 quit, mei suscepti labores ! O spes fallaces ! O cogitationes 
 inanes meae ! Ego, quum tribunus plebis, re publica op- 
 pressa, me senatui dedissem, quern exstinctum acceperam, 
 equitibus Romanis, quorum vires erant debiles, bonis viris, 
 qui omnem auctoritatem Clodianis arniis abjecerant, mihi 
 unquam bonorum praesidium defuturum putarem ? ego, 
 quum te (mecum enim saepissime loquitur) patriae reddidis- 
 sem, mihi putarem in patria non futurum locum ? Ubi nunc 
 senatus est, quern secuti sumus ? ubi equites Komani illi, illi, 
 inquit, tui ? ubi studia municipiorum ? ubi Italiae voces ? 
 ubi denique tua ilia, M. Tulli, quae plurimis fuit auxilio, vox 
 atque defensio ? mihine ea soli, qui pro te toties morti me 
 obtuli, nihil potest opitulari ? " 
 
 XXXY. 95. Nee vero haec, judices, ut ego nunc, flens, 
 sed hoc eodem loquitur vultu, quo videtis. Negat enim se, 
 negat, ingratis civibus fecisse, quae fecerit ; timidis et omnia 
 pericula circumspicientibus, non negat. Plebem et infimam 
 multitudinem, quae, P. Clodio duce, fortunis vestris immi- 
 nebat, earn, quo tutior esset vestra vita, se fecisse commem- 
 orat, ut non modo virtute flecteret, sed etiam tribus suis 
 patrimoniis deleniret ; nee timet, ne, quum plebem muneribus 
 placarit, vos non conciliarit meritis in rem publicam singu- 
 b laribus. Senatus erga se benevolentiam temporibus his ipsis 
 saepe esse perspectam, vestras vero et vestrorum ordinum 
 occursationes, studia, sermones, quemcunque cursum fortuna 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONK. 81 
 
 dederit, aecum se ablaturum esse dicit. 9G. Meminit etiam, 
 
 vocem sibi praeconis modo defuisse, quani minimfl drsidc- 
 
 rarit, populi \ fit) cunctis suifragiis, quod unum cupierit, se 
 
 consulem declaratum ; nunc denique, si haec contra se nut 
 
 i'utura, sibi facinoris suspicionem, non facti crimen obstaiv. 
 
 Addit haec, quae certe vera sunt, fortes et sapientes virus 
 
 non tarn praemia sequi solere recte factoruin, quam ipsa 
 
 recte facta; se nihil in vita nisi praeclarissime fecissc, si 
 
 quidem nihil sit praestabilius viro, quam periculis patriam 
 
 liberare ; beatos esse, quibus ea res honori fuerit a suis civi- 
 
 bus, 97. nee tamen eos miseros, qui beneficio cives suos 
 
 vicerint ; sed tamen ex omnibus praemiis virtoitis, si esset 
 
 habenda ratio praemiorum, amplissimum esse praemium 
 
 gloriam ; esse hanc unam, quae brevitatem vitae posteritatis 
 
 memoria consolaretur, quae efficeret, ut absentes adessemus, 
 
 mortui viveremus; hanc denique esse, cujus gradibus etiam 
 
 in coelum homines viderentur ascendere. 1)8. " De me, 
 
 inquit, semper populus Romanus, semper omnes gentes 
 
 loquentur, nulla unquam obmutescet vetustas. Quin hoc 
 
 tempore ipso, quum omnes a meis inimicis faces invidiae 
 
 meae subjiciantur, tamen omni in hominum coetu gratiis 
 
 agendis, et gratulationibus habendis, et omni sermone cele- 
 
 bramur. Omitto Etruriae festos et actos et institutos dies ; 
 
 centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii et, opinor, altera ; 
 
 qua fines imperii populi Roinani sunt, ea non solum fama 
 
 jam de illo, sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Quamobrem, obi 
 
 corpus hoc sit, non, inquit, laboro, quoniam omnibus in terris 
 
 et jam versatur, et semper habitabit nominis mei gloria." 
 
 XXXYI. 99. Haec tu mecum saepe, his absentibus; 
 
 sed iisdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo : te quidem, 
 
 quum isto animo es, satis laudare non possum ; sed, quo est 
 
 ista magis divina virtus, eo majore a te dolore divellor. 
 
 Nee vero, si mihi eriperis, reliqua est ilia tamen ad conso- 
 
 landum querela, ut his irasci possim, a quibus tantum vulnus 
 
 accepero. Non enim inimici mei te mihi eripient, sed ami 
 
 cissiini, non me aliquando de me meriti, sed semper optime. 
 4* 
 
82 ORATIO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 Nullum mihi unquam, judices, tantum dolorem inuretis (etsi 
 quis potest esse tantus ?), sed ne hunc quidem ipsum, ut 
 obliviscar, quanti me semper feceritis. Quae si vos eepit 
 oblivio, aut si in me aliquid offendistis, cur non id meo capite 
 potius luitur, quam Milonis ? Praeclare enim vixero, si 
 quid mihi acciderit prius, quam hoc tantum mali videro. 
 100. Nunc me una consolatio sustentat, quod tibi, T. Anni, 
 nullum a me amoris, nullum studii, nullum pietatis omcium 
 defuit. Ego inimicitias potentium pro te appetivi, ego 
 meum saepe corpus et vitam objeci armis inimicorum tuorum, 
 ego me plurimis pro te supplicem abjeci, bona, fortunas 
 meas ac liberorum meorum, in communionem tuorum tem- 
 porum contuli ; hoc denique ipso die, si qua vis est parata, 
 si qua dimicatio capitis futura, deposco. Quid jam restat? 
 quid habeo, quod faciam pro tuis in me meritis, nisi ut earn 
 fortunam, quaecunque erit tua, ducam meam? Non abnuo, 
 non recuso, vosque obsecro, judices, ut vestra beneficia, quae 
 in me contulistis, aut in hujus salute augeatis, aut in ejus- 
 dein exitio occasura esse videatis. 
 
 XXXVII. 101. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. Est 
 quodam "incredibili robore animi ; exsilium ibi esse putat, 
 ubi virtuti non sit locus ; mortem naturae finem es^se, non 
 poenam. Sed hie ea mente, qua natus est; quid vos, judices? 
 quo tandem animo eritis ? Memoriam Milonis retinebitis, 
 ipsum ejicietis? et erit dignior locus ullus in terris, qui hanc 
 virtutem excipiat, quam hie, qui procreavit ? Yos, vos ap- 
 pello, fortissimi viri, qui multum pro re publica sanguinem 
 efFudistis ; vos in viri et in civis invicti periculo appello, 
 centuriones, vosque, milites ; vobis non modo inspectantibus, 
 sed etiam armatis, et huic judicio praesidentibus, haec tanta 
 virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, exterminabitur, projicietur? 
 102. O me miserum, O me infelicem ! Revocare tu me in 
 patriam, Milo, potuisti per hos, ego te in patria per eosdem 
 retinere non potero ? Quid respondebo liberis meis, qui te 
 parentem alterum putant ? quid tibi, Quinte frater, qui nunc 
 abes, consorti mecum temporum illorum? mene non potuisse 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MII.ONK. S3 
 
 Milonis salutcni tueri per oosdem, per quos uostram ille aer- 
 vassee? At in qua causa non potuiase? quae est grata 
 gentibu8. A quibua non potuisae? ab iis, qui maxims P. 
 Olodii morte aoquierunt ; quo deprecante? me. 103. Quod- 
 nam ego concepi tantum Boelus, aut quod in me tantuni 
 farinus admisi, indices, quum ilia indicia communis cxiiii 
 indagavi, patefeci, protuli, exstinxi? Omnes in me meosque 
 redundant ex fonte illo dolores. Quid me reducem esse 
 voluistis ? an ut, inspectante me, expellerentur ii, per quos 
 essem restitutus? Nolite, obsecro vos, acerbiorem mihi pati 
 reditum esse, quam fuerit ille ipse discessus. Nam qui 
 possum putare me.restitutum esse, si distrahar ab iis, per 
 quos restitutus sum? 
 
 XXXVIII. Utinam dii immortales fecissent (pace tua, 
 patria, dixerim ; metuo enim, ne scelerate dicam in te, quod 
 pro Milone dicam pie), utinam P. Clodius non modo viveret, 
 sed etiam praetor, consul, dictator esset potius, quam hoc 
 spectaculum viderem ! 104. O dii immortales ! fortem, et 
 a vobis, judices, conservandum virum ! " Minime, minime, 
 inquit. Immo vero poenas ille debitas luerit ; nos subea- 
 mus, si ita necesse est, non debitas." Hiccine vir patriae 
 natus, usquam nisi in pajtria morietur, aut, si forte, pro 
 patria? hujus vos animi. monumenta retinebitis, corporis 
 in Italia nullum sepulcrum esse patiemini ? hunc sua quis- 
 quam sententia ex hac urbe expellet, quern omnes urbes 
 expulsum a vobis ad se vocabunt ? 105. O terrain illam 
 beatam, quae hunc virum exceperit ; hanc ingratam, si 
 ejecerit, miseram, si amiserit ! Sed finis sit. Neque enim 
 prae lacrimis jam loqui possum, et hie se lacrimis defendi 
 vetat. Vos oro obtestorque, judices, ut in sententiis feren- 
 dis, quod sentietis, id audeatis. Vestram virtutem, justi- 
 tiam, fidem, mihi credite, is maxime probabit, qui, in judici- 
 bus legendis, optimum, et sapientissimum, et fortissimum 
 quemque delegit. 
 
PRO 
 
 A. LIOINIO ARCHIA 
 
 POETA. 
 OEATIO. 
 
 I. 1. Si quid est in me ingenii, judices, quod sentio 
 quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me" 
 non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si hujusce rei 
 ratio aliqua, ab optiinarum artium studiis ac disciplma pro- 
 fecta, a qua ego nullum coniiteor aeta'tis meae tempus 
 abhorruisse :< earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A^iaAa. 
 Licinius fructum a me repetere prope buo jure" debet. Nam 
 quoad loiigissime potest mens mea respicere spatium prae- 
 teriti temporis, et pueritiae memoriam recordarf ultimam, 
 inde usque repctens, hunc video mihi prTncipem, et ad sus- 
 cipiendam, et ad ingrcdiendam rationem horum studiorum 
 exstitisse. Quod si haec vox, hujus hortatu praeceptisque 
 conformata, nonnulis aliquando saluti fuit ; a quo id acec3pi- 
 mus, quo ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, lmic 
 profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, ot opem et salu- 
 tem ferre debemus. 2. Ac, ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici 
 forte miretur, quod alia qua'edam in hoc facultas sit ingenii, 
 neque haec dicendi ratio* aut disciplma, ne nos quiclem huic 
 uui studio penitus unquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes 
 artes, quae ad humanitatem pertinent, Eabent quoddam 
 commune vinculum, et quasi cognatione quadam inter se 
 continentur. 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCIIIA. 85 
 
 II. 3. Sed ne cui vestrum minim esse videatur, mo in 
 quaestiono legitima, et in judicio publico, quum res agatur 
 apud praetorem populi K;niani,cectis.siinum viium, et apud 
 severTssimos judices, lanto conventu hominumao frequentia, 
 hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a consuetudine judi- 
 cioruin, verum etiam a forenm Berlnonfi abhorreatj quaeso 
 a vobis, ut in hac causa milii detis banc veiiiam, accommo- 
 datani lnuc reo^yobis, quemadmodum spero^ n<Jn molestani ; 
 nt me pro summo jioeta atque eruditissimo homine dicen- 
 tem, hoc concursu hominum literalissimorum, hac vestra 
 liuinaiiitate, hoc denique praetore exercente judicium, patia- 
 mini de studiis humanitatis ac literarum paulo loqui liberius, 
 et in ejusmodi persona, quae propter otium ac studium, 
 minime in judiciis periculisque tractata est, uti~prope novo 
 quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. 4. Quod si mihi a 
 vobis"tribuT concedique sentiam, perficiam profecto^ ut hunc 
 A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, quum sit civis, a 
 nuniero civium, verum etiam, si non esset, putetis adscis- 
 
 ^cendum. 
 
 III. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque ab 
 iis artibus, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari 
 solet, se ad scribendi studium contulit ; primum Antiocbiac 
 (nam ibi natus est loco nobili), celebri quondam urbe et 
 copiosa, atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque 
 studiis affluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus ingenii gloria 
 contigit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaque Graecia 
 sic ejus adventus celebrabantur, ut famam ingenii exspectatio 
 hominis, exspectationera ipsius adventus admiratioque 
 superaret. 5. Erat Italia tunc plena Graecarum artium ac 
 disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehementius turn 
 colebantur quam nunc iisdem in oppidis ; et hie Ronuie, 
 propter tranquillitatem rei publicae, non negligebantur. 
 Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Rhegini et Neapolitani civitate 
 ceterisque praemiis donarunt ; et omnes, qui aliquid de 
 ingeniis poterant judicare, cognitione atque hospitio dignum 
 exisi imarunt. / Hac tanta celebritate famae quum esset jam 
 
8(3 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCIIIA. 
 
 absentibus notus, Komam venit, Mario consule et Catulo. 
 Nactus est primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad scriben- 
 dum maximas, alter quum res gestas, turn etiam studium 
 atque aures adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, quum prae- 
 textatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum domum suam 
 receperunt. f Sed enim hoc non solum ingenii ac literarum, 
 verum etiam naturae atque virtutis, ut domus, quae hujus 
 adolescentiae prima fuerit, eadem esset familiarissima senec- 
 tuti. 6. Erat temporibus illis jucundus Metello, illi 
 Numidico, et ejus Pio filio ; audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; 
 vivebat cum Q. Catulo, et patre et filio ; a L. Crasso 
 colebatur ; Lucullos vero, et Drusum, et Octavios, et Cato- 
 uem, et totam Hortensiorum domum, devinctam consuetu- 
 dine quum teriEret, amciebatur summo honore, quod eum 
 non solum colebant, qui aliquid percipere atque audire 
 studebant, verum etiam, si qui forte simulabant. 
 
 IV. Interim satis long'o mtervallO, quum esset cum L, 
 LiTcullo in Siciliam profectus, et quum ex ea provincia cum 
 eodem Lucullo decederet, Venit HeYaciTam. Quae quum^*^* 
 esset civitas aequlssimo jure ac foedore, adscrlbi se in earn 
 ctvitatem voluit : idque, quum ipse per Se dignus putaretur, 
 turn auct~ritate et gratia Lilculli, ab HEraettensibus Tmpe- 
 travit 7. Data est cl vita's f^ilvani lege et Carbonis, Si qui 
 foederatis civitatibus adscriptI fuissent, si tum, quum 
 ifex ferebatur, IN ITALIA domioilium habuissent, et, si 
 
 SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSENT PRt>FESSI. 8. 
 
 Quum hlc dbmicilium Komae multos jam anno*s haberet, pro- 
 fessus est apud praetorem, Q. Metellum, familiarissimum 
 suum. Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dlcimus, nihil 
 cfico'amplius : causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirniari, 
 GrafT, potest ? Heracliaene esse tum adscriptum negabis ? 
 Adest vir sTimma auctbritate et religione et fide, L. Lucullus, 
 qui se non opinari, sed scire, non audivisse, sed vldisse, non 
 interfuisse, sed *egisse dibit. Adsunt Heraclienses legatf, 
 nobilissimi homines : hujus judicii causa cum mandatis et 
 cum publico testimonio* venerunt, qui hunc adscriptum 
 
OKATIO PBO A. UCINIO ARCIIIA. 87 
 
 UeraolionstMn dieunt. Hie t n tabulas dosidnas 1 Irnu'ltcii- 
 sium piddioas, quas Italico bello", incenso tabulario, tht< 
 sotinus mime's. Est rldienlnni ad ea, quae hahomus, nihil 
 
 dloerej quaerere, quae habere hod possumus; etdeliominnm 
 memnria taeere, literarum memoriam ilagitare ; et, quum 
 habeas amplissimi virT religionem, liitegeirimf mimmipiTjus- 
 jttraiidum fidemque, ea, quae depravari nullo mGdo possunt, 
 repudiare; tabulas, quasldem dleis solere corrumpi, dtside- 
 rare. 9. An domicilium lloinae non habuit ? qui tol aimis, 
 ante civitatem datam, sedcm "omnium llrura ac fortuiiarum 
 suarum Roniae collocavit ? An n6n est professus ? Imrno 
 vertf ifs tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia professions 
 
 Acolle'gioq^ praetOrum obtinent ptlblicarum tabuIStrum 
 
 J) auctoritatem. 
 
 " V. Nam quum Appii tabulae negligentius asservatae di- 
 ce ientm-,/Gabinii, qitamdiu incolumis fuit, levitas, post dam- 
 nationem calamitas, omnem tabularum tidem resigna.sset ; \ 
 JSJ^tellus^ homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, tan- 
 ta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et ad judices 
 venerit et unius nominis litura se commotum esse dixerit. 
 His igitur tabulis nullam lituram in nomine A. Liciuii vide- 
 tis. ^10. Quae quum ita sint, quid est, quod de ejus civitate 
 dul lit 'tis, praesertim quum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit 
 adscriptus? Etenim quum mediocribus multis, et aut nulla, 
 aut humili aliqua arte praeditis, gratutto civitatem in Grae- 
 cia homines impertiebant, RhegTnos credo, aut Locrenses, 
 aut Neapolitanos, aut Tarentinos, quod scenicis artificibus 
 largiri solebant, id huic, summa ingenii praedito, gloria no- 
 luisse. Quid ? quum ceterL non modo post civitatem datam, 
 sed etiam post legem Papiam, aliquo modo in eorum munici- 
 piorum tabulas irrepserint, hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis, in 
 quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem esse voluit, 
 rejicietur / ?' 11. Census nostros requiris. Scilicet: est enim 
 obscurnm, proximis censoribus, hunc cum clarissimo impera- 
 tore, L. Lucullo, apud exercitum fuisse, superioribus, cum 
 eode.n quaestore fuisse in Asia, primis, Julio et Crasso, nul- 
 
88 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 
 
 Iain populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non 
 jus civitatis connrmat, ac tantummodo indicat, eum, qui sit 
 census, ita se jam turn gessisse pro cive : iis temporibus, 
 quern tu crim maris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium Ro- 
 manorum jure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nos- 
 tris legibus, et adiit hereditates civium Romanorum, et in 
 beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo proconsule. 
 
 VI. Quaere argunienta, si quae potes. Nunquam enim 
 hie neque suo, neque amicorum judicio revincetur. 
 
 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tantopere hoc homine de- 
 lectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis, ubi et animus ex hoc 
 forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae conquies- 
 cant. An tu existimas aut suppeter^ nobis posse, quod 
 quotidie dicamus, in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nos- 
 tros doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre animos tantam posse con- 
 tentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego vero 
 fateor, me his studiis esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat, si qui 
 se ita Uteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex iis neque ad 
 communem afferre fructum, neque in adspectum lucemque 
 proferre. Me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita vivo, 
 judices, ut a nullius unquam me tempore aut commodo aut 
 otium meum abstraxerit, aut voluptas avocarit, aut denique 
 somnus retardarit ? 13. Quare quis tandem me reprehendat, 
 aut quis mihi jure succenseat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas 
 res obeundas, quantum ad festos dies ludorum celeb randos, 
 quantum ad alias voluptates, et ad ipsam requiem animi et 
 corporis conceditur temporum ; quantum alii tribuunt tem- 
 pestivis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, 
 tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? 
 Atque hoc adeo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his 
 studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas ; quae, quanta- 
 cunque est in me, nunquam amicorum periculis defuit. 
 Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa 
 sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam, sentio. 14. Nam, nisi multo- 
 rum praeceptis multisque Uteris mihi ab adolescentia suasis- 
 sem, nihil esse in vita magnopere expetendum, nisi laudem 
 
ORAHO PRO A. LTCINIO ARCIIIA. 89 
 
 atquo houestatem ; in ea autem persequenda omnefl cruciatus 
 corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque exsilia parvi esse du- 
 oenda; nunquam mo pro salute vestra in tot ac tantaa <limi- 
 cationes atquo in lios profligatoram hominum quotidianos 
 
 impetus objecissem. Sed pleni sunt omues libri, plenae sa- 
 pientium voces, plena exemplorum yetustas ; quae jacerent 
 in tenebris omnia, nisi literarum lumen accederet. Quam y 
 multas nobis imagines non solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ) 
 ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores / 
 et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt ? Quas ego mihi semper in j 
 administranda re publica proponens, animum et mentem / 
 meam ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. ^ 
 
 VII. 15. Quaeret quispiam : Quid? illi ipsi sunimi viri, 
 quorum virtutes literis proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam 
 tu effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt ? Difficile est hoc de 
 omnibus confirmare : sed tamen est certum, quid respon- 
 deat. Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute 
 fuisse, et sine doctrina, naturae ipsius habitu prope divino, 
 per se ipsos et moderates et graves exstitisse fateor : etiam 
 illud adjungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem naturam 
 sine doctrina, quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. Atque 
 idem ego hoc contendo, quum ad naturam eximiani et illus- 
 trem accesserit ratio quaedam coriformatioque doctrinae, tmn 
 illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere exsistere ; 
 16. ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri viderunt, 
 divinum hominem, Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, L. Fu- 
 rium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; ex hoc 
 fortissimum virum, et illis temporibus doctissimum, Cato- 
 nem ilium senem, qui profecto, si nihil ad percipiendam 
 colendamque virtutem literis adjuvarentur, nunquam se ad 
 earum studium contulissent. *- Quod si non hie tantus fruc- 
 tus ostenderetur, et si ex his studiis delectatio sola petere- 
 tur, tamen, ut opinor, hanc animi adversionem huraanissi- 
 mam* ac liberalissimam judicaretis. Nam ceterae neque 
 temporum sunt, neque aetatum omnium, neque locorum ; 
 at/ haec studia adolescentiam acuunt, senectutem oblectant, 
 
90 OKATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 
 
 secundas res ornant, adversis perfugium ac solatium prae 
 bent ; delectant domi, non impediutit foris, pernoctant 
 nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. j c/^^f /j^ / ^ /y ^ rt ' 
 
 17. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere, neque sensu nostro 
 giistare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam quum 
 in aliis videremus. 
 
 VIII. Quis nostrum tarn animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut 
 Roscii morte nuper non commoveretur ? qui quum esset 
 senex mortuus, tamen, propter excellentem artem ac venus- 
 tatem, videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo ille 
 corporis motu^tantum amoreni sibi conciliarat a nobis omni- 
 bus : nos animorum incredibiles motus celeritatemque in- 
 geniorum negligemus ? 18. Quoties ego hunc Archiam vidi, 
 judices, (utar enim vestra benignitate quoniam me in hoc 
 novo generi dicendi tarn diligenter attenditis), quoties ego 
 hunc vidi, quum literam scripsisset nullam, magnum nu- 
 merum optimorum versuum de iis ipsis rebus, quae turn 
 agerentur, dicere ex tempore ! quoties revocatum eandem 
 rem dicere, commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! Quae vero 
 accurate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad 
 veterum scriptorum laudem pervenirent. Hunc ego non 
 diligam ? *jan admirer ? non omni ratione defendendum 
 putem ? / Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque 
 accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina, et praeceptis, n 
 et arte constare, poetam natura ipsa valere, et mentis viri- j/C 
 bus excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Quare J 
 suo jure noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, quod 
 quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis _ 
 esse videantur./ 19. Sit igitur, judices, sanctum apud vos, 
 humanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla un- y 
 quam barbaria violavit. feaxa et solitudines voci respon- 
 dent ; bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque con- i 
 sistunt : jjns instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce ^ 
 moveamur^i Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, 
 Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero 
 suum esse connxmant ; itaque etiam delubrum ejus in oppido 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ABORT A. 01 
 
 dedicaverunt : permulti alii praeterea pugnani Inter se 
 atque contending. 
 
 / IX. Ergo illi alicnuni, quia poeta fuit, post mortem 
 t'fiam expetunl : nos buno vivum, qui et voluntate et legi- 
 bus noster est, repudiabimua ? praesertim quum omne olim 
 stadium atque omne ingenium eontulerit Archias ad populi 
 Romani gloriani Laudemque oelebrandam. Nam et Cim- 
 bricas res adolescens attigit, et ij>si illi 0. Mario, qui durior 
 fed liaec studia vid&batur, jucundus fuit. 20. Neque rnim 
 qnisqnam est tetti aversua a Musis, qui mm manaan vnxi- 
 bua aeternum suorum laborum facile praoconium patiatur. 
 Thomistoclem ilium, summum Atlimis \iiuin, dixisse aiunt, 
 quum ex eo quaereretur, " quod acrdama, aut cujus vocem 
 Kbcntissime audiret : ejus a quo sua virtus optime praedi- 
 earetur." Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium 
 dilcxit, cujus ingenio putabat ea, quae gesserat, posse cele- 
 biari. 21. Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque 
 difficile, et in multa varietate terra marique versatum, 
 totum ab hoc expressum est : qui libri non modo L. Lucul- 
 lum, fortissimum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi 
 Roman! nomen illustrant. Poj)ulus enim Romanus aperuit, 
 Lucullo imperante, Pontum, et regiis quondam opibus, et 
 ipsa natora regionis vallatum : populi Romani exercitus, 
 eodem duce, non maxima manu innumerabiles Armeniorum 
 copias fudit : popuU Komani laus est, urbem amicissimam 
 Cyzicenorum, ejusdem consilio, ex omni impetu regio, atque 
 totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam : 
 nostra semper iere^ui* et praedicabitur, L. Lucullo dinii- 
 cante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa kostium classis, et 
 in. redibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis : nostra sunt 
 tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi ;/ quae quorum 
 ingeniis efferuntur, ab iis populi Romani fama celebratur. 
 22. Carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius ; itaque 
 etiam in sepulchro Scipionem putatur is esse constitutus ex 
 marmore. At iis laudibus certe non solum ipse, qui lauda- 
 tur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen ornatur. In coelum 
 
92 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCTIIA. 
 
 hujus proavus Cato tollitur ; inagnus lionos populi Romani 
 rebus adjungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, Marcelli, 
 Fulvii, non sine commnni omnium nostrum laude deco- 
 rantur. 
 
 X X. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum liominem, 
 majores nostri in civitatem receperunt : nos liunc Heracli- 
 ensem, multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus 
 constitutum, de nostra civitate ejiciemus? 
 
 23. Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis 
 versibus percipi, quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat, prop- 
 terea, quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, Latina 
 suis finibus, exiguis sane, continentur. Quare si res eae, 
 quas gessimus, orbis terrae regionibus definiuntur, cupere 
 debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem 
 gloriain famamque penetrare ; quod quum ipsis populis, de 
 quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, turn iis certe, qui 
 de vita, gloriae causa, dimicant, hoc maximum et periculorum 
 incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam multos scriptores 
 rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum habuisse dicitur ! 
 Atque is tamen, quum in Sigeo ad AchilHs tumulum adsti- 
 tisset, fortunate, inquit, adolescens, qui tuae virtutis Ilo- 
 merujn praeconem inveneris ! Et vere : nam, nisi Ilias ilia 
 exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus ejus contexerat, nomen 
 etiam obruisset. Quid ? noster hie Magnus^ui cum virtute 
 fortunam adaequavit, nonne Theophanem, Mitylenaeum, 
 scriptorem rerum suarum, in concione militum civitate do- 
 navit ; et nostri illi fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine 
 quadam gloriae commoti, quasi participes ejusdem laudis, 
 magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 25. Itaque, credo, si 
 civis Romanus Archias legibus non esset, ut ab aliquo im- 
 peratore civitate donaretur, perficere non potuisset. Sulla, 
 quum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo, hunc petentem re- 
 pudiasset ; quern nos in concione vidimus, quum ei libellum 
 malus poeta de populo subjecisset, quod epigram ma in eum 
 fecisset, tantummodo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim 
 ex iis rebus, quas tunc vendebat, jubere ei praemium tribui 
 
OBJLTIO WfcO A. UC1NIO AkCilIA. 93 
 
 sed ea conditionc, nu quid postea Bcnberet. Qui Bedulitatem 
 inali poetae dJxerit aliquo bamen praemip dignam, hujus. 
 ingenium et virtutem in scribrudo ei copiam aion cxpetisset? 
 26. Quid? a Q. Metello Pio, fiuniliarissimo suo, quicivitate 
 mult (s donavit, neque per se, neque per Lucullos impetra- 
 vissrt ? qui pr ao a oiti m usque eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet, 
 ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis, pin^ue quiddam sonantibus 
 atque pere^rihumj tamen aures suas dederet. 
 
 XI. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurari 
 /non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trabimur omnes stud;o 
 laudis, et optimus cmisque maximo gloria, duritur. Ipsi illi 
 philosopld, etiam in iis libellis, quos de contemnenda gloria 
 scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt : in eo ipso, in quo prae- 
 dicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedicari de se, ac 
 nominari volunt. 27. Decimus quidem Brutus, summus ille 
 vir et imperator, Accii, amTcissimi sui, carminibus templorum 
 ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. Jam vero ille, 
 qui cum Aelolis, Knnio comite, bellavit Fulvius > non dubi- 
 tavit Martis mamibias Musis consecrare. Quare, in qua urbe 
 imperatores, prope armati, poetarum nomen et Musarum 
 del ubra coluerunt, in ea rion debent togati judices a Musa- 
 rum honore et a poetarum salute abliorrero. 
 
 28. Atque, ut id libentius faciatis, jam me vobis, judices, 
 indicabo, et de meo quodam a more gloriae, nimis acri for- 
 tasse, verumtamen lionesto, vobis confitebor. Nam, quas res 
 nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute hujus 
 urbis atque imperii, et pro vita civium, proque universa re 
 publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inchoavif ; quibus 
 auditis, quod milii magna res et jucunda visa est, hunc ad 
 [n riiciendum adornavi. Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem 
 laborum periculorumque desiderat, praeter hanc laudis et 
 gloriae ; qua quidem detracta, judices, quid est, quod in hoc 
 tarn exiguo vitae curriculo, et tarn brevi, tantis nos in labo- 
 ribus exerceamus ? 29. Certe, si nihil animus praesentiret 
 in posterum, et si, quibus regionibus vitae spatium circum- 
 scriptum est, eisdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee 
 
04: ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCIIIA. 
 
 tantis se laborious frangeret, neque tot curis vigiliisque 
 angeretur, nee toties de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc insidet 
 quaedam in optimo quoque virtus, quae noctes ac dies ani- 
 uiuni gloriae stimulis concitat, atque adinonet non cum vitae 
 tempore esse diinittendam commemorationem nominis nostri, 
 sed cum omni posteritate adaequandam. 
 
 XII. 30. An vero tarn parvi animi videamur esse omnes, 
 qui in re publica, atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque 
 versamur, ufc, quum usque ad extremum spatium, nullum 
 tranquillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum 
 simul moritura omnia arbitremur ? An statuas et imagines, 
 non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, studiose multi sum- 
 mi homines reliquerunt, consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum 
 nostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus, summis in- 
 geniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia, quae gerebam, 
 jam turn in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in 
 orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo 
 sensu post mortem abfutura est, sive, ut sapientissimi homi- 
 nes putaverunt, ad aliquam animi mei. partem pertinebit, 
 nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. 
 
 31. Quare conservate, judices, hominem pudore eo, quern 
 amTcorum videtis comprobari quum dignitate, turn etiam 
 vetustate, ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit existi- 
 mari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis expetitum esse 
 videatis ; causa vero ejusmodi, quae beneficio legis, auctori- 
 tate municipii, testimonio Luculli, tabulis Metelli compro- 
 betur. Quae quum ita sint, petimus a vobis, judices, si qua 
 non modo humaria, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis 
 commendatio debet esse, ut eum, qui vos, qui vestros im- 
 peratores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper ornavit ; qui 
 etiam his recentibus nostris, vestrisque domesticis periculis 
 aeternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse profitetur; 
 isque est eo numero, qui semper apud omnes sancti sunt 
 habiti, itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut hu- 
 manitate vestra levatus potius, quam acerbitate violatus 
 esse videatur. 32. Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO AKCIIIA. 95 
 
 breviter simpliciterque dixi, judicos-, ea confido probata esse 
 omnibus: quae non fori, neque judicial i coiisiicbudin, ct dc 
 hominii ingenio, ot coniiiiuniter de ipsius studio looutaa sum, 
 
 ea, judices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta; ab 
 eo, qui judicium exercet, certe scio. 
 
97 
 
 SELECT OEATIONS 
 
 M. T. CICERO: 
 
 With the Latin Text conformed to the English Order ^ 
 and accompanied with English Notes^ 
 
 EXPLANATORY AND CRITICAL. 
 5 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 FOUR ORATIONS AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 These orations grew out of the celebrated conspiracy of 
 Catiline, one of the most exciting ejusodes in the general 
 current of Roman history. This was an attempt on the 
 part of Catiline, a man of patrician birth, powerful frame, 
 subtle capacity, and unscrupulous character, to seize the su- 
 preme power of the state, in conjunction with other profli- 
 gate nobles, and to appropriate to themselves the private 
 possessions and the public domain of the Roman people. 
 
 a Lucius Catiline," Sallust tells us, " born of a noble family, 
 was a man of great force both of mind and body, but of de- 
 praved and perverted disposition and character. From his 
 early years, intestine wars, bloodshed, rapine, civil discord, 
 were pleasing to him ; and in these he passed his you th in 
 active participation. His body was capable of enduring 
 hunger, watching, and cold, beyond what any one could be- 
 lieve ; his mind was bold, crafty, versatile, capable of assum- 
 ing every virtue and dissembling every vice ; he was greedy 
 of others' property, profuse of his own ; he was ardent in 
 his passions ; he possessed a good degree of fluency, but little 
 wisdom. His capacious mind was always grasping after 
 things inordinate, unreasonable, beyond his reach. This 
 man, after the usurpation of Sylla, a great and criminal am- 
 bition had invaded to seize upon the republic ; nor had he 
 
100 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 any concern or care by what means lie might accomplish his 
 object, provided only he procured for himself the supreme 
 dominion." 
 
 His original plan appears to have been to obtain the Con- 
 sulship by bribery and other means of indirection, and to 
 make this the stepping-stone to a complete and unlimited 
 usurpation. In the mean time he had been gathering to- 
 gether at Faesulae, in Upper Etruria, a band of disaffected 
 persons of e\ery class from different parts of Italy. These 
 were becoming organized into an army under the immediate 
 command of C. Manlius, a veteran soldier of Sylla, and were 
 only awaiting the signal for breaking out into open revolt 
 and seconding the nefarious designs of Catiline. 
 
 Two several attempts of Catiline to obtain the Consulship 
 were unsuccessful. In the first he had Cicero himself for a 
 competitor, who employed all the powers of his eloquence in 
 disparaging the claims of his rival and laying bare the crim- 
 inal practices of his really profligate life. Cicero was elected 
 Consul almost by universal acclamation, and C. Antonius 
 was made his colleague by a few votes over Catiline. This 
 was in the year B.C. 63. 
 
 In the following year, B.C. 62, Catiline made his second 
 attempt to secure the Consulship. He had to encounter 
 again the determined opposition of Cicero ; who procured the 
 passage of a more stringent law against bribery, and adopted 
 other vigorous measures to accomplish the defeat of this un- 
 scrupulous and dangerous man. 
 
 These movements of Cicero raised the personal enmity of 
 Catiline to such a pitch, that he formed a plot to assassinate 
 him during the canvass. This design was intercepted by 
 the precautionary measures of Cicero ; and when the election, 
 which had been deferred, finally took place, Catiline was 
 again defeated, the canvass having terminated in favor of 
 D. Junius Silanus and L. Licinius Muraena. 
 
 Disappointed in the result, and driven to desperation by 
 his broken fortunes and detected criminality, Catiline now 
 
INTRODUCTION. 101 
 
 determined to precipitate his measures. He called together 
 the conspirators at the house of M. Porcius Laeca, and dis- 
 closed his purpose of proceeding at once to the camp of 
 Mnnlius and unfurling the standard of open revolt. He 
 arranged with other Leading conspirators to remain at Rome, 
 and at a given signal to attack the city with the sword and 
 conflagration. His departure was only now delayed in or- 
 der to assure himself of the death of Cicero, which he deemed 
 it indispensable first to accomplish. This nefarious project 
 was undertaken by two of the conspirators, who engaged to 
 proceed to the house of Cicero at early dawn and to assassi- 
 nate him in his bed. In almost the same hour Cicero was 
 made aware of what had transpired at the meeting by the 
 information of a certain Fulvia, a female friend of one of the 
 conspirators, and the design of assassination was intercepted 
 by additional guards placed at the door. 
 
 The succeeding day Cicero called together a meeting of 
 the Senate in the Temple of Jupiter Stator for consultation. 
 At this meeting, to the universal surprise, Catiline himself, 
 with marvellous audacity, aj)peared in person, and drew upon 
 himself, from the indignant orator, the powerful torrent of 
 invective and reproach contained in the first of the four 
 orations. 
 

 THE LATIN TEXT ARRANGED TO CONFORM TO THE ENGLISH ORDER, 
 WITH EXPLANATORY NOTES. 
 
 Textus Latiwm in Anglicum Ordinem Converaus. 
 
 ORATIO PRIMA* 
 
 IN 
 
 L. OATILINAM 
 
 HABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 I. Quousque tandem abutere, Catilina, nostra pa- 
 tientia ? . Quamdiu etiam iste furor tuus eludet nos ? Ad 
 
 * Oratio prima. . The occasion of this first oration or rather im- 
 passioned invective was briefly this. Catiline, in conjunction with 
 others, having formed a conspiracy to seize the supreme power of 
 the Roman State, and to involve everything in devastation and ruin, 
 a meeting of the conspirators had been held, the previous night but 
 one, at the house of M. Porcius Laeca, in which their plans were 
 matured. Cicero is made aware of these plans through secret in- 
 formation, and summons a meeting of the Senate for deliberation in 
 the Temple of Jupiter Stator. Catiline himself, with matchless 
 
104 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 quern finem [tua] efFrenata audacia jactabifc sese ? 2 Nihilne 
 inoverunt to [hae inusitatae res], nihil nocturnum praesidi- 
 um Palatii, nihil vigiliae urbis, nihil timor populi, nihil con- 
 sensus omnium bonorum, nihil hie munitissimus locus ha- 
 bendi senatus, nihil [denique] ora que vultus horum ? Non 
 sentis tua consilia patere ?-* / Non vides tuam conjurationem 
 8 jam teneri constrictam conscientia omnium horum? Ar- 
 bitraris [ali] quem nostrum ignorare, quid egeris proxima 
 [nocte] quid superiore nocte, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, 
 quid consilii ceperis ? O ! tempora ! O mores ! Senatus 
 
 effrontery, appears in person in the Senate and is addressed by 
 Cicero, apparently on the spur of the moment, in this language of 
 burning invective. Though the orator speaks from the impulse of 
 his feelings, the oration is not without a definite object. The gen- 
 eral drift of it is to persuade or constrain Catiline to leave the city 
 at once with his followers, by letting him know that his plans have 
 been disclosed to Cicero by secret information, and that he is an 
 object of general detestation and suspicion on the part of the people. 
 He wishes to drive him to open revolt, that there may no longer be 
 a doubt as to his real designs, and indicates this as his policy to the 
 Senate. 
 
 With regard to the genuineness of this oration, besides internal 
 marks and other abundant proof, we have the explicit testimony of 
 Sallust : Turn M. Ihillim, consul, sive praesentinm ejus timens, sen 
 ira commotus, orationem Mbuitluculentam atque utilem reipublime ; 
 quam posted scriptam edidit. 
 
 M Then M. Tullius (Cicero), Consul, whether fearing his presence 
 or moved to indignation (by it) delivered a brilliant oration and (one) 
 beneficial to the republic, which he afterwards wrotb out 
 
 AND PUBLISHED." 
 
 1 Quousque tandem, &c. "How far, I ask, O Catiline, will you 
 exercise our patience ? How long, too, shall that madness of thine 
 baffle our attempts to restrain it ? Literally, ' ' baffle us. " What 
 limit shall there be to the display of thy unbridled audacity ? 
 Literally, " To what limit shall an unbridled audacity display it- 
 self." 
 
 2 Nihilne moverunt, &c. "Have you been nothing moved (by 
 these unusual appearances), nothing by the nightly guard on the 
 
 Palatine Hill," &c nihil consensus omnium bonorum, "nothing 
 
 by the unanimity of all good citizens," nihil hie munitissimus, &c, 
 "nothing by this most carefully garrisoned place for holding the 
 Senate?" Literally, "Have the nightly guard of the Palatine 
 Hill, &c, nothing moved the'e." 
 
 3 Jam teneri constrictam, &c. ' ' Is now fettered and circumscribed 
 by the common knowledge of it possessed by all of these." 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 105 
 
 intelligit haec, consul videt : tamen hie vivit. Vivit ! immo 
 vero etiam venit in senatum : fit particeps publici consilii : 
 oculis notat et designat ad c-acdein unumquemque nostrum. 
 Autem nos, fortes viri, videmur satisfacere rei publics 
 vitemus furorem ac tela istius.-*" Jampridem oportebat, Cati- 
 lina, te dud ad mortem jussu consulis; [jampridem opor- 
 ortebat] ' istam pestem conferri in te, quam tu jamdiu machi- 
 narifl in omnes nos. An vero [ille] ainplissiinus vir, P. 
 Scipio, pontifex maximus, * privatus, interfecit T. Gracclnun, 
 mediocriter labefactantem statum reipublicae : nos consules 
 perferemus Catilinam cupientem vastare orbem terrae caede 
 atque incendiis?\ Nam praetereo 3 ilia nimis antiqua (exem- 
 pla), quodC. Servilius Ahala occidit sua manu Sp. Maelium 
 studentem novis rebus. Fuit, fuit quondam 4 ista virtus in 
 hac republics^ ut fortes viri coercerent perniciosum civem 
 acrioribus suppliciis quam acerbissimum hostem.-'^'IIabemus 
 senatus consultum in te, Catilina, 5 vehemens et grave : 
 non deest reipublicae consilium neque auctoritas hujus 
 ordinis: nos, nos, consules, dico aperte, desumus. 
 
 II. Senatus quondam decrevit, ut L. Opimius consul , f 
 videret, respub lica ne caperet [alii quid detrimenti. Nulla il^^f 
 nox intercessit : C. Gracchus, [natus] clarissimo patre, avo, -. 
 majoribus, interfectus est propter quasdem suspiciones sedi- 
 tionum; M. Fulvius consularis occisus est cum liberis. 
 Simili senatus-consultu respublica permissa est C. Mario et 
 
 1 Istam pes' em, &c. " Long since ought that destruction to have 
 been brought upon yourself which you have been so long plotting 
 against all of us." 
 
 - Pricatus. "A private individual," having no secular author- 
 ity, .... mediocriter labefactantem, &c, "only moderately dis- 
 turbing the stability of the republic." 
 
 3 Itta nimis antiqua, A:c. " Those too remote examples or trans- 
 actions." 
 
 4 Ista virtus. " That degree of vir.ue." 
 
 5 VeTieinens et grave. " Stringent and weighty." .... Non deest, 
 ttc. "There is not wanting to the republic the counsel nor the 
 (official) authority of this order (the Senatorial). We, we consuls, 
 I say it openly, are recreant to our duty." 
 
106 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 L. Valerio consulibus. 'Num mors ac poena reipublicae, 
 unum diem postea, remorata est L. Saturninum tribunum 
 plebis et C. Servilium praetorem ? At vero nos, jam vicesi- 
 mum diem, patimur 2 aciem auctoritatis horum hebescere. 
 Enim habemus 3 senatus-consultum hujusmodi, verum tamen 
 inclusum in tabulis, tamquam [gladiumj reconditum in 
 vagina : ex quo senatus-consulto convenit te, Catilina, con- 
 festim interfectum esse. Vivis ; et vivis non ad deponen- 
 dam sed ad confirmandam audaciam. 4 Cupio, conscripti 
 Patres, me esse clementem ; cupio, in tantis periculis rei- 
 publicae me non videri dissolutum ; sed jam condemno 
 me ipsum inertiae que nequitiae. Castra collocata sunt 
 contra rempublicam in Italia in faucibus Etruriae : nu- 
 merus hostium crescit in singulos dies : autem videmus 
 imperatorem eorum castrorum que ducem hostium intra 
 moenia atque adeo in senatu, molientem quotidie aliquam 
 intestinam perniciem reipublicae. Si jussero te, Catilina, 
 jam comprehendi, si [jussero] interfici; credo erit B veren- 
 dum mihi ne non omnes boni [dicant hoc factum esse] a me 
 
 1 Num mors ac poena, &c. " Did death and the punishment due 
 to the republic for a single day afterwards keep in waiting or sus- 
 pense L. Saturninus, the tribune of the people, and C. Servilius, 
 the praetor ? " Or we may understand an ellipsis of consequi or 
 excipere and translate remorata est consequi or excipere. u Delay to 
 overtake," &o. 
 
 3 Aciem auctoritatis, &c. Literally, " The edge of the authority 
 of these (senators) to become blunt; " i. e., the force of the public 
 enactment to become weakened. 
 
 3 Senatus-consultum hujusmodi, &c. "For we have a decree of 
 the Senate of this same description, enclosed, however, in the pub- 
 lic tables, like a sword hidden in its scabbard ; from the import of 
 which decree it was fit (and lawful) that you, Catiline, should be 
 summarily put to death," Imjusmodi and ex quo senatus-consulto, 
 though separated by other words, are correlatives in fact. 
 
 4 Cupio .... cupio." I desire, on the one hand .... I wish, on 
 the other." 
 
 5 Verendum . . . . ne non. Ne non after vereor is equivalent to 
 ut, and is affirmative. " I have reason to fear that all good men 
 will say that this was done by me too late, rather than any one 
 should say that it was done with too much severity (and precipi- 
 tancy)." 
 
ORATIO T. IX CATII.IXAM. 107 
 
 serins, potius quani quisquam dicat factum esse oradelios. 
 Verum ego nondum adducor, ut faciam hoc, quod oportuit 
 jamprid6m factum esse, ' de certa causa. Turn denique inter- 
 ik-iam te, quum jam nemo poterit inveniri lam Lmprobofl, tarn 
 perditaa, 'tarn similis tui, qui non fateatur id factum esse 
 jure. Quamdiu erit quisquam, qui audeat defendere te, 
 vives: sed vives, ita ut vivis, obsessus meis multis et/firmis 
 praesidiis, ) ne possis commovere te contra rempublicam. 
 8 Oculi et aures etiam multorum, sicut adhuc fecerunt, 
 si speculabuntur atque custodient te.non sentientem. 
 
 III. Etenim quid amplius est, Catilina, quod jam exspec- 
 tes, si neque nox potest ob'scurare tenebris nefarios coetus 
 nee privata domus continere parietibus * voces tuae conju- 
 rations? Si omnia illustrantur, si erumpunt? Muta jam 
 istam mentem [tuam] ; crede mihi : obliviscere caedis atque 
 incehdiorum. Teneris undique : omnia tua consilia sunt 
 clariora nobis luce ; 5 quae [consilia] licet jam recognoscas 
 mecum. Meministine me dicere in senatu duodecimum 
 diem (duodecimo die) ante Kalendas Novembres C. Manlium, 
 8 satellitem atque administrum tuae audaciae fore in armis 
 oerto die, qui dies futurus esset sextum diem (sextus dies) 
 ante Kalendas Novembres ? 7 Num fefellit me, Catilina, 
 
 1 De certa causa. " For a definite (and satisfactory) reason." 
 8 Tarn simiUs tui, qui, &c. ' ' So much like yourself as not to 
 confess," tfce. 
 
 3 Oculi et aures, &c. " The eyes and ear^also of many, as they 
 have hitherto done, shall (continue to) watch and guard against 
 your movements unobserved by yourself." Literally, " Guard you 
 not perceiving " them. 
 
 4 Voces tuae conjurations. " The utterances of your conspiracy." 
 Si omnia, &c. "If all things are brought to light, if they break 
 forth to view." Muta jam istam, &c. "Change that (criminal) 
 purpose of thine ; confide in my advice : dismiss from your mind 
 (all thoughts of) slaughter and conflagrations. " 
 
 j> 6 Quae cojisilia, &c. " These plans you can now review with 
 me," and convince yourself of my knowledge of your affairs. 
 7 8 Satellitem atque administrum. " The accomplice and active in- 
 strument of your audacity. " 
 
 7 Num fefeUit me, &c. Was I deceived, Catiline, not merely in 
 the thing itself, so enormous, so atrocious, &c. , . . . . but in the day " 
 even, which I had previously announced. 
 
108 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 non modo res (ipsa), tanta, tarn atrox, tam incredibilis, 
 verum, id quod est niulto magis adniirandum, dies (quern 
 praedixissem) ? Ego idem dixi in senatu 1 te contulisse 
 caedem optimatium in quint um diem ante Kalendas Novem- 
 bres, turn, quum multi principes civitatis profugerunt 
 Roma, causa non tam conservandi sui, quam reprimendorum 
 tuoruni consiliorum. Num potes infitiari te illoiipso die 
 3 circumclusum meis praesidiis, mea diligentia non potuisse 
 commovere te contra rempublicam ; quum tu, discessu 
 ceterorum, dicebas te tamen esse contentum nostra caede, qui 
 remansissemus. Quid ! qurun tu confideres te occupaturum 
 esse Praeneste, nocturno impetu, ipsis Kalendis Novembri- 
 bus ; sensistine illam coloniam munitam esse meo jussu, meis 
 praesidiis, custodiis, que vigiliis ! Agis nihil, moliris nihil, 
 cogitas nihil, quod ego non modo (non) audiam, sed etiam * 
 videam que plane sentiam. / 
 
 IV. Recognosce tandem mecum illam superiorem noc- 
 tem : jam intelliges me vigilare multo acrius ad salutem 
 quam te ad perniciem reipublicae. Dico te venisse prioro 
 nocte 'inter falcarios (non- agam obscure) in domum M. 
 Laecae ; complures socios ejusdem amentiae que sceleris con- 
 
 1 Te contulisse caedem, &c. " That you had assigned the slaughter 
 of the nobles (by agreement) to the fifth day," &c. Causa non tam, 
 Szc. " With thcdesign not so much of saving themselves as of inter- 
 cepting and defeating your plans. " 
 
 2 Circumclusum meis praesidiis, &c. ' ' Hemmed in by my guards, 
 and by my assiduity was unable to make any movement against the 
 republic, on which occasion you (though disappointed) by the de- 
 parture of the rest, declared that you nevertheless would be satis- 
 fied with the death of us who remained." Nostra is freely and 
 elegantly used for nostrum, and made the antecedent of" qui. 
 Quid ! quum tu confideres, &c. ' ' Nay, more, when you fully expected 
 
 to take possession of Praeneste, &c did you not perceive 
 
 that colony to be fortified," &c. Quid! is interrogative and 
 exclamatory, and is equivalent perhaps to " what say you to this 
 farther fact," &.O. 
 
 * Inter falcanos {non agam obscure). "Among the scythe- 
 makers ; i. e. , into the locality of this class of artisans (for I will not 
 leave you in the dark or treat the matter obscurely), into the house 
 of M. Laeca." 
 
OEATIO I. IN CATII.INAM. 109 
 
 vi nisse eodem. Num audea negare ? Quid taces? ' Con- 
 vincain, si DQgas. Enim video quosdam esse liic in senatu 
 qui fuerunt una tecum. O immortalee Dii ! Ubinam gen- 
 t Iiiiii ramus? Quam rempublicam habemua? In qua urbe 
 
 vivimus j' Sunt hie, hie in nostro nuinero, Conscript i Patres, 
 in boo sanctiasdmo que graviasimo consilio orbis terrae, (ii), 
 1 qui cogitent de interitu omnium nostrum, qui (cogitent) do 
 exit io hujus urbis ' atque adeo orbis terrarum. Hosce ego, con- 
 sul, video, 4 et rogo [eos] sentcntiaia de republica ! Et non- 
 dum vulnero eos voce, quos oportebat trucidari ferro ! Fuisti 
 igitur ilia nocte apud Laecam, Catilina : distribuisti partes 
 Italiae: statuisti, quo placeret [tibi] quemque proficisci : 
 delegisti, quos relinqueres Romae, quos educeres tecum ; 
 
 6 descripsisti partes urbis ad incendia; confirmasti te ipsum 
 jam exiturura esse ; 6 dixisti esse tibi etiam nunc paullulum 
 morae, quod ego viverem. Duo Romani equites reperti sunt, 
 
 7 qui liberarent te ista cura, et pollicerentur sese, ilia ipsa 
 nocte, paullo ante lucem interfecturos esse me in meo lectulo. 
 Ego compevi liaec omnia, etiam dum vestro coetu vix dimis- 
 so ; munivi atque firmavi meaoi domum majoribus praesi- 
 diis : exclusi eos, quos tu miseras ad me mane, 8 salutatum, 
 
 8 quum illi ipsi venissent, quo ego jam praedixeram multis 
 ac sumniis viris venturos esse ad me id temporis. 
 
 1 Convincfim, si negas. ' ' I will prove it, if you deny it. " 
 a Qui oogiterht. " Who are plotting." 
 3 Atque adeo. ' ' And even. " 
 
 * Et rogo {eos) seiitentiam. "And (in my official capacity) ask 
 them their opinion on public affairs." 
 
 6 Descripsisti partes, &c. "You mapped out the different parts 
 of the city for the flames." 
 
 6 Dixisti esse tibi, &c. " You said that there was still a reason for 
 a little delay on your part, because I was living-." 
 
 7 Qui liberarent, &c. " Who were to release you from concern on 
 that account." 
 
 * Salutatum. Supine in um. " To greet me." "Pay me their 
 respects." 
 
