tV A ? *' THE SEVENTH CENSUS. REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS FOR DECEMBER 1, 1852; TO WHICH IS APPENDED THE PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON: ROBERT ARMSTRONG, PRINTER. 1853. I IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. JANUARY 11, 1853. Resolved, That one hundred thousand copies of the Report of the Superintendent of the Census (which accompanies the last message of the President) be printed separately for the use of the members of this House. JANUARY 12, 1853. Rtsolced, * * * That the Committee en Printing cause to be published by the public printer, and bound with said report, (December 1, 1852,) one hundred thousand cepies of the Abstract of the Census, reported to the House at the last session, (December 1, 1851.) CONTENTS, 1. Population of the United States progress of, considered in com- parison with that of England, France, Prussia, and Belgium. 2. House accommodations, considered with relerence to the United States, and England and Ireland. 3. Law of mortality, with statistical tables illustrative thereof, in the United States, England, and France, and tables comparing the white, free colored, and slaves, with respect to the Expectation of life. 4. The origin of the inhabitants of the several States with respect to each other, and with reference to foreign countries. 5. Deaf mutes number and increase considered. 6. Blind number of, and increase. 7. Insane and idiotic, separately considered as to number and in- crease. 8. Education number of teachers, and taught ; academies, colleges, and schools. 9. Pauperism the number of paupers, (native and foreign,) and cost of maintenance, in this and other countries. 10. Statistics of crime, showing the number of criminal convictions (of natives and foreigners) within the year, and the number in prison on the 1st of June, 1850. 11. Religion number of churches, value, and accommodations in the several States, denominationally considered. 12. Estate, real and personal, of the several States. 13. Agriculture containing a history of the origin, introduction, extent of cultivation, and imports and exports, of the principal agricul- tural productions of the several States. 14. Railroads history of introduction, extent, cost, and capital of the raihoads in the United States; also, dividends and cost of trans- portation, compared with those of Europe as to cost, &c. 15. Telegraphs history of the first introduction; the progress and extent of telegraphs, cost of construction, with rates of charges ; view of European magnetic telegraphs. 16. Estimated cost of work, and necessary appropriations to complete the same. 17. Concluding remarks. REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE CENSUS, CENSUS OFFICE, December 1, 1852. SIR : I have the honor to report that much the largest portion of the topics embraced within the last Census has been prepared for publi- cation, and that the unfinished parts of those subjects contemplated by the act of Congress are in such a state of forwardness, that their prepa- ration will not interfere with the printing. Had our duties, been limited to the preparation of the statistical tables, this work would, ere now, have been completed ; but, in addition to our ordinary labors, this office has performed a large amount of work in answering caUs from members of Congress, State legislatures, various institutions throughout our coun- try, and the representatives of foreign governments. Many of our re- ports, in answer to these calls, have been quite voluminous, and several have been printed by authority of State legislatures. The uncertainty which seemed to exist respecting the printing of the Census increased the number of these demands, and induced us the more readily to ac- cede to such requests, especially as they could be complied with with- out retarding the publication by Congress. In my last annual report was presented a full statement of the pop- ulation of the United States, together with a portion of the returns of agriculture and manufactures. At the close of the last session of Con- gress, a report was made respecting the condition of the finances of this office, and its expenditures from its first organization to that date. The classification of the returns has greatly advanced since the com- mencement of the last session of Congress ; and the condition of the work will enable me to present a statement respecting our agricultural resources and the relative increase of our agricultural productions, and to exhibit some facts respecting the value of real and personal estate, education, pauperism, crime, internal improvements, and other topics having an important relation to the welfare and progress of our country. Having obtained, during my visit to Europe last year, from the dif- ferent government departments, official data respecting the population of other countries, it may be proper to make such information available, to some extent, in this report ; and I therefore append tables of the pop- ulation of several nations, for different periods in the present century, with other statistics of no less interest and importance. It might seem, from an examination of that portion of our statements relating to internal improvements alone, that the attention of our people was directed solely to the means of intercommunication for thought or ideas and the interchange of matter, and that the entire population were concentrating their energies, as it were, in a spasmodic effort to extend railways and telegraphs over the country. A, more general and particular observation, however, will prove that, while these interests have only advanced with the necessities of our people, the subjects of education, morals, and religion have not only not been neglected, but have received their due share of private attention and public consideration. 6 While a net-work of internal improvements spreads over our country, there appears to be no inhabited space without its schools and churches, for promoting the education and morals of our people. Institutions are everywhere rising to protect comfortably those visited with the infirm- ities of life, for the restoration of lost or impaired reason, and for the instruction of those whose education was formerly held to be impossible and hopeless ; and it is gratifying to realize that the increase of wealth and refinement has not served to blunt the moral sensibilities of our people, and that prosperity has not tended to obstruct, but to enlarge, the avenues to charity and liberality. At the commencement of the last session of Congress, I had the honor to report the number of inhabitants of the United States according to the Census of 1850, and to present a table showing the rate of increase for sixty years, from which it was seen that we had multiplied at the rate of about 3 per cent, per annum for the whole period. It may not be out of place here to avail ourselves of one of the uses of statistics to exhibit the comparative progress of the population of the mother coun- try for a portion of the period, that, with a full knowledge of her con- dition, we may study the causes of her distress, and while thankful for our prosperity, may avoid those evils under which she has so much sufFered. By the Census of 1851 it appears that the population of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and the islands, including persons in the army, navy, and the merchant service, amounted to 27,619,866; of whom 13,537,052 were males, and 14,082,814 females. This population is distributed as follows, viz : trl Houses. Males. Females. Total. England and Wales .... 3 280 961 8 762 588 9 160 180 17 922 768 Scotland . ................ 366 650 1 363 622 1 507 162 2 870 784 Ireland .................. .... .... 1 047 735 3 176 727 3 339 067 6 515 794 Islands in the British seas 21 826 66 511 76*485 142 916 Part of the army and navy out of the kingdom. ................... 167 604 167 604 >- . , 4, 717, 172 13, 537, 052 14, 082, 814 27, 619, 866 There exists no official record of the population of England previous to the commencement of the present century. The first enumeration of the population of Ireland was made in 1813; but so imperfectly was the work accomplished, that English statists place no reliance on the correctness of the returns, and make no use of them as the basis t of cal- culation ; so that the only tables upon which we can found statements with reference to the progress of Ireland from time to time, must be made with reference to the termination of each ten years, ending in 1831, 1841, and 1851. The first Census of Great Britain was taken in 1801, at which date the population amounted to 10,567,893. By the census of 1841 the population of Great Britain and the Islands of Jer- sey, Guernsey, and Man, amounted to 18,658,372. During each ten years, from 1S01 to 1851, the actual increase was as follows, viz: 1,479,562, 2,132,896, 2,184,542, 2,260,749, 2,227,438, being at the rate of 14, 18, 15, 14, and 12 per cent, respectively. The actual in- crease of the population in fifty years has been 10,317,917; the rate per cent, in fifty years 98, the annual rate per cent, being 1.96. With respect to Ireland and the returns of 1821, the number of in- habitants at that period was 6,801,827. In 1831, 7,767,401 increase, 965,574 ; rate per cent., 14.19. In 1841, 8,175,124 increase, 407,723 ; rate per cent., 5.25. In 1851, 6,515,794 decrease, 1,659,330; rate per cent., 20. By this statement we perceive that the population of Ireland in- creased from 1821 to 1841 at the average rate of about 1 per cent, per annum, while a decrease of 1,659,330 from 1841 to 1851 indicates a most appalling diminution of population, amounting to 2 per cent, per annum, or 20 per cent, for the entire ten years a reduction arnounting to the total emigration from the whole United Kingdom from 1839 to 1850. The contemplation of such a state of affairs is the more melancholy when we consider that the great diminution of population, in place of being equalized through the period of ten years, must have occurred mainly within one or two years ; a reduction of population sinking the number of people to a lower point than it was in 1821, when the first census of Ireland was taken ; and it would appear in still stronger light if we were to calculate the natural progress the population would have made up to 1846, the year of famine, and estimate what should be the present population if no unnatural cause had operated to re- duce it. The decrease extended to no less than 31 counties and cities, and varied from 9 to 31 per cent., while the only increase which occurred was confined to 9 towns and cities, to which many probably fled to find relief. The greatest decrease occurred in the county of Cork, the population of which was reduced 222,246, viz : from 773,398 inhabit- ants in 1841, to 551,152 in 1851 equivalent to a reduction of 28 per cent. The decrease in the several provinces was as follows, viz : Lein- ster, 305,960; Munster, 564,344 ; Ulster, 382,084; Connaught, 406,942. These startling and appalling facts proclaim the reality of the suffer- ings experienced from the famine in Ireland ; yet it is some consolation to feel that our distance did not preclude those efforts in her behalf, by our own citizens and government, without which the desolation would have been even more strongly marked. During ten years the population of the entire kingdom of Great Brit- ain and Ireland increased from 26,833,496 to 27,452,262, or at the rate of a little more than half a million in ten years. In the last fifty years England and Wales increased 102 per cent., (males 105, females 97.5,) and Scotland, 78 per cent., (males 84, females 73.) The population of the United States during the past fifty years has increased at the rate of 337 per cent., and in ten years intervening between the last two Cen- suses, it increased from 17 and a fraction millions to over 23 millions, or 36 per cent. During the same period, (leaving Ireland out of view,) the population of Great Britain increased at the rate of 12 per cent, during ten years, or 1.2 per cent, per annum. 8 Houses. By the last Census it appears that in the United States the number of houses occupied by free persons amounted to 3,363,427. It would seem from the British reports that the population of that country is supplied with houses almost in the precise proportion as in our own country. The proportion being so very nearly alike in the two countries, it would be perhaps satisfactory to institute some inquiry concerning the character of what are termed "houses" by the British census, that we may be enabled to judge of the propriety of estimating the degree of comfort enjoyed by the people from their house accommodations. While our country cannot boast the princely residences of European countries, the occupancy of which is limited to comparatively few per- sons, we think there is a general sufficiency and comfort in the house accommodations of the American people, and that, in the most remote regions of our country, where their accommodations are most limited, they exhibit a very satisfactory degree of comfort and cleanliness. The fact is notorious, that where wretchedness is at all general, there will be found a population which formed habits and imbibed tastes in a foreign land. In comparing the population of Great Britain and Ireland with the inhabited houses, it appears that the whole number of houses in Great Britain amounts to 3,669,437, being nearly one house to each six persons; and that in Ireland the numberof inhabited houses amounts to 1,047,735, being in the proportion of 2 houses to each 13 persons. The fact is some- what extraordinary, that almost precisely in proportion to the diminu- tion of the Irish population since 1841, has been the reduction in the number of houses. By this is not meant the "inhabited houses," but the whole number, including inhabited and uninhabited, built and build- ing, the number of which in 1841 was 1,384,360, to 1,115,007 in 1851, being a reduction of 269,353. The fact is unquestioned that in a very great number of instances in Ireland, the term "house" should be un- derstood merely as applying to something containing human beings, and not as indicating such a structure as the term usually signifies. BELGIUM. Population and Houses. The population of Belgium on the 31st December, 1845, amounted to 4,298,560; on the 15th October, 1846, to 4,337,196. In the cities of Belgium the houses inhabited amount to 170,455, and those uninhabited to 9,302. In the rural communes the inhabited houses number 629,393; the uninhabited, 20,411. Total number of inhabited houses, 799,848 ; uninhabited, 29,713. Of these houses, 78.2 per cent, had but one (basement) story; 18.32 per cent, were of two stories, including the basement, and 3.48 per cent, were of three or more stories, including the basement. Of the entire number of houses 160,500 were insured against fire, for the average amount of 6,811 francs. One-fourth of the Belgian population is found enclosed in cities, and the other three-fourths spread over the rural communes. Of the num- ber of dwelling-houses in cities, 72,407 had but one room for a family ; 65,461 had two rooms, and 100,402 had three or more rooms, for a family. In the rural communes 82,047 houses had but one room for a family ; 217,324 had two rooms, and 352,925 had three or more rooms, for a family. PRUSSIA. For the first time the Prussian government has made pro- vision for the publication of their statistics in an extended form. Their census was taken at the close of the year 1849, of which a portion of the results have been published in one large quarto volume, to be followed by two others, under the direction of Dieterici, Director of the Statistical Bureau. The subjects embraced and the divisions included, are public buildings enumerated as churches and houses for prayer, school-houses, orphan and poor asylums, buildings for the administration of public af- fairs, justice, customs, &c., buildings for ecclesiastical and communal magistracies, military and hospital buildings, private dwelling-houses, factories, mills, &c., stables and barns. Population: male and female, at the ages of 5, 7, 14, 16, 19, 24, 32, 39, 45, and 60, and those over 60. They are enumerated also according to religion, as far as respects Evangelical Christians, Roman Catholics, Greek Christians, Mennonites, and Jews. The deaf and dumb are returned as to age and sex enumerating them at the ages of 5, 15, 30, and over, respect- ively; and the blind are returned by age and sex, at the ages of 15, 30, and over 30, respectively. They enumerate their horses, asses, mules, cattle, hogs, sheep and goats, dividing the sheep into three classes. By their census, (1849,) the population of Prussia amounts to Males 8,162,805 Females 8,168,382 Total 16,331,187 Number of families 3,180,707 Number of dwelling-houses 1,945,174 Number of churches, 16,897 ; school-houses, 23,384 ; asylums for orphans and destitute persons, 5,710; civil, ecclesiastical, military, and hospital buildings, 35,353. The Evangelical Christians number 10,020,161 Roman Catholics 6,076,252 Deaf and dumb 11,973 Blind 9,57 10 Population of France. Se X. Tears, Men. Women. Total. Increase of population. For all the period. Yearly. 1801 13 311 889 14,037,114 27, 349, 003 1806. . 1821. . 1831. . 1836. . 1841. . 1846. . 1851 14, 312, 850 14, 796, 775 15, 930, 095 16, 460, 701 16, 908, 674 17, 542, 083 14, 794, 575 15, 665, 100 16, 639, 128 17, 080, 209 17, 321, 504 17, 858, 403 29, 107, 425 30, 461, 875 32, 569, 223 33, 548, 910 34, 230, 178 35, 400, 486 35,781,628 1,758,422 1, 354, 450 2, 107, 348 971, 687 689, 268 1, 170, 308 381, 142 6.43 4.65 6.92 3.00 2.05 3.42 1.06 1.28 0.31 0.69 0.60 0.41 0.68 0.21 From the foregoing statement it will be seen that France, with a pop- ulation of more than thirty-five millions, has increased in the number of her people but little more than the two States of New York and Pennsylvania, with not more than one-sixth her population, in the same period. Mortality. In a former report, the aggregate number of deaths in each State of the Union, during the twelve months prior to June 1 st, 1850, was given, together with the ratio of deaths to the number living; and some considerations were adduced, showing the most feasible mode of arriving at the law of mortality. The work of condensing this order of statistics has been continued with such discrimination as the nature and value of the returns seemed to require. A great diver- sity of opinions, it is well known, exists, with respect to the salubrity of the northern and the southern, the maritime and the inland localities of our country, and on no point, perhaps, could reliable information be more reasonably desired. It is not here proposed to discuss the nu- merous inquiries which this important branch of statistics suggests how far it shall confirm existing opinions, or awaken an interest, and prepare the way for more full researches. The returns, being the first of their kind in the national Census, may seem to require some mode of veri- fication, and in this view the following investigations have been pre- pared. The great mass of the white population of this country is of Teutonic origin, with a considerable admixture of Celtic. Located in temperate latitudes, with a climate not greatly differing from that of Europe, the presumption naturally arises that the same laws of life would prevail, and to nearly an equal degree, on both sides of the Atlantic. In the absence of any assignable and special source of change, the universal law of self-preservation and protection might be assumed to produce like results upon both continents. As has been truly observed, " a race of men launched upon the tide of existence, have, by virtue of all the conditions, a determined course to run, which will make its own way, and fulfil its own destiny, in accordance with a system of laws as un- alterable and supreme as those which control the physical universe." Without enumerating the conditions and circumstances of vital develop- 11 ment, the practical conclusion arises, that the values of life for different branches of the Teutonic family of nations, in temperate climates, will not greatly differ ; and if the ratios of annual mortality and the expecta- tions of life in America should substantially agree with the like values in European tables, the general correspondence would afford so many credentials of statistical authority. With respect to the northern Uni- ted States, the returns of Massachusetts have been selected for com- parison with those of the national census of England. In applying the same mode of verification to the middle States, the statistics of Mary- land have been taken, the table described in last year's report being revised, and male and female lives distinguished. The computations have been executed by Mr. L. W. Meech, whose familiarity with the subject and scientific qualifications afford a sufficient guaranty. In contrast with these results are set the expectations of life in France. The proportion of deaths and the expectations of life, at its several pe- riods, may thus be compared, as follows: (I.) Annual deaths per cent., 1850. Ages. MASSACHUSETTS. MARYLAND. ENGLAND, 1841. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. 5 7.105 1.168 0.452 0.572 0.998 1.253 1.513 2.067 3. 482 6.767 15. 000 35.240 6.052 0.983 0.573 0.831 1.170 1.346 1.325 1.654 2.960 5.762 13. 479 27.540 5.466 1.041 0.477 0.605 0.896 0.991 1.884 2.433 3.405 8.977 15.157 31. 132 4.875 0.855 0.606 0.757 0.938 1.146 1.249 1.712 3.285 7.221 12. 280 23. 430 6.838 0.955 0.509 0.718 0.949 1.080 1.410 2.230 4.232 9.150 19. 850 37.390 5.860 0.922 0.545 0.801 0.942 1.121 1.308 1.938 3.761 8.378 - 18. 850 34.570 510 1015 1520 2030 3040 4050 50 60 6070 7080 8090 90100 (II.) Expectation of life. Completed age. MASSACHUSETTS. MARYLAND. ENGLAND. FRANCS. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females. Years. 38.3 48.0- 40.1 34.0 27.9 21.6 15.6 10.2 5.9 2.8 Years. 40.5 47.2 40.2 35.4 29.8 23.5 17.0 11.3 6.4 3.0 Years. 41.8 47.3 39.7 32.9 25.8 20.2 14.4 9.1 6.2 3.9 Years. 44.9 49.5 42.1 35.7 29.5 22.7 16.0 10.5 7.0 4.3 Years. 40.2 47.1 39.9 33.1 26.6 20.0 13.6 8.5 4.9 2.7 Years. 42.2 47.8 40.8 34.3 27.7 21.1 14.4 9.0 5.2 2.8 Years. 38.3 47.0 40.0 34.0 27.0 19.9 13.3 8.1 4.8 3.2 Years. 40.8 47.4 40.1 33.4 26.6 19.6 13.2 8.1 4.8 3.2 10 20 30 40 50 64) TO 80 90 The Expectation of life expresses, in years and decimal parts of a year, the future length of life to be lived, on an average, after attaining a given age. Thus, on arriving at the age of thirty, the average future life-time of males, by the Massachusetts table, is 34 years, while that of females is 35.4 years. The expectations for other ages and columns of the table will readily be understood from mere inspection; though the analytic process of deriving the values, requires much collateral re- search and professional experience. As the year is a natural unit of time, universally familiar, the expectation is, doubtless, the simplest method that could be devised for exhibiting, at a glance, the chan- ging value of life. Viewed as a whole, the general correspondence both of the ratios of mortality and the mean length of life, from indepen- dent sources, sufficiently verifies their accuracy. For general estimates, adopting the current classification of the States, the American Census exhibits the following ratios of mortality, disre- garding the ages at death : :';' ' Annual deaths, per cent. Ratio to the number living. New England States 1.55 1 to 64 Middle States, with Ohio . 1.39 1 to 72 Central slave States 1.38 1 to 73 Coast planting States .... 1.37 1 to 73 Northwestern States . 1.24 1 to 80 United States, total 1.38 1 to 73 It will be seen that the values for the three middle divisions strik- ingly agree with the average for the United States, as a whole, repre- senting 1 death to 73 living, and this is substantially the ratio stated by Noah Webster for interior towns in 1805. " The annual deaths," he observes, " amount only to one in seventy or seventy-five of the popu- lation." The inquiry might arise, in examining the preceding abstract, why the rate of deaths in the northwestern States should be so much lower than in the middle States, and especially New England. In reply ,, the mere ratios of mortality are not conclusive upon the question of rel- ative longevity, without taking into account the proportions of young and aged, and the increase of population.* Without attempting a full explanation, one source of the difference referred to undoubtedly lies in the youthful character of the population of the new States, and the comparative absence of aged persons, who remain in the older States of the Union. The influence of this immigration will be understood by table (I,) where, from the age of five to thirty, the deaths are only from one- half to one per cent. ; while above the age of fifty-five, the rate of deaths * Corrections have been made for these circumstances in determining the Expectations of life, tables II and in. 13 increases from two to thirty-five per cent. Wisconsin, and other north- western States, being newly settled by persons chiefly in the prime of life, in the comparative absence of older persons the per-centage of deaths should be less, as it is indeed given by the Census. This distinction will tend, in a considerable degree, to reconcile apparent differences in the returns. From the year 1840 to 1850, the population of the United States was augmented from seventeen millions to twenty-three millions, the in- crease being six millions in ten years. At the rate of annual mortality above stated, the total deaths during the same period were from two and a half to three millions, being nearly equal to half the residual in- crease by births and immigration. Thus, and in various other ways, which space here precludes our specifying, statistics of the persistence of life, pointing ultimately to the removal of special causes of mortality, are essentially related to national happiness and advancement. With respect to the longevity and vital characteristics of slaves and the free colored, the following epitome of life tables is given for three localities, selected from the northern, middle, and southern States. The values for New England are deduced from the general Census, embracing 23,020 colored residents ; that of Maryland is founded upon the total returns of 90,368 slaves; and that of Louisiana upon the ag- gregate of 244,786 slaves, and 17,537 free colored, taken collectively. The relative preponderance of female African life is remarkable, while the prevalent opinion of the greater mortality of male slaves in Louis- iana is statistically confirmed. The table possesses a higher interest, not only from the definite and comprehensive information contained, but from its being the first of the kind for the colored classes in the United States. (III.) Expectation of life for colored persons. Completed age. NKW ENGLAND. MARYLAND. LOUISIANA. Colored, male. Colored, female. Slaves, male. Slaves, female. Colored, male. Colored, female. Years. 39.75 42.92 35.87 29.77 22.83 18.27 13.89 9.42 6.44 3.69 Years. 42. 20 45.75 39.92 34.96 28.75 22.11 17.31 13.06 7.87 4.61 Years. 38.47 45.30 39.28 34.41 27.50 21.16 14.32 8.76 5.40 3.80 Years. 39.47 45.00 39.62 34.62 29.00 23.17 16.71 10.57 6.80 4.00 Years. 28.89 35.92 30.48 26.87 23.25 19.13 14.75 11.33 5.38 3.43 Years. 34.09 40.69 35.36 30.86 25.85 21.07 15.27 10.93 6.16 3.34 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Nativity of the Population. One of the most interesting results of the Census is the classification of inhabitants according to the countries of their birth, presented in an authentic shape in No. 5 of the accompany- ing tables. We are thus enabled to discover, for the first time, of what 14 our nation is composed. The investigations under this head have re- sulted in showing that, of the free inhabitants of the United States, 17,737,505 are natives of its soil, and that 2,210,828 were born in foreign countries; while the nativity of 39,014 could not be determined. It is shown that 1,965,518 of the whole number of foreign-born inhabi- tants were residents of the free States, and 245,310 of the slave States. It is seen that the persons of foreign birth form 11.06 per cent, of the whole free population. The countries whence have been derived the largest portions of these additions to our population appear in the fol- lowing statement: Natives of Ireland in the United States in 1850 961,719 Germany do. do 573,225 England do. do 278,675 British America do. do 147,700 Scotland do. do 70,550 France do. do 54,069 Wales do. do 29,868 All other countries do. do 95,022 2,210,828 The proportion in which the several countries above named have contributed to the aggregate immigrant population, is shown in the sub- joined statement: Ireland 43.04 per cent. Germany 25.09 " England. 12.06 " British America . - 6.68 " Scotland 3.17 France 2.44 " Wales 1.34 " Miscellaneous 4.47 " This view of the living immigrant population is important, as serv- ing to correct many extravagant notions concerning it which have attained extensive currency. With a view to, trace the relation between the statistics of nativity and those of immigration, I have procured a series of calculations, to ascertain how many of the immigrants into the United States since 1790 would be living in 1850, according to the laws of survivorship, given by the English life table. An inspection of the returns at the State Department, of the custom-house of New York, and other ports of entry, shows that comparatively few immigrants are above forty- five years of age; that females under that age constitute only two- fifths of the whole number; and that the total proportion of immigrants "under fifteen" is 21.8 percent.; from "fifteen to thirty," 50.6 per cent.; and from "thirty to forty-five," including the small number at older ages, 27.6 per cent. Also, adopting the statistics of immigration contained in the former report, down to 1830, and correcting subse- quent returns for the balance of re-emigration from Canada, according to a comparison of the late Canada returns with those of the United 15 States, the formula of "life tables" gives 2,460,000 as the number of survivors in 1850. In this calculation, which extends over the space of sixty years, the English life table has been employed; but, owing to peculiar causes, the mortality of immigrants is greater than the average which prevails in the land to which they migrate, as well as in the land of their birth ; of which the migration of our own citizens to California has afforded an example. Besides this, a large share of the immigrants have been Irish, among whom the expectation of life is low in their own land, being, at the age of twenty-five, only 32 years, by the seventeen life offices tables for Irish life; where, in the English table, (see Mortality,) the expectation at that age is 37 years. It is furthermore well known, that within the period of cholera visitations the foreign population experienced the dreadful effects of its ravages to a most frightful extent a fact illustrating their greater susceptibility to disease. In consideration of these and similar facts, deducting ten per cent, from the results of calculation which all persons of experienced judgment will admit as an allowance favorable to the foreign popula- tion the remainder is 2,214,000 survivors in 1850. The number of foreign-born residents in the United States, according to the Seventh Census, was 2,210,000 in 1850. The near correspondence favors the general accuracy of both branches of statistics, and affords proof, if it were wanting, of no trifling force, of the general correctness of the returns of foreign population in the United States. Another interesting branch of this inquiry is that w r hich concerns the inter-migration of our native citizens among the States. The tables presenting a view of this movement will be most useful and valuable in tracing the progress of different portions of the country. The facts developed will show how far one section has impressed its own char- acteristics and peculiar customs on others. It is found that out of 17,736,792 free inhabitants, 4,112,433 have migrated and settled be- yond the States of their birth. Three hundred and thirty-five thousand natives of Virginia,, equal to 26 per cent, of the whole, have found homes outside of her own borders. South Carolina has sent forth 163,000, which is 36 per cent, of all native citizens of that State living in the United States at the date of the Census, and the very remarkable proportion of 59 per cent, of the number remaining in the State of their nativity. North Carolina has lost 261,575 free inhabit- ants, equal to 31 per cent., by emigration. Among the northern States, Vermont and Connecticut have contributed most largely to the settle- ment of other parts of the country. Their proportion, about 25 per cent, of their native citizens, would exceed, perhaps, that of either of the south- ern States already mentioned, were the number of slaves in the latter admitted as an element of the calculation. The roving tendency of our people is incident to the peculiar condition of their country, and each succeeding Census will prove that it is diminishing. When the fertile plains of the West shall have been filled up, and men of scanty means cannot by a mere -change of location acquire a homestead, the inhabitants of each State will become comparatively stationary, and our countrymen will exhibit that attachment to the homes of their childhood, the want of which is sometimes cited as an unfavorable trait in our national character. 