UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. REPORT OF PROGRESS IN CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. By G. W. SHAW. BULLETIN No. 185. (Berkeley, Cal., January, 1907.) SACRAMENTO: W. W. SHANNON, I : : SUPERINTENDENT OF STATE PRINTING. 1907. BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, Ph.D., LL.D., President of the University. EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF. E. J. WICKSON, M.A., Acting Director and Horticulturist. E. W. HILGARD, Ph.D., LL.D., Chemist. W. A. SETCHELL, Ph.D., Botanist. ELWOOD MEAD, M.S., C.E., Irrigation Engineer. C. W. WOODWORTH, M.S., Entomologist. R. H. LOUGHRIDGE, Ph.D., Agricultural Geologist and Soil Physicist. (Soils, Alkali.) M. E. JAFFA, M.S., Nutrition Expert, in charge of the Poultry Station. G. W. SHAW, M.A., Ph.D., Agricultural Technologist, in charge of Cereal Stations. GEORGE E. COLBY, M.S., Chemist. (Fruits, Waters, Insecticides.) RALPH E. SMITH, B.S., Plant Pathologist and Superintendent of Southern California Pathological Laboratory and Experiment Stations. A. R. WARD, B.S.A., D.V.M., Veterinarian and Bacteriologist. E. W. MAJOR, B.Agr., Animal Industry. F. T. BIOLETTI, M.S., Viticulturist. (Grapes, Wine, and Zymology.) H. M. HALL, M.S., Assistant Botanist. H. J. QUAYLE, A.B., Assistant Entomologist. JOHN S. BURD, B.S., Chemist, in charge of Fertiliser Control. C. M. HARING, D.V.M., Assistant Veterinarian and Bacteriologist. E. H. SMITH, M.S., \ H. J. RAMSEY, M.S., ( Assistant Plant Pathologist. T. F. HUNT, B.S., \ R. E. MANSELL, Assistant in Horticulture in charge of Central Station Grounds. G. R. STEWART, B.S., Assistant in Station Laboratory. . , Assistant in Soil Laboratory. RALPH BENTON, B.S., Assistant in Entomology. LUDWIG ROSENSTEIN, Laboratory Assistant in Fertilizer Control. ALFRED TOURNIER, Assistant in Viticulture. HANS C. HOLM, Student Assistant in Zymology. A. J. GAUMNITZ, M.S., Assistant in Cereal Laboratory. J. C. BRADLEY, A.B., Assistant in Entomology. D. L. BUNNELL, Clerk to the Director. JOHN TUOHY, Patron, ) > Tulare Substation, Tulare. J. T. BEARSS, Foreman, ) J. W. MILLS, Horticultural Assistant in Southern California, Riverside. J. W. ROPER, Patron, ) .. > University Forestry Station, Chico. E. C. MILLER In charge, $ ROY JONES, Patron, ) n A . _ __ . > University Forestry Station, Santa Monica. N. D. INGHAM, Foreman, ) VINCENT J. HUNTLEY, Foreman of California Poultry Experiment Station, Petaluma. The Station publications (Reports and Bulletins), so long as available, will be sent to any citizen of the State on application. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. ByG. W. SHAW. ORGANIZATION. In the strenuous endeavor to introduce into California new crops, and to hasten the time when the extensive system of wheat farming shall give place to the more intensive culture of fruits and numerous other crops suited to more limited areas, the underlying principles which make for profit in the culture of cereals have been well nigh lost sight of until neither the quality nor the quantity of our wheat is what it might be. The quality has not kept pace with the more advanced demands of the milling and the baking trades. To such an extent is this true that notwithstanding the heavy production and exportation of wheat in the year ending June 30, 1905, we were under the necessity of importing, to maintain the flour trade, 4,006,680 bushels of foreign-grown wheat. Could we stop these importations and supply the milling trade entirely from California-grown wheat it would mean a saving to our people of over $1,500,000 annually now passing out of the State. The particular feature which has dominated wheat culture in Cali- fornia, and on the Pacific Coast generally, has been mass production, rather than maximum product per unit of area, or quality of the product. But with the inevitable ultimate deterioration of soil under such a system, heightened by the encroachment of other crops, and the continued open culture practiced with this crop, there has been a notable falling ofT in the production in toto, as well as in the yield per acre, during recent years. While wheat farming on an extensive scale is not a thing to be highly encouraged when the natural conditions are such as to make more intensive crops safe, yet it is still, and is destined to be for all time, a very important industry in California ; and as one of the staple crops of a general farm, is worthy of not only much encouragement, but also the greatest aid that can be given it by scientific research. Further, on account of climatic and other conditions, there will be, at least for many years to come, sections of the State in which cereal culture will be the principal interest. With these conditions in mind, and mindful as well of the great improvement that has been brought about in the Middle West in this and related lines, the writer, as representative of the Experiment Station, in the fall of 1904, undertook to unite various interests in the State, viz , the millers, shippers, and growers, as well as such commercial bodies as the Merchants' Exchange, State Board of Trade, and the Sacramento 262 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. Valley Development Association, in a concerted movement toward cereal improvement. Through the active and substantial aid of all these parties and organizations, the Experiment Station was enabled to begin active work toward cereal improvement in the fall of that year, the chief points in view being to discover or produce such wheat as (1) will yield the largest profit per acre for the farmer, and will supply the millers with wheat of superior quality; (2) to conduct such similar experiments with oats, barley, and other cereals, as may be desirable; (3) to determine the effectiveness of various methods of culture as affecting the cereal industry; (4) to determine the effect of changes of environ- ment upon the growth of cereals, particularly the composition of the wheat kernel. , As a result of private subscription, funds were made available to par- tially equip two field stations in the large wheat-growing sections of the State, and a cereal laboratory where milling and baking tests, as well as the necessary chemical work connected with the investigations, may be conducted. Realizing the importance of this movement to the State generally the Legislature at its session of 1905 passed the following Act, which was promptly signed by the Governor: [Senate Bill No. 10.] An Act to Provide for the Improvement of the Cereal Crops of California, and Appropriating Money Therefor. The people of the State of California, represented in Senate and Assembly , do enact as follows : Section 1. The Governor of the State of California is hereby directed, and it is hereby made his duty to cause to be made, under the supervision and direction of the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California, such investiga- tion and experiments as he may deem best for the purpose- of discovering and making known such improved methods of cereal culture in the State of California as will increase the yield of cereals in said State, and increase the percentage of gluten in said cereals, or otherwise improve the quality thereof. The said Governor shall have the exclusive charge and control of all moneys appropriated hereby, to be used in employ- ing such expert and scientific assistants as he may deem necessary, and for the paying of the expenses of carrying on the experiments and investigations herein provided for. He shall from time to time publish the results of such experimental and investigational work as may have been done, for general distribution. Sec. 2. The sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the State Treasury not otherwise appropri- ated, to be paid to the Governor to be used for the purposes of this Act, one half thereof to be expended during the fifty-seventh fiscal year, and one half thereof to be expended during the fifty-eighth fiscal year, and the Controller is hereby directed to draw his warrant on the General Fund from time to time for such proportion of said sum of ten thousand dollars, and in favor of such persons as the Governor shall direct; and the State Treasurer is hereby empowered and directed to pay the same. Sec 3. This Act is exempted from the provisions of section six hundred and seventy-two of the Political Code. Sec 4. This Act shall take effect and be in force from and after the date of its passage. Assured of this ready support the Station was able to plan its work upon a more comprehensive scale than at first contemplated, and at CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 263 once entered into a cooperative agreement with the United States Department of Agriculture, the provisions of which are set forth below: I. That the California Agricultural Experiment Station, subject to the approval of the governing board, shall provide the necessary land and buildings, teams, machinery for planting, cultivating, harvesting, and threshing, and all ordinary labor, apparatus, and other supplies, and shall make available for use seeds of varieties already undei experiment and results obtained from experiments conducted at the main Station. II. The Bureau of Plant Industry shall, subject to the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture, furnish seed of all hybrids and standard varieties now in its possession that are likely to be at all adapted for these experiments, and seed of any other new varieties of similar adaptation, and shall provide for one special agent to be in direct charge of the field plat experiments, variety tests, breeding work, etc., the personnel of the special agent to be determined by mutual agreement. III. The investigations carried on under this cooperative memorandum shall be planned and conducted conjointly by the duly authorized representatives of the Cali- fornia Agricultural Experiment Station and the Bureau of Plant Industry, and shall be subject to the approval of the proper authorities in each case. IV. The seeds of all new varieties of special value developed during these investiga- tions shall be distributed in the localities in which they prove to be of value, but particu- larly in the State of California, the distribution to be made in accordance with such plan as may be jointly agreed to by the Station and the Bureau. In the larger plat-tests of introduced varieties one half the