 9 Quum illi ipsi. "Inasmuch as those very persons had come 
 who I had already predicted to many men, and those too of consid- 
 eration, would come to me at that time. " 
 
110 GKATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 V. 1 Quum quae sint ita, perge, quo coepisti [pergere] : 
 Egreclere aliquando ex urbe : portae patent : proficiscere. 
 2 Nimium cliu ilia castra tua Manliana deslderant te impera- 
 torem. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos (satellites) : s si minus, 
 quam plurimos. Purga urbem. Liberabis me metu, 4 dummo- 
 do munis in^ersit inter me atque te. 6 Non potes jam diutius 
 versari nobiscum (cum nobis) : non feram, non patiar, non 
 siu am. Magna gratia habenda est immortalibus Diis atque 
 huic Jovi Statoir ipsi, antTquissimo custodi hujus urbis, quod 
 jam toties effugimus banc tam tetram, tam horribilem que 
 tarn infestam pestem reipublicae. 6 Non saepius est surnma 
 salus reipublicae periclitanda in uno homine. 7 Quamdiu, 
 Catilina, insidiatus es mihi, eonsuli designato, non defendi me 
 publico praesidio, sed privata diligentia. Quum proximis 
 consularibus comitiis voluisti interficere me consulem in 
 campo, et tuos competitores, compressi tuos nefarios couatus, 
 praesidio et copiis ainicorum, nullo tumult a publice concita- 
 to : 8 denique quotiescunque petisti me, obstiti te per me 
 (ipsum) : quamquam videbam meam perniciem 9 esse conjunc- 
 tam cum magna calamitate reipublicas. 10 Nunc jam aperte. 
 
 1 Quum quae sint ita. " Since tliese things are so ;" literally, 
 " since which things are so," a customary phrase of logical transi- 
 tion. 
 
 Nimium diu, &c. " Too long is that camp of thine under Man- 
 lius left without your presence as commander. " 
 
 3 Si minus, &o. " If not (all), as many as possible." The expres- 
 sion quam plurimos is elliptical for tam plurimos quampossis. 
 
 4 1) urn modo. ' ' Only when. " 
 
 6 Non potes, &c. ** You cannot now any longer be allowed to live 
 and have your home with us." 
 
 6 Non saepius est, &c. "Not too often (however) is the highest 
 safety (and welfare) of the republic to be put in peril in (the person 
 of) one man " i. e. Cicero. 
 
 ''Quamdiu, Catilina, &c. "So long, Catiline, as you formed 
 your plots for me (individually) the consul elect," &c. 
 
 8 Denique quotiescunque, &c. "In fine, as often as you have at- 
 tacked me (personally), I have resisted you by my own agency 
 and resources." 
 
 9 Esse conjunctam. "To be inseparably connected." 
 
 10 Nunc jam aperte petis, &c. ' ' Now at this time you openly (and 
 without disguise) attack the whole republic." 
 
ORATIQ I. IN CATILINAM. Ill 
 
 petis universam rem publicum : vocas ad exitium ac vastita- 
 tem templa immortal iu m deorum, tectaurbis, ritam omnium 
 civium, denique totam Italiam. Quare, quoniam nondum 
 audeo facere ' id quod est primum, et quod proprium est 
 liujus imperii que discipliiiae majorum, fociam id quod est 
 leniiis ad severitatem et utilius ad communcm salutem. Nam 
 si jussero te interfici, reliqua maims conjuratorum residebit 
 in republica ; sin tu exieris (quod jamdudum hortorte), sen- 
 tina tuorum comitum, a magna et perniciosa reipublicae, ex- 
 haurietur ex urbe. 8 Quid est, Catilina ? Num dubitas facere 
 id, me imperante, * quod jam faciebas tua sponte ? Consul 
 jubet hostem exire ex urbe. Interrogas me, num (exieris) in 
 exsilium ? Non jubeo : sed, si consulis me, suadeo. 
 
 VI. Enim quid est, Catilina, quod possit jam delectare 
 te in hac urbe ? In qua [urbe] est nemo, extra istam 
 conjurationem perditorum hominum, qui non metuat te ; 
 nemo, qui non oderit. Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis 
 6 non inusta est tuae vitae ? e Quod dedecus privatarum 
 rerum non haeret (tibi) infamiae ? Quae libido abfuit 
 ab [tuis] oculis, quod facinus unquam [abfuit] a tuis mani- 
 bus, quod flagitium a toto corpore ? 7 Cui adolescentulo, 
 quern irretisses illecebris corruptelarum, non praetulisti aut 
 
 1 Id quod est primum, &c. "That which is first (and most ob- 
 vious), and which properly belongs to (the dignity of) this empire 
 and the strict ideas of our ancestors " . . . . id quod lenius, etc. 
 " That which is less stringent in point of severity and (at the same 
 time) more useful for the common safety. " 
 
 - Magna et perniciosa, &c. . " Large as it is and most injurious to 
 the republic." 
 
 3 Quid est, Catilina? "What is it, Catiline," (that prevents you 
 from taking this step. ) 
 
 4 Quod jam, &c. "Which already you were upon the point of 
 doing of your own accord." 
 
 6 Non inusta est. " Is not branded." Literally, " burnt in." 
 
 B Quod dedecus, &c. " What disgrace of private conduct does not 
 adhere to you as a source of infamy." 
 
 7 Cui adolescentulo, &c. " To what youth, whom you had en- 
 tangled by the allurements of corrupting practices, have you not 
 furnished either a sword to arm his audacity, or a torch to inflame 
 his licentiousness ? " 
 
112 ORATIO I. IN OATILTNAM. 
 
 ferrum ad audaciam aut facem ad libidinem ? 1 Quid 
 verb ? Nuper, quum, morte superioris uxoris, vacuefecisses 
 domum novis nuptiis, 2 nonne etiam cumulasti hoc scelus 
 alio incredibili scelere ? Quod ego praetermitto, et facile 
 patior 3 sileri ; ne immanitas tanti facinoris videatur aut -ex- 
 stitisse in hoc civitate aut non vindicata esse. Praetermitto 
 ruinas tuarum fortunarum, omnes quas senties impendere 
 tibi 4 proximis Idibus : venio ad ilia, quae pertinent non ad 
 privatam ignominiam tuorum vitiorum, non ad tuani doraes- 
 ticani difficultateni ac turpitudinem, 6 sed ad summam, rem- 
 publicam atque ad vitam que salutem omnium nostrum. 
 Potestne haec lux, Catilina, aut spiritus hujus coeli 
 esse jucundus tibi, quum solas esse neminem horum, qui 
 nesciat te 6 stetisse in comitio cum telo pridie Kalendas 
 Januarias, Lepido et Tullo consulibus ? 6 Paravisse manum, 
 causa interficiendorum consilium et principum civitatis ? 
 Non aliquam mentem aut timorem tuum, sed fortunam 
 Romani populi 6 obstitisse tuo sceleri ac furori ? 7 Ac jam 
 omitto ilia (enim neque suut [scelera] post commissa aut 
 
 1 Quid vero? "Why mention indeed lesser crimes?" or simply 
 " moreover" or " furthermore." 
 
 2 Nonne etiam cumulasti, &c. ' ' Did you not also aggravate this 
 crime by another incredible enormity ? " To the poisoning of his 
 wife he is supposed to have added also the murder of his own son. 
 
 3 Sileri. " To be left in silence." 
 
 4 Proximis Idibus. Debts usually fell due and interest accrued 
 on the Kalends and Ides of the month. 
 
 5 Sed ad summam rempublicam. ' ' But to the highest public con- 
 cern." 
 
 6 Stetisse, paravisse and obstitisse are all construed with qui nesciat 
 te. Non aliquam mentem aut timorem, &c. "That not any for- 
 bearance or shrinking of yours, but the good fortune of the Roman 
 people intercepted on that occasion your crime and madness," or 
 '* your criminal madness.". 
 
 7 Ac jam omitto, &c. " And now I pass over th >se other matters 
 (for the crimes since committed are neither unknown or few in 
 number)." I bring one specific charge : " How often have you at- 
 tempted to kill me as consul elect, how often as consul! How 
 many assaults of thine directed in such a manner that they did not. 
 seem possible to be avoided, have I escaped by a certain slight shift- 
 ing of my position, or, as they say (in pugilistic phrase), corpore, 
 corporeal movement." 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. liii 
 
 obscura aut non mulia) : quoties conatus es interficcrc me 
 [consulem] deeig natum, quoties [me] oonsuleml Quot 
 petitiones tuas ita conjectaa, nt non viderentur posse vitaii, 
 ego eftugi quadam parva declinatione et, nt aiunt, corpore ! 
 Agis nihil, assequeris nihil, moliris nihil ; ' neqne tamen dcsis- 
 tis conari ac velle. Quotiens ista sica jam cxtorta est 
 de manibus tibi ! Quotiens vero excidit et elapsa est aliquo 
 easu! 8 Taraen non potes carere ea diutins : quibus bacris 
 quidem quae (=haec sica) initiata abs te ac devota sit, nescio, 
 quod putas esse necesse defigefe cam in corpore consulis. 
 
 VII. Nunc vero, quae est ista vita tua? Enim jam 
 loquar tecum sic, ut videar non permotus esse odio, quo debeo 
 [permoveri], sed ut [videar permotus esse] misericordia, 
 8 quae nulla debetur tibi. Yenisti paullo ante in senatum. 
 Quis ex hac tanta frequentia, ex tot amicis ac necessariisA^ 
 tuis salutavit to? Si hoc conugit nemini post mcmoriam 
 hominum, * exspectas contumeliam vocis, quum sis oppres- 
 sus gravissimo judicio taciturnitatis ! & Quid, quod tuo ad- 
 ventu ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt ? quod, omnes consulares, 
 (jiii persaej^e constituti fuerunt tibi ad caedem, siniul atque 
 assedisti, reliquerunt istam partem subselliorum nudam at- 
 que inanem. Quo animo tandem putas hoc ferendum tibi? 
 
 1 Neque tamen desistis, <fcc. " And yet you do not cease to attempt 
 and to purpose (evil) ." 
 
 1 J 'amen non potes. "Yet you cannot be without it for any con- 
 siderable time ; with what impious solemnities indeed this (dagger 
 of yours) has been consecrated by you and set apart to its office, I 
 know not, that you think it to be necessary to plunge it in the body 
 of a consul." 
 
 3 Quae nulla, &c. " Which in no degree is due to you." 
 
 1 EkcspectM coiitumcliam vocis. " Do you wait for the reproach of 
 an audible condemnation when you are already overwhelmed by the 
 severest judgment of a significant silence." 
 
 6 Quid, rjuod, ttc. "What say you to the fact, that at your 
 coming those (senatorial) seats were (immediately) vacated ? that 
 all the men of consular dignity, who have been very often designated 
 by you to slaughter, as soon as you sat down, abandoned that part 
 of the seats (and left them) naked and empty ? with what feelings, 
 think you, ought such a circumstance as this to be regarded by 
 you ? " 
 
114 OEATIO I. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 1 7. Si, mehercule, mei servi metuerent me : isto pacto, ut 
 omnes tui cives metuunt te, putarem meam domum [esse] 
 relinquendam : non tu arbitrarjs urbem [esse relinquen- 
 dam] tibi? 2 Et, si viderem me, injuria, tarn graviter sus- 
 pectum atque offensum meis civibus, mallem me carere 
 aspectu civium quain conspici infestis oculis omnium '/ % tu, 
 quum conscientia tuorum scelerum, agnoscas odium omnium 
 [esse] justum et jamdiu debitum tibi, dubitas vitare aspec- 
 tum que praesentiam eorum, quorum mentes que sensus 
 vulneras ? Si tui parentes timerent atque odissent te, neque 
 posses placare eos ulla ratione, 4 concederes, ut opinor, ali- 
 quo ab eorum oculis : nunc patria, quae est communis 
 parens nostrum omnium odit ac metuit te et jamdiu judicat 
 te cogitare nihil nisi de suo parricidio. Tu neque verebere 
 ( hujus auctoritatem, nee sequere judicium, nee pertimesces 
 \vim ? 6 Quae sic agit tecum, Catilina, et quodam modo 
 tacita loquitur : " Jam aliquot annis nullum facinus exstitit 
 nisi per te ; nullum flagitium sine te ; 6 tibi uni neces mul- 
 torum. civium, tibi vexatio que direptio sociorum fuit im- 
 punita ac libera ; 7 tu valuisti non solum ad negligendas 
 leges et quaestiones, verum etiam ad evertendas que per- 
 fringendas (eas). Quanquam ilia superiora non fuerunt 
 ferenda, tamen tuli [ea], ut potui: nunc vero non est feren- 
 
 I Isto pacto. " In the same manner as." 
 
 II Et, si viderem, &c. "And if I saw myself, even without cause, 
 an object of grave suspicion and of odium," &c. Injuria, literally, 
 "With injustice," here, "Without cause." 
 
 3 Tu, quum, &c. " And do you, although with the conviction you 
 must have of your own crimes you acknowledge the universal odium 
 to be right, &c hesitate," &c. 
 
 4 Concederes, &c. u Would withdraw, I imagine, somewhere from 
 their eyes." 
 
 5 Quae sic agit, &c. "And this common mother, your country, 
 thus expostulates with you and in a manner silently addresses 
 you." &c. 
 
 6 Tibi uni neces, &c. "To you alone the proscriptions of many 
 citizens, to you the harassment and plunder of our allies have been 
 things of impunity and of unrestrained perpetration." 
 
 7 Tu valuisti. " You have been able." 
 
('RATIO I. IN CATILINAM. L15 
 
 (him 'totam me esse in nieiii propter tc unum ; quidquid 
 increpueril Oatilinaiatimerij nullum consilium posse videri 
 iniri ooutra me, 3 ([\iotl abhorreal a buo scelere. Quamobrem 
 discede, atque eripe lmnc timorem mihi: si est veins, ne 
 opprimarj sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando desinam timere." 
 VIII. Si patria loquatur haec tecum, ut dixi, nonne 
 debeat Mmpetian', ctiain si non possit adhibere vim? 6 Quicl, 
 quod tu ipse dedisti te in custodiam? quod causa vitandi 
 suspicionis dixisti te velle habitare ad M. Lepidum? Non 
 receptus a quo, ausus es venire ad me atque rogasti, ut as- 
 set- vareni te meae domi. * Quum tulisses quoque a me id 
 respousi, me nullo modo posse esse tuto iisdem parietibus 
 tecum, qui essem in magno periculo, quod contineremur 
 iisdem moenibus, venisti ad praetorem Q. Metellum. Re- 
 pudiatus a quo, demigrasti ad 7 tuum sodalem,- optimum 
 virum, M. Marcellum; quern tu videlicet putasti fore et 
 diligentissimum ad custodiendum te, et sagacissimum ad 
 Buspicanduln, et fortissimum ad vindicandum. 8 Sed quam 
 longe videtur (eum) debere abesse a carcere atque a vinculis, 
 
 1 Totam me, &c. " That my whole being and existence should 
 be put in fear on account of thee alone." .... 
 
 1 Quid quid increpuerit. ' " That on every noise, every alarm, Cati- 
 line should be an object of apprehension." Literally, " Whatever 
 noise should be made." 
 
 3 Quod abhorrent, &0. "Which is not connected with your crim- 
 inality." " In which you do not bear a criminal part." 
 
 4 ImpHrare. " To obtain " what she wishes. 
 
 5 Quid, qxvodtu ipse, &c. " What is to be thought of the fact, 
 that you of your own accord surrendered yourself into custody ? " 
 This was sometimes done by suspected persons to allay anxiety. 
 
 6 Quum tulisses quoque a me, <fcc. " When you received (literally 
 1 bore away ') from me also the answer that I could by no means 
 exist in safety in the same house with you, inasmuch as I was {qiti 
 essem) in great peril to be confined even within the same city 
 walls." 
 
 7 Tuum sodalem, optimum virum. " Your intimate associate a 
 very excellent man." Ironically said. Quern tu videlicet putnsti. 
 " Which you doubtless thought," &c. 
 
 8 Sed qui i in loiiye, &c. *' But how far removed does it seem that 
 he ought to be from (real) incarceration and chains, who volunteers 
 already to adjudge himself worthy of confinement." 
 
116 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 qui ipse jam judicarit se dignum custodia? Quum quae 
 ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si non potes morari hie aequo 
 animo, abire in ' aliquas terras, et mandare f ugae que solitu- 
 dini istam vitam, ereptam multis justis que debitis suppliciis ? 
 Itefer, inquis, ad senatum : Enim postulas id, et, si hie 
 ordo decreverit 3 placere sibi te ire in exsilium, dicis te 
 obternperaturum esse. Non referain ; 8 id quod abhorret a 
 meis moribus : sed tamen faciam (ita), ut intelligas quid hi 
 sentiant de te. Egredere ex urbe, Catilina : libera rem- 
 publicam metu : proficiscere in exsilium, si exspectas hanc 
 vocem. * Quid est, Catilina ? Ecquid attendis, ecquid ani- 
 madvertis silentium horum ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid 
 exspectes auctoritatem (eorum) loquentium, quorum volim- 
 tatem tacitorum perspicis? At si dixissem hoc idem 
 huic optimo adolescenti P. Sestio, [si dixissem] fortissimo 
 viro 6 M. Marcello; senatus jam, 6 optimojure, intulisset vim 
 et manus mihi consuli in hoc ipso templo. Quum autem, 
 Catilina, quiescimt de te, probant ; quum patiuntur, decer- 
 nunt ; quum tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, quorum auc- 
 toritas est videlicet cara tibi, 7 vita vilissima : sed etiam illi 
 
 1 Aliquas terras. " Some (obscure and distant) lands." 
 
 2 Placere sibi. u That it is their pleasure." 
 
 3 Id quod abhorret a meis moribus. " To such a course my feel- 
 ings and character render me averse." Literally, "Which is repug- 
 nant to my character. 1 ' Cicero seems to intimate that a formal 
 reference to the senate would be attended with immediate severity 
 and death to Catiline. Sed tamen faciam (ita). "But nevertheless 
 I will act in such a manner that you shall be at no loss to know 
 what these (senators) think of you." He then elicits a silent judg- 
 ment and acquiescence of the senate by telling Catiline, unofficially, 
 to depart from the city. Egredere, &c. 
 
 4 Quid est, Catilina ? "What does this mean, Catiline ? " Ecquid 
 attendis, &c. " Are you attending (to this significant fact) ? Do 
 you observe the (portentous) silence of these senators ? " 
 
 3 M: Marcello c A different person from the M. Marcellus above. 
 
 6 Optimo jure. " With good reason." 
 
 7 Vita mlissima. " Whose life is very cheap and worthless in your 
 eyes." The senate, he means, whose authority he pretended to re- 
 gard by wishing the matter referred to them, but whose life he was 
 ready to destroy. 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. I I 7 
 
 Romani equites, honestissimi atque optimi viri, quo ceteri 
 fortissimi cives qui circuinstant scnatum, quorum tu potuisti 
 et videre frequentiam, ] <>t pcispicere studia, et paullo ante 
 exaudhv voces. Facile adducam eosdem, quorum maims el 
 tela jamdiu vix coutineo abs te, ut prosequantur usque ad 
 portas te reliuquentem haec, quae jampndem sTudes 1 vastare. 
 IX. 'Quamquam quid Loquor? Ut ulla res frangal 
 te? Ut unquam tu corrigas te ? Ut tu meditere ullam 
 fugam? Ut tu cogites ullum exsilium? Utinam Dii im- 
 mortales duiut tibi istam mentem ! Tametsi video, si 8 per- 
 territus mea voce induxeris animum ire in exsilium, quanta 
 tenipestas invidiae impendeat nobis, * si minus in praesens 
 tempus recenti memoria tuorum scelerum, at in posteritatem. 
 6 Sed est tanti ; dummodo ista sit privata calamitas et sejun- 
 gatur a pcriculis reipublicae. Sed ut tu commoveare tuis 
 vitiis, ut pertimescas poenas legum, ut cedas temporibus 
 reipublicae, non est postulandum. Keque enim es is, Cati- 
 lina, ut aut pudor revocarit te a turpitudine, aut metus a 
 periculo, aut ratio a furore. 23. Quamobrem, ut jam saepe 
 dixi, proficiscere : " ac si vis conflare mihi tuo inimico, ut 
 praedicas, invidiam, perge recta in exsilium : vix feram ser* 
 mones hominum, si feceris id : vix sustinebo molem istius 
 invidiae, si ieris in exsilium jussu consulis. 7 Sin autem 
 
 1 Et perspicere studia. " And perceive their zeal " for the public 
 welfare. 
 
 2 Qusimquam quid loquorf ut, &c. "And yet why do I speak? 
 Is it with the hope that anything can subdue your obduracy or break 
 your spirit ? " . . . . Is it, &c. 
 
 3 Perterritus mea voce, &c. " Intimidated by my voice, you shall 
 bring your mind to go into erile," &c. 
 
 minus, Sec. " If not at present in consequence of the fresh 
 recollection of your crimes." 
 
 b Sed est tu n(i. "But it is of that much account," with some 
 motion of contempt. I care not for the odium I shall create against 
 myself, provided the public does not suffer. 
 
 8 Ac si vis conflare, &c. " And if you wish to kindle against me, 
 your personal enemy, as you publicly proclaim, a flame of indigna- 
 tion, go straight into exile." 
 
 T Sin autem mavis, &C. "But if you prefer to subserve my praise 
 and distinction (do not go into exile, but rather) go forth with that 
 
118 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 mavis servire meae laudi et gloriae, egredere cum importuna 
 manu sceleratorum ; confer te ad Manlium ; concita per- 
 ditos cives ; secerne te a bonis, infer bellum patriae ; exsulta 
 impio latrocinio, ' ut videaris isse non ejectus a me ad 
 alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos. 2 Quamquam quid ego 
 invitem te, a quo sciam jam [eos] esse praeniissos, qui praes- 
 tolarentur tibi armati ad Forum Aurelium ? Cui sciam diem 
 pactam et constitutam [esse] cum Manlio? A quo sciam 
 esse praemissam etiam illam argenteam aquilam, quam con- 
 fido futuram esse perniciosam ac funestam tibi ac omnibus 
 tuis, 3 cui sacrarium tuorum scelerum constitutum fuit tuae 
 domi ? 4 Ut possis tu carere diutius ilia, quam solebas venerari 
 proficiscens ad caedem ? a cujus alfcaribus saepe transtulisti 
 istam impiam dextram ad necem civium ? 
 
 X. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo jampridem ista effre- 
 nata ac furiosa cupiditas tua rapiebat te. Enim neque 5 haec 
 res affert tibi dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
 tatem. Ad banc amentiam natura peperit te, voluntas 
 exercuit, fortuna servavit. 8 Non modo tu nunquam concu- 
 pisti otium, sed ne quidem bellum nisi nefarium. Nactus es 
 
 insolent band of wretches (your associates) and join yourself to 
 Manilas," &c. 
 
 1 Ut videaris, &c. u That you may seem to have gone forth, not 
 as banished by me to the society of strangers, but as solicited to the 
 companionship of your proper associates. " 
 
 2 Quamquam quid ego invitem te, <fcc. "Yet why do I sojicit you 
 (to go into exile), when I know that persons have already been sent 
 before you, who are to wait for you in arms at Forum Aurelium." 
 
 3 Cui sacrarium, &c. Literally, " For which a sanctuary of thy 
 crimes has been established at thy house." The Roman eagle was 
 enclosed in a shrine oftentimes. Cicero seems to intend that Cati- 
 line's house, where this eagle was kept, was a sanctuary of crime 
 and conspiracy a shrine where wicked vows were made. 
 
 4 Ut possis tu carere. " How can you be any longer without that 
 symbol ? " &c. 
 
 5 Haec res. ' ' This criminal enterprise. " 
 
 6 Non modo tu, &c. "Not only have you never desired peace 
 and repose ; not even war has satisfied you, unless it were an 
 infamous one." 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATII, IN AM. 119 
 
 mm mm improborum ' conflatam ex pcrditis, atque derelictis 
 non modo ab oiimi fortuna, vcrum ciiam s|>o. 1 1 LO qua 
 laciiiiii tu perfruere? quibus gaudiis exsultabis ? [n quanta 
 voluptate bacchabere, quum. in tanto niimcro tuorum 
 audies neque videbis quemquam bonum \ irum ? I Hi labores 
 fcuL 'qui feruntur, meditati sunt ad stndium lmjus vit.-u-: 
 jan-iv humi non modo ad obsidtmdum stupnim, veruni et iain 
 ad obeundum facinus; vigilare insidiantem non solum somno 
 maritorum, verum etiam * bonis otiosorum. * Habes, ubi 
 ostentes illam praoclaiam patientiam tuam famis, frigoris, in- 
 Opiae omnium rerum, quibus senties te brevi tempore con- 
 fectum esse. 8 Tantum profeci turn, quum repuli te a 
 consulatu ut posses, exsul, tentare potius quam, consul, 
 vexare rempublicam ; atque ut id, quod esset scelerate sus- 
 ceptum abs te, nominaretur latrocinium potius quam bellum. 
 XI. 6 Nunc ut detester ac deprecer a me, Patres Con- 
 scripti, quandam prope justam querimoniam patriae, per- 
 cipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam et mandate ea penitus 
 vestris animis que mentibus. Etenim si patria, quae est 
 
 1 Conflatam, &c. " Collected together from abandoned persons 
 and those stripped not only of all fortune, but even of hope itself." 
 
 2 Qui feruntur. " Which are made matter of boasting." Medilati 
 sunt. " Were intended to prepare you for the pursuit of this man- 
 ner of life." 
 
 8 Bonis otiosorum. ' ' The property of the unwary. " Some editions 
 have " occissorum" which gives a good sense, meaning the property 
 of those slain in the proscriptions incident to civil war. 
 
 * Habes, ubi, &c. "You have now a sphere (in the labors and 
 difficulties of th : s conspiracy) where you can display that extraordi- 
 nary patience of yours in enduring hunger, cold, and the want of all 
 things, by which you will feel yourself in a short time (I venture to 
 predict) to be exhausted and ruined." 
 
 6 Tantum profeci, &c. " Thus much at least I accomplished 
 when I debarred you from the consulship, that you can now only 
 attack the republic as an exile rather than, as a consul, vex and ha- 
 rass it, and that the criminal enterprise undertaken by you should 
 be called by its proper name, a scheme of public robbery and plun- 
 der rather than a legitimate war." 
 
 8 Nunc ut detester ac deprecer. "Now that I may solemnly depre- 
 cate (all blame) and avert from myself an almost just imputation on 
 the part of my country." 
 
120 OEATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 mnl to carior mea vita, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res pubKca 
 loquatur meciim jjf " M. Tulli, quid agis ? Tune patiere eum, 
 quein comperisti esse hostem, quern vides futurum (esse) 
 ducem belli, quern sentis exspectari imperatorem in castris 
 liostium, auctorem sceleris, principem conjurationis, evoca- 
 torem servorum et perditorum civium, exire, l ut videatur 
 non emissus abs te ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem ? Nonne 
 imperabis hunc duci in vincula, non rapi ad mortem, non 
 mactari summo supplicio ? Quid tandem impedit te ? 
 Mosne majorum ? At persaepe etiam privati in hac repub- 
 lica multarunt perniciosos cives morte. An leges, quae 
 rogatae sunt de supplicio Romanorum civium ? At nunquam 
 in hac urbe a ii tenuerunt jura civium, qui defecerunt a re 
 publica. An times 3 invidiam posteritatis ? 4 Refers vero 
 praeclaram gratiam Romano populo, qui extulit te hominem 
 cognitum per te, nulla commendatione majorum, tarn mature 
 per omnes gradus honorum ad summum imperium, si propter 
 invidiam aut metum alicujus periculi negligis salutem tuo- 
 rum civium. Sed si est quis metus invidiae, num. est 
 invidia severitatis ac fortitudinis vehementius pertimescenda 
 quam (invidia) inertiae atque nequitiae ? Quum Italia vas- 
 tabitur bello, urbes vexabuntur, tecta ardebunt, 6 annon ex- 
 istimas te turn conflagraturum (esse) incendio ? " 
 
 XII. His sanctissimis vocibus reipublicae et 6 mentibus 
 
 1 Ut irideatur, &c. " So that he may seem not to have been sent 
 out of the city, but rather to have been sent into it," by the oppor- 
 tunity afforded him of returning with an armed force of conspira- 
 tors. 
 
 2 Ii tenuerunt. " Have they retained the rights of citizens," &c. 
 8 Invidiam. "Odium." 
 
 4 Refers vero, &c. "You show extraordinary gratitude truly to 
 the Roman people, who have elevated you, a man known only by 
 your own exertions, without any recommendation of ancestry, at so 
 early a period, (after passing) through all the (successive) grades of 
 office, to the highest place of power, if through the dread of odium 
 or the fear of any danger you neglect (and imperil) the safety of 
 your fellow-citizens. 7 ' 
 
 5 Annon existimas, &c. ' ' Do you not think you will then blaze 
 and be consumed in the general conflagration ? " 
 
 c Mentibus. " The opinions." 
 
ORATIO I. IN (A I I I.I.N AM. 121 
 
 
 
 eorum hominum, qui sentiunt hoc idem, ego respondebo pauca. 
 Si judicarem hoc opt iinum lactu, Patres conscripts, ( alilinam 
 multaii morte, ego non dedissem * isti gladiatori usuram 
 union horae ad vivendum. Etenim, si summi viri efc claris- 
 simi . cives non modo 2 non contaminarunt se sanguine 
 Saturnini et Graechorum et Flacci et complurium superio- 
 rum (eonjuratoram), * sed etiam honestarunt ; certe non 
 erat verendum mihi, ne quid invidiae 3 redundaret niihi in 
 posteritatem, hoc parricida civium iiiterfecto. Quod si ea 
 (invidia) impenderet mihi * maxima, tamen semper fui hoc 
 animo, 6 ut putareni invidiam partam virtute gloriam, non 
 invidiam. 6 Quamquam nonnulli sunt in hoc ordine, qui 
 aut non videant, ea quae imminent, atit dissiiimlent quae 
 vident : 7 qui aluerunt spem Catilinae mollibus sententiis, que 
 corroboraverunt nascentem conjurationem non credendo ; 
 quorum auctoritatem multi, uon solum improbi, verum etiam 
 imperiti, secuti, dicerent, 8 si animadvertissem hunc, factum 
 esse crudeliter et regie. 9 Nunc intelligo, si iste pervenerit 
 in Manliana castra, quo intendit, neminem fore tarn stultum, 
 qui non videat conjurationem esse factam, neminem tarn 
 improbum, qui non fateatur. 10 Autem hoc uno interfecto, 
 
 1 Isti gladiatori usuram, &c. " To that gladiator (and assassin) 
 the enjoyment of one hour for living." Gladiatori of course refers 
 to Catiline. 
 
 2 Non contaminarunt se. "Did not dishonorably stain them- 
 selves," sed etiam lionestarunt, " but even did themselves credit 
 and honor." 
 
 3 Redundaret. ' ' Would accrue. " 
 
 1 Maxime. " To the greatest degree." 
 
 8 Ut puUirem, &c. u As to think that odium incurred by virtue 
 and integrity was really glory and not odium." 
 
 6 Quamquam. " Nevertheless." 
 
 T Qui <d>ierunt. ike. ** Who have fostered the hope of Catiline by 
 lenient sentiments." 
 
 * 8i animadvertissem, &c. u If I had inflicted summary punish- 
 ment upon this man, that it was done with cruelty and in a tyran- 
 nical manner." 
 
 9 Nunc intelligo, &c. "Now I clearly perceive, if this man shall 
 once have actually come to the camp of Manlius, whither he is bent 
 upon going." 
 
 i0 Autem Iwc uno. " But if only this one man is put to death." 
 G 
 
122 OEATIO I. IN CATILINAM. % 
 
 intelligo hanc pestein reipublicae posse paullisper reprimi, 
 1 non in perpetuum coniprimi. Quod si^ejecerit se,'que 
 eduxerit secum suos, et aggregaverit eodem ceteros a naufra- 
 gos imdique collectos, non modo 2 haec tam adulta pestis 
 reipublicae exstinguetur atque delebitur, verum etiam stirps 
 ac semen omnium malorum. 
 
 XIII. 3 Etenim jamdiu versamur, Patres conscripti, 
 in his periculis que insidiis conj urationis ; sed nescio quo 
 pacto maturitas omnium scelerum, ac veteris furoris et auda- 
 ciae, erupit in tempus nostri cunsulatus. 4 Quod si iste 
 unus ex tanto latrocinio tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad 
 quoddam breve tempus esse relevati cura et metu : peri- 
 culum autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis 
 atque in visceribus reipublicae. Ut saepe homines aegri 
 gravi morbo, quum jactantur aestu que febri, si biberint 
 gelidam aquam, videntur primo relevari, deinde amictantur 
 multo gravius que vehementius ; sic hie morbus, qui est 
 in republica, relevatus 6 poena istius, ingravescet vehemen- 
 tius 6 reliquis vivis. Quare improbi secedant, secernant 
 se a bonis, congregentur in unum locum, denique, 6 id quod 
 jam saepe dixi, secernantur a nobis muro, desinant insidiari 
 consuli suae domi, circumstare tribunal urbani praetoris, 
 
 1 Non in peiyetuum comprimi. u Not permanently (and wholly) 
 suppressed. " 
 
 " Na.ufragos. " Bankrupt and ruined persons." Haec tam adulta. 
 " This mature and full-grown pest of the republic .... but also 
 the very root and germ of all these evils." 
 
 3 Etenim jamdiu, &c. "For now for a long time, Conscript 
 Fathers, we have been involved in these perils and snares of con- 
 spiracy (and treason) ; but somehow the ripening and maturity of 
 all these crimes, and of this long-standing fury and madnes3, has 
 suddenly broken out in the period of our consulship." 
 
 4 Quod ti iste. ' ' But if this one man out of so extended a band 
 of robbers and conspirators shall be destroyed, we shall seem per- 
 haps for some brief period to be relieved from anxiety and fear : the 
 danger, however, will still remain, and will be shut up in the veins 
 and bowels of the republic." 
 
 1 Poena istius. " By the punishment of this one man." Reliquis 
 vivis. ' ' While the rest are alive. " 
 
 6 Id quod jam, &c. '* As I have already often said." 
 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATIUNAM. 123 
 
 obsidere curiam cum gladiis, ' com para re malleolos et faces 
 ad inllammamlam urbem ; sit deniqne insrriptum in froute 
 unius cujusque, 3 quid sentiat de republic*. Polliceor hoc 
 vobis, Patres conscripti, fore tantam diligentiam in nobis 
 consulibus, tantam auctoritatem in vobis, tantam virtu trm 
 in Romania equitdbus, tantam consensionem in omnibus 
 bonis, ut videatis, profectione Catilinae, omnia esse patefacta, 
 illustrata, oppressa, vindicata. 3 Hisce ominibus, Catilina, 
 cum sumina salute reipublicae, et cum tua peste ac pernicie, 
 que cum exitio eorum, qui junxerunt se cum te omni scelere 
 que parricidio, proficiscere ad impiuin ac nefarium bellum. 
 Turn tu, Jupiter, 4 qui constitutus es (stator) iisdem aus- 
 piciis " quibus haec urbs (constituta est), quem vere nomi- 
 namus Statorem hujus urbis atque imperii, 6 arcebis hunc et 
 hujus socios a tuis aris que ceteris templis, a tectis ac 
 moenibus urbis, a vita que fortunis omnium civium : 6 et mac- 
 tabis aeternis suppliciis, vivos que mortuos, homines inimi- 
 cos bonorum, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae, conjunctos inter 
 se foedere scelerum ac nefaria societate, 
 
 1 Comparare malleolos. " To prepare firebrands," &c. 
 - Qi'irf tmiiai. "What his views are." 
 
 3 llixcr oiiiinibus, &c. " With these omens that I have mentioned 
 to attend you, Catiline, with the assured safety of the republic, and 
 with thine own certain destruction and ruin and with the destruction 
 also of those, etc. . . .go forth to the impious and unnatural war." 
 
 4 Qui eonsutttttu as, &o. " Who hast been inaugurated our patron 
 and supporter by the same auspices by which the city itself was 
 founded." 
 
 5 Arcebis liunc. "Wilt drive away this man and his confeder- 
 ates." 
 
 *Et maetdb%8 i &C "And wilt visit with eternal retributions, 
 alive and after death, men (who are) the foes of the good, the ene- 
 mies of their country, the plunderers of Italy, banded together 
 among themselves in a league of crimes and unhallowed fellowship. " 
 
OUATIO SECUNDA,* 
 IN 
 
 CATILINAM 
 
 AD Q UIKITES . 
 
 I. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, vel ejecimus vel emisimus, 
 ex urbe L. Catilinam, furentem, audacia, anhelanteni scelus, 
 
 * Omtio secunda, &c. The effect of Cicero's speech in the senate 
 upon Catiline was what the orator intended. That very night 
 Catiline lied from the city. Cicero had now to encounter a divided 
 opinion among the people. The friends of order and justice would 
 blame him for his lenity and ask why he permitted so dangerous a 
 man to escape. On the other hand, the secret supporters of Catiline 
 and those who were as yet unconvinced of his guilt would charge 
 the consul with severity and precipitancy, and the cry actually be- 
 gan to be raised that Cicero had driven an innocent man into exile. 
 In this second oration, therefore, Cicero addresses the people to vindi- 
 cate his course. He refutes the charge of too much lenity by show- 
 ing that the state of public sentiment and conviction did not permit 
 him to take more summary steps with Catiline, and that if he had 
 put him to death he would have contracted an odium that would 
 have prevented him from proceeding against the other conspirators. 
 He answers the charge of severity by insisting that Catiline had not 
 gone into exile, but to the camp of Manlius, where he already in- 
 tended to go. These, with other matters, form the subject of the 
 second oration, which concludes with a stringent warning and ad- 
 monition, to the other conspirators, that the least movement would 
 bring down the vengeance of the consul, and an encouraging promise 
 to the people that without commotion and under the auspices of 
 the immortal gods he would bring the conspiracy to an end and 
 protect the city from all enemies. 
 
 1 Tandem aliquando, &c. At last, fellow-citizens, we have suc- 
 ceeded in ejecting or sending forth from the city Lucius Catiline, ra- 
 
 
ORA.TIO n. IN CATIUN'AM. 125 
 
 nefarie molientem pestem patriae, minitantem vobis atque 
 lmic urbi forro quo llamina, vol prosecuti sumus verbis ipsum 
 egredientem, Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla pernicies 
 jam oomparabitur a illo monatro atque prodigio ' ipsis moeni- 
 
 bus intra moeuia : atque quidein vicimu.s sine controversia 
 hunc unum ducem liujus domestici belli. ESnim jam ' ilia doa 
 non versabitur inter nostra latera : non pertimescemus in 
 campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra donies- 
 ticos parietes. 8 Ille motus est loco, quum depulsus est ex 
 urbe. Jam palam geiemus justum bellum * cum hoste, 
 nullo impediente. Sine dubio perdidimus que magnifice 
 viciinus hominem, quum conjecimus ilium 6 ex occultis 
 insidiis in apertum latrocinium. e Quod vero non extulit 
 cruentum mucronem ut voluit, quod egressus est, nobis 
 vivis, quod extorsimus ferrum ei e manibus, quod reliquit 
 cives incolumes, quod [reliquit] urbem stantem, quanto 
 maerore tandem putatis ilium esse afflictum et prolligatum ? 
 Ille nunc jacet que prostratus est, et sentit se esse 7 percul- 
 sum atque abjectum, et retorquet oculos profecto saepe ad 
 nanc urbem, quam luget esse ereptam e suis faucibus; 
 
 ging with audacity, breathing out crime, wickedly plotting the ruin of 
 his country, continually threatening you and this city of yours with 
 lire and sword ; we have at least followed him with words of execra- 
 tion and reproach, if he has gone of his own accord. He has gone, 
 he has left, he has got off, he has broke away." 
 
 1 Ipsis r/ujenibus, <fcc. " To the city itself within its own walls." 
 
 2 Ilia sica, &c. "That dagger of his will not be employed in 
 piercing and lacerating our very sides." Literally, "among our 
 sides." 
 
 3 Me motus est loco. "He has been dislodged from his advanta- 
 geous position." 
 
 4 Cum hoste. " With a public enemy." 
 
 6 Ex occultis, &c. ' From secret haunts of treachery into an open 
 war of plunder and rapine." 
 
 6 Quod vero non extulit^ &c. ' ' That he did not succeed in un- 
 sheathing a bloody sword among us, as he wished ; that he has 
 gone, leaving us alive ; that we have wrenched the sword from him, 
 out of his very hands ; that he has left the citizens safe and the city 
 standing ; with how much grief and disappointment, think you, is 
 he afflicted and cast down on these accounts." 
 
 7 Perculsum atque abjectum. " A stricken and worthless object." 
 
126 ORATIO II. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 1 quae quidem videtur mihi laetari, quod evomuerit tan tarn 
 })estem que projecerit foras. 
 
 II. At si est quis talis, * quales oportebat omnes esse, qui in 
 hoc ipso, in quo mea oratio exsultat et triumphat, accuset 
 me vehementer, quod non comprehenderim tam capitalem hos- 
 teni potius, quam emiserini : ista non est mea culpa, Quiri- 
 tes, sed [culpa] temporum. Jampridem oportebat L. Cati- 
 linam interfectum esse et affectum gravissimo supplicio : 
 8 que id et mos majorum et severitas hujus imperii, et res- 
 publica postulabat a me. Sed quam multos putatis fuisse, 
 qui non crederent, * quae ego deferrem ? Quam multos, 
 qui 6 non putarent propter stultitiam ? Quam multos qui 
 etiam defenderent ? Quam multos qui faverent propter im- 
 probitatem? 6 Ac si, illo sublato, judicarem omne pericu- 
 lum depelli aTvobis, jampridem ego sustulissem L. Catilinam 
 periculo non modo meae invidiae, verum etiam vitae. 7 Sed 
 quum viderem, re ne quidem etiam turn probata omnibus 
 vobis, si multassem ilium morte, ut meritus erat, fore ut, op- 
 pressus invidia, non possem persequi ejus socios ; deduxi rem 
 hue, ut possetis turn palam pugnare, quum videretis hostem 
 
 1 Quae refers to urbem. 
 
 2 Quales oportebat, &c. u As may well be the case with all " Qui 
 in hoc ipso, &c. " Who in this very matter in which my (present) 
 speech overflows with joy and triumph charges me vehemently with 
 blame, because," &c. 
 
 3 Que id. " And that course of proceeding." 
 
 4 Quae ego deferrem. " The allegations I made " against these con- 
 spirators. 
 
 5 Non putarent, &c. " Would not imagine them to be true on ac- 
 count of their own simplicity." 
 
 6 Ac si, &c. "And still if on his being despatched T could have 
 supposed all danger would be warded off from us, I would long ago 
 have put to death Lucius Catiline at the peril of my public esteem 
 (of incurring public odium) not only, but even of life itself." 
 
 T Sed quum viderem, &c. u But when I saw, the affair (of the con- 
 spiracy) not having been as yet fully ascertained by you all, if I 
 should put him to death, as he deserved, the consequence would be 
 that, being overwhelmed myself with odium, I should be unable to 
 prosecute his confederates ; I brought matters to such a position 
 that you might be able to maintain an open conflict, when you 
 should see an open enemy. " 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATII.IXAM. 127 
 
 aperte. ' Quern quidem hostem, Quirites, quam vd in neuter 
 ego paten esse timendmn foris, lioet intelligatu bine, quod 
 etiam molesta fero illud, quod exierii ex urbe parum oomi- 
 
 taius. Utinara ille eduxiuet srcum oiunes suas cojiias ! 
 Kduxit - niihi Tongillnm, quoincorprrat mare in 3 praetexta; 
 [eduxit etiam] Publiciuin et M unatium, quorum * aes alie- 
 num contractum in popina poterat afferre nullum molu in 
 lvipublicae. 6 Quos viros reliquit! quanto aere alienol 
 quam valentes ! quam nobiles ! 
 
 III. Itaque ego, 6 et Gallicanis legionibus et hoc delectu, 
 quern Q. Metellus habuit in Piceno et Gallico agro, et his co- 
 piis, quae quotidie comparantur a nobis, magnopere con- 
 temno ilium exercitum collectum ex desperatis senibus, ex 
 T agresti luxuria, ex rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui ma- 
 luerunt deserere vadimonia quam ilium exercitum ; quibus si 
 ostendero non modo 8 aciem nostri exercitus, verum etiam si 
 [ostendero] 9 edictum praetoris, [illi] concident. Mallem edux- 
 
 1 Quern quidem, &c. " How much truly, fellow- citizens, I think 
 this man is to be feared as a public enemy abroad you can readily 
 understand from this fact, that I (am even disappointed and) cha- 
 grined that he went out of the city so thinly attended." Literally, 
 " whom indeed as a public enemy, fellow-citizens, how much I 
 think he is to be feared," &c. 
 
 2 Mihi is hardly translatable. Literally, "He led out for me Ton- 
 gillus," i.e. " He took out, to subserve my ridicule and animadver- 
 sion, the worthless Tongillus." Some translate "my Tongillus," 
 ironically. 
 
 '> Pra'texto. The customary dress until 16. "In his youth." 
 4 Aes alienum. "Indebtedness." Popina, "Tavern." So small 
 an indebtedness could afford no motive to public sedition and dis- 
 turbance. 
 
 6 Quos viros. "What men of consequence has he left behind ! 
 with how large an indebtedness ! How influential ! of what distin- 
 guished connections V 
 
 6 Et Gallicanis, <fec. ' ' Both on account of the regular legions in 
 (Transalpine) Gaul, and this (recent) levy which Q. Metellus had, 
 &c GaUico. Cisalpine GauL" 
 
 7 Agresti luxuria. " Rustic debauchery." 
 6 Aciem. " The array," military order. 
 
 9 Edictum praetoris. " The edict of the praetor" sequestering or 
 confiscating their estates. Concident. " They will fall prostrate." 
 " They will sink to the earth with terror." 
 
128 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 isset secum ' suos milites hos, quos video volitare in foro, 
 quos [video] stare ad curiam, quos [video] etiam venire in 
 senatum, qui nitent nnguentis, qui fulgent purpura : qui si 
 permanent hie, mementote ilium exercitum non [esse per ti- 
 mescendum] nobis tarn, quam hos, qui deseruerunt exercitum, 
 esse pertiinescendos. Atque sunt timendi etiam magis hoc, 
 quod sentiunt me scire quid cogitent, 2 neque tamen permoven- 
 tur. Video, 3 cui Apulia sit attributa quis habeat Etruriam, 
 quis Picenum agrum, quis Gallicum, quis depoposcerit sibi 
 has urbanas insidias caedis atque incendiorum. Sentiunt 
 4 omnia consilia superioris noctis perlata esse ad me ; patefeci 
 hesterno die in senatu ; Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit : 
 Quid hi exspectant ? Nae illi vehementer errant, si sperant 
 illam pristinam lenitatem meam futuram [esse] perpetuam. 
 
 IV. 8 Jam assecutus sum, quod exspectavi, ut vos omnes 
 videretis conjurationem esse aperte factam contra rempubli- 
 cam. 6 Nisi si est quis, qui putet similes Catilinae non sentire 
 cum Catilina. Jam non est locus lenitati: res ipsa flagitat 
 severitatem. Etiam nunc 7 concedam unum : exeant, proti- 
 ciscantur, 6 ne patiantur miserum Catilinam tabescere desi- 
 derio sui. Demonstrabo iter : profectus est Aurelia via. Si 
 volent accelerare, 9 consequentur [eum] ad vesperam. O for- 
 
 1 Suos milites. " As his soldiers." 
 
 a Neque tamen permoventur. " And still are not moved." 
 
 3 Cui Apulia, &c. " To whom Apulia has been assigned " as his 
 
 part in the conspiracy Quis depoposcerit, &c, "who shall 
 
 claim, as his share, this city-plot of slaughter and incendiarism." 
 
 4 Omnia consilia, &c. "All the plans of that former night (6 th 
 Nov.) have been brought to me." 
 
 5 Jam assecutus sum, &c. "I have now accomplished what I 
 have waited for," &c. 
 
 6 Nisi si quis, &c. ' ' Unless there is any one who thinks that 
 those who are like Catiline (in character) do not agree with Catiline 
 in purposes and plans." 
 
 7 Concedam unum. "I will make one concession" to the con- 
 spirators. 
 
 8 Ne patiantur, &c. " Let them not suffer the wretched Catiline 
 to pine with sorrow for lack of their presence and society." 
 
 9 Consequentur {eum). " They will overtake him." 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATII.INAM. 129 
 
 iwnatam rcmpublicam, si quidcm ejecerit * lianc scntinam 
 hujua urbifl! 'Catilina uno, mehercule, exhausto, respub- 
 lica videtur mihi [e8ae] relevata el recreata. Enim quid 
 niali aut Bceleria potest fiugi aut cogitari, quod ille non con- 
 ceperit? Quis vtiuikus iota Italia, quis gladiator, quis 
 latro, quis sicarius, quia parridda, quis " subjcctor testamen- 
 torum, 4 quis circumscriptor, quis gaueo, quis nepos, quis 
 adulter, quae intamis mulier, quis corruptor juventutis, quia 
 corruptus, quis perditus potest inveniri, qui non fateatur 
 se vixisse familiarissime cum Catilina? Quae caedes facta 
 est per hosce anaos sine illo ? Quod nefarium stuprum non 
 [factum est] per ilium? 6 Jam vero quae illecebra juventu- 
 tis fuit unquam tanta in ullo homine quanta in illo ? " Qui 
 ipse amabat alios turpissime, serviebat amori aliorum flagiti- 
 osissime, pollicebatur aliis fructum libidinum, alios mortem 
 parentum, non modo impellendo, verum etiam adjuvando. 
 Nunc vero quam subito collegerat ingentem numerum per- 
 ditorum hominum non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agiis ? 
 Nemo non modo Romae sed nee in ullo angulo totius Italiae 
 oppressus fuit aere alieno, quern non adsciverit ad hoc in- 
 credibile foedus sceleris. 
 
 V. 7 Atque ut possitis perspicere ejus diversa studia 
 
 1 Hanc sentinam, &c. " This scum of this our city." 
 
 2 Catilina uno. " Catiline alone." Exhausto. Literally, "Drawn 
 off," removed or taken away. 
 
 8 Subjcctor testamenioriun. " Forger or substitutor of wills." 
 
 4 (Juis eirctiinscriptor. " What defrauder." .... Quis nepos. 
 " What profligate." 
 
 5 Jam vero, &c. "Nay, more ; what faculty of ensnaring and 
 corrupting youth was ever so great in any man as in him." 
 
 1 Qui ipse amabat. "Inasmuch as he himself was addicted to 
 base affections, he subserved the base passions of others in the most 
 shameless manner. He promised to some the gratification of their 
 lusts, for others he procured the violent deaths of their parents, not 
 only by impelling them to the murderous act, but by even assisting 
 them in it." 
 
 7 At que ut possitis, &c. " And that you may be able to perceive 
 the different pursuits of the man under a diversified aspect and 
 relation," &c. 
 6* 
 
130 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 in dissimili ratione, est nemo in gladiatorio lndo ' paullo 
 audacior ad f acinus qui non fateatur se esse intimum Cati- 
 linae ; nemo in scena 2 levior et nequior, qui non commemo- 
 ret se fuisse prope sodalem ejusdem. 3 Atque tamen idem, 
 assuefactus exercitatione stuprorum et scelerum, praedicaba- 
 tur ab istis fortis perferendis frigore et fame et siti et 
 vigiliis, quum subsidia industriae atque instrumenta virtutis 
 consumerentur in libidine que audacia. Vero si sui comites 
 secuti erunt hunc ; si flagitiosi greges desperatorum homi- 
 n um exierint ex urbe : O beatos nos ! O fortunatam rem- 
 publicam ! O praeclaram laudem mei consulatus ! Enim 
 jam libidines [istorum] hominum non sunt 4 mediocres, 
 audaciae [non sunt] B humanae ac tolerandae : cogitant nihil 
 nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas : profuderunt sua patri- 
 monial obligaverunt suas fortunas : 6 res jampridem [defecit], 
 fides nuper coepit deficere : tamen ilia eadem libido, quae 
 erat in abundantia, permanet. Quod si quaererent solum 
 comissationes in vino et alea, et scorta, illi essent quidem 
 desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Yero quis possit ferre 
 hoc, ineites homines insidiari fortissimis viris, stultissimos 
 prudentissimis, ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus ? 
 7 Qui mihi accubantes in conviviis, complexi impudicas 
 mulieres, languidi vino, conferti cibo, redimiti sertis, ob- 
 liti unguentis, debilitati stupris, eructant suis sermonibus 
 
 1 Paullo audacior. " A little bolder than usual." 
 
 2 Levior et nequior. " More frivolous and worthless than usual." 
 
 3 Atque tamen idem. ' ' And yet this same man, accustomed as 
 he was to the practice of debauchery and crime, was commonly 
 boasted of by those (infamous) companions of his as brave in endur- 
 ing," &c. . : . . Quum subsidia, &c. ' k Although the resources of 
 industry and the instruments and means of virtue were habitually 
 consumed," &c. 
 
 4 Mediocres. " Of an ordinary character." 
 
 5 Humanae ac tolerandae. " (Simply) human and endurable." 
 
 6 Bes jampridem, &c. " Their property long ago (was exhausted), 
 and tbeir credit of late has begun to fail." 
 
 7 Qui mihi. Literally, "These men for me," ironically said; 
 " These most virtuous men." 
 
ORATlo II. IX CATII.INAM. 181 
 
 modem bononiin atque iiicendia urbis. ' Quibus ego confido 
 aliquod fatum Lnipeiidere j et poenam jamdiu debitam im 
 probitati, nequitiae, sccleri, libidini, aut jam plane instare 
 aut certe appropinyiare. Quos si me us consular us, quoniam 
 
 nou potest sanaiv, sustulerit, ' propagarit reipublioae nou 
 nescio quod breve tempus, sed multa secula. Enini est nulla 
 natio quain pcrtimescamus ; nullus rex, qui possit facere 
 bellum Romano populo. Omnia externa, terra que ni;ui, 
 sunt pacata virtute 3 unius [viri] ; domesticum bellum 
 manet ; sunt insidiae intus ; intus periculum est inclusum ; 
 hostis est intus. Certandum est nobis cum luxuria, cum 
 amentia, cum scelere. Huic bello, Quirites, ego proiiteor 
 me [esse] ducem; 4 suscipio inimicitias perditorum hominum. 
 Quae poterunt sanari, sanabo quacunque ratione : quae rese- 
 canda erunt, non patiar mane re ad perniciem civitatis. 
 Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant, aut, si permanent, et in 
 urbe et in eadem mente, exspectent ea, quae merentur. 
 
 VI. At etiam sunt [ii], Quirites, qui dicant Catilinam 
 ejectum esse a me in exsilium. Quod si possem 5 assequi 
 verbo, ejicerem istos ipsos, qui loquuntur haec. Homo 
 timidus videlicet aut etiam permodestus non potuit ferre 
 vocem consulis ; simul atque j ussus est ire in exsilium 
 paruit, ivit. Hesterno die, quum essem poene interfectus, 
 convocavi senatum in Aedem Jo vis Statoris ; detuli omnem 
 rem ad Patres Conscriptos. Quo quum Catilina venisset, 
 quis Senator appellavit eum? Quis salutavit ? Quis denique 
 adspexit [eum] 6 ita ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut 
 
 1 Quibus ego, &c. " Over whom I trust some suitable fate is im- 
 pending'," . . . . et poenam, &c., "and the punishment long since 
 due," &c. 
 