16 >ma>*r. citcWoooOT t~ rt oi I-H co 5 rH as PJ oo o IOOT o t < r-t r- o oi 05 1 ;.-g U5<01 jnjoo -JSIQ (i-l I Tf O C II O ; rH m wo) r- to O) TJI 1^ 00 O> o c i-T i- ui- r oito I-H i-i Si i-i t '' >t^^-<-^eotcc^u2'^utu7QOOs'^ro5,7'-^ i-no ot ^ n 1-1 o oo r~ ^ oo r- o r-< ra ' :oocoo)-HOO .-wtoo-H WO-HI-H 00 00 !N O! i-l i-HO >* 3 :S- : :! : I'S :.s.s & sg >, --33 l^lal < S|pg''8 : ls mf Mi i oi?Mc5 S f^ 17 sauojuwj. < O O f-HCd 5-< l-H t- t BMOJ t-t^ffisspo.ciaoqj*-.-.! 00 Cft CO O JM unossju >C*2C*5Ot IPS tO I/IOOM JNgjtOl 22" -^ B ^^^- 00 !O Tf < (D O5 (?) r- r1O(N siOOjoor^^o^fsrsTrc "tOC)OOCPr^-HO5-* < > ao t~- n 01 n o >ra n t- inojccr o5t^oi^>.';oC5t~(- rfe-soi a>C7o ooj r~S> t- o t-P3 r-IOI U5 t~ (N -H O C* 05 c O js e> > I & ih-rto - W OJ ^w o< to ( onto S i CD i GO^-i t^C-^O^C^^ -^ ~ " TT S< ~ " tO^ *898fi9Un9X " ' " u5 tooowp s>c?p ^^o^^ t ^!C25$r t ^S:ifcS'2E:S ^^^ g? i^ w iddississijtf - ^^ t^ ^ (X ab ?5 oo ^ *o^&c v 3^ | O^'^^*^^*^S^O'^2f ; '5y?QO i ^c i '3 ?^ ^^(?J (COiOOCO O^O W C* C< W CO^O^^H CO i i i i i i i i ;| ' *^*******c s SMMfia2&fi!iRfl M t. ^ i: 3s C -c .!fi ^\ n\ *r* fli a) _e s 'J2 '^ ^-a.e3 v^i-^jV C^OOggrHg^g. jo r- co t~ co ao < vj rH t-ccoogg, OOCSOOOlfiWjH.-J-S; t~rH2Jo i >n o n .OOt-05 fl rt ^ 05 ) -H rH IO >> 1 (?f r-Ti-T r i^TjC'5*OjOG l l r ff*C y 3C3CO0500TfOG$ rH ^ . -- . . f rH OrHdBcOU5 TTrH oo 10 o oo -^ ^ co ^P o> co -^ (?i ^t* o ^ CTI CN r- ^ co CTI 10 r* c< co tw *-* oo ^r 01 Oi3l~-OirHCOC l OrHrHrHCO u J ^*rH O C rH t~r-ir-lS OJO redg ^ co" CT * r-T rH~f^ K < of cT ^T ?D^H^HOi-M?Oi-i^'-H^Haot-TrTrt^t^r^ooaocc'^'oooO5OJ.^ r- cj *r ao *: i?J c> >j nmu lUjnnoa laqjQ -~ b M, inog ~ ~ OOII9J\[ T t-COOO rHOf-Hl-lOO' 1-1 SDUJV i I 1 1~ -^ i-( !O to O Oj W"7 s ^ ?>=. pp 5 '&l :s s s = 3 sort's i ci a s g,-^ s I s| 2 1 1 1| al.s'i s 0^.2 i g| gS2||J 111 .s s 1 20 Deaf and Dumb. No one thing, perhaps, better proves the value of the statistical details connected with our Census, than its efficacy in point- ing out the number of the unfortunates who come within the above de- signation, and who are unable to make known their own wants. Not only does it give us the aggregate in each State, and in our whole country, but its unpublished details so designate and particularize the deaf mutes in the United States, that those who have been led to make their con- dition and improvement a special study, have now, for the first time, the means to arrive at the age, sex, color, condition, and wants of each. It will appear, from the tabular statement annexed, that the number of white mutes in the United States amounts to 9,091, and the colored to 632, of which 489 are slaves. The Census of 1840 returned the num- ber of white deaf and dumb at 6,685, and the colored at 979. The latter amount is clearly erroneous, and was calculated to create an opinion that the deaf mutes were so much more numerous among the colored population of the North than among the whites; in fact, there were, by the Census of 1840, colored mutes returned for counties where no colored persons existed. The proportion of deaf mutes among the colored is less than among the white population ; and among the slaves the proportion is still smaller. Among the white population there appears to be one deaf mute to each 2,151 persons; of the free colored, one to each 3,005 ; and among the slaves, one to each 6,552. The directors of several institutions for the deaf and dumb memori- alized Congress at its last session to provide for the publication of a small volume, to be prepared by this office, in which should be given the name, age, sex, residence, occupation, &c., of each deaf mute in the United States. Such a work would be of great value to such in- stitutions, but of more consequence to the unfortunate class it would be specially designed to benefit. It would lead to the discovery of hun- dreds whose abode is unknown, and render available to those unable to proclaim their wants, the blessings of instruction. In addition to its beneficent effects upon the afflicted, the information thus imparted would furnish many interesting details useful in a practical point of view. The method of deaf mute instruction was introduced from Europe, thirty-five years ago. To study into the improvements effected there within that time, institutions in this country have sent, at different pe- riods, commissioners into different portions of Europe, and the result of their investigations appears to have led to the conclusion "that in the matter of intellectual instruction we have very little to learn from European schools, while in the very important point of religious in- struction they are painfully inferior." 21 Deaf and Dumb. States and Territories. White. Free colored. Slaves. Aggregate. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 140 87 75 204 34 211 682 111 521 28 103 7 325 198 74 116 8 96 52 58 33 46 195 253 503 62 301 283 128 27 42 5 89 76 68 156 27 174 615 81 465 26 92 9 256 153 55 95 4 61 29 31 16 37 140 232 436 59 213 190 116 24 23 1 1 230 163 144 364 64 389 1,307 2(fe 1,004 58 254 19 711 407 145 252 22 211 108 128 58 89 377 539 947 122 518 475 259 51 65 6 1 3 1 2 5 4 4 1 17 2 8 3 1 1 2 2 5 7 14 1 19 Delaware 2 8 Maryland ..---. ...--. 15 1 67 29 11 20 6 28 13 22 6 4 16 28 District of Columbia. . . Virginia. .... . .... 10 1 45 23 4 21 4 25 13 12 3 2 24 22 North Carolina . - .... South Carolina . Georgia - .... Florida 1 Mississippi ...... ... 1 2 Louisiana ...... ...... 3 Texas Tennessee 2 3 2 1 Kentucky .......... 1 6 Ohio Michigan ..... ....... 4 Illinois .. ...... 2 10 5 Iowa - . .... California Minnesota Territory. Oregon Territory Utah Territory New Mexico Territory . . Acereeate 19 9 28 5,027 4,058 78 65 276 213 9,717 Blind. By the table annexed, it will be seen that the number of per- sons in the United States who are destitute of sight is 9,702, of whom 7,997 are white, and 1,705 colored, of which latter 1,211 are slaves. By the Census of 1840, the number of white blind persons in the United States was returned at 5,030 ; the colored ditto, 1,892. The same error re- specting the colored blind existed with the last Census as has been shown to exist respecting the deaf, and dumb. We present a table giving the numbers and proportions of the deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and idiotic, among the white, free colored, and slaves, respectively. From this table it will be seen that muteness and insanity are more prevalent among the whites, and blindness and idiocy among the colored. Among the white population there appears to be one blind person for each 22 2,445 persons; among the free colored, one to each 870; and among the slaves,*one to each 2,645. An analysis with respect to native and foreign population, made from the returns, by Harvey P. Peet, LL. D., presents the fact that the blind and insane are much more numerous among our foreign pop- ulation, which he attributes to "home-sickness, change of climate, and the various hardships of an emigrant's lot," which have a strong influ- ence in inducing insanity, and perhaps blindness. Blind. States and Territories. White. Colored. Slaves. Aggregate. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Maine . 115 69 89 270 39 110 738 114 443 10 96 7 261 182 91 128 10 82 75 36 36 45 199 249 370 72 189 156 104 28 34 86 65 49 220 22 67 483 72 355 17 97 7 275 205 61 96 2 82 55 31 23 30 186 172 283 50 151 97 76 19 16 201 136 138 497 64 192 1,272 213 829 46 307 23 996 532 222 309 26 308 217 218 76 81 468 530 665 122 349 57 211 47 50 New Hampshire ...... 1 1 Vermont ...... .. Massachusetts .. 4 1 12 29 10 20 7 30 5 ? 56 13 6 1 3 2 3 22 17 11 12 41 3 65 15 8 4 2 2 1 10 1 1 6 11 5 Rhode Island Connecticut New York .... ...... New Jersey . .. .... Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland 22 21 1 202 60 25 42 4 68 51 66 2 2 44 44 District of Columbia. .. Virginia .... 137 57 31 38 8 73 35 60 12 3 29 46 North Carolina .. . South Carolina . Georgia Florida Alabama 1 Mississippi Louisiana .. 15 2 Texas Arkansas Tennessee . 4 8 7 Kentucky ...... ...... Ohio Michigan Indiana 4 1 2 5 3 1 Illinois Missouri . 11 17 Iowa . .... Wisconsin California Minnesota Territory Oregon Territory -- Utah Territory 2 70 2 98 New Mexico Territory. Aggregate .... . 28 4,519 3,478 239 255 562 649 9,702 23 Insane and Idiotic. The number of insane persons in the United States is given at 15,768 ; of whom 15,156 are whites, 321 free colored, and 291 slaves. The number of idiots returned is 15,706, distributed as follows: whites, 14,230; free colored, 436; slaves, 1,040; total in- sane and idiotic, 31,474 ; total whites, 29,386 ; total blacks, 2,088. By the Census of 1 840 these two classes of persons were returned together' a thing not generally understood and presented the following numbers; white insane and idiotic, 14,508; colored insane and idiotic, 2,926; total, 17,434. These figures make it appear that with the white pop- ulation in the United States there exists one insane person for each 1,290 individuals; among the free colored, one to each 1,338; and among the slaves, one to each 11,010. With respect to idiocy, the white population presents one to each 1,374 persons; the free colored, one to each 985 ; and among the slaves, one to each 3,080. Want of time will not permit a sufficiently detailed examination to arrive at the causes which present these unfortunate beings in such greater number than they appeared in 1840. From the manner of taking the Census of 1850, they could not be rated higher than'their actual numbers; and it follows, therefore, that the returns of 1840 must have been deficient, or that an error occurred in placing the figures in the tables. A more particular examination of both sets of returns will be made previous to the printing of the Seventh Census, in which it is hoped the discrep- ancy will be satisfactorily explained. Throughout our country in- creased attention is being paid to the amelioration of the condition of this class of our population a feeling kept in active operation, and made to yield continually practical fruits, mainly through the instru- mentality and devoted zeal of one American lady, whose reputation is limited* and whose influence is not confined to her native country. 24 Insane. States and Territories. Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Aggregate Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 279 188 276 781 121 218 1,198 197 924 29 226 10 505 220 108 157 4 106 71 83 24 38 258 271 695 71 300 137 140 19 27 2 254 197 276 848 127 231 1,346 178 9ia 28 251 3 417 242 84 124 2 102 56 67 15 22 195 217 640 64 269 109 131 21 21 3 536 385 552 1,647 252 462 2580 386 1,891 70 553 22 1,026 491 204 306' 8 245 149 208 41 63 478 507 1,352 136 579 249 283 40 43 9 Massachusetts 10 3 9 18 3 16 6 23 4 19 4 1 1 8 1 4 18 8 33 7 29 4 27 1 2 1 Connecticut New York New Jersey ...... Pennsylvania Delaware . . . Maryland ...... ...... 9 I 22 9 3 7 1 18 12 14 1 a 8 8 15 District of Columbia. . . Virginia ...... .. 36 15 6 16 1 17 10 29 North Carolina .... South Carolina Georgia . ...... Florida Alabama ....... 1 1 Mississippi ..... Louisiana ...... ...... 6 9 1 Texas Arkansas 1 13 8 Tennessee. . .... ... 1 1 11 1 2 3 I 6 Kentucky . .. . Ohio - - Michigan . Indiana .... .... ...... 8 3 1 Illinois Missouri ..... .... .... 1 2 7 Iowa .. ...... Wisconsin. ..... ...... California Oregon Territory. ..... 4 2 8 4 3 11 Utah Territory 1 3 New Mexico Territory . . Aggregate... 7,697 7,459 144 177 117 174 15,768 25 Idiotic. States and Territories. Whites. ' Free colored. Slaves. Aggregate. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 330 208 171 465 65 182 1,032 242 799 38 147 3 560 338 139 264 23 219 88 67 58 51 439 428 769 113 520 213 186 45 45 2 225 140 109 320 39 114 689 168 587 40 121 4 385 266 103 212 6 144 53 37 39 40 350 321 611 74 386 155 118 48 31 1 1 3 4 1 4 1 3 8 9 34 7 32 3 64 12 1 558 352 281 791 107 300 1,739 426 1,448 101 393 11 1,285 774 295 577 37 505 210 173 108 102 854 849 1,399 190 919 93 77 3 1 4 3 33 New Hampshire ... . Vermont ...... Massachusetts .... .... 2 2 1 10 7' 28 12 21 1 56 20 2 3 Rhode Island . Connecticut ...... .... New York . New Jersey ...... .... Pennsylvania .. . Delaware ...... ...... 3 41 1 31 Maryland District of Columbia . . . Virginia 125 74 26 59 4 80 36 28 7 7 36 48 95 64 24 39 3 62 28 28 3 2 25 32 North Carolina ........ South Carolina Georgia ...... .... Florida 1 Alabama ...... ...... Mississippi 1 5 1 2 2 13 10 3 7 2 4 8 Louisiana ......... Texas Arkansas Tennessee 2 7 9 Kentucky ......... Ohio Michigan Indiana ... .. . .. 6 1 Illinois Missouri ...... ...... 11 18 Iowa ...... .... TVlsconsin . 1 California Minnesota Territory... Oregon Territory 4 1 22 Utah Territory I New Mexico Territory . . Total 8,276 5,954 234 202 585 455 15,706 I I Aggregate. 27 Education. It was intended to accompany this report with a tabular statement, presenting the statistics of education in the United States. We are compelled to defer such table to a future period for want of time to complete it. It may be satisfactory to state that near 4,000,000 of our youth were receiving instruction in the various educational in- stitutions of the country on the 1st of June, 1850, or at the rate of one in every five free persons. The teachers number more than 115,000, and the colleges and schools near 100,000. I will endeavor to furnish in a few weeks a detailed statement of the condition of the American people as respects education, to which time it will be proper to defer extended remarks. Pauperism. No State in the Union is without its legal provisions for the protection and support of the indigent population. In many they receive a care and attention which places them in an enviable condi- tion, compared with some of the laboring classes of other countries. By the table annexed to this report, it will be perceived that the whole number of persons who have received the benefit of the public funds of the different States for the benefit of indigent persons, amounts to 134,972. Of this number there were 68,538 of foreign birth, and 66,434 Americans ; while of the whole number receiving support on the first day of June there were 36,916 natives, and 13,437 foreigners, making a total of 50,353 persons. Of those termed Americans; many are free persons of color. The entire cost of the support of these indi- viduals during the year has amounted to $2,954,806. This aggregate may seem startling to persons who have paid but little attention to pauper statistics in our own and other countries, and it may be useful, and perhaps not amiss, to compare these facts with results as they are officially developed abroad. In 1818, about $39,000,000, and during the years 1832, '33, and '34, more than $100,000,000, was expended for the relief and maintenance of the poor of England and Wales, exclusive of the immense expendi- ture of the Poor Law administration in the unions and parishes. In 1842 and '43, the amount of $50,000,000, and during each of the years 1847, '48, and '49, there was expended $28,500,000 in England and Wales. The entire number of paupers relieved by the public funds in England and Wales for nine years, from 1840 to 1848, inclusive, amounted to 13,193,425, equal to 1,649,178 persons per annum; in 1848, the number relieved was 1,876,541, by which it appears that one person in eveiy eight was a pauper. The average number of those annually relieved, who are represented to have been " adult and able- bodied paupers," amounted to more than 477,000; and it is on British authority asserted that in 1848 more than 2,000,000 in England and Wales were kept from starvation by relief from public and private sources. The total public expenditure for the poor in England and Ireland, in 1848, amounted to $42,750,000. Within the past seventeen years, the Poor Law fund expended in England and Wales amounted to $426,600,000. This enormous expenditure, accompanied, as it is, by immense private contributions, falls far short of relieving the wants of the poor of Great Britain. While her population embraces a large number of persons of princely estates, and other classes composed ol individuals of every variety of income, combining with it ease, com- fort, and elegance, the statistics of the nation prove that the substratum of pauperism, or want, is of a magnitude alarming to the English moralist and thinker, as well as to the statesman, and of an extent and nature harrowing to all. The expenses of the organized benevolent institutions of France amounted, in 1847, to 52,000,000 francs. The number of distressed per- sons relieved amounted to about 450,000 annually. We have no means of arriving approximately at the number of paupers in France, as the insti- tutions above referred to are confined to the cities and large towns, while among the rural communes, which contain several millions of landed proprietors, there are large numbers of persons in receipt of pub- He support. It appears from a report of M. Duchatel, Minister of Com- merce, that 695,932 persons received public alms at their own houses. The Netherlands, in 1847, with a population of 6,167,000, contained 11,400 charitable institutions, which contributed to the support of 1,214,055 persons about one-fifth of the entire population. Pauperism. States. Whole No. of paupers who received support within the year ending June 1, 1850. Whole No. of paupers on June 1, 1850. Annual cost of sup- port. Native. Foreign. Total. Native. Foreign. Total. Maine ............ 4,553 2,853 2,043 6,530 1,115 1,872 19, 275 1,816 5,898 569 2,591 4,933 1,913 1,313 978 64 352 248 133 7 97 994 971 1,904 649 860 386 1,248 100 169 950 747 1,611 9,247 1,445 465 40, 580 576 5,653 128 1,903 185 18 329 58 12 11 12 290 5,503 3,600 3,654 15, 777 2,560 2,337 59, 855 2,392 11, 551 697 4,494 5,118 1,931 1,642 1,036 76 363 260 423 7 105 1,005 1,126 2,513 1,190 1,182 797 2,977 135 666 3,209 1,998 1,565 4,059 492 1,463 5,755 1,339 2,654 240 1,681 4,356 1,567 1,113 825 58 306 245 76 4 67 577 690 1,254 248 446 279 251 27 72 326 186 314 1,490 204 281 7,078 239 1,157 33 320 102 13 189 29 4 9 12 30 3,535 2,184 1,879 5,549 696 1,744 12, 833 1,578 3,811 273 2,001 4,458 1,580 1,293 854 62 315 257 106 4 67 591 777 1,673 429 583 434 505 44 238 $151,664 157, 351 120, 462 392, 715 45, 837 95, 624 817, 336 93, 110 232, 138 17,730 71,668 151,722 60, 085 48,337 27, 820 937 17, 559 18,132 39,806 438 6,888 30, 981 57, 543 95,250 27, 556 57, 560 45,213 53, 243 5,358 14, 743 New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts .... Rhode Island Connecticut . New York New Jersey . Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland ..... Virginia ... North Carolina South Carolina Georgia.. Florida Alabama .. ...... Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas 8 11 155 609 541 322 411 1,729 35 497 14 87 419 181 137 155 254 17 166 Kentucky Ohio Michigan ... . Indiana . . Illinois ......... Missouri ...... Iowa Wisconsin Aggregate 66,434 68,538 134, 972 36, 916 13, 437 50,353 2, 954, 886 Crime. The statistics of crime form a subject of our investigation. From the returns, it appears that the whole number of persons con- victed of crime in the United States, for the year ending the first day of June 1850, was about 7,000 ; of these, 13,000 were native and 14,000 foreign born. The whole number in prison on the first day of June was about 6,700, of whom 4,300 were native and 2,460 foreign. It will be borne in mind that the native prisoners include colored con- victs, the number of whom it is impossible to state, as time has not sufficed to admit of the more particular separation into classes other than native and foreign. Our criminal statistics, when fully understood, will present many subjects for reflection, and open a wide and interest- ing field for the study of the Christian, moralist, and statesman. Churches. The assistant marshals were required to give an account of churches, including halls and chapels, if statedly used as places of public worship, belonging to all religious denominations. By the re- turns made, it appears there are 36,011 churches in the several States, and 210 in the District of Columbia and the Territories. The churches in California and the Territories are not fully returned ; but the reli- gious denominations in those places are not supposed to have possessed numerous or large buildings. The halls and school houses which are used in many of the thinly- settled portions of the country, and in cities, by societies which are unable to build houses of worship for their own use, are not included. By the " aggregate accommodations," in the table, is meant the total number of seats for individuals. Under the "value of church property" is included the valuation of each of the churches and property owned by the different religious denominations. By the annexed tables it will appear that the total value of church- property in the United States is $86,416,639, of which one-half is owned in New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania. In the table we specify the principal, out of more than 100 denominations returned, although between some of these there are but slight shades of differ- ence in sentiment or form of church government. About 30 are re- turned as "African," 30 as "Independent," arid 20 as "Protestant," without distinguishing them more particularly. These, and all the churches not properly classed under the heads given, are included in "minor sects." All the varieties of Baptists, Methodists, and Presby- terians, are included under their general heads, except where distinctly specified. There is one church for every 557 free inhabitants, or for every 646 of the entire population. The average number the churches will accommodate is 384, and the average value $2,400. Churches are more numerous, in proportion to the population, in Indiana, Florida, Delaware, and Ohio; and less numerous in California, Louisiana, and Iowa. Those in Massachusetts are the largest, and have the greatest av- erage value. The following tables present interesting facts respecting the relative value and size of the churches in the several States, and those of dif- 30 ferent denominations. They also show the number ot churches to the total population in each State : States. Number of churches. Eatio of churches to the population. Aggregate accommoda- tions of the churches. Av'age accommodations in each State. Jj 2 a 1 VH o U If &, 3 1 1 .a C as SI cc w t*OQ 1 o | Maine 851 685 304 477 358 $1 712 152 $2 012 New Hampshire ... ...... 602 528 233 892 389 1 401 586 2 327 Vermont ...... ...... 564 556 226 444 401 1 213 126 2 151 Massachusetts ............. 1 430 695 682 908 478 10 205 284 7 137 Rhode Island ....... 221 667 98 736 447 1 252 900 5,669 Connecticut ... 719 515 305 249 425 3, 554, 894 4,944 New York 4 084 758 1 896 229 464 21 132 707 5 174 New Jersey ... .... ...... 807 606 344 933 427 3 540 436 4 387 Pennsylvania 3 509 658 1 566 413 446 11 551 885 3 297 Delaware .............. 180 508 55 741 310 340 345 1 891 Maryland ................ 909 641 390 265 429 3 947 884 4 343 Virginia . ..... 2 336 608 834 691 357 2 849 176 1 220 North Carolina . 1 678 517 558, 204 333 889, 393 530 South Carolina .......... 1 163 574 453 930 391 2 140 346 1,962 Veorgia ... ..........---. 1 723 525 612 892 356 1 269,159 737 Florida ...... 152 507 41, 170 271 165, 400 1,088 Alabama ... ........... 1 235 624 388 605 315 1 132 076 836 Mississippi ...... ...... 910 666 275 979 303 754 542 829 Louisiana . ............. 278 1 862 104, 080 374 1, 782, 470 6,412 Texas 164 1 296 54, 495 332 200, 530 1,223 Arkansas ..... 185 1 133 39, 930 216 89, 315 483 Tennessee . . 1,939 517 606, 695 313 1,208,876 623 Kentucky .. ......... 1 818 540 672, 033 370 2, 260, 098 1,243 Ohio 3,890 509 1, 447, 632 372 5, 765, 149 1,225 Michigan 362 1,098 118,892 328 723, 200 1,998 Indiana 1,947 507 689, 330 354 1,512,485 777 Illinois .......... ...... 1,167 729 479, 078 411 1, 476, 335 1,265 Missouri ................. 773 882 241, 139 312 1, 558, 590 2,016 Iowa 148 1,298 37, 759 255 177, 400 1,199 Wisconsin . 244 1,250 78, 455 322 350, 600 1,437 California 23 7,173 9,600 417 258, 300 1,123 Total 36,011 646 13, 849, 896 384 86, 416, 639 2,400 31 Denominations. No. of churches. Aggregate accommo- dations. Average accommo- dations. Total value of church property. s B If |l 8,791 3, 130, 878 356 $10,931 382 $1 244 Christian .................... 812 296, 050 365 845, 810 1 041 Congregational ..... ...... 1,674 795, 177 475 7, 973, 962 4 763 Dutch Reformed . 324 181, 986 561 4, 096, 730 12, 644 Episcopal ............... 1,422 625,213 440 11,261,970 7,919 Free 361 108, 605 300 252,255 698 Friends . . .......... 714 282, 823 396 1, 709, 867 2 395 'German Reformed.... .... ... 327 156, 932 479 965, 880 2,953 Jewish .... .. 31 16, 575 534 371,600 11,987 'Lutheran ...... ............ 1,203 531, 100 441 2, 867, 886 2,383 Mennonite . .... .... 110 29, 900 272 94,245 856 Methodist .................. 12, 467 4, 209, 333 337 14, 636, 671 1,174 Moravian .... 331 112, 185 338 443, 347 1,339 Presbyterian . .... 4,584 2, 040, 316 445 14, 369, 889 3,135 Roman Catholic 1,112 620, 950 558 8, 973, 838 8,069 Swedenborgian ... ........ 15 5,070 338 108, 100 7,206 Tunker 52 35,075 674 46,025 885 Union .. . ................ 619 213,552 345 690, 065 1,114 Unitarian ....... .... .... 243 137, 367 565 3, 268, 122 13, 449 Universalist ................. 494 205, 462 415 1,767,015 3,576 Minor Sects 325 115, 347 354 741. 980 2,283 Total 36, Oil 13, 849, 896 384 86, 416, 639 2,400 * The German Reformed and Lutheran denominations use the same building in many place*. 32 ** k - Aggregate ac commodation cc <> t^ i> 00 rH CO O (^ (^ o o o 10 O^ .a u o o H 1> OOOOOOOU5O o o O5 <> Ag co O rH Oi T> O O > lO O rH O> O O O O >o >o o iO CO UD CO US CO 00 (M ega od CO C^ W (M IQCO t , W l ^^ . S B t/i Co ^"^ : * ^a v> o 3 : : ..s^ : : i^'o 34 1-3 ^ - OOP, OOOOOOOOO ooooooooio 00 O O O rH O O O OOOOOC5OO 000*00010 co lOiOOOOOO^O CO O >O Sbfl g g OOOO OOrHlO. CM M >> i b !i o o o O CO O GO T^ >O O 1> O} O ^ CO O '0 OO O O SD CM iH i 1 CO > tH CO 1 I 1 1 CO^ O^ CO a> ! I i ' * f , to ' o" . O O iO O 00 S o CO ~ oT o o o r-7 1 O O to O CO O tH iO r4~ rH ' o CO 00 si 00 0* o ^ Tt< J> IO O Oi 00 to iH tH . - _ ctf ^ ^ C fi - ^ ,5 | m f -> Arkansas . . 1 > c * % : s :-c ! Hb 5S % 5 * i ~ l *"^ " ^ C Iowa Wisconsin . I District of Colu Minnesota Terr New Mexico T< 2 ji u r- c f c_ C 1 '! 1 C 2 p ^ ,"* 38 I tS ! ^ .2 I METHODIST. "Si, 8 5 < H * tOOOOOOCOOGOtOiOCOOGOCOOOitOO Oi CS vO GO O tO ^ to to ^ CO O CO O TH SO CO CO C ?O C\> 00 CO O5 UT> U7) GO O GO O O Ci i I t (7} O5 OJ Ul O^ to i f *xf^ O) i^ to CO to t^* tr^ i"i T^ i H CO to CO O CC tOt^CMCOOiOGOGOi-lCMCOWGOr-lOtOf^T^c: OQ rH C^ G5 i i CO GO CO > T~H 00 !> O CO O to CO C i 1 T^ i 1 rH T I C<> Tf to (M O i-~i CO CO (?Q "vf< i i {> GO CC T 1 CO O O CO CO i i CO O CO Z>> OiOir-HOCOOiC> to CQ to "^ Ol CO GO Oi O CTs i I to TH Ol CO GO O O? C IQCO^OJ tOt>OCOCMGOi Ii itOCOi ItOrHCC ^ rH CO rH CO (?< i 1 (?>) rH i 1 I'j rH O5 CO to CO GO to (^ rH rH (T3 rH CM W rH~ (OOCOOiC^t^t^-tOU 1 t> o i>> o oj co co t 1 5 T-I CO CC - CO C MENNONITE. c- Total value of is. church prop- erty. o o GO ', ', ', ', ', &$ o '-13 ys ii II GO co" |f GO LUTHERAN. Total value of church prop- erty. 'CO O - C^ CJ OS ^* GO >O CM O CO to J> 00 CM ' vl . i i i 10 i J> O . . r^ . . GO O5 ! ! ! ! ! t^cN OJ . O GO C3 -^ (M CQ i-l i-l rH J g ! ! ', ^ ' ' o t- . ii 00 to O5 CM O 1> i-l 00 1 1 States and Territories. Alabama Mississippi Louisiana. . t .b : ; ! : ; as c$ r- ( W 4 * t >- i - ( ** "~rt i i 03 i " *^ :| sg^^^i : ^^ iS rS 1 ! O "T*" TO P 0) T-( 3 3 S **> B'i -5 fe S > S a ffi g^^^r^^^ g.^00.2 d S^ 1 ^^ g^^ S lfl^^ S^ Iiil"a2 1 1 ||.I--K|1 1 ,13 ^^^^rtO^^P^fiS^^cvQO^ 39 C> O *O O^ rH CO TH G^ p^ ^> QQ QQ CTQ CQ O) ir** ^O Q^ i^ CO ^H ^H 00 C^ CO rj< >O ii T^ CO o (M c TH 00 CO O V) 00 O C^ TH O CO o o cs CM to TH CO rH CO CO II O 00 |! O oo ! 10 9^. Of OOOOOOOOOO OS O I O o o CO CM b. o C pj 'to -a C . Bj 13 s 2 I I OH o ^ o ^tlS-s o ^^ SH 'i 3 g og .5 g Q^^OP a r <" fe^ to y ego ah 40 O OH O 2 a- O O O O O O O to to O i> GO to oo co TH O CM CM o o wa CO O O rH IO rH OS CO O tO o o to CD D ~ o u H O O OJ t> CM 1> OS OS OS CD OS o- TH to 00 rH rH CD IO 00 CD CM i> rH rH OS CO CO CO *-? T-* H o ij as '43 O O to to O tO to O T i O O TH CO CO CO tO GO to rH X CO o to co TH O to CO CM CO O O O O O CO O CO rH OS TH O O to o CM 00 -H 03 I t If | 11 CO OS CM OS rH OS rH 00 TH > rH CD CO TH rH to CO CO +H "^ rH CM 00 O i> TH CO CM TH TH 1-1 i> CM TH OS CO CO TH to Jr** *^ ^^ CD rH rH 00 to to GO to it O O o o o o O O to >O O CO O O to O O O IO O tO O CD CO CM CO rH O rH >o o O 00 to i? GO CO \K If 3 o CO i> TH CO 00 J> to 00 TH J> CO TH TH T "* t"* ^to GO i> O rH J> CO i> f> CO to iH TH 00 rH -H CO CM Of CM CM 7? OS TH rH N H M l| CD O O to GO O 00 O tO rH J> O TH C O rH C tO CO T* rH C GO C ^^ r ~" tO to O tc CO CM CO CO O} CD J> TJ- CO O OSO OS J> c CO 7 rH >0 E 11 II CD OC CO !> C to i CO CO rH <7<) T^ CM O O CO rH OS >O CO oc **. Til os oj . o 8 t^ CO O to r-i TH TH J> CM O TH CO Tt 1 tO O 'to CM J> j> CD co : >O CO TH OJ CM rH r- CM T^ OS r-l . c to T >C or r- rH 'o ^ .... . TH CM CM TH 3 3 -E* co (M CO CO ^^ CM ri a; 03 g < as'-C J> CO to O m "lo^ CM" to" r-Tco~ t 1 d CO * c '7 C c c c c i cr Z> >O to O to O to O l> CM O 1> to CC CO !> J>- ^h tO TQ O 00 CO GO O o CO o o O GS? C^ CO c- t> C '7 T* ~c c: CO OS J> O T GO O *sD to ^O (73! OS GNl ^O J> rH rH C c ^ ^ C ^ c *-t 73 tO CQ >O O 7} O J> rH J> rH O O OS rH (M OS rH O rH O5 J> O 72 o os O O rH O CO O CO rH GO c r- 1 r> 73 O tO to OS 'O CO 07 J^>. CC r- "^. CO GC "d- O (N CO GO "^ J> J> CO -^ O tO O rH to rH r-i rH rH rH CO O to C J> ^7 73 ~ 17 Tt OS O O O O O O OS to J> CO i> tO O rH O rH rH OS CO GO os GO GO o o o o: r- X CXI '7 O CO 73 C: 00 70* "^ lO tO 00 to 00 ^i 7Q OS 00 (?J C*J CO rH CO CO C\J 00 OS CO_ rH c c t ^^ o 7J rH 5 OS O (?} OS O >O O OS CO CO . O O rH CO o o o o c: ^ CO rH c: c: J> (7\J O GO *d^ O to 17 r- 17 73 J> >7 7: I> 00 GO ^H r- tO O O OS O 00 rH I : : i rH 1 rH 1 I t 00 rH CO OJ JTi j; r-5 C o t i Texas . . Arkansas . Tennessee . Kentucky . , > .i-c 'i to J2 w 3 S ff ^i 'si Q r: ^Ill-Ill California . District of Colu Minnesota Terr EH.! I o ' c r4 ^* ^" ^ ^ ^~4 r* L^ *^ o ^^ t> bX)^l ^OP > UNITARIAN. A^adoad qojnqo JO 9ll[BA [BIJOJ, O O o oo O J> O O >O O O O rH O O J> O O O rH O O O iO O O o q_ rf cT O CO rH o o 0^ CO CM ^^ r* CO C^}- CM rH O- 1 CO^rH CM < 00 CM -=5KW rH 00 rH CO O 00 O O lO O O O CO ^O ^O CM *O CO O Oi Ci !> CM rH O O O rH~ * , o o o^ T-7 O 00 rH rH CM CM rH O O5 rH rH goqoinqo jo - o^j O CO rH rH O CM rH J r* rH rH r-l UNION. AVdoad qojnqo JO 9O[BA [B}OJ, O O O CO OOOOOO^OOOvOO GO 'O ^^ rH CO *O CO ^^ O ^> ^O o o rH O 00 0) O CO rH CM Oi ^O 00 O si CM CM rH rH rH 5 ^ ^ rH CM gnopupom J> 00 O O rH OOOOOiOOOOOO O CM^ CM rH rH* O rH rH CM rH Z> r- 00 CM ^ CO rH CO rH CM rH saqoinqo jo -o^j CO CM 00 CO 00 i> 00 rH rH rH TUNKER. A^jadojd qoinqa JO 9n[TZA [BJOJ, i i c , O > o 4 rH ^ rH O O O O oo~o6~ i , , gnopupom I i i i i i i f^*i C**s ,,,,,,, o o o o o o o rH rH CM i (O rH | saqomqo jo -og <> 00 rH " ,- ; SWEDENBORGIAN. A^aadoid qomqo JO 9H[BA I^OJ, o o oo" o o o O O -0 O o gaopspotn o o 10 o CO CO ' rH ! '.'.','.', i gaqDinqo jo -o^j 2 CO CM -CM States and Territories. CD H ' if^ ^ . 03 ' ! . C C oE v ' -^^ 43 o o o o c: C ? > H o o I f i ! ', to" tO~ cTc ^ r 00 o rH ! 