amount of grain produced from each variety in excess of the seed required for a second sowing, in all cases where the seed came from the Bureau of Plant Industry, shall be subject to the disposal of the Bureau, the other half to remain the property of the California Agricultural Experiment Station ; provided, that when sown under field conditions in areas of two acres or more, and the Bureau of Plant Industry bearing no expense in the cultivation of the crop, all seed harvested shall belong to the California Agricultural Experiment Station after deducting the amount of seed originally furnished by the Bureau; provided further, that in case the seed is not desired for distribution the whole will revert to the California Agricultural Experiment Station, and said Station agrees to apply the proceeds from any grain sold from these coopera- tive plats to the continuation of such experimental work. V. At the close of each season's experiments a report in detail of the results of the season's work shall be submitted bv the special agent in direct charge of the field work, one copy each to be furnished to the Bureau of Plant Industry and to the California Agricultural Experiment Station. So far as possible threshed samples of the grain of all varieties under experiment and unthreshed samples, when particularly desirable, shall accompany the report in each case, such report and samples to be delivered not later than October first of that year. VI. Both parties to the agreement shall be free to use in their official correspond- ence and in publications the results obtained in these investigations, giving proper credit to the fact that such results were obtained through this cooperative work, and provided that it shall be understood, in case of publications, that the California Agri- cultural Experiment Station shall give preference to results that are of direct interest to the State of California, and the United States Department of Agriculture shall give preference to results that are of interest in ^connection with similar lines of work in other parts of the country. Under this agreement Mr. L. A. Fitz was detailed by the Department of Agriculture as the special agent on its behalf, and Prof. A.V. Stuben- rauch was placed in charge of the cultural work on behalf of the Cali- fornia Station, the writer remaining in charge of the chemical and technical phases. Previous to the appropriation made by the Legislature, the work had been started under private subscription, as indicated earlier in this circular, and it so continued until June 30, 1905, at which time the 264 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. writer was placed in charge of both field and technical phases on the part of the Station. On account of the lateness of the season when the work was begun in 1904, and the uncertainty as to the actual sup- port which "could be depended upon, no other lines of field work were laid out than simple variety tests as to adaptability (preliminary to systematic work in selection), hybridizing, and adaptation, such pre- liminary work in the field being essential in order to make certain of securing desirable varieties and vigorous stocks as a basis for improve- ment. Two sites of twenty acres each were selected on which to conduct the field trials — one at Modesto, Stanislaus County, as representative of the general cereal conditions in the San Joaquin Valley, and the other at Yuba City, Sutter County, representing those of the Sacramento Valley. Leases were taken on each of these tracts for a period of years at the option of the Station, and work was immediately begun, even though it was late in the season. After the first season, on account of the extreme weediness of the original tract selected at Yuba City, it was deemed best to change the location of the station to another site in the immediate neighborhood and having the same general soil conditions. GENERAL NATURE OF THE SOILS OF THE STATIONS. The soil at the Modesto station is of a deep, loose, silty nature, very similar to those popularly known as the San Joaquin Valley u white ash " lands. There is a very small amount of clay in these lands, the fine matter consisting mostly of silt. The land has been under cereal cultivation for thirty years or over, and still produces fair crops when summer-fallowed. The humus and the phosphoric acid content is quite low, and the moisture-holding power is low, especially under the strong action of the drying north winds, which frequently blow for several days at a time in that locality. It is regarded as one of the best wheat- growing sections of the San Joaquin Valley, and is typical of a large area of land. The soil at Yuba City in its general physical character is almost the opposite of that at Modesto. It is gray in color, and works very much like a stiff clay, but in reality the fine material is an extremely fine silt. Under the drying action of the sun and wind it is inclined to bake quite hard, and is quite difficult to work unless taken at exactly the right time. It can not safely be put in so fine a condition as can the Modesto land. The land has been long under cultivation. It is fairly well supplied with humus, resulting from the rank growth of vegetation after the crop is taken off, the bur-clover growth being especially heavy. The tract is quite even in character, but the weediness of the land makes plat comparison somewhat unsatisfactory. Really satisfactory plat work can not be done until a tract can be cleaned of its weeds. This is CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 265 especially true when small plats are used, as in the case of centgener plats, and for this reason most of such work is being done at Modesto where the weeds are not so troublesome. On each of the stations a portable house has been erected to serve as a seed-house and for the protection of the implements. Each station has also been supplied with such necessary tools as could not be readily hired in the open market, including, in addition to the hand tools for FIG. 1. Seed-house and thresher at the California Cereal Stations. seeding and cultivating the row plantings, a self-binding harvester, a special "Baby Vibrator" threshing machine, a gasoline engine for power, fanning mill and, for the Modesto station, a Campbell sub-surface packer for dry land culture. WORK OF 1904-5. On account of the lateness of the season, it was impracticable to under- take other field work for the first season than the collection and field trial of varieties. Further, since the plan contemplates the application of the principles of both straight selection and of crossing followed by selection, it was necessary to thoroughly try out the numerous varieties to secure the really strong stocks upon which to begin this work of improvement. Such preliminary trials are as essential to plant breed- ing as the laying of the foundation of a house is to its subsequent stability. The strongest individual plants of the most promising varieties must be found to act as the parents for future breeding. Otherwise all might be lost through having selected poor varieties, weak plants, or both, as the basis for selection and breeding. A large part of the field work at both stations has been devoted for the past two seasons to this preliminary variety testing, the selection of pure strains and of strong 266 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. individual plants. On account of the delay at first, and finally the continued rains in the late fall, it became impossible to prepare the land and sow the grain sufficiently early to obtain any satisfactory results from the winter varieties, as was demonstrated by the fact that many of that class of wheats made no upright growth at all, while the spring varieties and durum wheats planted at the same time produced good heads. In 1904-5 there were planted at the Yuba City station 275 standard varieties of winter wheat, 65 standard varieties of durum wheats, 66 hybrid wheats, 65 standard varieties of barley, 12 standard varieties of oats, 2 varieties of einkorn, 2 varieties of emmer, and 21 varieties of corn. With the exception of the corn varieties, the plantings at Modesto were almost an exact duplication of those at Yuba City. Early in the season it became apparent that the tract at Yuba City was so very foul with. weeds, especially wild radish and mustard, that it would be impossible to obtain any reliable results from the yield tests. All winter varieties make a low, spreading growth for the first few months, consequently these late-sown grains were soon badly overgrown with weeds. This foul condition of the land will be one of the chief diffi- culties to be overcome in many localities before winter varieties of grain can be successfully grown in California. Varieties which were of the nature of spring grains made a more rapid upright growth, which enabled them to keep the weeds somewhat in check. This was a strong point in favor of the durum wheats. Some of the same varieties of durum wheats were planted both in January and in March, and while those sown in March did quite well the heads were nqt so large nor so well filled as were those sown the first week of January. Spraying to Destroy Weeds. — Some experiments were made to test the effect of spraying the plats at Yuba City with a solution of copper sul- fate to kill the wild radish. The results were not very satisfactory as a whole. In many of the plats the weeds were so large that even one hundred gallons per acre of the solution would not cover the weeds suf- ficiently to kill them. In cases where very small plants were sprayed the weeds were killed, but the land was so infested with seed that every shower caused more plants to grow. This condition would require suc- cessive sprayings, which makes the cost too excessive. A solution of one pound of copper sulfate to two gallons of water and applied at the rate of about one hundred gallons per acre proved effective in killing young plants of the mustard and radish, besides various other weeds, without resulting in permanent injury to any of the cereals. In some cases the upper portion of the blades turned brown at first, but growth was not retarded materially, and in a week or ten days the plants had resumed their usual green color. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 267 The winter wheats at Yuba City did better than at Modesto, but this was doubtless due to the fact that they were started earlier. Nevertheless, the extreme weediness of the land was such a serious handicap as to make yield tests absolutely unreliable. The winter wheats sown at Yuba City the first week of January ripened the last of June, thus maturing in a shorter growing period than they usually require in the winter wheat district of the East. However, they would undoubtedly make better growth and give better yields if sown in October and November. Among the earliest maturing varieties were No. 1181, Japanese No. 3; No. 2126, Kurd; No. 2198, Piola Karte; No. 2200, Karum; No. 2204, Humera; No. 2205, Kharta; No. 2399, Shet Gahu. A number of the durum varieties grown in small hand plats at Yuba City were very promising. Some of them produced a very good quality of grain, which shows but little tendency to become starchy. Others contained a larger per cent of spotted or starchy grains. Among the best varieties of durum wheats were: No. 1494, Arnautkn; No. 1567, Novorossick; No. 1572, a durum from Pierpont, S. D.; No. 158^, Biancolillo; No. 1593, Marouani; No. 1595, Kahla; No. 1597, Medeali; No. 1736, Iumillo; No. 2090, Negro; No. 2127, Hurma. Varieties of durums showing a large number of spotted grains were: 2200. Karum. 2221. Kubanka. '2240. Kubanka. 2575. From Bulgaria. 2591. From Buenos Ayres. 2598. From Entre Rios, Argentine 2592. From Buenos Ayres. Republic. Of the wheats commonly called bread wheats the following were very promising: No. 1181, Japanese No. 4; No. 1596, Fretes; No. 1698, Allora; No. 2227, Chul; No. 1442, Kharkov; No. 1699, Canning Downs; and No. 1436, Crimean. A wide difference was found between samples of grain from the same varieties grown under different conditions. The grain from some of the large plats which were so badly infested with weeds, and not cut quite as soon as it was ripe, was much lighter in color and apparently softer than that of the same variety grown in small row plats where the w r eeds were kept hoed out and the grain cut in proper time. From all the evidence obtained in this first year's work, we believe the grain will be of much better quality if cut as soon after ripening as possible. At Modesto the only winter varieties which produced any grain were No. 2227, Chul wheat; No. 1698, Allora wheat; No. 276, Belgian Winter oats; No. 338, Culberson Winter oats; and No. 40, Abruzzes rye. All other varieties made no upright growth and consequently produced no heads. This indicates that in most cases it is unwise to sow winter wheats in the Modesto section later than the middle of December, 1350. Pererodka. 2198. Piola Karte. 2206. Khandwa. 2234. Kubanka. 2247. Velvet Don. 2587. From Sardinia 268 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. although Chul was sown December 28th and Allora January 6th, show- ing them to be of rapid growth and to be early maturing varieties. While on account of the extreme conditions which obtained through- out the season, viz: the late seeding, and the extreme rust condition resulting from continued warm rain in the spring, the result of yields can not be considered at all reliable, and in all cases was much below the normal, still much of value was obtained as to the characteristics of a large number of grains under such untoward conditions, especially with regard to time of ripening and rust resistance, and character of growth, and the susceptibility to change under California conditions, all of which are factors of importance, and have a direct bearing upon the selection of desirable varieties to serve as foundations for subsequent improvement. SOME LESSONS FROM THE RUST EPIDEMIC OF 1904-5. The season was characterized by one of the severest attacks of grain rust which the State has ever seen. In general, it may be said that the grain rusts do not do a large amount of damage in the State. About once in ten years the State as a whole suffers more or less from both leaf and stem rust, but throughout the coast section much damage is done to the grain crops nearly every year. The atmosphere of the interior valleys is usually too dry for the rust to spread. In 1904-5, however, rains occurred until quite late in the spring, and after each rain occurred a few days of moist warm weather, thus making ideal conditions for the development of rust. Not only wheat, but also barley and oats, were seriously affected in a great many cases. One of the most valuable things learned from the field trials of this season was the effect of the rust upon the large number of varieties on the stations. NATURE OF RUST. Without going into a scientific discussion of grain rust it may be summarily said that the rust is a plant as distinct in kind as the grain upon which it grows, and propagates .itself by spores which correspond to the seeds of higher plants. These spores are carried by the wind and grow only when they alight upon a living plant. The condition favor- able for rapid growth of the rust plant is humidity of atmosphere and warm days, conditions which are also conducive to rapid growth of the grain, hence it often happens that the heaviest grain is most severely attacked. There are two distinct kinds of rust that affect both wheat and oats. One of these, the "leaf rust," so called because its principal point of attack is the leaves, comparatively speaking does but little damage. The black stem rust, however, in seasons of unusual severity is the cause of enormous loss. It occurs a little later than the leaf rust. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 269 While these rusts are given the distinguishing names above used, yet each has a black stage and a red stage, and are thus difficult to distinguish. Since it is the later appearing stem-rust that does the greater damage, those varieties of grain that mature early are the least affected by the disease, because if planted early they mature before this rust appears in considerable quantity. The period at which the greatest damage is done is while the head is filling, between the date of flowering and the date of ripening. The comparative rust resistance, stated in per cents, between a num- ber of the common wheats and the durums grown under the same con- ditions at Yuba City in 1904-5, is shown in the subjoined table: TABLE I. Showing Relative Rust Resistance of Certain Wheats — Yuba City, 1904-5. COMMON WHEATS. Rust Resistance No. Name. per cent. 647. Onigara ... 75 682. Early Japanese 80 1181. Japanese, No. 4 _ 85 1184. Japanese, No. 1 _ 80 1356. Theiss 50 1433. Crimean .._ 70 1436. Crimean.. 70 1437. Crimean 55 1438. Ghirka Winter 70 1439. Ultra _ ...65 1442. Kharkov 50 1539. Targorva 70 1558. Turkey... 75 1561. Theiss 40 1563. Weissenberg 80 1564. Pesterboden 80 1587 65 1596. Fretes 50 1697. Early Baart 20 1698. Allora . _ 85 1699. Canning Downs _. 85 1732. Fish Head 95 1733. Dawson's Golden Chaff 40 1746. King's Early 10 1923. Fultz. 40 2126. Kurd.. .*. 40 2200. Buetha.. . 50 2227. Chul 40 2204. Humera _. 2205. Khata... _ 2219. Padi 2397. Red Winter 65 2824. Elephant Hybrid 50 2825. Elephant Hybrid 50 2826. Bobs 35 2828. 20 2830. -. 12 2405. Kissilbugda 20 2495. Red Winter . 40 293/04 California Gem _ 20 Sonora 20 White Australian _ 20 Washington Bluestem 30 No. 1494. 1567. 1572. 1589. 1593. 1597. 1595 1736. 2006. 2074. 2075. 2076. 2077. 2078. 2087. 2088. 2089. 2u90. 2091. 2093. 2099. 2124. 2127. 2198. 222 L. 2228. 2234. 2235. 2246. 2247 2399. 2527. 2537. 2546. 2547. 2598. 2607. 2609. 2640. ?H41. 2649. 2651. 2689. 2692. 2756. 2*27. 2/05. 3/05. DURUM WHEATS. Rust Resistance, Name. percent. Arnautka 95 Novorossick 95 95 Biancolillo - 95 Marouani _. ._ 98 Medeah 99 Kahla 95 Iumillo 95 Nicaragua 97 77 Abd-el-Kaden ._. 93 Medeah 95 Azizi ._ 95 Sboo-el-Roumia 95 Bachir 97 Kahla 98 Richi.. 95 Negro ._ -. 90 Albacete 90 Berberisco 90 Mahmoudi 99 Hurma 80 Hurma 75 PiolaKarte 60 Kubanka 90 Saragolla 95 Kuban ka.._ 90 Marouani 93 Kubanka 97 Velvet Don 98 ShetGahu 65 Algerian Durum 90 Algerian Durum 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 85 85 90 Realforte 90 90 Coolabak 95 Chilean Wheat.. 95 Chilean Wheat 95 270 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. FIG. 2. Kubanka variety of durum wheat grown at Modesto, 1905-6. THE RUST RESISTANCE OF VARIETIES. There were quite a number of the varieties under observation that were almost wholly rust resistant in this season, and on this ground seem desirable varieties for further trial in the coast section of the State espe- cially. While one season's observation can not show much that is con- clusive, yet the severity of the rust condition renders the work of a single season of this character of much value. To such an extent is this true that although the conditions were so unfavorable as to vitiate nearly all of the yield tests, yet the observations upon the relative rust resistance of the varieties may be of greater value than the entire cost of the experi- ment. At least one very important series of observations was secured, then, during the season's operation, not to mention numerous other lesser ones that will have important bearings upon the future selection of grains. To know that under similar conditions of soil preparation and culture certain wheats are affected only to an extent of 5 per cent, while others are affected to an extent of 90 per cent, and these latter our com- mon varieties, is an exceedingly important fact. These results make it very evident, first, that the durum wheats are much more rust resistant than any of the common varieties grown; second, with the exception of a comparatively few varieties there does not seem to be much difference in this respect between the varieties of durums themselves. Among the common wheats there was a wide difference, the range being from 10 to 85 per cent resistance. In all cases the com- monly grown California varieties proved to be much more subject to rust than, for instance, No. 1181, Japanese; Nos. 1433 and 1436, Cri- CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 271 mean; No. 1558, Turkey; No. 1564, Pesterboden; No. 1698, Allora; and No. 1699, Canning Downs. It will be interesting to know what these varieties may do in the coast regions in the State where rust conditions are an annual factor. They will be thoroughly tried out in that region in comparison with the common California varieties, and should they maintain the record made in 1904-5, their introduction into that region will prove extremely valuable. With the