 - Propagarit, &c. "It will prolong the life of the republic not 
 for a short time only, but for many ages." Literally, " It will add 
 to the republic not some short period," &c 
 
 3 Unius [viri]. Pompey. 
 
 4 Suscipio. " I court or assume." 
 
 6 Assequi verbo. " Accomplish this by a word." 
 G Ita ut perditum. "As an abandoned citizen simply, and not 
 rather as a most dangerous public enemy." 
 
132 ORATIO n. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 importunissimum hostem ? Quinetiam principes ejus ordi- 
 nis reliquerunt nudam atque inanem illam partem subsel- 
 liorum, ad quara ille accesserat. Hie ego ille vehemens 
 consul, qui ejicio cives verbo in exsilium, quaesivi a Catilina, 
 an [ille] fuisset nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam necne. 
 Quum ille, audacissimus homo, convictus conscientia, primo 
 reticuisset, patefeci cetera ; edocui quid egisset ea nocte, quid 
 constituisset proxima [nocte], r quemadmodum ratio totius 
 belli esset descripta ei. Quum hesitaret, quum 2 tenere- 
 tur, quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo jampridem 
 pararet (ire) : 3 quum scirem arma, quum secures, quum 
 fasces, quum tubas, quum militaria signa, quum illam argen- 
 team aquilam, cui ille fecerat etiam sacrarium scelerum 
 suae domi, esse praemissam. 4 Ejiciebam in exsilium [ilium], 
 quern videbam jam ingressum esse in bellum? Etenim, 
 5 credo, iste centurio Manlius, qui posuit castra in Faesulano 
 agro, indixit bellum Romano populo 6 suo nomine ; et ilia 
 castra non nunc exspectant Catilinam ducem, et ille, ejectus 
 in exsilium, conferet se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec 
 castra. 
 
 VII. O miseram conditionem non modo administrandae, 
 verum etiam conservandae reipublicae ! Nunc si L. Cati- 
 lina, circumclusus ac debilitatus meis consiliis, laboribus, 
 periculis, 7 subito pertimuerit, mutaverit sententiam, deseru- 
 erit suos, abjecerit consilium faciundi belli, converterit iter 
 ex hoc cursu sceleris et belli ad fugam atque in exsilium, 
 
 1 Quemadmodum ratio, &c. ' ' In what manner the scheme of 
 the whole war had been planned by him." 
 
 2 Teneretur, sc. silentio. " When he was silent or speechless." 
 
 3 Quum scirem. " Inasmuch as I knew," &c. 
 
 4 Ejiciebam, &c. " Did I banish into exile," &c. 
 
 5 Credo. " I suppose ; " ironical. 
 
 6 Suo nomine. ' ' In his own name " (and under his own respon- 
 sibility). 
 
 T Subito 'pertimuerit. "Shall suddenly become intimidated;" 
 .... abjecerit consilium, " shall abandon his design of making 
 war." 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. L8I 
 
 
 iHe non dicetur esse ' spoliatus a me armis audaciae, non ob- 
 stupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non depulsus <lo 
 Bpe que oonatu. Bed indcmnatus, innocensejectus in exsilium 
 a consuls vi et minis: et Brunt [homines], qui velint ilium 
 niiaii, si feoerit hoc, non improbura sed miserum, mo 
 (cxistiiiKiii) non diligenttadmtUQ consulem, sed crudelissi- 
 niuni tynuiiium. '"' Kst niilii tanti, Quirites, subire tempes- 
 tatcm 1 in jus falsae atque iniquae invidiae, dummodo pericu- 
 luni hujus honibilis ac nefarii belli depellatur a vobis. 
 'Dicatur sane esse ejectus a me, dummodo eat in exsilium. 
 Sed credite mini, non est iturus. Nunquam ego optabo a 
 immortalibus diis, Quirites, * causa levandae meae invidiae, 
 ut audiatis L. Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque 
 volitare in armis ; sed tamen audietis triduo : que timeo 
 multo magis illud, 6 ne sit invidiosum mihi aliquando, quod 
 emiserim ilium potius, quam quod ejecerim [in exsilium]. 
 Sed quum sunt homines, qui dicant ilium, quum sit profectus, 
 esse ejectum [in exsilium], quid iidem dicerent, si interfectus 
 esset. Quamquam isti, qui dictitant Catilinam ire Massiliam 
 1 non tarn queruntur hoc, quam verentur. Est nemo istorum 
 tam misericors, qui non malit ilium ire ad Manlium, quam 
 ad Massilienses. 7 Ille autem, si mehercule nunquam ante 
 
 1 Spoliatus. ' ' Stripped. ' ' 
 
 2 Est mihi tanti. "It is of so much account to me," probably 
 with a gesture of contempt or indifference; i.e., "It is of little 
 moment to me." 
 
 3 Dicatur. " Let it be alleged." 
 
 4 Causa levandae, &c. " For the sake of mitigating public odium 
 against myself." 
 
 5 Ne sit invidiosum, &c. " That it may be a matter of reproach 
 and impeachment against me at a future day." .... Quod emi- 
 si rim. ' ' That I let him go " at all to prosecute his rebellious 
 phins, i.e. , That I did not put him to death. 
 
 Non tam queruntur. " Do not so much in reality complain of 
 this, as fear it may be the case." Their real wish is that he may 
 go to Manlius. They are in the conspiracy themselves. 
 
 7 Ille autem, &c. "As for Catiline himself, if he had never 
 before meditated this which he is now doing, i.e., conspiring 
 against his country, he would, nevertheless (such is his character), 
 
1 31 ORATIO IT. IX CATILINAM. 
 
 cogitasset hoc, quod agit, tamen mallet se interfici latro- 
 cinantem, quam vivere exsulem. Nunc vero, quum nihil 
 adhuc acciderit ei praeter ipsius voluntatem que cogitatio- 
 nem, nisi quod profectus est Roma nobis vivis, optemus 
 potius, quam quaeramur, ut eat in exsilium. 
 
 VIII. Sed cur loquimur tamdiu de uno hoste, et de eo 
 hoste, qui jam fatetur se esse hostem et quern non timeo 
 1 quia mums interest, quod semper volui : de his, qui dissim- 
 ulant, qui remanent Komae, qui sunt cum nobis, dicimus 
 nihil ? Quos quidem ego, si possit fieri ullo modo, studeo 
 non tarn ulcisci, quam sanare et placare ipsos reipublicae ; 
 neque intelligo quare id non possit fieri, si volent audire me. 
 Enim exponam vobis, Quirites, 2 ex quibus generibus homi- 
 num istae copiae comparentur : deinde afferam singulis me- 
 dicinam [mei] consilii atque meae orationis, si potero [af- 
 ferre ali-]quam. Unum genus est eorum, 3 qui in magno 
 aere alieno habent etiam majores possessiones, adducti amore 
 quarum possunt nullo modo dissolvi [ab iisclem]. * Species 
 horuni hominum est honestissima ; enim sunt locupletes : 
 vero voluntas et causa impudentissima. 5 Tu ornatus et 
 copiosus sis agris, tu aedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, tu 
 omnibus rebus, et dubites detrahere de possessione, ac- 
 
 prefer to be slain making an infamous war of plunder and robbery, 
 rather than live in a condition of exile." 
 
 1 Quia ?nurus interest, &c. l ' Because a wall is interposed be- 
 tween us, as I have always wished." 
 
 2 Ex quibus generibus, &c. " From what classes of men those 
 infamous forces of Catiline are obtained." 
 
 3 Qui in magno aere alieno, &c. " Who in connection with a large 
 indebtedness have still larger possessions, influenced by the love of 
 which they can in no way be parted from them. " 
 
 ' Species lwrum Iwminum, &c. " The outward appearance of 
 
 these men is highly reputable Vero voluntas, &c. "But 
 
 their purpose and the cause they have espoused are to the last de- 
 gree shameless ." 
 
 5 Tu oiiiatus et copiosus, &c. In addressing such persons individ- 
 ually I would say : ' ' Thou art furnished with and even abound in 
 
 lands, houses, &c and dost thou refuse to take (something) 
 
 from thy property in order to add to thy credit ? " 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 135 
 
 quirere&dfidemf Enim quid exspectas? Bellum? 'Quid? 
 i putas in vastatione omnium, tuaa possessiones [esse] 
 iuturas sacrosanctas? An [exspectas] novas tabulas? Er- 
 rant, qui exspeetanl i.stas a Catilina. a Meo beneficio novae 
 tabulae proferentur, verum [erunt] auctionariae. Enim 
 neque isti, qui habent possessiones, possunt esse salvi alia 
 3 alia ratione. * Quod si voluissent facere maturius neque (id 
 quod est stultissimum) certare cum usuris fructibus prae- 
 diorum, uteremus bis et locupletioribus et melioribus civi- 
 bus. Sed puto hosce homines mininie pertimescendos [esse], 
 quod possunt 6 aut deduci de sententia ; aut, si permane- 
 bunt, videntur niihi " facturi vota contra rempublicam, magis 
 quam laturi arma. 
 
 IX. Alterum genus est eorum, qui, quamquam premuntur 
 aere alieno, tamen exspectant dominationem, volunt 7 potiri 
 rerum, arbitrantur se posse consequi perturbata [repub- 
 lica] honores, quos desperant [consequi] quieta republica. 
 8 Quibus hoc videtur praecipiendum, scilicet unum et idem 
 quod [est praecipiendum] omnibus reliquis, ut desperent so 
 posse consequi id quod conantur : primum omnium, me ip- 
 sum vigilare, adesse, providere reipublicae ; deinde esse in 
 
 1 Quid? Ergo putas, &c. " What ! do you then think that in the 
 general devastation your possessions will be held sacred ? . . . . An 
 [extpeetas] nova* taSuUut "Do you expect a cancelling of debts?" 
 Tablets of wax became new when the marks on them were effaced, 
 and hence the expression tabulae novae. 
 
 2 Meo beneficio, &c. "Through my favor and indulgence new 
 tables shall be brought forward, but they will be the registers of 
 the auctioneer." 
 
 3 Alia rations, " On any other condition." 
 
 4 Quod si voluissent, &c. " Had they been willing to do this at an 
 earlier period instead of foolishly striving to meet their engagements 
 with the annual products of their farms, we should now have in 
 these persons both a richer and a better class of citizens." 
 
 6 Aut deduci de sententia. "Either be drawn away from their 
 present views," i.e., "be led to change them." 
 
 6 Facturi vota, &c. " Utter prayers or curses against the repub- 
 lic merely rather than to bear arms against it. " 
 
 T Potiri rerum. i ' Obtain power. " 
 
 8 Quibus hoc videtur, &c. u To these persons it seems proper to 
 be said, the same that ought to be said to all the rest," &c. 
 
136 ORATTO n. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 bonis viris ' magnos animos, magnam concordiam, maximam 
 multitudinem, inagnas copias praeterea militum ; denique 
 immortales deos 2 ji)rae sentes esse laturos auxilium contra tan- 
 tam vim sceleris liuic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pul- 
 cherrimae urbi. Quod si jam adepti sint id, quod cupiunt 
 cum summo furore, num illi sperant se, in cinere urbis et in 
 sanguine civium, 3 quae concupierunt scelerata ac nefaria 
 mente, [esse] futuros consules, aut dictatores aut etiam 
 reges ? Non vident se cupere id, quod si adepti sint, necesse 
 sit [idem] concedi 4 alicui fugitivo aut gladiatori ? Tertium 
 genus est jam 6 affectum aetate, sed tarn en robustum exerci- 
 tatione : ex quo genere est iste Manlius, cui nunc Catilina 
 6 succedit. Hi sunt homines ex iis coloniis quas Sylla con- 
 stituit Faesulis : quas ego sentio 7 universas esse optimorum 
 et fortissimorum virorum ; sed tamen hi sunt coloni, qui 
 jactarunt se sumptuosius que insolentius 8 in insperatis ac 
 repentinis pecuniis. Dura hi aedificant, 9 tamquam beati, 
 dum delectantur praediis, lecticis, magnis familiis, apparatis 
 conviviis, inciderunt in tantum aes alienum ut, si velint estfe 
 salvi, 10 Sulla sit excitandus iis abinferis. Qui etiam impu- 
 lerunt nonnullos agrestes, tenues atque egentes homines, in 
 illam eandera spem veterum rapinarum ; quos ego, Quirites, 
 pono in eodem genere praedatorum que direptorum. Sed 
 
 1 Magnos animos. ' ' Great resolution. " 
 
 2 Praesentes. ' ' In person. " 
 
 3 Quae concupierunt, &c. "A state of things which they have 
 longed for with a wicked and impious mind." 
 
 4 Alicui fugitivo, &c. " To any and every fugitive (from justice) 
 and gladiator." 
 
 5 Affectum aetate, &c. " Advanced in life, but nevertheless still 
 vigorous from habitual exercise." 
 
 6 Succedit. "Has gone." 
 
 T Universas. "As a class or collectively." 
 
 8 In insperatis ac repentinis pecuniis. ** In the midst of, or in con- 
 sequence of, unlooked for and sudden riches." 
 
 9 Tamquam beati. "As if they were now really wealthy." .... 
 Magnis familiis. "Large number of slaves." 
 
 10 Sytia sit excitandus, &c. " Sylla must be raised from the dead 
 for them," for their benefit, i.e., in order to supply their wants by 
 new confiscations of property. 
 
110 II. IX (WTII.IXAM. 13? 
 
 liionoo eos hoc : deainanl furore, el oogifcare proscriptiones et 
 dictaturas. ' Enim tantus dolor iUorum teinporum inustus 
 
 est civitati, m jam Qon modo homines, sed ne quideni pe- 
 cudes videantur mihi esse passurao ista [tempo raj. 
 
 X. Quartum genus est sane Valium et mixtum et tmlm- 
 lentum; quijampridem 'premuntur, qui nunqu&m emergent; 
 qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim 
 etiam samptibus ' vacillant in vetere aere alieno ; qui 
 defatigatd vadimoniis, judiciis, proscriptionibus bonorum, 
 4 dicuntur permulti et ex urbe et ex agris conferre se in 
 ilia castra. Ego arbitror hosce esse non tain acres milites, 
 quam 6 lentos infitiatores. 6 Qui homines, primum, si non 
 possunt stare, corruant : sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne 
 quidem proximi vicini sentiant. Nam non intelligo illud, 
 quamobrem, si non possunt vivere lioneste, velint perire tur- 
 1 liter, aut cur arbitrenter se perituros [esse] 'minore dolore 
 cum mnltis, qnam si pereant soli. Quintum genus est parrici- 
 daruni, sicariorum, denique omnium facinorosorum, quos ego 
 non revoco a Catilina ; nam neque possunt divelli ab eo, et 
 8 pereant sane in latrocinio, quoniam snnt ita niulti, ut career 
 non possit capere eos. fl Postremum genus autem, non 
 solum [postremum] numero, verum etiam ipso genere atque 
 vita, est, quod est proprium Catilinae, de ejus delectu, imnio 
 
 1 En l m tantus dolor, &c. " Such a painful remembrance of those 
 times as been impressed," literally, "burnt in or branded upon 
 the state," &0. 
 
 3 Premuntur. " Are weighed down with misfortunes." 
 
 3 Vacillant, &c. l ' Reel and stagg-er under a load of debt. " 
 
 4 Dicuntur permulti. " Are reported in large numbers." 
 6 Lentos infitiatores. " Slack and tardy debtors." 
 
 6 Qui homines, &c. " These men, to begin with, (I say) if they 
 cannot stand, let them fall " . . . . Ne . . sentiant. " May not feel it." 
 
 7 Minore dolore cum multis. "With less pain in conjunction with 
 many." 
 
 8 Pereant sane in latrocinio. " Let them perish by all means in 
 their wicked enterprise of robbery and plunder." .... Ut career, 
 &c. " As no prison can hold them all." 
 
 9 Postremum genus, &c. " The last class, last or lowest not only in 
 number, but also in character and life, is that which is peculiar to 
 Catiline," or the same as that to which Catiline belongs. 
 
138 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 vero, de ejus complexu ac sinu ; quos videtis ' pexo capillo, 
 nitidos, aut imberbes aut bene barbatos, manicatis et talari- 
 bus tunicis, amictos velis, non togis ; quorum omnia indus- 
 tria vitae, et labor vigilandi 2 expromitur in antelucanis 
 coenis. In his gregibus onmes aleatores, omnes adulteri, 
 omnes impuri que impudici versantnr. Hi pueri tarn lepidi 
 ac delicati didicerunt 3 non solum amare et amari, neque 
 cantare et psallere, sed etiam vibrare sicas et spargere 
 venena ; nisi qui exeunt, nisi pereunt, 4 etiam si Catilina 
 perierit, scitote hoc futurum [esse] Catilinarium seminarium 
 in republica. Yerum tamen quid isti mise|ri volunt sibi? 
 Num ducturi sunt secum suas mulierculas in castra? 
 Quemadmodum autem poterunt carere illis, praesertim jam 
 his noctibus ? 6 Quo pacto autem illi perferent Apenninum 
 atque illas pruinas ac nives ? Nisi putant se toleraturos 
 [esse] hiemem facilius idcirco, quod didicerunt saltare nudi 
 in conviviis. 
 
 XI. O bellum magnopere pertimescendum, quum Cati- 
 lina habiturus sit hanc praetoriam cohortem scortorum ! 
 Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras copias 
 Catilinae vestra praesidia, que vestros exercitus ; et primum 
 opponite illi gladiatori confecto et saucio vestros consules 
 que imperatores : deinde contra illam ejectam ac debilitatam 
 manum naufragorum educite florem ac robur totius It^aliae. 
 Jam vero 6 urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum respondebunt 
 
 A 
 " ' 9 
 
 1 Pexo capiUo. "With smoothly combed locks." Manicatis et 
 taltiribus tunicis. " With tunics long-sleeved and reaching- to the 
 ankles." Amictos velis non togis. " Clothed in loose and attenuated 
 veils and not in togas." 
 
 2 Expromitur \ &c. ' ' Is displayed in suppers protracted to day- 
 break." 
 
 3 Non solum. . , neque, ' ' Not only .... nor yet alone. " 
 
 4 Etiam si Catilina, &c. ' ' Even if Catiline should perish, be as- 
 sured that this would prove a very school and hot-house of Catilines 
 within the republic." 
 
 5 Quo pacto autem, &c. " How will they possibly endure, more- 
 over, the Apennine range, and tbe frosts and snows that are there ? " 
 lllas has a demonstrative and adverbial force. 
 
 6 Tiroes coloniarum ac municipiorum, <&c. " The colonial and mu- 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 139 
 
 silvesh-ibus euinulis ( 'atilinae. ' Neque vero debeo confen-e 
 [vestras| ecteras OOpiftB, veslra ornainenta, praesidia, cum 
 inopia atque egestate illius latronia. Bed si, omnibus liis 
 rtebua omiasis, quibua "noa Buppeditamur, ille eget, senatu, 
 Romania equitibus, j><>|>ul<, itrbe, aerario, rectigalibus, 
 cuiu-ia 1 talia, (Miinii)us provinoiia, exteria nat Lonibua ; si, hia 
 rebus omissis, vidimus 'contendere fausas ipsas, quae con- 
 fligunt inter se : ex eo ipso possumus intelligent 4 quam 
 valde illi jaceant. 6 Enim ex hac parte [est] pndor, illinc 
 petulantia: hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum ; hinc tides, illinc 
 traiulatio: liinc pietas, illinc scelus : hinc constantia, illinc 
 furor: hinc honestas, illinc turpitude- : hinc continent ia, 
 illinc libido : denique equitas, temperantia, fortitudo, pru- 
 dentia, omnes virtutes, certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, 
 ignavia, temeritate, cum omnibus vitiis; postremo copia 
 con tligit cum egestate, 6 bona ratio cum perdita [rations J, 
 sana mens cum amentia, denique bona spes cum desperatione 
 omnium rerum. In certamine ac proelio hujus-modi, 
 'etiamsi studia hominum deficiant, nonne Dii immortates 
 
 nicipal cities will respond in warfare, will be more than match for 
 the rude and undisciplined masses of Catiline." 
 
 -" 1 Neque vero debeo, &c. u Nor indeed ought I to compare your 
 other resources, your supplies and defences, with the need and des- 
 titution of that freebooter. " 
 
 *Nos suppeditamur, iUe eget. "With which we are furnished 
 and he is in want of." 
 
 3 Contendere causas ipsas. ' ' To contrast the causes themselves. ' ' 
 
 4 Quam aide illi jaceant. "How very low they lie." "How 
 prostrate and abject is their condition." 
 
 1 Enim ex hoc parte, &c. " For on this side is decorum, on that 
 effrontery ; on this side chastity, on that debauchery ; on this side 
 probity, on that dishonesty ; on this side goodness, on that crime ; 
 on this side stability, on that madness ; on this side esteem, on that 
 disgrace ; on this side restraint, on that licentiousness ; in fine, 
 equity, temperance, fortitude, prudence, all the virtues, are in con- 
 flict with injustice," &c. 
 
 6 Bona ratio cum perdita [ratione] . ' ' Sound judgment with 
 folly." "Lost reason." Sana mens cum amentia. " Sanity with 
 madness." 
 
 Etiamsi BtudkL lnminum y &c. " Even though the zealous exer- 
 tions of men should be relaxed, would not the immortal gods them- 
 
140 ORATIO II. IN CATILIKAM. 
 
 ipsi cogent tot et tanta vitia superari ab his praeclarissimis 
 virtutibus ? 
 
 XII. Quum quae ita sint, Quirites, vos, queniadmoclum 
 jam antea [fecistis], defendite vestra tecta custocliis que 
 vigiliis : ' consultum atque provisum est mild, ut esset satis 
 praesidii urbi sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu. Omnes 
 vestri coloni que municipes, facti certiores a me de hac 
 nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile defendent suas urbes 
 que fines : gladiatores, quam ille putavit fore 2 certissimam 
 manum sibi, quamquam sunt 3 meliore animo, quam pars 
 patriciorum, tamen continebuntur nostra potestate. Q. Me- 
 tellus, quern ego 4 prospiciens hoc praemisi in Gallicum que 
 Picenum agrum, aut opprimet hominem aut 5 prohibebit 
 omnes ejus motus que conatus. 6 Autem de constituendis, 
 maturandis, agendis reliquis rebus jam referemus ad senatum, 
 quern videtis vocari. 7 Nunc illos, qui remanserunt in urbe 
 atque adeo qui relicti sunt in urbe a Catilina contra salutem 
 urbis que omnium nostrum, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen 
 quia sunt nati cives, volo eos monitos [esse] etiarn atque 
 etiam. Si mea lenitas adhuc visa est cui 8 solutior, exspectavit 
 hoc, ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. Quod est reliquum, 
 non jam possum oblivisci hanc esse meam patriam, me 
 
 selves so order it that so many and so great crimes should be 
 vanquished and overcome by these most distinguished virtues ? " 
 
 1 Consultum atque provismn est mihi. " Counsel has been taken 
 and provision made by me." 
 
 2 Certissimam manum sibi. " A most reliable band or body for 
 himself." 
 
 3 Melioj'e animo. " Better disposed ; " of a better mind. 
 * Prospiciens hoc. " Foreseeing this crisis." 
 
 5 Prohibebit omnes. ' ' Will intercept all his movements and en- 
 deavors. " 
 
 6 Autem de constituendis, &c. "Moreover for the adjustment, 
 facilitation and performance of remaining matters, we will now con- 
 sult the senate, which you perceive to be already summoned." 
 
 ''Nunc illos, &c. " Now as regards those who have remained in 
 
 the city and, in fact, have been left behind," &c Iwstes, 
 
 "Public enemies." Etiam atque etiarn, " again and again." 
 
 8 Solutior. " Too relaxed." Exspectavit hoc. " It has waited for 
 this." 
 
OEATIO U. IN CATILINAM. 141 
 
 esse consulem horum, aut esse vivendum mihi cum his aut 
 pro his morienduHL Est nullus custos portis, nullus insidia- 
 tor viae : si qui volunt exire, possum conuivere : ' vero qui 
 connuoverit se in urbc, cujus factum non modo, sed ullum 
 iiiceptum ve conatum contra patriam ego deprehendero, 
 sentient esse in hac urbe vigilantes consules, esse egregios 
 magistratus, esse fortem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, 
 <iucm nostri majores voluerunt esse 2 vindicem nefariorum 
 ac manifestorum scelerum. 
 
 XIII. Atque omnia haec sic agentur, Quirites, 3 ut maximae 
 res [sedentur] minimo motu, summa pericula nullo tumultu, 
 intestinum ac domesticum bellum crudelissimum et maxi- 
 mum post memoriam hominum sedetur me uno togato duce et 
 imperatore. Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, 4 ut, si 
 poterit fieri ullo modo, ne quidem quisquam improbus in hac 
 urbe sufferat poenam sui sceleris. Sed si vis manifestae 
 audaciae, si impendens periculum patriae 5 deduxerit me 
 necessario de hac lenitate animi, profecto perficiam illud, 
 quod in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix videtur optandum, 
 ut neque quisquam bonus intereat, que, 6 poena paucorum, 
 vos omnes jam possitis esse salvi. Quae quidem ego polli- 
 ceor vobis, Quirites, fretus neque mea prudentia neque 
 humanis consiliis ; sed multis et non dubiis significationibus 
 
 1 Vera qui commoverit se, &c. " But if any one shall stir within 
 the city (with criminal designs) and I shall detect his overt act not 
 merely, but any incipient purpose or attempt against the country, 
 he shall be made to feel," &c. 
 
 2 Yin './/. &a " An avenging agency (for the punishment) of 
 infamous aad detected crimes." 
 
 3 Ut maximae res {sedentur}, &c. " That the most important mat- 
 ters may be adjusted with the least possible disturbance, the greatest 
 perils suppressed with no public tumult, an intestine and domestic 
 war, the most cruel and momentous since the memory of man, sub- 
 dued, with me only as leader and commander, and that too when 
 arrayed in the garb and habiliments of peace." 
 
 * Ut, M poterit. " That, if it can possibly be done." 
 6 Deilu.n Hi me, &c. u Shall draw me away from, or constrain 
 me to relinquish, this clemency of purpose. " 
 
 c Poena pauevrum. ' ' By the punishment of a few only." 
 
142 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 immortalium deorum, * quibus ducibus ego ingressus sum 
 in hanc spem et sententiam : 3 qui non jam procul [defendunt 
 nos], ut quondam solebant, ab externo atque longinquo 
 lioste, sed hie praesentes suo uumine atque auxilio defendunt 
 sua templa atque tecta urbis ; quos vos, Quirites, debetis 
 precari, venerari atque implorare, 3 ut quam urbem voluerunt 
 esse pulcherrimam, fiorentissimam que potentissimam, hanc 
 defendant, omnibus copiis hostium terra que mari superatis, 
 a nefario scelere perditissimorum civium. 
 
 1 Quibus ducibus. "Under the guidance of which." 
 
 2 Qui non jam procul, &c. " Who do not now at a distance defend 
 us, as they were wont to do formerly, from an external and foreign 
 public enemy, but here as present deities by their own special 
 interposition protect their own temples and the dwellings of the 
 city (from domestic foes)." 
 
 3 Ut quam urbem. Literally, "That what city." "The city 
 which they have designed to be a most beautiful, nourishing and 
 powerful metropolis, tfiis they would shield, after having overcome 
 all the forces of public enemies by land and sea, from the impious 
 (treason) and crime of abandoned citizens." 
 
ORATIO TERTIA* 
 
 IN 
 
 OATILINAM 
 
 AD QUIRITES. 
 
 Yidetis rerapublicam, Quirites, que vitam omnium ves- 
 trum, bona, fortunas, conjuges que vestros liberos, atque ' hoc 
 
 * Oratio Tertia, &c. After the flight of Catiline from the city, 
 Cicero occupied himself with watching the conspirators who re- 
 mained behind, with the design especially of procuring more defi- 
 nite proof against them. It happened that there were ambassa- 
 dors from the Allobroges at this time in the city, who had come to 
 ask redress of grievances. These were approached by the conspira- 
 tors with a view of obtaining their co-operation and the assistance 
 of cavalry to join the forces of Manlius at Faesulae. The ambassa- 
 dors, instead of entertaining their proposals, made a disclosure of 
 the whole matter to Cicero. Under his direction they dissembled for 
 a time with the conspirators, so as to procure documentary proofs in 
 the form of letters and written stipulations. By previous arrange- 
 ment they are arrested, on their departure, at the Mulvian bridge, 
 and the documents and persons of the ambassadors are secured and 
 brought to Cicero. 
 
 Cicero summons a meeting of the senate and sends for the lead- 
 ing conspirators, who are as yet unapprized of what had taken place, 
 confronts them with the documents under their own hands and 
 seals, and confounds them into guilt, silence, and ultimate confession. 
 They are taken into custody, and on the next day, now the 3d of 
 December, this oration was delivered to the people, in which Cicero 
 narrates these occurrences in detail, and exhorts them to gratitude 
 and to the celebration of a public thanksgiving decreed by the senate 
 on occasion of this great deliverance. 
 
 1 Hoc domiciti'nn, &c. ''This home (and metropolis) of a most 
 illustrious empire." Summo amore. "By the very great love." 
 Meis laboribus. " By means (also) of my labors." 
 
144 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 domicilium clarissimi imperii, fortunatissimam que pulcher- 
 rimam urbem, hodierno die, summo amore immortalium 
 deorum erga vos, meis laborious, consiliis, periculis, ereptam 
 ex flamma atque ferro, ac poene ex faueibus fati et conserva- 
 tam ac restitutam vobis. ! Et si ii dies sunt non minus ju- 
 cundi nobis atque illustres, quibus conservamur, quam illi, 
 quibus nascimur, quod laetitia salutis est certa, conditio 
 nascendi iucerta, et quod nascimur sine sensu, servamur 
 cum voluptate ; profecto, quoniam sustulimus ad immortales 
 deos benevolentia que fama ilium, qui condidit hanc urbem, 
 is debebit esse in honore apud vos que vestros posteros, qui ser- 
 vavit hanc eandem urbem conditam que amplincatam. Nain 
 restinximus ignes 'jam prope subjectos que circumdatos toti 
 urbi, templis, delubris, tectis ac moenibus, tpie [nos] iidem 
 retudimus gladios destrictos in rempublicam, 3 que dejecimus 
 eorum mucrones a vestris jugulis. * Quoniam quae illustrata, 
 patefacta, comperta sunt in senatu per me, jam exponam 
 (ea) breviter vobis, Quirites, ut vos, qui ignoratis, possitis 
 scire ex actis, et quanta, et quam manifesta et qua ratione 
 investigata et comprehensa sint. 
 
 B Principio, ut Catilina erupit ex urbe, paucis diebus ante, 
 
 1 Et si ii dies, &c. " And if those days are not less pleasing to us 
 and memorable in which we are (signally) preserved than those in 
 which we are born, seeing that the joy of preservation is unequivo- 
 cal, the condition of one's birth precarious, and because, too, we are 
 born without consciousness, but are preserved with a positive sensa- 
 tion of pleasure, assuredly, as we have elevated to (the condition of) 
 the immortal gods in beneficence and fame that (illustrious) man, 
 who built this city, he (too) ought to be in (special) honor among 
 you and your posterity, who has preserved this same city already 
 built and enlarged in splendor and prosperity." 
 
 -Jam prope subjectos, &c. "Already almost applied and carried 
 round to the whole city," &c. 
 
 '' Que dejecimus, &c. " And have stricken down their points from 
 your throats." 
 
 4 Quoniam quae. " Since these things have been brought to light, 
 &c . . . .per me. " By my agency. " Ex actis. " From what has been 
 done." Qua ratione. "By what means or method." 
 
 5 Principio ut, &c. "In the first place, when Catiline made his 
 sudden exit from the city a few days ago, inasmuch as he had left 
 at Rome the associates of his crime, the most active and violent 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 145 
 
 quum rcliquisset Romao socios sui sceleris, acerrimos daces 
 hujusoe nefarii belli, semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, 
 quem Bdmodum poaeemua esse salvi in tantiset tain abscon- 
 ditifl insidiis. 
 
 Nam (mn, quum ejiciebam Catilinam ex urbe (enim non 
 jam vereor invidiam huj us verbi, 'quum ilia [invidia] sit 
 tnagifl tinuMida, quod exierit vivus), sod turn, quum volebam 
 ilium ' exterminari, putabam aut reliquam mannin oonjara- 
 torum exituram simul, aut eos, qui restitissent, fore infirmos 
 M debilea sine illo. Atque ego, ut vidi eos, quos sciebam 
 esse maxime inflainmatos furore et scelere, esse nobiscum et 
 remansisse Komae, 3 consumpsi omnes dies que noctes in eo, 
 ut sentirem ac viderem, quid agerent, quid molirentnr : ut, 
 quoniam mea oratio faceret minorem fidem vestris auribus 
 propter incredibilem magnitudinem sceleris, ita compre- 
 luaiderem rem, ut turn demura provideretis vestrae saluti 
 animis, quum videretis ipsum maleficium oculis. Itaque, ut 
 comperi legatos Allobrogum sollicitatos esse a P. Lentulo, 
 causa excitandi Transalpini belli et Gallici tumultus ; que 
 eos esse missos in Galliam ad suos cives, que eodem itinere 
 cum Uteris que mandatis ad Catilinam ; que T. Volturcium, 
 adjunctum [esse] iis comitem atque huic literas esse datas ad 
 Catilinam, putavi facultatem oblatam [esse] milii, ut quod 
 erat difficillimum que quod ego semper optabam a immorta- 
 libus diis, tota res manifesto deprehenderelur non solum a 
 
 leaders of this unhallowed war I constantly exercised vigilance and 
 forethought," &c. 
 
 1 Quum Ma [invidia] , &c. ' ' Since that (cause of) odium is more 
 to be apprehended, that he went forth (with my connivance) alive." 
 
 2 Exterminari. " To be driven into exile." 
 
 8 Consumpsi omnes dies que noctei, &c. u I spent all days and nights 
 in the business of perceiving and discerning what they were doing, 
 what plots they were forming, in order that, seeing that my public 
 speech on the subject produced little faith (and impression) in your 
 hearing, on account of the incredible enormity of the offence, I 
 might so grasp the whole matter that you might then, at length, 
 with serious and earnest attention, be induced to make provision for 
 your safety, when with your open eyes you beheld (the reality of the) 
 crime itself. ' ' 
 
146 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 mo, sed etiam a senatu et a vobis. Itaque hesterno die vocavi 
 ad me L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum, praetores, fortissiinos 
 viros et ! amantissimos reipublicae ; exposui omnem rem ; os- 
 tendi, quid placeret [mihi] fieri. Illi autem, 2 qui sentirent 
 omnia praeclara atque egregia de republica, susceperunt ne- 
 gotiuni sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora, et, 3 qunm ad- 
 vesperasceret, pervenerunt occultead Mulvium pontem, atque 
 ibi in proximis villis i fuerunt bipartito, ita ut Tiberis et pons 
 interesset inter eos. Eodem autem et ipsi eduxerunt mul- 
 tos fortes viros sine suspicione cujusquam, 5 et ego miseram 
 ex praefectura Reatina praesidio cum gladiis complures de- 
 lectos adolescentes, quorum opera assidue utor in republica. 
 Interim, 5 tertia vigilia fere exacta, quum jam legati Allo- 
 brogum magno comitatu inciperent ingredi Mulvium pontem, 
 que Volturcius una [cum iis], impetus fit in eos; gladii 
 educuntur et ab illis et a nostris. Res erat nota praetori- 
 bus solis ; ignorabatur a ceteris. 
 
 III. Turn interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae 
 erat commissa, sedatur. 7 Literae, quaecunque erant in eo 
 comitatu, traduntur praetoribus integris signis ; ipsi com- 
 prehensi deducuntur ad me, quum jam dilucesceret. Atque 
 statim vocavi ad me Cimbrum Gabinium, 8 dum suspicantem 
 
 1 Amantissimos reipublicae. " Very much devoted to the welfare 
 of the republic." 
 
 - Qui sentirent omnia praeclara, &c. "Inasmuch as they enter- 
 tained all honorable and praiseworthy sentiments concerning the 
 republic.'" 
 
 ;i Quum advesperasceret. " When evening- was approaching-." 
 
 4 Fuerunt bipartito. " Were arranged in two divisions, so that the 
 Tiber and its bridge was interposed between them." 
 
 5 Et ego miseram, &c. ' ' And I also had sent thither from the pre- 
 fecture of Reate, for a guard, (armed) with swords, many chosen 
 young men, whose assistance I constantly make use of in the (ser- 
 vice of) republic." 
 
 Tertia vigilia fere exacta. " The third watch being almost 
 passed," i.e., " nearly at the end of the third watch." 
 
 1 Literae, r/uaccunque, &c. " The letters, such as were (found) in 
 that retinue, are delivered to the praetors with unbroken seals : the 
 parties themselves (the Allobroges and their attendants) are seized 
 and conducted to me when the dawn was just beginning to appear." 
 
 8 Dum suspicantem nihil. " As yet suspecting nothing." 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 1 17 
 
 nihil, improhissimum niacliiiiatotvm lioruin omnium seele- 
 rum. Dei&de Item L Statilius arccssitur et poet cum C. 
 Cethegus. Autem Lentulua vcnit tardissime, credo 'quod 
 vigilaverat proximanocte praeter consuetudinem in dandis 
 his Uteris. Qnum vcro placeret summis et clarissimis 
 viria hojoe civitatia, qui re audita conveneraut freqnentea ad 
 me mane, literati aperiri a me, priusquam referriad senatum, 
 n\ si nihil essefc inventnni, tantus tumultus videretur te- 
 mere injectus a me civitati, negavi me factnrum esse, ut 
 non deferrem rem integram de publico periculo ad publicum 
 consilium. Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant delata ad me 
 essent non reperta, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in tantis peri- 
 calls reipublicae, nirniam diligentiam pertimescendam mihi. 
 Coegi celeriter frequentem senatum, ut vidistis. Atque in- 
 terea, admonitu Allobrogum, statim misi C. Sulpicium prae- 
 torem, fortem virum, 9 qui efferret ex aedibus Cethegi [tela], 
 si esset quid telorum [ibi] ; ex quibus ille extulit maximum 
 numerum sicarum et gladiorum. 
 
 IV. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallis : jussu senatus 
 dedi ei 4 publicam fidem ; hortatus sum, ut indicaret sine 
 metu ea, quae sciret. Turn ille dixit, quum vix recreasset 
 se ex magno timore, se habere B mandata et literas a P. 
 
 1 Quod n'f/iijtrerat, &c. " Because he had been up late the pre- 
 vious night, contrary to his custom, engaged in the business of (pre- 
 paring and) giving these letters." 
 
 - Quum w TO filacer et, Szc. k> When it was the opinion of very great 
 and distinguishe 1 men of this commonwealth, who, on hearing of 
 the affair, had come to me in large numbers in the morning, that 
 the letters ought to be opened by me before they were submitted to 
 the senate, lest, if nothing should be found (in them), a great com- 
 motion might appear to have been rashly (and unnecessarily) intro- 
 duced by me into the state ; I declared that I would not act in 
 such a manner as not to lay the whole matter concerning the public 
 danger before a public council," i.e., I insisted that I would do so. 
 
 z Qvi efferrrt, Szc. Literally, ''Who should bring." "To bring 
 from the house of Cethegus the arms that should be there." 
 
 * Publicam fidem. fc ' A public pledge " of impunity as a witness. 
 Tandaia et Uterus. k * A verbal commission and letter." .... 
 Ut uteretur. Szc. " That he should make use of the assistance of 
 the slaves." 
 
14:8 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 Lentulo ad Catilinam, ut uteretur praesidio servorum, et 
 accederet qnam prinrnm cum exercitu ad urbem : id autem 
 eo consilio, ut quum incendissent urbem ex omnibus par- 
 tibus, * quemadmodum descriptum que distributum est, que 
 fecissent infinitam caedem civium, 2 ille esset praesto, qui et 
 exciperet fugientes et conjungeret se cum his urbanis duci- 
 bus. Galli autem introducti dixerunt jusjurandum et literas 
 ad suam gentem datas esse a Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ; 
 atque ita praescriptum esse sibi ab his et a L. Cassio, ut mit- 
 terent quam primum equitatum in Italiam : pedestres copias 
 non defuturas [esse] sibi ; 3 Lentulum autem confirmasse 
 sibi ex Sibyllinis fatis que responsis haruspicum, se esse 
 ilium tevtium Cornelium, ad quern esset necesse regnum 
 atque imperium hujus urbis pervenire; Cinnam et Sullam 
 fuisse ante se ; 4 que eundem dixisse hunc esse fatalem annum 
 ad interitum hujus urbis atque imperii, qui esset decimus 
 annus post absolutionem Yirginum, vicesimus autem post 
 incensionem Capitolii. Dixerunt autem fuisse 6 hanc con- 
 troversiam Cethego cum ceteris, quod placeret Lentulo et 
 aliis caedem fieri atque urbem incendi Saturnalibus, Cethego 
 id videretur nimium longum. 
 
 V. 6 Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, jussimus tabellas pro- 
 
 1 Quemadmodum descriptum, &c. " As had been mapped out and 
 assigned " by previous arrangement. 
 
 2 Ille esset praesto, qui. ' ' He might be near at hand both to receive 
 the fugitives and," &C. 
 
 3 Lentulem autem, &\ " That Lentulus, moreover, had assured 
 them in accordance with the Sibylline oracles and the responses of 
 the Soothsayers that he was that third member of the Cornelian 
 family to whom it was appointed that the power and dominion of 
 this city should accrue." 
 
 4 Que eundem dixisse, &c. "And that he likewise had said that 
 this was the prophetic and appointed year for the destruction of 
 this city and empire, inasmuch as it was the tenth year since," &c. 
 
 b Hanc controversial!! Cethego cum ceteris, &c. "That there had 
 been this dispute between Cethegus and the rest, that it was the 
 opinion of Lentulus and others that the (intended) slaughter should 
 be perpetrated and the city fired at the Saturnalia ; to Cethegus, 
 however, that seemed too far off." 
 
 6 Ac ue longum sit. Literally, "That it may not be long;" i.e., 
 
ORATIO III. IN C ATI I. IN AM. 11'.) 
 
 forrij quae dicebantur datae a quoquo. Primum ostendimus 
 signum Cethego I cognovit. Nos inoidimua limiin; legimus, 
 Erat Boriptum ipsiua nianu senatori et populo Allobrogum, 
 ' aeee facturum esse, quae oonnrmasset eorum legatis: orare, 
 nt illi item faoereat, * quae eonim legati reoepissent sibi. 
 Turn Cethegus, qui paullo ante tamen respondisset aliquid 
 dfl gladiifl ac riois, quae erant depivhcnsae apud ipsum, <juo 
 dijriaset se semper raiase 'studiosum bonaram ferramen- 
 torum, debilitatus .atijuc abjectus recitatis Uteris, convict us 
 conscientia, repente conticuit. Statilius est introductus ; 
 cognovit et signuni et suam manum. Tabelbae recitatae 
 sunt fere in eandem sententiam : confessus est. Turn ostendi 
 tabellas Lentulo et quaesivi, ne cognosceret signum. Annuit. 
 " Est vero, iuquamj notum signum, imago tui avi, claris- 
 simi viri, qui amavit * unice patriam et suos cives : 5 quae 
 quidem, etiam muta, debuit revocare te a tanto scelere." 
 Literae ad senatum que populum Allobrogum leguntur 
 6 eadem ratione. Si vellet dicere [alijquid de his rebus, 
 feci potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit ; autem 
 aliquanto post, toto indicio jam exposito atque edito, sur- 
 rexit ; quaesivit a Gallis, 7 quid esset sibi cum iis ; quamo- 
 breni venissent suam domum j que item a Volturcio. Quum 
 qui breviter que constanter respondissent illi, [quo dixissent] 
 
 to cut the matter short, to be brief Nos incidimus linum. 
 
 " We cut the string." 
 
 1 Sese facturum esse, &c. " That he would do what he had stipu- 
 lated (to do) to their ambassadors." 
 
 - (hiae eorum legati, &c. "What their ambassadors had taken 
 upon themselves " to promise in their behalf. 
 
 3 Studiosum bonorum, &c. " That he had a fancy for, or was fond 
 
 of , good weapons JJebilitatus, Sec. " Dispirited and depressed 
 
 by the reading of the letters." 
 
 4 Unice. kk Singularly, with a singular affection." 
 
 6 Quae quidem, etiam muta, &c. "Which, indeed, even though 
 mute, (by its silent remonstranoes) ought to have deterred you from 
 so great a crime." 
 
 Eadem ratione. " Of the same tenor and import." 
 T Quid esset sibi cum iis. u What had transpired between them." 
 Literally, " What there had been to him with them." 
 
150 OKATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 per quern que quotiens venissent ad eum, que quaesis- 
 sent ab eo, ne locutus esset secum nihil de Sibyllinis fatis, 
 turn ille subito, demens scelere, ostendit quanta esset vis 
 conscientiae. Nam, quum posset infitiari id, repente 1 prae- 
 ter opinioneni omnium confessus est. Ita non modo 2 illud 
 ingeniuni et exercitatio dicendi, qua semper valuit, sed 
 etiam, propter vim manifesti atque depreliensi sceleris, [ilia] 
 impudentia, qua superabat omnes, que improbitas defecit. 
 Volturcius vero subito jussit literas proferri atque aperiri, 
 quas dicebat esse datas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam. Atque 
 ibi Lentulus, vehentissime perturbatus, tamen cognovit et 
 signum et suam manum. 3 Erant scriptae autem sine no- 
 mine, sed ita : Qui sim, scies ex eo, quern 7iiisi ad te. Cura, 
 ut sis vir, et cogita in quern locum sis progressus, et vide, 
 quid jam sit necesse tibi. Et cur a, ut adjungas tibi auxilia 
 omnium, etiam injimorum. Gabinius deinde introductus, 
 quum primo coepisset respondere impudenter, ad extremum 
 negavit nihil ex iis quae Galli insimulabant. 4 Ac quidem, 
 Quirites, quum ilia visa sunt mihi certissima argumenta atque 
 indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, denique confessio 
 unius cuj usque, turn ilia fuerunt multo certiora, color, oculi, 
 
 1 Praeter opinionem omnium. ' ' Contrary to the expectation of 
 all.' 
 
 2 Ittud ingenium, &o. " That natural talent and acquired skill in 
 speaking in which he always excelled." .... (Ilia) impudentia, &c. 
 " That effrontery in which he surpassed all (others) and unscrupu- 
 lous depravity forsook him." 
 
 3 Erant scriptae, &c. ' ' It the letter was written, moreover, 
 without a name (annexed) , but in these terms : Who I am, you will 
 learn from him whom I have sent to thee. See to it, that you be (prove 
 yourself) a man, and think to what a position you have (already) 
 advanced, and consider what note is needful to you, and take care to 
 gather to yourself the help of all, even the lowest.'" 
 
 4 Ac quidem, Quirites, &o. " And truly, fellow-citizens, not only 
 did those things (that I have mentioned) seem to me very certain 
 proofs and evidences of guilt, viz., the letters, the seals, the hand- 
 writing, in fine, the confession of each one, but also those (other 
 appearances) were much more reliable and convincing, their change 
 of color, their eyes, their looks, their silence." 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 151 
 
 vulius, tariturnitas. Enim ' sic olwfopueniiit, sir intiiebantur 
 terrain, sic aspiciebant nonnunquam Inter m furtim, at non 
 viderentur jam indieari al> aliis, sed ipsi [viderentur imli- 
 oari | a se. 
 
 VT. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, consului 
 senaiuni, quid placerct fieri a de summa republica. 8 Acerri- 
 mae ac fortissimae sententiae dictae sunt a prim-ipibus, quas 
 senatus consecutus est sine ulla varietate. Et quoniam scna- 
 tus-consultum 4 est nondum perscriptum, exponam ex memo- 
 ria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit. Primum 6 gratiae 
 aguntur mihi amplissimis verbis, quod mea virtute, consilio, 
 providentia, respublica liberata sit maximis periculis ; deinde 
 L. Flaccus et C. Poniptinus, praetores, landantur merito 
 ac jure, 8 quod usus essem eorum forti que fideli opera: atque 
 laus impertitur etiam forti viro, meo collegae, quod remo- 
 visset eos, qui fuissent participes hujus conjurationis, a suis 
 [consiliis] et consiliis reipublicae. Atque ita censuerunt, 
 nt P. Lentulus, quum abdicasset se praetura, traderetur in 
 custodiam : atque hoc idem decretum est in L. Cassium, qui 
 depoposcerat sibi T procurationem incendendae urbis : in M. 
 Caeparium, 8 cui, erat indicatum, Apuliam attributam esse 
 
 1 Sic obstupuerant. ' ' They had been so confounded. " . . . . 
 Sir <i*piciebant, &c. " They so looked at one another with furtive 
 glances." .... Ut non viderentur, &c. " That they did not seem 
 to be convicted by others, but appeared to be convicted by them- 
 selves." 
 
 2 De summa republica. " Concerning the welfare of the re- 
 public." 
 
 1 Acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae. "Very stringent and de- 
 cided opinions." 
 
 4 Est nondum perscriptum. ''Is not yet written out " and re- 
 corded. 
 
 6 Gratiae aguntur, &c. " Thanks are given to me in very liberal 
 terms." 
 
 6 Quod usus essem, &c. Literally, " Because I had employed their 
 . .. . assistance." More freely, " Of whose firm and faithful co-opera- 
 tion I had availed myself." 
 
 T Procurationem. " The business or superintendence." 
 
 8 Cut. tat indicatum, &c. " To whom it had been proved that 
 Apulia had been assigned for instigating the shepherds to revolt." 
 
152 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 ad sollicitandos pastores : in P. Furium, qui est ex iis colonis, 
 quos L. Sulla deduxit Faesulas : in Q. Manlium Chilonem, 
 qui una cum hoc Furio 1 erat semper versatus in hac solli- 
 citatione Allobrogum : in P. Umbrenum, libertinum homi- 
 nem, 2 a quo constabat Gallos esse primum perductos ad 
 Gabinium. 3 Atque senatus usus est ea lenitate, Quirites, 
 ut, republica conservata poena novem perditissimorum homi- 
 num ex tanta conjuratione que tanta vi ac multitudine 
 domesticorum hostium, arbitraretur mentes reliquorum posse 
 sanari. Atque etiam supplicatio decreta est, Quirites, im- 
 mortalibus diis meo nomine pro eorum singulari merito, 
 4 quod contigit primum niilii togato post hanc urbem condi- 
 tam : eb decreta est his verbis, Quod liberassem urbem 
 incendhs, cives caede, Italiam bello. 5 Si quae sup- 
 plicatio conferatur cum ceteris supplicationibus, Quirites, 
 intersit hoc, quod ceterae [supplicationes constitute sunt] 
 bene gesta [republica], haec una constituta est conservata 
 republica. 6 Atque illud, quod fuit primum faciendum, 
 factum atque transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam 
 patefactus suis indiciis et confessionibus 7 amiserat, judicio 
 
 1 Erat semper versatus, &c. " Had always been employed in this 
 business of tampering with the Allobroges." 
 
 *A quo constabat. " By whom, as it appeared." 
 
 3 Atque senatus. u And the senate exercised such clemency, 
 fellow-citizens, that on the republic being preserved (and vindicated) 
 by the punishment of (only) nine most abandoned men out of so 
 large a conspiracy and so great a force "and multitude of domestic 
 foes, it indulged the hope that the minds of the rest could be re- 
 stored and conciliated." 
 
 4 Quod contigit primum. " A thing which had happened to me 
 first as a civilian, or acting in a civil capacity, since the foundation 
 of the city." 
 
 b Si quae supplicatio, &c. " If this public thanksgiving be com- 
 pared with other (similar) thanksgivings, fellow-citizens, it differs 
 in this." Hoc is the ablative. 
 
 6 Atque illud, quod fait primum, &c. " And that which was first 
 (proper) to be done, was in fact done and (duly) performed." This 
 alludes to what immediately follows, viz. , the precaution of the senate 
 in not punishing Lentulus until he had first retired from office. 
 
 ''Amiserat. "Had forfeited" .... tamen abdicavit se, &c. 
 " Resigned his magistracy." 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 153 
 
 sonatas, lHMi modo jus praetoris, verum etiam (jus) civis, 
 tamen abdicavit se raagistratu : ' ut quae religio non fuerat 
 0. Mario, clarissimo viro, <|uo minus occideret C. Glauciam 
 praetorem, de <|iu) nihil denvtum erat nominatim, ea reli- 
 gione nos libera rriuur in puniendo P. Lentulo private 
 
 VII. Nunc, Quirites, quoniam jam tenetis captos et com- 
 prehensos nefarios duces sceleratissimi que periculoSLSaimi 
 belli, debetis existimare a omnes copias Catalinae, omnes spes 
 atque opes, his perioulia urbis depulsis, concidisse. 8 Quem 
 quidem quum ego pellebam ex urbe, providebam animo hoc, 
 Catalina remoto, somnum P. Lentuli non esse [pertimescen- 
 dum] mihi, nee adipem L. Cassii, nee pertimescendam [esse 
 mihij furiosam temeritatem C. Cethegi. Ille unus erat 
 timendus ex his omnibus, 4 sed tamdiu dum continebatur 
 moenibus urbis. Norat omnia, 5 tenebat aditus omnium ; 
 8 poterat, audebat appellare, tentare, sollicitare ; erat ei con- 
 
 1 Ut quae religio, &c. Literally, " In order that what religious 
 scruple did not exist in the case of C. Marius, a very illustrious 
 man, go as to prevent him from putting to death C. Glaucia, while 
 praetor, concerning whom nothing was decreed by name, from this 
 religious scruple we might be freed in punishing P. Lentulus, now 
 reduced to a private condition ; " or, to change the order, k k In order 
 that in punishing P. Lentulus as a private person, we might be 
 freed from religious scruple, such as existed in the case of C. 
 Marius, but did not, however, prevent him from putting to death 
 C. Glaucia," Arc. 
 
 2 Omnes cojyias, &c. ' ' That all the forces of Catiline, all his 
 hopes and resources these (immediate) perils of the city being 
 warded off had fallen and become prostrate." 
 