1 j p ! CO . . o o to t 1 1 J>. s C iO O C rH~ (7 5 > H f o o to CO '. ! ! rH ' rH rH rH O O | CO rH notoooooc O C 3 C c 5 o H O} *O O 00 O O5 TJ CO O fr ) r- < QC ) 00 rH CO 00 J> r- rH CO CO > i> o O5 o 5OOOOOOC HCOCOOOC5OOOC O to C tO J> IT cq oo a ) c: 5 UT i ^ C c Tt 1 o o rH rH CO rH 00 rH CO <> r co" rH rH 1 1 OJ HOCMtOtOrHOOCO tO rH r- i GM T- 05 1 1 ' 1 ' O O to O J> O O O to to 1 1 ; ; ^ CO (M , , , . . o O o to tO I 1 i 1 *O C^ *O O (7J i : : ^ CO rH to" CO ; ; rH rH O to -^ ! ! ! ; I . . . , o o o III to~ oo" . . . . . 111 rH o -H 1 , , . o o 1 UJ i i 1 rH to . I I < , , : : t .a KS i I ', ' ' ! ; .5! 2 & % tt J "r-5 S wj r* f~* Q ""^ i o H/* CO CO rH T^l O >O O^ O^ O ^S to (3 s ? ^^ C^J ^GO'^OCDCOtOGO GOOOrH(MrHrHl>l> TH r- IT 1 O TH CO r- I07)i 1 ^ r-l (M iH CO tOrHTt*OC^OtOO^O OOiOCOCit>OJ>GO CMCDOJOiGOrHOGiO CO CO O T^ GO CO W CO 00 to rt< O CO (N rH OiOOOCOCOCQiOOGO OCOJ>OO}tOCOrHl> r CO fl o Q 4 e ue h Total val of churc property. greg omm tions Ag OOOOOOOOOO OOOiOOOOOOO CO Tin CM OOOOOOOOOO co CO TH O5 00 00 00 O O O CM o o o O O O O Oi J> CM CO 1 8 ^ .5 .1 *~ 53 - > 3 3 1 Aggrega ccommo tions. OOOiOOOOOO iOOiOi>OOOOO r-fT-iJ>GOOCQi-HQOOO CO 00 10 CO CO O IQ O O o o 10 o o O O >O O Oi co States and T . J5 *' ^ 03 03 ^^ > "3 fa ' a 'a b *j ^ M ,3 c-gi-i osi^'bLrf ffi ! <3 S^^ ^^ 9- 1 crj f^Q 45 O *O CO CO rH J> lO CO GO GO as o to to o o as ^H o GO co as o O rH O) "'t 1 CO >O "^ O CO CO Os CO CO o o o O O O O OS O W O S3 >O (N tO rH GO Tfl O OS GO O GO <*> (N O tO CO CM CO GO i> GO tO to CO CO -^ C* GO ^ ' co to O CD GO CO O rH J> to o o o ^ CO CO Os GO o rH O CO O CO OS O CO O to rJH rH i 1 OJ lO ^H <* OS CO tO CO CO CM J> GO OS OS rH t~- f*^ ^^ rH GO i^ ^H CO CO ^H rH CO ^ (jQ rH GO as OS on A CO rH CO CO CO ^ J> 1> !>. rH O rH O^ co" rH rt< to OS CO GO CO rH rH OS GO O (?) J> J> CO GO rH OS CO Tt 1 O t* TJH GO GO CO OS rH J> rH T^ CO rH rH O CO" CO CO CO OS O5 O rH CO ^ rH CO rH i 1 O O O - i O O O lO O O tO to O OT tO CO -H as o o o "^ rH GO \ o o i . rH 9* t^ rH lO *^ rH rH O} rH rH rH r^ O O to rH O c5 O O O (M O O o >o o w as o CO !> CO ^H rH rH rH CO lO CO 1 i i cJi OOdOOOOO toasoooooo COkOrHGOtOlOOO tO rH O J> j 1 1 1 O O i> t> rH r- -H O rH rH 1 CO . , , , , . I 1 oooooooo OCOrHlOOtOOO ot^^ococ^OT^rHrHTH tO rH rt OS ~, \ ', \ , , , , a c < ^ ; ; .S ^3 'p 3'E ^ : 'I'SnS^ ^ v ' 3 ^ o S3 . 1 *H o3-r3 H S c |i| c H - .:=; CD ^ o 2 fl j> fcC-3 .1 .a I:.f3- fiS^cSp r !- 1 i a J : H H < i "8..j5fc " ei ' ' J 5 CO ' C CS Ctf H i cu 2 c .22 2 Wisconsin California 46 Real and Personal Estate. The table of real and personal estate owned by individuals is made up from official returns of property for taxation. Where the assessment has been made on a sum less than the intrinsic worth, the assistant marshals were instructed to add the necessary per centage. For the purposes of taxation the full amount is not generally given in rural districts especially. Stocks or bonds owned by States, or by the general government are not represented. The value of slaves is included. Valuation of real and personal estate of the inhabitants of the United States, for the year ending June 1, 1850. States and Territories. Real and personal estate. Assessed value. True or estima- ted value. $96, 765, 8C8 92, 177, 959 71,671,651 546, 003, 057 77, 758, 974 119, 088, 672 715, 369, 028 190, 000, 000 497, 039, 649 16, 406, 884 208, 563, 566 381, 376, 660 212, 071, 413 283, 867, 709 335, 110, 225 22, 784, 837 219, 476, 150 208, 422, 167 220, 165, 172 51, 027, 456 36, 428, 675 189, 437, 623 291, 387, 554 433, 872, 632 30, 877, 223 152, 870, 399 114, 782, 645 98, 595, 463 21, 690, 642 26, 715, 525 22, 123, 173 14, 018, 874 $122, 777, 571 103, 652, 835 92, 205, 049 573, 342, 286 80, 508, 794 155, 707, 980 1, 080, 309, 216 200, 000, 000 722, 486, 120 21, 062, 556 219,217,364 430, 701, 082 226, 800, 472 288, 257, 694 335, 425, 714 22, 832, 270 228, 204, 332 228,951,130 233, 998, 764 52, 740, 473 39, 841, 025 201,246,686 301, 628, 456 504, 726; 120 59, 787, 255 202, 650, 264 156, 265, 006 137, 247, 707 23, 714, 638 42, 056, 595 22,161,872 14, 018, 874 New Hampshire ........................ ....... Vermont ... . . - ................ Massachusetts . ......................... Rhode Island . ........................ Connecticut ...... ...... .... ...... .... ...... ...... *New Jersey .... ............. Pennsylvania . .... ........ ........ Virginia - ...... .................... North Carolina . ............ ............ . South Carolina . Georgia . ... ........ Florida Alabama ...... ................. Mississippi ..... ....... ....................... Texas .... .... . Arkansas . . .. . . Tennessee . .................... .............. Kentucky . .... Ohio Michigan . . .... Indiana . . . Illinois .. .... . .. ..... . .. Missouri . Iowa Wisconsin [California District of Columbia Total 5, 997, 947, 525 7, 124, 556, 200 Minnesota Territory (not returned in full) Utah Territory 986, 083 5, 063, 474 5, 174, 471 988, 083 5, 063, 474 5, 174, 471 Oregon Territory New Mexico .... ...... Aggregate 6,009,171,553 7, 135, 780, 228 * In New Jersey, as the real estate only was returned, the above is partly estimated, t Only thirteen comities in California are returned. 47 Agriculture. As agriculture is a branch of industry coeval with the history of mankind, its connexion with the general welfare of the nation so intimate, its reciprocal bearing on manufactures so immediate both admitted to form the base of prosperity and power of the people, as it is a branch of science, the prosperity of which, in all its resources, affects individuals of every order, and without which there could be no com- merce it has seemed proper, while exhibiting the actual condition of agricultural industry in the middle of the century, to present, in con- nexion therewith, some history of the character, introduction, and in- crease, of the most important of the agricultural productions of our country, and of their former and present commercial consequence to ourselves and other governments. Realizing that all human life is dependent upon it, and that the earth would be nearly depopulated by a year's failure, nearly all the nations of the earth, from the remotest period, have maintained institutions pre-eminently calculated for the promotion of agriculture, honoring husbandry, and encouraging the advancement of the science. Agriculture is now fostered by the nations on the continent of Europe, is publicly taught in institutions -designed for this special purpose, as well as in many of their colleges, and the result has been that, as formerly, while the ancients encouraged agriculture and it received the attention of orators^ and its praises and precepts were recited by the bards and sung by poets, and monarchs participated in its labors, learning and agriculture went hand in hand, so that the greatest geniuses of the age identified themselves with its promotion ; so in these later years, where properly fostered and encouraged, it has re- ceived the attention of some of the greatest intellects and scholars, who have striven to throw most light upon this " grand art of rendering mankind happy, wealthy, and powerful." In view of what has been done by other nations, of the little which has been accomplished by the official documents of our country, and in view of the fact that we possess no regularly organized office for the dissemination of agricultural information although such an establish- ment was urged by Washington, and many of his successors in office to the present time it is hoped that the devotion to this subject of more space than that needed for a mere table of figures representing our products of agriculture will be tolerated, and that you will approve of the short history attempted for each of our great productions of agri- culture, well calculated, as such an account will be, to make our people better acquainted with the importance of their productions recipro- cally, and lead to a more general and perfect sympathy among our citizens. The subject is one worthy more able pens, and we would shrink from the task, conscious of inability to do it justice, were it not supposed that this feeble effort may present points of practical value for embellishment by others better adapted to the duty. Improved land. The statement under this head in the agricultural table shows that the average quantity of improved land, by which is meant only such as produces crops, or in some manner adds to the pro- ductions of the farmer, is about 7 acres to each inhabitant ; but as per- haps two-fifths of the population live in towns and villages, and are en- gaged in other pursuits than those of agriculture, the proportion of im- 48 proved land to be assigned to each person occupying or working it may be assumed as not less than twelve acres. In the New England States the average lor the whole population is a little more than four acres to each person ; in New York and Pennsylvania, 3.9 acres ; in the other middle States, the same. In Virginia, the proportion is about seven acres ; in South Carolina, six acres; in Kentucky, twelve acres ; and in Tennessee, five acres. The value of the farms in the United States is returned at $3,270,733,093. Unimproved land. This return is to be understood as including the unimproved land connected with, or belonging to, those farms from which productions are returned. In the present unsettled state of large portions of the country, this classification is of less practical utility than it will become at a future day, when similar returns will enable us to form calculations - respecting the quantity of land brought into requisition annually for agricultural purposes. The following table will exhibit the quantity and value of the improved and unimproved land belonging to the farms and plantations of the several States, and, of course, includes the value of the buildings thereon : 49 Statement showing the number of acres of improved and unimproved land, in farms, the cash value thereof, and the average cash value per acre, in each State and Territory. States and Territories. Acres of im- proved laud. Acres of unim- proved land in farms. Total. Cash value of land, improved and unimp'd. . Average cash val. per acre. Maine ...... ...... .... 2, 039, 596 2 515 797 4 555 393 $54,861,748 $12 04 New ITiiiiiDshire .... 2,251,488 1 140 926 3 392 414 55 245 997 16 28 Vermont . 2,601,409 1 524 413 4 125 822 63, 367, 227 15 36 Massachusetts . ... 2, 133, 436 1 222 576 3 356 012 109,076 347 32 50 Rhode Island ... .. 356,487 197 451 553 938 17, 070, 802 30 82 Connecticut 1, 768, 178 615,701 2, 383, 879 72, 726, 422 30 59 New York 12, 408, 968 6 710 120 19 119 088 554, 546, 642 29 00 New Jersey . 1, 767, 991 984 955 2, 752, 946 120,237,511 43 67 Pennsylvania ...... .. 8 628,619 6,294 728 14,923 347 407, 876, 099 27 33 Delaware . ...... 580, 862 375, 282 956, 144 18, 880, 031 19 75 Maryland ...... ...... 2, 797, 905 1,836 445 4, 634, 350 87, 178, 545 18 81 District of Columbia Virginia . . .... 16, 267 10, 360, 135 11, 187 15,792 176 27,454 26 152 311 1, 730, 460 216,401,441 63 03 8 27 North Carolina .. 5, 453, 977 15, 543, 010 20, 996, 987 67, 891, 766 3 23 South Carolina . 4, 072, 651 12 145 049 16 217 700 82,431,684 5 08 Georgia . 6, 378, 479 16,442 900 22,821,379 95, 753, 445 4 19 Florida 349, 049 1,236,240 1, 585, 289 6, 323, 109 3 99 Alabama .. .... 4, 435, 614 7, 702, 067 12, 1 37, 681 64, 323, 224 5 30 Mississippi . -. 3, 444, 358 7, 046, 061 10,490,419 54, 738, 634 5 22 Louisiana .... ...... 1, 590, 025 3,939 018 5, 529, 043 75, 814, 398 13 71 Texas 639, 107 14, 454, 669 15, 093, 776 16, 398, 747 1 09 Arkansas .. 781, 531 1, 816, 684 2, 598, 215 15, 265, 245 5 88 Tennessee ... 5, 175, 173 13, 808, 849 18, 984, 022 97,851,212 5 16 Kentucky ....... . . 11, 368, 270 10, 972, 478 22, 340, 748 154, 330, 262 6 91 Ohio 9, 851, 493 8, 146, 000 17, 997, 493 358, 758, 603 19 93 Michigan . . . : . 1, 929, 110 2, 454, 780 4, 383, 890 51, 872, 446 11 83 Indiana ... . 5, 046, 543 7, 746, 879 12, 793, 422 136, 385, 173 10 66 Illinois 5, 039, 545 6, 997, 867 12, 037, 412 96, 133, 290 7 99 Missouri ... ...... 2, 938, 425 6, 794, 245 9, 732, 670' 63, 225, 543 6 50 Iowa . . . 824, 682 1,911,382 2, 736, 064 16, 657, 567 6 09 Wisconsin ...... ...... 1, 045, 499 1, 931, 159 2, 976, 658 28, 528, 563 9 58 California . 62,324 3, 831, 571 3, 893, 895 3, 874, 041 99 Minnesota Territory Oregon do Utah do 5,035 132, 857 16, 333 23,846 299, 951 30, 516 28,881 432, 808 46, 849 161, 948 2, 849, 170 311,799 5 61 6 58 6 65 New Mexico ..do 166, 201 124, 370 290, 571 1, 653, 952 5 69 Asfsrreffate . . . 118, 457, 622 184, 621, 348 303, 078, 970 3, 270, 733, 093 av. 10 79 Value of Farming Implements and Machinery. For no stronger proof of the ingenuity and activity of the American mind need we search than that developed in the readiness with which labor-saving expe- dients for carrying on the commonest operations in agriculture are discovered and applied. One hundred and fifty-one millions of dollars would appear to be at this time invested in implements and machines for aiding and abridging the work of the hands in cultivating the earth and in preparing its produce for consumption. In most civilized coun- tries of the Old World, so great is the density of the population, and so low the prices of labor, that less necessity is created for such ma- chines ; and nowhere does the same amount of ingenuity appear to 50 have been exercised in their preparation as is evinced by our me- chanics and husbandmen. In some portions of the Old World, where the necessity of improve- ment is felt and acknowledged by the intelligent, a predominating pre- judice not unfrequently exists among others in the community against what is new, and prohibits the introduction of anything not stamped with the approval of their ancestors. Here, however, no such senti- ment influences the farmer to reject a useful invention. No greater delight was enjoyed by foreigners in London, during the great Industrial Exhibition, than that by Americans on the trial of the reaping machines, and the triumphant success of the American reaper. Of the whole sum expended in articles of this character, New York has invested $22,084,926 ; Pennsylvania, $14,722,541 ; Louisiana, $11,576,938, (perhaps to a great extent in machinery for crushing sugar cane;) Ohio, $12,750,585; Kentucky, $5,169,037; Virginia, $7,021,772. Domestic Animals. When we consider the social condition of nations long congregated and civilized, and necessarily existing under the im- pulses of utilitarianism, it is not surprising that man, whether possess- ing a permanent abode, or having emigrated to a distant land, should become attached to those animals which have proffered to him their perfect obedience, sagacity, courage, strength, velocity, milk, fleeces, flesh, &c., and should regard them with admiration, gratitude, and even affection. Such, doubtless, was the case with most of the adventurers who first sought a new home on our shores, and brought with them those animals which would render them the most assistance and sub- serve the best purposes for clothing and food. The first animals brought to America from Europe were imported by Columbus, in his second yoyage, in 1493. He left Spain as Admiral of seventeen ships, bringing a collection of European trees, plants, and seeds of various kinds, a number of horses, a bull, and several cows. The first horses brought into any part of the territory at present em- braced in the United States were landed in Florida by Cabec.a de Vaca in 1527, forty-two in number, all of which perished or were otherwise killed. The next importation was also brought to Florida, by De Soto, in 1539, which consisted of a large number of horses and swine, among which were thirteen sows, the progeny of the latter soon increasing to several hundred. The Portuguese took cattle and swine to Newfoundland and Nova Scotia in the year 1553. Thirty years after, they had multiplied so abundantly that Sir Richard Gilbert attempted to land there to obtain supplies of cattle and hogs for his crew, but was wrecked. Swine and other domestic animals were brought over to Acadia by M. L'Escarbot, a French lawyer, in 1604, the year that country was settled. In 1608, the French extended their settlement into Canada, and soon after introduced various animals. In 1609, three ships from England landed at Jamestown, in Virginia, with many immigrants, and the following domestic animals, namely : six mares, one horse, six hundred swine, five hundred domestic fowls, with a few sheep and goats. Other animals had been previously in- 51 troduced there. In 1611, Sir Thomas Gates brought over to the same settlement one hundred cows, besides other cattle. In 1610, an edict was issued in Virginia, prohibiting the killing of domestic animals of any kind, on penalty of death to the principal, burning the hand and loss of the ears to the accessory, and twenty-four hours' whipping to the concealer. As early as the year 1617, the swine had multiplied so rapidly in the colony, that the people were obliged to palisade James- town, to prevent being overrun with them. In 1627, the Indians, near the settlement, fed upon hogs which had become wild, instead of game. Every family in Virginia at that time, who had not an abundance of tame hogs and poultry, was considered very poor. In 1648, some of the settlers had a good stock of bees. In 1657, sheep and mares were forbidden to be exported from the province. By the year 1722, or before, sheep had somewhat multiplied, and yielded good fleeces. The first animals introduced into Massachusetts was by Edward Winslow, in 1624, consisting of three heifers and a bull. In 1626, twelve cows were sent to Cape Ann. In 1629, one hundred and fif- teen cattle were imported into the plantations on Massachusetts bay, besides some horses and mares, several conies, and forty-one goats. They were mostly ordered by Francis Higginson, formerly of Leices- tershire, whence several of the animals were brought. The first importation into New York was made from Holland, by the West India Company, in 1625, comprising one hundred and three ani- mals, consisting of horses and cattle for breeding, besides as many sheep and hogs as was thought expedient. In 1750, the French, of Illinois, were in possession of considerable numbers of horses, cattle, and swine. The present stock of the United States consists of the offspring of the animals first introduced, the crosses of the original breeds with one another, or the intermixture of the progeny of these crosses with those of more recent importation, and the pure-blooded animals brought directly from Europe, or the crosses of these with one another. The principal breeds of horses, adapted for specific purposes, in the middle, northern and western States, are the Norman, the Canadian, the Morgan, the Conestoga or Pennsylvania n, the Virginian, and the Kentuckian. For carriages of heavy draught the Conestogas are re- garded by many as the best. For the saddle, draught, and other useful purposes, the Morgans are highly prized, especially in New York. For roadsters, the Normans and Canadians are frequently sought. For blood, the Virginians and Kentuckians generally take the lead. Among the various races of cattle existing among us, where strict regard is paid to breeding with a definite object in view, a preference is given to the Durhams or shorthorns, the Herefords, the Ayrshires, . and the Devons. The Durhams, from their rapid growth, early matu- rity, and capability of taking on fat, are adapted only for high keeping, or to the richest pastures of the middle and northern States, and those of Ohio. Kentucky, and other parts of the West. The males, when judiciously crossed with the other breeds, or with the common cows of the country, often beget the best of milkers, and for this purpose they have been especially recommended. The Herefords, on the contrary, from their peculiar organization, are better adapted for poor or indif- 52 ferent pastures, and regions subject to continued drought ; and for this reason they are well suited for California, New Mexico, Texas, and other parts of the South. The oxen of this breed are good in the yoke, and the cows, when properly fed, give an abundance of milk. The Ayrshires are best suited for a cool, mountainous region, or a cold, rigorous climate. They succeed well in Massachusetts, New Hamp- shire and Vermont, and are highly prized for their tameness, docile tempers, and rich milk. The Devons, from their hardihood, compara- tively small size, and peculiar structure, appear to be adapted to almost every climate, and to all kinds of pasturage. From their stoutness, good tempers, honesty, and quickness of action, they make the best teams, and in this respect their chief excellency consists. The cows make fair milkers, and their flesh very good beef. They also possess great aptitude to take on fat. The kinds of sheep most sought for are the pure-blooded Merinos, the Saxons, the Cotswolds, the Leicestershires, the Oxfordshires, and the South Downs. The Merinos, (including the Rambouillets,) the Cots- wolds, the Leicestershires, the Oxfordshires, and the Saxons, are the most highly prized for their wool. The South Downs are particularly esteemed for the excellence of their flesh, and their wool is valuable ' for many purposes on account of the facility with which it can be wrought. The prevailing breeds of swine in the middle, northern and western States, are the Berkshire, the Leicestershire, the Suffolk, the Essex, the Neapolitan, and the Chinese. From these and other varieties various crosses have been produced, the more important of which are the By- field, the Woburn, the Bedford, the Grass, and the Mackay. The Nea- politans are particularly well adapted for a southern climate. In 1627, the plantations on James river contained about 2,000 head of horned cattle, goats in great abundance, and wild hogs in the forest without number. In 1639, there were in Virginia 30,000 cattle, 200 horses, and 70 asses; and in 1648, there were 20,000 cows, bulls, and calves, 200 horses and mares, 50 asses, 3,000 sheep, 5,000 goats, swine both tame and wild, hens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, innumerable. There were exported from Savannah, in 1755, 48 horses, and 16 steers and cows ; in 1770, 345 horses, 30 mules, and 25 steers and cows ; and in 1772, 136 steers and cows. In 1820-21, there were exported from the United States 853 horses, 94 mules, 5,018 horned cattle, 11,117 sheep, and 7,885 swine; in 1830-31, 2,184 horses, 1,540 mules, 5,881 -cattle, 8,262 sheep, and 14,690 swine; in 1840-41, 2,930 horses, 1,418 mules, 7,861 cattle, 14,639 sheep, and 7,901 swine; in 1850-51, 1,364 horses, 2,946 mules, 1,350 cattle, 4,357 sheep, and 1,030 swine. According to the Census returns of 1840, there were in the United .States 4,335,669 horses and mules, 14,971,586 neat cattle, 19,311,374 sheep, and 26,301,293 swine; of 1850, 4,335,358 horses, 559,229 asses and mules, 28,360,141 horned cattle, (including 6,392,044 milch cows and 1,699,241 working oxen,) 21,721 ,814 sheep, and 30,316,608 swine. Horses. in the tables of 1840, horses, mules, and asses were re- turned together; in those of the late Census the number of horses is given in one column, and asses and mules in another. The increase in the aggregate number of these three classes of animals during the ten 53 years was 559,053. It is presumed the greatest increase has occurred in the number of mules. Many suppose that the great extension of railroads has a tendency to dispense with the use of large numbers of horses ; but one very good reason for the small apparent increase in the number of horses exists in the fact that the enumeration of 1850 omits all in cities, and includes only or mainly such as are employed in agri- culture, or owned by farmers. In the State ot New York, where there are less than a thousand mules, there appears to be a decline in the number of horses and mules together of 26,566 ; in Pennsylvania, of about 13,000; in New England, of 77,000, or more than 25 per cent.; while in all these States railroad conveyance has almost superseded the use of horses for travelling purposes along main routes of travel. We would more readily attribute the apparent diminution to the omis- sion to enumerate the horses in cities and towns, than to any superse- ding of horse power, which the opening of railroads would often bring into requisition in various other operations not required previously. In Ohio and the new States of the Northwest, ihe increase of horses has kept pace with that of the population. The four and a quarter millions of these noble animals in the United States constitute a proportion 01 one to five of the inhabitants. New York has one horse to seven per- sons, Pennsylvania, one to six and six-tenths, Ohio, one to four, Ken- tucky, one to three free inhabitants. The number of horses in the Uni- ted States is more than three times as large as that in Great Britain. Asses and Mules. As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, we find in the tables of 1840 no basis of comparison in regard to the rais- ing of asses and mules. By the returns of 1850, it is shown that the number of these animals in the Union is 559,070, of which all but 30,000 are found in the southern States. For various employments the mule is far better adapted to that region than the horse. Extreme and long-continued heat does not enfeeble him, and the expense of his subsistence and general care is much less in comparison with the ser- vice he is able to perform. In some northern States a considerable number was reared formerly for export, and a brisk trade was kept up with the West Indies in this kind of stock. What are now exported from the points which formerly monopolized this branch of traffic, are brought from the South. Tennessee is the largest producer of mules, of which the number in that State, in 1850, was 75,303. Kentucky stands next, having 65,600. In. New Mexico the number of mules was 8,654, greater by nearly four-fifths than the horses re- turned for that Territory. Much attention has been given to the im- provement of mules in some of our southern States, and those sent from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, to be employed in army transportation in Mexico, were often not inferior in height to the horses of that country, and were at all times superior to them in strength, en- durance, and usefulness. Milch Cows. Under the general term of " neat cattle" were embraced in the Sixth Census the three descriptions of animals designated in that of 1850 as milch cows, working oxen, and other cattle. The aggre- gate of the three classes, in 1840, was 14,971,586; in 1850, 18,355,287. The increase, therefore, between the two periods, was 3,383,701, or about 20 per cent. They appear to be distributed quite equally over 54 the Union. The amount of butter produced gives an average of some- thing over 49 pounds to each milch cow. The average productioa of cheese to each cow is 16| pounds. As with horses, the same allowance must be made, on account of the omission of cows, except in connexion with agriculture. The only schedules in which the live stock of the coun- try could be enumerated, were those used for obtaining the agricultaral products of farms. From the fact that the schedules for enumerating agricultural productions and live stock were not used in cities, their live stock was necessarily omitted. Butter and Cheese. The Census of 1840 furnishes us no statistics from which we can accurately determine the quantity of butter and cheese then produced. The value of both is given under the heading of " value of the products of the dairy" at the sum of $33,787,008. It is presumed that the marshals made their returns in accordance with the prices governing in their respective districts, which would differ so widely as to render any assumed average a mere conjecture. New York is far in advance of any other State in the productiveness of its dairies. They yield onerfourth of all the butter and nearly one- half the cheese produced in the Union. Pennsylvania, which makes 40,000,DOO pounds of butter, is less prolific in cheese than several smaller States. In this latter article, Ohio is before all other competitors, ex- cept New York. The following table shows the amount of dairy products exported from the United States for several years past: Years. Butter pounds. Cheese pounds. Value. 