results of only a single year of serious rust conditions before us. however, we do not feel warranted in recommending extensive plantings, although any of them are worthy of further trial and selection under rust conditions. Mention should also be made of two other varieties which, under the condition of extemely late sowing, did well, viz., No. 1596, Fretes, and No. 2227, Chul. The former resisted the rust better than the latter, and some sown as late as March 6th made good heads with very good kernels, although the heads were not as well filled nor as large as were those of an earlier sowing. Both of these varieties make a quick upright growth, and if sown at the usual time of seeding may prove excellent wheats. BARLEYS AND OATS AND CORN. A number of barleys and several varieties of oats were grown in both large and small plats to secure indications as to adaptability, some of which gave promising results. Among the six-rowed barleys, Beldi (No. 190) and Mariout (No. 261) were the earliest. Of the two-rowed, Black Smyrna (No. 191) and White Smyrna (No. 195) were much the earliest on the list. Sixty-day oats (No. 165) was the earliest oat variety, while No. 291 (White oats from England) gave the best yield. The winter varieties of oats and barley were sown too late to give any fair idea as to results. Of the corn varieties planted at Yuba City, Early Tuscarora, Gehu, and Red Dent are very early, and had nearly matured by the latter part of July. The extremely hot winds during the first week of July injured all varieties just tasseling at that time. The tassel and upper blades were completely dried and turned white. The growth of all varieties in early spring was very slow. One or two varieties planted from two to three weeks later were standing the drought very well and were of a deep green color with scarcely any of the lower blades fired the last of July. None of the corn plantings produced good ears, on account of the scorching in July. The corn experiments may be regarded as a total failure. Except under the most favorable climatic conditions, corn culture on the uplands without irrigation is regarded as very doubtful. 272 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. THE OPERATIONS OF 1905-6. The writer took charge of the cereal work at the beginning of the fiscal year 1905-6. On the part of the United States Department of Agricul- ture Mr. H. F. Blanchard was assigned to duty in California in place of Mr. Fitz. The writer at once proceeded to lay out detailed plans for permanent work. The nature of this work is such that no permanent results can be secured from one or two seasons' operations. The element of time is an all-essential one for the solution of such problems as are before us. This would be true even though the problem was merely the develop- ment of wheats giving higher yields than those now being grown in the State, but with the introduction of the problem of increasing the gluten content, the element of time is of even greater importance. With this in view the experiments were so planned that while the ultimate end can not be expected for several years, yet data of much importance as bearing upon the entire question of cereal culture should be obtained each year, and thus material progress made annually. The general plan adopted as the permanent policy of the investiga- tions on both stations is presented below. The experiments will have to deal primarily with wheat, but barley and oats will also be included, and the general method of procedure will be the same in all cases. The plantings on the stations are divided into three classes: Class I. Nursery plantings. (a) Of varieties under preliminary trial. (6) Of varieties undergoing straight selection. (c) Of hybrids and selection following hybridization. (d) Small increase-plats. Class II. Field plantings. Class III. Special experiment plantings. The nursery plantings under Class I refer to all plantings of small size, varying from a single grain of wheat in some cases to increase-plats less than one-twentieth acre in size. The nursery plantings are divided into four sub-classes, as indicated in the tabular scheme presented above. Under Class I (a) are introduced all new varieties secured from various sources, and only the ones showing special adaptability to California conditions are selected for advancement to Class II in field trials, and to I (a) for improvement by selection — only the best of the class being selected for the latter work. The varieties undergoing straight selection, I (6), are those which are in the field plantings and others that may have shown such very favorable characteristics as to warrant marking them "excellent" after satisfactory preliminary trial in the nursery. Plantings under this subdivision, I (6), were made for the first time in the fall of 1906. These plantings are made after the centgener system, which is explained later on. On account of the difficulty with o o OS +-> CQ i— i 03 o> O d En 274 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. weeds at the Yuba City station, and the greater ease with which the soil can be handled at the Modesto station, the centgener plantings are mostly made upon the latter. The plantings under Class I (c) are devoted to fixing the characters of the hybrids developed on the stations and finally improving such as may prove desirable by selection after the centgener plan. Sub-class (d) embraces such varieties as are being increased for field trial after having been proven in I (a). The field plantings, Class II, vary in size from one-twentieth of an acre to one acre in size, and the varieties grown in these plats are those which previous observations have shown to be worthy of more extensive trial than a limited number of rows employed in the nursery plantings. The plantings under Class III are those devoted to special experi- ments, as detailed later in the publication. The work on the two stations for the season 1905-S is presented separately below, but in all cases must be taken merely as a report of progress rather than as completed experiments, the accumulated results of several seasons' work being necessary before definite conclu- sions can be drawn even from the special experiments. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 275 WORK AT THE YUBA CITY CEREAL STATION, 1905-6. As indicated earlier in this bulletin the location of this station was changed at the beginning of this fiscal year, the location selected being only a short distance from that of 1904-5, and the soil conditions remain- ing essentially the same. The previous season the tract had produced a crop of barley, and the season's rains coming very late there was much delay, so that the winter varieties were seeded later than they should have been to give the best results; and further, the volunteer barley was troublesome throughout the entire season. The entire tract was seeded, the plantings varying in size from a few rows to one acre. Preparation of the Land. — Preparation of the soil was begun early in December, 1905, when it was given a surface disking to cover the weed seed and put the surface in such shape that it would readily take mois- ture. The disking was done as early as there was sufficient rain to moisten the first two inches of surface soil. There was not sufficient moisture to allow plowing until the first of January, and even then in parts of the field the land turned over in a very lumpy condition. Rains, however, followed soon after the seeding and disintegrated the clods. The land was plowed with a gang plow five to seven inches deep, then disked, harrowed, and put into as good condition as the limited moisture would allow. Method of Planting. — As soon as the land was plowed and harrowed the seeding of winter wheats was commenced. At the time of seeding the winter wheats the land was very rough, but on account of the lateness of the season it was deemed inadvisable to wait longer for rain to allow a first-class seed-bed to be prepared; still, it ultimately proved better than at Modesto, as the ground was not as loose as at the latter place, which resulted in a quicker and stronger germination of most varieties of the grain. There were numerous heavy rains at this time, and it was with considerable difficulty that the seeding was* accomplished, as the soil would no sooner dry out enough to work than there would be more rain. However, seeding of both large and small plots was completed by February 1, 1906. All plat plantings were done with a Monitor double-disc drill, while the small plantings were made with a Planet Jr. hand drill. On all plats seeded with the Monitor drill 72 pounds of wheat seed was used in drill rows six inches apart. From the general appearance of the plats after germination, and throughout the season, it is probable that better results would have been obtained by the use of more seed. This is particularly true when seeding is not done until January, for the 2— bul 185 276 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. plants do not seem to stool as well at this time as when germination takes place earlier. Further, a thicker seeding will keep down a larger number of weeds. Weeds. — The weed question in the Sacramento Valley generally is " a condition and not a theory," and is, perhaps, the greatest difficulty which will have to be overcome in attempts to grow the spreading vari- eties of winter wheats. The weeds locally known as wild oats, Napa thistle, bur-clover, dog fennel, and morning-glory are rampant through- out the entire region, but at Modesto the California poppy is the only really troublesome weed at the present time. Although it is the common practice of farmers to bare summer-fallow the land, we are not doing so on this station, which makes it more difficult to deal with the weed problem than would be the case under a thorough system of summer-fallow; however, by cutting the grain in the hard dough stage with the binder, many weeds are destroyed which would be reseeded by the use of the combined harvester, so commonly used in California. Summary of Plantings at Yuba City, 1905-6. Standard varieties of common and durum wheats - 325 U. S. Department of Agriculture hybrids 72 Kansas hybrids _ 66 Barleys 60 Oats 21 Spelt 1 Rye 3 Emmer 2 Einkorn _ _ 1 Corn 15 Total 566 PLANTINGS AT YUBA CITY UNDER CLASS I, 1905-6. It is under the sub-group I (a) that all the new varieties of wheats are introduced for