 L Quem guidem quum ego pellebam. &c. ""V^Tien, indeed, I was 
 engaged in expelling him from the city, I clearly foresaw this very 
 thing, that on the removal of Catiline the somnolency of P. Lentu- 
 lus was not to be. feared by me, nor the stupid obesity of C. Cassius, 
 nor was there occasion to apprehend the intemperate rashness of C. 
 Cethegus." 
 
 4 Sed tamdiu dum, &c. " But so long only as he was retained or 
 harbored within the walls of the city. " 
 
 5 Tenebat aditue omjiium. u He was in possession of the avenues 
 of approach to all." 
 
 1 Poterat audebat, &c. He possessed the power, and he dared to 
 exercise it, of accosting, sounding, and soliciting (others). He had a 
 mind adapted to (the plotting of) crime, and to this purpose there 
 was wanting neither the tongue nor the hand for execution." 
 7* 
 
154 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 silium aptum ad facinus ; consilio autem deerat neque lingua 
 neque maims ; jam habebat certos homines delectos ac de- 
 scriptos ad conficiendas certas res; neque vero quum man 
 daverat aliquid, putabat (idem) confectum. Erat nihil quod 
 ipse non obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret ; poterat 
 ferre frigus, sitim, famem. Hunc hominem tarn acrem, tarn 
 paratum, tarn audacem, tarn callidum, tam vigilantem, in 
 scelere, tam diligentem in perditis rebus, ] nisi compulissem 
 (eum) ex domesticis insidiis in castrense latrociriium (dicam 
 id quod sentio, Quirites), non facile depulissem hanc tantam 
 molem mali a vestris cervicibus. Ille non constituisset nobis 
 Saturnalia, neque denuntiavisset tanto ante diem exitii ac 
 fati reipublicae, 2 ne commisisset, ut signum, ut suae literae, 
 manifesti testes sceleris, deprehenderentur. Quae nunc, illo 
 absente, sunt sic gesta, ut 3 nullum furtum in privata domo 
 sit unquam tam palam inventum, quam haec conjuratio in 
 tota republica est> manifesto inventa atque deprehensa. 
 Quod si Catilina remansisset in urbe ad hanc diem, 4 quam- 
 quam, quoad fuit (in urbe), occurri atque obstiti omnibus 
 ejus consiliis, tamen, ut dicam levissime, fuisset dimicandum 
 nobis cum illo, neque nos unquam, quum ille hostis esset in 
 urbe, liberassemus rempublicam 5 tantis periculis, tanta pace, 
 tanto otio, tanto silentio. 
 
 VIII. Quamquam omnia haec, Quirites, ita administrata 
 sunt a me, ut videantur et gesta et provisa esse nutu atque 
 
 1 J&ui compulissem, &c. " Unless I had constrained him to come 
 forth from the (secret) plotting of domestic treachery into the open 
 warfare and plunder of the camp." 
 
 2 Ne commisisset. ' ' He would not have acted in such a way 
 as." " He would not have allowed." 
 
 3 Nullum fuitum, &c. " No petty theft in a private house was 
 ever so clearly detected as this conspiracy, covering- the range of the 
 whole republic, has been found out and put under arrest." 
 
 4 Quamquam, quoad, &c. " Although as long as he was in the 
 city, I met and opposed," &c. 
 
 " Ta ittis periculis, &c. "From so great perils, in a manner 
 attesded with so great peace, such a degree of quiet, so much 
 stillness." 
 
OKATIo III. IX CAT1I.1NAM. 155 
 
 consilio immortalium deorum. ' Quo quum ]>ossumus con- 
 Bdqoi id conjectuia, quod gubernatio tantarwui lviuni \i\ 
 videtur potoiflM esse huuiaiii consilii ; tuin vero tulerunt 
 opem et auxiliuin nobis his temporibus it* praeeentes, ut 
 pofttenrai poena videre eos oculis. Nam ut omittam ilia, 
 faces visas nocturno tempore ab occidente que ardorem coeli, 
 ut (omittam) j actus fulminum, ut [omittam] motus terrae 
 que cetera, quae facta sunt tarn multa, nobis consulibus, ut 
 immortales dii viderentur a canere haec, quae nunc fiunt : 
 certe hoc, Quirites, quod sum dicturua est neque praetermit- 
 tendum neque relinquendum. Nam profecto tenetis memo- 
 ria, Cotta et Torquato consulibus, complures res in Capitolio 
 esse 3 percussas de coelo, quum et simulacra immortalium 
 deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum hominum dejectae 
 et aera legum liquefacta. Etiam ille Romulus tactus est, qui 
 condidit banc urbem, * quern inauratum meministis fuisse in 
 Capitolio parvum atque lactantem, inhiantem lupinis uberi- 
 bus. Quo tempore quidem, quum haruspices convenissent 
 ex tota Etruria, dixerunt caedes atque incendia et interitum \ 
 legum et civile ac domesticum bellum et occasum totius 
 urbis atque imperii appropinquare, & nisi immortales dii, 
 placati onini ratione, prope flexissent ipsa fata suo numine. 
 
 1 Que quum possumus, &c. u And although we can be certain, as 
 a matter of human judgment and conjecture, that the direction and 
 management of such important affairs hardly seems as a possible 
 thing to be within the compass of human wisdom, it is also true 
 that they (the gods) brought aid and assistance to us, in this crisis, 
 so manifestly and clearly, that we could almost see them with our 
 (natural) eyes." 
 
 2 Canere. " To predict." 
 
 3 Percussas de coelo. u Struck with lightning." 
 
 4 Quern inauratum, &c "Whom, as a gilded image," or, " whose 
 gilded image you remember to have been in the Capitol, of small di- 
 mensions, and in the act of suckling, with distended mouth, at the 
 dugs of a wolf." 
 
 6 Nisi immortales dii, &c. ' ' Unless the immortal gods, propiti- 
 ated by every possible means, should succeed in almost bending and 
 warping the fates themselves by their immediate power. " 
 
156 ORATIO III. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 1 ltaque illorum responsis tunc et ludi facti sunt, per decern 
 dies, neque ulla res, quae pertineret ad placandos deos, prae- 
 termissa est : que iidem jusserunt facere simulacrum Jo vis 
 majus (quam prius), 2 et collocare in excelso et, contra atque 
 fuerat ante, convertere ad orientem : ac dixerunt se sperare 
 si illud signum, quod videtis, conspiceret ortum solis, et 
 forum que curiam, 3 fore, ut ea consilia, quae essent inita 
 clam contra salutem urbis atque imperii, illustrarentur, ut 
 possent perspici a senatu que Romano populo. Atque illi 
 consules 4 locaverunt illud signum (esse) ita collocandum ; 
 sed tanta fuit tarditas operis, ut collocaretur neque a superi- 
 oribus neque a nobis ante hodiernum diem. 
 
 IX. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tarn aversus a vero, 
 tam praeceps, tarn 5 captus mente, qui neget omnia haec, quae 
 videmus, que praecipue banc urbem, administrari nutu ac 
 potestate immortalium deorum ? Etenim quum esset ita 
 responsum, caedes, incendia, que interitum comparari rei- 
 publicae, 6 et ea [comparari] per cives, quae turn videbantur 
 incredibilia nonnullis rnopter magnitudinem scelerum, 7 sen- 
 sistis ea non modo cogitata [esse] a nefariis civibus, verum 
 etiam suscepta esse [ab iis]. 8 Vero nonne est illud ita prae- 
 
 1 ltaque Morwn responsis. " Therefore in accordance with their 
 responses (and directions)." 
 
 Et coUocare in excelso. "And place it in an elevated situation, 
 and, contrary to what it had been before, to turn it to the east." 
 
 3 Fore, lit ea consilia, &c. "It would come to pass that those 
 plots, which had been secretly set on foot against the safety of the 
 city and government, would be clearly brought to light, so as to be 
 seen by the senate and Roman people." 
 
 4 Locaverunt, &c. ''Made arrangements that that statue should 
 be so erected and put in place." 
 
 5 Captus mente. " So dull of perception," or deprived of sense. 
 
 c Et ea {comparari), &c. "And these things, too, to be (meditated 
 and) prepared by the hands of citizens." 
 
 T Sensistis ea, &c. tk You have seen these things not only to have 
 been meditated by atrocious citizens, but also to have been (actual- 
 ly) undertaken by them." 
 
 6 Vero nonne est illud, &c. "Truly is not that circumstance so 
 striking and obvious as to seem to have been done by the (immedi- 
 ate) will and purpose of Jupiter Best and Greatest, that, when to- 
 day in the morning both the conspirators, and the witnesses (and in- 
 
ORATIO [IT. IN OATILINAM. 157 
 
 it videatur esse fuctuin nutu Jovis Optimi Maximi, ut 
 quum bodietno di mane et conju rati et eonun indices du- 
 cerontur per forum in aedem Concordiae, eo ipso tempore 
 signum statueretur ? Quo collocate atque converso ad vos 
 que si'iiatuiu, et seuutus et vos vidistis omnia, quae erant 
 oogitata contra salutem omnium, illustrata atque patefacta. 
 ' Quo isti sunt digni etiam majore odio que supplicio, qui 
 couati sunt inferre funestos ac nefarios ignes non solum ves- 
 tris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam templis atque delubris 
 deorum. a Quibus si ego dicam me restitisse, sumam nimium 
 mihi et sini non ferendus. Ille, ille Jupiter restitit: ille 
 voluit Capitolium [esse salvum], ille haec templa, ille hanc 
 urbem, ille omnes vos esse salvos. s Ego, immortalibus diis 
 ducibus, QuiriteSjSuscepi hanc mentem que vol untatem, atque 
 perveni ad haec tanta indicia. * Jam vero ilia sollicitatio 
 Allobrogum [nunquam] sic suscepta [esset] a Lentulo 
 que ceteris domcsti'is hostibus, tanta res [nunquam esset] 
 tain dementer credita et ignotis et barbaris, que literae pro- 
 fecto nunquam essent commissae (iis), nisi consilium esset 
 ereptum huic tantae audaciae a immortalibus diis. 6 Quid 
 
 formers) against them, were being- conducted through the forum 
 into the temple of Concord, at that precise time the statue was in 
 the very act of being put in place." 
 
 1 Quo isti sunt digni, &C, " Wherefore those (infamous men) are 
 worthy even of greater detestation and punishment." 
 
 - QuSbtu si ego dicam, &c. "If I should say that I had (success- 
 fully) opposed these men, I should be taking too much upon myself, 
 and should be too presumptuous to be endured." 
 
 8 Ego, im<nwtalibus diis duslbm, &c. " I, under the guidance 
 and inspiration of the immortal gods, have been imbued with this 
 purpose and resolution, and have arrived at these so great discov- 
 eries." 
 
 4 Jam vero, &c. " And truly (not to speak of other matters) that 
 tampering with the Allobroges would never have been thus under- 
 taken by Lentulus, and other domestic enemies, so grave a matter 
 would never have been entrusted to men both ignorant an 1 barbar- 
 ous, and letters assuredly would never have been committed to their 
 hands, had not all prudence and judgment been snatched away from 
 these audacious men, or this bold conspiracy, by the (counsel) of the 
 immortal gods." 
 
 ' (^nui'oero? "What indeed (shall we say to this), that Gallic 
 
15S ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 vero ! ut Galli homines, ex male pacata civitate, quae restat 
 una gens, quae videatur et posse et non nolle facere bellum 
 Romano populo, negligerent spem imperii ac amplissimarum 
 rerum oblatam sibi ultro a patriciis hominibus, que antepo- 
 nerent vestram salutem suis opibus ; non putatis id esse di- 
 vinitus factum ? Praesertim qui potuerunt superare nos 
 non pugnando, sed tacendo. 
 
 X. Quamobrem, Quirites, quoniam supplicatio decreta 
 est ad omnia pulvinaria, celebratote illos dies cum ves- 
 tris conjugibus ac liberis. l Nam multi honores saepe 
 habiti sunt justi ac debiti immortalibus diis, sed nunquam 
 profecto justiores. Enim erepti estis ex crudelissimo ac 
 miseL-rimo interitu, et erepti sine caede, sine sanguine, sine 
 exercitu, sine dimicatione ; 2 togati, me uno, togato, duce et 
 imperatore, vicistis. 3 Etenim recordamini, Quirites, omnes 
 civiles dissensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, sed eas, 
 quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis : 4 L. Sulla op- 
 pressit P. Sulpicium: ejecit ex urbe C. Marium, custodem 
 hujus urbis; que partim ejecit ex civitate, partim interemit 
 multos fortes viros. Cn. Octavius, consul, expulit ex urbe 
 armis suum collegam ; 5 hie omnis locus redundavit acervis 
 
 men," &c. Que anteponerent, &c. "And should prefer your safety 
 to their own aggrandizement." Non putatis, &c. "Do you not 
 imagine that this was done by divine direction and influence, espe- 
 cially since it was in their power to conquer us not by fighting, but 
 by simply preserving silence." 
 
 1 Nam multi, honores, &c. " For many public honors have often- 
 times been held right and justly due to the immortal gods, but never 
 certainly more fit than the present." 
 
 2 Togati, me uno, togato, &c. " As, peaceful citizens, with me 
 alone, a citizen (and not a soldier), for your leader and commander, 
 you have conquered." 
 
 3 Etenim recordamini, &c. "For call to mind all (former) civil 
 dissensions, not only tbose you have heard of, but those you your- 
 selves remember and have seen." These were attended with fright- 
 ful disorder and bloodshed. 
 
 4 L. Sulla oppressit. " L. Sylla overpowered (and killed) P. Sul- 
 picius." 
 
 "Hie omnis locus, &c. " This whole place (the forum) was filled 
 to overflowing with heaps of dead bodies and the blood of the citi- 
 
nh'ATK) rn. IN CATII.IXAM. 159 
 
 corporum et sanguine civium. ' Postea Cinna cum Mario 
 snperavit. Turn vero, clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina 
 -i\ iiatis exstinota sunt. Postea Sulla ultus est crudelitatem 
 lnijus viotoriae ; a ne quidem est opus did quanta diminu- 
 tione civium et quanta calamitate reipulilicae. M. Lepidua 
 clissensit a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro, Q. Catulo. 8 Ipsius 
 interitus non attulit tain luctum reipublieae, quam [interi- 
 tus] ceterorum. Atque omnes illae dissensiones tamen 
 erant ejusmodi, Quirites, quae pertinerent non ad delendam, 
 sed ad commutandam rempublicam. 4 llli voluerunt non 
 esse nullam rempublicam, sed se esse principes in ea [re- 
 publica], quae esset ; neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed 
 se florere in hac urbe. Atque omnes illae dissensiones 
 tamen, nulla quarum quaesivit exitium reipublicae, fuerunt 
 ejusmodi, 6 ut dijudicatae sint non reconciliatione concor- 
 diae, sed internecione civium. In hoc uno bello autem, 
 maximo que crudelissimo post memoriam Jiominum, [tale] 
 bellum, quale 8 nulla barbaria [gens] unquarn gessit cum sua 
 gente, in quo bello haec lex fuit constituta a Lentulo, Cati- 
 lina, Cethego, et Cassio, 7 ut omnes, qui possent esse salvi 
 salva urbe, ducerentur in numero hostium ; ita gessi me, 
 Quirites, ut omnes conservaremini salvi ; et, quum vestri 
 
 1 Postea Cinna cum Mario, &c. " Afterwards Cinna in conjunc- 
 tion with Marius prevailed." 
 
 2 Ne quidem .... did. " It need not even be said." 
 
 3 Ipsius interitus, &c. " His (Lepidus's) death did not, however, 
 bring such sorrow to the state as the death of others." 
 
 4 IUi voluerunt, &c. " They (the former disturbers of the state) 
 intended not that there should be no republic, but that they them- 
 selves should be the chiefs in a state that should continue to exist, 
 not that this city should burn (and be destroyed), but that they 
 should flourish (in power) within this city (untouched by flames)." 
 
 5 Ut dijudieatae sint. " That they could be settled, not by a 
 peaceful adjustment, but only by a massacre of the citizens." Re- 
 cnnciUatio concordiae. "Restoration of concord." 
 
 6 Nulla barbaria. " No barbarian people ever carried on with its 
 own race." .... Haec lex. " This rule of proceeding." 
 
 7 Ut omnes, qui possent, &c. ' That all who could be preserved, 
 and at the same time the city itself be preserved, should be con- 
 sidered in the number of enemies," and treated as such. 
 
160 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 liostes putassent l tantum clvium superfuturum esse, quan- 
 tum restitisset infmitae caedi, tantum urbis, quantum flamma 
 non potuisset obire, servavi et urbem et cives integros que 
 incolumes. 
 
 XI. Pro quibus tantis rebus, Quirites, ego postulabo a 
 vobis nullum praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, 
 nullum monumentum laudis praeterquam 2 sempiternam me- 
 moriam linjus diei. Ego volo omnes meos triumphos, omnia 
 ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, insignia lauclis 
 8 condi et collocari in vestris animis. 4 Nihil mutum potest 
 delectare me, nihil taciturn, nihil denique ejusmodi, quod 
 etiam minus digni possint assequi. 6 Nostrae res, Quirites, 
 alentur vestra meinoria, crescent sermonibus, inveterascent 
 et corroborabuntur monumentis literarum : que eandem 
 diem, quam spero fore eternam, intelligo propagatam esse 
 et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam mei consulatus ; que 
 exstitisse 6 duos cives in hac republica uno tempore, quorum 
 alter terminaret fines vestri imperii non regionibus terrae, 
 sed coeli, alter servaret domicilium que sedem ejusdem im- 
 perii. 
 
 XII. 7 Sed quoniam fortuna atque conditio earum rerum 
 
 1 Tantum civium, &c. " So many of the citizens should survive 
 as should remain after an unlimited slaughter, so much of the city 
 as the fire could not overtake." 
 
 - Siinpiternam memoriam. " The perpetual remembrance." 
 
 3 Condi et collocari, &c. "To be hidden and deposited in (the 
 grateful remembrance of) your minds." 
 
 4 Nihil mutum .... nihil taciturn. Such as a statue or visible 
 monument. 
 
 6 Nostras res, &g. "My official acts will be cherished in your 
 recollection ; will be repeated and magnified in your (daily) conver- 
 sations; will become familiarized and rendered enduring in the 
 monuments of, (public history and) literature ; and the same period 
 of time, which I hope will be of unceasing duration, I see to be ex- 
 tended (and allotted), both to the preservation of the city and the 
 memory of my consulship." He hopes that his consulship will be 
 remembered as long as the city lasts, and that this will be forever. 
 
 6 Duos cices. Pornpey and Cicero. 
 
 7 Sed quoniam, &c. " But since the fate and experience of those 
 public transactions which I have conducted is not the same as that 
 of those persons who have carried on distant wars, because I must 
 
OBATIO III. IN CA'I'II.INAM. If. I 
 
 quae ego gessi, non est eadem quae illorum, qui gesserun! 
 externa bella: quod vivendum est mibi cum Lis, qaos vici 
 
 ac subegi, illi reliquerxmt bootee aut interfectos aut oppres- 
 sos: vestrum est, Quirites, si sua reete facta proeonl ceteris, 
 providere, ae mea quaiulo obsint mini. Enim ego providi 
 Bceleratae ac nefariae meutes audacissimorum hominom ae 
 posseat nocere vobis ; vest nun est providere ne noceant milii. 
 Quamqnam, Quirites, ' nihil quidem jam potest noceri mihi 
 ipsi ab istis. Enim est magnum praesidium in bonis, quod 
 pomparatam est mihi in perpetuum ; magna dignitas in 
 republica, quae semper tacita defendet me ; magna vis con- 
 Bcieatiae, quam qui negligent, quum volent violare me, ' ipsi 
 indicabunt se. Est etiam in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut 
 non modo cedamus audaciae nullius, 3 sed etiam semper ultro 
 lacessamus omnes improbos. Quod si omnis impetus domesti- 
 corum hostium, depulsus a vobis, converterit se in me unum, 
 videndum erit vobis, Quirites, 4 qua conditione posthao 
 velitis eos esse, qui pro vestra salute obtulerint se invidiae 
 que omnibus periculis. Quid est quidem mihi ipsi, quod 
 jam possit acquiri ad fructum vitae, 5 praesertim quum 
 
 continue to live in conjunction and daily intercourse with those 
 whom I have conquered and subdued ; they, on the other hand, 
 have left behind them (in distant places) their enemies either slain 
 or overpowered ; it is for you, Romans, to see to it, if their meri- 
 toi-ious deeds are a benefit to them, that mine do not prove at any 
 time an injury to me." 
 
 ' NikA <i>:'uhui, tfce. Literally, " In nothing truly now can injury 
 be done to me by them," i.e., I cannot now myself be really injured 
 by them. 
 
 2 Ipsi indicabunt se. ' ' They will become informers against them- 
 
 3 Sed etiam semper ultro lacessamus, &c. "But even always of 
 my own accord assail with opposition all (unprincipled and) wicked 
 men." 
 
 4 Qua conditione posthac, &c. u In what condition hereafter 
 (whether of safety or of danger) you would have those to be who 
 for your protection have exposed themselves to obloquy and all 
 perils." 
 
 ' I'l-iKHfi'tim, quumxideam. " Especially as I can see neither in 
 the distinction you can confer, nor in the glory of virtue itself, any- 
 thing higher, whither it would give me satisfaction to ascend. " 
 
162 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 videam neque in vestro lionore neque in gloria virtutis 
 quidquaui altius, quo libeat mihi ascendere ? Perficiam 
 illud profecto, Quirites, ut, privatus, tuear atque ornem ea, 
 quae gessi in consulatu ; ut, si qua invidia suscepta est in 
 conservanda republics., laedat invidos, valeat mihi ad gloriam. 
 Deinde ita tractabo me in republics, ut memiuerim semper 
 quae gesserim, que curem, ut ea videantur esse gesta virtute, 
 non casu. Vos, Quirites, quoniam est jam nox, veneramini 
 ilium Jovem, custodem hujus urbis ac vestrum, atque disce- 
 dite in vestra tecta : et, quamquam periculum jam depul- 
 sum est, tamen defendite ea ' aeque ac priore nocte custodiis 
 que vigiliis. 3 Ne id faciendum sit vobis diutius atque ut 
 possitis esse in perpetua pace, providebo, Quirites. 
 
 1 Virtute, non casu. " From a principle of virtue, not.from mere 
 fortuity or caprice." 
 
 2 Aeque ac priore node. ' ' Just as during the previous night." 
 
 3 Ne id faciendum, &c. " That that may not have to be done any 
 longer," &c. 
 
OEATIO QUART A* 
 IN 
 
 L. OATILINAM 
 
 HABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 I. Video, Patres conscripti, ora atque oculos omnium 
 
 * Omtio quart a, Szc. After the arrest of the leading conspira- 
 tors and their conviction by documentary proofs and their own 
 confessions, as detailed in the preceding oration, it began to be 
 feared that attempts would be made to rescue them on the part of 
 their associates, and rumors to this effect were in circulation. 
 Cicero accordingly summons a meeting of the senate on the 5th of 
 December, and lays before them the question as to the disposition 
 that should bo made of the prisoners and the punishment that 
 should be inflicted upon them. Two opinions prevailed in the 
 senate ; one, led by the consul-elect, D. Silanus, that the punish- 
 ment of death should be inflicted ; the other, supported by Julius 
 Caesar, that perpetual imprisonment in the municipal towns should 
 be the penalty of the crime. Cicero himself does not in the present 
 speech commit himself expressly to either of these opinions, though 
 he evidently inclines to the former sentiment. He dwells upon the 
 magnitude of their crime, and declares that no punishment would 
 be too severe. He shows that the laws that were intended to guard 
 the lives of Roman citizens were not applicable to this case, inas- 
 much as these men were no longer Roman citizens, but public ene- 
 mies, and that even Caesar himself must so regard them, as he was 
 in favor of the severest conditions of perpetual imprisonment. He 
 utters many sentiments of noble self-devotion in the course of his 
 speech, and concludes by asking no other reward for his own ser- 
 vices but the perpetual remembrance of his consulship. The opin- 
 ion of Silanus prevailed, through the influence of Cato, and the 
 conspirators were promptly executed the very same night. 
 
164 OEATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 vestruin esse conversos in rue. Video vos esse sollicitos non 
 solum de vestro (periculo) ac (periculo) reipublicae, veruni 
 etiam, si id sit depulsum, de meo periculo. ' Vestra volun- 
 tas erga. me est jucunda mihi in malis et grata in dolore. 
 Sed (oro) per immortales deos, deponite earn, atque obliti 
 meae salutis, cogitate de vobis ac de vestris liberis. 2 Si 
 haec data est mihi conditio (mei) consulatus, ut perferrem 
 omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores que cruciatus, feram (ea) 
 non solum fortiter, verum etiam libenter, dummodo meis 
 laboribus dignitas que salus pariatur vobis que Romano 
 populo. 3 Ego sum ille consul, Patres conscripti, cui non 
 forum, in quo omnis equitas continetur ; non campus, con- 
 secratus consularibus auspiciis ; non curia, summum auxi- 
 lium omnium gentium; non domus, commune perfugium ; 
 non lectus datus ad quietem ; non denique liaec sedes honoris, 
 sella curulis, fuit unquam vacua periculo atque insidiis mortis. 
 4 Ego tacui multa, pertuli multa, concessi multa, sanavi multa 
 quodam dolore meo, in vestro timore. Nunc si immortales 
 dii voluerunt hunc esse exitum mei consulatus, ut eriperem 
 vos, Patres conscripti, que Komanum populum ex miser- 
 rima caede, (vestras) conjuges que vestros liberos, que Ves- 
 
 1 Vestra voluntas, &c. " Your affectionate interest towards me 
 is pleasant to me in the midst of (public) evils and soothing in (pri- 
 vate) sorrow." 
 
 - 8i haee data est, &c. ' ' If this has been given to me as the 
 condition of my (holding the) consulship, that I should endure all 
 asperities, all sorrows, even tortures, I will endure these things not 
 only bravely, but even cheerfully, if only, by my sufferings, jus^ 
 authority as well as safety may be thereby secured to you and the 
 Roman people." 
 
 3 Ego sum Me consul. " I am that (fated and unfortunate) consul 
 
 to whom (no place of security is allowed) not the forum," &c 
 
 Summum auxilium. " The chief reliance." .... Commune per- 
 
 fugium. u The common asylum" of men Unquam vacua, 
 
 etc. M Has ever been exempt from the peril and snares of (a violent) 
 death." 
 
 4 Ego tacui multa, &c. ' ' I have suppressed much in (a prudent) 
 silence, I have endured much, I have conceded much. I have 
 healed much, at the expense of a degree of personal suffering, in 
 the midst of your (prevailing) alarm. " 
 
ORA.TK) IV. IX CATIL1NAM. 165 
 
 talcs virgiues 'ex acerlussinia vexationo ; (nij>la atque 
 delubrs, banc puloherrimam patriam omnium nostritun ex 
 foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex hello et vastitatr, * <]iiae- 
 cunque fort una pvoponetor rnihi ani, subeatur. Etenim, si 
 P, Lentulufl, inductus a vatibus, putarit mum nomen fore 
 f&tale ad perniciem Komani populi, cur ego non laeter, meum 
 ; latum ' exstitisse prope fatalem ad salutem reipubliear ? 
 II. Quare, Parres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospi- 
 cite patriae, conservate vos, vestras conjuges, liberos, que 
 fortunas, defendite nomen que salutem Romani populi, 
 desinite parcere mihi ac cogitare de me. "Nam primuni 
 debeo sperare omnes deos, qui praesident huic urbi, relatu- 
 ros esse gratiam mihi pro eo ac mereor ; deinde, si quid 
 ohtigerit, moriar aequo que parato animo. Nam neque tur- 
 pis mors potest accidere forti viro, neque immatura con- 
 sulari, nee misera sapienti. Nee tamen sum ego ille ferrous, 
 qui non movear maerore carissimi et amantissimi fratris 
 (nunc) praesentis, que lacrimis omnium horura, a quibus 
 videtis me (esse) circumsessum. B Neque exanimata uxor 
 non revocat meam mentem saepe domum, et filia abjecta 
 metu, et parvulus filius quern respublica videtur mihi am- 
 
 1 Ex acerbistima vexatione. " From the bitterest personal out- 
 rage. " 
 
 1 Qnaecun que fortuna, etc. " Whatever consequences of (good 
 or evil) fortune may be in store for me, I am ready to submit." 
 Literally, kt Let it come to me, or be undergone by me." 
 
 ./. " Has been almost divinely destined 
 to (secure) the safety of the republic. 1 ' 
 
 4 Nam primvm debeo, &c. ' For in the first place I may reason- 
 ably hope that all the gods, who are the guardians of this city, will 
 requite me with favor in proportion as I deserve. In the next 
 place, if anything adverse should befall me, I shall die with a calm 
 and collected mind. For a dishonorable death cannot happen to a 
 brave man, a premature death to a consular man (one who has al- 
 ready been consul), nor a wretched death to a wise man." 
 
 '"Neque exanimata "/>/; &c. "Nor does my anxious and terri- 
 fied wife fail to recall my mind often to my own abode, and my 
 daughter prostrate with fear, and my little son, whom the republic 
 seems to hold in its arms as a pledge and hostage (to assure the 
 faithful fulfilment) of my consulship." 
 
166 OKATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 plecti tamquam obsidem mei consulatus ; neque ille gener, 
 qui adstat meo conspectu, expectans exitum hujus diei. 
 Moveor omnibus his rebus, 1 sed in earn partem uti, omnes 
 sint salvi vobiscum, etiam si aliqua vis oppresserit me, 
 potius quam et illi et nos pereamus una peste reipublicae. 
 Quare, Patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem reipublicae ; 
 circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent, nisi provi- 
 ders. 2 Non T. Gracchus, quod vol u it fieri tribunus plebis 
 iterum, non C Gracchus, quodconatus est concitare agrarios, 
 non L. Saturninus, quod occidit C. Memmium, adducitur 
 in aliquod discrimen atque in judicium vestrae severitatis ; 
 ii tenentur, qui restiterunt Romae ad incendium urbis, ad 
 caedem omnium vestrum, ad accipiendum Catilinam. Tenen- 
 tur literae, signa, manus, denique confessio unius cujusque; 
 Allobroges sollicitantur ; servitia excitantur ; Catilina arces- 
 situr ; id consilium est initum, ut, omnibus interfectis, nemo 
 relinquatur, ne quidem ad deplorandum nomen Komani 
 populi atque ad lamentandam calamitatem tanti imperii. 
 
 III. Indices detulerunt omnia haec, rei confessi sunt; 
 3 vos jam judicastis multis judiciis; primum quod egistis 
 gratias mihi singularibus verbis, et decrevistis conj urationem 
 perditorum hominum patefactam esse mea virtute atque 
 
 1 Sed in earn partem. ''But to the effect and with the view." 
 .... Etiam si aliqua vis. &c. " Even if some violence should over- 
 power me." .... Una peste. "In one common destruction of the 
 republic. " 
 
 l N<m T. Gracchus, &c "It is not T. Gracchus, because he 
 wished to be made a second time Tribune of the people ; it is not 
 C. Gracchus, because he endeavored to rouse to action the support- 
 ers of an agrarian law ; it is not L. Saturninus, &c. ... it is not 
 such as these that are brought into peril of accusation and to the 
 sentence of your justice and severity. Tiiey are in custody who 
 remained at home, &c. . . . There are also in our possession the let- 
 ters, seals," &c. . . . Id consilium est initum. "A plot has been set 
 on foot with the design and purpose that, all being indiscriminately 
 slaughtered, no one should be left," &c. 
 
 3 Vos jam judicastis, &c. "You have already decided (concern- 
 ing them) by many judicial acts." 
 
 
ORATIO IV. EN CATIUXAM. 1<'>7 
 
 diligent ia : dcinde ' quod coegistis P. Lentulum, ut abdiearet 
 q praetura; turn quod censuistis emu ot eetertfc, de quibua 
 judicastis, daudos (esse) in custodiam; que maxime quod 
 decrevistii supplicationem uieo nomine,* honoe qui habitus 
 
 est nemini, togato, and' me; postremo, hesterne die dediitia 
 aiiiplissinia juannia lrgatis Allobrogum que Tito Volturcio ; 
 3 omnia quae sunt ejusmodi, at ii, qui dati sunt nominatim 
 in custodiam, videaxttur sine ulla dubitatione damnatd esse 
 a vobis. 4 Sed ego institui referre ad vos, i'ativs oonsoripti, 
 tanu|uani integrum, at quid judicetis de facto et quid oenae- 
 atis de poena. Praedicam ilia, b quae sunt consulis. "Ego 
 jampridem videbam magnum furorem versari in republica, 
 et quaedam nova mala misceri et concitari; sed nunquam 
 putavi banc tantam, tarn exitiosam conjurationem haberi 
 a civibus. Nunc quidquid est, quocunque vestrae mentes 
 atque sententiae inclinant, statuendum est vobis ante noctem. 
 Quantum facinus delatum sit ad vos, videtis. 7 Si putatis 
 
 1 Quod coegistis P. Lentidum, &c. "Because you constrained P. 
 Lentulus to resign the praetorship. " 
 
 1 Honos (/>ri habitus e$% fec. "An honor which has been enjoyed 
 by no one, acting merely in a civil capacity, before me."" Conferred 
 only heretofore for military distinction. 
 
 'Omnia (/>(>/<', etc. "All which circumstances are of such a 
 nature (as to imply) that those who have been given into custody, 
 specifically by name, appear without any doubt to have been con- 
 demned by yon." 
 
 ; ego ihxtitiii, ifcc. "But I have determined, Conscript 
 Fathers, to refer to you as an open question and still undecided, the 
 whole subject, both what your conclusion is concerning the fact (of 
 the conspiracy) and what your judgment relative to the (proper) 
 punishment." 
 
 5 Quae sunt consulis. Literally, " which are of the consul," i.e., 
 ' l which belong to the consial ' ' to say. 
 
 *Sgo jampridem videham, &c. "I long ago perceived a great 
 madness to be brewing in the republic, and certain new evils to be 
 stirred up and roused into action ; but I never thought that this so 
 great, so pernicious a conspiracy was had in view by (abandoned) 
 citizens. Now what it is your minds and sentiments incline to (on 
 this important subject) must be determined by you before night 
 intervenes. " 
 
 7 >/ pufntis /)nuco8, &c. " If you think that few (persons) are con- 
 nected with this (wicked plot) you egregiously mistake the matter." 
 
168 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 paucos esse afiines huic (facinori), vehementer erratis. Hoc 
 malum disseminatum est ' latius opinione ; manavit non 
 solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes, et, serpens 
 obscure, jam occupavit multas provincial. Id potest opprimi 
 nullo pacto 2 sustentando ac prolatando. Vindicandum est 
 vobis celeriter, quacunque ratione placet. 
 
 IV. Video adkuc esse duas sententias : imam D. Silani, 
 qui censet eos, qui conati sunt delere haec, multandos esse 
 morte ; alteram C. Caesaris, 3 qui removet poenam mortis, 
 amplectitur omnes acerbitates ceterorum suppliciorum. Uter- 
 que et pro sua dignitate et pro magnitudine rerum versatur 
 in summa' severitate. Alter putat eos, qui conati sunt pri- 
 vare nos omnes vita, qui (conati sunt privare vita) Romanum 
 populum, qui (conati sunt) delere imperium, qui (conati 
 sunt) exstiuguere nomen Itoinani populi, non oportere frui 
 vita et hoc communi spiritu 4 punctum temporis ; 5 atque 
 recordatur hoc genus paenae saepe usurpatum esse in hac 
 republica in improbos cives. Alter intelligit mortem non 
 esse constitutam a immortalibus diis 6 causa supplicii ; sed 
 esse aut necessitatem naturae aut quietem laborum ac mise- 
 riarum. Itaque sapientes oppetiverunt earn nqnquam inviti, 
 fortes saepe etiam libenter. 7 Vero vincula, et ea sempiter- 
 
 1 Latins opinione. "More widely than is generally thought." 
 Literally, "more widely than (the prevailing) opinion." 
 
 2 Sustentando ac prolatando. k ' By (longer) endurance and delay. " 
 Literally, " by enduring and deferring." 
 
 3 Qui remocct, &c. " Who dispenses with the punishment of death, 
 but adopts (and recommends) all extremities of other punishments." 
 Uterque et pro sua dignitate, &c. " Each, as might be expected from 
 persons of their gravity and in accordance with the magnitude of 
 the interests involved, has in mind (and insists upon) the most strin- 
 gent severity." 
 
 4 Punctum temporis. " For a single moment." 
 
 * Atque recordatur, &c. "And recalls the fact (and reminds us 
 of it) that this species of punishment was often employed in this 
 republic against vicious (and offending) citizens." 
 
 6 Causa supplicii, &c. " With a view to punishment." Sed esse, 
 
 &c. " But was to be regarded either as a necessary law of nature 
 or as a fit repose after labors and sufferings." ' 
 
 7 Vero vincula, &c. " But chains and imprisonment, and that, too, 
 
TIO IV. IN CATII.INAM. I 69 
 
 na, certe invonta sunt ad singularem poenam nefarii BOele- 
 
 ! is. Juln't disjHM'tiri liiiinicipiis. l Ista res videtur habere 
 iiujuitutcMii, si wlis imperare; difficultatem, si (volis) rogare, 
 Tamen deoematur, si placet. a Enim ego suKcipiain{[rem], 
 et, ul spero, reperia.ni [eos], qui putent non esse suae digni- 
 tatis ivcusare id, quod statueritis causa salutis oinniuin. 
 Adjunct jjravom poenam inunicipibus,siquis ruperit eorum 
 vincula; 3 circumdat horribiles custodias, et sancit digna 
 scelere perditoium hominum, ne quis possit levare poenam 
 eorum, quos condemnat, aut per senatum aut per populum ; 
 eripit etiam spem, quae sola solet consolari homines in mise- 
 riis. Jubet praeterea bona publicari ; relinquit vitam solam 
 ncfariis hominibus ; quam si eripuisset, ademisset multos 
 [dolores] uno dolore animi atque corporis et omnes poenas 
 scelerum. 4 Itaque, ut aliqua formido posita esset in vita 
 improbis, illi antiqui voluerunt quaedam supplicia ejusmodi 
 constituta esse iinpiis apud inferos ; quod intelligebant, his 
 remotis, mortem ipsam non esse pertimescendam. 
 
 perpetual, were doubtless invented (by human appointment) for the 
 special punishment of nefarious crime." 
 
 1 I*ta n, Ajc. " That expedient " (of yours), viz., the distribution 
 of the criminals among the municipal towns " (probably turning to 
 Caesar), tk seems to have a character of injustice, if you intend to 
 make it imperative, and of embarrassment and difficulty if you only 
 mean to make it a matter of request." 
 
 - Knini ego .v^/.s-r. 7 /.'/,'//, A:c. " For I will undertake (to manage) 
 the affair, and, as I hope, will be able to find those (in the munici- 
 palities) who will deem it not compatible with their dignity to refuse 
 what you shall determine with a view to the general safety." 
 
 3 Circumdat, etc. " He throws around them the repulsive atten- 
 dants of imprisonment, and gives his solemn sanction to whatever is 
 meet as the punishment of the crime of abandoned men, that no one 
 may be able to relax the punishment of those he has decided to 
 condemn, either through the agency of the senate or an appeal to 
 the people." 
 
 4 Itaque, vt aliqua, &c. "Therefore, that some fear might con- 
 tinue to exist to the wicked in life (and to control them), those men 
 of a former day were of the opinion that certain punishments, of a 
 nature to be influential, were appointed for the wicked in the 
 lower world." 
 
 8 
 
170 OEATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 K Y. 1 Nunc, Patres conscripti, ego video quid intersit mea. 
 Si secuti eritis sententiam C. Caesaris, 2 quoniam is secutus 
 est iu republics viam, quae habetur popularis, fortasse popu- 
 lares impetus erunt minus pertimescendi mihi, hoc auctore 
 et cognitore liujusce sententiae : sin (secuti eritis) illam 
 alteram [sententiam], nescio an amplius negotii contrahatur 
 mihi. Sed tamen utilitas reipublicae vincat rationes me- 
 orum periculorum. {Enim habamus a C. Caesare, sicut ipsius 
 dignitas et amplitudo ejus majorum postulabatj 3 sententiam, 
 tamquam obsidem perpetuae voluntatis in rempublicam. 
 4 Intellectum est quid intersit inter levitatem concionato- 
 rum et animum vere popularem, consulentem saluti populi. 
 Video de istis, qui volunt se haberi populares, non neminem 
 abesse, ne videlicet ferat sententiam de capite Romanorum 
 civium. Is nudiustertius et dedit Romanos cives in custo- 
 diam, et decrevit supplicationem mihi, et affecit indices hes- 
 terno die maximis praemiis. Jam hoc est dubium nemini, 
 quid (ille) judicarit de tota re et causa, qui decrevit cus- 
 todiam reo, gratulationem quaesitori, praemium indici. & At 
 
 1 Nunc, Patres conscripti, ego video quid intersit mea. "Now, 
 Conscript Fathers, I perceive what concern I have " in these several 
 opinions how I shall be affected by your adopting the one or the 
 other. " 
 
 2 Quoniam & secutus est, &a " Since he has pursued a career in 
 the republic which is accounted one of popular inclining- and ap- 
 proval, perhaps popular attacks will be less to be apprehended by 
 me, with him as the author and supporter of this opinion. But if 
 you shall follow that other opinion, I know not whether even more 
 trouble and odium may not be in store for me," than at present 
 exists. 
 
 3 Sententiam, tamquam, &g. "An opinion such as is, as it were, 
 a witness and pledge of his unceasing attachment to the republic." 
 
 4 Infr'lrcfi/i/i est quid, vfcc. "It is well understood what a differ- 
 ence there is between the emptiness of popular declaimers and a 
 mind truly devoted to the people, consulting for the real welfare of 
 the masses." Video de isli-s, &c. tl I see of that former contempt- 
 ible class such, I mean, as desire to be regarded as specially favor- 
 able to the people one senator at least to be absent (frosn this as- 
 sembly), lest he should be compelled to deliver an opinion concerning 
 the capital punishment of Roman citizens," and thereby run the 
 risk of popular odium. 
 
 3 At vera 0. Caesar intelUgit, &c. "Caesar, however, well under- 
 
QBi.HO IV. IN ( A TI1.INAM. 171 
 
 ?ero 0. Caesar Lntelligxt, Beznproniaixi legem constitutam 
 
 esse de Romanis civibus; autem qui sit liostis reipublioae, 
 cum uuUo modo po8B6 rivcm : deniqtte Lpsum latorem Bem- 
 proniae b'gi-s jubsu populi, depomlissu pacnas ivipublicae. 
 Idem lion putat Lentulum ipsum, largitoivm et prodigwm, 
 posse etiam appeliari popularem, quum cogitarit tamaoerbe 
 que tain crudeliter da pernicie Roman i populi, exitio hujua 
 urbis. [taque homo mitissimus atque Leniashntui non dubitat 
 maudare P, Lentulum act-ernis tenebria que vinculis, et sancit 
 in post* rum, ne quis possit jactare se levando hujus sup- 
 plicio et in pernime Romaaj populi esse posthac popularia. 
 Adjungit etiam publicationem bonoruin, ut omnes cruciatus 
 aninii et corporis, etiam egestas ac menclicitas consequatur. 
 
 VI. Quamobrem sive ' statueritis hoc, dederitis milii 
 comitem ad concionem, carum atque jucundum populo ; sive 
 nialuriitis Boqui sententiam Silani, facile defendetis me 
 at < pie vos vituperatione crudelitatis, 2 atque obtinebo cam 
 fuisse multo leniorem. Quamquam, Patres conscripti, quae 
 
 Btands " (and this is the reason of his severe judgment in the present 
 case) "that the Sempronian law was enacted to apply to the case 
 oi Roman citizens alone" (those that were truly such). "But he 
 who is an enemy of the republic can in no way be esteemed a citi- 
 zen the very proposer of the Sempronian law himself, by order of 
 the people, rendered satisfaction to the republic " on this ground, 
 that he was a public enemy and not a citizen. " In like manner he 
 (i.(. Caesar) does not for a moment imagine that Lentulus himself, 
 although a liberal patron (of the people) and lavish (in his public 
 expenditures), can be called a friend to the people (but a public 
 enemy, rather), since he has plotted with so much bitterness and 
 cruelty for the destruction of the Roman people and the utter ruin 
 of this city. Therefore it is that a man characteristically mild and 
 lenient does not hesitate to commit P. Lentulus to perpetual dark- 
 ness and chains, and provides, by a solemn sanction for the fu 
 that no one can be officiously active in securing a mitigation of his 
 punishment, and, at the same time, in the ruin of the Roman people 
 (that must ensue), be a true friend of the people," (but in reality 
 also an enemy). 
 
 1 Sfafaterit$ hoc. " Shall come to the same conclusion with this 
 man " (Caesar) in the matter under consideration. Hoc is the ab- 
 lative. 
 
 -.!/'//, obtinebo, etc. '; And I will maintain it to be the milder 
 (punishment) of the two." 
 
172 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 potest esse crudelitas in punienda immanitate tauti sceleris ? 
 Enim ego judico de meo sensu. ' Nam ita liceat mihi per- 
 frui vobiscum salva republica, \it ego, quod sum vehemen- 
 tior in hac causa, non moveor atrocitate animi, (enim quis 
 est mitior me?) sed quadam singulari humanitate et miseri- 
 cordia. Enim video? mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis 
 terrarum, atque arcem omnium gentium, subito conciden- 
 tem;jcerno animo in sepulta patria miseros atque insepultos 
 acerv'os civium ; \ 2 versatur mihi ante oculos adspectus et 
 furor Cethegi bacchantis in vestra caede. Quum vero pro- 
 posui mihi Lentuluui regnantem, sicut ipse confessus est se 
 sperasse 3 ex fatis, 4 hunc Gabinium esse purpuratum, Catili- 
 nam venisse cum exercitu, perhorresco turn lamentationem 
 matrumfamilias, turn fugam virginum atque puerorum, 5 ac 
 vexationem Vestalium virginum ; et quia haec videntur 
 mihi vehementer misera atque miseranda, idcirco praebebo 
 me severum que vehementem in eos, qui voluerunt perficere 
 ea. Etenim quaero, si quis paterfamilias, suis liberis inter- 
 fectis a servo, uxore occisa, domo incensa, 6 sumpserit quam 
 acerbissimum supplicium de servis ; utrum is videatur esse 
 clemens ac misericors, an inhumanissimus et crudelissimus ? 
 7 Mihi vero (videretur) importunus ac ferreus, qui non le- 
 
 1 Nam ita liceat mihi, &c. "So may I be allowed to enjoy with 
 you a safe (and happy) republic, as I, in being urgent in this cause, 
 am not moved by any savage or revengeful spirit (for who is more 
 lenient than I ?) but by an unusual feeling of humanity and kind- 
 ness." 
 
 2 Versatur mihi ante oculos. " There is presented before my eyes 
 in busy occupation." 
 
 3 Ex fatis. ' In accordance with the decrees of the fates." 
 
 4 Ilanc Gabinium, &c. "That this Gabinius is clothed in 
 purple." 
 
 6 Ac vexationem Vestalium virginum. u And the distress and 
 outrage of Vestal virgins." 
 
 6 Sumpserit quam acerbissimum supplicium de servis. " Shall have 
 inflicted punishment of any degree of severity upon his slaves." 
 Literally, "Shall have taken satisfactory punishment, however 
 severe, from his slaves." 
 
 7 Mihi vero {videretur) importunus, &c. " To me, indeed, he would 
 uppsar to be cruel and hard-hearted, who shall have omitted to as- 
 
ORATTO l\ r . IN CATir.i.\.\M. 173 
 
 nierit suum dolorem que cruciatum dolore ac cruciafu no 
 (cutis. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui voluonint bracidare 
 nos, qui conjuges, qui nostros liberos; quiconati sunt delete 
 ingnlaa domoe uniua cujusque nostrimi et hoc univcrsum 
 domicilium reipubb'cae; ' qui egerunt id, ut collocarcnt gen- 
 t - 1 1 1 Allobrogum in vestigiis hujus nil is atque in cinere de- 
 fl&grati imperii ; si faerimoB vehementimimi, habebimur mise- 
 rioordes; sin voluerimus esse remissiores, Mania summae 
 c nult'litatis subeunda est nobis in pernicie patriae que civium. 
 Nisi vero L. Caesar, fortissimus vir et amantissimux lvipub- 
 licae, visus est nudiustius 3 crudelior, quuin dixit viruin 
 suae sororis, lectissimae feminae, praesentem et audientem, 
 privandum esse vita; qjium dixit avum interfectam (esse), 
 jussu consulis, que ejus impuberem filium, missum a patre 
 legatum, necatum esse in carcere. * Quorum quod factum 
 (fait) simile ? quod consilium (fuit) initum delendae rei- 
 publicae ? Turn voluntas largitionis versata est in republica, 
 et quaedam contentio partium. Atque illo tempore avus 
 liujus Lentuli, clarissimus vir, armatus persecutus est Grac- 
 ch uni : ille etiam turn accepit grave vulnus, 5 ne quid minue- 
 retur de summa republica : hie arcessit Gallos ad evertenda 
 fundamenta reipublicae, concitat servitia, vocat Catilinam, 
 " attribuit nos Cethego trucidandos, ceteros cives Gabinio 
 
 sujige his own grief and suffering by the grief and suffering of the 
 guilty." 
 
 1 Qui egerunt id, &c. "Who have aimed to establish the nation 
 of the Allobroges amidst the ruins of this city and in the very ashes 
 of a burnt (and desolated) empire." 
 
 2 Fama mammae eruddUaUtt " The infamy of the greatest cruelty 
 will have to be endured by us in the event of the destruction of the 
 country and the citizens." 
 
 3 Cruddior. " Too cruel." 
 
 4 Quorum quod, &c. "Of these what deed was similar" to the 
 present extraordinary crime, "what plot was initiated for the de- 
 struction of the republic?" Turn voluntas largitionis. " At that 
 period a disposition of corrupt donation and largess (towards the 
 people) was prevalent in the republic. " 
 
 .Ye quid minueretur, &c. l ' In order that nothing should be de- 
 tracted from the welfare of the republic." 
 Attribuit nosy &c. " Consigns us to Cethegus to be butchered." 
 
174 OEATIO IV. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 interficiendos, urbem Cassio inflaminandam, totam It alia m 
 Catilinae vastandam que diripiendam. Veremini, censeo, 
 ne, in hoc tain immani ac nefando scelere, videamini statuisse 
 aliquid nimis severius. Multo magis est verendum, ne 
 videamur, renrissione poenae, (fuisse) crudeles in patriam, 
 qnam ne, severitate animadversionis, (videamur) fuisse nimis 
 
 \vehementes in acerbissimos hostes. 
 VII. 14. Sed non possum dissimulare, Patres Conscripti, 
 ea, quae exaudio. Enim jaciuntur voces, quae perveniunt 
 ad meas aures, eorum, 1 qui videntur vereri, ut habeam satis 
 praesidii ad transigunda ea, quae vos statueritis hodierno 
 die. Omnia et provisa et parata et constitute sunt, Patres 
 Conscripti, 2 quum mea summa cura atque diligentia, turn 
 etiam multo majore voluntate Romani Populi, ad retinen- 
 dum summum imperium et ad conservandas communes 
 fortunas. Omnes homines adsunt omnium ordinum, denique 
 omnium aetatum ; forum est plenum, templa circum forum 
 jnena, omnes aditus hujus templi et loci pleni. 3 Enim 
 haec sola causa post conditam urbem kiventa est (ea), in qua 
 omnes sentirent unum atque idem, praeter eos, qui, quum 
 viderent esse pereundum sibi, voluerunt perire cum omnibus 
 potius, quain soli. Hosce homines ego libenter excipio et 
 secerno; neque puto (eos esse) habendos in numero impro- 
 borum civium, sed in (numero) acerbissimorum hostium. 
 Yero ceteri, immortales dii ! qua frequentia, quo studio, 
 qua virtute consentiunt ad communem salutem que digni- 
 tatem ! Quid ego hie commemorem Bomanos equites ? 
 
 1 Qui videntur vereri, ut habeam, &c. " Who seem to fear that I 
 may not have in readiness sufficient precautionary aid for carrying 
 into effect those things which you shall decide upon this day." 
 
 Vereri ut is negative. 
 
 2 Quum .... turn etiam, &c. " Both by my very great care, &c. 
 .... and also by the much greater zeal of the Roman people to per- 
 petuate the supreme authority and to protect the common fortunes 
 (and interests ." Omnes homines adsunt, &c. " All men are ready to 
 assist," &c. 
 
 3 Enim liaec sola causa, &c. ' ' For this only cause since the build- 
 ing of the city has been found to be one in which all entertained 
 one and the same opinion," &o. 
 
DBATIO IV. IN CATII.INAM. 175 
 
 1 qui ita eonccdunt vobis sumniam ordinis que consilii, ut 
 certent vobist sum do aruore reipublicae ; quos, revocai- 
 (li.sscnsioiif multorum aimoiani ad .socictninu que concnr- 
 diam hujus ordinis, hodicnias dies atque haec causa con- 
 jungil Fohiscum; quam conjunctionem, confirmatam in meo 
 consulatu, si tenuciimiis perpetuam in republica, oonfirmo 
 vobis, nullum civile ac domestical u malum posthac 
 venturum ad ullam partem reipublicae. Video tribunos 
 aerarios, fortissimos viros, pari studio convenisse defendendae 
 reipublicae; item universos scribas; quos quum hie dies 
 casu 2 frequentasset ad aerarium, video esse conversos 8 ab 
 exspectatione sortis ad communem salutem. 4 Omnis inulti- 
 tudo ingenuorum adest, etiam tenuissimorum. Enim quis 
 est, cui haec tenipla, adspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, 
 denique haec ipsa lux, et hoc commune solum patriae, non 
 sit quum carum, turn vero dulce atque jucundum ? 
 
 VIII. 6 Est pretium operae, Patres Conscripti, cognoscere 
 studia libertinorum hominum ; qui consecuti sua virtute 
 fortunam hujus civitatis, judicant hanc esse vere suam 
 
 1 Qui ita concedunt, &c. " Who concede to you the chief place of 
 precedence and administration only to become your rivals in love 
 and devotion to the republic ; whom, recovered after a disagreement 
 of many years to the alliance and friendship of this body, this day 
 and this cause unites with you (for the common welfare) ; which 
 union re-assured in my consulship, if we shall keep perpetual in the 
 republic, I pledge my word to you, that no civil," kc. 
 1 Fi-ajni utifr^ct. " Had assembled in large numbers." 
 3 Ab exspecUUione sortis. ' From the expected assignment of their 
 places by the lot." The public scribes had their relative positions 
 determined by the use of the lot. This important transaction they 
 neglected to attend to on the present occasion, from an absorbing in- 
 terest in the public welfare. 
 