1820-'21 1,069,024 766,431 $190,287 1830-'31 1,728,212 1,131,817 264,796 1840-'41 3,785,993 1,748,471 504,815 1841-'42 2,055,133 2,456,607 385,185 1842-' 43 3,408,247 3,440,144 508,968 1843-' 44 3,251,952 7,343,145 758,829 1844-'45 3,587,489 7,941,187 878,865 1845-'46 3,436,660 8,675,390 1,063,087 1846-' 47 4,214,433 15,673,600 1,741,770 1847-'48 2,751,086 12,913,305 1,361,668 1848-'49 3,406,242 17,433,682 1,654,157 1849-'50 3,876,175 13,020,817 1,215,463 1850-'51 3,994,542 10,361,189 1,124,652 Sheep. There was between 1840 and 1850 an increase of 2,309,108 in the number of sheep in the United States. It will be useful to ob- serve with some closeness the progress of sheep-breeding in different parts of the country. We perceive that in New England there has occurred a remarkable decrease in their number. There were in that division of the Union in 1840, 3,811,307; in 1850, the number had de- clined to 2,164,452; being a decrease of 1,646,855, or 45 per cent. In the five Atlantic middle States, New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- 55 vania, Delaware, and Maryland, there was a decrease from 7,402,851 to 5,641,391, equal to 1,761,460, or about 22 per cent. In Pennsyl- vania there was a gain, however, during this period, of 155,000 sheep. We see that while there has been a positive diminution of 3,408,000 in the States above named, there has been^an augmentation of 5,717,608 in those south of Maryland and west of New York. Ohio has gained most largely, having been returned as pasturing in 1840, 2,028,401 ; and in 1850, 3,942,929; an increase of 1,914,528, or nearly 100 per cent. In each of the States south and west of the lines above indicated, there has been a very large proportional increase in this kind of stock, and there is reasonable ground for the opinion that the hilly lands of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, and the prairies ot Illinois, Iowa, and Texas, will prove highly favorable foj the rearing of sheep for their wool and pelts. New Mexico has the extraordinary number of 377,271 sheep more than six to each inhabitant ; proving the soil and climate of that Territory to be well adapted to this description of stock, and giving promise of a large addition from that quarter to the supply of wool. The importance of fostering this great branch of national production is shown by the iact, as assumed by an intelligent writer on the subject, that our popu- lation annually consumes an amount of wool equal to seven pounds for each person. If this estimate be even an approximation to correctness, we are yet very far short of producing a quantity adequate to the wants of the country; and it is equally clear that we possess an amount of unem- ployed land adapted to grazing, sufficient to support flocks numerous enough to -clothe the people of the world. Value of Live Stock. The very large sum representing the value of live stock in the United States cannot be considered extravagant, in view of the immense number of animals returned. It is an item of agricultural capital which affords a good indication of the wealth and prosperity of the country. Wheat. Wheat, where the soil and climate are adapted to its growth, and the requisite progress has been made in its culture, is decidedly preferred to all oth^r grains, and, next to maize, is the most important crop in the United\ States, not only on account of its general use for bread, but for its safety and convenience for exportation. It is not known to what country it is indigenous, any more than our other culti- vated cereals, all of which, no doubt, have been essentially improved by man. By some, wheat is considered to have been coeval with the creation, as it is knowk that upwards of a thousand years before our era, it was cultivated, arad a superior variety had been attained. It has steadily followed the progress of civilization, from the earliest times, in all countries where it would grow. The introduction of thi\s grain into the North American colonies dates back to the earliest periods of their settlement by Europeans. It was first sown, with other grains, on the Elizabeth islands, in Massachusetts, by Gosnold, at the time 1'te explored that coast, in 1602. In 1611, wheat, as well as other grains, was also sown in Virginia, and by the year 1648 there were cultivated many hundred acres in that colony. Although premiums were o.fFered as an encouragement of its growth, 56 in 1651, it was not much cultivated for more than a. century after, in consequence of the ill-directed attention to the culture of tobacco. Wheat was introduced into the valley of the Mississippi by the "Western Company," in 1718, where, from the careless mode of cul- tivating it by the early settlers, and the sudden alternations of tempera- ture, it would only yield from five to eight fold, running to straw and blade without rilling the ear. In 1746, however, the culture had so far extended, that six hundred barrels of flour were received at New Orleans from the Wabash ; and by the year 1750, the French of Illinois raised three times as much wheat as they consumed, and large quantities of grain and flour were sent to the same place. Prior to the Revolution, the primitive soils of New York, New Jer- sey, and of New England, appear not to have rewarded the cultivation of this grain much, if any, beyond the wants of the inhabitants. Con- siderable quantities were raised on the Hudson, and in some parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which were exported to the West Indies, and New England, and to Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Spain in years of scarcity, previously to 1723. In 1776, there was entailed upon this country an enduring calamity,, in consequence of the introduction of the Hessian or wheat fly, which was supposed to have been brought from Germany in some straw em- ployed in the debarkation of Howe's troops, on the west end of Long Island. From that point this insect gradually spread in yarioias direc- tions, at the rate of twenty or thirty miles a year, and the wheat of the entire regions east of the AUeghanies is now more or less infested with the larvae, as well as in large portions of the State/s bordering on the Ohio and Mississippi, and on the great lakes ; and so great have been the ravages of these insects that, the cultivation , of this grain in many places, has been abandoned. j The geographical range of the wheat region in the Eastern Continent and Australia, lies principally between the thirtieth ami sixtieth parallel of north latitude, and between the thirtieth and fortieth degrees south, being chiefly confined to France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Prussia, Nether- lands, Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland, Northern aind Southern Africa, Tartary, India, China, Australia, Van Dieman's/ Land, and Japan. Along the Atlantic portions of the Western Conti,4ient, it embraces the tracts lying between the thirtieth and fiftieth parallels ; and in the coun- try westward of the Rocky mountains, one or /more degrees further north. Along the west coast of South America, fed well as in situations within the torrid zone, sufficiently elevated abo(ve the level of the sea and properly irrigated by natural or artificial f> means, abundant crops are often produced. The principal districts of the United Statejs in which this important grain is produced in the greatest abundance, amd forms a leading article of commerce, embrace the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio,/ Kentucky, Michigan, In- diana, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, and I'owa. The chief varieties cultivated in the northern and eastern Spates are the white flint, tea, Siberian, bald, Black sea, and the Italian ispring wheat; in the middle and western States, the Mediterranean, tflie Virginia white May, the 57 blue stem, the Indiana, the Kentucky white bearded, the old red chaff, and the Talavera. The yield varies from ten to forty bushels and up- wards per acre, weighing per bushel, from fifty-eight to sixty-seven pounds. It appears that on the whole crop of the United States there was a gain, during the ten years, of 15,645,378 bushels. The crop of New England decreased from 2,014,000 to 1,090,000 bushels, exhibiting a decline of 924, 000 bushels, and indicating that the attention of farmers has been much withdrawn from the culture of wheat. Grouping the States from the Hudson to the Potomac, including the District of Columbia, it appears that they p^duced, in 1849, 35,085,000 bushels, against 29,936,000 in 1839. (In Virginia there was an increase of 1,123,000 bushels.) These States embrace the oldest wheat-growing region of the country, and that in which the soil and climate seem to be adapted to the permanent culture of the grain. The increase of production in the ten years has been 6,272,000 bushels, equal to 17.4 per cent. The area of tilled land in these States is 36,000,000 acres, only 30 per cent, of the number of acres returned for the whole United States, while the proportion of wheat produced is 46 per cent, of the entire crop of the country. In North Carolina there has been an increase of 170,000 bushels ; but in the southern States generally there was a considerable decrease. Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin contributed to the general aggregate, under the Sixth Census, only 9,800,000 bushels; un- der the last they are shown to have produced upwards of 25,000 000 bushels, an amount greater than the whole increase in the United States for the period. When we see the growth of wheat keeping up with the progress of population in the oldest States of the Union, we need have no appre- hension of a decline in the cultivation of this important crop. The amount of flour exported from New Jersey, in 1751, was 6,424 barrels ; from Philadelphia, in 1752, 125,960 barrels, besides 86,500 bushels of wheat ; in 1767, 198,816 barrels, besides 367,500 bushels of wheat ; in 1771, 252,744 barrels ; from Savannah, in 1771, 7,200 pounds ; from Virginia, for some years annually preceding the Revolu- tion, 800,000 bushels of wheat. The total exports of flour from the United States in 1791 were 619,681 barrels, besides 1,018,339 bushels of wheat ; in 1800, 653,052 barrels, besides 26,853 bushels of wheat ; in 1810, 798,431 barrels, besides 325,924 bushels of wheat; in 1820-21, 1,056,119 barrels, besides 25,821 bushels of wheat; in 1830-31, 1,806,529 barrels, besides 408,910 bushels of wheat; in 1840-41, 1,515,- 817 barrels, besides 868,585 bushels of wheat; in 1845-46, 2,289,476 barrels, besides 1,613,795 bushels of wheat ; in 1846-47, 4,382,496 barrels, besides 4,399,951 bushels of wheat ; in 1850-51, 2,202,335 barrels, besides 1,026,725 bushels of wheat. According to the Census of 1840, the wheat crop of the United States amounted to 84,823,272 bushels ; in 1849, according to the Census of 1850, 100,503,899 bushels, although in some of the largest wheat-growing States the crop of 1849 fell far below the average. In the State of Ohio, especially, there was great deficiency, as was made apparent by the returns of the wheat crop for the ensuing year, made in pursuance of an act of the legislature of that State. From the almost universal returns of " short crop," by the marshals in that State, in 1849, which fell below that of 1839, 2,000,000 bushels, and the ascertained crop of 1850, we are fully satisfied that the average wheat crop of Ohio, would appear 30 per cent, greater than shown by the Census returns. The same causes which operated to diminish the wheat crop of Ohio, were not without their effects upon that of other States bordering on the upper portion of the valley of the Mississippi. In the London Exhibition very little wheat was exhibited equal to that from the United States, especially that from Genesee county, in the State of New York a soft, white variety to the exhibitor of which a prize medal was awarded by the Royal Comtnissioners, and recently transmitted to Mr. Bell by the President of the United States, the chairman of the American Executive Committee. The red Mediterra- nean wheat exhibited from the United States attracted much attention. The wheat from South Australia was probably superior to any exhib- ited, while much from our own country fell but little behind, and was unquestionably next in quality. Rye. This grain is supposed to be a native of the Caspian Cauca- sian desert, and has been cultivated in the north of Europe and Asia from time immemorial, where it constitutes an important article, of human subsistence, being generally mixed with barley or wheat. Its introduction into western Europe is of comparatively recent date, as no mention is made of it in the " Ortus Sanitatis," published at Augsburg in 1485, which treats at length of barley, millet, oats, and wheat. Rye was cultivated in the North American colonies soon after their settlement by the English. Gorges speaks of it as growing in Nova Scotia in 1622, as well as of barley and wheat. Plantagenet enume- rates it among the productions of North Virginia, (New England,) in 1648, and alludes to the mixing of it with maize in the formation of bread. It was also cultivated in South Virginia by Sir William Berke~ ley previous to that year. Geographically, rye and barley associate with one another, and grow upon soils the most analogous, and in situations alike exposed. It is cultivated for bread in northern Asia, and all over the continent of Europe, particularly in Russia, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and Holland ; in the latter of which it is much employed in the manu- facture of gin. It is also grown to some extent in England, Scotland, and Wales. In this country it is principally restricted to the middle and eastern States, but its culture is giving place to more profitable crops. The three leading varieties cultivated in the United States are the spring, winter, and southern, the latter differing from the others only from dissimilarity of climate. The yield varies from 10 to 30, or more, bushels per acre, weighing from 48 to 56 pounds to the bushel. The production of rye has decreased 4,457,000 bushels in the ag- gregate ; but in New York it is greater than in 1840 by about 40 per cent. Pennsylvania, which is the largest producer, has fallen off from 6,613,373, to 4,805,160 bushels. Perhaps the general diminution in the quantity of this grain now produced may be accounted for by sup- posing a corresponding decline in the demand for distilling purposes, to which a large part of the crop is applied. 59 This grain has never entered largely into our foreign commerce, as the home consumption for a long period nearly kept pace with the sup- ply. The amount exported from the United States, in 1801, was 392,276 bushels ; in 1812, 82,705 bushels ; in 1813, 140,136 bushels. In 1820-'21, there were exported 23,523 barrels of rye flour ; in 1830- '31, 19,100 barrels; in 1840-'41, 44,031 barrels; in 1845^-'46, 38,530 barrels; in 1846-'47, 48,892 barrels, in 1850-'51, 44,152 barrels. During the year ending June 1, 1850, there were consumed, of rye, about 2,144,000 bushels in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors. According to the CTOSUS returns of J.840, the product of the country was 18,645,567 bushels; in 1850, 14,188,637 bushels. Maize, or Indian Corn. Among the objects of culture in the United States, maize, or Indian corn, takes precedence in the scale of crops, as it is best adapted to the soil and climate, and furnishes the largest amount of nutritive food. Where due regard is paid to the selection of varieties, and cultivated in a proper soil, it may be accounted as a sure crop in almost every portion of the habitable globe between the 44th degree of north latitude and a corresponding parallel south. Be- sides its production in this country, its principal culture is limited to Mexico, the West Indies, most of the States of South America, France, Spain, Portugal, Lombardy, and southern and central Europe gener- ally. It is also cultivated with success in northern, southern, and western Africa, India, China, Japan, Australia, and the Sandwich Islands, the groups of the Azores, the Madeiras, the Canaries, and nu- merous other ocean isles. Although there has been much written on the Eastern origin of this grain, it did not grow in that part of Asia watered by the Indus at the time of Alexander the Great's expedition, as it is not among the pro- ductions of that country mentioned by Nearchus, the commander of the fleet. Neither is it noticed by Arrian, Diodorus, Columella, nor any other ancient author. And even as late as 1491, the year before Co- lumbus discovered America, Joan: di Cuba, in his " Ortus Sanitatis," makes no mention of it. It has never been found in any ancient tumu- lus, sarcophagus, or pyramid ; nor has it ever been represented in any ancient painting, sculpture, or work of art, except in America. But in this country, according to Garcilasb de la Vega, one of the earliest Peruvian historians, the palace gardens of the Incas were orna- mented with maize in gold and silver, with all the grains, spikes, stalks, and leaves ; and in one instance, in the "Garden of Gold and Silver," there was an entire corn field of considerable size, representing the maize in its exact and natural shape, a proof no less of the wealth of the Incas, than of their veneration for this important grain. In further proof of the American origin of this plant, it may be stated that it is still found growing in a wild state, from the Rocky mountains, in North America, to the humid forests of Paraguay, where, instead of having each grain naked, as is always the case after long cultivation, it is completely covered with glumes, or husks. It is, moreover, a well authenticated fact that maize was found in a state of cultivation by the aborigines, on the island of Cuba at the time of its discovery by Co- lumbus, as well as in most other places in America first explored by Europeans. The first successful attempt of the English in North America to cul- tivate this grain was made on James river, in Virginia, in 1608. The colonists sent over by the "London Company" adopted the mode then practised by the Indians, which, with some modifications, has been pursued ever since. The yield at that time is represented to have been from two hundred to more than a thousand fold. The same increase was noticed by the early settlers in Illinois. The present yield, east of the Rocky mountains, when judiciously cultivated, varies from twenty to one hundred and thirty-five bushels % an acre. The varieties of Indian corn are very numerous, exhibiting many grades of size, color, and conformation. Among these are the shrubby reed, that grows on the shores of Lake Superior; the gigantic stalks of the Ohio valley; the tiny ears, with flat close-clinging grains of Canada; the brilliant, rounded little pearl; the bright-red grains and white cob of the eight-rowed hematite ; the swelling ear of the big white ; and the yellow gourd seed of the South. From the flexibility of this plant, it maybe acclimatized, by gradual cultivation, from Texas to Maine, or from Canada to Brazil; but, in either case, its character is somewhat changed, and often new varieties are the results. The blades of the plant are of great value as food for stock, and form an article but rarely estimated sufficiently, when considering the agricultural products of the southern and southwestern States especially. The increase of production from 1840 to 1850 was 214,000,000 bushels, equal to 56 per cent. The production of New England has advanced from 6,993,000 to 10,377,000 bushels, showing an increase of 3,384,000 bushels nearly 50 per cent. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland increased 20,812,000 bush- els more than 50 per cent. In the production of this crop, no State has retrograded. Ohio, which in 1840 occupied the fourth place as a corn- producing State, now ranks as the first ; Kentucky, second ; Illinois, third ; Tennessee, fourth. The crop of Illinois has increased from 22,000,000 to 57,500,000 bushels, or at the rate of 60 per cent, in ten years. Of the numerous varieties, some are best adapted to the southern States, while others are better suited for the northern and eastern. Those generally cultivated in the former are the southern big and small yellow, the southern big and small white-flint, the yellow Peru- vian, and the Virginia white gourd seed. In the more northerly and easterly States, they cultivate the golden Sioux, or northern yellow-flint, the King Philip, or eight rowed yellow, the Canada early white, the Tuscarora, the white flour, and the Rhode Island white flint. The extended cultivation of this grain is chiefly confined to the east- ern, middle, and western States, though much more successfully grown in the latter. The amount exported from South Carolina in 1748 was 39,308 bushels; from North Carolina, in 1753, 61,580 bushels; from Virginia, for several years preceding the Revolution, annually, 600,000 bushels; from Philadelphia, in 1752, 90,740 bushels; in 1767-'68, 60,205 bushels ; in 1771, 259,441 bushels. The total amount exported from this country in 1770 was 578,349 bushels; in 1791, 2,064,936 bushels, 351,695 of which were Indian meal; in 1800, 2,032,435 bushels, 338,108 of which were in meal; in 1810, 1,140,960 bushels, 86,744 of which were in meal. In 1820-'21, there were exported 607,277 bushels of corn and 131,669 barrels of Indian meal; in 1830-'31, 571,312 bushels of corn and 207,604 barrels of meal; in 1840-'41, 535,727 bushels of corn and 232,284 barrels of meal; in 1845-'46, 1,286,068 bushels of corn and 298,790 barrels of meal; in 1846-'47, 16,326,050 bushels of corn and 948,060 barrels of meal;* in 1850-'51, 3,426,811 bushels of corn and 203,622 barrels of meal. More than eleven millions of bushels of Indian corn were con- sumed in 1850 in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors. According to the Census of 1840, the corn crop of the United States was 377,531,875 bushels; of 1850, 592,326,612 bushels. Oats. The oat, when considered in connexion with the artificial grasses and the nourishment and improvement it affords to live stock, may be regarded as one of the most important crops we produce. Its history is highly interesting, from the circumstance, that, while in many portions of Europe, when ground into meal, it forms an important aliment for man, one sort at least, has been cultivated from the days of Pliny, on account ot its superior fitness as an article of diet for the sick. The country of its origin is somewhat uncertain, though the most common variety is said to be indigenous to the island of Juan Fernandez. An- other oat, resembling the cultivated variety, is also found growing wild in California. This plant was introduced into the North American colonies soon after their settlement by the English. It was sown by Gosnold, on the Elizabeth islands, in 1602; cultivated in Newfoundland in 1622, and in Virginia, by Berkeley, prior to 1648. The oat is a hardy grain, and is suited to climates too hot and too cold either for wheat or rye. Indeed, its flexibility is so great, that it is cultivated with success in Bengal, as low as latitude 25 degrees north, but refuses to yield profitable crops as we approach the equator. It flourishes remarkably well when due regard is paid to the selection of varieties, throughout the inhabited parts of Europe, the northern and central portions of Asia, Australia, southern and northern Africa, the cultivated regions of nearly all North America, and a large portion of South America. In this country the growth of the oat is confined principally to the middle, western, and northern States. The varieties cultivated are the common white, the black, the gray, the imperial, the Hopetown, the Polish, the Egyptian, and the potato oat. The yield of the com- mon varieties varies from forty to ninety bushels and upwards per acre, weighing from twenty-five to fifty pounds to the bushel. The Egyptian oat is cultivated south of Tennessee, which, after being sown in autumn and fed off by stock in winter and spring, yields from ten to twenty bushels per acre. In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, oats enter but lightly, and their consumption for this purpose does not exceed sixty thousand bushels annually in the United States. * The fluctuations in the amounts exported in 1845-'46-'47 of this, as well as the other kinds of grain cultivated in this country, were occasioned by the great famine in Ireland, caused by the foilure of the potato crops of those years. 62 The oat, like rye, never has entered much into our foreign commerce, as the domestic consumption has always been nearly equal to the quantity produced. The annual average exports, for several years preceding 1817, were 70,000 bushels. By the Census returns of 1840, it will be seen that the total produce of the United State's was 123.071,341 bushels; of 1850, 146,678,879 oushels. Rice the chief food, pernaps, of one-third of the human race pos- sesses the advantage attending wheat, maize, and other grains, of pre- serving plenty during the fluctuations of trade, and is also susceptible of cultivation on land too low and moist for the production of most other useful plants. Although cultivated principally within the tropics, it flourishes well beyond, producing even heavier and better filled grain. Like many other plants in common use, it is never found wild, (it is to be understood that the wild rice, or water oat, Zizania aquatica, which grows along the muddy shores of our tide-waters, is a distinct plant from the common rice, and should not be confounded with it,) nor is its native country known. Linnasus considers it as a native of Ethiopia, while others regard it of Asiatic origin. At the Industrial Exhibition in London, last year, there were dis- played many curious samples and varieties of rice, grown without irri- gation, at elevations of 3,000 to 6,000 feet on the Himalayas, where the dampness of the summer months compensates for the want of artificial moisture. At the exhibition above alluded to, American rice received not only honorable mention for its very superior quality, but the Carolina rice, exhibited by E. J. Heriot, was pronounced by the jury "magnificent in size, color, and clearness," and to it was awarded a prize medal. The jury were free to admit that the American rice, though originally brought from the Old World, is now much the finest in quality. The common variety is cultivated throughout the torrid zone, wherever there is a plentiful supply of water, and will mature, under favorable circumstances, in the Eastern Continent as high as the forty -fifth paral- lel of north latitude, and as far south as the thirty-eighth. On the Atlantic side of the Western Continent it will flourish as far north as latitude thirty-eight degrees, and to a corresponding parallel south. On the western coast of America it will grow as far north as forty or more degrees. Its culture is principally confined to India, China, Japan, Ceylon, Madagascar, Eastern Africa, the south of Europe, the southern portions'of the United States, the Spanish Main, Brazil, and the valley of Parana and Uruguay. This grain was first introduced into Virginia by Sir William Berke- ley, in 1647, who received half a bushel of seed, from which he raised sixteen bushels of excellent rice, most or all of which was sown the following year. It is also stated that a Dutch brig from Madagascar, came to Charleston in 1694, and left about a peck of paddy (rice in the husk) with Governor Thomas Smith, who distributed it among his friends for cultivation. Another account of its introduction into Carolina is that Ashby was encouraged to send a bag of seed rice to that province, from the crops of which sixty tons were shipped to England in 1698. Jt soon after became the chief staple of the colony. 63 Its culture was introduced into Louisiana in 1718, by the "Company of the West." The present culture of rice in the Uniled States is chiefly confined to South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. The yield per acre varies from twenty to sixty bushels, weighing from forty-five to forty-eight pounds when cleaned. Under favorable circumstances, as many as ninety bushels to an acre have been raised. Another variety is cultivated in this country, to a limited extent, called Cochin-Chma, dry or mountain rice, from its adaptation to a dry soil without irrigation. It will grow several degrees further north or south than the Carolina rice, and has been cultivated with success in the northern provinces of China, Hungary, Westphalia, Virginia, and Maryland ; but the yield is much less than that of the preceding, being only fifteen to twenty bushels to an acre. It was first introduced into Charleston from Canton, by John Bradby Blake, in 1772. The amount of rice exported from South Carolina in 1724 was 18,000 barrels; in 1731, 41,957 barrels; in 1740, 90,110 barrels; in 1747-48, 55,000 barrels; in 1754, 104,682 barrels; in 1760-61, 100,000 barrels; from Savannah in 1755, 2,299 barrels, besides 237 bushels of paddy, or rough rice; in 1760, 3,283 barrels, besides 208 bushels of paddy; in 1770, 22,120 barrels, besides 7,064 bushels of paddy; from Philadelphia in 1771, 258,375 pounds. The amount ex- ported from this country, in 1770, was 150,529 barrels ; in 1791, 96,980 tierces; in 1800, 112,056 tierces; in 1810, 131,341 tierces; in 1820-21, 88,221 tierces; in 1830-31, 116,517 tierces; in 1S40-41, 101,617 tierces; in 1845-46, 124,007 tierces; in 1846-47, 144,427 tierces ; in 1850-51, 105,590 tierces. According to the Census of 1840, the rice crop of the United States amounted to 80,841,422 pounds; of 1850, 215,312,710 pounds. Tobacco. Tobacco, from the extent to which it is cultivated, its im- portance in commerce, and the modes of employing it to gratify the senses, exhibits one of the most remarkable features in the history of man. From the solace only of the wild Indian of America, it has be- come one of the luxuries of the rich, and gives pleasure to the poor throughout the habitable globe, from the burning desert to the frozei. zone. In short, its use for snuff, for chewing, or for smoking, is almost universal, and for no other reason than a sort of convulsion, (sneezing), produced by the first, and a degree of intoxication by the last two modes of usage. This plant is indigenous to tropical America, and was cultivated by the aborigines in various parts of the continent pre- vious to its discovery by Europeans. Columbus found it on the island of Cuba, in 1492, where he was invited by a chief to partake of a cigar. In 1496, Romanus Pane published the first account of it as growing in St. Domingo, calling it cohoba, cohobla, and gioia. Sir Richard Grenville found it in Virginia, in 1585, when the English, for the first time, saw it smoked by the natives in pipes made of clay. It is believed to have been introduced into England by Raleigh's colonists on their return from Virginia, in 1586. Soon after the settlement of Jamestown, from the increased demand in Europe, and the peculiar adaptation of the soil to its culture, considerable quantities were raised, and numerous 64 individuals, interested in the colony, contributed to induce that taste for it which had already been diffused among all classes. In 1611, tobacco was first cultivated in Virginia by the use of the spade; previous to which, it had only been raised after the rude manner of the Indians. In 1616, it was cultivated in that colony to so alarm- ing an extent that even the streets of Jamestown were planted with it, and various regulations were framed to restrain its production ; but every admonition to the settlers was disregarded. James I. attempted, by repeated proclamations and publications, to restrain its use, but his efforts had very little effect ; and the colonists continued to experience a more rapidly-increasing and better demand for this staple than for any other in the province. Previous to the war of Independence, its culture had spread into Maryland, Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana, from which nearly all Eu- rope was supplied ; but at present, most of the sovereigns of the Old World derive a considerable part of their revenue from the cultivation of this plant. Independent of its production in the middle and southern States of the Union, tobacco is extensively cultivated in Mexico, the Spanish Main, Cuba, Brazil, Trinidad, St. Domingo, Turkey, Persia, India, China, Australia, the Philippines, and Japan. It has also been raised with success in nearly every country in Europe, Egypt, Algeria, the Cape of Good Hope, the Canaries and numerous other islands in the ocean, Canada, New Brunswick, and on the western coast of America. The principal varieties cultivated in the United States are the Vir- ginian, the large-leaved, the dwarf, the Cuba, and the common green tobacco. In 1622, there were raised in Virginia 60,000 pounds. The amount exported from that colony in 1639 was 120,000 pounds; annually for ten years preceding 1709, 28,868^666 pounds; annually for several years preceding the Revolution, 55,000 hogsheads; in 1758, 70,000 hogs- heads ; from North Carolina, in 1753, 100 hogsheads ; from Georgia, in 1772, 176,732 pounds. The amount exported from the United Colonies in 1772 was 97,799,263 pounds ; in 1780, 17,424,267 pounds ; from the United States, in 1787, 99,041,000 pounds; in 1791,101,272 hogs- heads, 81,122 pounds manufactured, and 15,689 pounds of snuff; in 1800, 78,680 bogheads, 457,713 pounds manufactured, and 41,453 pounds of snuff; in 1810, 84,134 hogsheads, 495,427 pounds manufac- tured, and 46,640 pounds of snuff; in 1820-'21, 66,858 hogsheads^ 1,332,949 pounds manufactured, and 44,552 pounds of snuff; in 1830- '31, '86,718 hogsheads, 3,639,856 pounds manufactured, and 27,967 pounds of snuff'; in 1840-'41, 147,828 hogsheads, 7, 503,644 -pounds manufactured, and 68,553 pounds of snuff; in 1850-51, 95,9'45 hogs- heads, 7,235,358 pounds manufactured, and 37,422 pounds of snuff. According to the Census returns of 1840, the amount of tobacco raised in the United States was 219,163,319 pounds ; of 1850, 199,752,646 pounds; showing a decrease in its culture of 19,410,673 pounds. Cotton. Cotton, which administers so bountifully to the wants of civilized as well as to savage man, and to the wealth and economy of the countries producing it, stands pre-eminent in the United States, both as regards its superior staple and the degree of perfection to which its " 65 cultivation has been brought. One or more of its species is found grow- ing wild throughout the torrid zone, whence it has been disseminated, and become an important object of culture in several countries thereto adjacent, from time immemorial. It is mentioned by Herodotus as growing in India, where the natives manufactured it into cloth ; by Theophrastus as a product of Ethiopia ; and by Pliny as growing in Egypt, towards Arabia, and near the borders of the Persian Gulf. Nieu- hoffj who visited China in 1655, says that it was then cultivated in great abundance in that country, where the seed had been introduced about five hundred years before. Columbus found it in use by the American Indians of Cuba in 1492 ; Cortez, by those of Mexico, in 1519 ; Pizarro and Almagro, by the Incas of Peru, in 1532; and Cabe^a de Vaca, by the natives of Texas and California, in 1536. Of the precise period of the first introduction of the cultivation of this plant into the North American colonies, history is silent. In a pamphlet entitled "Nova Brittania offering most excellent fruits by planting in Virginia," published in London in 1609, it is stated that cotton would grow as well in that province as in Italy. It is also stated, on the authority of Beverley, in his History of Virginia, that Sir Edmund Andros, while governor of the colony, in 1692, "gave particular marks of his favor towards the propagating of cotton, which, since his time, has been much neglected." It further appears that it was culti- vated for a long time in the eastern parts of Maryland, Virginia, Caro- lina, and Georgia, in the garden, though not at all as a planter's crop, for domestic consumption. In another pamphlet, entitled "AlState of the Province of Georgia, attested upon oath, in the Court of Savannah," in 1740, it was averred that " large quantities have been raised, and it is much planted ; but the cotton, which in some parts is perennial, dies here in the winter ; which, nevertheless, the annual is not inferior to in goodness, but requires more trouble in cleansing from the seed." About the year 1742, M. Dubreuil invented a cotton gin, which created an epoch in the cultivation of this product in Louisiana. During the Revolution, the inhabitants of St. Mary's and Talbot counties, in Mary- land, as well as those of Cape May county, New Jersey, raised a suf- ficient quantity of cotton to meet their wants for the time. It was for- merly produced in small quantities, for family use, in the county of Sussex, in Delaware, near the headwaters of the Choptank. The seed of the Sea Island cotton was originally obtained from the Bahama islands, in about the year 1785, being the kind then known in the West Indies as the "Anguilla cotton." It was first cultivated by Josiah Tattnall and Nicholas Turnbull, on Skidaway island, near Sa- vannah ; and subsequently by James Spaulding and Alexander Bisset, on St. Simon's island, at the mouth of the Altamaha, and on Jekyl island, by Richard Leake. For many years after its introduction, it was confined to the more elevated parts of these islands, bathed by the saline atmosphere, and surrounded by the sea. Gradually, however, the cotton culture was extended to the lower grounds, and beyond the limits of the islands to the adjacent shores of the continent, into soils containing a mixture of clay ; and lastly into coarse clays, deposited along the great rivers, where they meet the ocean tides. Previous to 1794 the year alter the invention of Whitney's saw gin 5 66 the annual amount of cotton produced in North America was com- paratively inconsiderable ; but since that period, there is probably nothing recorded in the history of industry, including its manufacture in this country and Europe, that would compare with its subsequent increase. In the Eastern hemisphere; the growth of cotton is principally restrict- ed to the maritime countries lying between the 40th degree of north latitude and a corresponding parallel south. On the easterly side of the Western Continent, this plant, will perfect its growth in most of the dis- tricts adjacent to the tidal waters, including the regions bordering on the Mississippi, the Amazon, and the Parana, between latitude 39 degrees north and 40 degrees south ; and on the west coast of America, between the 40th parallel north and a corresponding, degree south. The growth of this staple is chiefly confined to India, China, Japan, Australia, Persia, Turkey, southern Europe, Arabia, Egypt, Algeria, southern and western Africa, the southern section of the United States, British Guiana, New Granada, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, the West Indies, and numerous other ocean isles. According to Dr. Royle, who has recently investigated the subject, the different varieties of cotton may be classed under four distinct species, in the following manner : 1. Gossypium indicwn, or herbaceum the cotton plant of India, China, Arabia, Persia, Asia Minor, and some parts of Africa. 