preliminary trial. Under this division in 1905-6, 463 varieties of wheat were grown upon the Yuba station, these wheats coming from all over the, world. No attempt will be made here to present the characteristics of all these wheats, but only to place upon record such as to the present time have shown themselves to be worthy of further trial. For the most part these wheats have been under observation for two seasons, and this season for one cause or another we have been able to eliminate a number from the list of those grown. It was found that many of these standard varieties were mixed with other varieties, and to keep our own seed from becoming badly mixed, it has in most cases been necessary to hand pick the heads, and in so doing occasion has been taken to select only the best heads for the next year's seeding. Thus the varieties have had the benefit of two years' preliminary selection, should it be desirable to CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 277 introduce any of them into the centgener plantings for rigid selection during the coming season. Among these row plantings there are quite a number which offer much promise as being very well adapted to the conditions which here obtain. CHARACTERISTICS OP WHEATS DESIRABLE FOR CALIFORNIA. Considered only in relation to field conditions there are certain special characteristics which are extremely desirable for wheats which are to be introduced into this State. The following are considered the most prominent of these: manner of growth, tenacity, days to mature, character of head (especially with respect to awns), rust resistance, and heavy yielding plants. The manner of autumn growth (that is, whether the growth is upright or spreading) is of unusual importance under the present con- dition of the grain fields as to weeds. Until the farms are in a much cleaner condition than at the present time no wheat is likely to meet with favor unless it will make a reasonably good fight for life among weeds. This factor is not so important in the case of wheats used on summer-fallow land, but in many instances even in this case it is of some importance, because the continued use of the combined har- vester, coupled with generally careless methods, has so seriously scattered the weeds in the grain fields as to make even the summer- fallow land exceedingly foul. In such fields the plants that have a low-spreading growth in the fall and winter have but little chance against the weeds. It is the strong upright growth made by the varieties commonly grown in the State that has been one of the main factors which has enabled them to hold their own in the State despite their low milling qualities. This rapid upright growth enables them to successfully keep ahead of the weeds and finally win in the race. With the farms becoming smaller and being given greater care this factor will not be as important. Generally speaking, however, these same spread- ing varieties require early planting, and for this reason under the conditions of precipitation which hold in large grain-growing sections of the State it is difficult to get them planted, except on summer-fallow land, sufficiently early to have them under favorable conditions for good yield. They must be growing by December 1st to be under even fair conditions, and it is seldom, indeed, except on summer-fallow land, that it would be possible to seed by that date. This will be one of the greatest obstacles in the introduction of these wheats into this State. Our present idea is that they are not well suited to the climatic con- ditions which obtain in this State generally, unless it be in those parts of the State where limited areas of wheat are grown by irrigation, where a late summer or early fall irrigation can be given the land, thus 278 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. *> CO C *£=* C0(NCCOOt0CN^tN(N0000O-^®OCNT)<(Nc0OC0'*OM'*OOO'*T((00cBl0N • 3-2 3^ « a t -iC0CX)©C0t^l0-Hini0CDW(N--M>0i0'*OM0:C0'HM03C»©C0C^0CiO(MCXOO ' -3 So «- o3 — * +J OO00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO05OOOOOOOCX3OOO • eg Eh OO05OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO05OOOOOOO05OOO ' »rt co CS.O.Q.O.n ci C3 .Q £> £> £i X> -Q -O -O ci £> *G £l £i £2 £> £> OJ X X3 -Q ,Q ,Q -Q X .Q £> £i X5 .Q CD !> a ^2 co o3 3 - 4 - > »o OiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO > M CO CD C35OOO00OOOOOOOOOOOO0C. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO i « 2g Ot>l(>1<^<^ 1 ^»^i^-J-^0505-^CJCO-^0000 ■ >»*J iCkC^ic»o^oinur5io^^ioooutiio^^o>c»cio-^Tfi»oinioioio^>iccoiOiO • c3 o3 as anner of •owth. r , Cn 0- Oh (2-i Oh 0. Cm 0- C r , C- Cm Q. Ci, CL Q, Q. O. C- C- Q. C~ C r , a-i,C-u. r , C r , ficCV-i s 5 § a or Duru CJCJOOOOOOO OT3 OOOCJOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO s~ *» 1 rQ ' 1 M ; 4) ' c ; > a *-< a, ! GO • o ! U ■ i Ph I 1 a : ; . ! , 08 * < ,«— K^-N • rH 1 1 ; i io o >>>> J 10 £j , m c3 c3 J-, Vh 1 1 QJ I I ' , i CD 1 1 £„ • • &o M) >c» •^4 I4J ■ c3 • > • ' <-5 ' CD 4) ' 73 "ThP*" e8 G « d c3 ^ ^ E ^ £ h ^ « ® °Ao3 5= O M > Cu H W -4-J 9 El. 1 fc. i cu 1 -w • c « 3 S °-- t& cq bd *-s i-s ■a ' 6 O HCNHN £ cc^-^^^^cr'CO^*X)c^^^(^^lroco^^^ooc^o^o^^fC^^tr!COODtJ5c^^(^^05cc^^cocs^ OJ^QOQOCOiOiOeOeO-^0>OOCO-^^U^OO^cX)C©I^OOOOCniU^Utit^I^05cTOeOTj1^^^^CCa5^TfOin»0»OkO»OiO<©CDCDCDiXil^t^t^t^t^O o CM CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 279 ^NMiOOflfOMCONOOOOOiOOWOONOiNOOiiONNOiOO^X COHCD^o05CDOOWCO«O^NHOOJOCOHXl^H(»03(»iO(NMO--CO r- < -H HHNrtrtHHHHH 1-i »— I 1— I i— iH i— 1 i— I C>J •— If— I CDNNOOMNOOJCOTfOO^THOOOXCOONCDN^^OOOOQOOOTXOOOtO I I I i i i i i i i I • ! I I ! I • I ' ' ' J. J, Js J, _L ' J. «i H(NNHHHHHHWNNHD4N(N(NflCDNNOCOCO^ l CO«m- H M^CO'* CO Tfl o3 c3 a* X be a a3 a, HaHHHHHyHHaSHHHHHHHHHHHH«tt3KHHHHr&tB o E=J r d r C l 730'^ r OO r O'OoC)OO r OOOOOOOO'dOOt>OOOO r OOOO s d s d d >T3 ' »i-H i— < 4) -Z, DO o PQ 5 o Ot) «°s. I C005«>t^iOCOt^.r-lOTf -»000 0505NNeO*ffi«»NM«eOO>OONNNNN0500 OO-— iCf 3 s3 d._ 280 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. enabling the land to be put into condition earlier than otherwise would be possible. Earliness, as measured by days to mature, is also an important point for consideration in the selection of grains for use in California. The wheats should be such as can be planted as late as possible and will have a rapid growth and mature early, before the exceedingly hot weather comes on in the summer. Further, earliness is a great factor in enabling the wheats, and grains in general, to withstand rust attacks, which are very severe in certain seasons. This is extremely important for wheats grown in the coast counties, for in that region rust is an omnipresent difficulty, owing to the more moist atmosphere. Further, the early wheats are not as apt to be injured by drought as the later maturing varieties. Bearing upon this last matter the character of the head as to awns is of greater importance than in most places, because it is a custom here, and one which the fickleness of the climate renders almost necessary, for farmers to be governed largely by the character of the season as to whether the crop is allowed to mature its grain or whether it is cut for hay. If the season seems to be unpropitious for the maturing of a fair crop of grain it will be cut before maturity for hay. Thus, an awnless variety is much preferable. The tenacity with which the chaff holds the grain is also an especially important factor in California, where the combined harvester is so extensively used. Grain frequently stands in the field for a month to six weeks after it is mature, and under the heavy winds which prevail in the San Joaquin Valley, and certain parts of the Sacramento Valley, unless the chaff is very tenacious of the berry there is serious loss. With the use of the self-binder instead of the combined harvester this loses something of its significance, but it will always be a factor of importance. The wheats which have survived in the struggle for exist- ence here have been of this character, and it is one of the principal points in which the Little Club variety appeals to the farmer, and out- weighs the undesirable points of this wheat. The importance of high-yielding plants is too evident to need any discussion. No other characteristic of a plant is so important, and most of those mentioned above have a bearing upon this quality. It is largely along these lines that the list of grains presented in Table II has been selected as offering the most promise for being useful in further developing the work along the lines proposed. No attempt has been made as yet to select these closely, but rather to exclude those which seemed to offer no superiority to these. Many of the bearded and the spreading varieties are retained because we have not reached a point where it was thought desirable to exclude all these varieties; and, further, some of the best ones may finally enter into the development of new varieties and the beards gotten rid of. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 281 Under Class I (h) no plantings were made in 1905-6, inasmuch as it was not deemed that sufficient data were at hand upon which to select the wheats to introduce into the centgener system of rigid selection for improvement, but numerous varieties have been subjected to preliminary- selection for two seasons and systematic notes taken as to their field characteristics and apparent adaptability to California conditions to serve as a basis for the selection of the varieties for improvement. The following stocks, after having been under observation at this Station for two seasons, have been determined upon as a basis upon which to begin the centgener work at Yuba City : Class I (6) ; Grains Selected for Centgener Plantings at Yuba City, 1906-7. C. I. No. Name. Oats. 274. Lawinger 292. 441. Danish 445. White Tartar Barleys. 190. Beldi 257. Tennessee Winter Common California The above varieties will hereafter be planted in the centgener plats according to the following scheme, and will also be planted in the field each year to establish an accurate average against which to measure whatever improvement may take place. C. I. No. Name. Wheats. 1437. Crimean 1494. Arnautka 1587. .. 