 4 Omnis multitudo ingenuorum^ &c. " The whole multitude of 
 free-born citizens are ready to assist, even those of the very hum- 
 blest pretensions. 
 
 5 Est pretium operae, &c. " It is worth while, Conscript Fathers, 
 to observe the extraordinary zeal of the freedmen, who, having ob- 
 tained by their merit the privilege of this citizenship, judge this to 
 be truly their country (and glory in it as such), which certain per- 
 sons born here, and born in the highest condition, have judged not 
 to be their own country, but, as it were, an enemy's city. " 
 
176 ORATIO IV. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 patriam, quam quidam nati hie, et nati summo loco, judi- 
 cavenmt non esse suam patriam, sed urbem hostium. Sed 
 quid ego commemoro homines hujusce ordinis, quos privatae 
 fortunae, quos communis respublica, quos denique libertas, 
 ea, quae est dulcissima, excitavit ad defendendam salutem 
 patriae ? Est nemo servus, qui sit modo tolerabili condi- 
 tione servitutis, qui non perhorrescat audaciam civium ; ] qui 
 non cupiat haec stare ; qui non conferat ad communem 
 salutem tantum voluntatis, quantum audet et quantum 
 potest. 2 Quare, si hoc quod auditum est forte commovet 
 quern vestrum, quendam lenonem Lentuli concursare circuni 
 tabernas, sperare animos egentium atque imperitoruni posse 
 sollicitari pretio ; id quidem coeptum atque tentatum est, 
 sed nulli inventi sunt aut tarn miseri fortuna aut perditi 
 voluntate, qui non velint ilium ipsum locum sellae atque 
 operis et quotidiani quaestus, qui non (velint) suum cubile 
 ac lectulum, qui denique non (velint) hunc otiosum cursum 
 suae vitae esse salvum. 9 Multo maxima pars vero eorum, 
 qui sunt in tabernis, nisi vero (enim id potius est dicendum) 
 hoc universum genus est amantissimum otii. Etenim omne 
 
 1 Qui non cupiat, &c. " Who does not wish these (public in- 
 terests) to stand (and remain unchanged) : who does not contribute 
 to the common safety (and support) as much of personal good -will 
 (and influence) as he dares and is able to render." 
 
 2 Quare, sihoc .... forte, &c. "Wherefore if this, which has been 
 reported, chance to excite the apprehension of any of you, viz., that 
 a certain vile agent of Lentulus is running round the shops and 
 taverns in the hope (Literally, "that he hopes") that the minds of 
 the needy and ignorant can be (bought) and solicited by bribery 
 (let me say for the relief of such), that this thing, indeed, has been 
 begun and attempted, but none were found either so wretched in 
 fortune," &c. Qui non {velint), &c. " As not to wish that that same 
 spot of their (customary) seat and work and daily gains .... Hunc 
 otiosum, &c. " This peaceful course of their habitual life should 
 be (perpetuated and) rendered safe from disturbance. " 
 
 3 Multo maxima, &c. By much the greatest part of those who 
 are in the shops, unless indeed, which is rather to be said, this 
 
 , whole class (without an exception) is usually ardeutly desirous of 
 a state of repose." .... Sustentatur frequentia, &c. " Is sustained 
 by a throng and multitude of citizons, fostered by the prevalence of 
 peace." 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATII.IWM. 177 
 
 iiiNtniinriihiiii, omnia opera atque quaestus sustentatur fre- 
 quentia oivium, alitur otio: 'quorum si quaestus solet 
 niimii, tabernis ooolnsis, quid tandem fuit futurum, (tabernis) 
 tncensiB? 
 
 IX. Quum quae sint ita, Patres Conscript i, praesidia 
 Romani populi non desunt vobis: 2 providete, ne vos videamini 
 deesse Romano populo. Habetis consulem 3 reservatum ex 
 plurimis periculis et insidiis, atque ex media morte, non ad 
 suam vitam, sed ad vest rum salutem ; onines ordines consen- 
 tiunt mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, 4 voce, ad conservan- 
 dam rempublicam ; communis patria, obsessa facibus et telis 
 impiae conjurationis, B tendit manus vobis, supplex ; vobis 
 commendat 86, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis arcem et 
 Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium sempiternum 
 ignem Vestae, vobis omnia templa atque delubra deorum, 
 vobis muros et tecta urbis. 6 Praeterea judicandum (est) 
 vobis hodierno die de vestra vita, de anima vestrarum con- 
 jugum atque liberorum, de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de 
 vest ris focis. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, 
 7 quae facultas non semper datar ; habetis omnes ordines, 
 omnes homines, universum Romanum populum, 8 id quod 
 videmus primum hodierno die in civili causa, sentientem 
 
 1 Quorum si quaestus, &c. ' ' If the gains of these are usually 
 diminished by the (temporary) closing of the shops, what was to be 
 expected if these shops were burned to the ground, in the disorder of 
 civil war ? " 
 
 2 Providete ne, &c. " See to it that you do not seem to be wanting 
 (in zeal and support) to the Roman people." 
 
 3 Reservatum. u Expressly and providentially saved." .... Non 
 ad suam vitam. M Not with a view to his own life." Sed ad vestram 
 
 &m. " But with a view to your safety." 
 
 4 Voce. " By open and audible declarations of attachment." 
 
 6 Tendit marvus, &c. " Stretches out her hands to you as a sup- 
 pliant : to you she commends herself, to you," &c. 
 
 6 Praeterea judicandum (est). " Moreover a decision is to be made 
 by you this day," &c. 
 
 1 Quae facultas, &c. u Which boon or advantage is not always 
 accorded in similar circumstances." 
 
 B Id quod videmus, &c. " A thing which we see for the first time 
 this day," &0. 
 
 8* 
 
178 ORATIO IV. IN CATTLINAM. 
 
 unum atque idem. 1 Cogitate, una nox paene delerit ini- 
 perium quantis laboribus fundatum, libertatem quanta vir- 
 tute stabilitam. fortunas auctas que exaggeratas quanta be- 
 nignitate deorum. Est providendum hodierno die, ne id un- 
 quam posthac possit 2 non modo confici, sed ne quidem 
 cogitari a civibus. Atque locutus sum haec, non ut excita- 
 rem vos, qui paene 3 praecurritis mihi studio ; sed ut mea 
 vox, quae debet esse princeps in republica, videretur functa 
 (fuisse) consulari officio. 
 
 X. Nunc, Patres Conscripti, antequam redeo ad (rogan- 
 dam) sententiam, dicam pauca de me (ipso). * Ego video me 
 suscepisse tantam multitudinem inimicorum, quanta est 
 manus conjuratorum, quam videtis esse permagnam, sed 
 judico earn esse turpem, infirmam et abjectam. 6 Quod si 
 aliquando ista manus, concitata furore et scelere alicujus, 
 valuerit plus, quam vestra (dignitas) ac dignitas reipublicae, >\* 
 tamen nunquam, Patres Conscripti, poenitebit me meorum 
 factorum atque consiliorum. Efcenirn mors, quam illi foftasse 
 minitantur mihi, parata est omnibus : tantam laudem vltae, 
 quanta vos honestastis me vestris decretis, nemo assecutus 
 est. Enim decrevistis ceteris gratulationem 7 bene gesta 
 (republica), mihi uni conservata republica. Sit ille Scipio 
 
 1 Cogitate, una nox, &c. " Just think of it, one night might have 
 blotted out an empire established with how great labor, i.e., with 
 indescribable labor, a liberty assured and rendered stable with how 
 great public virtue," &c. 
 
 2 Non modo confici, &c. " May be not only not accomplished, but 
 not even meditated by (unworthy) citizens." 
 
 3 Praecurritis. ' ' Outrun. " 
 
 4 Ego video me suscepisse, &c. " I perceive that I have enlisted 
 against myself as great a number of personal enemies," &c. 
 
 3 Quod si aliquando, &c. " But if at any time that band of con- 
 spirators, roused into activity by the mad and criminal purpose of 
 any one, should avail more than, i.e., should gain the ascendancy 
 over your dignity and the authority of the republic," &c. 
 
 6 Tantam laudem vitae, &c. " But such distinction of life as you 
 have honored me with by your decrees, no one has attained." 
 
 T Bene gesta .... conservata republica. ' ' A successfully con- 
 ducted government .... a rescued and preserved republic. " 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATII.INAM. L79 
 
 clams, cujus consilio atque virtute Hannibal OOiOtafl est ve- 
 dire in AtYu-am atque deoedere Italia ; alter (Scipio) AiVi- 
 canus oruetur eximia laude, qui delevit duas urbes intrstis- 
 simas huio imperio, Carthaginem que Numantiain ; ille 
 Paullui habeatur egregiu* vir, ' cujus ourrum Penes, quon- 
 ilam potentissimus et nobilissimus tvx, iionestavit : Marius 
 sit aeterna gloria, qui bis libera vit Italiam a obsidione et nict u 
 servitutis : Pompeius anteponatur omnibus, cujus res gestae 
 atque virtutes continentur iisdem regionibus ac tenninis, 
 quibus cursus solis (coutinetur) ; erit profecto inter laudes 
 horum 3 aliquid loci nostrae gloriae ; nisi forte est ma jus 
 patefacere provincias nobis, quo possinius exire, * (juaui 
 curare, ut etiam illi, qui absunt, habeant quo revertantur 
 victores. ? Quamquam conditio externae victoriae est 6 unp 
 loco melior quam domesticae (victoriae), 6 quod alienigenae 
 hostes aut oppressi serviunt, aut recepti putant se obligates 
 (esse) beneficio : qui autem ex numero civium, depravati 
 aliqua dementia, semel coeperunt esse hostes patriae, eos, 
 quum repuleris a pernicie reipublicae, possis nee coercere vi 
 nee placare beneficio ; quare video aeternum bellum suscep- 
 tum esse mihi cum perditis civibus. 7 Ego confido id (bellum), 
 
 1 Cujus currum Perses. "Whose (triumphal) chariot Perses, once 
 a very powerful and illustrious king-, adorned " as a captive. 
 
 2 Obsidione et metu servitutis. r From siege and the fear of sub- 
 jection to a foreign foe." 
 
 3 Aliquid loci. " Some room." 
 
 4 QiXam curare, ut, &c. " Than to provide (by the exercise of skill 
 and energy in the civil administration) that those also, who arc ab- 
 sent (in the military service of the republic) may have a country to 
 return to as victors." 
 
 6 Uno loco. " In one particular." 
 
 6 Quod alienigenae hostes, &c. "Because foreign enemies are 
 either overcome and brought into subjection, or being received (into 
 alliance), think themselves to be bound to gratitude by the favor and 
 indulgence. But whoever, from the number of citizens, becoming 
 perverted by some criminal madness, have once begun to be enemies 
 to their country these persons, when you shall have deterred them 
 from working the destruction of the republic, you can neither 
 coerce by violence nor conciliate by kindness." 
 
 7 Ego confido id (beUum), &c. " I trust that that war (of disap- 
 pointed conspirators), through your aid and the aid of all good men, 
 
ISO OEATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 vestro (auxilio) que auxilio omnium bonorum, que memoria 
 tantorum periculorum, quae semper haerebit non modo in 
 hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed etiam in sermonibus ac 
 mentibus omnium gentium, posse facile propulsari a me 
 atque a meis. Neque profecto ulla tanta vis reperietur, quae 
 possit confringere et labefactare vestrain conjunctionem que 
 (conjunctionem) Romanorum equitum, et tantam conspira- 
 tionem omnium bonorum. 
 
 XI. Quum quae ita sint, Patres Conscripti, a pro im- 
 perio, pro exercitu, pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro trium- 
 pho que ceteris insignibus laudis, quae repudiata sunt a me 
 propter custodiam urbis que vestrae salutis, pro clientelis 
 que hospistiis provinciarum, quae tarn en urbanis opibus 
 tueor non minore labore quam comparo : pro omnibus his 
 rebus igitur, pro meis singularibus studiis in vos que pro 
 hac diligentia., quam conspicitis, ad conservandam rempubli- 
 cam, postulo nihil a vobis, nisi memoriam hujus temporis, 
 que mei totius consulatus ; dum quae erit fixa in vestris men- 
 tibus, arbitrabor me septum esse tutissimo muro. 2 Quod si 
 vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit meam spem, com- 
 mendo vobis meum parvum filium ; 3 cui profecto erit satis 
 
 k 
 
 and from the remembrance of so great perils (warded off by my exer- 
 tions), which will always remain fixed not only in this people, which 
 has been preserved, but also in the discourse and thoughts of all 
 nations, can easily be averted (in any evil consequences and effects), 
 from me and from mine." 
 
 1 Pro imperio, &c. " In the place of empire," the dominion of 
 the province of Macedonia. Cicero enumerates here the various 
 advantages he relinquished in order to watch and circumvent the 
 conspiracy of Catiline. Pro clientelis que hospistiis provinciarum. 
 " In the place of the clientships and relations of friendship and hos- 
 pitality which I might have had in the provinces, and which never- 
 theless by my city resources I support (at home) with no less labor 
 than I procure them (so much do I value them), &c. (In the 
 place of all these things, which I have sacrificed) I ask nothing from 
 you, but the memory of this crisis and of my whole consulship. " 
 
 2 Quod si vis, &c. " But if the violence of the wicked shall dis- 
 appoint and prevail over my hope," &c. 
 
 3 Cui prof ecto erit. " To whom it will prove a sufficient guaran- 
 tee not only for safety, but also for future distinction and advance- 
 ment," &c. 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 181 
 
 praesidii, non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, 
 si niemineritis ilium esse nlium ejus, qui conservaverit omnia 
 haec suo periculo solius. Quapropter, Patres Conscript i , do 
 vestra summa salute que (salute) Romani populi, de veatria 
 conjugibus ac libcris, de aris ac focis, de fanis atque templis, 
 de tectis ac sedibus totius urbis, de imperio ac libertate, de 
 salute Italiae, de universa republica, ' decernite diligenter ac 
 fortiter, ut instituistis. Habetis eum consulem, qui non 
 dubitet parere vestris decretis et possit defendere * et per se- 
 ipsum praestare ea, quae statueritis, quoad vivet. 
 
 1 Decernite diligenter, &c. u (Deliberate) and decide with promp- 
 titude and firmness, as you have already begun to do." 
 
 *Et per sc-ipmm praestare. " And himself be responsible for tho 
 complete execution of what you shall determine, as long as he 
 lives." 
 
 klBKAJU 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
INTKODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 ORATION IN BEHALF OF T. ANNIUS MILO. 
 
 This oration was delivered at a period of much public 
 disorder and irregularity at Rome. T. Annius Milo and P. 
 Clodius, both of them men of rank, had long been personal 
 antagonists and political opponents. They had already en- 
 countered one another with open violence amidst the politi- 
 cal dissensions of the day, and commonly went attended 
 with armed supporters or protected by a body-guard of their 
 own slaves. The consular elections had been deferred, and 
 were still in abeyance, in consequence of the turbulence of 
 the times, it being pretty well understood by the Clodian 
 party that Milo, who was a candidate for the consulship, 
 would be likely to succeed if the canvass were permitted to 
 take place. It was just at this crisis, when the hopes of 
 Milo were becoming brighter, and the elections seemed to be 
 more certainly at hand, that the transactions occurred that 
 laid the foundation for the present -prosecution of Milo, and 
 eventuated in the destruction of all his personal prospects. 
 Milo had occasion to go to his native town of Lanuvium, for 
 the purpose of appointing and inaugurating a local priest 
 there to have charge of certain religious ceremonies. He set 
 out to go thither, accordingly, accompanied by his wife and 
 a large body of attendants, consisting in part also of armed 
 slaves and one or two professional gladiators. On the way 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1 S., 
 
 out he encounters the party of Clodius, who were returning 
 to Rome, consisting .also of a considerable body of armed 
 retainers. The two bodies had already passed one another 
 on the road, when an altercation taking place between the 
 gladiators of Milo and some of the slaves of Clodius, t ln- 
 latter rode up, and, interfering with some asperity and 
 promptness in the affray, he received a severe thrust in the 
 shoulder from one of the gladiators, and had to be conveyed 
 to a neighboring inn at Bovillae. In the mean time Milo is 
 summoned to the scene of the conflict. He orders an attack 
 to be made upon the house where Clodius was, and, as was 
 alleged, had him dragged forth and dispatched on the public 
 highway. The body of Clodius was taken up by one of his 
 partisans and carried to Rome, where the news of his death 
 had created already an intense excitement among the popu- 
 lace. Sextus Clodius, a kinsman of the slaughtered man, 
 embraced the occasion to turn the tide of popular indignation 
 against Milo. He had the body of the deceased conveyed to 
 the senate-house, a funeral-pyre was constructed of the 
 benches and furniture of the building, and the building 
 itself was consumed in the confusion and conflagration and 
 madness of the hour, and at the same time the flame of 
 popular fury was roused by the most violent harangues ad- 
 dressed to the mob. In this imminent crisis the Senate 
 assembled with haste, and created Pompey sole Consul of 
 Rome, and invested him with unlimited power to call out 
 military forces and to take measures, at discretion, to settle 
 the disorders of the times. Among other measures, Pompey 
 proceeded to appoint a special tribunal for the trial of Milo 
 on the charge of the homicide of Clodius. It is before this 
 tribunal that the present oration of Cicero purports to have 
 been delivered. "We say, purports, because the fact seems 
 to be that the oration which Cicero actually delivered on 
 that occasion was intercepted by his own trepidation and 
 want of self-command, and fell short of his usual power and 
 success. Milo was condemned and sent into banishment. 
 
184: INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The present oration was afterwards reproduced and sent 
 to Milo in his exile, who recognized its extraordinary merit, 
 and declared that he would not then be in exile, enjoying 
 himself amidst the luxuries of Massilia, if the speech had 
 had its unobstructed place before the appointed tribunal. 
 It is, in fact, the most elaborate and truly intellectual of 
 the efforts of the genius of Cicero. His skilful introduc- 
 tion, extricating the case from adverse appearances and even 
 turning them to his own account ; his ingenious and plausible 
 version of the facts connected with the encounter of Milo 
 and Clodius, and the manner of the latter's death ; his reso- 
 lution of the whole case into an ambuscade on the one side 
 or the other, and pressing the question in every form, Which 
 laid the plot for the destruction of the other ? and the mar- 
 vellous array of circumstantial evidence and minute dissec- 
 tion of individual motives and influences, all tending to ex- 
 culpate his own client, and to fasten criminality on his 
 rival, these things, together with the passages of customary 
 brilliancy and eloquence found in all his orations and no- 
 where more prominent than here, mark this out as the 
 ablest, as it is the most intellectual and, in the fullest sense, 
 authentic of all the orations of Cicero. 
 
L I I) !,' \ 
 
 i 
 
 !ALI] [.\ 
 
 ORATIO 
 
 PRO T. ANNIO MILONE 
 
 I. * Etsi vereor, Judices, ne sit turpe (me), incipientem 
 dicere pro fortissimo viro, timere ; que minime deceat, quum 
 T. Annius ipse perturbetur magis de salute reipublicae quam 
 de sua (salute), me non posse afferre ad ejus causam parem 
 magnitudinem animi; tamen haec nova forma novi judicii 
 terret oculos, qui, quocunque inciderunt, requirunt veterem 
 consuetudinem fori et pristinum morem judiciorum: enim 
 vester consessus non cinctus est 2 corona, ut solebat ; stipati 
 sumus non usitata frequentia ; nam ilia praesidia, quae cer- 
 nitis pro omnibus templis, etsi collocata sunt contra vim, 
 $ tamen non afferunt aliquid oratori ; ut in foro et in judicio, 
 
 1 Etn vereor, &c. " Although I am apprehensive, Judges, that it 
 may be discreditable for me, in beginning to speak in behalf of a 
 very brave man, to manifest fear ; and by no means a seemly thing, 
 since T. Annius (Milo) is himself concerned more for the safety of 
 the republic than for his own safety, not to be able to bring to his 
 cause a like (elevation and) greatness of mind ; nevertheless (I can- 
 not deny) that this novel form of a new species of trial (disquiets) 
 and affrights my eyes, which, whithersoever they have fallen, look 
 in vain for the former practice of the forum and the ancient usage 
 of judicial proceedings." 
 
 2 Corona, ut solebat, &c. "By a circle of citizens such as was 
 wont "to assemble on these occasions. "We are attended by no 
 customary throng " of spectators. 
 
 8 Tamen non afferunt, &c. " Nevertheless do not bring any feel- 
 ing of security to the orator ; so that (here) in the forum and in a 
 public trial, although we are surrounded by salutary and needful 
 guards, still we cannot be entirely free from fear without (there 
 
186 OKATIO PRO T. ANNIO MTLONE. 
 
 quamquam sumus septi salutaribus et necessariis praesidiis, 
 taraen ne quidem possimus non timere sine aliquo timore ; 
 quae si putarem ' opposita Miloni, cedereru tempori, Judices : 
 nee existimarem inter tantam vim armorum esse locum ora- 
 tori; sed consilium Cn. Pompeii, sapientissimi et justissimi 
 viri recreat et reficit me: 2 qui profecto putaret esse nee 
 suae justitiae, dedere eundem telis militum, quern, reum, 
 tradidisset sententiis judicum ; nee sapientiae, armare teme- 
 ritatem concitatae multitudinis publica auctoritate. Quam- 
 obrem ilia arma, centuriones, cohortes non denunciant peri- 
 culum nobis, sed praesidium; que hortantur, ne solum ut 
 simus quieto [animo], sed etiam ut [simus] magno animo ; 
 que pollicentur ne modo auxilium, verum etiam silentium, 
 meae defensioni. Vero reliqua multitudo, quae quidem est 
 civium, est tota nostra; neque [est] quisque eorum, quos 
 cernitis undique intuentes ex hoc ipso loco, unde aliqua pars 
 fori potest aspici, et expectantes exitum hujus judicii, [qui] 
 3 non quum favet yirtuti Milonis, turn putat decertari hodi- 
 erno die de se, de suis liberis, de patria, de fortunis. 
 
 II. Unum genus [civium] est adversum que infestum 
 nobis, [scilicet genus] eorum, quos furor P. Clodii pavit 
 rapinis, incendiis et omnibus publicis exitiis ; 4 qui hesterna 
 
 being in reality) any (sufficient) cause of apprehension." Timore is 
 used here as a cause of fear and not the sentiment or feeling itself. 
 1 Opposita Miloni " Adverse to the interests of Milo." 
 8 Qui profecto putaret, &c. " Who truly would deem that it be- 
 longed neither to his justice to deliver up the same person to the 
 armed violence of soldiers whom (already), as an accused person, 
 he had handed over to the decisions of the civil judges, nor to his 
 wisdom," &c. 
 
 3 Non quum favet. "Who is not both favorable to the meritorious 
 claims of Milo and who does not at the same time consider that the 
 contest is to-day for himself, his children, his country, and his (per- 
 sonal) fortunes." Quum .... turn. " Both . . . . and." 
 
 4 Qui hesterna concione, &c. "Who in yesterday's assembly and 
 harangue were instigated to the presumption of dictating to you 
 beforehand what judgment you should form " in the present case. 
 "Whose outcry and clamor, if there shall chance to be any, will 
 justly have the effect only to admonish you of the necessity of re- 
 taining him as a citizen, viz., Milo, who always," &c. 
 
ORATTO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 1ST 
 
 condone etiani indtati sunt, nt praeirent vobis voce, quid 
 judirmvtis ; quorum damor, si forte fun-it qui, debebit 
 ndmonere vos, ut retineatis cum (Miloram) civem, <|ui tem- 
 per neglexit ilhul genua lioiiiinuin que taajdmoB olamoree 
 
 pro vrstra salute. Quamoluvm ' adrstc annuls, judicrs, et 
 
 deponite kimorem, si Uabetifl (ali)qunn. Nam si unqtiam 
 fuit vobis potestas judicandi de bonis et fortibus viris, si 
 nnquani de bene meritis civibus : 2 si denique unquam locus 
 datus est delectis viris amplissimorum ordinum ubi declara- 
 rent, re et sententiis, sua studia erga fortes et bonos cives, 
 quae saepe significassent vultu et verbis ; profecto hoc tem- 
 pore vos habetis omnem earn potestatem, ut statuatis, utrum 
 nos, qui semper dediti fuimus vestrae auctoritati, semper 
 lugeamus miseri; an diu vexati a perditissimis civibus, 
 aliquando recreemur per vos ac vestram fidem, virtutem que 
 sajiicntiam. 3 Quid enim potest dici aut fingi laboriosius, 
 quid magis solicitum, magis exercitum nobis duobus, qui, 
 adducti ad rempublicam spe amplissimorum praemiorum, 
 non possumus carere metu crudelissimorum suppliciorum. 
 4 Semper putavi equidem ceteras^Smpestates et procellas, in 
 
 1 Adeste ani?nis, judices, &c. "Be prompt and resolute, judges, 
 in performing your present duty, and lay aside fear, if you have 
 any." 
 
 denique unquam,. "If, in fine, ever an opportunity was given 
 to selected men of the highest rank to manifest by their actions and 
 judicial decisions their approval and favor towards brave and good 
 citizens, such as they have often signified by their looks and words ; 
 certainly at this time you have this opportunity to the full, so that 
 you have it in your power to decide whether we, who have always 
 been devoted to your authority, shall continue to grieve in wretched- 
 ness ; or, after having been for a long time harassed by abandoned 
 citizens, shall at length be re animated and re-assured through you 
 and through your integrity, virtue and wisdom." 
 
 1 Quid enim potent, &c. k, \Vhat truly can be mentioned or 
 imagined more irksome (and annoying), what more vexatious 
 (and) more trying, than the situation of us two (Cicero and Milo), 
 who, attracted (as we are) to the interests of the republic by the 
 hope of the most generous rewards (viz. , honorable distinction and 
 office), yet cannot at any time be free from the fear of the most 
 cruel punishments." 
 
 * Semper putavi, &c. I have always supposed, indeed, that other 
 
188 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 illis fluctibus concionum dumtaxat, esse subeundas Miloni, 
 quod semper senserat pro bonis contra improbos ; vero in 
 judicio et in eo concilio, in quo amplissimi viri ex cunctis 
 ordinibus judicarent, nunquam existimavi inimicos Milonis 
 habituros esse ullam spem, per tales viros, non modo ad 
 extinguendam ejus salutem sed etiam (ad) infringendam 
 gloriam ' Quamquam in hac causa, judices, non abutemur 
 tribunatu T. Annii que omnibus rebus gestis pro salute reipub- 
 licae ad defensionem hujus criminis, nisi videritis oculis insi- 
 dias factas esse a Clodio Miloni : nee deprecaturi sumus, ut 
 condonetis hoc crimen nobis propter multa praeclara merita in 
 rempublicam; nee postulaturi (sumus), ut, si mors P. Clodii 
 fuerit vestra salus, idcirco assignetis earn virtuti Milonis, 
 potius quam felicitati Romani populi ; sin insidiae illius 
 fuerint clariores hac luce, turn denique obsecrabo que ob- 
 testabor vos, j udices, si amisimus caetera, a ut hoc saltern 
 relinquatur, ut liceat impune defendere vitam ab audacia 
 que telis inimicorum. 
 
 III. 8 Sed antequam venio, ad earn orationem, quae est 
 
 tempests and storms (such as occur), in those surgings of popular 
 assemblies at least (that sometimes arise), were to be undergone (and 
 submitted to) by Milo, because he had always taken sides in opinion 
 for the good against the vicious and depraved ; but in a public trial 
 and in a council in which the most distinguished men of all orders 
 were to exercise judgment, I never imagined that the personal 
 enemies of Milo would have any hope, through the agency of such 
 men, of destroying his safety not merely, but even so much as im- 
 pairing his reputation and glory." 
 
 1 Quamquam in hoc causa, &c. "And yet in this cause, judges, I 
 will not avail myself of the (successful) tribuneship of T. Annius and 
 all his (praiseworthy) actions in behalf of the safety of the republic, 
 as a means of defence against this charge, unless you shall see with 
 your own eyes (and be convinced) that a plot was made by Clodius 
 for (the destruction of) Milo. 
 
 * Ut hoc saltern relinquatur, &c. ' ' That this at least may be left 
 to us, to be allowed with impunity to defend our life from the 
 audacity and weapons of private enemies." 
 
 3 Sed antequam venio, &c. ' ' But before I come to that part of my 
 public plea, which belongs properly to our investigation, those 
 things seem to require to be refuted which have both been thrown 
 out (in discussion) in the senate by our friends and frequently in 
 
OKA Tlo PBO T. ANNIO MILONE. 189 
 
 propria nostrae quaestionis, ea videntur esse refutanda, quae 
 et jactata sunt saepe in senatu ah auiicis, >t aaepe in concione 
 ab iniprobis, et jam paulo ant*.' ab accusatoribus ; ut, oiuiii 
 errore sublata, possitis vidi'iv plane rein, quae venit in judi- 
 cium. ' Negant esse fas ei iutueri tuoem, quifateatur homi- 
 uciu oceisum esse a se. In qua urbe tandem stultissimi 
 homines disputant hoc? a In ea nempe^ quae vidit piimum 
 judicium de capite M. Horatii fortissimi viri : qui, oivitate 
 nondum libera, tamen liberatus est coinitiis Komani populi, 
 3 quum fateretur sororem interfectam esse sua manu. An 
 est quisquam, qui ignoret hoc, quum quaeratur de homine 
 occiso, * solere aut negari esse factum onmino, aut defendi 
 esse factum recte ac jure? Nisi vero existimatis P. Afri- 
 can um fuisse dementem, qui, quum seditiose interrogaretur 
 a C. Carbone, tribuno plebis, in concione, quid sentiret de 
 morte Tiberii Gracchi, responderit, videri [sibi] caesuin 
 [esse] jure. Enim neque posset aut ille Ahala Servilius, 
 aut P. Nasica aut L. Opimius aut C. Marius 6 aut, me con- 
 siile, senatus (ipse) haberi non nefarius, si esset nefas scele- 
 ratos cives interfici. 6 Itaque, judices, doctissimi homines 
 
 the popular assembly by the ill-disposed," &c....ut, omni errore 
 Huhhtta. " That, all erroneous views being removed." 
 
 1 Negant esse fas. " These persons allege that it is not right (or 
 agreeable to justice) for him (to survive and to continue) to look 
 upon the light of day, who confesses that a man has been killed by 
 him," under whatever circumstances. 
 
 2 In ea nempe. See. " In that, to be sure, that witnessed the first 
 trial for capital crime in the case of M. Horatius." 
 
 :< Quumfati re'"/: "Although he confessed." 
 
 4 ISolere aut negari, etc. "It is wont to be the case either that a 
 denial is made that the thing (the homicide) was done at all, or a 
 defence is interposed that it was done lawfully and of right." 
 
 1 .1 >i1. me consnle. etc " Or under my consulship, the senate itself 
 be esteemed otherwise than criminal (and obnoxious), if it be not 
 lawful that flagitious citizens be put to death." Cicero refers here 
 to the action of the senate in suppressing the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 Hague, ji/dirt-s. doctut&ni, &c. "Therefore, judges, very 
 learned men have handed down to memory, not without good rea- 
 son, even in the form of fictitious fable (and dramatic representa- 
 tion) this (transaction), that he (viz., Orestes) who, with a view to 
 avenging his father, had slain his mother, when the opinions of 
 
190 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 prodideiTint memoriae non sine causa, etiam fictis fabulis, 
 hoc [factum], eura, qui, causa ulciscendi patris, necavisset 
 matrem, sententiis liominum variatis, liberatum [esse] non 
 solum divina [sententia] sed etiam sententia sapientissimae 
 deae. ' Quod si duodecim tabulae voluerunt nocturnum furern 
 internci impune quoquo modo ; autem diurnum (furem in- 
 terfici impune), si defenderit se telo ; quis est, qui putet, 
 quoquo [alijquis interfectus sit, puniendum [esse], quum 
 videat gladium aliquando porrigi nobis ad legibus ipsis ad 
 occidendum hominem ? k/ 
 
 IV. Atqui si est ullum tempus necandi hominis jure, 2 quae 
 sunt multa, certe illud est non modo justum, verum etiam 
 necessarium, 3 quum vis illata defenditur vi. Quum mili- 
 taris tribunus in exercitu C. Marii, propinquus ejus impera- 
 toris, 4 eriperet pudicitiam militi, interfectus est ab eo, cui 
 afFerebat vim ; enim probus adolescens malit facere pericu- 
 lose, quam perpeti turpiter ; atque ille summus vir liberavit 
 periculo hunc solutum scelere. Vero quae injusta nex 
 potest inferri insidiatori et latroni ? 5 Quid volunt nostri 
 
 men were divided on the question had been exonerated not only by 
 a divine sentence, but even by the sentence of the wisest goddess 
 (Minerva). 
 
 1 Quod si duodecim tabulae, &c. " But if the Twelve Tables have 
 provided that a nocturnal thief may be slain with impunity in ;my 
 manner, but a diy-thief only if he attempt to defend himself with 
 a (deadly) weapon, who is there that can think, in whatever way (or 
 under whatever circumstances) any one is killed, (the homicide) is 
 to be punished, when he sees a sword sometimes handed to us by 
 the laws themselves to kill a man with." 
 
 ' 2 Quae sunt multa. " And there are many such occasions." 
 
 :i Quum vis illata, &c. "When violence inflicted is (met) and 
 defended with violence," when force is met and overcome with 
 force. 
 
 * Eriperet pudicitiam, &c. "Sought to invade the chastity of a 
 private soldier, he was slain by him on whom he made the attack ; 
 for the worthy young man preferred to incur the danger (of his 
 commanders displeasure and punishment) rather than suffer dis- 
 honor to his person. And that illustrious man (Marius) exonerated 
 him alike from the offence and the apprehended punishment." 
 Literally, "Freed him from danger as being free from offence." 
 
 5 Quid volunt, &c. ''What mean the attendants or escorts (we 
 employ in journeys), and why do we carry swords ? which certainly 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONK. 101 
 
 oomitatns, quid ijladii? quos certe non liceret habere, si 
 liceret nullo pacto uti illis. Enim baec ^'s^, judioes, qoo 
 Boripta (lex)) Bed oata lex; quam non didicinmx, accepimus, 
 legimus; verum arripuinraa, hausimus, expreetdimui ex na- 
 
 tura ipsa; ad quam non docti (sunius), sed facti ; non insii- 
 iuti (sunius), sed inibuti sumus; ut si nostra vita incidisset 
 in aliquas insidias, si in vim, si in tela aut latronum aut 
 inimicorum, ' omnis ratio expediendae salutis esset honesta. 
 Enim leges silent inter anna, 2 nee jubent se expectaii, quum 
 ei, qui velit expectare, injusta poena sit luenda, antequam 
 justa [poena sit] repetenda. ' Etsi persapienter et quodam- 
 modo tacite, lex ipsa dat potestatem defendendi : quae non 
 vetdt hominem oecidi, sed esse cum telo causa occidendi 
 hominis ; ut, quum causa, non telum quaereretur, qui usus 
 esset telo causa defendendi sui, non judicaretur habuisse 
 telum causa occidendi hominis. 4 Quapropter hoc maneat in 
 causa, judices ; enim non dubito, quin probaturus sim vobis 
 
 we ought not to be allowed to have, if we are permitted in no cir- 
 cumstances to use them. For this is not, judges, a written (con- 
 ventional) law, but a law born with us one which we have not 
 learned, received (from tradition) or read (from books), but one 
 which we have, as it were, snatched, drawn, immediately derived 
 from nature herself one to which we have not been educated, but 
 originally formed ; one with which we have not been indoctrinated, 
 but with which we have been imbued." 
 
 1 Omni* ratio, &c. " Every method of expediting our safety, of 
 extricating ourselves from peril, is (allowable) and right." 
 
 2 Nee jubent, kc. " Nor do they require that they be waited for, 
 since by him who determines to wait for them, an unjust suffering 
 may be incurred, before a just vindication can be obtained." 
 
 IJtsl />( fxtfjii'cntci; <vc. k 'And yet " (i.e., although I have 
 said that the laws are silent and inoperative in the midst of arms, 
 leges, etc.) "very wisely and somewhat tacitly the laic itself 
 gives the power of self-defence ; inasmuch as it does not forbid a 
 man to be slain, but only that one be with a weapon (be armed) 
 with the intention of killing a man ; so that, since the motive and 
 not the weapon is brought into question, whoever should use a 
 weapon with the intention of defending himself, would not be ad- 
 judged (as a matter of course) to have had a weapon with the 
 design of killing a man. " 
 
 * Quapropter hoc, Arc. " Wherefore let this be settled as an estab- 
 lished point in the case." 
 
U)2 
 
 OKATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 meam defensionem, si memineritis id, quod non potestis obli- 
 visci, insidiatorem posse mterfici jure. 
 
 V. Illud sequitur, quod saepissime dicitur a inimicis Milo- 
 rds, senatum judicasse caedeni, in qua P. Clodius occisus 
 est, esse factam contra rempublicam. 1 Vero senatus com- 
 probavit illam non suis sententiis solum, sed etiam studiis. 
 2 Enim quoties ilia causa acta est a nobis in senatu ? quibus 
 assensionibus universi ordinis ? 3 quam (sententiis) nee taci- 
 tis, nee occultis ? 4 Enim quando frequentissimo senatu 
 in veil ti sunt quatuor, ad summum quinque, qui non pro- 
 barent causam Milonis? & Illae inter mortuae conciones hujus 
 ambusti tribuni plebis declarant (hoc), quibus quotidie in- 
 vidiose criminabatur meam potentiam, quum diceret sena- 
 tum decernere non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem. 
 Quae quidem si est appellanda potentia, potius quam medio- 
 cris auctoritas in bonis causis propter magna merita in rem- 
 publicam, aut nonnulla gratia apud bonos propter meos 
 officiosos labores, appelletur ita sane, dummodo nos utamur 
 ea pro salute bonorum contra amentiam perditorum. 7 Hanc 
 
 1 Vero senatus comprobavil, &c. "But the senate approved of 
 that (transaction), not with (the cold acquiescence of) their opin- 
 ions and votes, but with their warm and ardent support (of Milo). 
 
 2 Enim quoties ilia causa acta est. "For how often has that 
 cause been pleaded." 
 
 3 Quam (sententiis), &c. " With what loud and open expressions 
 of opinion." 
 
 ^ Enim quando, &c. "For when, (even) in a very full senate, 
 have there been found four, (or) at the utmost five, " &c. 
 
 5 Illae intermortuae, &c. ' l Those feeble and abortive harangues 
 of this half - consumed tribune of the people prove this," viz., that 
 the senate are on the side of Milo, ' ' in which he invidiously 
 charges me with undue power (over the senate), inasmuch as he 
 says that the senate decreed not what it (really) thought, but what 
 I wished." He speaks of the tribune here contemptuously as 
 " half -consumed," because of the conflagration that was made in 
 connection with the riot and public commotion occasioned by the 
 death of Clodius. 
 
 6 Quae quidem si, &c. " If this is to be called (an unauthorized 
 exertion of) power rather than a reasonable (and legitimate) au- 
 thority in meritorious causes," &c. 
 
 7 Ilanc quaestionem, &c. "This (novel and unusual) mode of 
 
OB LTIO PBO T. ANNio IHLONE. 198 
 
 quaestionem vero, etsi non est iniqua, senat us fcamen nun- 
 qoam putavit constituendam ; enim erant leges, erant quaes- 
 tiones vel de caede vel de vi ; nee mors P. Clodii afferebat 
 tantutu moerorem ac luctum senatui, nt nova quaestio con- 
 stitueretur. ' Enim de illo incesto stupro cujus potest as 
 decernendi judicium esset erepta senatui, de ejus interitu 
 quis potest credere senatum putasse novum judicium con- 
 stituendum [esse] ? 2 Cur igitur senatus decrevit incendium 
 curiae, oppugnationem aedium M. Lepidi, banc ipsam cae- 
 d.Mii esse factam contra rempublicam ? Quia nulla vis 
 unquainest suscepta inter cives in libera civitate, [quae] non 
 [sit] contra rempublicam. Enim non est ulla defensio con- 
 tra vim unquam 8 optanda, sed nonnunquam est necessaria. 
 Nisi vero aut ille dies, in quo Tiberius Gracchus caesus est, 
 aut ille, quo Caius [caesus est], * aut quo arma Saturnini 
 oppress** sunt, etiamsi e republica, tamen non vulnerarunt 
 reinpublicani. 
 
 VI. 5 Itaque ego ipse decrevi, quum constaret caedem fac- 
 
 trial or tribunal, however, although it is not an unjust one, the 
 senate nevertheless would never have thought ought to have been 
 appointed." 
 
 1 Enim de illo incesto, &c. Literally, " For, concerning that (in- 
 famous and) incestuous intrigue of wJwm the power of decreeing an 
 investigation was violently taken from the senate ; concerning his 
 death, who can believe that the senate could have thought that a 
 new and special tribunal ought to be appointed ; " more freely, 
 '* Since concerning that (infamous and) incestuous intrigue of his, 
 the power of decreeing an investigation was violently taken from 
 the senate, who can believe that the (same) senate, on occasion of 
 his death, would think it worth while," &c. 
 
 a Cur igitur, &c. ' ' Why, then, it may be asked." 
 
 3 Optanda. " A thing to be desired in itself." 
 
 4 Aut quo arma, &c. " Or in which the armed violence of Satur- 
 ninus was overpowered, (though done) by and in behalf of the 
 republic, did not nevertheless wound and injure the republic itself." 
 
 6 rtaque ego ipse, &c. " Therefore. I myself voted, as it was evi- 
 dent that homicide and slaughter had been perpetrated on the Ap- 
 pian Way, that not he who stood on the defence had acted against 
 the republic ; but, since there was violence in the affair itself, and 
 a plot laid, I reserved the question of criminality for trial, but ex- 
 plicitly condemned the transaction itself." 
 9 
 
101 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 tarn esse in Appia via, non eum, qui defendisset se, fecisse 
 contra rempublieam ; sed, quum inesset vis in re et in- 
 sidiae, reservavi crimen judicio, notavi rem. Quod si, per 
 ilium furiosum tribunum, J licuisset senatui perficere quod 
 sentiebat, nunc haberemus nullam novam quaestionem ; 
 2 enim decernebat, ut quaereretur veteribus legibus tantum- 
 modo extra ordinem ; sententia divisa est, nescio quo postu- 
 lante, (enim est nihil necesse me proferre fiagitia omnium.) 
 Sic, intercessione empta, reliqua auctoritas senatus sublata 
 est. 3 At enim Cii. Pompeius sua rogatione judicavit et de 
 re et de causa ; enim tulit de caede, quae facta esset in Appia 
 via, in qua P. Clodius occisus fuit. 4 Quid ergo tulit ? 
 Nempe ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaerendum est? Ne 
 factum sit ? At constat. A quo ? At paret. 6 Vidit, 
 etiam in confessione facti, tamen defensionem juris posse 
 suscipi. Quod nisi vidisset eum posse absolvi, qui fatere- 
 tur ; quum videret nos fateri, neque unquam jussisseb 
 quaeri, 6 nec dedisset vobis banc tam salutarem literam in ju- 
 dicando, quam illam tristem. Mihi vero Cn. Pompeius 
 videtur non modo judicasse nihil gravius contra Milonem, 
 
 1 Licuisset senatui, &c. " It had been allowed the senate to carry 
 into effect the opinion it entertained." 
 
 2 Enim decernebat, &c. "For it was proceeding to vote that the 
 trial should be had in accordance with the ancient laws." .... Nes- 
 cio quo poxtulante, &c. ' ' Some one making- a demand to that effect " 
 (for it is not necessary that I should expose [by name] the offences 
 of all). . . . Sic, intercessione, &c. " Thus, by a veto corruptly pur- 
 chased, the remaining authority of the senate was taken away." 
 
 3 At enim Cn. Pompeius, &c. " But, it may be alleged, that Cn. 
 Pompey. by his proposal of a law, has passed a judgment (unfavor- 
 able to Milo) both concerning the transaction and the motive of it." 
 
 4 Quid ergo tulit? &c. " What then did he propose ? Doubtless 
 that a trial should be had. " 
 
 6 Vidit, etiam, &c. " He saw, even though there were a confes- 
 sion of the act itself, nevertheless a defence of the right could be 
 undertaken." 
 
 6 Nee dedisset vobis, &c. "Neither would he have put into your 
 hands as well this salutary (and acquitting) letter as that sad (and 
 condemning) letter " to be used according to your discretion. The 
 ballots of the judges had upon them the letters A and G Absolvo, 
 Condemno. 
 
ORATIO PEO T. ANNio mii.o.m:. L05 
 
 sed etiam statuisse quid oporteret vos spectaro in judicando ; 
 nam qui non dedit poenam confessioni, sed defensioiLem, 
 is putavil eausam interitus qnaerendam (esse), non interitum 
 (ipsum). Mam ipse (Pompeius) dioet profecto, (ne) illiid, 
 quod fecit, sua sponte, tribuendum (esse) Public- Clodio an 
 tempori. 
 
 VII. Suae domi nobilissimus vir, propugnator atque 
 quidem illis temporibus pene patronus senatus, avunculus 
 hujus nostri judicis, fortissimi viii If. Catonis, (scilicet) M. 
 Drusus, tribunus plebis occisus est ; populus niliil consultus 
 [est] de ejus morte, nulla quaestio decreta est a senatu. 
 Quantum luctuin accepimus a nostris patribus fuisse in hac 
 urbe, quuni ilia nocturna vis esset illata P. Africano quie- 
 scenti suae domi ? Quis non turn gemuit ? 2 Quis non 
 arsit dolore ? 8 Quern omnes cuperent esse immortalem, si 
 posset fieri, ne quidem ejus necessariam mortem expec- 
 tatam [esse]. Num ulla quaestio igitur lata est de morte 
 Africani ? Nulla certe. Quid ita ? 4 Quia clari homines 
 non necantur alio facinore, obscuri alio. 6 Intersit inter 
 dignitatem vitae summorum atque infimorum ; mors quidem 
 illata per scelus teneatur iisdem poenis et legibus : nisi forte 
 [ille] erit magis parricida, si quis necaverit consularem 
 patrem, (^uam si quis [necaverit] humilem, aut mors P. 
 Clodii erit eo atrocior, quod is interfectus sit in monumentis 
 
 l Jam ipse, &a " Let now Pompey himself declare whether that 
 which he has done of his own accord is to be ascribed to (the favor 
 he has for) Publius Clodius, or to the exigency of the times." 
 
 - Qtm inn a::if. &0. " Who did not burn with indignant 
 sorrow ? " 
 
 3 Quern omnes cuperent, &c. %t (Theanan) whom all wished to be 
 immortal (never to die), if it were possible ; not even his (natural 
 and) necessary death was waited for." 
 
 * Quia ckiri homines, &c. "Because distinguished men are not 
 slain with one measure of criminality and obscure men with 
 another." 
 
 lnt< rsU inter <lifiit : t<i!< >n, &c. u There is a difference, doubtless, 
 between the dignity that pertains to the life of the highest and the 
 lowest ; but death inflicted by crime is held answerable to the same 
 penalties and laws." 
 
196 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 suorum majorum (enini hoc saepe dicitur ab istis) ; ! perinde 
 quasi ille Appius Claudius munierit viam, non qua populus 
 uteretur, sed ubi sui posteri latrociiiarentur impuue. Itaque 
 quum Clodius occidisset M. Papirium ornatissimum Ronia- 
 nuiu equiteui in ista eadem Appia via, illud facinus non fuit 
 puniendum ; enim nobilis homo occiderat Romanum equitem 
 in suis monumentis. Nunc 2 quantas tragoedias nomen ejus- 
 dem Apj)iae [viae] excitat ? 8 Quae [via] cruentata caede 
 honesti atque innocentis viri antea silebatur, eadem nunc 
 crebro usurpatur, posteaquam imbuta est sanguine latronis 
 et parricidae. Sed quid ego commemoro ilia ? Servus P. 
 Clodii comprehensus est in templo Castoris, quern ille collo- 
 carat ad interficiendum Cn. Pompeium ; 4 sica extorta est 
 confitenti de manibus : Pompeius postea B caruit foro, caruit 
 senatu, caruit publico ; texit se janua ac parietibus, non 
 jure legum que judiciorum. Num quae rogatio lata [est] ? 
 Num quae quaestio decreta est ? 6 Atqui si res, si vir, si ul- 
 lum tempus fuit, certe omnia haec fuerunt summa in ilia 
 causa. Insidiator collocatus erat in foro atque in ipso 
 vestibulo senatus ; 9 mors autem parabatur ei viro, in cujus 
 
 1 Perinde quasi ille Appius Claudius, &c. "Just as if that 
 Appius Claudius (of a former day) constructed and made secure a 
 public road, not as a path which the people might use, but (as a 
 place) where his posterity might commit depredation and violence 
 with impunity." 
 
 2 Quantas tragoedias. " What tragic emotions." 
 
 3 Quae [da] cruentata caede, &c. " The very road, which, when 
 rendered bloody with the slaughter of an honorable and innocent 
 man, before made no outcry, the same now is frequently made to 
 speak (in mournful and affecting tones) since it has been stained 
 with the blood of a robber and a parricide." 
 
 4 Sica extorta est, &c. wi The dagger was wrested from the avowed 
 and confessing criminal from his very hands. " 
 
 5 Caruit. "Absented himself from." 
 
 6 Atqui si res, &c. " But if ever there was a transaction, if ever 
 a man, if ever a critical time (that would have justified a public 
 inquiry), all these things were greatest (and most urgent) in that 
 (atrocious ) affair. " 
 
 7 Mors autem, &c. " A (violent) death, moreover, was (insidious- 
 ly) prepared for that man, on whose life the safety of the state 
 depended." 
 
ORATIO PRO T* ANNIO MILONI . 197 
 
 vita salus civitatis intebatur; eo tempore porro reipublirar, 
 quo si Llle Uliua OOOidisset, non solum hare civitas, sc<l 
 omnee gentea eoncidisaent. Nisi forte, quia res non perfecta 
 eat, fuit non punienda; 'perinde quasi exitua rerum, non 
 conailia hominum vindicentur legibua, Fuit minus dolen- 
 tluin, re iiDii perfecta, Bed certe nihilo minus pudendum. 
 Quotiea ego ipse, judices, effugi ex telis P. Clodii et ex ejus 
 cruentia manibua? Ex quibua, si vel mea [fortuna] vel 
 fortuna reipublicae servasset me, quis tandem tulisset quaes- 
 tionem de meo interitu? 
 
 VIII. Sed stulti sumus, qui audeamus 8 conferre Drusum, 
 qui [audeamus conferre] Africanum, Pompeium, nosmet ipsos 
 cum P. Clodio. 8 Ilia fuerunt tolerabilia ; nemo potest ferre 
 mortem P. Clodii aequo animo ; senatus luget ; equester ordo 
 mo; ret; tota civitas est confecta senio ; municipia squalent; 
 coloniae afflictantur ; agri ipsi denique desiderant tarn bene- 
 ficum, tarn salutarem, tarn mansuetum civem. 4 Ea non fuit 
 causa, judices, profecto non fuit, cur Pompeius censeret 
 quaestionem ferendam [esse] sibi; sed sapiens homo, et 
 praeditus quadam alta et divina mente vidit multa ; ilium 
 (Clodium) fuisse inimicum sibi, Milonem familiarem ; ' si, in 
 
 1 Perinde quaxi twit us, &o. v ' Just as if the (fortuitous) results of 
 (human) crimes, and not the motives and designs of men, were not 
 intended to be punished by the laws." 
 
 Conferre. " To compare." 
 
 8 Ilia fuerunt tolerabilia, <&c. " Those were trifling misfortunes, 
 easily borne. No one, however, can bear the death of P. Clodius 
 with equanimity." .... Tota civitas est confezta, &c. " The whole 
 state is spent with exhaustion." .... Agri ipsi denique, &c " The 
 very fields, in short, miss so beneficent, so useful, so gentle a citizen." 
 Ironically said. 
 
 4 Ea non fuit causa, &c. "That was not the reason, judges, as- 
 suredly it was not, why Pompey thought that a judicial inquiry (in 
 a novel form) was to be proposed by him. " 
 
 5 JSi, in cornmuni (/audio, &c. " If in the common joy of all, he 
 himself also exhibited joy, he feared lest the confidence in his re- 
 stored favor (to Clodius), his reconciliation to him, might seem to be 
 weakened (and his sincerity disparaged) ; he saw also many other 
 things; but especially this, that although he himself should propose 
 laws with severity (relative to this trial), nevertheless that you, at 
 least, would judge with firmness and impartiality." 
 
198 OKATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 communi gaudio omnium, ipse etiam gauderet, timuit ne 
 fides reconeiliatae gratiae videretur infirmior; vidit etiam 
 multa alia, sed maxime illud, quamvis ipse tulisset atrociter, 
 tamen vos judicatures [esse] fortiter. Itaque delegit ipsa 
 lumina e fiorentissimis ordinibus ; ' neque vero, quod nonnulli 
 dictitant, secrevit meos amicos in legendis j udicibus ; enim 
 neque justissimus vir cogitavit hoc, neque potuisset assequi id 
 in legendis bonis viris, etiamsi cupisset ; enim mea gratia non 
 continetur familiaritatibus, quae non possunt patere late, 
 2 propterea quod consuetudines victus non possunt esse cum 
 multis ; sed si possumus quid, possumus ex eo, quod res- 
 publica conjunxit nos cum bonis; ex quibus quum ille 
 legeret optimos viros, que arbitraretur id maxime pertinere 
 ad suam fidem, 3 non potuit legere [viros] non studiosos mei. 
 * Quod vero [Pompeius] maxime voluit te, L. Domiti, prae- 
 esse liuic quaestioni, quaesivit nihil aliud nisi justitiam, 
 gravitatem, humanitatem, fidem. B Tulit, ut necesse esset 
 consularem [legendum esse] ; credo, quod ducebat esse 
 inunus principum resistere levitati multitudinis et temeritati 
 perditorum ; ex consularibus creavit te potissimum, enim 
 dederas jam adolescentia maxima docunienta, quam contem- 
 neres populares insanias. 
 
 1 Neque vero, quod nonnuUi dictitant, secrevit meos amicos, &c. 
 ' ' Neither did he, as some persist in alleging, set aside my friends in 
 choosing judges ; for this singularly just man did not meditate (such 
 a purpose as) this, nor could he have accomplished it, on the suppo- 
 sition of his choosing good men (at all), even if he had desired it." 
 