2. Gossypium arboreum a tree cotton, indigenous to India. 3. Gossypium barbadense the Mexican or West Indian cotton, of which the Seallsland, New Orleans, and upland Georgia, are varieties. It was long since introduced into the island of Bourbon, and thence into India; hence it acquired the name of "Bourbon cotton." 4. Gossypium peruvianum. or accuminatum which yields the Per- nambuco, Peruvian, Maranham, and Brazilian cotton, especially dis- tinguished by its black seeds, which adhere firmly together. This variety has long since been introduced into India. The chief varieties cultivated in the United States are the black seed, or Sea Island, (Gf. arboreum,) known, also, by the name of "long- staple," from its fine, white, silky appearance and long fibres; the green seed, (G. herbaceum,) called "short staple," from its shorter, white staple, with green seeds, and commercially known by the name of " upland cotton;" and two kinds of Nankin or yellow, (G. barbadense,) the Mexican and Petit gulf. The average yield is about five hundred pounds per acre. The earliest record of sending cotton from this country to Europe is in the table of exports from Charleston, in 1747-'4S, when seven bags were shipped ; another parcel, consisting of 2,000 pounds, was shipped in 1770; and a third shipment of seventy-one bags was made in 17S4, which England seized, on the ground that America could not produce a quantity so great. The amount exported from the United States in 1791 was 189,316 pounds ; in 1793, 487,600 pounds ; in 1794, 1,601,760 pounds; in 1795, 6,276,300 pounds; in 1800, 17,789,803 pounds; in 1810, 93,261,462 pounds; in 1820-'21, 124,893,405 pounds; in 1830-'31, 276,979,784 pounds; in 1840-'41, 530,204,100 pounds; in 1850-'51, 927,237,089 pounds. ^ returns of 1840, the amount cultivated was 67 790,479,275 pounds; of 1850, 987,449,600 pounds; showing an in- crease of 196,970,325 pounds. It appears that the culture of cotton is rapidly diminishing in Vir- ginia and North Carolina. In those States it is doubtless giving place to other productions of the soil. There has been a very heavy falling off, also, in Louisiana, and no appreciable increase in Mississippi ; but the diminution in the former State, and the failure of any advance in the latter, are accounted for by the terrible inundations of the Mississippi and its tributaries. But lor that calamity, it is probable that their in- creased yield would have equalled that of Alabama, which now oc- cupies the first place as a cotton-planting State, and has almost doubled its production since 1840. Immense as the extent and value of this crop has become, it is not extravagant to anticipate a rate of increase for the current decennial period, which will bring up the aggregate for the year I860 to 4,000,000 bales. The average annual yield for the five years ending with 1835, was estimated at 1,055,000 bales; for the same period ending in 1840, 1,440,000 bales; for a like period terminating with 1850, 2,270,000 bales. Had no disturbing cause interrupted the progressive advance, the amount of 1850 would have exceeded 3,000,000 bales. Wool. Analogous in the uses for which it serves to cotton, wool is a product of only less importance to the prosperity of the country than that leading staple of our agriculture and commerce. It is a very gratifying fact that though the number of sheep has in- creased in ten years but 12 per cent., the aggregate weight of their fleeces has augmented 46 per cent. In 1840, there were 19,311,374 sheep, yielding 35,802,114 poundst)f wool, equal to 1.84 pound per head. In 1850, the average weight of each fleece was 2.43 pounds, from which it would appear that such an improvement had taken place in the various breeds of the American sheep as to increase their average product about 32 per cent, throughout the United States. And a critical analysis of the returns of sheep and wool proves not only that our breeds, are capable of such improvement, but that it has actually taken place. In Vermont, the greatest attention has been given to sheep-breeding; time, money, and intelligence having been freely applied to the great object of obtaining a breed combining weight and fineness of fleece. These efforts have succeeded so well, that although the number of sheep in that State had declined nearly one-half in the period from the Sixth to, the Seventh Census, the yield of wool remained nearly the same. The average weight of the fleece in this State in 1840 was 2.2 pounds, and in 1850 it had increased to 3.71, the gain being almost equal to 70 per cent.. In Massachusetts, also, where strenuous exertions have been made - though not on so large a scale as in Vermont to improve their sheep, a correspondingly beneficial result has been obtained, and the average weight of the fleece has been increased from 2.5 to 3.1 pounds. The 1 State of New York produced 226,000 pounds more wool in 1850^ from 3,453,000 sheep, than from 5,118,000 in 1840, showing that the weight of the fleece had been raised from less than two to nearly three pounds. Our imp Jits of wool during the past ten years have varied as follows : 68 Quantity and value of wool imported into the United States from 1841 to 1850, inclusive. Date. Quantity in pounds. Value in dollars, 1841 15,006,410 $1,091,953 1842 11,420,958 797,482 1843 9 months 3,517,100 245,000 1844 14,008,000 851,460 1845 23,833,040 1,689,794 1846 16,558,247 1,134,226 1847 8,460,109 555,622 1848 11,341,429 857,034 1849 17,869,022 1,177,347 1850 18,669,794 1,681,691 By this statement it is shown that the quantity of wool brought into the country of late years amounts to almost one-third of that produced in it, while at former periods, as from 1841 to 1845, the amount was nearly one-half. The largest proportion of this imported wool came from Buenos Ayres and the neighboring States on the Rio de la Plata, and is o{ a coarse and cheap variety, costing from six to eight cents per pound, ft always will be cheaper to bring this kind of wool from re- gions where sheep are reared without care or labor, than to produce it at home $ but there is no country in the world in which sheep may, by judicious treatment, be made a source of greater wealth and comfort to its inhabitants than the United States. The importation* of wool in 1850-51 exhibit a remarkable increase over the preceding or any former year, amounting in quantity to 32,548,693 pounds, and to the value of $3,800,000. Scans and Peas. Various kinds of pulse, from the facility with which they are produced in almost every country of the globe, and the highly nutritive properties which they usually possess, have been a favorite food for man and animals among all nations, and in every age of the world. Thus we find that the Athenians employed sodden beans in their feasts dedicated to Apollo, and that the Romans presented them as an oblation in their solemn sacrifice called '"Fabaria." Pliny informs us that they offered bean-meal cakes to certain gods and god- desses in these ancient rites and ceremonies; and Lempriere states that bacon was added to beans in the offerings to Cama, not so much to gratify the palate of that goddess as to represent the simplicity of their ancestors. The bean came originally from the East, and was cultivated in , Egypt and Barbary in the earliest ages of which we have any records, It was brought into Spain and Portugal in the early part of the eighth century, whence some of the best varieties were introduced into other parts of Europe, and finally into the United States. ,T.he first beans introduced from Europe into the British North Amer- 69 ican colonies were by Captain Gosnold, in 1602, who planted them on the Elizabeth islands, near the coast of Massachusetts, where they flourished well. They were also cultivated in Newfoundland as early as the year 1622; in New Netherlands in 1644; and in Virginia prior to 1648. French, Indian, or kidney beans were extensively cultivated by the Indians of New York and New England long before their settle- ments by the whites; and both beans and peas, (calavances,) of various hues, were cultivated by the natives of Virginia prior to the first land- ing of Captain John Smith. Among these were embraced the cele- brated cow pea, (Phaseolus,) or Indian pea, at present so extensively cultivated at the South for feeding stock, as well as for the purposes of making into fodder, and for ploughing under, like clover, as a fallow crop. The varieties of beans cultivated at present in the United States, as field and garden crops, are too numerous to admit of repetition in this report. For field culture, the common small white, the red-eyed China, the turtle-soup, the Mohawk, and the refugee are preferred; for garden culture, the Mohawk, the early six-weeks, the early Valentine, the yellow six-weeks, the black Valentine, the royal white kidney, the Carolina, or Sewee, the cranberry, the London horticultural, and the Dutch caseknife. The yield usually varies from thirty to sixty bush- els per acre, weighing sixty-three pounds to the bushel. The common pea is supposed to have been indigenous to the south of Europe, and was cultivated both by the Greeks and Romans. Its introduction into the British North American colonies probably dates back to the early periods of their settlement by Europeans, as it is enumerated in several instances among the cultivated products of this country by our early historians. The cultivation of the pea, as a field crop, is principally confined to the middle, eastern, and western States, the varieties of which are dis- tinguished as the early and the late ripening. The early varieties are generally small and dark-colored, among which the grey and grass are the most common. The yield varies from twenty-five to forty bushels per acre, weighing sixty-four pounds to the bushel. The marrow-fats are among the richest of the field peas, which are much preferred for good lands. The small yellow are thought to be best for poorer soils. A very prolific "bush pea" is cultivated in the southern States, bearing pods six or seven inches in length, which hang in clusters, and are filled with fine white peas, much esteemed for the table, either green or dry. The amount of peas exported from Savannah, in 1755, was 400 bush- els; in 1770, 601 bushels; from Charleston, in 1754, 9,162 bushels; from North Carolina, in 1753, 10,000 bushels; annually from Virginia, before the Revolution, 5,000 bushels ; annually from the United States, twenty years preceding 1817, 90,000 bushels. The amount of beans annually exported during the last-named period from 30,000 to 40,000 bushels. Buckwheat. Buckwheat is cultivated in almost every part of the temperate and arctic climates of the civilized world for the farinaceous albumen of its seeds, which, when properly cooked, affords a delicious article of food to a large portion of the human race. It also serves as 70 excellent fodder to milch cows, and the straw, when cut green and con- verted into hay, as well as the ripened seeds, are fed to cattle, poultry, and swine. It is believed to be a native of central Asia, as it is sup- posed to have been first brought to Europe in the early part of the twelfth century, at the time of the Crusades for the recovery of Syria from the dominion of the Saracens ; while others contend that it was introduced into Spain by the Moors, four hundred years before. This grain appears not to have been much cultivated in this country prior to the last century, as it is not often mentioned by writers on America previous to that period. Holm, in his History of Pennsylvania, (Nieu Swedeland,) published at Stockholm in 1702, mentions it among the productions of that province; and Kalm, the Swedish naturalist, who visited this country in 1748-'49, speaks of it as growing in Penn- sylvania, New Jersey, and New York ; and several American writers on agricultural subjects have treated of it since. The cultivation of buckwheat, in one or other of its species, is prin- cipally confined to Great Britain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Nether- lands, Germany, Sweden, Russia, China, Tartaiy, Japan, Algeria, Canada, and the middle and northern portions of the United States. In this country, from thirty to forty-five bushels per acre may be con- sidered as an average yield in favorable seasons and situations, but sixty or more bushels are not unfrequently produced. This grain heretofore has never entered into our foreign commerce. According to the Census returns of 1840, the annual quantity raised in the United States was 7,291,743 bushels; of 1850, 8,956,916 bushels. Barley. Barley, Eke wheat, has been cultivated in Syria and Egypt for more than three thousand years; and it was not until after the Romans adopted the use of wheaten bread, that they fed this grain to their stock. It is evidently a native of a warm climate, as it is known to be the most productive in a mild season, and will grow within the tropics at an elevation of three or four thousand feet above the level of the sea. It is one of the staple crops of northern and mountainous Europe and Asia. The introduction of barley into the North American colonies may be traced back to the periods of their settlements. It was sown by Gos- nold, together with other English grains, on Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth islands, in 1602, and by the colonists in Virginia in 1611. By the year 1648, it was raised in abundance in that colony; but soon after, its culture was suffered to decline in consequence of the more profitable and increased production of tobacco. It has also been sparingly cultivated in the regions of the middle and northern States for malting and distillation, and has been employed, after being hulled, as a substitute for rice. Although believed to have been indigenous to the countries bordering on the torrid zone, this grain possesses the re- markable flexibility of maturing, in favorable seasons and situations, on the Eastern Continent, as far north as seventy degrees, and flourishes well in latitude forty-two degrees south. Along the Atlantic side of the continent of America, its growth is restricted to the tract lying be- tween the thirtieth and fiftieth parallels of north latitude, and between thirty and forty degrees south. Near the westerly coast its range lies principaUy between latitude twenty and sixty-two degrees north. 71 Barley is at present extensively cultivated in the temperate districts and islands of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. In Spain, Sicily, the Canaries, Azores, and Madeira, two crops are produced in a year. In North America, its growth is principally confined to Mexico, the middle, western, and northern States of the Union, and to Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. The barley chiefly cultivated in the United States is the two-rowed variety, which is generally preferred, from the fulness of its berry and its freedom frpm smut. The yield varies from thirty to fifty, or more, bushels per acre, weighing from forty-five to fifty-five pounds to the bushel. Barley has never been much exported from this country, as we have been consumers rather than producers of this grain. In 1747-'4S, there were shipped from Charleston to England, fifteen casks. The consumption of barley for the past year in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors amounted to 3,780,000 bushels. According to the Census returns of 1840, the annual amount of barley raised in the United States was 4,161,504 bushels ; of 1850, 5,167,016 bushels. Potatoes. The common English or Irish potato, (Solatium tubero- sum,) so extensively cultivated throughout most of the temperate coun- tries of the civilized globe, contributing, as it does, to the necessities of a large portion of the human race, as well as to the nourishment and fattening of stock, is regarded as of but little less importance in our national economy than maize, wheat, or rice. It has been found in an indigenous state in Chili, on the mountains near Valparaiso and Men- doza; also near Montevideo, Lima, Quito, as well as in Santa Fe de Bogota, and more recently in Mexico, on the flanks of the Orizaba. The history of this plant, in connexion with that of the sweet potato, is involved in obscurity, as the accounts of their introduction into Europe are somewhat conflicting, and often they appear to be confounded with one another. The common kind was doubtless introduced into Spain in the early part of the sixteenth century, from the neighborhood of Quito, where, as well as in all Spanish countries, the tubers are known as papas. The first published account of it we find on record is in La Cronica del Peru, by Pedro de Cieca, printed at Seville, in 1553, in which it is described, and illustrated by an engraving. From Spain it appears to have found its way into Italy, where it assumed the same name as the truffle. It was received by Clusius, at Vienna, in 1598, in whose time it spread rapidly in the south of Europe, and even into Germany. To England it is said to have found its way by a different route, having been brought from Virginia by Raleigh's colonists in 1586, which would seem improbable, as it was unknown in North America at that time, either wild or cultivated; and, besides, Gough, in his edition of Camden's Brittania, says it was first planted by Sir Walter Raleigh on his estate at Youghall, near Cork, and that it was culti- vated in Ireland before its value was known in England. Gerard, in his Herbal, published in 1597, gives a figure of this plant, under the name of Batata Virginiana, to distinguish it from the sweet potato, Batata Ed- wZe's, and recommends the root to be eaten as a " delicate dish," but not as a common food. " The sweet potato," says Sir Joseph Banks, 72 " was used in England as a delicacy long before the introduction of our potatoes ; it was imported in considerable quantities from Spain and the Canaries, and was supposed to possess the power of restoring decayed vigor." It is related that the common potato was accident- ally introduced into England from Ireland at a period somewhat earlier than that noticed by Gerard, in con sequence of the wrecking of a vessel on the coast of Lancashire, which had a quantity on board. In 1663, the Royal Society of England took measures for encouraging the culti- vation of this vegetable, with the view of preventing famine. Notwith- standing its utility as a food became better known, no high character was attached to it; and the writers on gardening towards the end of the seventeenth century, a hundred years or more after its introduction, treated of it rather indifferently. " They are much used in Ireland and America as bread," says one author, " and may be propagated with advantage to poor people." The famous nurserymen, London and Wise, did not consider it worthy of notice in their Complete Gardener, published in 1719. But its use gradually spread, as its excellencies became better understood. It was near the middle of the last century before it was generally known either in Britain or North America, since which it has been most extensively cultivated. The period of the introduction of the common potato into the British North American colonies is not precisely known. It is mentioned among the products of Carolina and Virginia in 1749, and among those growing in New York and New England the same year. The culture of this plant extends through the whole of Europe, a large portion of Asia, Australia, the southern and northern parts of Af- rica, and the adjacent islands. On the American Continent, with the exception of some sections of the torrid zone, the culture of this root extends from Labrador on the east, and Nootka Sound on the west, to Cape Horn. It resists more effectually than the cereals the frosts of the north. In this country it is principally confined to the northern, middle and western States, where, from the coolness of the climate, it acquires a farinaceous consistence, highly conducive to the support of animal life. It has never been extensively cultivated in Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, nor Louisiana perhaps from the greater facility of raising the sweet potato, its more tropical rival. Its perfection, how- ever, depends as much upon the soil as on the climate in which it grows; for in -the red loam on the banks of Bayou Boeuf, in Louisiana, where the land is new, it is stated that tubers are produced as large, savory, and as free from water, as any raised in other parts of the world. The same may be said of those grown at Bermuda, Madeira, the Canaries, and numerous other ocean isles. The chief varieties cultivated in the northern States are the Carter, the kidneys, the pink-eyes, the Mercer, the orange, the Sault St. Marie, the Merino, and the western red ; in the middle and western States, the Mercer, the long red, or Merino, the orange, and the western red. The yield varies from 50 to 400 bushels and upwards per acre, but generally it is below 200 bushels. Within the last ten years an alarming disease, or " rot," has attacked the tubers of this plant about the time they are fully grown. It has not 73 only appeared in nearly every part of our own country, but has spread dismay at times throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and has been felt more or less seriously in every quarter of the globe. To the greater uncertainty attending its cultivation of late years, from this cause, must be attributed the deficiency of the crop of 1849 as compared with that of 1839. This is one of the four agricultural products which, by the present Census, appears smaller than it was ten years since. Sweet Potato. The sweet potato (Batatas edulu) is a native of the East Indies, and of inter-tropical America, and was the " potato" oi the old English writers in the early part of the fourteenth century. It was doubtless introduced into Carolina, Georgia, and Virginia, soon after their settlement by the Europeans, being mentioned as one of the cultivated products of those colonies as early as the year 1648. It grows in excessive abundance throughout the southern States, and as far north as New Jersey and the southern part of Michigan. The varieties cultivated are the purple, the red, the yellow, and the white, the former of which is confined to the South. The amount of sweet potatoes exported from South Carolina ID 1747-'4S was 700 bushels ; that of the common potato exported from the United States in 1820-'21, 90,889 bushels; in 1830-'31, 112,875 bushels ; in 1840-'41, 136,095 bushels ; in 1850-'51, 106,342 bushels. According to the Census returns of 1840, the quantity of potatoes, of all sorts, raised in the Union, was 108,298,060 bushels; of 1850, 104,055,989 bushels, of which 38,259,196 bushels were sweet. American Wine. The extent of our territory over which the wine culture may be advantageously diffused, has long afforded a subject of much speculation. It early attracted the attention of the first colonists, who not only attempted to form vineyards of the European vine, but to make wine from our own native grapes. Although the subject has been zealously and sedulously pursued at various periods since, all those dwelling on the easterly half of the continent who have made trial of the foreign grape, have never been able to bring their designs to per- fection ; and those who have tested their skill in our native varieties have only met with partial success, yet, a degree of perseverance and enthusiasm seems to have pervaded all the votaries of this delightful pursuit, and a warm and mutual interchange of views and sentiments has existed among them, which has been comparatively unknown in other species of culture. Although the operators in recent times, from being interspersed over so great an extent of territory, are conse- quently more widely separated, still the connecting link, by a friendly co-operation in one common cause, may justly and appropriately as- similate their united exertions to that joyous period in the history of France when, during the reign of Probus, thousands of all ages and sexes united in one spontaneous and enthusiastic effort for the restora- tion of their vineyards. Indeed, when the far greater limits of our do- main are considered, the combined efforts of our fellow-countrymen cannot fail to produce effects even more important, from the great ex- tent of their influence, and cause each section of our republic recipro- cally to respond to the efforts of others, with all their attendant advan- tages and blessings. *w 74 The earliest attempt to establish a vineyard in the British North Amer- ican colonies was by the "London Company," in Virginia, prior to 1620. By the year 1630, the prospects were sufficiently favorable to warrant the importation of several French vignerom, who, it was alleged, ruined them by bad management. Wine was also made in Virginia in 1647; and in 1651, premiums were offered for its production. On the authority of Beverley, who wrote prior to 1722, there were vineyards in that colony which produced 750 gallons a year. Beauchamp Plantagenet, in his "Description of the Province of New Albion," published in London in 1648, states that the English settlers in Uvedale, (now in Delaware,) had vines running on mulberry and sassa- fras trees, and that there were four kinds of grapes. " The first," says he, "is the Tholouse Muscat, sweet scented; the second, the great foxe and thick grape, after five moneths reaped, being boyled and salted, and well fined, it is a strong red Xeres ; the third, alight claret; the fourth, a white grape, creeps on the land, maketh a pure gold-color wine: Tenis Pale, the Frenchman, of these four, made eight sorts of excellent wine ; and of the Muscat, acute boyled, that the second draught will fox [intoxicate] a reasonable pate, four moneths old; and here may be gathered and made two hundred tun in the vintage moneth, and replanted, will mend." An attempt to establish a vineyard near Philadelphia was made by William Penn, in 1683; also by Andrew Dore, in 1685; but neither succeeded. In 1769, the French settlers on Illinois river made upwards of 100 hogsheads of strong wine from the American wild grape. The quantity of wine annually produced in the United States has become a subject of some discussion since the appearance of the return in the Seventh Census on that interest. The Census of 1840 gave 124,000 gallons as the produce of that year. It has been stated in the public prints that since that period the culture of the grape, and the manufacture of wine therefrom, have grown into a business of consid- erable importance in the States bordering on the Ohio river, and that several hundred acres have been planted in vineyards in that valley, which yield at the rate of more than 45,000 gallons of wine a year. The total product of the Union, in 1850, was given at 221,249 gallons. But during the intervening period there had been added to our own territory California and New Mexico, which, in the latter year, produced 60,718 gallons. This quantity deducted from the aggregate, leaves 160,531 gal- lons for the portion of the Union covered by the returns of 1840 indi- cating a gain of only 36,000 gallons. This is probably an understate- ment, but it seems to prove that no considerable progress has yet been made towards supplying, by a home production, the demand, to meet which, importations of foreign wines to a very large amount are annu- ally made. The consumption of wine in the United States, though by no means general, amounts in the aggregate to a large sum. The imports dur- ing the year ending June, 1851, were 6,160,000 gallons, of which, pro- bably, three-fourths consisted of the wines of France. The value or invoice cost of the article was $2,370,000. The average consumption of foreign wines was, therefore, in quantity, but about one-quarter of 75 a gallon for each person, and in value only ten cents. The coinci- dence is somewhat remarkable, that this is almost precisely the rate of consumption of imported wine among the people of Great Britain. But in France, according to official returns, there is produced and re- tained for consumption 900,000,000 gallons of wine, allowing 25f gal- lons to each person in the population. It appears, from other tables in our Census returns, that the quantity of ale and spirituous liquors produced in the United States, in 1850, exceeded 86,000,000 gallons. The amount exported was balanced by the imports, and the quantity rejected, in forming the above estimate, for the sake of preserving round numbers; the consumption of malt and spirituous liquors for manufacturing purposes, arid as a beverage, appears to have been at the rate of nearly four gallons per head. It is the opinion of many, whose inquiries upon the subject entitle them to respect, that among what are called "civilized" nations, the vice oi inebriation has always been found to prevail most extensively where the vine is not cultivated; while, on the other hand, where this species of culture is widely disseminated, the temperance of the people is pro- verbial. If such be the case, we may proudly hope that the day is not far distant when America will fully establish and claim a rivalry with the most favored land of the vine and the olive, and exultingly disclaim being tributary to any foreign clime. Pounds of Hops produced. A gratifying increase has taken place in the culture of this useful article. The gain has been nearly 200 per cent. Almost the whole of the increment, however, has been in the State of New York, which, from less than half a million of pounds in, 1840, now produces more than two and a half millions, which exceeds five-sevenths of the whole crop of the United States. In connexion with this circumstance, it may be mentioned that New York also stands foremost in the production of ale, beer, and porter, in