2089. Richi 2239. Beloglina — . . « White Australian m. ._. Salt Lake Club . _-- Sonora Propo . English Master _ Mediterranean V.A.C.206. St. Land THE PLAN FOR NURSERY BREEDING. The plan for nursery breeding for improvements of the chosen varieties deals with individual parent plants, and the progeny therefrom so planted, one seed in a hill, that their yield and other facts of actual performance may be recorded and compared so that only the best may serve as mother plants, and that a definite pedigree can be built up. The soil condition should be made as good as possible with the common tools, and the general environment of the plant should be as near as possible to those which can be obtained in good farming. In this way the plants selected will have proven best under the conditions in which they will be later grown in the field. The plats are to be seeded with the Minnesota centgener seeder at Modesto, and by means of a dibble at Yuba City, one plant in a hill. The First Year. — Since it is desired to get as strong mother plants as possible for the future work, the foundation bed of 1906-7 wherever possible will be 1,200 plants of each of the nursery varieties. When the 282 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. plants have made a few inches growth the hills that may have two plants are carefully thinned to a single plant. The nursery beds are kept free from weeds by hand pulling or hoeing. The grain is deemed ripe when it is in the hard-dough, stage. At this time the smaller plants are gradu- ally cut out until only 100 of the apparently strongest yielders remain. In deciding upon the 100 plants preference should be given to plants having nearly the same height, bearing well-filled heads. The heads are removed from each of these plants separately and those from each plant placed in an envelope, furnished for this purpose. The bunches of spikes from each variety are to be sent to Berkeley, where they will be weighed, and all but the 25 weighing the most, discarded. These 25 are now shelled out by hand and the net weight of grain and its quality determined. These data now serve as the basis for selecting the 12 plants giving the highest net weight as centgeners for the succeeding season. The Second Year. — One of the prime objects is to secure plants of the highest breeding power, consequently a centgener plat (100 seeds) from each of the twelve selected plants is planted with the machine. When ripe, 12 of the apparently most productive plants are selected, the heads removed and placed in the envelopes, the heads from each plant being placed in one envelope, the data filled in according to the printed form and sent to Berkeley. The remaining number of plants are to be counted, the necessary centgener notes taken, after which the grain is threshed and weighed. From these data the average yield per plant is obtained, which shows the average yield of the progeny of the respective mother plant originally selected. The Third and Fourth Years. — In each of these years some of the best seed from each plat are planted and selection practiced as before. The average yield for the three annual tests of 300 progeny of each of the hundred mother plants indicates the breeding power. From those that have shown the best results a few are now selected for promotion to field trials in competition with the parent variety, or others there growing. The Fifth Year. — During this year the seeds are multiplied to secure sufficient seed for the field trial. The Sixth to the Eighth Years. — During these years the varieties are continued against the parent and other field varieties, and those which make good as strong yielders during the entire series of years are those worthy of distribution. The Ninth and Tenth Years. — During these years the seed can be dis- tributed for trial elsewhere and also continued on the station. The seed may also be increased for distribution and large milling tests. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 283 CLASS I (c). HYBRIDS. The plantings under this subdivision have to deal with wheats that have been developed by crossing varieties either on our own stations or elsewhere. The work of crossing was begun the past season, the larger number of crosses having been made at the Yuba City station. The main object involved in the crosses made this season was the combina- tion of some of the high gluten wheats with the strong, upright-growing sorts commonly grown in California. With the hope of holding the field characteristics of the latter, in-crosses and out- crosses were made both with the hard winter varieties and the durums that had shown desirable characteristics. A list of the crosses made at Yuba City is subjoined. TABLE III. List of Crosses Made at Yuba City, Cal., 1906, Giving Number of Grains Obtained from Each Cross. Female Plant. Male Plant. Number of Grains Obtained. Number. Name. Name. Number. Salt Lake Club.. : Salt Lake Club.. : Salt Lake Club : Salt Lake Club : Salt Lake Club : Salt Lake Club : £ 2899 2246 1704 2398 11 £ Kubanka.-.. 43 £ Pootung _ c Galgalos t Bluestem ._ 11 31 40 £ Kubanka 22 Salt Lake Club : Salt Lake Club : Salt Lake Club.. : Salt Lake Club _ .. : Salt Lake Club : Salt Lake Club : t White Australian £ Chul... c Velvet Don k. Richi 2227 2247 2089 1350 1596 2096 2394 2825 14 12 7 51 s£ Pererodka x Fretes x Yellow Gharnovka 12 46 Salt Lake Club : 18 Salt Lake Club x 6 Salt Lake Club.. : Arnautka ._ : Berberisco : Early Japanese : X .. 1 1494 x Salt Lake Club 7 2093 x Salt Lake Club 4 2899 x Salt Lake Club... 63 682 k Bluestem 20 2899 X Rlnestem 47 1772 Spelt.... : Arnautka^ : Medeah : Red Winter Wheat : Velvet Don : c Bluestem .. 8 1494 5 Bluestem 7 1597 x Bluestem . 14 2495 x Bluestem 7 2247 x Bluestem 17 1184-1 Japanese No. 1 : Japanese No. 1 : Galgalos : Fretes _ : Tuscan : Spelt White Australian.. : Japhet _. Onigara.. _ Spelt _ _. Albacete. Galgalos. . x Bluestem .. 5 1184-2 ^ Bluestem 11 2398 x Bluestem ... 67 1596 x: Chill... 2227 1923 1772 27 2832 1772 ^ Fultz x Spelt x Salt Lake Club... 6 2 12 V.A.C.205 x White Australian 11 K 647 x White Australian 19 1772 x White Australian x White Australian 21 2091 5 2398 x White Australian 17 2528 Algerian Durum x White Australian . 3 2702 x White Australian 2 2830 x White Australian 18 2832 Tuscan Bluestem Bluestem Bluestem Bluestem Bluestem x White Australian 12 x Spelt. 1772 1597 2096 73 14 x Medeah ... x Yellow Gharnovka 1 16 x 2 x Bluestem 11 284 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. TABLE III— Continued. Female Plant. Male Plant. Number of Grains Obtained. Number. Name. Name. Number. Bluestem : Bluestem _ ) Bluestem : Bluestem : Bluestem : c Salt Lake Club i Velvet Don c Kubanka 2247 2246 2227 2089 1596 2398 1923 2832 1772 4 12 21 e Chul 12 c Richi.. c Fretes 1 Galgalos 31 2398 Bluestem... ._ _. a Galgalos 2 Galgalos ._ 2 Galgalos 2 Galgalos 2 Kubanka ._ 2 Kubanka 2 Kubanka 2 Kubanka 2 Kubanka.. 2 Kahla.. _ 2 Fretes 2 2 17 22 2398 2398 c Fultz c Tuscan 16 7 2398 c Spelt t Salt Lake Club. 24 33 c Fretes £ Chul... c 1596 2227 2899 5079 4 18 44 1595 £ King's Early 1 Kubanka 46 1596 c Kubanka . 63 2899 r Kuhanka 40 FIG. 4. Making crosses of wheat at Yuba City. Kansas Hybrids. — Besides the crosses made at the stations, sixty-six hybrids developed at the Kansas station were grown at Yuba City sta- tion, all in row plantings. They were seeded January 20th to 22d and had germinated by February 5th. The stand of most of them was fair. Most of these hybrids have proven themselves worthy of another trial, but a few of them have been discarded. The tabulation which follows is of those which have made the best showing: CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 285 CD I >o o CT> O to «! W CQ I H M Q - P >h H «fl 02 H £ tn « M O > -t! H 03 o W H O oT i— i Cm M a co < co CQ H SO -U *» n 22 cs s s «- oS 3^ CU 055 fin be" °J oj w 0> co o o3 cu O CI cu P5 cu CO 3 c3 aJ u CI 5 S cu a O o oo o ~ OCDNOCNNNNXOONOliO^COOm^OOOOW oroxio»t^«' o3 Si £} jD JZ> JD ja ,D c3 ,Q cc3 OQOOOOOOOOOOOOJ 3J03OOOOO0JOO05 OOOOOOOOOOOOO0i0505OOOOO05OO05 i^cN»-(-^^^^-l-^Oi050505C35050iC35QOOOCOCOCOCOO^CD OiOOiOOOiO'«ti''J4Tt4T}iTj4 T fi T j< T }«.^iir50»OiClOtf5iOlO' , tf< CCO3CQQGC»GQ0QGQC»cX!C»XC»COCOC»CCCB'JQC»CC!0QCCCOCQ -3 cu -3 ■~ CU be C -3 o3 o> t-c P, GO & CO ooooooooooooooooooooooooo o M a H H CO be c o H X 03 1-0 W o s o •h i 33 • PQ 'fe ! o 5 ° a In <" O m ■+-> ••-> CO cv C3 C3 ^5 t3 T3 "° ■ ® » ! 'Ddc4 • Kfl o b - m O 1 1 ! O) . ^ ; ' t- ! a ! •H ■ -1- : « ' 1 « ,t*4 ; • p • oj . o . :pc 125 ! l |x ! » ; ' o J I >a : O f-i s a ^ c « a 5W fe S. 0) cu a o Hi CU aj cu o a> o c ow (-80*000 o a ,a ■ fl '.-j.S ; a ; ; ; a-o ;o :-l^lOmiflNX0000050--HNtNOOCSOM^inCOCDOO 05C»0>C35aiC15030>050500000'^1 , 1 , NOOOOOO b-^^t^r»t~r»^t--^ccc»c©c»ccwaocccoa5C5cxa>C5C5 286 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. There are few, if any, of these which seem to have any advantage in field characteristics over the standard varieties in the field plantings. In most cases these did not mature as early as those in the field plantings. They have not, however, been under trial for a sufficient time to give anything like a fair idea of their worth. They will be under trial another season before entering any of them in the field section. U. S. D. A. Hybrids. — Seventy-two hybrids from the United States Department of Agriculture were also under trial, all of which reached maturity. These were seeded in rows 12 inches apart, January 12th to 17th, and cultivated throughout the season on account of the large number of weeds which developed in the plats. All of these were seeded too late to obtain the best results. In most cases they are spreading in character, thus partaking of the nature of the winter varieties, and as previously indicated will have to be grown upon clean summer-fallow land to make good under our conditions. The results from the most promising varieties are shown in tabular form below: CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 287 d' ti ^,5 d S3 3 o O^ Pu, S-, 5i r „ , tH " 03 0)B(D OO CD OCM OO 05 05 05 iO — CO CM O CO OCM O I*- 05 >C> CNIOOO^TtlCCCOCOCDOOOXaCOCOCDOO'MCD'^CO^^O'titM 00 CC 00 O CM t^ iO> t- 00 t~- 00 CD t- CO tJ* OO CO 05 00 05 t^- CC CO t~- 00 CO CD lO O Ir^ iO CD iC> CO iO CO kO CO o (3 E-t OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO oooooooooooooooooo > OOOOO o o o ' O O O 05 O O O OO ffiO ooo O O 05 O O O O OOO o o ooo T3 co fll CO rass&xiXiXiXirQxzjZra njs&xijsxiXiXiXirn^iXixi&Xi -Qjojo o3J2-o,a JO JO JO JO a? o a: a3 " CO a> %0 3 o 000050505050505*00000000000000000 OOO050505050505OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO i— II— < i-H i— li— l-Hf— <»— I i— t t-H -^ i— (i— ' .