 - Propterea quod, &c. " Because the intimacies of life cannot be 
 with many (persons)," cannot be numerous; "but if we have any 
 influence, we have influence for the reason that the republic has 
 united us in association and alliance with good men," &c. 
 
 3 Non potuit legere, &c. " He could not choose men that were not 
 friendly to me." 
 
 4 Quod vero [Pompeius], &c. "That, indeed, Pompey especially 
 wished you, L. Domitius, to preside over this trial (in this arrange- 
 ment) he aimed at nothing else but justice, dignity, clemency and 
 impartiality." 
 
 Tulit, ut necesse, &c. '* He made it a necessary provision of the 
 law that a man of consular dignity should be chosen to preside, I 
 suppose, because he considered it to be the proper duty of such 
 leading men to oppose the caprice of the multitude," <&c. 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 199 
 
 IV ' Quamobrem, judices, at veniamua ad oansam que 
 orimen, a neqile omnis confessio facti est intudtata, aequo 
 quidquam jmlicatum est a senatu de nostra causa alitor ;.< 
 Dos vellemos ; et lator ipse legia, quum eaaet nulla oontro- 
 versia facti, tamen voluit one disceptationem juris; si 
 judices electi, que is praepositus quaestioni, qui diaoeptet 
 haeo juste que sapienter : reliquum est, judices, ut debeatis 
 quaererejam nihil aliud, nisi uter fecerit insidias uthi ; 
 quod quo possitis facilius perspicere argumentis, attendite dili- 
 genter, quaeso, dum breviter expono vobis remgestam. Quum 
 P. Clodius statuisset vexare rempublicam in praetura omni 
 scelere, que videret comitia superiore anno a ita tracta esse, 
 ut non posset gerere praeturam niultos menses, 3 qui non 
 spectaret graduni honoris, ut ceteri, sed et vellet effugere L. 
 Paullum collegam, civem singulari virtute, et quacreret inte- 
 grum annum ad dilacerandam rempublicam, 4 subito reliquit 
 Strom annum, que transtulit sese in proximum annum, 6 non 
 
 1 Quamobrem, judices, &c. "Wherefore, judges, to come at length 
 to the cause itself and the accusation, if the full confession of the 
 fact (reserving- the right) is not an unusual thing, and nothing has 
 been adjudged by the senate concerning our cause otherwise than 
 as we could wish ; and the proposer himself of the law, although 
 there was no controversy relative to the fact, nevertheless wished 
 that there might be a discussion of the (legal) right (of the case) ; 
 and judges have been selected and he (in particular, viz., L. Domi- 
 tius) put at the head of this investigation, who shall decide these 
 things justly and wisely ; it remains, judges, that you have to in- 
 quire now nothing else except (this), wuicii (of these men) PRE- 
 PARED A plot FOR TnE OTnER, and in order that you may be able 
 to see this more easily from the arguments (to be adduced), give dili- 
 gent attention, I pray, while I briefly explain to you the transaction 
 itself, the matter of fact, as it actually occurred." 
 
 Ita tracta esse, &c. "To be so protracted or deferred, that he 
 could not (if elected) exercise the praetorship for many months." 
 
 3 Qui non spectaret, &c. "Inasmuch as he did not have regard 
 to the succession of honor and office (as adjusted to particular ages) 
 like other (persons), but both wished to escape," &c. 
 
 1 Subito reUquii stum, &c. u Suddenly abandoned his own year," 
 that is, the year in which he became eligible to the office. It was a 
 point of distinction with most to be elected as soon as eligible. 
 
 6 Non aXiqun religions, utfit. '* Not from some religious scruple, 
 as sometimes happens," when, perhaps, the omens were not favor- 
 able. 
 
200 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 aliqua religione, ut fit, sed ut haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad 
 gerendam praeturam, l hoc est [re vera] ad evertendam rem- 
 publicain, plenum atque integrum annum. Occurrebat ei, 
 suam praeturam futuram a [esse] mancam ac debilem, Milone 
 consul e ; videbat porro eum fieri consulem summo consensu 
 Romani populi. Contulit se ad ejus competi tores, sed ita, 
 ut ipse solus gubernaret petitionem, etiam illis invitis ; ut 
 sustineret comitia suis humeris, ut dictitabat. Convocabat 
 tribus ; interponebat se ; conscribebat novam Collinam [Tri- 
 bum] delectu perditissimorum civium. s Quanto ille [Clo- 
 dius] miscebat plura, tanto magis hie [Milo] in dies con- 
 valescebat. TJbi homo paratissimus ad omne facinus vidit 
 fortissimum virum, suum inimicissimum, certissimum con- 
 sulem, que intellexit id saepe esse declaratum non solum ser- 
 monibus, sed etiam suffragiis Romani populi, coepit agere 
 palam et dicere aperte, Milonem occidendum [esse]. De- 
 duxerat ex Apennino agrestes et barbaros servos, quos vide- 
 batis, quibus depopulatus erat publicas silvas, que vexarat 
 Etruriam. Res erat minime obscura. 4 Etenim dictitabat 
 palam consulatum non posse eripi Miloni, vitam posse. Sig- 
 nificavit hoc saepe in seiiatu ; dixit in concione ; quin etiam 
 M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerenti ex eo, 5 qua spe 
 fureret, Milone vivo, respondit ilium triduo aut 6 summum 
 quatriduo periturum esse ; 7 quam vocem ejus Favonius 
 statim detulit ad hunc M. Catonem. 
 
 1 Hoc est [re vera]. " That is in reality." 
 
 2 [Esse] ma.ncam ac debilem. ' ' Would be crippled and inoperative. ' ' 
 8 Quanto ille [Clodius], &c. "The more he (Clodius) strove to 
 
 create confusion and disorder, the more this client of mine (Milo) 
 became strong-, every day (in popular favor)." 
 
 4 Etenim dictitabat palam, &c. "For he frequently said openlv 
 that (though) the consulship could not be taken from Milo, lif ) 
 could." That though Milo could not be despoiled of the consulship, 
 he could be of his life. 
 
 6 Qua spe fureret, &c. " With what hope he indulged in his mad 
 designs, while Milo was alive," &c. 
 
 6 Summum. "At the utmost." The neuter of the adjective used 
 adverbially. 
 
 7 Quam vocem ejus. " Which declaration of his." 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MIL 201 
 
 X. Interim, quum Clodius sciret (mini neque erat 
 difficile Boire) ' Bollemne iter, legitimum, esse necessarium 
 Miloni Lanuvium ad prodendum flaminem, quod Milo erat 
 dictator Lanuvii, subito ipse profectus est pridie Roma, ut 
 collocaret insidias Miloni auto suum f'un<huu " (quod Ultelleo- 
 tum est re). Atque profectus s ita, ut relinqueret turbulentam 
 concionem, in qua ejus furor desideratus est, quae habita est 
 illo ipso die, quam nunquam reliqtrisaet, 4 nisi voluisset obire 
 locum que tempos facinoris. Quum autem Milo fuisset in 
 senatu eo die, quoad senatus dimissus est venit domum ; 
 mutavit calceos et vestimenta ; commoratus est paulisper, 
 diiin uxor comparat so, 6 ut fit; deinde profectus (est) id 
 fcemporis, "quum jam Clodius potuisset redire, si quidem 
 venturus erat eo die Romam. Clodius fit obviam ei, 7 ex- 
 poditua, in equo, nulla rheda, nullis impedimentis, nullis 
 Graecis comitibus, ut solebat, sine uxore, quod nunquam 
 fere [solebat fieri] ; quum hie insidiator, qui apparasset illud 
 iter ad faciendam caedem, veheretur in rheda cum uxore, 
 8 paenulatus, magno et impedito, et muliebri ac delicato comi- 
 tatu ancillarum que puerorum. Fit obviam Clodio ante 
 
 1 SoUemne iter, &c. " That a yearly journey, provided for by law, 
 was necessary to be made by Milo to Lanuvium, for the public ap- 
 pointment or inauguration of a flamen or priest," so called from the 
 fillet or Jilt t men he wore. 
 
 (Quod inUUeckem est re). "A design which is seen (with suffi- 
 cient clearness) from what actually occurred." 
 
 s Ita ut rdmqut r<t, Ax. " So as to leave (without his presence) a 
 disorderly assembly, in which his frenzy was needed." 
 
 4 iVSrf rolnisstt. &C. "Had he not wished to meet the (specific) 
 place and time of some deed of daring and crime." 
 
 5 1ft Jit. " As is usually done," as is customary. 
 
 8 Quum jam Otodw< Arc. " When already Clodius could have re- 
 turned, if indeed he intended to come that day to Rome." If Milo 
 designed to waylay Clodius, Cicero intimates, he would have been 
 more prompt, and not have waited until it might be too lute. 
 
 7 Ekepeditus. u Lightly equipped." "unencumbered. . . . Nullis 
 S comitibus. '* With no Grecian attendants, as was customary 
 with him," and other distinguished Romans of that day. 
 
 1 PamiUatUi, &c. "Wrapped in a cloak (and accompanied) with 
 a large and encumbered, and withal feminine and effeminate, retinue 
 of maidens and male attendants." 
 9* 
 
202 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 ejus fundum, fere undecima hora, aut non multo secus. 
 1 Statim complures cum telis faciunt impetum in hunc de 
 superiore loco ; adversi occidunt rhedarium ; quum autem hie, 
 paenula rejecta, desiluisset de rheda, que defenderet se acri 
 animo, illi, qui erant cum Clodio, gladiis eductis, incipiunt 
 partim recurrere ad rhedam, ut adorirentur Milonem a tergo, 
 partim, quod putarent hunc jam interfectum, caedere ejus 
 servos, qui erant post : servi Milonis, [ii] ex quibus, qui fue- 
 runt fideli animo in dominum et praesenti [animo] partim 
 occisi sunt, partim, quum viderent pugnari ad rhedam, pro- 
 hiberentur succurrere domino, audirent Milonem occisum 
 [esse] ex Clodio ipso et re vera putarent, fecerunt id (enim 
 dicam aperte non causa derivandi criminis, sed ut factum est) 
 domino nee imperante, nee sciente, nee praesente, quod 
 quisque voluisset suos servos facere in tali re. 
 
 XI. Haec ita gesta sunt, judices, sicut exposui ; insidi- 
 ator superatus est; vis victa est vi vel potius audacia 
 oppressa est virtute. Dico nihil, quid respublica 2 consecuta 
 est, nihil quid vos, nihil quid omnes boni. s Id sane prosit 
 
 1 Statim complures, &c. " Immediately very many (armed) with 
 weapons .make an attack upon him from higher ground ; those (of 
 the attacking party) in front kill the charioteer : when, moreover, this 
 my client, throwing away his cloak, had leaped down from the 
 chariot and was defending himself with spirit, those who were with 
 Clodius, drawing their swords, begin some of them to run back to 
 the chariot in order to attack Milo from behind ; some of them, 
 because they thought that he was already slain, ( begin) to kill his 
 servants who were in the rear ; the slaves of Milo (on the other 
 hand), those of them who were of a faithful mind to their master 
 and of a resolute spirit, some of them, were killed, others of them, 
 when they saw the battle to be going on at the chariot, were pre- 
 vented from bringing succor to their master, heard that Milo had 
 been slain by Clodius himself, and really thought so (the slaves of 
 Milo, I say) did (in these circumstances) that very thing (for I will 
 declare the facts openly, not with a view of shifting the accusation 
 from my client, but as the thing really was done), their master 
 neither commanding, nor knowing of, nor being present at the trans- 
 action, did that very thing which every one would have wished 
 his own slaves to do in a like situation of affairs. " 
 
 8 (Jomeeuta est. " Has gained " by the death of Clodius. 
 
 3 Id sane prosit, &c. "Let that circumstance indeed be of no 
 
ORATIO PEO T. AN Mo MIl.oM . 208 
 
 Miloni nihil, qui natus est hoc fato, ut ne quideni potuerit 
 
 rare bo, quin Berrarel ona ranpublicam que vos. Si id 
 
 non j)otuit fieri jure, habeo nihil 'quod defendam. Sin et 
 
 ratio praescripsit hoc doctis, et necesaitas barbarifl et mos 
 
 gentibus, et natura ipsa etiani feris bolluis, ut semper pro- 
 pulsarent omnem viin, quacunque ope possent, a corpore, a 
 tapite, a sua vita, non potestis judicare hoc facialis impro- 
 bum, a quin simul judicetis esse pcicuiidum omnibus, qui in- 
 ciderint in latrones, aut illorum telis aut vestris sententiis. 
 Quod si }>utasset ita, certe fuit obtabilius Miloni dare jugu- 
 luin P. Clodio, 'non semel petitum ab illo neque turn 
 primum, quam jugulari a vobis, quia non tradidisset B6 illi 
 jugulanduni. Sin nemo vestrum ita sentit hoc, jam illud 
 venit in judicium, non, ne occisus sit, quod fatemur; sed 
 [ne occisus sit] jure, an injuria; quod saepe quaesitum est 
 in multis causis. * Constat insidias factas esse, et id est quod 
 senatus judicavit [esse] factum contra rempublicam ; ab utro 
 factae sint, incertum est. lgitur latum est, ut quaereretur 
 de hoc. Ita et senatus notavit rem, non hominem, et Pom- 
 peius tulit quaestionem de jure, non de facto. 
 
 XII. Numquid aliud igitur venit in judicium, nisi uter 
 fecerit insidias utri ? Profecto nihil ; si hie (fecerit insidias) 
 illi, [rogo] ut ne sit (factum) impune ; si ille huic, turn nos 
 
 advantage to Milo, who was born with this destiny, that he could 
 not even preserve himself without at the same time preserving the 
 republic and you." 
 
 1 Quod defendam. "Which I can allege in defence." 
 
 - QtttJt sirnul judicetis, &c. " Without at the same time determin- 
 ing that all who fall among robbers, must (inevitably) perish either 
 by Heir weapons or by your judicial decisions and votes." 
 
 3 Non semel petitum, &a "Not once or on one occasion (alone) 
 assaulted by him, nor then for the first time." 
 
 4 Constat insidias, &c. " It is clear that an insidious plot has been 
 laid (by one or the other), and that is the thing which the senate 
 adjudged to have been done in hostility to the republic. By which 
 of the two the plot was laid is the matter that is in doubt. There- 
 fore a law was passed that inquiry should be made concerning this 
 very thing. Thus both the senate condemned the thing without 
 deciding on the man, and Pompey also proposed an inquiry concern- 
 ing the right of the case and not concerning the fact. 
 
204: OKATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 solvamur scelere. Quonam pacto igitur potest probari, 
 Clodium fecisse insidias Miloni. ' Est satis quidem, in ilia 
 tarn audaci, tarn nefaria bellua, docere, fuisse propositam ei 
 magnani causam, magnam spem in morte Milonis, magnas 
 utilitates. Itaque illud Cassianum [propositum], cui fuerit 
 bono, valeat in his personis ; etsi boni impelluntur in frau- 
 dem nullo emolumento, improbi saepe parvo. Atqui, Milone 
 interfecto, Clodins assequebatur hoc, non modo ut esset 
 praetor, 2 eo non consule, quo posset facere nihil sceleris, sed 
 etiam, ut esset praetor 3 iis consulibus, quibus si non adju- 
 vantibus, at certe conniventibus, speraret se posse eludere 
 rempublicam in illis cogitatis furoribus suis, cujus conatus 
 illi, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent reprimere, si pos- 
 sent, quum arbitrarentur se debere tan turn beneficiuni ei ; et, 
 si vellent, possent fortasse * vix frangere audaciam scelera 
 tissimi hominis jam corroboratam votustate. 5 An vero, 
 judices, vos soli ignoratis? vos versamini hospites in hac 
 urbe ? Vestrae aures peregrinantur neque versantur in hoc 
 pervagato sermone civitatis, quas leges (si sunt nominandae 
 
 1 Est satis quidem, &c. " It is enough indeed in the case of that 
 so unscrupulous, so nefarious a monster to suggest that there was 
 placed before him a great inducement, a great hope in the death of 
 Milo great advantages " accruing from it. Itaque illud Cassianum, 
 etc. " Therefore that suggestion of Cassius (literally put), To 
 whom was it for a good, who derived advantage from the 
 transaction, is applicable in the case of these persons." 
 
 2 Eo non consule, <fcc. ' " Without Ids being consul, through whom 
 or under whose restraint he could perpetrate no crime. " With Milo 
 as consul his hands would be tied. 
 
 3 lis consulibus, &c. " Those men being consuls, with whose as- 
 sistance, if not directly aiding at least as conniving, he hoped that 
 he could elude the vigilance of the republic in those meditated fren- 
 zies of his." 
 
 4 Vix frangere, &c. "With difficulty check the effrontery," &c. 
 6 An vero, judices, vos soli ignoratis, &c. "Are you indeed, 
 
 judges, alone ignorant " of what is doing ? Do you live as mere 
 strangers in this city ? Are your ears gone on an excursion abroad 
 and not familiarized with the wide- spread talk of the city, what 
 laws (if they are to be called laws and not firebrands of the city, 
 pests of the republic) that (infamous man Clodius) intended to im- 
 pose upon us, and to fix in upon us as a brand " of disgrace. 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 205 
 
 leges, ac non faces urbis, pestes reipubKcae) ille fuerit ini- 
 positurus nobis omnibus atque Lnusturus? Bxhibe, quadso, 
 Sexte Clodi, exhibe illu.l librarium restrarum legtun, quod 
 
 uiunt tr eripuisse e donio ' et extulisse, tamquam Palladium, 
 ex mediis armia que nocturna turba, ut posses deferre 
 praeclarum inumis videlicet atque instrumentum t rilnuiatus 
 ad aliquem, si nactus esses, qui gereret tribunatum tuo 
 arbitrio. An ille ausus esset facere mentionem hujus legis, 
 quam Sex. Clodius gloriatur inventam [esse] a se, * Milone 
 vivo, ne dicam consule ? 3 De nostrum omnium non audeo 
 dicere totum. *Videte, quid vitii ea lex fuerit habitura, 
 cujus reprehensio etiam est periculosa. Et adspexit me 
 quidem illis oculis, quibus turn solebat, quum minabatur 
 omnia omnibus. B Quippe lumen curiae movet me. Quid? 
 tu putas, Sexte, me iratum tibi, 6 cnjus inimicissimum puni- 
 tus es etiam multo crudelius, quam erat meae humanitatis 
 postulare? Tu ejecisti domo cruentum cadaver P. Clodii, 
 7 tu abjecisti in publicum, tu reliquisti [idem] spoliatum 
 
 1 Et extulisse, tamquam Palladium, &c. "And carried forth like 
 another Palladium from the midst of arms and nocturnal tumult, 
 in order that you might confer the illustrious gift, forsooth, 
 and documentary guide of the tribuneship on some one, if you 
 could find any such, who would conduct the tribuneship in accord- 
 ance with your wishes." The allusion of the Palladium is to the 
 image of Minerva (Pallas) claimed by the Romans to have been con- 
 veyed to them after the destruction of Troy. 
 
 - Milone vivo, &g. " If Milo were alive, and much less if he were 
 consul." Literally, " not to say consul." 
 
 9 De Tiostrum omnium. An unfinished sentence, interrupted ap- 
 parently by encountering the threatening looks of Sextus. 
 
 4 Yidcte, quid vitii, &c. " You see what bane that law would have 
 had (in itself), the bare reprehension of which is so dangerous." 
 
 6 Quippe lumen, &c. (No wonder I am thus affected.) " Truly, 
 it is the very light of the senate-house that moves me." A subtle 
 and witty allusion to the conflagration that Sextus Clodius created 
 at the disorderly funeral of his kinsman. 
 
 6 Cujus inimicissimum, &c. "Whose bitterest enemy you have 
 punished even much more cruelly than it belonged to my humanity 
 to ask." 
 
 7 Tu abjecisti in publicum. "You have exposed it to the. public 
 gaze." .... Spoliatum imaginibus. " Despoiled of the images or 
 statues " of an honorable ancestry, which were usually exhibited on 
 
206 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, semiustulatum in- 
 felicissimis lignis, dilaniandum nocturnis canibus. Quare 
 etsi fecisti nefarie, tamen, * quoniam exprompsisti tuam 
 crudelitatem in meo inimico, [quamquarn] non possum 
 laudare, certe non debeo irasci. 
 
 XIII. Demonstravi, judices, 3 quantum interfuerit Clo- 
 dii Milonem occidi. Converfcite animos nunc vicissim ad 
 Milonem. Quid intererat Milonis Clodium interfici? 3 Quid 
 erat, cur Milo, non dicam admitteret, sed optaret ? 4 Clo- 
 dius obstabat Miloni in spe consulatus. 6 At fiebat eo re- 
 pugnante ; immo vero fiebat eo magis, nee [Milo] utebatur 
 me meliore suffragatore quam Clodio. Memoria meritorum 
 Milonis erga me que rempublicam valebat apud vos, judices ; 
 nostrae preces et lacrimae valebant, quibus ego sentiebam 
 vos turn mirifice moveri ; sed timor impendentium pericu- 
 lorum 6 multo plus valebat. 7 Enim quis civium erat, qui 
 proponeret sibi sine maximo metu novarum rerum solutam 
 praeturam P. Clodii ? Autem videbatis, fore solutam, nisi 
 is esset consul, qui auderet que posset constringere earn. 
 
 a funeral occasion Semiustulatum infelicissimis lignis. l ' Half- 
 consumed with the most inauspicious wood " of the senate-house, 
 used by the rabble in the disorder of a public tumult. 
 
 1 Quoniam exprompsisti, &c. " Since you have displayed your 
 cruelty in the case of my personal enemy, although I cannot praise 
 you, certainly I ought not to be angry." Ironically said. 
 
 2 Quantum interfuerit, &c. " How much interest Clodius had, 
 that Milo should be killed." 
 
 3 Quid erat, cur, &c. " What reason was there why Milo, I will 
 not say, should commit the deed, but why he should even wish to 
 do it." 
 
 4 Clodius obstabat, &c. " Clodius was an obstacle to Milo in his 
 aspirations after the consulship." This is what is alleged on the 
 other side as the motive of Milo's conduct. 
 
 b At fiebat eo repugnante, &c. This is Cicero's reply. " But he 
 was succeeding, he was becoming consul, notwithstanding his 
 (Clodius' opposition), nay, rather he was succeeding on that account 
 the more, and (Milo) did not have a better supporter in me than in 
 Clodius." His very opposition was a help. 
 
 B Multo plus valebat. " Had much more effect." 
 
 ''Enim quis civium, &c. "For what citizen was there, who 
 could propose to himself without the greatest fear of public revolu- 
 tion and disorder, the unrestrained praetorship of P. Clodius ? ,5 
 
ORATIO FBO T. ANXIO MIl.oXK. L'<7 
 
 Quuni univcrsiis Iloiuanus ]K)]>ulus sentiret ' Milonemunuin 
 esse eum, quis dnbitaret suo sufiragio liberare se metu, rem- 
 publicam peticalo? a At nunc, Clodio remoto, enitendum 
 est Miloni jam usitatis rebus, ut tueatur suain dignitatem ; 
 ilia siugularis gloria et concessa huic uni, quae augebatur 
 quotidie frangendis Clodianis furoribus, jam cecidit morte 
 Clodii. Vos adepti estis, ne metueretis [ali] quern civem ; 
 hie perdidit exercitationem virtutis, suffragationem consula- 
 tus, perennem fontem suae gloriae. Itaque consulatus Mi- 
 lonis, qui, Clodio vivo, non poterat labefactari, 3 [Clodio | 
 mortuo denique coeptus est tentari. Mors Clodii, igitur, 
 non modo nihil prodest, sed etiam obest Miloni. 4 At 
 odium valuit, iratus fecit, inimicus fecit, fuit ultor injuriae, 
 punitor sui doloris. Quid si haec fuerunt, non dico, majora 
 in Clodio quam in Milone, sed maxima in illo, nulla in hoc ! 
 Quid amplius vultis ? 5 Enim quid Milo odisset Clodium, 
 segetem ac materiem suae gloriae, praeter hoc civile odium, 
 quo odimus omnes improbos ? Erat, ut ille odisset primum 
 defensorem meae salutis, deinde vexatorem furoris, domito- 
 rem suorum armorum, postremo etiam suuni accusatorem. 
 Enim Clodius 6 fuit reus Milonis, Plotia lege, quoad vixit. 
 
 1 MUonem unum esse eum. "That Milo alone was the man" to 
 control Clodius. 
 
 2 At nwic, Clodio remoto, &c. " But now that Clodius is removed, 
 Milo is left to struggle by the ordinary means in order to preserve 
 and maintain his own dignity. That extraordinary merit and dis- 
 tinction (of Milo) and one accorded to him alone, which was daily 
 augmented by checking the frightful excesses of Clodius, has col- 
 lapsed and fallen by the death of Clodius." 
 
 3 [Clodio] mortuo, &c. " Since Clodius is dead, has at length be- 
 gun to be assailed." 
 
 4 At odium valuit, &c. " But, (says my opponent) hatred influ- 
 enced " (the conduct of Milo) ; in anger he perpetrated the deed ; as a 
 personal enemy he acted in the transaction. 
 
 6 Enim quid Milo,&c. " For why should Milo hate Clodius, the 
 fertile source and material of his glory, except that public op- 
 position, that leads us to detest all unprincipled men. 3rat, ut ille ' 
 oth'sHet, fcc. " There was reason enough why he should hate the 
 first protector of my safety," &c. 
 
 1 Fuit reus Milomn. Literally, "Was the accused of Milo," was 
 under Milo'e accusation. 
 
208 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 Quo animo tandem creditis ilium tyrannum tulisse hoc? 
 Quantum [creditis] fuisse odium illius [Clodii] et, ' in 
 injusto homine, quam etiam justum? 
 
 XIV. 2 Reliquum est, ut jam ipsius natura defendat ilium 
 [Clodium] que consuetudo, autem haec eadem coarguant 
 liunc [Milonem]. Clodius [fecit] nihil unquam per vim, 
 Milo [fecit] omnia per vim. 8 Quid ! quum ego, judices, 
 vobis moerentibus, cessi urbe, judiciumne timui? non 
 [timui] servos, non arma, non vim? Quae justa causa, igi- 
 tur, fuisset restituendi mei, nisi fuisset injusta [causa] eji- 
 ciendi ? * Dixerat mihi, credo, diem, irrogarat multam, 
 intenderat actionem perduellionis, et videlicet in causa aut 
 mala aut mea, non et praeclarissima et vestra, judicium fuit 
 timendum mihi. Nolui meos cives, servatos meis consiliis 
 que periculis, objici pro me armis servorum et egentiurn 
 civium et facinorosorum [liominumj. Enim vidi, [immo] 
 vidi hunc Q. Hortensium ipsum, lumen et ornamentum rei- 
 publicae poene interfici manu servorum, 5 quum adesset mihi ; 
 in qua turba C. Vibienus, senator, optimus vir, quum esset 
 una cum hoc, ita mulcatus est, ut amiserit vitam. Itaque 
 quando postea ilia sica illius, quam acceperat a Catilina, con- 
 quievit ? Haec intentata est nobis ; huic ego non passus 
 
 1 In injusto homine, &c. " And in an unjust man (such as Clodius 
 was), how (in a manner) even just and well-founded." A bad man, 
 Cicero intimates, naturally and with good reason hates a good one. 
 
 2 Reliquum est ut jam, &c. "It remains that now his own nat- 
 ural disposition (as being averse to violence) should be alleged in 
 the defence of Clodius, and the habit of his life ; but that these 
 same things should convict Milo." 
 
 3 Quid! quum ego, &c. "What! when I, judges, while you 
 were arrayed in mourning, departed from the city (into exile), was 
 it a trial that I feared ? " a judicial investigation. "Did I not fear 
 (in reality) the slaves, the arms, the violence (of Clodius) ? " 
 
 4 Dixerat mihi, credo. " He had appointed for me, I suppose, a 
 day (of arraignment), he had proposed against me a fine, he had 
 
 threatened a prosecution of treason ; and, doubtless, in some cause 
 either bad ( in itself ) or (at least) pertaining to myself, and not one 
 that was both illustrious and an affair of yours, I had reason to 
 fear a public prosecution ; (the truth is), I was unwilling that my 
 fellow-citizens," &c. 
 
 1 Quum adesset mihi. " When he had come to my aid." 
 
OBATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 209 
 
 sum vos objici pro mo; haec insidiata ost Pompcio; Iuum: 
 cruentavil neoe Papirii iatam Appiam, monumentum sui 
 
 noniinis ; haec, haec eadem, loni^o intervallo, rurBUfl c<m- 
 vcrsa est in me; nuper qmdem, at seitis, poene oonfecrl me 
 ml regiam (scilicet Numae). 'Quid simile (est) Milonis? 
 Omnia cuius \is fuit semper haec, ne P. Clodius, quum mm 
 posset detrain in judicium, teneret civitatem oppressam "vi. 
 Quern si voluisset interficere, quantae occasiones fuerunt, 
 quoties, quam praeclarae ? a Potuitno, quum defenderet 
 domum ac suos penates deos, illo oppugnante, ulcisci se 
 jure ? Potuitne, egregio civi et fortissimo viro, P. Sestio, 
 suo collega, vulnerato ? Potuitne, Q. Fabricio, optimo viro, 
 pulso, quum ferret legem de meo reditu, crudelissima oaede 
 facta in foro ? Potuitne domo L. UaeciUi, justissimi que for- 
 tissimi praetoris, oppugnata ? Potuitne illo die, 3 quum lex 
 lata est de me ? quum concursus totius Italiae, quern mea 
 salus concitarat, libens agnovisset gloriam illius facti, ut, 
 etiamsi Milo fecisset, cuncta civitas vindicaret earn laudem 
 pro sua? 
 
 XV. 4 Atqui erat id temporis clarissimus et fortis- 
 
 1 Quid simile (est) Milonis? " What of a similar character is there 
 pertaining to Milo, all whose violence (if it can be called such) was 
 always this, or to this effect, that P. Clodius, since he could not be 
 impleaded in court, should not (be permitted to) overpower the 
 state with (his) violence, and hold it in subjection." Literally, 
 " should not hold the state, oppressed with violence, in subjec- 
 tion." 
 
 a Potuitne, qmim defenderet, &c. "Could he not, when he was 
 defending his home and his household gods from the attack of 
 Clodius (Literally, ' he, [Clodius] making an attack'), have 
 avenged himself with (entire) justification. Could he not have 
 done so ? " &c. 
 
 3 Quum lex lata est, &o. "' When the law was passed concerning 
 me. (and my recall from exile) ? when the concurrence of all Italy, 
 which my safety had roused (to solicitude), would have gladly 
 acknowledged the glory of that act, so that, even if Milo had done 
 so (had inflicted punishment on Clodius), the whole state would 
 have claimed the praise (and credit) as its own." 
 
 * Atqui erat id temjwris, <fcc. u But there was at that time (at the 
 head of the republic) a very illustrious and resolute consul, a per- 
 sonal foe to Clodius, P. Lentulus, an avenger of his criminal treat- 
 
210 OEATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 sinms consul, inimicus Clodio, P. Lentulus, ultor illius 
 sceleris, propugnator senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis, 
 patronus publici consensus, restitutor meae salutis ; [erant] 
 septem praetores, octo tribuni plebis, adversarii illius, de- 
 fensores mei ; Cn. Pompeius [fuit] auctor et dux mei reditus, 
 hostis illius [Clodii], cujus sententiam gravissimam et orna- 
 tissimam de mea salute oiunis senatus secutus est, 1 qui 
 cohortatus est Romanum populum, qui, quum fecit decretum 
 de me Capuae, 2 ipse dedit signum cunctae Italiae cupienti 
 et imploranti ejus fidem, ut concurrerent ad restituendum 
 me Komam ; turn denique omnia odia civium ardebant in 
 ilium 8 desiderio mei ; quern qui turn interemisset, " 11011 
 cogitaretnr de ejus impunitate sed de praemiis. Tamen Milo 
 continuit se, et vocavit P. Clodium bis in judicium, nun- 
 quam ad vim. Quid ? Mil one privato, et reo ad populum, 
 P. Clodio accusante, quum impetus factus est in Cn. Pom- 
 peium dicentem pro Milone, 6 quae occasio non modo fuit 
 turn, sed etiam causa opprimendi illius ? c Nuper vero quum 
 
 ment of me (in procuring my banishment), a supporter of the 
 senate, an advocate of your wish (for my return), a promoter of 
 the public unanimity (on the subject), a restorer of my (personal 
 privileges and) safety." 
 
 1 Qui cohortatus est, &c. "Who encouraged the Roman people 
 (to take a stand in my behalf)." 
 
 2 Ipse dedit, &c. ' ' Himself gave the signal to all Italy desiring 
 (the measure), and imploring his protection and support to it, to 
 concur in restoring me to Rome." 
 
 3 Desiderio mei. ' ' In consequence of affection for me and regret 
 at my absence. ' ' 
 
 * Non cogitaretur, &c. " The question would not be concerning 
 his impunity (simply), but (rather) concerning rewards (for a meri- 
 torious act)." 
 
 6 Quae occasio, &c. " What opportunity not only was there then, 
 but also what just cause for crushing and destroying him." 
 
 6 Nuper vero, &c. "Recently, indeed, when M. Antony occa- 
 sioned to all good men the highest hope concerning (the common) 
 safety, and, very noble young man that he is, took npon himself 
 the responsibility of a very grave step on the side of the republic, 
 and captured and laid hold of that monster (Clodius), who had 
 always avoided the meshes of the law ; what a fit occasion and 
 what a time was that" for dispatching him. " When he fled amd 
 hid himself in the shelter of a staircase, it would have been a great 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 211 
 
 M. Antonius attulisset omnibus bonis Bumniam spem salufis, 
 que nobilissimufl adoleacens fortissimo Buscepisset gravis- 
 siiii;iin partem reipmbiioae, atque benerei jam Lrretdtam illam 
 
 bclluani, deelinantem laqueos jiulicii ; qui locus, quod tempos 
 fuifc illucl, immortales clii ! Quum ille fugiens abdidissi 
 in tenebras sealarum, fuit magnum Miloni conficere illam 
 pestem nulla invidia sua, yero maxima gloria Antonii. 
 Quid ! quoties fuit potestas comitiis in campo? ' Quum ille 
 irrupisset in septa, curavisset gladios destringendos, lapidi-s 
 jaciendos, dein subito, perterritus vidtu Milonis, fugeret ad 
 Tiberim, vos et omnes boni faceretis vota, ut liberet Miloni 
 uti sua virtu te ? 
 
 XVI. 2 Quern igitur cum gratia omnium noluit [occidere], 
 liunc voluit cum querela aliquorum ? Quern jure, quern loco, 
 quem tempore, quern impune non ausus est occidere, liunc 
 no:i dubitavit [occidere] injuria, iniquo loco, alieno tempore, 
 pi iculo capitis? Praesertim, judices, quum contentio ain- 
 plissimi honoris et dies comitionim s subesset ; quo tempore 
 quidem (enim scio quam timida ambitio sit, quanta et quam 
 sollicita sit cupiditas consulatus) timemus omnia, non modo 
 quae possunt palam repreliendi, sed etiam quae [possunt] 
 obscure cogitari, 4 perhorrescimus rumorem, fabulam fictam, 
 
 thing for Milo (then) to have destroyed that (public) pest without 
 any odium to himself, but with a very great meed of glory to An- 
 tony." 
 
 1 Quum ille irrupisset, &c. " When, for example, he had broken 
 
 into the enclosure with violence Vos et omnes, &c. ''You 
 
 and all good men offered prayers (to the gods) that it might please 
 Bfilo to use his courage" (and resolution) to effect his punishment 
 a:id destruction. 
 
 -' Qwm irjitur cum gratia, &c. "Whom, therefore, with the ap- 
 proval of all he was unwilling to kill ; this (man) was he willing (to 
 kill) with the disapproval of some ? whom with justice, whom in a 
 favorable place, whom at a convenient time, whom with (the assur- 
 ance of) impunity he did not dare to kill, (is it to be supposed) that 
 this man he did not hesitate to kill with injustice," &c. , &c. 
 
 3 Subesset. "Was near at hand." 
 
 4 Perhorrescimus, &c. " We dread (every passing) rumor, (every) 
 story (however) f alse (and) frivolous. We examine the countenances 
 and look into the eyes of all." 
 
212 ORATIO PRO T. ANHIO MILONE. 
 
 levem, intuemur ora atque oculos omnium. Enim est nihil 
 tarn molle, tarn tenerum, tarn aut fragile aut flexibile, quam 
 voluntas que sensus civium erga nos, ' qui irascuntur non 
 modo improbitati candidatorum, sed etiam saepe fastidiunt 
 in recte factis. Milo igitur proponens sibi hunc speratum 
 atque exoptatum diem campi, 2 cruentis manibus, ferens prae 
 se et confitens scelus et facinus, veniebat ad ilia augusta 
 auspicia centuriarum ? 3 Quam non credibile hoc in hoc ! 
 Quam idem non dubitandum in Clodio ! qui putaret se reg- 
 naturum, Milone interfecto ? Quid ! * quis ignorat spem im- 
 punitatis, quod est caput audaciae, judices, esse maximam 
 illecebram peccandi ? In utro igitur fuit haec ? in Milone, 
 qui est etiam nunc reus facti aut praeclari, aut certe ne- 
 cessarii, an in Clodio, qui ita contempserat judicia que poe- 
 nam, ut nihil delectaret eum, quod aut esset fas per naturam 
 aut liceret per leges ? Sed quid argumentor, quid disputo 
 pi ura ? Appello te, Q. Petili, optimum et fortissimum civem ; 
 testor te, M. Cato; quos quaedam divina sors dedit mihi ju- 
 dices. Vos audistis, ex M. Favonio, Clodium dixisse sibi, 
 et audistis, Clodio vivo, Milonem periturum [esse] triduo. 
 Post tertium diem res gesta est, quam dixerat. 5 Qirum ille 
 non dubitaret aperire, quid cogitaret, potestis vos dubitare, 
 quid feceri t ? 
 
 1 Qui irascuntur non modo, &c. " Who are irritated, not only at 
 the wrong conduct of candidates, but are even oftentimes out of 
 humor with what they do aright." 
 
 " 2 Cruentis manibus, &c. " With blood-stained hands, openly dis- 
 playing and avowing his wickedness and crime. " 
 
 3 Quam non credibile, &c. " How (utterly) incredible is this in 
 the case of this man (Milo), and how is the same thing beyond a 
 doubt in the case of Clodius, who imagined that he would come to 
 reign if Milo were slain." 
 
 4 Quis ignorat, &c. " Who is not aware that the hope of impuni- 
 ty, which is the head and fountain of presumption and audacity, 
 is the greatest of all allurements to crime ? In which of the two did. 
 this (hope of impunity) exist (in the greatest degree) ; in Milo, who 
 is even now under accusation for a deed that was either illustrious 
 or, to say the least, necessary ; or in Clodius," &c. 
 
 6 Quum me non dubitaret, &c. " When he did not hesitate to dis- 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 213 
 
 XVII. * Quemadmodum igitur dies non fefellit eum? 
 Equidem dixi modo. Nihil negotii erat nosse stata sacrificia 
 .La nu vini Dictatoris. Vidit esse necesse Miloni pmlicisci 
 illo ijiso die, quo profectus est. Itaque antevertit. At quo 
 die ? [Eo die] quo, ut dixi aute, fuit insanissima concio, 
 concitata ab ipsius niercenario tribuno plebis; quern diem, 
 quam concionem, quos clamores nunquam reliquisset, 9 nisi 
 iipproperaret ad cogitatuin facinus. Ergo illi [fuit] ne 
 quidem causa itineris ; [fuit etiam] causa manendi. Miloni 
 [fuit] nulla facultas manendi; fuit causa non solum, sed 
 etiam necessitas exeundi. 3 Quid, si, ut ille [Clodius] scivit 
 Milonem fore in via eo die, sic Milo potuit ne quidem sus- 
 picari Clodium [fore in via] ! Primum quaero, qui potuerit 
 scire ? * quod idem vos non potestis quaerere in Clodio. 
 Enim, ut rogasset neminem alium nisi T. Patinam, suum 
 familiarissimum, potuit scire esse necesse flaminem prodi a 
 Milone dictatore illo ipso die Lanuvii. Sed erant permulti 
 alii, ex quibus posset facillime scire id ; scilicet omnes Lanu- 
 vini. Unde Milo quaesivit de reditu Clodii ? B Quaesierit 
 sane. Videte quid largiar vobis. Etiam corruperit servum, ut 
 
 close what he (only) thought, can you hesitate to believe what he 
 (actually) did." 
 
 1 Quemadmodum igitur, &c. " In what manner, then, was he cer- 
 tainly informed with regard to the day," of Milo's journey to Lanu- 
 vium. Literally, " Did not the day deceive hiin or escape his 
 knowledge." Dixi modo. " I told you just now." Nihil negotii 
 
 11 There was no difficulty in knowing " 
 
 2 Ni apprbpt raret, &C. " Unless he were hastening to some medi- 
 tated deed of wickedness." 
 
 :i Quid, , ut iVc. &C " "Wliat will you say, if I tell you that, as 
 he ( Clodius) knew that Milo would be on the road (to Lanuvium) 
 on that day, so, on the other hand, Milo could not even suspect that 
 Clodius would be on the road " (back to Rome). 
 
 * Quod idem vos, &c "A question you cannot put, in turn, in the 
 case of Clodius. For although he had asked no one else but T. 
 Patina, &c." Flaminem prodi. " A Flamen or priest was to be ap- 
 pointed by Milo as dictator," &c. 
 
 ' ihnKsierit sane. "Grant that he did make inquiry." Videte 
 quid largiar, &o. " You see how liberal I am in my concessions to 
 you." Etiam corruperit, &c. " Let him even have bribed a slave," 
 &c. 
 
214 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MTLONE. 
 
 Q. Arrius mens amicus dixit. Legite tesfcimonia vesfcrorum 
 1 fcertium. C. Cassinius Schola, Interamnanus, familiarissi- 
 mus et idem comes Clodii, ' (cujus testimonio jampridem 
 Clodius fuerat eadem hora Interamnae et Romae), dixit P. 
 Ciodium mansurura fuisse illo die in Albano, sed esse subito 
 nnntiatum ei Cyrum architectum esse mortuum ; itaque con- 
 stituisse repente proficisci Romam. C. Clodius, item comes 
 P. Clodii, dixit hoc. 
 
 XVIII. Yidete, judices, 2 quantae res confectae sint his 
 testimoniis. Primum certe Milo liberatur ; [probatur] non 
 profectus esse eo consilio, ut insidiaretur Clodio in via ; 
 3 q iu PP e > s * ^ e non erafc fattiruB obvius ei omnino. Deinde 
 ( 4 enim non video, cur non again quoque meum negotium) 
 scitis, judices, fuisse [eos], qui dicerent, 5 in suadenda hac 
 rogatione, caedem [ClodiiJ factam esse manu Milonis, 6 vero 
 consilio alicujus majoris. Abjecti et perditi homines 7 de- 
 scribebant me, videlicet, latronem ac sicarium. 8 Hi jacenfc 
 suis testibus, qui negant Ciodium fuisse rediturum eo die 
 Romam, nisi audisset de Cyro. 9 Respiravi ; sum liberatus ; 
 non vereor ne videar cogitasse id, quod potuerim ne quidem 
 suspicari. Nunc persequar cetera. 10 Nam illud occurrit : 
 
 1 Cujus testimonio, &3. " By whose testimony some time before 
 Clodius was (alleged to be) at the same hour at Interamna and 
 at Rome." 
 
 a Quantae res, &c. " What important results have been accom- 
 plished." 
 
 3 Quippe, si ille, &c. " This is certainly the case, if he was not 
 going to meet him at all." 
 
 4 Enim non video, &c. " For I do not see why I am not at liberty 
 to discuss my own connection with this business. " 
 
 5 In suadenda hac rogatione. " In urging the passage of the law 
 relative to this prosecution." 
 
 G Vero consilio, &c. "But under the advice and connivance of 
 some greater personage " (viz. , Cicero himself). 
 
 7 Describebant me, &c. " Designated me, pointed to me, forsooth, 
 as a robber and assassin." 
 
 lb' ja cent, &c. " These men are prostrated, laid low, or in com- 
 mon phrase floored by their own witnesses. ' ' 
 
 9 Retpiravi. ' ' I breathe again." 
 
 10 Norn illud occurrit. " For that objection occurs, or that point 
 is made on the other side. ' Then Clodius did not meditate any plot 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILOXK. 215 
 
 [gitur Clodius ne quidem oogitavit de insidiis, quoniam fuit 
 inansui us in Albano. Si quidem non fuisset exiturus ad 
 oaedeme villa; enim video, ilium, qui dioatur nuntia&sede 
 morto Cyri, non nuntiaoao id, sed Milonera appropinquare. 
 Nam <[uil nuntiaret de Gyro, quem Clodius, profits 
 Etoma, roliquerat morientcm ? ' Fui una; obsignavi testa- 
 mcntum simul cum Clodio ; fecerat auteni testamentum 
 palam < % t scripserat ilium heredem et me. 2 Quem reliquisset 
 pridie fcortia bora emantem animam, nuntiabatur ei deniqae 
 postridie dccima hora Bum [esse] mortuum? 
 
 XIX. 3 Age, sit ita factum; quae causa [fuit], cur pro- 
 peraret Iiomam, cur conjiceret se in noctem ? * Quid affe- 
 rebat causam festinationis ? Quod erat heres ? Primnm 
 erat nihil, cur esset opus properato ; deinde, si esset quid, 
 quid tandem erat, quod posset consequi ea nocte, autem 
 amitteret, si venisset Romam postridie mane ? Atque, ufc 
 nocturnus adventus ad urbem fuit vitandus illi potius, quam 
 
 of assassination, since he was to remain at Albanum. ' (That may 
 be true, Cicero replies,) u if he was not intending- to go to the 
 slaughter (of Milo) from his villa itself. For I see (very clearly) 
 that he who is reported to have brought intelligence of the death of 
 Cyrus, did not report this, but rather that Milo was approaching." 
 1 Fui una. "I was there with him." 
 Q nem reliquisset, &c. (Is it to be supposed with regard to one) 
 M whom he had left the day before at the third hour breathing out 
 his life (at the point of death), that intelligence was (studiously) 
 brought to him (Clodius) the next day at the eleventh hour, that 
 this man was dead." Was this the trifling and gratuitous import of 
 the message he received ? 
 
 3 Age, sit ita factum. "Well, suppose it was so done." Grant 
 that it was so. 
 
 4 Quid afferebat, &c. " What produced a cause of haste ? " What 
 made the occasion of haste ? " Was it because he was an heir (of the 
 deceased man) ? In the first place there was nothing (in the nature 
 of the case; why there was need of precipitancy ; in the next place, 
 if there IDO* anything of this kind, what was there, I ask, which he 
 could accomplish that night, but would fail of attaining if he had 
 come to Rome the next day in the morning ; and farther, as a night- 
 arrival in the city was to be avoided by him (Clodius) rather than to 
 be sought, so was it incumbent on Milo to stop and wait, since he 
 was (by the supposition) a way -layer (and assassin), if he knew 
 that he (Clodius) was to approach near the city at night." 
 
216 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 expetendus, sic fuit subsidendum atque exspectandum Miloni, 
 quum esset insidiator, si sciebat ilium accessurum [esse] ad 
 urbem noctu. Occidisset noctu, in loco insidioso et pleno 
 latronum ; nemo non credidisset ei neganti, quern omnes 
 volunt esse salvum, etiam confitentem. Primum ille ipse 
 locus, occultator et receptor latronum, ' sustinuisset hoc cri- 
 men ; turn neque muta solifcudo neque caeca nox ostendisset 
 Milonem ; deinde ibi violati 2 ab illo, spoliati, expulsi bonis, 
 multi etiam timentes haec 3 caderent in suspicionem ; denique 
 tota Etruria citaretur rea. * Atque illo die certe Clodius 
 rediens Aricia devertit ad se in Albanuin ; quod ut Milo 
 sciret ilium fuisse Ariciae, tamen debuit suspicari eum, 
 etiamsi vellet reverti Romani illo die, deversurum [esse] ad 
 suara villain, quae tangeret viam. Cur neque occurrit ante, 
 ne ille resideret in villa, nee subsedit in eo loco, quo ille 
 venturus noctu ? 
 
 5 Video omnia adliuc constare, judices ; fuisse etiam utile 
 
 1 Sugtinvmet hoc crimen. "Would have been burdened with this 
 accusation." 
 *AbiUo. "Clodius." 
 
 3 Caderent in suspicionem. "Would have fallen under the sus 
 picion " of being- the assassins of Clodius. 
 
 4 Atque ilio die certe, &c. ' ' Still farther, it is certain that on that 
 day Clodius, in returning from Aricia, turned aside to his own 
 house at Albanuin ; and although Milo knew that he had been at 
 Aricia. he ought to have conjectured that he, even though he in- 
 tended to return to Rome that day, would (nevertheless) turn aside 
 to his own villa, that adjoined the road. Why, then, did he neither 
 meet him before (he reached this point) lest he should (conclude to) 
 abide in his villa (for the night), nor, again, lie in wait for him in a 
 place to which he would have to come at night, or after nightfall ? " 
 
 5 Video omnia, &c. "I see all things thus far to be consistent " 
 with the innocence of Milo. ' ' It would have been even advantage- 
 ous to Milo that Clodius should continue to live ; the death of Milo, 
 on the other hand, was very much to be desired by that man (Clo- 
 dius) for the ends which he longed to accomplish. The hatred of 
 that man to this was very bitter ; there was no hatred of my client 
 to him. The constant habit of the one was that of inflicting vio- 
 lence, that of the other, only of repelling violence received ; death 
 was threatened to Milo by that man and openly predicted. Nothing 
 was ever heard from Milo (of a similar sort) . The day of this man's 
 departure was known to that one, the day of that one's return was 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MI! 217 
 
 Miloni Clodiura vivere, interitum Milonis optatissiniuin ill i 
 (Clodio) ad c:\, quae ooncupierat ; odium illius in Imnc fuisse 
 ftoerbiscrimum, nullum [odium] hujua in ilium; perpetuam 
 opusuetudinem illius in inlarenda vi, lmjus tantum in re- 
 pellenda [\i] ; mortem denunciatam Miloni ab illo et palam 
 praedictam, nihil onquam auditum ex Milone ; diem profec- 
 ti.inis lmjus notum fuisse ill i, [diem] lvditus illius iguotum 
 buic ; iter lmjus necessarium, [iter] illius etiam potius 
 alienum ; lmnc tulisse prae se, se exiturum Roma illo die ; 
 ilium dissiumlasse se rediturum eo die ; hunc mutasse con- 
 silium nullius rei, ilium finxisse causam mutandi consilii ; 
 huic, si insidiaretur, noctem exspectandam prope urbem, illi, 
 etiamsi non timeret hunc, tamen nocturnum accessum ad 
 urbem fuisse metuendum. 
 
 XX. ' Videamus nunc id, quod est caput, utri tandem 
 illo ipse locus, ubi congressi sunt, fuerit aptior ad insidias. 
 Est id vero, judices, etiam dubitandum et diutius cogitan- 
 dum ? 2 Ante fundum Clodii, in quo fundo, propter illas 
 ins;inas substructiones, mille valentium liominum facile 
 versabantur, loco adversarii edito atque excelso, Milo pu- 
 
 unknown to this. The journey of this man was necessary, the jour- 
 ney of that one was even inopportune (and incongruous. ) This man 
 openly avowed that he was going- from Rome on that day, that one 
 concealed the fact that he was to return that day ; this man changed 
 his plan in no respect, that one invented a reason for changing his 
 purpose. By this man, if he intended an ambuscade, night ought to 
 have been waited for near the city ; by that one, even if he had no 
 apprehensions of this man, nevertheless a night-approach to the city 
 was to be feared." 
 
 1 Vkleamun nunc, &c. " Let us see now, what is a principal point 
 (in the case), to which of the two the very place where they met 
 was the most favorable for an ambuscade.' 1 
 
 2 Ante fundum Clodii. "Before the estate of Clodius, where, on 
 account of those extensive works of substructure (that are going 
 on), a thousand muscular men at least were in employment, with 
 his adversary on high and elevated ground did Milo think that (in 
 these circumstances) he would come off conqueror, and for this 
 reason especially select this place for the encounter ? Or was he 
 waited for rather in this place by him who thought to make the 
 attack with the advantage of the place itself ? " 
 
 10 
 
218 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 tarat se fore superiorem, et ob earn rem potissimum elegerat 
 eum locum ad pugnam ? an exspectatus potius in eo loco 
 ab eo, qui cogitarat facere impetum spe loci ipsius? Res 
 ipsa loquitur, judices, quae semper plurimum valet. 1 Si 
 non audiretis haec gesta, sed videretis picta, tamen ap- 
 pareret uter esset insidiator, titer cogitaret nihil mali, quum 
 alter veheretur in rheda paenulatus, uxor sederet una. Quid 
 horum non impeditissimum ? vestitus, an veliiculum, an 
 eomes? 2 Quid minus promptum ad pugnam [quam Milo], 
 quum esset irretitus paenula, impeditus rheda, paene con- 
 strictus uxore ? 8 Videte nunc ilium egredientem primum e 
 villa subito ; cur ? vesperi ; quid necesse est ? tarde ; qui 
 convenit, praesertim id temporis ? Devertit in villain 
 Pompeii. Ut videret Pompeium ? sciebat esse in Alsiensi ; 
 ut perspiceret villain ? fuerat in ea millies ; quid ergo erat ? 
 mora et tergiversatio ; dum hie veniret, noluit relinquere 
 locum. 
 
 XXI. Age nunc comparate iter expediti latronis cum 
 impedimentis Milonis. Semper ille [ibat] autea cum uxore j 
 turn sine ea ; nunquam nisi in rheda, turn in equo ; comites 
 [erant] Graeculi, quocunque ibat, etiam quum properabat in 
 
 1 Si non audiretis, &c. " If you were not to hear this transaction 
 (narrated), but were to see it represented in a picture, it would be 
 apparent at once which of the two was the way-layer, (and) which 
 intended no mischief, inasmuch as one of them, was conveyed in a 
 chariot, encumbered with a cloak, and had his wife sitting* with 
 him. Which of these thing's was not a very great hindrance," the 
 garment, &C. 
 
 '* Quid minus promptum, &c. "How could any one be less pre- 
 pared for an encounter than Milo (was)." Literally, "What could 
 be less," &c. 
 