the manufacture of which the larger part of the hops raised is con- sumed. The breweries of this State produced 645,000 barrels of ale, &c., in 1850, being more than a third of the quantity returned for the whole Union. Flax and Hemp. During the last half century great efforts have been made in Europe, and to some extent, of late, in the United States, to increase and improve the production and manufacture of flax and hemp. Formerly they were considered as indispensable crops among our planters and farmers; but their use has been superseded, in a meas- ure, by the cotton of the South. Common flax is a native of Britain, where it has been cultivated from time immemorial, and, from its hardihood and adaptation to a wide range of temperature, it has been grown in almost every country on the Eastern Continent, from Egypt to the polar circle, and in North America, from Texas to Newfoundland. Hemp which is supposed to be a native of India, but long since ac- climatized and extensively cultivated in Spain, Italy, and several other countries in Europe, particularly in Poland and Russia, as w^ll as 'in different parts of America also forms an article of primary importance in commerce, and is of extensive utility. Both of these products were introduced into the North American 76 colonies soon after their settlement by the English. They are men- tioned as growing in New England prior to 1632, and bounties were offered for their cultivation in Virginia as early as 1751. Captain Matthews sowed, yearly, both hemp and flax, which he caused to be spun and woven, prior to the year 1648. In 1662 an edict was passed requiring each poll in Virginia to raise annually and manufacture six pounds of linen thread; but, from the change of the laws and the ces- sation of the bounties, the culture declined. In the late Exhibition at London of the Works of Industry of All Nations, both of these materials held a conspicuous rank. Flax was exhibited, the growth of Great Britain, Ireland, Holland, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Prussia, Germany, Poland, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, India, Van Dieman's Land, Canada, and the United States, and hemp from all of these countries except Britain, Ireland, Canada, and Van Dieman's Land. The fibre of flax and hemp has never been produced in this country in sufficient abundance to form much of an article of foreign com- merce, but flax-seed was formerly shipped to Europe in large quanti- ties. There were exported from New Jersey, in 1751, 14,000 pounds of hemp; from Savannah, in 1770, 1,860 pounds; from the United States, in 1850-'51, 4,769 hundred weight. The amount ot flax seed exported from Philadelphia in 1752 was 70,000 bushels; in 1767, 84,658 bushels; in 1771, 110,412 bushels; from New York, in 1755, 12,528 hogsheads; from the British North American colonies, in 1770, 812,612 bushels; from the United States, in 1791, 292,460 bushels; in 1800, 289,684 bushels; in 1810, 240,579 bushels; in 1820-'21, 264,310 bushels; in 1830-'31, 120,702 bushels; in 1840-'41, 32,243 bushels; in 1850-'51, 9,185 bushels. According to the Census returns of 1840, there were raised in- the United States 95,251f tons of flax and hemp; of 1850, 35,093 tons of hemp and 7,715,961 pounds of flax. The correctness of the returns as to hemp, in the Seventh Census, has not yet been perfectly verified. There has been some doubt whether, in a number of instances, the marshals have not written tons where they meant pounds. If, however, the returns are allowed to stand without reduction, it would appear that the cultivation of hemp or flax has materially changed since 1840. In the returns of that year, as stated above, both of these articles were included under the same head. In 1840, those of Virginia gave 25,594 to. is of hemp and flax together. In 1850, only 141 tons of hemp and 500 tons of flax were returned. Such a falling off would amount to almost an aban- , donment of the culture of hemp in that State, which there is no reason to suppose has taken place. The discovery of new methods for separating the fibrous from the woody parts of the flax plant has doubtless given a vigorous stimulant to its cultivation in the United States. The process of Chevalier Clausen first attracted general attention among us in 1850. Though considerable quantities of flax have been produced in former years, it has been raised principally for the seed, which commanded a remune- rating price. The want of a cheap and speedy process for separating 77 the textile from the refuse parts of the stalk has occasioned a vast an- nual loss of useful material to the country. Should the attempts which have lately been made to apply Clausen's invention succeed, the pro- duction of flax in the' United States may become of great importance, and be advantageously used, not only alone, but in the manufacture of mixed fabrics, as it appears capable of being spun with wool, silk, and other fibres. Silk Cocoons. The culture and manufacture .of silk, like many pro- ductions of nature and art, are difficult to trace from their origin. All that we know concerning them is, that they have come to us from the East in a state of comparative perfection. It seems to have been in Asia that silk was first known, and was called Serica, from the name of the country in which its use was supposed to have been discovered. The Chinese claim to nave manufactured this delicate luxury as early as 2,700 years before the Christian era, at which time their attention was first attracted to the operations of the silk worm on wild mulberry trees. It was soon after found that they thrived much better in rooms than in the open air, and produced cocoons of much larger size and superior qual- ity. From that period the culture of silk rapidly increased, and sub- sequently became a source of great wealth, and spread from China to India, Persia, and Arabia, where, down to the present time, it has con- tinued to be abundantly produced. The expedition of Alexander the Great into Persia and India, first brought silk to the knowledge of Europeans, about 360 years before Christ. About the beginning of the sixth century, after the Roman Empire had been transferred to Constantinople, two monks arrived in the court of the Emperor Justinian, from a mission into China, bring- ing with them the seeds of the mulberry, and communicated the dis- covery of the mode of rearing silk worms. Although the exportation of the eggs of the insects from China was prohibited on pain of death, by the liberal promises and persuasions of Justinian, they were induced to undertake to import some from that country; returning from the expe- dition through Bucharia and Persia, in the year 555, with the eggs of the precious insect, which they had obtained, concealed in the hollow of their canes, or pilgrim staves. From Constantinople, the silk culture spread into Arabia, thence into Spain and Portugal, Greece, Sicily Italy, and other parts of Europe. The introduction of this culture into the North American colonies, dates back to the first settlement of Virginia. James I., who was anx- ious to promote this branch of industry, several times urged the " Lon- don Company" to encourage the growth of mulberry trees, and ad- dressed a letter to them on the subject, in 1622, conveying strict in- junctions that they should use every exertion for this purpose, and stimulated the colonists to apply themselves diligently and promptly to the breeding of silkworms, and the establishment of silk works, bestow- ing their labors rather in producing this rich commodity than to the growth of tobacco an article to which his majesty had recorded and published his violent aversion. The company thus incited, showed much zeal in their endeavors to accomplish the king's wishes. A considerable num- ber of mulberry trees was planted ; but little silk was produced, owing to difficulties involved by their dissolution soon after. In about the 78 year 1651, the rearing of silkworms again became a subject of interest in Virginia, and premiums were offered for its encouragement ; but it does not appear that the business was ever prosecuted to any extent. The silk culture was introduced into Louisiana, in 1718, by the "Company of the West." In the infant settlement of Georgia, in 1732, a piece of ground be- longing to government was allotted as a nursery plantation for white mulberry trees, and the attention of some of the settlers was soon en- gaged in rearing silkworms. In 1720, a quantity of raw silk was raised in that colony, which was manufactured into a piece of stuff, and presented to the queen. In 1749, an act of Parliament was passed for encouraging the growth of silk in Georgia and Carolina, exempting the producer from the pay- ment of duties on importation into London. A bounty was also offered for the production of silk, and a man named Ortolengi, from Italy, was employed to instruct the colonists in the Italian mode of management. A few years before the Revolution, considerable quantities of raw ma- terial began to be raised, which was said to be equal, in some cases, to the best Piedmont silk, and worked with less waste than the Chinese article. In Carolina, the culture was undertaken by the small farmers. In 1766, the House of Assembly of this province voted the sum of .1,000 towards the establishment of a silk filature at Charleston, under the direction of Mr. Gilbert. In Connecticut, attention was first directed to the rearing of silk- worms in 1760. Dr. Aspinwall, of Mansfield, from motives of pa- triotism, used his best exertions to introduce this important branch of rural economy. He succeeded in forming extensive nurseries of the mulberry at New Haven, Long Island, Pennsylvania, and other places. Half an ounce of mulberry seeds was sent to each parish in the colony, with such directions as his knowledge of the business enabled him to impart. In 1783, the legislature of Connecticut passed an act grant- ing a bounty on mulberry trees and raw silk. It here may be stated to the honor of Connecticut, that she is the only State in the Union, which has continued the business without suspension, and probably has produced more silk, from the time of her commencement up to the year 1830, than all the other States. In the year 1769, on the recommendation of Dr. Franklin, through the American Philosophical Society, a filature of raw silk was established in Philadelphia, by private subscription, and placed under the direc- tion of an intelligent and skilful Frenchman, who, it is said, produced samples of reeled silk not inferior in quality to the best from France and Italy. In 1771, the managers purchas- d 2,300 pounds of cocoons all the product of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The enter- prise was interrupted by the Revolution. A similar undertaking was again attempted in Philadelphia, in 1830, under the supervision of M. J. D'Homergue, and cocoons were brought in abundance to the es- tablishment from various parts of the country, and so continued for some time afterwards; but, for want of capital, the enterprise failed. In about the year 1831, the project of rearing silkworms and estab- 79 lishing filatures of silk was renewed in various parts of the Union and the subject was deemed to be of so much importance that it not only attracted the attention of Congress, but afterwards received encourage- ment from the legislatures of several States, by bounties offered for all the raw silk produced within their limits for certain periods of time. The business soon began to be prosecuted with extreme ardor, and con- tinued for several years, resulting in the establishment of several nurse- ries of mulberry trees, and ending in the downfall of the famous " Morus Multicaulis speculation," in 1845. The amount of raw silk exported from Georgia in 1750 was 118 pounds; in 1755, 138 pounds; in 1760, 558 pounds; in 1766, more than 20,000 pounds; in 1770, 290 pounds. From South Carolina, in 1772, 455 pounds. In the year 1765, there were raised on Silk Hope Plantation, in South Carolina, 630 pounds of cocoons; in Mansfield, Connecticut, in 1793, 265 pounds of raw silk; in 1827, 2,430 pounds; in 1831, 10,000 pounds; in Connecticut, in 1844, 176,210 pounds; in the United States, the same year, 396,790 pounds. (See Patent Office Report.) According to the Census returns of 1840, the amount of silk cocoons raised in the United States was 61,552| pounds; of 1850, 10,843 pounds. From the above, it is obvious that the production of cocoons has de- creased, since 1840, 46,789 pounds; and since 1844, 382,027 pounds. Sugar. Sugar, so extensively used in every country of the habitable globe, and forming, as it does, one of our chief staples, supplies its com- mercial demand mainly from the juice of the cane, which contains it in greater quantity and purity than any other plant, and offers greater facilities for its extraction. Although sugar, identical in its character, exists in the maple, the cocoanut, and the beet-root, and is economically obtained to a considerable extent, yet it is not often sufficiently pure to admit of ready separation from the foreign matter combined with it, at least by the means the producers usually have at hand. The history of cane sugar, like that of many other necessaries of life, is involved in great obscurity. It appears to have been imper- fectly known to the Greeks and Romans, as Theophrastus, who lived 320 years before Christ, describes it as a sort of "honey extracted from canes or reeds." And Strabo, who states on the authority of Nearchus, the commander of the fleet in the expedition of Alexander the Great, says that "reeds in India yield honey without bees." We are also informed that sugar candy has been made in China from very remote antiquity ; and that large quantities of it have been exported from India, in all ages, whence it is most probable that it found its way to Rome. Sugar cane occurs in a wild state on many of the islands of the Pacific, but in no part of the American Continent, notwithstand- ing a contrary opinion has been expressed. Its cultivation and the manufacture of sugar were introduced into Europe from the East, by the Saracens, soon after their conquests, in the ninth century. It is stated by the Venetian historians, that their countrymen imported sugar from Sicily, in the twelfth century, at a cheaper rate than they could obtain it from Egypt, where it was then extensively made. The 80 first plantations in Spain were at Valencia, but they were extended to Granada, Murcia, Portugal, Madeira, and the Canary islands, as early as the beginning of the fifteenth century. From Gomera, one of these islands, the sugar cane was introduced into the West Indies by Colum- bus, in his second voyage to America, in 1493. It was cultivated to some extent in St. Domingo, in 1506, where it succeeded better than in any of the other islands. In 1518, there were twenty-eight plantations in that colony, established by the Spaniards, where an abun- dance oi sugar was made, which, for a long period formed the princi- pal part of the European supplies. Barbadoes, the oldest English set- tlement in the West Indies, began to export sugar in 1646, and in the year 1676, the trade required four hundred vessels, averaging 150 tons burden. The introduction of sugar cane into Florida, Texas, California, and Louisiana, probably dates back to their earliest settlement, by the Spaniards or French. It was not cultivated in the latter, however, as a staple product, before the year 1751, when it was introduced with several negroes, by the Jesuits, from St. Domingo. They commenced a small plantation on the banks of the Mississippi, just above the old city of New Orleans. The year following, others cultivated the plant, and made some rude attempts at the manufacture of sugar. In 1758, M. Dubreuil established a sugar estate, on a large scale, and erected the first sugar mill in Louisiana, in what is now the lower part of New Orleans. His success was followed by other plantations, and in the year 1 765, there was sugar enough manufactured for home consumption ; and in 1770, it had become one of the staple products of the colony. Soon after the Revolution, a large number of enterprising adventurers emigrated from the United States to Lower Louisiana, where, among other objects of industry, they engaged in the cultivation of cane, and by the year 1803, there were no less than eighty-one sugar estates on the Delta alone. Since that period, while the production of cane sugar has been annually increasing at the South, the manufacture of maple sugar has been extending in the North and West. The common sugar cane is a perennial plant, very sensitive to cold, and is therefore restricted in its cultivation to regions bordering on the tropics, where there is little or no frost. In the Eastern hemisphere its production is principally confined to situations favorable to its growth, being between the fortieth parallel of north latitude and a correspond- ing degree south. On the Atlantic side of the Western Continent it will not thrive beyond the thirty-third degree of north latitude and the thirty-fifth parallel south. On the Pacific side it will perfect its growth some five degrees further north or south. From the flexibility of this plant, it is highly probable that it is gradually becoming more hardy, and will eventually endure an exposure, and yield a profitable return, much further north, along the borders of the Mississippi, and some of its tributaries, than it has hitherto been produced. In most parts of Louisiana the canes yield three crops from one planting. The first season it is denominated "plant cane," and each of the subsequent growths "ratoons." But sometimes, as on the prairies of Attakapas and Opelousas, and the higher northern range of its cultivation, it re- quires to be replanted every year. Within the tropics, as in the West Indies, and elsewhere, the ratoons frequently continue to yield abund- antly for twelve, fifteen, and even twenty- four years, from the same roots. The cultivation of this plant is principally confined to the West In- dies, Venezuela, Brazil, Mauritius, British India, China, Japan, the Sunda, Philippine, and Sandwich islands, and to the southern districts of the United States. The" varieties most cultivated in the latter are the striped blue, and yellow ribbon, or Java; the red ribbon, or violet, from Java; the Creole crystalline, or Malabar; the Otaheite, the purple, the yellow, the purple-banded, and the grey canes. The quantity of sugar produced on an acre varies from five hundred to three thousand pounds; averaging, perhaps, from eight hundred to one thousand pounds. Hitherto the amount of sugar and molasses consumed in the United States has exceeded the quantity produced; consequently, there has been no direct occasion for their exportation. In the year 1815, it was estimated that the sugar made on the banks of the Mississippi, alone, amounted to ten million pounds. In 1818, the entire crop of Louisiana was only twenty-five million pounds; in 1850, it had reached the enor- mous quantity of 226,001,000 pounds, besides about twelve million gallons of molasses. According to the Census of 1840, the amount of cane and maple- sugar was 155,100,809 pounds, of which 119,947,720 pounds were raised in Louisiana. By the Census of 1850 the cane sugar made in the United States was 247,581,000 pounds, besides 9,700,606 gallons of molasses; maple sugar, 34,249,886 pounds, amounting lo 281,830,- 886 pounds, showing an increase, in ten years, of 126,730,077 pounds., Hay and Fodder. The hay and fodder crops, including the driedf blades, shucks, and tops of Indian corn, as well as of the succulent corn plants and other green forage, cultivated solely for soiling, or for drying; into fodder, chopped straw, the haulm of beans, peas, potatoes, &c.,. which are by no means inconsiderable, are far the most valuable of any in the United States. The culture of hay is at present principally confined to the eastern, middle, and western States, from which the southern markets are mainly supplied in the form of pressed packages or bales. In the earlier settlements of the Atlantic States north of Virginia, the cattle of the inhabitants were chiefly dependent upon the wild indigen- ous grasses such as the white clover, herd's grass, (red top,) wire grass, Indian grass, (Andropogon,) and the coarser herbage of salt marshes, beaver meadows, and other swampy grounds. In the middle and southern colonies they foraged upon the wild herbage of the coun- try, in the same manner as the existing cattle do on the buffalo grass of Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, &c., as well as on the leaves, boughs, and fruit of trees. The principal indigenous grasses which have been successfully cul- tivated in the United States are the Kentucky blue grass, the red top, (herd's grass of Pennsylvania,) the white clover, and the fowl meadow,, or bird grass; the latter of which formerly grew in abundance around Massachusetts bay, and was much relished by the cows, horses, hogs,, and goats of the early settlers, and upon which they thrived. 6 82 Among the foreign cultivated grasses in this country, the Timothy, (herd's grass of New England,) ranks pre-eminent. It is said to have received the name of Timothy from its first introducer into Maryland, Mr. Timothy Hanson. It is a native of England, and is cultivated as a favorite in Sweden and other parts of northern Europe. The next in extent of cultivation among our forage crops of foreign origin is the common red clover, which is widely naturalized, and is diligently cul- tivated by all good farmers. The precise period of its introduction is not known; but, on the authority of Watson, in his "Annals of Phila- delphia," John Bartram had fields of it prior to the American Revolu- tion; and, according to Dr. William Darlington, it was introduced into general cultivation in Chester county, Pennsylvania, between the years 1790 and 1800. Its congener, the creeping white clover, indi- genous or naturalized in Europe, is extensively cultivated in the middle and northern States from imported seed. The other European grasses, which have been only partially introduced into this country, and which have met with favor, are the cock's-foot, or orchard grass, and the perennial ray grass. The latter affords a tolerably good pasture, an$ makes a handsome sward for a yard or lawn; but as a meadow grass for hay it is regarded as inferior in value to any of the preceding. According to the Census returns of 1840, the hay crop of the United States was 10,248,108^ tons; of 1850, 13,838,579 tons, showing an increase of 3,590,470 tons. STATEMENT OP AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS, VALUE OF IMPROVED AND UNIM- PROVED LANDS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, ETC,, IN THE UNITED STATES. 60 Ti S 3 ' "" B DO . <5 "S c C\ CM CO CO 00 Oi O 00 Oi CO T"H r~) CO CO CO 00 TH O5 CO O CO CO i> 00 00 Oi r-OOOOO I '- a. . 3 ! ! 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' ; i ' ; !- O "^ J>^CO CO^ C5 CO WJ) 'O 00 i-< <* C^r-^O^COOO^ ^ "^ " T-H" -^ of 00 r 10 co y o CO CO iH TH G5 <> 1C Co ^ 3 5- M TH 00 CO CO TH iH *o OOTHTHr-iGNG^OiWpO CO O O Oi O co" CO TH ^H *O "O O co co iQCOO OOiCO O5 ^ -^ TH as to ^o ; ; ; ; ; ; co 00 o CC TH Oi H O5 CO co o 0ao'THo3iO5C?oco OOOi COTHQOTHCO'OCO^'OO 00 CO TH TH 01 01 5" co" co" * co" co" co O TH -I OS 00 rs CO !l*ll|*|ll||* ' L l*rM , >^ , , o J-l 4-> ' 2 ^ ;-g I.I bn -2 H fc 3 o g, * " : : - s .5 -H I '3 , G P w C CH k5 ^o ^ ^ ^ W)^G fe Value of anim slaughtered. s. h f. sw po a ** 00 00 oi>O'*iO05 oo CO 00 w o oo 03 o GO tD o 00 ** 05 COC c 00 o 10 o 05 l>rH o 10 CO OO c 00 c oo J> CO rH OS o OS OOOiO rH r O} G^ 00 rH 1> -^ iO -* 00 O CD ID C^ C^ CO O^ r-TtN 00" -> 3 .- " ^' IH ^~ (D CO >-i ri 3 F o' ^ ^3 1 UH O mS 8 2 , ' . e3 97 W CO CO tH O OS o j> CO OS CO t^ iO CO OS 00 O (M rH rH 'O TH CO CO J> J> rH rH O O rH CO CO tO to 00 os to tH o so rH rH rH rH W O CO to i> OS CO TH GO OS r- W rH r- J> (M GO GO rH OS rH 1> OS rH CO OS O OS rH O C* O SO O w OS CO CO CO o 05 OS O 00 O CO C* SO co rH CO s* TH rH CO CO O tO rH O H> rH 5 rH rH CO 3 CO C* 00 CO CO o co t> OS ?5 rH OS rH TH O O O *o rH OS o rH OS rH C"* CO rH O O tH OS OS rH SO OS 10 os CO 00 GO oT CO TH J> CO rH GO GO rH~ OS rH CO (?< rH OS oiw 00 GO rH 1> rH _C 6 Michigan Indiana .*.... Illinois . * Missouri O J-H Wisconsin . . . . rialifrirnin . Minnesota Terr Orpfrnn Tp.rritoi f fcl o g 0) H !p o o a s a Railroads in the United States. In no other particular can the pros- perity of a country be more strikingly manifested than by the perfec- tion of its roads and other means of internal communication. The system of railroads, canals, turnpikes, post routes, river navigation, and telegraphs, possessed by the United States, presents an indication of its advancement in power and civilization more wonderful than any other feature of its progress. In truth, our country in this respect oc- cupies the first place among the nations of the world. From returns received at this office, in reply to special circulars, and other sources of information, it is ascertained that there were, at the commencement of the year 1852, 10,814 miles of railroads completed and in use ; and that 10,898 miles were then in course of construction, with a prospect of being speedily brought into use. While the whole of these 10,898 miles will, beyond reasonable doubt, have been finished within five years, such is the activity with which projects for works of this character are brought forward and carried into effect, that it is not ex- travagant to assume that there will be completed within the limits of the United States before the year 1860 at least 35,000 miles of railroads. The Quincy railroad, for the transportation of granite from the quar- ries at Quincy to Neponset river, and the Mauch Chunk railroad, from the coal mines to the Lehigh river, in Pennsylvania, were the first attempts to introduce that mode of transportation in this country ; and their construction and opening, in the years 1826 and 1827, are prop- erly considered the commencement of the American railroad system. From this period until about the year 1848, the progress of the im- provements thus begun was interrupted only by the financial revul- sion which followed the events of 1836 and 1837. Up to 1848, it is stated that about 6,000 miles had been finished. Since that date an addition of 5,000 miles has been made to the completed roads, and, including the present year, new lines, comprising about 14,000 miles, have been undertaken, surveyed, and mostly placed under contract. The usefulness and comparative economy of railroads as channels of commerce and travel have become so evident, that they have in some measure superseded canals, and are likely to detract seriously from the importance of navigable rivers for like purposes. In a new country like ours, many items of expense, which go to swell the cost of railroads in England and on the Continent, are avoided. Material is cheap ; the right of way usually freely granted ; and heavy land dam- ages seldom interpose to retard the progress of an important work. It is difficult to arrive at a clear approximation to the average cost of railroad construction in the United States. Probably the first import- ant work of this class undertaken and carried through in the Union was the cheapest, as it has proved one of the most profitable, ever built. This was the road, from Charleston, in South Carolina, to Au- gusta, on the Savannah river. It was finished and opened for traffic in 1833. The entire expense of building the road and equipping it with engines and cars for passengers and freight was, at the date of its completion, only $6,700 per mile ; and all expenditures for repairs and improvements, during the eighteen years that the road has been in operation, have raised the aggregate cost of the whole work to only $1,336,615, or less than $10,000 per mile. It is estimated that the 2,870 miles of railroads finished in New Eng- land have cost $132,000,000, which gives an average of nearly $46,000 per mile. In the middle States, where the natural obstacles are some- what less, the average expense per mile of the railroads already built is not far from $40,000. Those, now in course of completion as the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, Pennsylvania Central and other lines, the routes of which cross the Ah 1 egh any range of mountains will probably require a larger proportionate outlay, owing to the heavy expense of grading, bridging, and tunnelling. In those States where land has be- come exceedingly valuable, the cost of extinguishing private titles to the real estate requires, and the damages to property along the routes, form a heavy item in the account of general expenses of building rail- roads. In the South and West the case is reversed ; there the propri- etors along the proposed line of a road are often willing and anxious to give as much land as may be needed for its purposes, and accord many other advantages in order to secure its location through or in the vicinity of their possessions. In the States lying in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi the cost of grading, also, is much less than at the eastward. Where the country is wooded, the timber can be ob- tained at the mere cost of removing it from the track ; and through prairie districts, Nature seems to have prepared the way for these struc- tures by removing every obstacle from the surface, while fine quarries of stone are to be found in almost every region. These favorable cir- cumstances render the estimate of $20,000 per mile in all the new States safe and reliable. The primary design of nearly all the great lines of railway in the United States has been to connect the seacoast with the distant inte- rior ; to effect which object it was necessary to cross the Alleghanies, which intersect every line of travel diverging to the West from the great commercial cities of the sea board. The following are some of the vast enterprises which have been un- dertaken to accomplish this great purpose, which have either been fin- ished or are in such a state of progress as leaves no doubt of their being brought to a successful issue within a few years : First. The railroads connecting Portland, the commercial capital of Maine, with the British provinces, and through their public works, the St. Lawrence river and the lakes, with the western States of the Union. Second. The railroads from Boston westward, connecting at Albany with the roads of central New York, and, by the more northern route, traversing New Hampshire and Vermont, continuing towards the West by the Ogdensburg railroad, and bringing Montreal, the chief commer- cial city of Upper Canada, into communication with the capital of New England. Third. The New York and Erie railroad, extending from New York city to Lake Erie, and intended to form a part of a continuous line from the Hudson to the Mississippi a project likely to be effected within the ensuing ten years. Fourth. The Pennsylvania Central railroad, from Philadelphia to. Pittsburg, with numerous diverging branches, to points north and south of the general direction. This great route will reach St. Louis by a nearly due west course through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Pennsylvania section will be completed about the end of 1852. Fifth. The Baltimore and Ohio railroad, one of the most magnifi- cent' works of the day, will pass from Baltimore through Maryland and Virginia to Wheeling, on the Ohio. At the latter point, it will form a connexion with the system of roads traversing the West and Northwest. It crosses the Alleghanies by the most favorable passes, and, to avoid a very high grade, a tunnel has been cut f perhaps the longest and most expensive in the world. Sixth. The roads proposed to be constructed under authority of Virginia, and already commenced, intended to establish communica- tion between tide-water and the interior, and southwestern parts of that State, and to continue the same through Tennessee to the Missis- sippi. These routes pass through the mountains at the southeast cor- ner of Virginia, and the works are in a state of less forwardness than those upon any other of the great lines referred to in this connexion. Seventh. The several lines of railroad from Charleston and Savan- nah, penetrating South Carolina and Georgia, concentrating in north- eastern Alabama, and reaching the level region of the Mississippi by the valley of the Tennessee river. These roads, by their western con- tinuation, will intersect lines running to every important point between the mountains and the Mississippi. Eighth. The Mobile and Ohio railroad, from the Mexican gulf to Cairo, on the Ohio river, and thence by the Illinois Central railroad to the lakes, a distance in a straight line of about eleven hundred miles. It will be seen at a glance that the leading idea in all these vast enter- prises was to overcome the barrier presented by this chain of mount- ains, to a direct and unrestricted intercourse between the sea board and the West, and to supply the want of those natural channels of com- merce, navigable rivers, extending into the section we desire to reach. The enormous aggregate of expense of the numerous works specified above, undertaken with this one object, and their importance as public improvements, may be estimated from the following brief notice of the New York and Erie railroad, which occupies the third place in our preceding enumeration : The longest continuous line of railroad in the world, and that in the construction of which the greatest natural obsta- cles have been overcome, is that which extends from the Hudson river, through the southern counties of New York, to Lake Erie. Its length is four hundred and sixty-nine miles, and it has branches of an addi- tional length of sixty-eight miles. Nearly its whole course is through a region of mountains. The bridges by which it is carried over the Delaware and Susquehannah rivers, and other streams, and the viaducts upon which it crosses the valleys that intercept its route, are among the noblest monuments of power and skill to be Ibund in our country. The most of these works are of heavy masonry ; but one of them is a wooden bridge, one hundred and eighty-seven feet in height, with one arch, the span of which is two hundred and seventy-five feet. One of the via- ducts is twelve hundred feet long, and one hundred and ten feet high. The aggregate cost of this important work was $23,580,000, and the expense of construction was $42,333 per mile. The road was originally suggested in 1829; a company was organized in 1833; it was finished in May, 1851, and opened with great ceremony for travel 101 and transportation in that month. The State advanced three millions of dollars towards the work, and afterwards released the company from the obligation to pay the loan. It will be seen that the execution of this great work was pursued through nineteen years, and was not accom- plished without calling into requisition both the resources of the Stale and the means of her citizens. The following table presents, in a convenient form, some of the prin- cipal facts connected with railroads in the United States on the first January, 1852: States with railroads in operation, or in process of construction. Miles of railroad com- pleted and in ope- ration. Miles of railroad in course of construc- tion. .2 00 1 j ra 4 229 58 000 905, 999 15.62 Alabama ............... 