- *-Hi— l»Hi— (i— I H OOO OO OO O O O OO OO OO OO o o o o O5O5O5O5O5O505O5O5050505O5O5O5O5O5O505O5O5O5O5O5'<* l O5 O 35 lO M O O O OOOO I00i00l0i0>ni00i0i0i00i0l0<00i0i0i00l00i00i0 iO »C O CO CD CD CO CD O CD CD •d •o u o3 J2 CJO a •1-4 d a3 t-\ & CO a, 02 B O a a O O I O O o ^ - a* Cl, d, q* a< COOQ0QQQ73 i a 'GO c a, so- cu CO GO GO GQ o S (- o a°S o M oooooooooooooooooooooooooo OOOOO OOOO a 03 "25 0) "^ o3 >^ w =3 S S-h 03 S3 O q "b-c ; 03 01 03 nj 03 ,_, B 03 JO P M B o3 o> B c3 O .#— i T3 'JO X % 03 o * O— ' O^O tfi , C I— 1 ,03 I OO -o :Q PQ ■ c o> —I c3 Sh U 0> d v 0) • «— « Q H 6 CD W O) S ° ?H 1 03 ' B a og O m C3>2 03 •-< « « o o C5 CO"^'^ 3 2 : 1 83 03 O B a> "o •5° B O 1 oj I'd o M O O O K-2 TJddx, g ' O O e o 03 "15 X3tii _ o t-i 03rj< ^ Qi c ^§ X X- 5 B^ 5 tn B o IS n 9) d en t^ o> " d-B oQ 03 d 03 X> g 5 ; B 03 X 03 t-i O « S -d £ 1 1- ^ 03 :o^pq C/j B o tw t* 03 "5 x 03 O & -sa o3 o> W^ o3 w ^ ^5 a 2 >■ m o> •- Oh- id o d b So ; o en C 03 P. o3 00 o M d 03 co : O o I I CM — I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ! I I I I 1 1 1 T l^^»0XC^CC'-CM.V5rf*iooao»H — cnjcmtj*--.— i-*-*^-^«N,OTfiT}0 CD HHHtNWCOCO I I I I I ■*p CM -^ o3 o3 o3 CM IC IO COCO CD CC CO CO 288 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. CLASS II. FIELD PLANTINGS. YUBA CITY, 1905-6. In the matter of field plantings in order to get a start in 1906 a number of varieties were selected which had given good results at a number of the other experiment stations of the country, and in the other cooperative experiments of the Department of Agriculture. These, together with ^the common California varieties, were sown on various sized plats in this class. Hereafter, however, no variety will be introduced into the field tests until it shall have demonstrated its right to such a place by a satisfactory showing in the preliminary row plantings, and those now introduced will be gradually narrowed 'by comparative tests until only the very best remain. Out of a considerable number of field plantings only those tabulated below seem worthy to continue in this class. Some others will be intro- duced, however, for the next season. The weedy condition of the field, together with the fact that the seasonal conditions did not permit the planting of a number of the winter varieties sufficiently early to have them under the proper conditions, will account for the low yields. In a few cases the yields were not thought sufficiently accurate to include, although the general field conditions were such as to warrant a con- tinuance of the variety in the field trials. Before really satisfactory tests can be made the land will have to be put in a cleaner condition than it is at the present time. -It may be said that a strenuous effort is being made the present season to so clean the land of weeds that hereafter the winter wheats may not be at such a disadvantage against the upright growing ones. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 289 CO I lO o o co < CO M o « P {H H t, c a .5 -a c3.3 3g£fc o3 2; o «« a> OCL, CD 'O ^ P-l 02 CO a CO H CO o fl l~-CO CM f^O HCOHHO n od n co i^ • o ■ CO • CD CO O CO CO CO CO O CD CM o iCC 'COX>OCDCDCO;COCOCMiO 'cm ! t^" co cm ^" © iri cc ai ac" •-*' o I CD o •'*■'* 1 05 1^COcOOi050COlOCO'^000000 ^T^CM^OCCMQOCMCMiOOC>lC>1CMV005lCCOC>OCMCO CM t^ 00 CD CO O CO CO Tfi CO CD iO CM CO CD CO CM CM CM CM CO CO "^ iO 'CDlO.'O i CM -^ CO"* CM CM CM COCO I I I I III i— I CM ^H CM , i— I i— I »—l CM CM "* CM CN CM CM CO CM rf< CO CM I I I 'I I CM I I I I I 1 I t-H I i— I <— I i— I i— I iH H H H i-i CN (N — H OO OO ooooooooooooor-iooioooooo ooooooooooooooiaiasoooooo OSrO JO >> Cl- in M 04 co OS O O O O O Oi © © © © O ©ooooooioor-aoooooooo OOOOOOO05OC505OOOOOOO 03 +J -M CO o s 2 o u O *H s CO a 03 o o OHHOlOO >C lO ■<* Tf< 7C CM r-I^WTl*iOCN05iOHCOMXN»01«lON ■«51-r-^•TJ0 C co CO CO CO co Si -4-9 . CO , 3 ico C r-i ^ 6J3.Q rt H P ^t^lrtCOCO05COC35CCr^0iCDt-'COa>CD ft ^coc75c35O505ccQOcxi'Mc0'rTrio;aiT)i a'^'OiOCOlONOOMCNNMWXN ^rtiHHHHriCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNH C3 cc -_ T3 CO 'O S-l 03 CO ^2 bo .2 -3 03 CO a. us I Oh CO W o 90 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. From the above it will be seen that the low-spreading wheats gave results much too low to rank with the upright-growing common sorts; the average yield of the spreading varieties of winter wheats being but 8.60 bushels per acre, while the upright-growing varieties gave an average of 9.30 bushels. This difference in yield is no doubt due in part to certain external causes, which must be reckoned with annually in any attempt to grow this class of wheats. Among these causes are the uncertainty of being able to seed sufficiently early on land that has grown a cereal crop the year previous and the foul con- dition of the land. We can not regard results obtained in these experiments as at all conclusive until it is possible to free the land devoted to these comparative trials from weeds. These difficulties can be overcome in a measure by putting the plats upon summer-fallow land, and it may prove that we shall have to follow this practice, for a time at least, in order to get satisfactory tests with these spreading varieties. It is doubtless true that all these wheats will do much better after becoming acclimated in California. This year against our common wheats they were at considerable disadvantage in this respect. The durums used in field plantings in most cases surpassed the common wheats by notable amounts, the average yield being 13.19 bushels per acre as against 9.30 bushels for the upright-growing varieties, and surpassing the Salt Lake Club by 4^ bushels per acre. CLASS III. SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS. The experiments under this class have been planned for the purpose of trying out some of the mooted questions relative to cereal culture, in addition to the main study of problems relating to the apparent gradual loss of gluten in wheats that are introduced here and the cause of the relatively low gluten content of the wheats which are grown in the State as compared with the same varieties grown in certain other states. All these special experiments were begun in the season of 1905-6, and for this reason the results stated below can only be looked upon as a mere record of work under way, and no attempt is made to draw conclusions. This can only be done after more extended work. Experiment A. Fertilizers for Wheat. Much has been said by millers and others as to the reduced fertility of the wheat soils in the regions represented by the two stations, and the effect of the deterioration upon the quality of wheat produced. To gain some definite information along this line and to study the effect of various combinations of plant food, especially nitrogen, as affecting the gluten content of the wheats, a series of fertilizer trials is being conducted. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 291 The material used on each of these plats was prepared by thoroughly pulverizing and mixing. In the case of the nitrate of soda, one-half of the amount was used in the winter, January 3, 1906, after plowing, and at once disked and harrowed in, and the remainder was applied to the growing grain on April 7, 1906. All plats were prepared at the same time and in all respects subjected to the same treatment. The plats were seeded with Salt Lake Club wheat at the rate of 72 pounds per acre on January 23, 1906. The size of the plats devoted to these trials is one- twentieth of an acre. . These plats are expected ultimately to answer not only the question as to whether there will be an absolute increase in the yield, but also whether this increase, if any be obtained, can be secured at a profit from the ordinary materials in the market. Further, analyses of the grain grown upon these plats for a series of years are expected to show what, if any, is the effect of the materials used upon the quantity and quality of the gluten. TABLE VII. Results of Experiment A. Yuba City, 1905-6. With Lime. With Lime (132£ lbs. hydrated). Fertilizer Used. Plat No. Spring Condition Yield Per Acre: Bushels Plat No. Spring Condition Yield Per Acre: Bushels No fertilizer (check) 15 Yellowish green 10.66 16 Yellowish green 9.33 6 lbs. sulfate of potash } 10 lbs. nitrate of soda f 19 Dark green 8.33 20 Green _. 20.66 30 lbs. dissolved bone-black' 6 lbs. sulfate of potash f 23 Dark green 12.33 24 Light green 17.00 30 lbs. dissolved bone-black) 10 lbs. nitrate of soda j 27 Dark green 20.33 28 Green 17.33 30 lbs. dissolved bone-black) 6 lbs. sulfate of potash V 10 lbs. nitrate of soda ) 31 Dark green 15.00 32 Dark green 19.33 No fertilizer (check) 33 Yellowish green Dark green 13.66 34 Light green Pale green 15.33 26^2 lbs. Thomas phosphate) 6 lbs. sulfate of potash > 10 lbs. nitrate of soda ) 35 18.00 36 9.33 30 lbs. ammoniated bone) superphosphate j 39 Green 13.33 • Experiment B. Rotation. There is a definite need of systematically conducted experiments to ascertain positively the wisdom of the practice of bare summer-fallow in cereal culture. To continue it in regions where it is not absolutely essential is certainly a suicidal policy, and one which is losing vast sums to the State in wasted opportunity. Especially is this true since it has been quite conclusively shown by the Experiment Station of Minnesota 3— bul 185 292 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. that the practice of such bare fallow leads to the oxidation of organic matter to such an extent that sufficient nitrates are developed to supply- four or five crops of wheat, but that these nitrates are practically all lost in the drainage water in the following winter. This actual burning up of the humus of the soil, especially in semi- arid regions, is one of the most woful wastes of California agricultural practice. This is the more true since in the semi-arid regions moisture is the all-important factor of crop production and the bare-fallow system steadily and surely reduces the amount of organic matter in soils and thus their moisture-holding power. Soils rich in humus can produce maximum crops with much less precipitation than those which are defi- cient. Thus any system of farming in dry sections which tends to lower the percentage of organic matter inevitably courts disaster. Very pertinent to this is an experiment described by Professor