 3 Videte nunc ilium, &c. " Look now at the other (man). Com- 
 ing forth at first from his villa with a sudden and hasty movement." 
 Why was this ? In the evening ; what was the necessity for it ? 
 (He moves now) slowly. How happens it especially at that pe- 
 riod of the day ? He turns out of his way to the villa of Pompey : 
 Was it to see Pompey ? He knew that he was at Alsium. Was it 
 to see the villa V He had been in it a thousand times. What 
 was it, then, (that led to these movements) ? (Simply) delay and 
 intentional lingering. Until this man came, he was unwilling to 
 leave the place." 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 2W 
 
 Etrusca castra ; turn [fuit] 'nihil nnganim in comitniu. 
 Milo, qui nunquam [dmvrot cos], turn o&su ducebat sym- 
 phoniaoofl pueroe uxoris et greges ancillarum. Ille, qui 
 semper duceret secuni scorta, Bemper exoletos, semper lupas, 
 torn [ducebat] neminem, a nisi [ita] ut diceres virum esse 
 tectum a viro. Cur igitur victus est? Quia viator non 
 Bemper occiditur a latrone, nonnunquam etiam latro [occidi- 
 tur] a viatore ; quia, qu&mquam Clodius [esset] paratus in 
 imparatos, tamen mulier inciderat in viros. Nee vero erat 
 Milo unquam sic non paratus contra ilium, ut esset non fere 
 puratus, 8 Ille semper cogitabat, et quantum interesset 
 P. Clodii se perire, et quanto odio esset illi, et quantum ille 
 auderet. 4 Quamobrem nunquam projiciebat in periculuin 
 sine praesidio et sine custodia suam vitam, quam sciebat 
 propositam et paene addictam maximis praemiis. Adde 
 casus, adde incertos exitus pugnarum 6 que communem Mar- 
 tem, qui saepe evertit jam spoliantem et exsultantem et per- 
 culit ab abjecto ; adde inscitiam pransi, poti, oscitantis ducis, 
 qui, quum reliquisset hostem interclusum a tergo, cogitavit 
 
 1 Nihil nugarum. " None of those frivolous persons." 
 a Nisi [ita] vt diceres, &c. u Unless you might say each man was 
 selected by his companion," man by man, as for a dangerous enter- 
 prise. 
 
 3 Ille semper cogitabat, &c. " He was having it in mind both how 
 much it concerned the interest of P. Clodius that he should die, and 
 in how much ill-favor he was with him [Clodius], and how great 
 
 ifl daring (and effrontery)." 
 
 4 Quamobrem nunquam projiciebat, &0. "Wherefore he never 
 exposed to peril, without precaution and without a guard, his life, 
 which he knew to be publicly offered, and almost made over and 
 devoted to the highest premium." 
 
 6 Que communem Martem, &c. "And the common fortune of 
 war, which has often overthrown the already plundering and exult- 
 ing (conqueror), and hurled him off from the prostrate (form of his 
 adversary). Add [to these things] the unskil fulness of an overfed, 
 drunken, and listless leader, who, when he had left his enemy inter- 
 cepted in the rear, took no thought of his hindmost attendants, 
 among whom, when he had fallen, (as they were inflamed with, 
 anger and despairing of the life of their master), he got caught in 
 those retributions which faithful slaves demanded from him (in 
 revenge) for the life of their master. 
 
220 ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 nihil de ejus extremis comitibus, in quos incensos ira que 
 desperantes vitam domini quum incidisset, haesit in iis 
 poenis, quas fideles servi expetiverunt ab eo pro vita domini. 
 Cur igitur manumisit eos ? Metuebat scilicet ne indicarent, 
 ne non possent perferre dolorem, ne cogerentur tormentis 
 confiteri P. CI odium occisum esse a servis Milonis in Appia 
 via. Quid opus est tortore ? 1 Quid quaeris ? Occideritne ? 
 Occidit. Jure an injuria? Nihil ad tortorem. Enim 
 quaestio est facti in"equuleo, juris in judicio. 
 
 XXII. 2 Quod igitur est quaerendum in causa, agamus 
 id hie ; quod vis invenire tormentis, id fatemur. Vero 
 cur manumiserit, si quaeris id, potius quam cur affecerit 
 paruin amplis praemiis, 3 nescis reprehendere factum inimici. 
 Enim hie idem M. Cato, qui semper [dicit] omnia con- 
 stanter et fortiter, dixit, et dixit in turbulenta concione, 
 quae tamen placata est hujus auctoritate, [eos], qui defen- 
 dissent 4 caput domini fuisse dignissimos non solum liber- 
 tate, sed etiam omnibus praemiis. Enim quod praemium 
 est satis magnum tarn benevolis, tarn bonis, tarn fidelibus 
 servis, 6 propter quos vivit ? 6 Etsi id quidem non est tanti, 
 quam quod propter eosdem non satiavit mentem que oculos 
 
 1 Quid quaeris ? &c. "What is the information you seek" to 
 extort by the rack? "Whether he killed him?" It is conceded 
 that "he killed him." Do you desire to know "whether it was 
 done justly or unjustly ? " This is not a matter that belongs to the 
 torturer. Literally, "It is nothing to the torturer." " For the 
 question is one of fact in the use of the rack, and of right in the 
 province or sphere of judicial investigation." 
 
 8 Quod i'jitur est quaerendum, &c. " What, then, is the real sub- 
 ject of investigation in the cause, that we are to occupy ourselves 
 with here. What you wish to discover by the use of the torture, 
 that we confess." 
 
 3 Nescis reprehendere, &c. ' You do not know how to find fault 
 with the conduct of an enemy." 
 
 4 Caput domini. " The life of their master." 
 
 5 Propter quos. " Through whose agency." 
 
 6 Etsi id quidem, &c. " And yet that, indeed, is not of so much 
 importance as (the fact) that, through the agency of these same 
 (slaves), he did not satiate (with revenge) the mind and eyes of a 
 most cruel enemy with his blood and his wounds." 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 221 
 
 Grudelissimi inimici [sue] sanguine et suis vulneribus. ' Qnos 
 nisi niamunisset, conservatores doinini, ultores SCeleria, de- 
 fensores necis fuerunl dedendi etiam tormentis. " Hie vero 
 habet nihil in Ins malis, quod ferat minus moleste, quam 
 
 ctiiiinsi quid accidat ipsi, tamen liu-rituni prueiiiiuin peittO- 
 lutum esse illis. 8 Seil quaestiones, quae sunt habitae in atrio 
 Libertatis, urgent Milonem. De quibusnam servis ? liogas ? 
 Be [servis] P. Clodii. Quis postulavit eos ? Appiufl. 
 Quis produxit? Appius. Unde ? Ab A])pio. Bonidii! 
 4 Quid potest agi severius? De servis nulla quaestio est lege 
 in dominum nisi de incestu, ut fuit in Clodium. Clodius 
 accessit proximo deos, propius quam turn, quum penetrarat 
 ad ipsos, de cujus morte quaeritur tamquam de violatis 
 ceremonis. Sed tamen nostri majores noluerunt quaeri 
 de servo in dominum, non quia verum non posset inveniri, 
 6 sed quia videbatur indignum, et tristius dominis morte ipsa. 
 Quum quaeritur in reum de servo aecusatoris potest verum 
 inveniri ? 6 Vero age, quae erat quaestio aut qualis ? Heus 
 
 1 Quos nisi manumisset, &c. " Unleas he had manumitted these 
 
 (slaves), the preservers of their master, &c must have been 
 
 given up to the rack." 
 
 1 Hie vero habet, &c. u This (my client) has nothing 1 , in the midst 
 of these misfortunes, that gives him so much satisfaction (liter- 
 ally, that he bears with less uneasiness), than (the fact) that al- 
 though some (serious evil) should happen to himself, nevertheless a 
 merited reward has been paid to them." 
 
 8 Sed quaestiones, &c. M But (it is said) the investigations by the 
 torture that are going on in the Hall of Liberty press hard upon 
 Milo." 
 
 4 Quid potest agi severius, &o. " What more unjust thing can be 
 done ? no inquest (by torture) can legally be made of slaves against 
 their master except in a case of incest, as was done against Clodius 
 (on a former occasion). Clodius (it seems) has made a very near 
 approach to the gods, nearer than then when he penetrated to (the 
 mysteries of) the gods themselves, concerning whose death an in- 
 quest is now made, as if for the sacrilege of violated ceremonies." 
 
 6 Sed q 'I in ridebatur indignum, &c. u But because it seemed an 
 unfit thing, and more melancholy to the masters than death itself." 
 
 8 Vero age, &c. ' ' But come, what was the inquest, or of what 
 nature ? " '* Here you, Rufio, (for example) take care, if you please, 
 that you utter no falsehood. Did Clodius make a plot for Milo ? 
 He did. (To say this is to incur) certain crucifixion. He made no 
 
222 OEATTO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 til, Rufio, verbi causa, cave, si vis, [ne] mentiare. Clodius 
 fecit insidias Miloni? Fecit. Certa crux. Fecit nullas. 
 Libertas sperata. Quid certius hac quaestione ? Subito 
 abrepti in quaestionem tamen separantur a ceteris, et con- 
 jiciuutur 'in areas, ne quis possit colloqui cum iis. Quum 
 hi fuissent centum dies penes accusatorem, sunt producti ab 
 eo ipso accusatore. Quid potest dici integrius hac quaes- 
 tione ? quid incorruptius ? 
 
 XXIII. Quod si nondum satis cernitis, 2 quum res ipsa 
 luceat tot tarn claris argumentis que signis, Milonem re- 
 vertisse Komam pura atque integra mente, imbutum nullo 
 scelere, perterritum nullo metu, examinatum nulla consci- 
 entia ; recordamini, per immortales deos ! quae celeritas 
 ejus reditus, qui ingressus in forum, 3 curia ardente, quae 
 magnitude) animi, qui vultus, quae oratio ! Neque vero 
 commisit se solum populo, sed etiam senatui, neque modo 
 senatui, sed etiam publicis praesidiis et armis, neque his 
 tantum, verum etiam potestati ejus, cui senatus commiserat 
 totam rempublicam, omnem pubem Italiae, cuncta arma 
 Komani populi ; cui hie nunquam profecto tradidisset se, 
 nisi confideret suae oausae, 4 praesertim audiente omnia, 
 metuenti magna, suspicanti multa, credent! nonnulla. Mag- 
 na est vis conscientiae, judices, et magna in utramque par- 
 tem, ut [ii] neque timeant, qui commiserint nihil, et [ii], qui 
 peccaverint, putent 6 poenam semper versari ante oculos. Ne- 
 que vero causa Milonis semper probata est a senatu sine certa 
 ratione. Enim sapientissimi homines videbant 6 rationem 
 
 plot. Emancipation is looked for (as the consequence of this testi- 
 mony) ; what is more reliable than such an inquest as this ? " 
 
 1 In areas. " Into cells." 
 
 2 Quum. "Although." 
 
 3 Curia ardente. " While the senate^house was burning-." 
 
 4 Praesertim audiente, &c. " Especially as he (Pompey) was one 
 who heard all (rumors), was in apprehension of great (move- 
 ments)," &c. / 
 
 5 Poenam semper versari, &c. "That retribution is always present 
 and impending before their eyes." 
 
 6 Rationem faeti, &c. " The lawfulness of (Milo's) act, his calm- 
 ness of mind, the firmness of his defence." 
 
0RAT10 PRO T. ANNIO MIIo.M'. 
 
 facti, praesentiam aninii, constant iani defensionis. An vero 
 obliti estis, judices, * illo nuntio Clodianae necis recenti, non 
 modo sernioues et opiniones inimicorum, 2 sed nonnullorum 
 etiam imperitorumr Negabant eum esse rediturum Romam. 
 Enim arbitrabantur, sive fecisset illud irato ac percito 
 animo, ut incensus odio trucidaret inimicum, eum putasse 
 mortem P. Clodii 8 [esse] tanti, ut careret patria aequo animo, 
 quum explesset suum odium sanguine inimici ; * sive etiam 
 voluisset liberare p'atriam illius morte, fortem vinun non 
 dubitaturum, quum attulisset salutem reipublicae suo peri- 
 culo, 6 quin cederet legibus aequo animo, auferret secum 
 sempiternam gloriam, relinqueret haec fruenda nobis, quae 
 ipse servasset. * Multi etiam loquebantur Catilinam atque 
 ilia portenta : "Erumpet, occupabit aliquem locum, faciet 
 bellum patriae." Miseros interduni cives optime meritos 
 de republica, in quibus homines non modo obliviscuntnr 
 praeclarissimas res, sed etiam suspicantur nefarias ! Ergo 
 ilia fuerunt falsa ; 7 quae certe exstitissent vera, si Milo ad- 
 misisset aliquid, quod non posset honeste que vere defen- 
 dere. 
 
 XXIV. Quid ? 8 quae postea congesta sunt in eum, quae 
 
 *IUo nuntio .... recenti. "As soon as the report of Clodius' 
 death was made. " 
 
 2 Sed nonnullorum, &c. u Of some persons also (however sincere) 
 who were inexperienced (and misguided). 
 
 3 [Esse] tanti, &c. u To be of so much importance or advantage 
 (to the public good) that he would forego his country (and become 
 an exile) with a contented mind, inasmuch as he had satisfied his 
 animosity with the blood of his foe." 
 
 4 Sive etiam voluisset. " Or had even intended," &c. 
 
 6 Quin cederet, &c. " To yield to the laws with equanimity, (and) 
 bear away with himself (into exile) an enduring (meed of) glory." 
 
 6 Multi etiam loquebantur ; &c. ' 4 Many also were talking of Cati- 
 line and those monsters of iniquity," as if Milo were a second Cati- 
 line ; (predicting), " He will break forth (from the city) ; he will 
 take possession of some advantageous place ; he will make war 
 upon his country." 
 
 7 Qusie certe exstitissent vera, &c. u Which certainly would have 
 turned out true, if Milo had done anything, &c. " 
 
 8 Quae postea congesta sunt, &c. "(The accusations) that were 
 afterwards heaped upon him, that would have smitten down any 
 
224 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MrLONE. 
 
 perculissent quemvis conscientia etiam mcdiocrium delictor- 
 urn, ut sustinuisset [ea] ! Immortales dii ! sustinuisset ? 
 immo vero ut contempsit ac putavit pro nihilo ! quae neque 
 nocens maximo animo, neque innocens, nisi fortissinius vir, 
 potuisset negligere. Multifcudo etiam scutorum, gladiorum, 
 frenorum que pilorum 1 indicabatur posse deprehendi. Dice- 
 bant esse nullum vicum in urbe, nullum angiportum, in quo 
 domus a non esset conducta Miloni ; arma devecta Tiberi in 
 villain Oericulanam ; domus in Capitolino clivo referta scu- 
 tis ; omnia plena malleorum comparatorum ad incendia 
 urbis. Haec non solum delata sed paene credita, 3 nee repu- 
 diata sunt, antequam quaesita. Laudabam equidem incredi- 
 bilem diligentiam Cn. Pompeii ; sed dicam, ut sentio, judices. 
 Ii, quibus tota respublica est commissa, coguntur audire 
 nimis multa, neque possunt facere aliter ; 4 cui etiam nescio 
 qui popa Licinius de maximo circo fuerit audiendus ; [di- 
 cens] servos Milonis, factos ebrios 5 apud se, confessos esse 
 sibi, conjurasse de interficiendo Pompeio, dein postea se per- 
 cussum esse gladio ab uno de illis, 6 ne indicaret. Nuntia- 
 vit Pompeio in liortos. Arcessor in primis. 7 De sententia 
 amicorum defert rem ad senatum. 8 Non poteram non ex- 
 
 one (who labored under) the consciousness of even moderate of- 
 fences, how did he bear up under these ? " 
 
 1 Indicabatur posse deprehendi. Literally, " Was shown to be able 
 to be seized." Equivalent to Indicabatur multitudinem posse, &c. 
 
 2 Non esset conducta. " Had not been hired." 
 
 3 Nee repudiata sunt, &c. " And were not rejected (as false) be- 
 fore strict inquisition was made." 
 
 4 Cui etiam, &c. "By him also (Pompey) an obscure priest, Li- 
 cinius, from the Circus Maximus, had to be listened to." 
 
 5 Apud se. "In his presence. " 
 
 6 Ne indicaret. " To intimidate him from giving- information." 
 
 7 De sententia amicorum. "In accordance with the opinion of 
 his friends." 
 
 8 Non poteram non exanimari. "I could not but be half dead 
 with fear under so great apprehension concerning that guardian of 
 myself and of my country (Pompey), but I wondered, nevertheless, 
 
 that any credit was given to the priest that a wound in the 
 
 side, that seemed to be punctured with a needle, should be accepted 
 and taken as a thrust of a gladiator." 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 225 
 
 animari inetu in tanta suspiciono illius cuslodis moi que pa> 
 triae, sedmirabar tamm cmli popae; confession* -m scrvonun 
 andiri ; vuliroa in latere, quod videretor punotum acn,probari 
 pro ictu gladiatoris. Verum, ut intelligo, Pompeius ' cavebat 
 magia qnam dmebat non solum ea, quae erant timenda, sed 
 omnia, ne vos timeretis aliquid. Doinus C. Caesaris, claiis- 
 simi et fortissimi viri, nuntiabatur oppugnata [fuisse] per 
 multas horas noctis. Nemo audierat 2 [etiam] tam celebri 
 loco, nemo senserat ; tamen audiebatur. Non poteram sus- 
 picari Cn. Pompeium, virum praestantissima virtute, [fuisse] 
 timidum ; putabam nullam diligentiam [fuisse] nimiam, tota 
 lvpublica suscepta. Nuper frequentissimo senatu in Capi- 
 tolio senator inventus est, qui diceret Milonem esse cum 
 telo. Nudavit se in sanctissimo templo, 3 quoniam vita talis 
 et civis et viri non faciebat fidem,'ut, eo tacente, res ipsa 
 loqueretur. 
 
 XXV. Omnia comperta sunt falsa atque insidiose ficta ; 
 4 qtram tamen etiam nunc Milo metuitur. Non jam timemus 
 6 hoc Clodianum crimen, sed perhorrescimus tuas [suspicio- 
 nes], Cn. Pompei, (enim jam appello te ; et ea voce, ut possis 
 exaudire me), tuas, tuas suspiciones, inquam. Si times Mi- 
 lonem, si putas liunc aut nunc cogitare nefarie de tua vita, 
 8 aut aliquando molitum esse aliquid ; si delectus Italiae, 7 ut 
 nonnulli conquisitores tui dictitarunt ; si haec arma, si Capi- 
 tolinae coliortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si delecta juventus, 
 quae custodit tuum corpus que domum, armata est contra 
 
 1 Cavebat magis, &c. ' ' Took precautions more than really exer- 
 cised fear." .... Ne vos timeretis aliquid. "In order that you 
 might not have any fear at all." 
 
 [Etiam] tam celebri loco. " Even in so public a place." 
 
 3 Quoniam vita, &c. "Inasmuch as the life of such a citizen and 
 man did not afford any pledge " of the falseness of the charge ; "so 
 that, being silent himself, the thing might speak for itself." 
 
 4 Oman tamen, &c. " Though still even now Milo is feared." 
 '"Hoc Clodianum crimen. "This charge concerning the death of 
 
 Clodius, but we dread thy suspicions, Cn. Pompey." 
 
 6 Aut aliquando, &c " Or at any time has attempted any thing." 
 
 7 C't noiiioilli eo/if/'iixitores, &c. "As some detective agents of 
 yours have frequently said." 
 
 10* 
 
226 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONB. 
 
 impetum Milonis ; atque omnia ilia l instituta, parata, in- 
 tenta sunt in hunc unum, magna vis certe et incredibilis 
 2 animus, et vires atque opes non unius viri indicantur 
 [esse] in hoc [Milone], si quidem in hunc unum, et praestan- 
 tissimus dux electus [est] et tota respublica armata est. 
 Sed quis non intelligit omnes partes reipublicae 8 aegras et 
 labantes, commissas esse tibi, ut sanares et confirmares eas 
 his armis ? * Quod si locus esset datus Miloni, probasset 
 profecto tibi ipsi, neminem hominem fuisse unquam cariorem 
 homini quam te sibi ; se unquam fugisse nullum periculum 
 pro tua dignitate ; se saepissiine contendisse 5 cum ilia teter- 
 rima peste ipsa pro tua gloria ; suum tribunatum, 6 tuis con- 
 siliis, gubernatum [esse] ad meam salutem, quae fuisset 
 carissima tibi ; se postea defensum [fuisse] a te in periculo 
 capitis, 7 adjutum in petitione praeturae ; 8 semper sperasse se 
 habere duos amicissimos, te tuo beneficio, me suo (beneficio). 
 Quae si non probaret, 9 si ista suspicio inhaesisset tibi ita 
 penitus, ut posset nullo modo evelli, si denique Italia esset 
 mmquam conquietura a delectu, urbs ab armis, sine clade 
 Milonis, nae iste baud dubitans cessisset patria, is, qui ita 
 
 1 Instituta, &c. u Have been set on foot, prepared, aimed against 
 this one man," &c. 
 
 2 Animus, et vires, &c. " Resolution, and the strength and re- 
 sources of no one man. " 
 
 3 Aegras et labantes. " Disordered and tottering." 
 
 4 Quod si locus, &c. " But if an opportunity were given to Milo." 
 . .. . X<hiin<iii, &c. u That no man was ever dearer to another 
 than you to himself." 
 
 5 Gum ilia teterrima, &c. " With that detestable pest " (Clodius). 
 
 6 Tuis consiliis. " By your advice or under your auspices." 
 
 1 Adjutum in 'petitione praeturae. " Aided in the canvass for the 
 praetorship. " 
 
 8 Semper sperasse, &c. ' ' That he had always indulged the hope 
 that he had two persons strongly attached to him, you by your kind- 
 ness to him, me by his kindness to me." Milo had exerted himself 
 to restore Cicero from exile. 
 
 9 8i ista suspicio, &c. " If that distrust remained fixed in you so 
 deeply that it could in no way be eradicated. " .... Conquietura 
 a delectu. ' ' Would never have rest from a levy. " . . . . Is, qui ita 
 riatus est, &c. "He who was born for this very thing, and has been 
 thus accustomed to act " and to make sacrifices for his country. 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 227 
 
 natus est et ita consuevit ; tainen mitestaretur te, Magno 
 [Pompei], quod nunc etiani facit. 
 
 XXVI. * Vide, quani varia que commutabilis sit ratio 
 vitae, quara vaga que volubilis [sit] fortuna, quantae [nfideli- 
 tates in amicitiis, simulationes quain aptoe ad tempux, quan- 
 tae fugae proximorum in periculis, quautae timiditates. 
 Illud tempus erit, profecto erit, et ille dies aliquando illu- 
 cescet, quum tu, tuis rebus salutaribus, ut spero, sed fortasse 
 aliquo motu communium temporum (qui quam crebro occi- 
 dat, debemu3 scire experti), desideres et benevolent i.-un 
 amicissimi et fidem gravissimi hominis, et magnitudinem 
 animi unius, fortissimi viri post homines natos. * Quam- 
 quam quis credat hoc, Cn. Pompeium, peritissimuni publici 
 juris, moris majoruni, denique reipublicae, quum senatus 
 commiserit ei, ut videret, respublica caperet nequid de- 
 trimenti, quo uno versiculo consules semper fueiunt satis 
 
 1 Tamen anUstaretur, &c. " Nevertheless he would still summon 
 thee as a witness (to the fact of his innocence of this charge), as he 
 now does." 
 
 2 Vide, quam varia, &c. "Observe how fickle and changeable 
 is the plan of our life, how unsettled and fluctuating is fortune, 
 how great perfidies in friendships, disguises how suited to the time, 
 what desertions of nearest friends in seasons of peril, what examples 
 of pusillanimity. That time will come, truly it will come, and that 
 day sooner or later appear, when you, with your own affairs in safe- 
 ty, as I trust, but perhaps in some disturbance of the common in- 
 terests and concerns of men (and how frequently this may happen, 
 we ought to know from experience, the time will come, I say, when 
 you) will stand in need of the good-will of a most friendly and the 
 good- faith of a most reliable man, and the magnanimity of one 
 of the bravest man that ever lived." Literally, u since men were 
 born." 
 
 3 Quamquam quis, &c. " And yet who would believe this," &c. 
 .... Hanc exercitu, &c. u That this man with an army, this man 
 with a levy granted, would have waited the result of a judicial in- 
 vestigation in order to defend the measures of him (Clodius) who, by 
 his violence, habitually abolished judicial proceedings themselves."' 
 "It has been sufficiently adjudged by Pompey that those (charges) 
 are falsely brought against Milo, since he has passed a law, by 
 which, as I think, it would be right that Milo should be acquitted 
 by you, (and by which), as all confess, you have the power (to acquit 
 him)." 
 
228 OEATIO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 armati, etiani nullis armis datis, hunc exercitu, liiinc de- 
 lectu dato, fuisse exspectaturum judicium in vindicandis 
 consiliis ejus, qui tolleret vel judicia ipsa ? Satis judicatum 
 est a Pompeio, ista falso conferri in Milonein, qui tulit 
 legem, qua, ut ego sentio, oporteret Milonem absolvi a vobis, 
 ut omnes confitentur, liceret. Quod vero sedet in illo loco 
 atque circumfusus illis copiis publicorum praesidiorum, satis 
 declarat x se non inferre terrorem vobis (enim quid [esset] 
 minus dignum illo, quam cogere, ut vos condemnetis eum, 
 in quern ipse et more majorum et suo jure posset animad- 
 vertere) sed esse praesidio, ut intelligatis, contra illam hes- 
 ternam concionem, licere vobis libere judicare, quod sentiatis. 
 XXVTI. Nee vero, judices, Clodianum crimen mo vet 
 me, nee sum tain demens, que tarn ignarus atque expers 
 vestri sensus, ut nesciam quid sentiatis de morte Clodii. 
 2 De qua, si jam nollem ita diluere crimen, ut dilui, tarn en 
 liceret Miloni impune palam clamare ac mentiri gloriose 
 " Occidi, occidi, non Sp. Maelium, qui, 3 levanda annona 
 que jacturis rei familiaris, quia videbatur nimis amplecti 
 plebem, incidit in suspicionem appetendi regni, non Ti. 
 Gracchum, qui abrogavit magistratum collegae per seditio- 
 nem, quorum interfectores impleverunt orbem terrarum 
 
 1 Se non inferre terrorem, &c. " That he is not imposing- terror 
 (and constraint) upon you (for what would be less worthy of him 
 than to compel you to condemn a person on whom he himself, both 
 by the custom of his ancestors and his own right, could pass judg- 
 ment), but that it is for your protection, in order that you may un- 
 derstand, in opposition to the design of that (disorderly) assemblage 
 of yesterday, that you are permitted freely to decide what you 
 (really) think." 
 
 2 De qua, si jam nollem, &c. "Concerning which, if I were dis- 
 posed not thus to invalidate the accusation as I have done, never- 
 theless Milo might with impunity openly declare and proclaim with 
 boasting, though not with truth." Not with truth, because Cicero 
 claims that Clodius was really killed by the slaves of Milo without 
 Milo's knowledge or connivance. 
 
 3 Levanda annona que jacturis, &c. " By lessening the price of 
 corn (to the people) and the expenditures of his private property (m 
 their behalf), because he seemed to be paying too much court to the 
 people, fell into the suspicion of seeking dominion." 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 229 
 
 gloria sui nominis, ' sed eum (enim attdjBVet dicere, quuiu 
 liberasaet natrium suo perioaio), cujus aefSudnn adnlterium 
 
 in saiH'tissiniis ]\il vinaiihus nobilissimae feminae a compiv- 
 henderont; cum, cujus supplicio, senatus saepe commit 
 8 sollemues religiones eicpiandaa [esse] ; eum, * quern L. Lu- 
 cullus juratus dixit se comperisse fecisse nefarium stuprum 
 nun grrmana sorore, quaestionibus habitis ; eum, qui armis 
 Nervorum 5 exterminavit civem, quern senatus, quem Komanus 
 populus, quern omnes gentes j m lira rant [esse] conservatorem 
 urbifl ac vitae civium ; eum, qui dedit, ademit regna, partitus 
 est orbem terrarum, quibuscum voluit ; eum, qui, plurimis 
 caedibufl factis in foro, compulit domum vi et armis 6 civem 
 singulari virtute et gloria ; eum, cui nihil unquam fuit nefas 
 1 nee in facinore nee in libidine ; eum, qui incendit aedem 
 Nympharum, 8 ut exstingueret publicam memoriain recen- 
 sionis, impressam publicis tabulis; eum denique, 8 cui jam 
 erat nulla lex, nullum civile jus, nulli termini possession um ; 
 10 qui petebat alienos fundos non calumnia litium, non in- 
 justis vindiciis ac sacramentis, sed castris, exercitu, inferen- 
 dis signis ; qui conatus est armis que castris pellere posses- 
 sionibus non solum Etruscos (enim penitus contempserat eos), 
 
 1 Sed eum, <fcc. " But [I have slain] him, (for he would dare to 
 avow it, inasmuch as he had liberated his country at his own peril)." 
 a Comprehenderunt. "Have detected." 
 
 3 SoUemnes religiones, &c. ''The established and venerable rites 
 of religion (that had been violated) were to be expiated." 
 
 4 Quern L. Lucmlttz, ifcc. "Whom L. Lucullus, under oath, declared 
 that he had discovered to have perpetrated incest with his own 
 sister, inquest having- been had with the torture (of slaves)." 
 
 6 Exterminavit civem. u Banished a citizen ; " meaning Cicero 
 himself. 
 
 6 Civem; meaning Pompey. 
 
 7 Nee in facinore nee in libidine. "Neither in open crime nor in 
 secret lust. " 
 
 8 Ut exstingueret, &g. " That he might destroy the public record 
 of the censorial register inscribed upon the official tables." 
 
 D Cui jam erat etc. Literally, u To whom there was no law," &c, 
 i.e., who recognized no law, &C. 
 
 10 Qui petebat, &c. "Who sought to obtain the estates of others 
 not by the chicanery of lawsuits or by unjust reclamations and prose- 
 cutions," &c. 
 
ZoO OKATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 sed hunc P. Varium, fortissimum atque optimum civem, 
 nostrum j udicem ; ' qui peragrabat cum architectis et de- 
 cempedis villas que hortos multorum ; qui terminabat spem 
 possessionum Janiculo et Alpibus ; qui, quum a non im- 
 petrasset ab splendido et forti Roniano equite, M. Paconio, 
 2 ut venderet sibi insulam in lacu Prilio, repente convexit 
 lintribus in earn insulam materiem, calcem, caementa, arma, 
 que, domino inspectante trans ripam, non dubitavit exstruere 
 aedificium in alieno ; qui [ausus est dicere] huic T. Furfanio, 
 8 cui viro ! Immortales dii ! (quid ego dicam de muliercula 
 Scantia, quid de adolescente P. Apinio ? utrique quorum 
 minitatus est mortem, 4 nisi cessissent sibi possessione hor- 
 torum) ; sed ausus est dicere Furfanio, si non dedisset sibi 
 pecuniam, quantam poposcerat, 6 se illaturum in ejus domum 
 mortuum, 6 qua invidia esset conflagrandum huic tali viro ; 
 qui dejecit de possessione fundi Appium absentem, hominem 
 conjunctum mihi fidissima gratia ; qui instituit 7 sic ducere 
 parietem per vestibulum sororis, sic agere fundamenta, ut 
 privaret sororem non modo vestibulo, sed omni aditu et 
 limine." 
 
 XXVIII. 8 Quamquam haec quidem videbantur jam tol- 
 
 1 Qui peragrabat, &c. "Who was in the habit of traversing, 
 (attended) with architects and instruments of mensuration, the 
 estates," <fcc. 
 
 2 Non impetrasset . ... lit venderet. ' 4 Did not obtain .... that 
 he should sell, i.e., " Did not induce him to sell." 
 
 3 Cui viro ! &c. "What a man too this, ye Immortal Gods " (to 
 exercise this presumption to). 
 
 4 Nisi cessment. Literally, "Unless they retired for him (in his 
 favor), from the possession of their gardens." 
 
 5 Se iWiturum, etc. " That he would (secretly) introduce into his 
 house a dead body," and thus involve him in a charge of homicide, 
 or put his house under a religious ban of some kind. 
 
 6 Qua invidia, &c. Equivalent to invidia cujus. " By the odium 
 of which a flame of indignation (and obloquy) was to be kindled 
 against such a man as this." 
 
 7 Sic ducere, &c. "In such a manner to extend a wall past the 
 threshold of his sister," &c. 
 
 8 Quamquam haec quidem, &c. ' ' And yet these things seemed to 
 be endurable, although he was making assaults equally on the re- 
 public, on private individuals, on persons distant and near, foreigners 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILOXK. 231 
 
 oral til ia, ctsi irruebat aequabiliter in rempublicam, in priva- 
 tos, in longinquos, in propinquos, in alienos, in suos ; sed 
 nescio quomodo incredibilis patientia civitatis jam usu ob- 
 dnruerat et percalluerat. Vero quae jam aderant et im- 
 pcndebant, quonam modo potuissetis aut depellere aut ferre 
 ea ? 'Si ille nactus esset imperium, omitto socios, exteras 
 nationes, reges, tetrarchas ; enim faceritis vota, ut potius 
 iinmitteret se in eos, quam in vestras possessiones, vestra 
 tecta, vestras pecunias ; pecimias dico ? ille nunquam co- 
 liibuisset suas efFrenatas libidines J a liberis, medius fidiux, et 
 a vestris conjugibu3. Putatis haec fingi, quae patent, quae 
 nota sunt omnibus, 3 quae tenentur ? ilium fuisse conscrip- 
 turum exercitus servorum, per quos possideret totam rem- 
 publicam, que privatas res omnium? Quamobrem, si T. 
 Annius, tenens cruentum gladium clamaret : Adeste, quaeso, 
 atque audite, cives ; interfeci P. Clodium, repuli hoc ferro 
 et Lac dextra a vestris cervicibus ejus furores, quos potera- 
 mus jam frenare nullis legibus, nullis judiciis, * ut per me 
 unum jus, aequitas, leges, libertas, pudor, pudicitia mane- 
 rent in civitate, b esset vero timendum, quonam modo civi- 
 tas ferret id ! Enim nunc quis est, qui non probet ? qui 
 non laudet ? qui non et dicat et sentiat T. Annium unum 
 post memoriam hominum plurimum profuisse reipublicae, 
 affecisse maxima laetitia Romanum populum, cunctam Itali- 
 an!, omnes nationes ? Non queo judicare quanta fuerint 
 
 and Ms own countrymen ; but somehow the incredible patience of 
 the state now by use had become hardened and callous. " 
 
 1 Si ilk nactus esset, &c. "If he had gained possession of the 
 government I pass by our allies," &c. . . .(what they would have 
 suffered). .. .Enim facer etis vota. " For you would offer prayers, 
 that he would rather hurl himself against them, than against your 
 possessions," &c. 
 
 * A liberis, medius fidius, &c. "From your children, as God is 
 true, and from your wives." 
 
 3 Quae tenentur. Supply memoria. u Which are well remem- 
 bered." 
 
 4 Ut per ine unum. " So that through my agency alone." 
 
 Esset vero timendum, &c. "Would he (Milo) have reason to 
 fear in what way the state would bear that " (avowal). 
 
232 OBATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 ilia Vetera gaudia Komani populi. Tamen ' nostra aetas jam 
 vidit multas clarissimas victorias summorum imperatorum, 
 nulla quaruni attulit neque tarn diuturnam nee tantam laeti- 
 tiam. a Mandate hoc memoriae, judices. Spero vos que 
 vestros liberos esse visuros multa bona in republica ; in iis 
 singulis semper ita existimabitis vos fuisse visuros nihil 
 eorum, P. Clodio vivo. Adducti sumus in maximam, et, 
 quemadmodum confido, verissimam spem, 3 hunc ipsum 
 annum, hoc ipso sumino viro consule, licentia hominum com- 
 pressa, cupititatibus fractis, legibus et judiciis constitutis, 
 fore salutarem civitati. Nura est igitur quis tarn demens, 
 qui arbitretur hoc potuisse contingere, P. Clodio vivo? 
 Quid? * quod jus perpetuae possessionis potuissent ea ha- 
 bere, quae tenetis, privata atque vestra, furioso homine domi- 
 nante ? 
 
 XXIX. Non timeo, judices, 5 ne inflammatus odio mearum 
 inimicitiarum videar evomere haec in ilium libentius, quam 
 verius. 6 Etenim etsi debebat esse praecipuum, tamen ille 
 erat ita communis hostis omnium, ut meum odium paene 
 aequaliter versaretur in communi odio. Non potest satis 
 
 1 Nostra aetas, &c. "Our own age has already seen." Nulla 
 
 quorum, &c. "None of which afforded such long-continued and 
 so great joy and satisfaction." 
 
 3 Mandate hoc, &c. "Commit this (thought) to your memory, 
 judges," (which I am about to express). "I trust that you and 
 your children will yet experience many blessings in the republic : in 
 regard to each one of these several blessings, you will always have 
 this opinion, that you would have experienced none of them if 
 Clodius were still alive." 
 
 3 Hunc ipsum annum. . . .civitati. " That this very year. . . .is 
 about to prove a prosperous one to the state." 
 
 4 Q 'tod jus, &g. "What right of permanent possession could 
 those things have, which you hold as private property and as belong- 
 ing to yourself, if this mad man (Clodius) were ruling (the state)." 
 
 6 Ne inflammatus, &c. " That inflamed with a hatred produced 
 by my private animosities, I may seem to spew out these (re- 
 proaches) against him with more freedom than truth." 
 
 6 Etenim etsi, &c. "For although it (my personal hostility) 
 might well be prominent, nevertheless he was to such a degree the 
 common enemy of all, that my individual hatred was almost merged 
 in the common hatred and only on a level with it." 
 
ORATIO PRO T. AN Mo IOLOKB. 
 
 dici, ae quidem cogitari, ' quantum sceleris fuerit in illo, 
 quantum exitii. Quia attendite sic, judices. .Neiujx' haeo 
 est quaestio de interitu P. Clodii. 2 Fingite animis (enim 
 nostrae cogitationes sunt liberae, et, quae volunt, sic intuentur 
 ut ceniinuis ea, quae videmus) fingite igitur cogitatione 
 Lmaginem hujus meae conditionis, si possim efficere, ut ab- 
 solvatis Milonem, sed ita, si P. Clodius revixerit. Quid 
 extimuistis vultu ? Quonam modo ille vivus afficeret vos, 
 quos niortuus percussit inani cogitatione ? Quid ! s si Cn. 
 Pompeius ipse, qui est ea virtu te ac fortuna, ut semper 
 potuerit [facere] ea, quae nemo praeter ilium, si is, inquam, 
 potuisset aut ferre quaestionem de morte P. Clodii aut 
 excitare ipsum ab inferis, utrum putatis fuisse potius 
 facturum ? Etiamsi propter amicitiam vellet evocare ilium 
 ab inferis, propter rempublicam non fecisset. Sedetis igitur 
 ultores ejus mortis, cujus vitam si putetis posse restitui 
 per vos, nolitis, et quaestio lata est de nece ejus, qui si 
 posset reviviscere eadem lege, lex nunquam lata esset. 
 4 Si ergo esset interfector hujus, in confitendo ne timeret 
 poenam ab iis, quos liberasset ? Graeci homines tribuunt 
 
 1 Quantum soeleris, &c. " How much that was criminal there 
 was in him, how much that was pernicious and hurtful." 
 
 * Fingite animis, &c. "Form a conception in your minds (for 
 our thoughts are free, and what they wish they so behold, as we per- 
 ceive, what we behold (with our eyes) ; form then in . thought an 
 image of this my condition, if I could succeed in procuring your ac- 
 quittal of Milo, but only on the condition that P. Clodius (also) were 
 brought to life again. Why do you betray fear in your counte- 
 nances ? In what manner would he, were he alive, affect you, 
 whom, though dead, he strikes with dread by the empty thought 
 of himself ? " 
 
 3 Si Cn. Pompeius, &c. " If Cn. Pompey himself, who is of such 
 intrinsic worth and propitious fortune, that he could always do things 
 which no one besides him could do, if he, I say, oould have either 
 procured a legal inquiry concerning the death of P. Clodius, or (at his 
 option) have raised Clodius himself from the dead, which do you 
 think he would have preferred to do ? " 
 
 4 Si ergo esset, &c. u If then he (Milo) were (in point of fact) the 
 slayer of this man (Clodius), in confessing it, ought he to fear 
 punishment at the hands of those whom he had liberated " from 
 fear and danger ? 
 
234: OKATIO PEO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 honores deorum iis viris, qui necaverunt tyrannos. Quae ego 
 vidi Athenis ? quae iu aliis urbibus Graeciae ? ' quas divinas 
 res institutas talibus viris ? quos cantus ? quae carmina ? 
 2 Consecrantur prope ad et religionem et memoriam immor- 
 talitatis. 8 Vos afficietis conservatorem tanti populi, ultorem 
 tanti sceleris, non ruodo nullis honoribus, sed etiam patiemini 
 rapi ad supplicium ? 4 Confiteretur, confiteretur, inquam, 
 si fecisset, et magno animo et libente, se fecisse causa liber- 
 tatis oinniuni, quod esset non modo confitendum ei, verum 
 etiam praedicandum. 
 
 XXX. Etenim, si non negat id, ex quo petit nihil, nisi 
 ut ignoscatur, dubitaret fateri id, ex quo etiam praemia 
 laudis essent petenda ? 6 nisi vero putat esse gratius vobis se 
 fuisse defensorem sui capitis, quam vestri ; quum praesertim 
 in ea confessione, si velletis esse grati, assequeretur amplissi- 
 mos honores ; si factum non probaretur vobis (quamquam 
 qui poterat sua salus non probari cuiquam ?) sed tamen si 
 virtus fortissimi viri cecidisset minus grata civibus, magno 
 que constanti animo cederet ex ingrata civitate. Nam quid 
 
 1 Quas divinas res," &c. " What divine rites instituted for (the 
 honor of) such men ! " 
 
 2 Consecrantur prope, &c. " They are welhnigh consecrated both 
 to the religious reverence and commemoration of immortality." 
 
 3 Vos afficietis, &c. " Will you distinguish the preserver of so 
 great a people, the avenger of so great criminality, not only with no 
 honors, but even suffer him to be dragged to punishment ? " 
 
 4 Confiteretur, &c. u He might well confess confess, I say, if he 
 had done this tiling, and that too with magnanimity aud freedom 
 that he had done it for the sake of the liberty of all a thing which 
 might not only be confessed by him, but publicly proclaimed (and 
 gloried in)." 
 
 5 Nisi vero putat, &c. ' Unless, indeed, he supposes it to be more 
 pleasing to you for him to have been a defender of his own life than 
 (a champion) of you (and of your rights) ; when, especially in that 
 confession, if you were disposed to be grateful, he would acquire 
 the most ample honors ; if, on the other hand, the deed were not 
 approved by you (although how could one's own preservation not be 
 approved (and applauded) by any one), still, if the virtue of a very 
 brave man did not turn out an agreeable offering to his fellow-citi- 
 zens, he could withdraw from an ungrateful country with a mag- 
 nanimous and unshaken mind." 
 
OEATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 235 
 
 eme1 ingratius, quam ceteros laetari, eum solum Lugere, 
 1 propter quem ceteri laetarentUr? 2 Quamquam onirics sem- 
 per fu imus hoc anirao in opprimendia proditoribus patriae, 
 ut, quoiiiam gloria esset futura nostra, putaremmi perioultun 
 quoque et invidiam oostram, Nam quae laua esset tribuenda 
 mihi ipsi, quum ausus cssnn tan turn in meo consulatu pro 
 vobis ac vestris liberis, si arbitrarer me ausurum esse id, 
 quod conabar, sine maximis dimicationibus meis ? Quae 
 nmlier non auderet occidere sceleratum ac perniciosum 
 civem, si non timeret periculum ? 8 Qui defendit rempub- 
 lieam nihilo segnius invidia, morte, poena proposita, is pu- 
 t a in his est vere vir. "Est grati populi afficere praemiis 
 cives bene meritos de republica ; [est] fortis viri ne quidem 
 moveri suppliciis, ut poeniteat fecisse fortiter. Quamobrem 
 T. Annius uteretur eadem confessione, qua Aliala, qua 
 Nasica, qua Opimius, qua Marius, qua nosmet ipsi, et, si 
 respublica esset grata, laetaretur, si ingrata, 6 tamen in gravi 
 fortuna niteretur sua conscientia. 8 Sed fortuna Romani 
 
 1 Propter quern. " Through whose agency." 
 
 2 Quamquam omnes, &c. " And yet we all have always been of 
 the opinion, in undertaking to overcome the (enemies) and traitors 
 of our country, that, since the glory was to be ours, we should reckon 
 the danger and the odium to be ours also " (and willingly submit to 
 it). "For what praise would there have been accruing to myself 
 when I had ventured so much in my consulship for you and your 
 children " (in suppressing the conspiracy of Catiline), if I supposed 
 (at the time) that I was about to attempt that which I endeavored 
 (to accomplish) without the greatest (and most perilous) conflicts of 
 my own." 
 
 3 Qui defendit. "Whoever defends the republic with no less 
 alacrity, when (he understands) that odium, death and punishment 
 are set before him (as his only reward), he is to be esteemed truly 
 a hero." 
 
 * Est grati popvli, &c. "It is the part of a grateful people," 
 &c. . . . Est fortis viri, &c. " It is the part of a brave man not 
 even to be moved by punishments so as to repent of having acted 
 with courage " in a critical period of the republic. 
 
 5 Tamen in gravi fortuna, &c. " Nevertheless in his adverse for- 
 tune he might be sustained by his own conscious rectitude. " 
 
 6 Sed fortuna Romani populi. etc. kk But the good-fortune of the 
 Roman people, your (singular) felicity, and the immortal gods, reckon 
 a grateful recognition of this favor (the timely removal of Clodius) 
 
236 or.vtio pro t. annio milone. 
 
 populi, et vestra felicitas, et immortales dii putant gratiam 
 hujus beneficii deberi sibi. Nee vero potest quisquam arbi- 
 trari aliter, nisi qui ducit esse liullam [divinam] vim, ve 
 divinum nunien, quern neque magnitudo nostri imperii, neque 
 ille sol, nee motus coeli que signorum, nee vicissitudines atque 
 ordines rerum movent, neque, id quod est maximum, 
 sapientia majorum ; qui et ipsi sanctissime coluerunt sacra, 
 qui caerimonias, qui auspicia, et prodiderunt nobis, suis 
 posteris. 
 
 XXXI. Est, est profecto ilia vis ; 1 neque inest quiddam 
 in his corporibus atque in hac nostra imbecillitate, quod 
 vigeat et sentiat, et non inest in hoc tanto tarn praeclaro 
 mo tu naturae. Nisi forte idcirco putant non [inesse], quia 
 non apparet nee cernitur ; a proinde quasi nostram mentem 
 ipsam, qua sapimus, qua providemus, qua agimus ac dici- 
 mus haec ipsa possimus videre aut plane sentire, qualis aut 
 ubi sit. Ea ipsa vis igitur, quae saepe attulit incredibiles 
 felicitates atque oi)es huic urbi, exstinxit ac sustulit illam 
 perniciem, 3 cui primum injecit mentem, ut auderet vi irri- 
 
 to be due to themselves. Nor, indeed, can any one judge otherwise, 
 unless one who thinks that there is no supernatural agency, no di- 
 vine power (concerned in human affairs) one, whom neither the 
 greatness of our empire, nor that (illustrious) sun, nor the motions 
 of the heavens and the stars, nor the changes and orderly successions 
 of the material universe, move to conviction and reverence, nor 
 that which is greatest, the wisdom and piety of our ancestors, who 
 have both cultivated themselves most devoutly the observance of 
 sacred duties, the fulfilment of ceremonies, the due attention to 
 auguries, and have handed (these things) down to us, their 
 posterity. " 
 
 1 Neque inest quiddam, &c. "Nor (is it to be supposed) that 
 there is something in these bodies and this imbecile (and insignifi- 
 cant) nature of ours, that lives and thinks ; and that there is not 
 the like power in this so great, so illustrious movement of nature." 
 
 2 Proinde quasi, &c. " Just as if with regard to our mind itself 
 
 with which we know, &c we can see or clearly perceive what 
 
 or where it is. " 
 
 3 Cui primum injecit, &c. ' ' Into whom it first infused the pur- 
 pose to venture to provoke by violence and with the sword to attack 
 a very brave man, and to suffer a defeat from him, whom, if he 
 (Clodius) had conquered, he would have enjoyed a perpetual impu- 
 nity and license." 
 
i:\TIO TKO T. ANNIO MILONE. 237 
 
 tare que ferro laccsscre fortissimum virum, que vinceretur 
 ab eo, quern si vicisset, habiturus esset sempiternal!) Lmpuni- 
 tatem et licentiam. Non humano consilio, : ne quidem 
 mediooci cura immortalium Deorum, ilia res perfecta est. 
 1 Religionee ipsae, meliercule, quae viderunt illam belluam 
 cadere, videntur rommovisse se et retinuisse suum jus in 
 illo. 'Enirn vos jam, Album tumuli atque luci, vos, inquam, 
 imploro atque testor, que vos, obrutae arae Albanorum, 
 sociae et aequales sacrorum Romani populi, quas ille, prae- 
 ceps amentia, sanctissimis lucis caesis que prostratis, oppres- 
 serat iusanis molibus substructionum ; vestrae arae, vestrae 
 religiones turn viguerunt, vestra vis valuit, quam ille pol- 
 luerat omui scelere ; que tu ex tuo edito monte, sancte 
 Latiaris Jupiter, cujus lacus, nemora que fines ille saepe 
 macularat omni uefario stupro et scelere, aliquando aperuisti 
 oculos ad puuiendum eum ; vobis, vobis in vestro conspectu 
 illae serae, sed tamen justae et debitae, poenae solutae sunt. 
 Nisi forte dicemus hoc etiam factum esse casu, ut quum com- 
 misisset proelium ante ipsum sacrarium Bonae Deae, quod 
 est in fundo T. Sestii Galli, in primis honcsti et ornati 
 adolescentis, ante inquam, Bonam Deam ipsam, primum 
 
 1 Ne quidem mediocri cura. " Nor by any ordinary care." 
 * ReUr/ionex ipmc. Arc. u The consecrated places themselves, I 
 solemnly affirm, which saw that monster fall, seem to have put 
 themselves in motion and to have re-asserted their right in him " as 
 a fit subject of punishment. 
 
 3 Kn'uu i'<>x jam. ik For you now, ye Alban mounds and groves, 
 you, I say. I invoke and call to witness, and you, ye subverted altars 
 of Alba, associates and equals in the sacred observances of the Ro- 
 man people, which he, with headlong temerity, after cutting down 
 and levelling the most sacred groves, buried under huge piles of 
 buildings ; your altars and your sacred prerogatives then revived 
 again (when Clodius fell), and your divine energy asserted itself, 
 which he had dishonored (and set at nought) by every crime ; and 
 thou, from thy lofty mount, venerable Jupiter Latiaris, whose lakes, 
 groves and precincts he had often stained with every act of in- 
 famous licentiousness and crime, at length didst open thine eyes to 
 visit him with punishment. To you, to you and in your very sight 
 those late but nevertheless just and merited retributions were 
 paid." 
 
23$ ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 acciperet illucl vulnus, quo obiret teterrimam mortem, -1 ut 
 non videretur absolutus illo nefario judicio, sed reservatus 
 ad banc insignem poenam. 
 
 XXXII. Nee non vero eadem ira deorum 2 injecit ejus 
 satellitibus banc amentiam, ut ambureretur abjectus, sine 
 imaginibns, sine cantu atque ludis, sine exsequiis, sine 
 lamentis, sine laudationibus, sine funere, oblitus cruore et 
 luto, spoliatus celebritate illius supremi diei, cui etiam ini- 
 mici solent cedere. Credo non fuisse fas, formas clarissimo- 
 rum virorum afferre aliquid decoris illi teterrimo parricidae 
 3 neque ejus mortem lacerari in ullo loco potius quam in quo 
 vita damnata est. Fortuna Romani populi, medius fidius, 
 jam videbatur mihi dura et crudelis, quae pateretur ilium 
 tot annos insultare in hanc rempublicam. Polluerat stupro 
 sanctissimas religiones, perfregerat gravissima decreta sena- 
 tusjpalam redemerat se a judicious pecunia, vexarat senatum 
 in tribunatu, 4 resciderat gesta pro salute reipublicae con- 
 sensu omnium ordinum, expulerat me patria, diripuerat 
 bona, incendcrat domum, vexarat (meos) liberos, meam con- 
 jugem. Indixerat nefarium bellum Cn. Pompeio, effecerat 
 caedes magistratuum que privatorum, incenderat domum mei 
 fratris, vastarat Etruriam, ejecerat multos sedibus ac fortu- 
 
 1 Ut non videretur \ &c. " So that lie might not appear to have 
 been acquitted by that infamous tribunal (that first tried him for 
 sacrilege), but rather reserved for this (more) signal retribution." 
 
 Injecit ejus satellitibus, &c. "Infused into his satellites this 
 madness, that (by their insane agency) he was burned in dishonor 
 
 without the (customary) images," &c Oblitus, &c. "Smeared 
 
 with blood and mire, robbed of the (funereal) distinction of that 
 last day (of death), to which even personal enemies are accustomed 
 to yield respect." 
 
 Neque ejus m/n'tem, &c. "Nor that his dead body should be 
 fcorn (and mutilated) in any other place, than that in which his life 
 had been (frequently and publicly) condemned," i.e., the forum. 
 Mortem is the abstract for the concrete mortuum. 
 
 * Itexciderat gesta, &c. " He had rescinded public acts, done for 
 the safety of the republic with the consent of all the orders (of the 
 state)," alluding to the summary suppression of the conspiracy of 
 Catiline, which Clodius condemned aud impeached. 
 
ORATIO TRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 239 
 
 nis, instabat, urgebat ; ' civitas, Italia, provinciae, regn-i mm 
 poterant capere ejus amentiam ; a leges jam incidebrviitur 
 domi, quae addicereut nos nostris servis. 3 Erat nihil cujus- 
 quam, quod quidem ille adatnasset, quod non putaret. fore 
 suum hoc anno. Nemo obstabat 4 ejus cogitationibus praot.er 
 Milonem. 'Arbitrabatur ilium ipsum, qui poterat obstare, 
 quasi devinctum novo reditu in gratiam ; dicebat potentiam 
 Caesaris esse suam ; 8 contempserat animos bonorum in meo 
 casu ; Milo unus urgebat. 
 