121 190 50 722 771 , 671 15. 21 93 273 47 156 606 555 12 86 63 46 431 517,739 11.15 Texas .- 32 237,321 212, 592 0.89 Tenuessee .................. 112 748 45, 606 1,002,625 21.98 Kentucky ............ 93 414 37,680 982, 405 26.07 Ohio 828 1,892 39,964 1,980,408 49.55 427 56 243 397,654 7.07 Indiana . .............. 600 915 33, 809 988,416 29.23 Illinois . .......... . .... .... 176 1,409 55,405 851,470 15.36 Missouri ....... .. 515 67,380 682, 043 10.12 Wisconsin .. ............ 20 421 53,924 305, 191 5.65 10,843 10,898 Since the first edition of this report was put to press, information has been received, tending to prove that 2,500 miles of railroad, in progress at the beginning of 1852, had been completed during the year, and that 3,652 miles of new road had been placed under contract, making the aggregates of 13,266 miles of railroad in operation, and 12,681 miles in progress, on the 1st of January, 1853. These facts display a rate of increase in the extension of the railroad system greater than the expe- rience of former years had authorized us to anticipate. New York has 3,047 miles of railroad. This is the greatest absolute amount pos- 102 sessed by any State; but Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Ohio exceed it in proportion to their area and population. Several other States as Illinois, Indiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and Wisconsin have a greater extent of railway accommodation, according to population, than New York. Of the southern Stales, Georgia, Alabama, and Mis- sissippi are proceeding most rapidly in the construction of these im- provements. In the North, Illinois and Ohio take the lead of all other States. But it will be more satisfactory to copy in this place a table, exhibiting the progress which each State is making, and has made, in such enterprises. It is extracted from the American Railroad Journal, and has been scrutinized with great care, and is believed to be a state- ment as nearly the exact as any that can be made. Table showing the number of miles of railroad in operation, and in course of construction, in each State of the Union, on the first of January, 1853. States. No. of miles in operation. No. of miles in progress. TotaL Maine 394 Ill 505 New Hampshire 500 42 542 Vermont 427 427 Massachusetts .. 1,140 66 1 206 Rhode Island 50 32 82 Connecticut 627 198 825 New York 2,123 924 3 04-7 New Jersey 254 85 QQQ Pennsylvania 1,244 903 2147 Delaware 16 11 27 Maryland 521 521 Virginia . 624 610 1 2S4. North Carolina 249 248 4.Q7 South Carolina 599 296 895 Georgia . 857 691 1 54-ft Florida 23 23 Alabama 236 728 o4 Mississippi 95 875 970 Louisiana 63 200 9A^ Texas 32 Q9 Tennessee 185 fiOQ AQJ. Kentucky 94 661 7*\^ Ohio 1 385 1 7.^5 31 /in Indiana 755 Q7Q 1 7Q/1 Michigan 427 1| /O'* 4.97 Illinois . . 296 1 772 SflAQ Missouri 515 ^1 ^ Wisconsin 50 470 ^9f Total 13 266 12 681 nr. q/17 103 Measures are in progress for establishing railroads in California, with the object of connecting San Francisco with some of the principal towns of the State ; and no doubt, ere the lapse of many years, that important division of the Union will be in possession of as large a pro- portion of these facilities for travel and business as her population and resources require. From the brief sketch of American railroads should not be excluded some mention of several projects which are not only closely connected with the interests of the United States, but possess something of national importance. The first of these, in point of vastness of design, is the enterprise of building a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean. The routes proposed in this great work are almost as numerous as the persons who claim the merit of having first suggested and brought forward the scheme of thus completing the chain of railroad connexion between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Union. Although the importance of such a work to the prosperity of the nation cannot be doubted, there is reason to suppose that many years will elapse before the resources of the country will be found sufficient for its accomplish- ment. No scientific survey of any route west of the frontier of Mis- souri has been made, but it is not probable that any could be found that would bring the line of travel between the Mississippi and the ocean within the limit of 1,600 miles. The natural obstacles to be overcome are the Rocky mountains and the Sierra Nevada, the deserts between the Missouri and the former chain, and those of the great basin, the flying sands, and the want of timber. Further explorations may lead to the discovery of means to overcome these difficulties. Should the cost not exceed the average of western roads, it would form no objection to the enterprise, since it would be only about $32,000,000, or only twenty-five per cent, more than has been expended upon the Erie railroad less than fifty per cent, greater than the aggregate expenditure upon the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and not two- thirds of that incurred by the State of Massachusetts on her railroads. And even though the average cost should be as heavy as that of the most expensive roads in the country those of New England, for example the aggregate expenditure required for the completion of this great national enterprise would not exceed $72,000,000, which is not a larger sum than has been invested in such improvements in England in a single year. The only question, then, affecting the probability of the construction of the Pacific railroad is that of practicability. This can only be determined by thorough surveys of some or all of the routes proposed, from the valley of the Rio Grande, the Arkansas, the Missouri, and the upper Mississippi. If this road were completed, and the route continued westward by steamship to Calcutta, it would reduce the time required for the circuit of the globe, by the American overland route, to ninety- three days, as follows : 104 From New York to San Francisco 4 days. San Francisco to Hong-Kong 25 " Hong-Kong to Calcutta 6 " Calcutta to Bombay 13 " Bombay to England 35 " London to New York 10 " 93 days. Another project for connecting, by the means of cheap and rapid con- veyance, the two coasts of our confederacy, which deserves, as it has received, very great attention, is the proposition to build a railroad across the isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. The difficulties which surround this undertaking are chiefly of a diplomatic character, upon the ultimate decision of which the success of the enterprise depends. An American company has taken the work in hand, and caused a pre- liminary survey to be made, which establishes its feasibility. The length of the road, according to the report of the surveyors, will be 166 miles from sea to sea ; but only about 80 miles from the head of navi- gable water on either side. The cost of the road, with all the necessary equipments, station- houses, &c., is estimated at $7,848,000. The time expected to be required for its construction is three years. With this connecting link of communication completed, the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco will be performed in eight or nine days. The subjoined table, prepared for the most part from actual returns, exhibits the amount expended upon roads in operation on the 31st December, 1851: New England States $131,940,000 New York 76,000,000 New Jersey f 9,040,000 Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia 81,600,000 North Carolina 3,800,000 South Carolina 9,860,000 Georgia 13,000,000 Mississippi 1,400,000 Alabama 2,000,000 Louisiana 1,000,000 Tennessee . 2,000,000 Kentucky 1,670,000 Ohio 17,^60,000 Indiana 9,000,000 Illinois 2,600,000 Michigan 10,000,000 Wisconsin 300,000 Cost of completed railroads in the United States 372,770,000 Probable cost of those in progress 220,000,000 Total amount of capital invested in railroads, Decem- ber 31, 1851 592,770,000 105 For the purpose of comparison with the foregoing, the subjoined statement has been prepared, showing the number of miles of railroads, with their costs, according to the most generally received authorities in all the countries of Europe in which those improvements have been to any considerable extent introduced : Miles. Aggregate. Cost per mile. Great Britain and Ireland German States, including Prus- sia and Austria 6,890 5,332 $1,218,000,000 325,875,000 $177,000 61,000 France 1 018 238,905,000 254,000 Belgium 532 46,288,000 49,000 Russia 200 15,000,000 75,000 Italy 170 15,000,000 88,000 14,142 1,859,068,000 The preceding table was made before the opening of the railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which, being nearly 400 miles in length, would add largely to these statistics, so far as refers to Russia. In France, also, during the past season, 1,500 miles of railway, in ad- dition to that stated in the table, were opened, making the whole ex- tent of railway in that country, in July last, about 2,500 miles ; and it is expected that, during the course of the ensuing year, 1,800 miles ad- ditional will be completed. By these statistics it is made to appear that the average cost of European railroads was $130,300 per mile. The average cost of American railroads completed previous to the commencement of the present year was $34,307 per mile. The excess of expenditure, therefore, in the construction of European roads over those in the United States, is $95,993 per mile, or about 280 per cent. ; but it may be re- marked that the estimated average cost of construction in the United States of all the roads completed and in progress does not exceed $27,300 per mile ; so that the actual excess is $103,000 per mile. The foregoing statements develop the striking fact that the United States possess an extent of railroad nearly equal to that of the rest of the world combined ; and, at our present rate of progression, we are likely, in a few years, far to exceed it. In the infancy of the American railroad system, a favorite means of providing funds for their construction was the advance of loans from the treasuries of the respective States in which they were situated ; but this plan has been superseded by the use of private capital, and, within the last ten years, frequent recourse has been had to the expedient of loans and subscriptions by counties, cities, and towns through which the roads pass. Loans of this character, however, are in all cases made under the sanction of authority conferred by the State legisla- tures. The bonds representing these transactions with the stocks of 106 the companies have been estimated to amount to $300,000,000. This sum may be assumed as the amount of the capital invested in those roads now in progress, and those which may have been completed since the opening of the year. If, then, we add this sum to the esti- mated cost of the roads finished in December, 1861, we shall have $672,770,000 as the total amount of investments in railroads in the United States. From the best data accessible at this time, we prepare the following table, representing the financial condition of some of the railroads of the States, selected as affording a fair exemplification of the whole system in this country : Length of roads. Aggregate cost. Net income. Declared dividends. i Estimated ac- tual profits. Massachusetts New York 1,089 1,826 754 $52,595,288 76,000,000 13,000,000 $3,260,670 4,023,000 6.2 5 7.5 7.5 9.44 10 Georgia The figures under the head of "estimated actual profits" present the assumed net income alter the addition to the amount of the divi- dends of the surplus earnings, reserved profits, and all receipts in ex- cess of expenditure not included in the calculation of which the divi- dend is a result. The rates of fare on our railroads are lower than on those of any country of which we have returns, affording the means of comparison. In New England, the average rate per mile is slightly over two cents ; from New York to Washington, it is three cents and a half per mile. From New York to Cincinnati, the railroad and steamboat fare together is less than two cents per mile. From New York to Albany, the price of passage is a fraction over one cent per mile, and the average rate upon all the New York railroads has been stated at two cents and one- fifth per mile. -Telegraphs. As telegraphs have formed a subject of inquiry, it is deemed proper to present some account of the information obtained respecting this recent but widely extended and daily enlarging means of communication. At the present time it is a subject engrossing much of the attention of our own citizens, and frequent applications are made to this office, from foreign countries, for information regarding the minutia of the system as conducted in the United States. Here, the telegraphic system is carried to greater extent than in any other part of the world, and the numerous lines now in full operation form a net-work over the length and breadth of the land. They are not confined to the populous regions of the Atlantic coast, but extend far into the interior, climb the sides of the highest mountains, and cross the almost boundless prairies; and in a few years a continuous communi- cation will be established between the capital of the nation and the 107 shores of the Pacific, as it now exists between the Atlantic, the great lakes, and the Gulf of Mexico. It is to American ingenuity that we owe the practical application of the magnetic telegraph for the purpose of communication between dis- tant points, and it has been perfected and improved mainly by Ameri- can science and skill. While the honor is due to Professor Morse for the practical application and successful prosecution of the telegraph, it is mainly owing to the researches and discoveries of Professor Henry, and other scientific Americans, that he was enabled to perfect so valu- able an invention. The first attempt which was made to render electricity available for the transmission of signals, of which we have any account, was that of Le Sage, a Frenchman, in 1774. From that time to the present, there 'have been numerous inventions and experiments to effect this object; and from 1820 to 1850, ihere were no less than sixty-three claimants for different varieties of telegraphs. We will direct attention only to those of Morse, Bain, and House, they being the only kinds used in this country. During the summer of 1832, Professor S. F. B. Morse, an American, conceived the idea of an electric or electro-magnetic telegraph, and, after numerous experiments, announced his invention to the public in April, 1837. On the 10th of March, 1837, Hon. Levi Woodbury, then Secretary of the Treasury, issued a circular requesting information in regard to the propriety of establishing a system of telegraphs for the United States, to which Professor Morse replied, giving an account of his in- vention, its proposed advantages and probable expense. At that time he "presumed five words could be transmitted in a minute." Professor Morse having petitioned Congress for aid to enable him to test the prac- tical operation of his invention, an appropriation of $30,000 was made for this purpose; and in June, 1844, he erected the first telegraphic line in the United States, between Washington and Baltimore, a length of 40 miles. This line was extended to Philadelphia and New York, a distance of 250 miles. It reached Boston in 1845, and became the great line of the North, from which branched two others, one from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis, 1,000 miles; the other from New York to Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago, and Milwaukie, 1,300 miles. Another line, 1,395 miles in length, connects Buffalo, Niagara, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, and Halifax. Two lines run south to New Orleans one from New York, "Washing- ton, and Charleston, 1,966 miles the other from Cleveland, Ohio, and Cincinnati, via Nashville, 1,200 miles long. The only line constructed with government aid was that connecting the cities of Washington and Baltimore. The others have been estab- lished by private enterprise. This line is at present, perhaps, the best appointed and most reliable in the world. The following table exhibits the annual receipts of the "Magnetic Telegraph Company," extending 108 from Washington to New York, which was the first organized in this country : From January 27, 1846, to July 1, 1846 $4,228 77 " July 1, 1846, to July 1, 1847 32,81028 " " 1847, " 1848 52,252 81 1848, " 1849.. 63,367 62 " 1849, " 1850 61,383 98 " " 1850, " 1851 67,737 12 " 1851, " 1852 103,860 84 Total amount received up to July, 1852 385,641 42 The number of messages sent over this line in the last six months was 154,514, producing $68,499 23. The amount of business which a well-conducted office can perform is immense. Nearly seven hundred messages, exclusive of those for the press, were sent in one day over the Morse Albany line ; and a few days after, the Bain line at Boston sent and received five hundred com- munications. Another office, with two wires one five hundred, the other two hundred miles in length after spending three hours in the transmission of public news, telegraphed, in a single day, four hundred and fifty private messages, averaging twenty-five words each, besides the address, sixty of which were sent in succession, without a word of repetition. The apparatus cannot be worked successfully without skilful ope- rators, good batteries and machines, and thorough insulation of the conductors. The expense of copper wire, which was at first used, has caused it to be superseded by iron, which is found to answer the pur- pose as well, though it is requisite to give the iron wire six times the weight of a copper one, to gain the same conducting power with equal lengths. About two hundred and fifty pounds of iron wire are required to a mile. Its insulation is effected by winding it around or passing it through caps or knobs of glass, or well-glazed stoneware, or enclosing it with gutta percha. The wires are generally supported on spars or posts, from twenty to thirty feet in height, nine inches in diameter at the base, four and a half at the top, set in the ground five feet deep, and placed from twelve to fifteen rods apart. Although the wires have been buried in the earth, in some countries, and experiments tried here to effect this object, it would appear, from the latest information received, that this method is unsuccessful, and will be relinquished. The cost of construction, including wire, posts, labor, &c., is about one hundred and fifty dollars per mile. The only constant and economical battery used in the United States is Grove's, consisting of cups of zinc, with strips of platinum, in an earthenware or porcelain cup, which cup is filled with nitric acid and is placed inside of the zinc cup, in a tumbler containing diluted sul- phuric acid. The main battery on a line, (from four to fifty cups,) re- quires renewing once in every two weeks, and daily in unfavorable weather and in local batteries of two or three cups. 109 The earth itself has been made to furnish a supply of electric force ; a single pair of zinc and copper plates buried sufficiently deep below the surface to be in the wet sub-soil, will cause a current of low intensity. The earth acts as the return wire to any given number of distinct wires, without in the least affecting the regularity of the action of any of them. The average performance of the Morse instruments is to transmit from eight thousand to nine thousand letters per hour. The usual charge of transmission is twenty-five cents for ten words, or less, sent one hundred miles. The following table will show the rates of telegraphic communication between the city of Washington and some of the principal cities of the Union. The distances are given from a table prepared at the Post Office Department. Telegraphic charges from Washington to the following places for mes sages containing ten words or less. Places. Miles. Bates. Albany N.Y... 376 Augusta Me. . . . 619 Baltimore Md "40 Baton Rouge La. .. . 1,539 Boston Mass.. . 448 Buffalo N.Y... 703 Chicago Ill 1,238 Cincinnati Ohio .. 578 Cleveland do. . . 439 Detroit Mich.. . 970 Dubuque Iowa . . 1,449 Erie Pa 439 Frankfort Ky. . . . 669 Harrisburg Pa 124 Hartford Conn... 345 Indianapolis la 639 Jackson Miss. .. 1,325 Louisville Ky 720 Madison Wis. . . . 1,413 Memphis Tenn.. . 1,305 Milwaukie Wis.... 1,332 Nashville Tenn.. . 1,142 Natchez Miss. . . 1,694 New Albany la 723 Newport 1 R. I. . . 414 New Orleans La 1,408 New York N. Y. . . 232 Philadelphia. Pa 142 Pittsburg Pa 307 $0 80 1 15 20 2 25 75 90 1 25 70 80 1 00 1 70 1 00 00 45 75 00 00 95 55 70 35 35 2 05 1 10 75 2 20 50 30 45 110 Telegraphic charges Continued. Places. Miles. Bates. Me 555 $0 95 Portsmouth . N. H... 503 1 00 Providence R. I 405 75 Mo 989 1 20 Springfield III. . .. 851 1 46 Syracuse N. Y. .. 524 90 Vicksburg.. Miss. . . Va 1,371 331 2 30 50 Wilmington Del 112 25 Messages passing from one very distant point to another have usually to be re-written at intermediate stations; though, by an improved method, the seaboard line has, in good weather, transmitted communi- cations direct between New York and Mobile a distance of near 1,800 miles without intermediate re-writing. By the Cincinnati route to New Orleans a distance of nearly 2,000 miles the news brought by an Atlantic steamer at 8 o'clock A. M., has been telegraphed from New York to tha^ distant point, and the effects produced in the market there returned to New York by 11 o'clock A. M. The Congressional reports from Washington are usually received simultaneously in Balti- more, Philadelphia, and New York ; and all that is necessary at the intermediate stations is for an operator to be present and receive the message as it is developed on paper by the instruments. The electric telegraph has been applied in this country to a new and highly important purpose that of the registration of astronomical ob- servations ; thus establishing the best possible means for the determina- tion of the difference of longitude. The observatories in different parts of the country are connected by telegraphic wires ; and the most deli- cate experiments, dependent upon the appreciation of minute portions of time, have been successfully performed. This method has been recently used for the determination of the wave time of electrical cur- rents. The great extent of the telegraphic business, and its importance to the community, is shown by a statement of the amount paid tor despatches by the associated press of New York, composed of the seven principal morning papers the Courier and Enquirer, Tribune, Herald, Journal of Commerce, Sun, Times, and Express. During the year ending November 1 , 1852, these papers paid nearly fifty thousand dollars for despatches, and about fourteen thousand dollars for special and exclusive messages not included in the expenses of the association. The Morse system is used generally throughout the United States. It is used in Prussia, wherever intelligence is transmitted great dis- tances. The great German- Austrian Telegraphic Union, comprising, all the States of Germany and Austria, after deliberating in convention at Ill Vienna, came to the conclusion that none but the American system would fully accomplish their object for international correspondence. Alexander Bain, a native of Scotland, patented an electro-chemical telegraph on the 12th .December, 1846 ; and another patent was granted to him in connexion with Robert Smith, in October, 1849. The ad- vantages which the inventor attributes to the electro-chemical telegraph are, " 1st. More economy and simplicity in the primitive construction, 2d. More rapidity in the transmission of despatches. A single wire, with a good insulator, can transmit 1,200 letters a minute. 3d. An electric current, more feeble than ordinary, suffices to cause the appa- ratus to work. 4th. More simplicity and economy in the correspond- ence and superintendence. 5th. Fewer chances of error in the des- patches sent." The Bain telegraph used in this country has been materially improved by Henry J. Rogers. The following is a list of the Bain telegraphic lines in the United States: New York to Boston, (250 miles each) 2 wires 500 miles. Boston to Portland 1 " 100 " Boston to Burlington, Vermont, and thence to Og- densburg, New York 1 " 350 " Troy to Saratoga 1 36 " New York to Buffalo, (513 miles each) 2 " 1,026 " 7 " 2,012 Five lines, having seven wires and a length of 2,012 miles. The "House printing telegraph" was invented by Royal E. House, a Pennsylvanian, and patented April 18, 1846. The first line operating with this instrument was completed in Au- gust, 1850, by the Boston and New York Telegraph Company, between those cities. It has been patented in England by Jacob Brett. The difference between Morse's and House's telegraph is, principally, that the first traces at the distant end what is marked at the other ; while House's does not trace at either end, but makes a signal of a letter at the distant end which has been made at the other, and thus, by new machinery, and a new power of air and axial magnetism, is enabled to print the signal letter at the last end, and this at the astonishing rate of sixty or seventy strokes, or breaks, in a second, and at once records the information, by its own machinery, in printed letters. Morse's is less complicated, and more easily understood; while House's is very difficult to be comprehended in its operations in detail, and works with the addition of two more powers one air, and the other called axial magnetism. One is a tracing or writing telegraph; the other, a signal and printing telegraph. The following are the House lines in operation: The Boston and New York Telegraph Company; two wires; length, 600 miles. A line is being constructed to connect with the Boston line, running from Springfield, Massachusetts, to Albany, New York r there to inter- 112 sect the New York and Buffalo line, using the same instruments, ex- tending from New York to Buffalo, a distance of 570 miles. One wire is now in operation, connecting with Poughkeepsie, Troy, Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Lyons, Rochester, Albion, Lockport, and Buffalo. The same line to continue to St. Louis, Missouri, connecting with Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Louisville, will soon be completed, forming the longest line in the world under the direction of one com- pany, the whole length being 1,500 miles. The New Jersey Magnetic Telegraph Company, using House in- struments, extends from Philadelphia to New York, two wires, 132 miles each. A line also extends south to Baltimore and Washington. The whole length of House lines in the United States is about 2,400 miles. List of Telegraphs in the United States. Wires. Miles. Total miles of wire. New York and Boston Telegraph Co 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 3 2 1 I 1 2 1 1 7 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 250 250 250 100 100 350 350 34 97 74 513 550 150 36 40 550 440 460 260 100 260 * 800 250 400 410 150 750 500 250 100 100 350 350 34 97 74 1,539 1,100 150 36 40 1,100 440 460 1,820 100 260 1,600 500 400 410 300 Merchants' Telegraph Co., N. Y. and Boston. House's Printing Telegraph Boston and Portland Merchants' Telegraph Co., (Boston and Port- land) Portland to Calais Boston to Burlington, Vt., and thence to Og- densburg, N. Y . . ... Boston to Newburyport Worcester to New Bedford Worcester to New London New York, Albany, and Buffalo N. Y. State Telegraph Co., N. Y. to Buffalo. . . Syracuse to Ogdensburg Troy to Saratoga Syracuse to Oswego. . House Telegraph Co., New York to Buffalo. . N. Y. and Erie Telegraph, N. Y. to Dunkirk. . N. Y. and Erie Railroad Telegraph, New York and Dunkirk Magnetic Telegraph Co., N. Y. to Washington. House Line, New York to Philadelphia Troy and Canada Junction Telegraph Co., Troy and Montreal Erie and Michigan Telegraph Co., Buffalo to Milwaukie Cleveland to Cincinnati Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Indianapolis Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Vincennes Cleveland and Pittsbursr. . 113 List of Telegraphs in the United States Continued. Wires. Miles. Total miles of wire. Cleveland and Zanesville Lake Erie Telegraph Co., Buffalo to Detroit. Cincinnati and Sandusky city Toledo and Terre Haute Chicago and St. Louis Milwaukie and Green Bay Milwaukie and Galena Chicago to Galena, Whitewater and Dixon. . Chicago and Janesville Buffalo and Canada Junction Telegraph Co. New York and New Orleans, by Charleston. . Harper's Ferry to Winchester, Virginia Baltimore to Cumberland Baltimore to Harrisburg York and Lancaster Philadelphia and Lewistown, Delaware Philadelphia and New York Philadelphia and Pittsburg Philadelphia and Pottsville Reading and Harrisburg Troy and Whitehall Auburn and Elmira Pittsburg and Cincinnati Columbus and Portsmouth, Ohio Columbia and New Orleans New Orleans to Balize Cincinnati and Maj'-sville, Kentucky Alton and Galena St. Louis and Independence St. Louis and Chicago Newark and Zanesville Mansfield and Sandusky Columbus and Lancaster, Ohio Lancaster and Logan Cincinnati to Dayton Zanesville and Marietta ^ Dunkirk, New York, and Pittsburg Camden and Cape May, New Jersey Camden and Mount Holly, New Jersey New York and Sandy Hook Cleveland and New Orleans, by Cincinnati. . 