 X XXIII. 7 Hie immortales Dii, ut supra dixi, dede- 
 runt illi perdito ac furioso mentem, ut faceret insidias hide. 
 Ilia pestis non potuit aliter perire ; nunquam respt/olica 
 ulta esset ilium suo jure. 8 Senatus, credo, circumscripsisset 
 eura praetorem. Ne quidem quum solebat facere id, pro- 
 fecerat aliquid in hoc eodem privato. lc An consules fuissenfc 
 fortes in coercendo praetore ? Primum, Milone occiso, ha- 
 buisset suos consules ; deinde quis consul esset fortis n in eo 
 
 I Civitas, Italia .... non poterant capere, &c. ' ' The state, Italy, 
 &c could not confine or limit (the bounds of) his mad ambi- 
 tion." 
 
 - Leges jam incidebantur, &c. " Laws were already engraved at 
 his own house (as if they had been antecedently enacted) that con- 
 signed us into subjection to our own slaves." 
 
 3 Erat nihil enjusquam, &c. " There was nothing belonging to 
 any one (else) that he took a fancy to, which he did not think 
 would be his own during this year." 
 
 4 Ejus coyitatwnibus. " His sinister plans." 
 
 6 Arbitrabatur ilium ipsum, &c. "He supposed that that very 
 person (Pompey) who (alone) could successfully oppose him, was, as 
 it were, pledged to him by his recent restoration into his favor. " 
 
 G Coiitempserat, &c. " He had shown his contempt for the feel- 
 ings of all good persons in (procuring) my exile." 
 
 "'Hie. p * Hereupon," or ''in this state of affairs." 
 
 8 Senatus, credo,, &c. "The senate, I suppos.3, would have re- 
 stricted him (in the exercise of his office) as praetor. " 
 
 9 Ne quidem quum solebat, &c. "Not even when it was accus- 
 tomed to do this, did it accomplish anything in this same person in 
 a private condition of life ; " much less could it restrain him in 
 office. 
 
 10 An consules, &c. "Would the consuls have been resolute in 
 coercing him as praetor ? " 
 
 II lit, eo praetore, &c. " In the case of that praetor (Clodius), 
 
24:0 OKATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 praetore, per quern, tribunum, meminisset consularem virtu- 
 tein esse erudelissime vexatam ? Oppressisset omnia, possi- 
 deret, teneret ; nova lege, quae inventa est apud eum cum 
 reliquis Clodianis legibus, 1 fecisset nostros servos suos liber- 
 tos. 2 Postremo, nisi immortales Dii impulissent eum in 
 earn mentem, ut efFeminatus homo conaretur occidere fortissi- 
 mum virum, haberetis liodie nullam rempublicam. 3 An ille 
 praetor, ille vero consul, si modo liaec temp] a atque moenia 
 ipsa potuissent stare tamdiu, eo vivo, et exspectare ej us con- 
 sulatum, ille denique vivus fecisset nihil mali, qui, mortuus, 
 Sex. Clodio uno ex suis satellitibus duce, incenderit curiam ? 
 Quo quid vidimus miserius, quid acerbius, quid luctuosius ? 
 Templum sanctitatis, amplitudinis, mentis, publici consilii, 
 caput urbis, aram sociorum, portum omnium gentium, sedem 
 concessam ab universo populo uni ordini, inflammari, ex- 
 scindi, funestari? neque id fieri a imperita multitudine, 
 quamquam id ipsum esset miserum, sed ab uno ? 4 Qui quum 
 ausus sit tantum ustor pro mortuo, quid non ausus esset 
 signifer pro vivo ? 6 Abjecit in curiam potissimum ut incen- 
 
 through whom, when tribune, he remembered that the consular 
 power had been most cruelly harassed." 
 
 1 Fecisset nostros, &c. "He would have made our slaves bis 
 freedmen," by conferring upon tbem political rights thab would 
 have bound them to himself in attachment and devotion. 
 
 2 Postremo, nisi, &c. " In short, had not the gods impelled him 
 to the purpose, that led an effeminate man (as he was) to attempt 
 to kill a very brave man, you would have no republic this day 
 at all." 
 
 3 An ille praetor, &c. " Would he as praetor, would he indeed as 
 consul, if only these temples and the walls themselves (of the city) 
 could have stood so long, with him alive, and have waited for his 
 consulship, would he, in fine, as a living man simply, have perpe- 
 trated no evil, who, even after death, with Sextus Clodius alone 
 of his followers as a leader, could set fire to the senate-house ? " 
 
 4 Qui quum ausus sit, &c. "If this man dared to do so much as 
 a corpse-burner for a dead man, what would he not have dared to 
 do as a standard-bearer for a living one ? " 
 
 5 Abjecit in curiam, <fcc. " He threw him down in the senate- 
 house with the express purpose that he might set on fire, as a dead 
 man, that (edifice) which he had already, as a living man, subverted 
 (in its authority and influence;." 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MIKiN!'. 241 
 
 deret mortuus earn, quam everterat vivus. Et sunt [iij qui 
 querantur de Appia via, taceant de curia ? ' et qui puteqt 
 forum potuisse defendi ab eo spirante, cujus cadaveri curia 
 BOB restiterit? Excitate, excitate ipsum, si potest is, ;i 
 muituis. a Frangetis irapetum vivi, furias cujus insepulti 
 vix sustinetis? Nisi vero sustinuistis eos, qui concuiTerunt 
 i-uiit i";uihus ad curiam, cum falcibus ad (aedem) Castoris, 
 volitarunt cum gladiis toto foro. Vidistis Komanum popu- 
 lum oaedi, concioneni disturbari gladiis, 41111m M. Caelius 
 3 audiretur silentio, tribunus plebis, vir et fortissimus in re- 
 publica et firmissimus in causa suscepta et deditus voluntati 
 bonorum et auctoritati senatus, et divina et incredibili fide 
 in hac sive invidia, sive singulari fortuna, Milonis. 
 
 XXXIV. 4 Sed jam satis multa [adducta sunt] de causa; 
 fortasse etiam nimis multa extra causam. Quid restat, nisi 
 ut orem que obtester vos, judices, ut tribuatis earn miseri- 
 cordiam fortissimo viro, quam ipse non implorat ; 5 ego, etiam 
 hoc repugnante, et imploro et exposco. Nolite, si, 8 in fletu 
 nostro omnium, adspexistis nullam lacrimam Milonis, si 
 videtis (ejus) vultum semper eundem, si vocem, si orationem 
 
 1 Et qui putent, &c. " And who think that the forum could 
 have been protected from him as a living and breathing man, whose 
 dead body, even, the senate-house could not resist." 
 
 FntiKjdix inipetum, &c. ''Will you undertake to subdue the 
 violent onset of the living man, the frenzied assaults of whose un- 
 buried body you could with difficulty support ? " 
 
 3 Audiretur silentio. " Was being listened to in silent attention. " 
 .... Firmissimus in causa suscepta. ' ' Most resolute in any cause 
 espoused by him." .... Divina et incredibili fide, &c. "Of a 
 divine and incredible honor and trustworthiness in this critical sit- 
 uation of Milo, whether of odium (on the one hand), or of singular 
 good-fortune and felicity (on the other). 
 
 4 Sed jam satis multa, &c. " But now arguments and topics suf- 
 ficiently numerous have been adduced relating immediately to the 
 cause itself; perhaps also matters too numerous without (the sphere 
 of the) cause." 
 
 6 Ego, etiam hoc repugnante, &c. "I, even with the opposition 
 of this my client, entreat and (earnestly) implore." 
 
 8 In fletu nostro omnium. " In the weeping or amidst the tears 
 of us alL " Nostro is equivalent to nosti'um. 
 11 
 
242 OEATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 stabilem ac non mutatam, 1 hoc minus parcere ei. a Haud 
 scio, an sit etiam multo magis adjuvandus [his rebus]. 
 8 Etenim si in gladiatoriis pugnis, et in conditione atque 
 fortuna infimi generis hominum, solemus etiam odisse timidos 
 atque supplices et obsecrantes, ut liceat vivere, cupimus 
 servare fortes et animosos et ofierentes se ipsos acriter morti ; 
 que miseret nos eorum magis, qui non requinmt nostram 
 misericordiam, quam qui efllagitant, quanto magis debemus 
 facere hoc in fortissimis civibus. Hae voces Milonis quidem, 
 judices, quas audio assidue et quibus intersum quotidie, 
 examinant et interimunt me. * u Valeant, inquit, mei cives 
 valeant ; sint incolumes ; sint florentes, sint beati ; haec 
 praeclara urbs que patria carissima mihi, quoquo modo merita 
 erit de me, stet ; mei cives ipsi, sine me, sed tamen per me, 
 perfruantur tranquilla republica, quoniam non licet mihi, 
 [perfruit eadem] cum illis ; ego cedam atque abibo ; si non 
 licuerit mihi find bona republica, at carebo mala, et quam 
 primam bene moratam et liberam civitatem tetigero, in ea 
 conquiescam. O mei labores, inquit, frustra suscepti ! O 
 
 1 Hoc. ' ' On this account. ' ' 
 
 2 Haud scio, &c. " I am inclined to think that he is much rather 
 to derive advantage " from these circumstances, i.e., from his firm- 
 ness and resolution. 
 
 3 Etenim si in gladiatoriis, &c. ' ' For if in gladiatorial contests 
 and in the condition and fortune of the lowest class of men we are 
 wont even to dislike the timid and the fawning and those that beg 
 to be permitted to live, (but) are anxious to save the brave and 
 courageous and those exposing themselves with alacrity to death ; 
 and we pity those more who do not ask our pity than those who 
 urgently demand it, how much rather ought we to do this in the 
 case of the bravest citizens ? " 
 
 4 Valeant, inquit, &c. ' ' Let them thrive, he says, let my fellow- 
 citizens thrive in prosperity and health. Let them be safe, let them 
 be flourishing, let them be happy ; let this illustrious city and (this) 
 country, most dear to me, in whatever way it shall merit from me 
 (by its treatment of me personally) continue to stand ; let my fel- 
 low-citizens enjoy a tranquil republic without me, but nevertheless 
 by my agency, since it is not permitted me to enjoy the same in 
 conjunction with them ; I will give place and withdraw ; if I am 
 not allowed to enjoy a good republic, at least I shall be without a 
 bad one, and what first well-regulated and liberally constituted 
 state I shall come to (in my exile) in it will I find repose." 
 
ORATIO pro t: annio milone. 243 
 
 fallacos spes ! O! meae inanes cogitationes ! 'Ego, quam 
 tribunua plebia, republica oppressa, dedissem me senatui, 
 quern acce{>eram exstinctura, Romanis equitibus, quorum 
 viivs erant debiles, bonis viris, qui abjecei-uut oinnem auc- 
 toritatem Clodianis armis, uaquam putarem, praesidiam 
 bonorum defuturum [esse] mild? Ego, quum reddidissrin 
 te patriae (enim HaapiBainw Loquitur cum me), putarem non 
 futurum [esse] locum mild in patria? Ubi nunc est senatus, 
 quem secuti sumus? ubi illi Romani equites, inquit, illi fcui ? 
 ubi studia municipiorum ? ubi voces Italiae ? ubi denique 
 ilia vox atque defensio tua, M. Tulli, quae fuit auxilio pluri- 
 mis? a mihine soli potest ea [vox] opitulari nihil, [mild], qui 
 toties obtuli me morti pro te ? " 
 
 XXXV. Nee vero loquitur haec, judices, ut ego nunc, 
 flens, sed hoc eodem vultu, quo videtis. 3 Enim negat, negat 
 se fecisse, quae fecerit, ingratis civibus ; [fecisse] timidis et 
 circumspicientibus omnia pericula, non negat. * Plebem et 
 
 1 Ego, quum trtbunus plebis. " I, when as tribune of the people, 
 with the republic under oppression, I devoted myself to the senate, 
 which I found (well-nigh) extinct (in authority), (when I devoted 
 myself) to the Roman knights, &c. (when I devoted myself) to (the 
 interests of all) good men, who had surrendered all authority to 
 the arms of Clodius, did I ever imagine that the protection of the 
 good would be wanting to myself ? I, when I had restored you to 
 your country (for very often he speaks with me in familiar converse), 
 did I suppose that there would not be a place for me in that same 
 country ? " 
 
 2 Mihine soli, &c. " To me alone can that voice (of thine) bring no 
 assistance, to me, who so often have exposed myself to. death in your 
 behalf?" 
 
 3 Enim negat, negat, &c. "For he utterly refuses to believe 
 that he has done what he has done for ungrateful citizens (and who 
 cannot appreciate his services) ; that he has acted for timid citizens 
 and those who are surveying with circumspection all the perils of 
 the situation, he does not deny." 
 
 4 Plebem et infimam, &c. " The common people and lowest mass 
 of the population, who, under the leadership of P. Clodius, threat- 
 ened your prosperity, this class, in order that your life might be secure, 
 he says that he made his own, so as not only to control them by his 
 power but also to soothe them by means of his three patrimonial es- 
 tates ; nor does he fear that, when he shall have quieted the people 
 
244 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 infimam multitudinem, quae, P. Clodio duce, immmebat 
 vestris fortunis, earn, quo vestra vita esset tutior, commemo- 
 rat se fecisse suam, ut non modo flecteret virtute, sed efciam 
 deleniret suis tribus patriuioniis ; nee timet ne, quum placarit 
 plebem muneribus, non conciliarit vos singularibus meritis 
 in reinpublicam. Dicit benevolentiam senatus erga se saepe 
 perspectam esse his ipsis temporibus ; vestras occursationes 
 et [occursationes] vestrorum ordinum, studia, sermones, 
 quemcunque cursum fortuna dederit, [dicit] se ablaturum 
 esse secum. Meminit etiam vocem praeconis modo defuisse 
 sibi, quam minime desiderarit ; vero se declaratum [esse] con- 
 sulem cunctis suffragiis populi, quod unum cupierit ; 2 nunc 
 denique, si liaec sint futura contra se, suspicionem far.inoris, 
 non crimen facti obstare sibi. Addit haec, quae sunt certe 
 vera, fortes et sapientes viros solere sequi non tarn praemia 
 recte factorum, quam ipsa recte facta ; se fecisse nihil in vita 
 nisi praeclarissime, si quidem nihil sit praestabilius viro 
 quam liberare patriam periculis ; [eos] esse beatos, quibus ea 
 res fuerit honori a suis civibus, nee tamen eos [esse] miseros, 
 8 qui vicerint suos cives beneficio ; sed tamen ex omnibus 
 praemiis virtutis, si ratio esset habenda praemiorum, gloriam 
 esse amplissimum praemium ; hanc esse unam, 4 quae con- 
 solaretur brevitatem vitae memoria posteritatis, quae effi- 
 
 by his liberal gifts, he shall not at length conciliate you by his ex- 
 traordinary services towards the republic." 
 
 1 Dicit benevolentiam, &c. u He says that the good-will of the 
 senate towards himself was often seen by him during these (critical) 
 times ; your attentions and the attentions of your different orders, 
 your favorable regards and (encouraging) words, whatever turn of 
 events fortune may grant to him, he will carry away with him " in 
 memory, and, if need be, into exile. 
 
 2 Nunc denique, si haec, &c. " Now at length, if these things (this 
 present trial, &c.) shall turn out to his disadvantage, it is (the un- 
 founded) suspicion of a criminal purpose (against the state) and not 
 this accusation (respecting Clodius) that is an obstacle to his ac- 
 quittal. " 
 
 3 Qui vicerint suos cives beneficio. ''Who have surpassed their 
 fellow-citizens in beneficent action." 
 
 4 Quae consolaretur brevitatem, &c. "Which compensates the 
 brevity of life by the grateful memory of posterity." 
 
ORiiTio pro t. annio milone. 245 
 
 ceret, ut adessemus absentes, viveremus mortui; denique 
 liauc esse [viam], cujus gradibus homines etiam viderentui 
 ascendere in coelum. " De me, inquit, semper ltommms 
 populus, semper omnes gentes loquentur, ' nulla vetustas un- 
 quam obmuteeoet. a Quin hoc ipso tempore, qunm omnes 
 faces subjiciantur meae invidiae a meis inimicis, tamen in 
 omni coetu hominum celebramnr agendis gratiis, et habendis 
 gratulationibus, et omni sermone. Omitto festos dies Etru- 
 riae 3 et actos et institutos. Haec est centesima et altera 
 lux opinor ab interitu P. Clodii ; 4 qua sunt fines imperii Ko- 
 mani populi, non solum ea fama de illo jam peragravit, sed 
 etiam laetitia (ob ejus mortem peragravit). Quamobrem 
 ubi hoc corpus sit, inquit, B non laboro, quoniam gloria mei 
 nominis et jam versatur et semper habitabit in omnibus 
 terris." 
 
 XXXVI. Haec tu saepe [dixisti] mecum, his absentibus ; 
 sed, iisdem audientibus, ego [loquar] haec tecum, Milo; 
 non possum quidem satis laudare te, quum es isto animo ; 
 8 sed quo magis divina est ista virtus, eo majore dolore 
 divellor a te. 7 Nee vero si eriperis mini, est ilia querela tamen 
 
 1 NuUa vestustas, &c. " No distant age shall ever be silent." 
 
 2 Quin hoc ipso tempore. " But at this very time when all torches 
 are applied to kindle against me a flame of odium by my enemies, 
 it is still the case in every assembly of men I am rendered illustrious 
 by public thanksgiving and by mutual congratulations and by the 
 universal speech of men." 
 
 : Et actos et institutes. ' ' Both those already past and (others) 
 appointed (to be held)." 
 
 4 Qua sunt fines. " Wheresoever are the limits of the empire of 
 the Roman people, not only this report concerning him (Clodius) 
 has already spread, but likewise joy on account of his death (has 
 been communicated)." 
 
 5 Non laboro. " I do not care. " Quoniam gloria, &c. Since the 
 glory of my name is both now familiarly known and always will 
 abide in all lands. ? 
 
 6 Sed quo magis divina, &c. "But the more divine (and tran- 
 scendent) is that virtue of thine, with the greater grief am I torn 
 from you," if that is to be the unhappy result. 
 
 1 Nee vero si eriperis, Arc. " Nor indeed, if you shall be snatched 
 away from me, is there that (opportunity of) complaint, neverthe- 
 less, left for my consolation, that I can be angry at these, from 
 
246 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 reliqua ad consolandum, ut possim irasci his, a quibns ac- 
 cepero tantum vulnus. Enim non mei inimici eripient to 
 mihi, sed amicissimi, non meriti male aliquando de me, sed 
 semper optime. 1 Nullum tantum dolorem judices unquam 
 inuretis mihi (etsi quis potest esse tantus ?) ; sed ne quidem 
 hunc ipsum, ut obliviscar, quanti semper feceritis me. Quae 
 oblivio si cepit vos, aut si offendistis aliquid in me, cur non 
 id luitur potius meo capite, quam [capite] Milonis ? Enim 
 vixero praeclare, si quid acciderit mihi prius, quam videro 
 hoc tantum mali. Nunc una consolatio sustentat me, quod 
 nullum officium amoris a me, nullum studii, nullum pietatis 
 defuit tibi, T. Anni. Ego appetivi inimicitias potentium 
 pro te, ego saepe objeci meum corpus et vitam armis tuorum 
 inimicorum, 2 ego abjeci me supplicem plurimis pro te; [mea] 
 bona, meas fortunas ac [fortunas] meorum liberorum contuli 
 in communionem tuorum temporum ; denique hoc ipso die, 
 si qua vis parata est, 3 si qua dimicatio capitis futura, de- 
 posco. Quid jam restat? quid habeo, quod faciam pro tuis 
 meritis in me, 4 nisi ut ducam earn fortunam, quaecunque 
 
 whom I shall have received so severe a wound. For it is not my 
 personal enemies that will tear you from me, but my most intimate 
 friends, not those who have at any time deserved ill of me, but 
 always the very best." 
 
 x Nullum unquam, judices, &c. "No such great sorrow will you 
 ever impress upon me, judges, " (literally, brand or burn in) as will 
 arise from the banishment of Milo " (indeed, what can be so great) ; 
 but not even this very (sorrow) can I suffer to such a degree as to 
 forget how much esteem you have always had for me. If the like 
 forgetfulness has seized upon you or you have taken offence at me 
 in anything, why is not that rather punished with my death, than 
 the death of Milo ? For I shall have lived illustriously (and to some 
 purpose) provided my existence shall terminate before I shall see 
 this so great evil." Si quid accident mihi is a softened expression 
 for the occurrence of death. 
 
 2 Ego abjeci me, &c. ' ' I have humbled myself as a suppliant to very 
 many in your behalf ; my goods, my fortunes and the fortunes of 
 my children I have surrendered to a participation in your perilous 
 circumstances. " 
 
 3 Si qua dimicatio, &c. " If any dangerous conflict is to occur, 
 I demand to have a part in it. " 
 
 4 Nisi ut ducam, &c. "Unless to consider that fortune, which 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 24:7 
 
 erit tua, [esse] meam ? * Non abnuo, non recuso ; que obsecro 
 vos, judices, ut aut augeatis in hujus salute vestra beneficia, 
 quae contulistis in me, aut videatis [ea] esse occasura in 
 exitio ejusdem. 
 
 XXXVII. Milo non movetur his lacriniis. [Hie] est 
 quodam incredibili robore animi ; putat exsilium esse ibi, 
 ubi non sit locus virtuti ; mortem a esse finem naturae, non 
 poenam. 8 Sed hie ea mente, qua natus est; quid vos, 
 judices? quo auimo tandem eritis? Retinebitis memoriam 
 Milonis, ejecietis ipsum ? et erit ullus locus in terris dignior, 
 qui excipiat hanc virtutem, quam hie, qui procreavit ? Vos, 
 vos appello, fortissimi viri, qui effudistis multum sanguiiitiu 
 pro republica ; vos appello, centuriones, que vos, milites, 
 in [periculo] viri et in periculo invicti civis ; vobis non 
 modo inspectantibus sed etiam armatis, et praesidentibus 
 huic judicio, haec tanta virtus expelletur ex hac urbe, ex- 
 terminabitur, projicietur ? O me miserum, O me infelicem ! 
 4 Potuisti tu revocare me in patriam, Milo, per hos, potero 
 non ego retinere te in patria per eosdem ? Quid respondebo 
 meis liberis, qui putant te alterum parentem? 8 Quid [re- 
 
 shall be yours, of whatsoever nature it may be, shall also be mine," 
 by a willing and cordial adoption. 
 
 1 Non abnuo, &c. " I do not reject, I do not refuse (these con- 
 ditions), and I beg of you, judges, that you either augment your 
 favors, which you have (already) conferred upon me, (by acquies- 
 cing) in his (acquittal) and safety, or behold them ready to be can- 
 celled and extinguished in his (condemnation) and destruction. " 
 
 2 Esse finem naturae, &c. " Is the (appointed) end of the natural 
 life,, (and) not a punishment " of crime. 
 
 3 Sed hie ea mente, &C. "But he is of the resolute temperament 
 and purpose with which he was born : what, nevertheless, do you in- 
 tend ? judges ! of what mind, I ask, will you be ? will you preserve 
 the memory of Milo (and) will you banish himself ? and shall any 
 place on earth be more worthy to receive this virtue, than this, 
 which produced it ? 
 
 4 Potuisti tu, &c. " Couldst thou recall me to my country from 
 exile, Milo, by means of these persons (whom I address), and shall 
 not I be able to retain 3 ou in your country by the agency of the 
 same persons 
 
 
 6 Quid [j-eqwndebo] Ubi, etc. " What answer shall I make to thee 
 
248 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 spondebo] tibi, frater Quinte, qui nunc abes, consorti mecum 
 illorum temporum ? mene non potuisse tueri salutem Milonis 
 per eosdem, per quos ille servasset nostram? At in qua 
 causa non potuisse ? ' [In ea] quae est grata gentibus. A 
 quibus non potuisse ? ab iis, qui maxime acquierunt morte 
 P. Clodii ; quo deprecante ? ine. a Quodnani tantum scelus 
 ego concepi, aut quod tantum facinus aclmisi in me judices, 
 quum indagavi ilia indicia communis exitii, patefeci, protuli, 
 exstinxi? Omnes dolores redundant in me que meos ex illo 
 fonte. 3 Quid voluistis me esse reducem ? an ut, me inspec- 
 tante, ii expellerentur, per quos essem restitutus ? Nolite, 
 obsecro vos, pati reditum esse acerbiorem mihi, quam fuerit 
 ille ipse discessus. 4 Nam qui possum putare me esse resti- 
 tutuni, si distrahar ab iis, per quos sum restitutus ? 
 
 XXXVIII. Utinam immortales Dii fecissent 5 (tua pace, 
 patria, dixerim ; eniin metuo, ne dicam scelerate in te, quod 
 dicam pie pro Milone) , utinam P. Clodius non modo viveret, 
 sed etiam esset praetor, consul, dictator, potius quam vide- 
 
 brother Quintus, who art now absent, [to thee] a sharer with me in 
 those perilous times (of my exile)." 
 
 1 [In ea] quae est grata, &c. " In that cause which is approved 
 by all. A quibus non potuisse, &c. From whom could I not (obtain 
 this boon) ? From those, who most acquiesced in the death of P. 
 Clodius; with whom as an intercessor? such a one as "myself" 
 (who owe so much to Milo and have done so much to deserve well 
 of the state). 
 
 2 Quodnam tantum scelus, &c. u What a great crime did I conceive 
 and what a grave offence did I commit against myself, judges, when 
 I investigated those proofs (of a plot) for the common destruction 
 (in the case of Catiline), when I exposed them, brought them forth 
 to public view, (and) extinguished " (the seeds of the conspiracy 
 itself). 
 
 3 Quid voluistis, &c. " Why did you wish me to be brought back " 
 (from exile) ? " was it that in my very sight, those might be banished 
 through whom I was restored ? " 
 
 4 Nam qui possum, &c. "For how can I think myself to be really 
 restored, if I am torn away and separated from those through 
 whom I have been recovered from exile. " 
 
 b J ua pace, patria, &c. " With your pardon, my country, let me 
 say it ! for I fear (in what I am about to wish), I shall speak wick- 
 edly against thee what I shall say affectionately in behalf of Milo)." 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 240 
 
 rem hoc spectaculura ! ' O iramortales Dii ! fortem virum et 
 a vobis, judices, conservanduni ! a " Minime, minime, inqnit 
 [Milo]. Immo vero ille (Clodius) luerit debitas poenas ; 
 nos subeamus non debitas, si ita est necesse." * Hiccine vir 
 natus patriae, morietur usquam nisi in patria, aut, si forte, 
 pro patria ? vos retinebitis monumenta animi huj us, patiemini 
 nullum sepulcruni corporis esse in Italia? quisquam expel let 
 sua sententia ex hac urbe hunc, quern, expulsum a vobis, 
 omnes urbes vocabunt ad se ? O beatam illam terrain, quae 
 exceperit hunc virum ; * ingratam hanc [terram], si eje- 
 cerit, miserani, si amiserit ! Sed sit finis. Enim neque jam 
 possum loqui prae lacrimis, et hie vetat se defendi lacrimis. 
 Oro que obtestor vos, judices, ut in ferendis sententiis, 
 audeatis id, quod sentietis. Vestram virtutem, justitiam, 
 fidem, credite mihi, 6 is maxirue probabit, qui, in legendis 
 judicibus, delegit quemque optimum et sapientissimum et 
 fortissimum. 
 
 1 ! immoi'tales Dii! fortem, &c. " Ye immortal gods, how brave 
 a man, and by you, judges, how worthy to be preserved." 
 
 * Minime, minime, in</uit, &c. "By no means, by no means, 
 remonstrates (Milo). Nay, rather let him (Clodius) suffer a merited 
 punishment. Let us submit to one that is undeserved, if so it must 
 needs be." 
 
 * Hiccine vir, &c. ' ' Shall such a man as this, born for his coun- 
 try, die anywhere else except in his country, or, if it should so 
 chance, for his country? Will you retain among you the proofs 
 and monuments of his noble mind, and suffer no sepulchre of his body 
 to exist in Italy ? " 
 
 4 Ingratam hanc, &c. ' ' Ungrateful this land, if it shall banish 
 him ; unfortunate, if it shall lose him ! " 
 
 b Is maxime probabit, &c. u He (Pompey), most of all, will ap- 
 prove, who in selecting judges, has appointed (to the office) each 
 best and wisest and most inflexible man " for this important func- 
 tion. 
 
 11* 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 ORATION IN BEHALF OF A. LICINIUS ARCHIAS. 
 
 This oration does not require many words of introduc- 
 tion. It was an effort on the part of Cicero to establish 
 Archias' claim to be a Roman citizen, which had been called 
 in question by an officious person of the name of Gratius, 
 without any very apparent motive. Archias was a native 
 of Antioch, and had cultivated Greek literature extensively 
 and acquired some distinction as a poet. At an early age 
 he came to Rome, and was received into distinguished fami- 
 lies there as a man of letters, and employed himself in the 
 instruction of Roman youth of the better class. Through 
 the agency of his principal patron, L. Lucullus, with whom 
 he travelled, he had obtained enrolment as a citizen of Hera- 
 clea, a town of Lucania, of considerable character. 
 
 By a law enacted in b. c. 92, called the Plautian-Papirian 
 law, it was provided that Roman citizenship should be 
 accorded to all who had a domicile in Italy at that time, 
 who were enrolled in any confederate town, and who made 
 a public declaration before the praetor within sixty days. 
 
 All these conditions were fulfilled in the case of Archias. 
 At a later period, in the year b. c. 65, a law was passed 
 called the Papian law, that required all strangers or pere- 
 grini to be removed from Rome. . Of this law Gratius 
 availed himself to bring in question the claims of Archias. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 251 
 
 It had unfortunately happened that the public archives of 
 Heraclea had been destroyed by fire, and that in conse- 
 quence of various absences of Archias from Rome, his name 
 did not appear in the census-lists; so that strictly legal 
 proof could not be produced of the validity of his claims. 
 Cicero undertakes to support his claims, and besides some 
 secondary evidence, such as the oral testimony of Lucullus 
 and the evidence also of the magistrates of Heraclea, he in- 
 troduces the claims of literature to special consideration, 
 and descants with great beauty and a congenial spirit on 
 the advantages of learning and the attractions of the polite 
 arts, and thus endeavors to predispose the minds of the 
 judges to an indulgent reception of the cause of Archias. 
 Herein lies the excellence of this oration, as containing 
 charming allusions to the advantages and pleasures of a 
 cultivated mind, and affording a stimulus to the youthful 
 reader to the prosecution of the most innocent, rational 
 and humanizing of all pursuits that of liberal learning and 
 literary culture and accomplishments. 
 
ORATIO 
 
 PKO. A. LICESTIO AECHIA, 
 POETA. 
 
 NOTES EXPLANATORY AND CRITICAL. 
 
 I. 
 
 1. Si quid est in me ingenii, &c. "If there is in me, judges, 
 any natural talent, which I am aware is very inconsiderable, or if 
 any practical acquaintance with public speaking, in which I do not 
 deny that I have been (at least) moderately exercised, or if any 
 systematic knowledge of this subject proceeding from extensive 
 study and training in the best (liberal) arts, from which I confess 
 that no period of my life has been estranged ; of all these things, 
 even among the first, this Aulus Licinius is entitled to claim from me 
 the fruit (and advantage) almost by a right of his own." 2. Mihi 
 principem. . . .ea'stitisse. "To have been to me a principal agent 
 (in leading me) to undertake and prosecute the plan of these 
 studies." 3. NonnulUs aliquando, &c. "Has been at any time a 
 (means of) safety to some." 4. Ac ne quis a nobis. " And lest any 
 one should chance to wonder that this is so asserted by us, inasmuch 
 as there is in this man (Archias) a different kind of genius, and not 
 this knowledge and training in public speaking (which I have cul- 
 tivated, let me say), that not even have I been wholly (and exclu- 
 sively) addicted to this one pursuit." 5. Ad humanitatern. " To 
 liberal learning." 6. Et quasi. . . .continentur. " And are connected 
 among themselves as it were by a certain (affinity and) relation- 
 ship." 
 
 II. 
 
 1. Sed ne cui vestrum, <fec. "But lest to any of you it should 
 seem strange, that I, in a (purely) legal question, and in a public 
 trial, when the cause *is pleaded before the pr-ietor of the Roman 
 people, a very upright man, and before very grave judges, in so great 
 an assemblage and throng of men, should use this description of plead- 
 ing, which is not only at variance with the custom of (public) trials, but 
 also to forensic speech." 2. Hanc veniam, &c. "This privilege, 
 suited (and appropriate) to this defendant." 3. Destudiis Immani- 
 tatis. . . . loqui. " To speak a little more freely (than ia common 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICTNIO ARCIIIA. BOTH. 253 
 
 concerning the pursuits of liberal knowledge and litcraluiv." J. Fj 
 in (Jhsiu'kU pcraoiht, &c. tv And in the case of a person of this des- 
 cription, who, on account of his [habits of] retirement and study, 
 has been very little represented in public trials and controversies, 
 to employ a certain almost new and unaccustomed method of plead- 
 ing." Persona and tractata est are phrases belonging to the s; 
 5. /'< rfioiam prqfeoto ut . . . .putt tit. Literally, " I will truly bring it 
 to pass that you think," i.e. " I will induce or constrain you to think." 
 
 III. 
 
 1. Namnt primwn, &c. " For as soon as Archias emerged from 
 boyhood and from those pursuits by which the age of boyhood is 
 usually moulded and formed to liberal learning, he betook himself 
 
 to the occupation of writing." Celeritur contigit. " It was 
 
 his good-fortune quickly to excel all (others) in the splendor of his 
 genius." 9. die >jus tu'lroatm , &c. 4 ' His arrivals were so blazoned 
 in report, that the expectation of the man surpassed the fame of 
 his genius (and) his own (actual) coming, and the admiration (he 
 awakened) exceeded the expectation (itself)." 8, ViHtatc, eeUritqtM 
 praemiix donuruut. "Presented him with citizenship and other 
 tokens of distinction." 4. Etomnes qui, &c. " And all who could 
 judge anything of his talents esteemed him worthy of acquaintance 
 
 and hospitable entertainment." 5. Hac tanta jam abseatibm 
 
 notus. l ' When, in consequence of this so great distinction of (per- 
 sonal) fame he was already known to persons at a distance : i.e. to 
 those who h>id never seen him, he came to Rome, Marius being 
 consul (at the time) in conjunction with Catulus." 6. Nadus est 
 primum, &c. " He found, in the first place, these persons in the 
 consulship, the one of whom could supply the most illustrious deeds 
 for poetic celebration, the other both memorable exploits and also a 
 fondness and appreciative taste (for literary composition)." 7. 
 Quumpraetextatus..esset. " When Archias was still a youth," 
 literally, " was still clothed in the praetexta. " 8. Sed etlam hoc, 
 &c. " But there was, moreover, this (degree) not only of genius 
 and learning (in him), but also of natural excellence and moral worth, 
 that the (illustrious) house which was the first (to receive) him in 
 his youth, the same was the most familiar (and friendly) to his old 
 age." 9. LueuUos vero et Drusum, &c. " But while he held the Lu- 
 culli and Drusus and the Octavii, and Cato and the whole house of 
 the Hortensii attached to him by familiar intercourse and intimacy, 
 he was (everywhere) treated with the greatest distinction, because 
 not only those sought his acquaintance who were anxious to learn 
 and hear something (from him), but also those, if there chanced to 
 be any such, who affected to have such a desire." 
 
 IV. 
 
 1. Quae quum esset civitas, &c. " Inasmuch as this state was (on 
 terms) of the most equal privilege and confederation (with Rome), 
 he wished himself to be enrolled, as a citizen, in that state : and 
 this he obtained from the Heracleans, both because he was thought 
 
254 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. NOTES. 
 
 to be worthy (of it) on his own account and also through the (per- 
 sonal) authority and influence of Lucullus." 2. Data est civitas, 
 &c. " Citizenship was conferred by the law of Silanus and Carbo : 
 ip any persons had been enrolled in conperated states, 
 if at the time the law was passed they had a domicile in 
 Italy, and if within sixty days they made a public declara- 
 tion before the Praetor. 3. Si nihil aliud nisi, &c. " If we 
 are to speak of nothing else but his citizenship (at Heraclea) and the 
 law (just mentioned), I have no more to say. The cause is pleaded." 
 4. Quid enini hoi'tim, &c. " For which of these things can be invali- 
 dated, O G- rati us? " 5, Heracleaene esse, &c. "Will you deny that 
 he was at that time enrolled (as a citizen) at Heraclea. Adest in, &c. 
 1 ' Here is a man of the highest authority and probity and credit, who 
 says that he does not conjecture, but knows, that he has not heard, 
 but seen, that he was not simply present, but acted (in tho transac- 
 tion). Adsunt Heraclienses, &c. " Here are present Heraclean ambas- 
 sadors," <&c. 6. Hie tu tabulas, &c. "Here you ask for the* public 
 records of Heraclea, which we all know perished in the Italian war, 
 when the public edifice of the archives (of Heraclea) was burnt." 7. 
 Est rUUetuum ad ea. "It is absurd to say nothing with regard to 
 the things which we have, to ask (at the same time) what we can- 
 not (possibly) have, and to be silent concerning the recollection (and 
 oral testimony) of men, to demand (in the same breath) the attesta- 
 tion of written documents ; and when you have the integrity of a 
 most distinguished man and the oath and credit of a most upright 
 municipality, things which can in no way be discredited, to reject 
 (these) and, at the same moment, to call for public records, which 
 you yourself say are liable to be tampered with (and corrupted). 
 8. Immo vero iis tabulis, &c. " Yes truly, he made a public de- 
 claration in those tables, which are the only ones relating to that 
 declaration, and of the College of Praetors (then in office), that pos- 
 sess the authority of public records." 
 
 V. 
 
 1. Nam quum Appii tabulae, &c. "For while the tables of Ap- 
 pius were said to be kept too carelessly, the disreputableness of 
 Galinius, while he was as yet uncondemned, and his utter ruin, 
 after his condemnation, took away all credit from his tables ; Me- 
 tellus, on the other hand, a man the most venerable and virtuous 
 of all others, was of such carefulness (in his official duties) that he 
 came to L. Lentulus, the praetor and the judges, and said that he was 
 much disturbed by the erasure of a single name." 2. Etenim quum 
 mediocribus, &c. '* For when to many persons of moderate abilities 
 and endowed with either no professional skill or (only) with some 
 humble (talent), men in (Magna) Graecia communicated freely the 
 privilege of citizenship, I am to believe, that the inhabitants of 
 Rhegium, or Locri, or Neapolis, or Tarentum were unwilling to con- 
 fer upon this man, endowed (as he is) with the greatest splendor of 
 genius, that (honor) which they were in the habit of lavishing upon 
 tha ariasta of the drama (mere stage-players)." 3. Quid? quum 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARC1IIA. NOTES. 
 
 cetcri, &c. "What! when others, not only after citizenship was 
 conferred (by the law of Silvanus and Carbo above mentioned but 
 also after the Papian law (that expelled foreigners from Rome), in 
 some way crept into the tables of those towns (i.e., were surrepti- 
 tiously enrolled), shall this man be rejected, who did not even avail 
 himself of those (other) (public records) in which he was enrolled, 
 because he always wished himself to be regarded as a Heraclean." 
 4. Census nostros requiris, &c. "You aak for our census-lists. 
 Doubtless ! For it is an unknown thing, (I suppose, ) that during 
 the last census this man was with the army with the illustrious 
 commander L. Lucullus ; during the preceding censors he was in 
 Asia, with the same person as Quaestor ; during the period of the first 
 censors (after his citizenship), Julius and Crassus, no part of the 
 people was enrolled." 5. Scd quoniam census non, &c. "But since 
 the census does not establish the right of citizenship, and only shows 
 that he, who is registered, conducted himself at that time just as 
 if he were a citizen; during those periods (the man), whom you 
 charge as not even in his own judgment being engaged in exercising 
 the privilege of Roman citizens, both made a will frequently in ac- 
 cordance with our laws and succeeded as heir to the estates of 
 Roman citizens, and was reported to the treasury by L. Lucullus, the 
 proconsul, for (special) favors (as a citizen)." 
 
 VI. 
 
 1. Quia sujypeditat nobis, &c. "Because he supplies to us (the 
 literary resources and treasures) where our mind can be refreshed 
 from this forensic tumult, and our ears, wearied with (the din of) 
 wrangling, can find repose." 2. Ccteros pudeat, &c. " Let others 
 be ashamed, if any have so buried themselves in literary pursuits as 
 to be able to contribute nothing of these things to the common ad- 
 vantage, nor (even) to bring forth to (public) inspection and into the 
 light " (the fruits of their study). " But why should I be ashamed, 
 judges, who during so many years have lived in such a way, that 
 never from any one's occasion or advantage has either my retire- 
 ment withdrawn me, or pleasure called me, or even sleep withheld 
 
 me." 3. Si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas concedi- 
 
 tur temporum. " If as much time as is given by others to attend- 
 ing to their own private affairs," &c tantum mild, &o, 
 
 "so much I myself shall take to myself for reviewing and culti- 
 vating these studies." 4. Atque 7ioc adeo mihi, &c. " And this is 
 so much the more to be conceded to me, because from these very 
 studies, this talent of public speaking also is augmented ; which, 
 whatever it is in me, was never wanting to the critical occasions of 
 my friends." 5. Quae si cui levior, &c. " If this (matter of public 
 speaking) seems to any one too unimportant (to be adduced in ar- 
 gument), I assuredly know from what fountain I derive those (in- 
 centives and principles) whiqh are (in point of fact) of the highest 
 moment. For had I not persuaded myself, from my youth, by the 
 precepts of many (philosophers) and (an acquaintance) with much 
 literature (and reading) that there was nothing in life to be greatly 
 
256 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCIIIA. NOTES. 
 
 sought after, but (true) distinction and integrity ; that in acquiring 
 these, moreover, all sufferings of the body, all perils of death and 
 exile were to be esteemed of little account, never would I have ex- 
 posed myself for your preservation to so many and so great conflicts 
 and to these daily attacks of unprincipled men." 6. Quae jacerent 
 in tenebris, &c. " Which would all be (buried) in darkness were not 
 the torch of literature made to approach (and illuminate them)." 
 
 7. Quam mutton nobis imagines "How many (representations 
 
 and) models of very brave men" .... Expressas. "Vividly por- 
 trayed." 8. Animum et menten meam conformabam. " Have 
 
 moulded (and stimulated) my spirit and mind by the bare contem- 
 plation itself of illustrious men." 
 
 VII. 
 
 1. Quaeret quispiam, &c. "Some one will ask: What! were 
 those distinguished men, whose virtues have been handed down in 
 literary remains, themselves instructed in that learning which you 
 (so much) exalt with your praises ? It is difficult to allege this 
 (with truth) concerning all ; but nevertheless this can be relied upon, 
 which I answer. I confess that there have been many men of dis- 
 tinguished mind and merit, and that these, without (the advantage 
 of) learning, by an almost divine constitution of nature itself, have 
 of themselves turned out to be both discreet and influential (men). 
 I add also this (farther) concession, that natural gifts without learn- 
 ing oftener avail to secure distinction and merit, than learning 
 without natural talent. Still I also maintain this (truth with equal 
 assurance) that when to rare and distinguished natural gifts there is 
 added the orderly knowledge and moulding influence of (true) learn- 
 ing, there then is apt to take place an indescribable result of illus- 
 trious and extraordinary merit." 2. Hanc animi adversionem, &c. 
 " You should regard this occupation of the mind as tending in the 
 highest degree to refinement and liberality." 3. Nam ceterae neque 
 temporum, &c. "For other pursuits (are restricted and) do not be- 
 long to all times, ages and places ; but these studies stimulate youth, 
 delight old age, adorn prosperity, afford a refuge and solace in ad- 
 versity ; they entertain at home, are no obstacle abroad, are with 
 us in the night hours, travel with us, retreat with us into our coun- 
 try-retirement." 4. Neque sensu nostro gustare possemus. "And 
 cannot appreciate them by any perception of our own." 
 
 VIII. 
 
 1. Qui, quum esset senex, &c. "Who, although he died an old 
 man, nevertheless on account of his extraordinary skill and grace 
 (as an actor) seemed as if he ought not to have died at all. He 
 then barely by the movement of his body conciliated so much affec- 
 tion from us all ; shall we undervalue the incredible movements of 
 (distinguished) minds, the (mental) activity of extraordinary ge- 
 niuses? How often have I seen this Archias, judges, (for I will 
 avail myself of your kind indulgence, since you so strictly attend to 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCIIIA. NOTK8. -T 
 
 me in this new description of pleading) how often have I seen liim, 
 when he had not written a single letter, make Ottmnpon (and on the 
 spur of tlic moment) agreat number of very excellent verses relating 
 to those very matters that were then transpiring in public fflaim ! 
 Bow often on being recalled (or asked to repeat) reproduce the 
 same thing with an entire change of words and ideas ! but with re- 
 gard to what he wrote carefully and with (proper) thought, those 
 things I have seen so much applauded as to attain to the distinction 
 of the old writers." 2. C<i< mrum nn/m stttdiu, &c. "The success- 
 ful pursuit (ttudia in the plural has this import) of other things 
 depends upon learning and rules and art, the poet (on the other 
 hand) is powerful by (the force of) nature itself, is roused by the 
 energies of his own mind and, as it were, inspired by a kind of di- 
 vine afflatus." 'A. Scmetot ajrpeUat poetas. " Calls poets sacred or 
 divine personages." 4. Saxa et solitudines, &c. " Rocks and soli- 
 tudes respond to the (human) voice ; wild beasts often turn and 
 stop at (the melody of) song ; shall we who have been instructed 
 in the most excellent things (who been educated by the best intel- 
 lectual training) not be moved with the utterance of poets ? The 
 inhabitants of Colophon declare Homer to be a citizen of theirs, 
 those of Chios clai-n him as theirs, the people of Salamis make the 
 same claim, those of Smyrna are sure that he is theirs, therefore 
 also they have dedicated a temple to him in their town ; very many 
 others besides strive and contend among themselves (for the same 
 honor)." ' 
 
 IX. 
 
 1. Ergo iM alienum, <fcc. " They then seek (to honor) a stranger 
 even after his death, because he was a poet ; shall we reject (the 
 claims of) this man, though a living man, who is ours both by his 
 own wish and by the laws (of the land)." 2. Nam et CimbHcas res, 
 iVe. " For when a young man he undertook to treat in verse our 
 Cimbrian affairs, and was agreeable to that very Caius Marius who 
 seemed too severe a man for these pursuits (of literature)." 3. 
 Themistodem Ulum, &c. " They say that Themistocles, that very 
 celebrated man at Athens, when the inquiry was made of him, what 
 agreeable sound or whose voice he most willingly listened to, said, 
 ' his by whom his own merit was best proclaimed.' " 4. Mithri- 
 daticum vero bellum, &c. ' ' But the Mithridatic war, a great and. 
 difficult contest, and conducted with much diversity of fortune and 
 events by land and sea, was described throughout by this man ; and' 
 these books," &c. 5. Et regiis quondam opibus .... vattatum. 
 ' ' Though successfully defended formerly by the resources of the 
 King and by the very nature of the surrounding country. " 6. Non 
 maxima manu. " With no very great force." 7. Nostra semper 
 feretur, &c. u Ours will always be named, and proclaimed as (our- 
 praise and distinction), when L. Lucullus fought (as commander), 
 the sunken fleet of the enemy, together with their slain leaders, and 
 that incredible naval battle at Tenedos ; ours are the trophies, ours 
 the monuments, ours the triumphs ; (let it not be forgotten, how- 
 
258 OEATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. NOTES. 
 
 ever,) by whosesoever genius these things are extolled, by these the 
 fame of Roman people is rendered illustrious." 
 
 1. In hoc autem legibus constitutum, &c. "Determined by the 
 laws, however, (to be a citizen) in this State. " 2. Nam si quis mi- 
 nor em, &c. '* For if any one supposes that a less harvest of glory 
 is enjoyed from Greek verses than from Latin, he greatly errs, be- 
 cause that Greek productions are read in almost all nations, Latin 
 are confined within their own boundaries, which truly are compara- 
 tively small." 3. Quare sires eae, quas gessimus, &c. "Where- 
 fore if those exploits, which We have performed, are bounded only 
 by the limits of the world, we ought to desire that whithersoever 
 the weapons of our hands have reached, thither (also) our glory and 
 fame should penetrate ; because both for the people themselves, 
 concerning whose affairs the history or poem is written, these are 
 glorious recompenses, and to those also, certainly, who fight for 
 glory at the risk of their life, this is the great incitement to perils 
 and labors." 4. Atqae is tamen quum in Sigeo, &c. " And yet he, 
 when he stood on Sigeum, near the tomb of Achilles, said, O fortu- 
 nate youth to find (Lit. who hast found) a Homer as the herald of 
 thy virtue." 5. Et cere ; nam, nisi' 1 lias ilia, &c. " And with truth," 
 this was said ; " for had. not that Iliad existed, the same tomb that 
 had covered his body would also have buried his name " in oblivion. 
 6. Itaque credo, gi ciris, &c l ' Therefore, I suppose, if Archias had 
 not been a citizen by the laws, he could not have brought it to pass 
 that he should be presented with citizenship by some military 
 commandite." 7. Sulla, quum Hispanos, &c. " Sylla, I suppose, 
 when he was presenting Spaniards and Gauls with citizenship, would 
 have refused this man asking" (similar honors,) [the same Sylla] 
 whom we know, in a public assembly, when a bad poet of the com- 
 mon people had interposed a petition to him, because he had made 
 an epigram on him, and with the alternate verses somewhat longer 
 than the others (its only merit), to have immediately ordered a re- 
 ward to be given to him from those things which he was then 
 selling, but on the condition that he should not write anything 
 afterwards." 8. Qui praesertim usque eo, etc. "Especially as he 
 desired that a history of his affairs should be written, to such a de- 
 gree, that even to poets born at Cordova, speaking a certain dull 
 and barbarous accent, he nevertheless gave a hearing. " 
 
 XI. 
 
 1. Sed prae nobis ferendum. " But to be kept distinctly in 
 view." 2. Trahimur omnes *tudio, &c. " We are all drawn by the 
 love of praise, and each best man (the best of us) is very much 
 influenced by (the desire of) distinction." 3. In eo A ipso, in quo. 
 ' ' In that very production, in which they pour contempt on dis- 
 tinction and celebrity, they wish mention to be made of themselves 
 and their names to be recorded." 4. Quare, in_. t qica urbe impera- 
 tores. &C. ' ' Wherefore, in that city in which commanders almost 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. NOTES. 259 
 
 literally clad in Ulnar, reverenced the name of the poets ami the 
 shrines of the Muses, judges, clothed in the garments of peace, ought 
 not to be averse to the honor of the Muses and the protection of 
 poets." 5. Ndm qWMtto not in coitsi'httit, vtc. "For the affaire 
 which we conducted in our consulship in conjunction with you for 
 the safety of this city and empire and for the life of the citi/cus 
 and for the whole republic, this man attempted to celebrate in vene 
 and made a beginning ; these lines being heard, because the thing 
 seemed to me important and pleasing, I supplied him with materials 
 to complete (the poem)." 6. Qua quidem detracta, judices, &o. 
 " If this be taken away from us, judges, what is there that should 
 induce us, in this so limited and so brief race-course of life, to exert 
 ourselves in so great labors. Certainly if the mind anticipates noth- 
 ing in the future, and if in the narrow limits in which the space of 
 our natural life is circumscribed, it terminates all its thoughts (and 
 consciousness), it would not be inclined to crush itself with such 
 labors or be tortured with so many cares and vigils, nor so often con- 
 tend for very life itself." 7. Nunc insidet guaedam in optima, Arc. 
 1 * Now there is implanted in each truly good man a certain princi- 
 ple of virtue which night and day rouses his mind by the incite- 
 ments of glory, and admonishes us that the memory of our name 
 is not to be dismissed with the (brief) time of our life, but to be 
 equalled in duration with all coming posterity." 
 
 XII. 
 
 1. Au vero tarn parti animi, &c. u Do we all seem to be of so 
 limited capacity of mind (and being), we, who are occupied in (the 
 affairs of) the republic and in these perils and labors of life, that, 
 when even to the extreme limit (of our earthly existence) we shall 
 have drawn not one tranquil and peaceful breath, we are to judge 
 that alt things will die together with us. " 2. An statuas et im- 
 agines, non, &c. " Have many very distinguished men been care- 
 ful to leave behind them statues and images, not the likenesses of 
 their minds, but of their bodies, and ought not we much to prefer to 
 leave behind a representation of our counsels and virtues, delineated 
 and finished by the greatest geniuses ? I, indeed, with regard to 
 all things which I did (in my public administration), even at the 
 time and in the act of doing them, supposed that I was scattering 
 and disseminating myself, as it were, into the (thoughts and) per- 
 petual remembrance of the whole world. Whether this remembrance 
 indeed will be absent from my consciousness after death, or, as 
 very wise men have thought, will cling to some part of my mind, 
 now certainly at least I am delighted with some thought and 
 hope" (of such a perpetual remembrance). 3, Quare conservate 
 judices, &c. " Wherefore, preserve, judges, a man of such mod- 
 esty and virtue, as you see to be accredited both by the dignity and 
 also the long- continued attachment of his friends, of such genius 
 moreover,' as it is fit that should be esteemed, which you see to be 
 sought after by the minds of very distinguished me i, in a cause of 
 such a character as to be established by the favor of the law, the 
 
260 ORATIO VRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. NOTES. 
 
 authority of a municipal town, the testimony of Lucullus, the 
 (unimpeachable) tables of Metellus. 4. Petimus a vobis judices, &c. 
 '* We ask from you, judges, if there ought to be some indulgence 
 and favor not only from men, but also from a divine source, in the 
 case of so great geniuses that this man, who has always extolled 
 you and your commanders and embellished the exploits of the Ro- 
 man people, who also in these recent perils of mine and your domestic 
 dangers, promises that he will give an enduring testimony of praise 
 and he is of that number, too, who have always been held sacred 
 by all and designated as such [him] you would so receive into 
 your confidence, that he may appear rather to have been rescued by 
 your kindness, than to have been injured by your severity. What I 
 have spoken in the cause, according to my custom, with brevity and 
 directness, I trust, judges, has been approved by you all ; what I 
 have said not in accordance with the usage of the forum and a pub- 
 lic trial, relating both to the genius of this man and his avocation 
 in general, (as a poet), towards himself, these things, judges, I 
 hope will be accepted by you in good part ; by him who acts as 
 presiding judge in the cause, I certainly know " (they will be so 
 accepted). 
 
 jp- 
 
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