89 150 400 218 300 400 200 250 310 100 200 1,966 32 324 72 22 12 120 309 98 51 72 75 310 90 638 90 60 380 25 330 40 40 30 26 100 66 200 100 25 80 1,200 16,735 150 400 218 300 400 200 250 310 100 200 1,966 32 324 72 22 12 720 309 98 51 72 75 620 90 638 90 60 380 25 330 40 40 30 26 100 66 200 100 25 80 1,200 114 The telegraphs in England are the next in importance and extent to those in this country. They were first established in 1845, and there are about 4,000 miles of wire now in operation. The charge for transmission of despatches is much higher than in America, one penny per word being charged for the first fifty miles, and one farthing per mile for any distance beyond one hundred miles. A message of twenty words can be sent a distance of 500 miles in the United States for one dollar, while in England the same would cost seven dollars. In June, 1852, the submarine telegraph between Dover and Ostend was completed, and on the 1st of November the first electric commu- nication was established direct between Great Britain and the Conti- nent of Europe. By a line of wires between London and Dover, via Doncaster and Canterbury, in connexion with the submarine cable across the Straits of Dover, instantaneous communication is obtained between London, Paris, Sweden, Trieste, Cracow, Odessa, and Leghorn. The wires are also being carried onward to St. Petersburg ; also to India, and into Africa. A project has been formed for constructing a submarine telegraph between Great Britain and the United States. It is proposed to "com- mence at the most northwardly point of Scotland, run thence to the Orkney islands, and thence by short water lines to the Shetland and the Feroe islands. From the latter, a water line of 200 miles conducts the telegraph to Iceland, thence to Greenland, and across Davis's straits to Byron's Bay, on the coast of Labrador. The entire length of the line is estimated at 2,500 miles the submarine portions of it at 1,500 miles; and the expense of this great international work is estimated at 500,000. Another enterprise has been actually started, with every prospect of consummation. A portion of the line is being prosecuted with vigor, and the company propose transmitting intelligence between the Old and New Worlds in four or five days. A charter has been granted by the British Colonial government to the "Newfoundland Electric Company," with a capital of ,100,000, to construct a line of telegraph from Halifax, N. S., to Cape Race, touching at St. John, crossing the island of New- foundland to Cape Ray; thence, by a submarine line of 149 miles, to cross the Gulf of St. Lawrence, a landing being made at Cape East, on Prince Edward's island, and, crossing Northumberland straits by another sub- marine line often miles, to land at Cape Torment, in New Brunswick, and so on to the boundaiy of the United States; whence, by an inde- pendent line to New York, the connexion is completed. The total dis- tance traversed by this line will be between 1,400 and 1,500 miles, of which 150 are submarine. It is stated that steamers can make ordi- nary passages between Cape Race, Newfoundland, and Galway, Ireland, in five days. 115 The following is a list of lines now in operation or construction in Canada : Miles The Montreal Telegraph Company's line extending from Que- bec to the suspension bridge at Niagara Falls 155 British North American Electric Telegraph Association, from Quebec to New Brunswick frontier 220 Montreal and Troy Telegraph Company, from Montreal to New York State line 47 Bytown and Montreal Telegraph Company 115 Western Telegraph Company, from Hamilton to Port Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron 143 Niagara and Chippewa line 14 Brantford to Simcoe and Dover 33 Kingston to Hamilton 256 Total length in Canada 983 In Prussia the wires are generally buried about two feet below the surface, and carried through rivers in flexible pipes. About 1,700 miles of telegraphic lines are in operation. In France there are about 750 miles ; and in Germany about 3,000 miles have been completed. In Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Tuscany, Holland, Italy, Spain, and Russia, great progress has already been made in establishing lines of telegraph, and communication will soon be had between the capitals of ah 1 the States in Europe. In India, a line has been laid between Calcutta and Kedgeree, 71 miles, and an extensive system is projected for that country. The fol- lowing details respecting the telegraph in India is given for the instnte- tion and encouragement of those interested in the construction of lines through somewhat similar regions in our own country. From Calcutta to Rajmoole, the conductor is laid under ground, in a cement of melted resin and sand. From that village to Kedgeree, it is carried over ground on bamboo poles, fifteen feet high, coated with coal tar and pitch, and strengthened, at various distances, by posts of willow, teak, and iron wood. The bamboo posts are found to re- sist storms winch have uprooted trees, the growth of centuries. Though the bamboo soon decays, yet its amazing cheapness makes the use of it more economical than that of more durable and costly materials. The branch road from Bishlopore to Moyapore passes through a swamp ; the country is little less than a lake for five months. The conductor runs on the foot paths between the island villages, and 1 , tor some miles, crosses rice swamps, creeks, and ponds, on which no road or embankment exists. The most difficult and objectionable line was selected to test the practicability of carrying the conductors through swampy ground, and it has been perfectly successful. The Huldee river crosses the Kedgeree line halfway, and varies in breadth from 4,200 to 5,800 feet. A gutta percha wire, secured in the angles of a chain cable, is laid across and under this river ; and the chain is 116 found to afford perfect protection from the grapnels of the heavy native boats which are constantly passing up and down. The over-ground lines differ totally from those in use in England and America, or any other country, in this important respect. No wire ia used. Instead of wire, a thick iron rod, from three to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, weighing one ton to a mile, is adopted ; the heaviest wire elsewhere used being only 250 pounds to the mile. The ad- vantages of these substantial rods are these: They possess a complete immunity from gusts of wind, or ordinary mechanical violence. If ac- cidentally thrown down, they are not injured, though passengers, bul- locks, buffaloes, and elephants may trample on them. Owing to the mass of metal, they give so free a passage to the electric currents, that no insulation is necessary. They are extended from bamboo to bamboo without any protection, and they work without interruption through the hardest rains. The thickness of the wire allows of their being placed on the post without any occasion for the straining and winding appara- tus, whereas the tension of wires exposes them to fracture, occasions expense in construction, and much difficulty in repairs. The thick rods also admit of rusting without danger, to an extent which would be destructive to a wire. And, lastly, in considering repairs, the rods are but little more costly than small wire, and the welding occasions no difficulty. The importance of this discovery of the superiority of rods over wire will be fully appreciated in a country like India, where the line must often run through a howling wilderness, tenanted by savage beasts, or more savage men. The lines must therefore protect themselves, and this is secured by the use of thick rods. The expense of this experimental line was about $200 a mile. The pecuniary returns were originally calculated at about $90 a month j bat ihey have been more than three times that amount. CONCLUSION. Tfoe balance of the appropriation of 1850 was drawn from the treasury on the 4th of September last. It is believed that the addi- tional sum of $25,000 will be required to complete all the purely sta- tistical portions of the work and prepare the same for the press, and to pay the expenses of superintending the printing of the first volume, and preparing the second volume in the manner proposed in my former re- port, and superintending to its completion the whole work, the further sum of $25,000 will be required to pay all expenses and complete the work by the close of the next fiscal year. The more particular the analysis of the returns of the Seventh Census, the more interesting do they appear, and the more confident are we of their general correctness and reliability. There is no question but they present the most ample materials for representing, with almost perfect accuracy, the -social, civil, and physical condition of the American people. While, in the minutiae of some small details, ingenuity may e middle of a century, and illustrative of the progress of a people, flour- ishing beyond nil precedent, under a new form of government one whose history and example must, as it becomes known, exert an im- portant influence throughout the civilized world. This Census, while it exhibits our progress for sixty years, with a precision and certainty which no other country has been able to enjoy, and giving a reality to the past unattainable with respect to any other people, discloses the 143 present statistical history, and that for the first time, of a country em- bracing more than a million square miles of territory, the future destiny of which is inseparably connected with that of the original thirteen States. Not only, however, in connexion with these statistical investi- gations did it seem desirable to avail ourselves of any improvements introduced into the last Censuses of Europe, to enable us to prepare our own great national work on the best system, but for many of the prac- tical purposes to which statistics are applied and deemed valuable, it seemed desirable to effect some arrangement by which the publication of the results of the great elementary facts among nations should be made as nearly simultaneous as possible, and classified on the same general principles, as far as the facts taken would justify, in order that, while we use every exertion to analyze society at home, we may, from their statistics, enjoy the advantage of being able to arrive at a similar analysis with respect to other nations, and that, while contemplating our own progress from time to time, we may be able to institute com- parisons with the advancement of other people. Heretofore, at almost every step of investigation, the statist wishing to prosecute inquiries respecting different nations, touching the great elements of society, has mt with the insurmountable difficulty arising from the different ele- ments elucidated, and the diverse methods of combination adopted, which lessen the value of their labors, reciprocally, and, in the absence of more reliable data, lead to the frequent use of one set of elements to ascertain the condition of some different set, producing results equally unsatisfactory to the man of science, as they are often dangerous, if made the basis of the political economy and legislation of a govern- ment. In addition to the effort to effect a general sympathy or concert of action among nations, with reference to their periodical statistics, it has been my aim, in which I have succeeded, often in the absence of pub- lished records, to procure a knowledge of the exact condition of the people of all classes in each country visited, and learn their true state, with reference to numbers, and the products of their agriculture and manufactures, their social and moral condition, the state of education, the price of labor, and the practical management of the farming in- terests; in no case, however, relying upon information not either ob- tained from personal observation or. derived officially, and in a manner which can leave no doubt of its correctness. My opportunities abroad will not only enable me to effect valuable improvements in compiling our Census, but it will be my aim to make the statistical facts useful to the country, by forming them into a report to be supplemental bereto, the completion of which has been retarded by my other official duties. Another object had in view was the procuring information with reference to the manner in which the various offices in Europe, especially those connected with agriculture and statistics, are organized, and the manner in which the information obtained is made available to the government and people. To the attainment of these purposes, the few weeks to which my time limited me, and the diversity of languages among those with whom my investigations were pursued, interposed difficulties only surmounted by a zealous determination to effect the duty undertaken one in which failure must have ensued, were it not 144 for the official character sustained in connexion with the office here, and that with which the department honored me, as its representative abroad the one enabling me to impart as much valuable information to others as was solicited in return ; the other giving facilities of inter- course, and a claim to consideration, which was never slighted by any officer of a foreign government. In England, in addition to the free intercourse enjoyed with the officers of government connected with statistical matters, several oppor- tunities were offered for bringing the object of rny mission before public audiences ; and invitations were tendered me to address the members of the London Statistical Society at its annual meeting in that city, the Society of Actuaries at Richmond, and the British Association at Ipswich, during its annual meeting, which was attended by Prince Albert, one of its members, and many of the most distinguished literary and scientific gentlemen of Great Britain and the Continent. The Sta- tistical Council of Belgium, M. Quetelet, president, gave me a place in their board at one of its regular meetings. On each opportunity it gave me pleasure to present a full account of the character and extent of our investigations under the act of Congress for taking the Seventh Census, to ma.ke a fair and impartial exhibit of our progress in wealth and num- bers during the past ten years, and at the same time urge the propriety of mutual effort towards the attainment of more uniform and useful statistical publications by different governments. The propriety of this measure was felt by individuals who had made statistics a study, and the necessity for some action was universally conceded ; and it affords me infinite gratification to state that an arrangement has been made for a general Statistical Congress, to be held at Brussels, (Belgium,) during the ensuing fall a measure which has received the approbation of several of the most distinguished statists of Europe, and from which the most beneficial results are anticipated. Mr. Porter, of the Board of Trade, has been appointed a delegate to this Statistical Congress from England. He is a gentleman distin- guished no less by his laborious researches and valuable contributions to the science of political economy and statistical knowledge of the British empire, than for the elevated position he holds as a public officer and man of letters. PLAN OF UNITED STATES CENSUS. In order that Congress may judge of the propriety of the plan in contemplation for preparing the tables of the population and other sta- tistics, and be fully advised of any new features introduced into, other portions of the work, it has been deemed proper to prepare, in printed form, the statistics of one State, of which copies will be laid before the members of both houses for their inspection. For this purpose the State of Maryland has been selected, as best adapted, from its central position and combination of more of the various elements which enter into our interests than any other Slate of its limited extent. Ic has been my endeavor, according to the act, to arrange the facts "in the best and most convenient manner for use." To judge of the character of a statistical work in manuscript would require the long, 145 laborious, and, perhaps, unsatisfactory investigation of a Congressional committee, and Congress would be possessed of no means of forming an independent opinion of the matter. It has been deemed the more proper to lay before Congress a printed copy, inasmuch as the expense of the entire work may readily be known, and some standard of excel- lence in execution clearly and intelligibly understood. The variations from the plans heretofore adopted in the compilation of the decennial Census, with every portion of which the facilities of comparison are maintained, consist: 1. In the form that adopted being in conformity with the size and appearance of the "American Archives." 2. In accompanying the statistics of each State with a condensed account of the most important events connected with its history from its first settlement, exhibiting the progress of our whqje social system, to the year 1850, also, in presenting as short accounts of each separate county, from the date of its settlement, with the date of its organization; an account of its physical features, its rocks, minerals, streams, timber, water, and adaptation, naturally and artificially, to the purposes of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. 3. In the general geological account of the State. 4. In the account of its progress in population, from the first to the Seventh Census, inclusive, with tables of population, to make which correctly it has been necessary to refer to the original returns of the Census twenty and thirty years back, a reliance could not be placed on the figures officially given in the printed work. 5. In the review of its character for the health and longevity of its inhabitants, on account of the prevailing diseases and rates of mor- tality, with full tables, presenting a perfect history of the statistics^of disease and mortality, and calculations of the value of life among the several classes. 6. In the number of new subjects embraced in the statistical details and in the manner of classification, so as to admit of extracting all the essential facts respecting the raw materials of each variety of manu- factures, together with other features in which the statist will perceive variations from any previous Census. Allusion is not made to these things with a view to represent their advantages, or as predicating any argument for their adoption. The plan, with all the disadvantages which must result from the sudden formation of a department for its execution, is the result of much study and reflection, and, it is thought, will prove useful. Should the work be found to possess real value, the result must be attributed mainly to the abundant materials collected, and the zeal and intelligence of the persons employed thereon; some of whom are men whose ability should secure a better remuneration, which, it is hoped, Congress will be willing to accord. If, however, the general plan shall be considered faulty, or by its imperfect execution be deemed unworthy of adoption it will have been well thus to bring it to the test, that it may be con- demned. The work, of course, has not been submitted to the public for its judgment; but where opinions have been at all expressed by those deemed good authority, on the propriety of our classifications, they 10 146 have been invariably favorable. Some such have found their way into the public documents. In the thirty-second annual report of the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, made to the Legislature of that Slate, the following language occurs, with respect to our designed classification, of such portions of the work as interested particularly die directors of that institution: "Such a list will furnish valuable ma- terials, never possessed to any extent before, for solving many highly interesting statistical questions; and its publication is looked for with much interest. We shall endeavor, in our next annual report, to set forth the results of a careful analysis of the Census returns, respecting the deaf and dumb." So far as the judgment of the public press is concerned, its expression has been much more favorable than could be wished, with its imperfect knowledge of the plan, as expectations may thereby be raised which the results will not justify. None of the information, as imparted in the volume of statistics, has been promulgated, it being considered in- delicate to make known to the world information due first to the head of the department, and through him to Congress; and it would not be decorous to forestall the dispassionate judgment of either. It has seemed to me that a work, the expense of which is shared by the whole community, should be arranged, as far as possible, for gen- eral utility, and not a compilation of mere columns of figures, interest- ing only to the man of science, for legislative purposes or for reference, but should be so adapted that while it will furnish practical information to the statesman and philosopher, and useful data to the legislator, it will contain, also, matters interesting to every portion of the community, furnished somewhat in advance of those deductions from analytical in- vestigations made years after its publication. To this end, if support- ed by the favorable opinion of Congress, it will be made to evolve all of instruction which zealous efforts, though limited ability, are capable of eliciting from the facts within such period of time, as it must be ac- complished without retarding its publication. It may be contended by some that the Gazetteers furnish most of the information we include. To such it may be replied, that whilst these publications possess great value, and are all replete with instruc- tion, many present but a reprint of former editions, with the title page changed to suit the date, and a few unimportant alterations in other respects. Others may contend that the plan presented takes within its scope subjects not legitimately embraced within that of statistics. Such an opinion might be maintained by forming conclusions from our pre- vious publications; but they are, however, at variance with the best authority on this subject. The defh iton of "statistics," as given by one author, consists m "such a description of a country, or any part, as gives the present or actual state thereof." But as it is only by a thorough knowledge of the present state of the country and its inhabit- ants, with their customs, habits, morals, health, and manners of life, that we can form an accurate estimate of the condition of the people, so to enjoy the knowledge necessary for the amelioration of their cir- cumstances, or improve their condition, it is necessary to take a retro- spective glance, and study their past history, and trace it to its first 147 beginnings, as we survey a river to its source to acquire a knowledge of its geography or of the permanent character of its supplies. The term "Census" applies more particularly to wealth and posses- sions than to numbers. It was so understood by the Romans, who first used the term. Livy, in his first book of the History of Rome, chap. 42, speaking of Servius Tullius, says: "He then entered on the improvement of the civil polity of the ut- most importance, for he instituted the Census an ordinance of the most salutary consequence in our empire, that was to rise to such a pitch of greatness, and according to which the several contributions in peace and war were to be discharged, not by every person indiscriminately, as formerly, but according to the proportion of their several properties." And after describing the contributions required in proportion to the wealth of individuals, who appeared on a certain day every year, each in his own century, and gave in the amount of his property, he con- tinues : " In all these instances, the burden was taken from oft" the poor, and laid on the rich." The Census was completed with great ceremonies and offering of sacrifices, termed closing the lustrum. In his fourth book, he speaks of a "survey" under the Census, and a description of all the lands and houses, and the entire revenue of the Roman people. (B. C. 440.) In the twelfth book, it is stated that " the senate then received the sur- vey of twelve colonies, presented by the censors of those colonies." Tacitus mentions that Augustus wrote with his own hand an exact ac- count of his dominions, which is termed a "Census." Although the term " Census" in our constitution is limited to, and contemplates a bare "enumeration" of inhabitants, such construction does not apply to the act of Congress, under which this office is organized, " An act for tak- ing the Seventh and subsequent Censuses," &c., the body of the act referring to the collection of statistics. But it is, perhaps, unnecessary to go back to antiquity for the meaning of the term Census, or that ot statistics, when we have such good modern authority not only as to the meaning of the terms, but the practical carrying into effect what the most distinguished statists understand to be comprised within their meaning. The term "statistics" originated in England, with Sir John Sinclair, with respect to which, in the twentieth volume of his Statistical Account of Scotland, he remarks: "Many people were at first surprised at my using the new words, statistics and statistical. The idea I annex to the term is an inquiry into the state of a country for the purpose of ascertaining the quantum of happiness enjoyed by its inhabitants, and the means of its future improvement." With such an understanding of the term, he applied the title " Statistical Account" to a work, perhaps, of the greatest magnitude, importance, and public utility ever attempted by one individual, devoted to a perfect history of Scotland. Among almost numberless other features, the Statistical Account of Scotland contains the ancient and modern names of each parish, its history, extent, the nature of the soil and surface, extent and description of seacoast, lakes, rivers, islands, hills, rocks, caves, and woods, the climate, diseases, longevity, state of the church, manse, and glebe, the minerals, mineral springs, eminent men, antiquities, parochial 148 records, with an account of the manners, habits, and customs of the people. The collection of the materials occupied seven years and seven months, and their compilation engaged the attention of nine hundred learned men, and fill twenty volumes. Its publication led to a Parlia- mentary survey of England and Wales on somewhat similar principles. "If similar surveys," remarked the founder of British statistics, "were instituted in the other kingdoms of Europe, it might be the means of establishing on sure foundations the principles of that most important of all sciences, viz: political or statistical philosophy the science which, in preference to any other, ought to be held in reverence. " No science," he continues, " can furnish to any mind capable of receiving useful information, so much real entertainment ; none can yield such important hints for the improvement of agriculture, for the extension of our commercial industry, for regulating the conduct of individuals, or for extending the prosperity of the State; none can tend so much to promote the general happiness of the species." The example of all enlightened Europe sustains the views of Sinclair, although falling far, very far, behind him in the extent embraced within their periodical statistics. McCulloch, in the introductory chapter to the last edition of "Smith's Wealth of Nations," uses the following language : "To arrive at a true knowledge of the laws which regulate the production, distribution, and consumption of national wealth, we must draw our materials from a very wide surface, study man in every different situation, resort to the histoiy of society, arts, commerce, and government to the works of philosophers and travellers to everything, in short, fitted to throw light on the progress of opulence and civilization. We should mark the successive changes which have taken place in the fortunes and con- dition of the different ranks and orders of men in our own country and in others ; should trace the rise, progress, and decline of population and industry ; and, above all, should analyze and compare the influence of different institutions and regulations, and carefully discriminate the various circumstances wherein advancing and declining societies differ from each other. These investigations are so very complex and difficult, that it is not possible, perhaps, always to arrive at a right conclusion. But, though they may not be quite free from error, they are sufficient, when made with the requisite care and attention, to unfold the princi- pal sources of national opulence and refinement, and of poverty and degradation ; and however defective, they furnish the only available means for satisfactorily solving the various problems in the science of wealth, and for devising a scheme of public administration, fitted to insure the advancement of nations in the career of improvement." The commissioners for the Census of Ireland, in 1841, in the intro- duction to the Census of that country, which comprises a folio of nearly 1,000 pages, and was published in 1843, use the following very appro- priate language : " We feel, in fact, that a Census ought to be a social survey, not a" bare enumeration." In connexion with the population of England, they have published many large folio volumes, containing maps of all the counties and 149 boroughs in the kingdom. In other portions of Europe, the same ex- panded view is taken of what should constitute a statistical work. The, European statistical publications, in point of execution, far ex- ceed our own, which have heretofore been most inconvenient and un wieldy volumes. The only volumes in its possession, which the shelves of the royal library of Belgium are not adapted to hold, are those of our last Census, which have occupied a place on the floor beneath the shelves for several years. The inconvenient shape of these volumes has led to their destruction, and almost entire extermination. Their extreme rarity, at this time, leads me to believe that they have, in many instances, unfortunately, been used as so much waste paper, not esteemed worth the room they occupied. These explanations are deemed necessary only for information re- lating to the views of contemporaneous nations, and not as an apology . for what is deemed correct and proper in the preparation of our own Census. Our materials are more varied and of better character than any na- tion has ever possessed; and shall it be said that, insensible of their value, we have not known how to render them useful ? Respectfully submitted. J. C. G. KENNEDY. Hon. ALEXANDER H. H. STUART, Secretary of the Department of the Interior. 150 sdojj jo -0^ jnasaj . * Tf CO TC * in ^f rH CO rH co co ca c 02 .c > ^ co I-H r^ os eo oo o i> co oo *~+ os oo_ r^ os_ rn, cq_ in_ o" co" GO" i>T eo" of co co co m m ao * * * n rH CO CO l>. b- i rf CO in CO 00, CO GO p_ rf o" co" oo" c* CO CO t- rH * * g . 8 o CO CO CO rH CO TJ I 1 co in in i-i co 1-1 CO CO CO CO CO OS i l* rH co t~ m ao in co ^ co Tf os GO -t eo m I-H o GOO eo gj MWUomjoopH co ii t a m os rH rH CO CO rH 8 CO CO CO rH GO CO CO ^* O OS ^* rH 1 s s s s s s co m i> in o rf CO 1 1 'OS8T n l nopBjndo; rH p co" co ^-" rH in" co GO I-H CO CO 8 I CO rr 00 OS OD os t* ^ os co t** 1 co co in os i>. 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II! 5 eT S pasn suioojq jo suox ^ninfli Si cf pnaui Sid jo suox ^ 1' iflillfsSg ; 1 tOQiO Ci O t~ ccoco 8 I 1 r- 1 CO rH i 1 e< 2 "^ pajaaAui [BjidBO IliillliiiSi i ill 1 8 1 el |--fHCC uornuado ui - 1 IMIN -Usiiqmsajo laquinji S88S-SRS .n ^ " M 1 STATES. e s I ^n; sill I |ji District of Columbia. . . . Total V B fe ^ S 5 ">.? - 13 ^ ^ocS? ^t-tttr^ 159 s ji o ~ i*t [""' oj x * 2 1 -ft II fe J3 O ooooooooo O CO -" O "7* C*7 O i" ~ O< OOO^*d07C*5e H Cx (N ^C t- 00 *-* oTi-Tco" COOOOOOCCO TCOi-OOO COO . o ^f ^ cr. c cr- 1-1 o> * n IN . 11 i t- os 'Qpa lC*3OC75i ri" oTrt" ooo^u^w^qDt coo^f -i ^* r^ o ol ^ i cot'C^i^Trc5Oicoci'^r^koos-Hai^c^c^oc rt J KS i r- W I-* 'T ^ ^f CO W G 1 * C iO O O CC OO 00 00 f CT 1 00 O5 O < 1 ' cp i' as cc 71 .*. CS.*5 tk. !. .*.."P*'C* ) w o II ( . ' 1 . '* * ' A '- '-. ' \. - - . . . . *- .. . ''v'-'- ; . .V ->-.** v .. : "- : ...v *''-*' ^'*. '/ ''! :*- ;-'y '"> Ji ' '''.' ' : '*-'&; V^ ;' * ,*"': * ^/ * .< , it ,, .V i ^v--: ' '; . A .', i - .-.: THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 679 249 3 1 V ' *" \ . '-'.Y.'iY V i*; iYAY> \V* ' ' l SIHUn AliSiHVHMlHl<0 / ;! X '^, .VA^V/^r^HUuVMVVmA.^m.V^V-'-'A^X ' ; l ?' v r ''yvAVA^wiWfWiVi<<'!)i)iiVAmNYi' t !':