Cavan- augh, of Cornell Experiment Station. He undertook the analysis of soil from an orchard where three successive crops of crimson clover had been plowed under. In order to learn what change, if any, had been produced, another sample from the same field, but where no clover had grown, was also examined. These two samples were taken about 20 feet apart, and there was no reason to suppose that previous to the growing of the clover, the soil in these two places was materially different. The amounts of moisture, humus and nitrogen, were determined. The results were as follows: With No Clover After Clover Differ- Per Cent. Per Cent. ence. Moisture 8.75 15.00 6.25 Humus 1.91 2.94 1.03 Nitrogen... .12 .21 .09 Possibly a more definite idea may be had of these differences if the increased amounts per acre are calculated. Since the soil was in an orchard, where the extreme depth of cultivation was about 6 inches, the samples were taken to that depth. The average weight of soils per acre for a depth of 6 inches is about 750 tons, or 1 ,500,000 pounds; 6.25 per cent of this amount, in the case of moisture, would show an increased water- holding capacity of 93,750 pounds, or 46J tons. This result was made possible by the increased amount of humus, and a careful system of surface tillage. If there had been no other benefit from this system of green-manuring than this increased power to hold moisture, it would have more than paid for seed and labor, for an extra 46 tons of water is very convenient in a dry time, and might possibly be the turning point between success and failure. Already the wheat soils of the San Joaquin Valley have had their humus content so seriously impaired as to render it extremely doubtful if it is at all possible to produce three good successive crops of wheat upon the same land, largely on account of their lack of moisture-holding power. This is not equally true of the heavier soils represented by the CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 293 Yuba City station. On the former lands, then, rotation experiments reduce to rinding a remedy for a condition already induced by continued bad practice. This is one of the problems embraced in the cereal investi- gation. Some crop must be found to grow in winter alternating with wheat and other cereals to increase the humus, and thus not only enable a better cereal crop to be grown with the same precipitation, but also enable us to replenish the depleted nitrogen. Some leguminous crop that will make a winter growth must be found. To this end the rota- tion experiments are laid out upon each station. The plan involves essentially a two-year rotation, as appears in the following scheme: TABLE VIII. Plan of Rotation Plats for Cooperative Experiments in California. First Year. Second Year. Third Year. Fourth Year. 1. Wheat 2. Wheat 3. Fallow 4. Horse Bean (turned under). 5. Wheat Wheat Fallow Wheat Wheat 6. Canadian Field Pea (turned under). 7. Wheat 8. Wheat *9. Horse Bean (turned under). Kaffir Corn ._ Horse Bean (turned under). Wheat Canadian Field Pea (turned under). Wheat Wheat 10. Wheat 11. 12. Rye and Vetch (turned under). Wheat Horse Bean (turn- ed under). Kaffir Corn.. Wheat Rye and Vetch (turned under). Wheat Wheat Fallow Horse Bean (turned under). Wheat _ Canadian Field Pea (turned under). Wheat Wheat Horse Bean (turned under). Kaffir Corn Wheat Rye and Vetch (turned under). Wheat Wheat. Fallow. Wheat. Wheat. Horse Bean (turned under). Wheat. Canadian Field Pea (turned under). Wheat. Wheat. Horse Bean (turned under). Kaffir Corn. Wheat. Rye and Vetch (turned under). Experiment C. Change of Seed. There is a widespread idea among growers that a frequent change of seed is desirable, or even essential, to good crop production. Work already done along this line by other stations has cast much doubt upon the wisdom of such change. f The favorable conditions for conducting such an experiment between the two stations, and the extent of the practice among California wheat-growers, were thought to warrant its introduc- tion into this general scheme of special experiments. The scheme devotes two plats of one-twentieth acre each to this work. One plat is to be continuously devoted to one variety of seed; the other is to have its seed changed each year with that of the other station. The seed used in these trials is Salt Lake Club. The object sought is a comparison of the yield between the two plats. * These plats not used at Modesto. t Bulletin No. 181, California Experiment Station, pp. 165-169. 294 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. Experiment D. Tendency toward Constancy of Change to Starchy Con- ditions, and Effect of Time of Cutting on Composition of Wheat. There is a special need in California for a type of wheat adapted to our soils and climate which carries a much higher gluten content than any now grown, in order that we may supply from our home product all the demand for milling wheat. For many years the station has intro- duced gluten wheats for trials, but on the limited scale of operation no variety has been found which did not within a few years show a decided reduction in gluten content and an apparently corresponding increase in starch . The experiment has for its object a search for the cause of such change in order that we may the better determine the means of controlling it. It is particularly desirable to know whether or not this tendency to change is constant; whether it is due to climatic conditions, the time of cutting, the bleaching action of the sun, or some induced or inherent condition of the soil. It is proposed to study all these points, as well as others that may suggest themselves in connection herewith. During the season of 1905-6 special attention has been directed to the influence of the time of cutting, or more specifically the effect on the gluten con- tent of the grain by cutting it in the hard-dough stage as is done in the Eastern States instead of allowing the grain to become over-ripe and very dry as is the practice here with the combined harvester. While but a single season's work is recorded, yet in this experiment because of the large number of samples used, and since the samples cut in any one season must be compared only with others of the same variety grown in the same season under identical conditions except for the time of harvest, the results may be considered as giving a very fair indication as to whatever effect may be attributed to either practice. This, how- ever, will not apply to the matter of constancy of change, but only to the effect of the time of cutting. The former will require a series of seasons before data will be at hand for comparison, although the data secured this season are of decided interest. This experiment is divided into several parts, each having a special object in view. Part 1 contemplates determination of the constancy of change in wheat from a glutenous to a starchy condition over a series of years on the same wheats grown under the same field conditions. There is also con- templated a determination of the seasonal influence upon such change. As a point of departure for the experiment, three varieties of wheat grown in California the previous season, each showing a number of more or less starchy variations from the type selected, were chosen, and each was separated into several types of grains, as indicated in the subjoined table: CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 295 w H H « o H P W H Q h) -*! O M B O « — t 3 o w S3 45 < $ "3 X! 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In the above table one of the interesting points is that instead of a decreasing number of typical grains as indicated by the physical appearance, there was in general an increase in 1906 over 1905, in- dicating, if the physical appearance is always a reliable method of judging of the character of the grain, that the change toward the starchy condition is not a constant but a fluctuating one, probably governed much in the case of any given variety by the seasonal factor. Here again it is indicated by the season's crop that the time of cutting after the grain has reached the hard-dough stage had but little if any influence upon the gluten content, for in only four out of eight cases did the earlier cutting show a higher percentage of albuminoids ; and even- in these cases the larger amount was not sufficient to give the earlier cut grain any practical advantage over that cut later, a point also shown in Table IX. Experiment G. Effect of Change of Environment on Composition of Wheat. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of the change of environment upon the chemical and physical characteristics of wheat. Both common and durum wheats are being used in these trials. In the former case the Hays, Kansas, and the Amarillo, Texas, cereal stations are cooperating with the Yuba City station, Crimean 1437 being the wheat used in the trials. In this experiment there is an annual interchange of seed between the Yuba City station and the other cooperating stations, the same variety being grown from local seed each year at the several stations. The yields per acre and the chemical and physical character of the grains from the local and inter- changed seed are annually compared. • The experiment with durum wheat is conducted with Kubanka 2246, and the cooperating stations are Hays, Kansas, and Highmore, South Dakota. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 299 THE MODESTO CEREAL STATION, 1905-6. The station comprises twenty acres of land of a silty nature located about four miles east of Modesto, near what is known as the Waterford road. During the season of 1905-6 about fourteen acres were devoted to plat work, the remainder being summer-fallowed for the crop of 1906-7. During the autumn of 1905 the rain came very late, so that .plowing was not commenced until December 6th. ^s the surface had been doubled-disked after the previous crop had been taken off, the soil was in very good shape to absorb' the moisture as soon as it came. Preparation of the Soil. — The plowing was done to a depth of about 6 inches with a 14-inch walking plow, while the soil was still quite dry. On account of the lateness of the season it was not deemed advisable to delay longer. However, the soil was put into a fair condi- tion, but the under soil was not as compact as advisable for a cereal crop in this locality. The month of December was quite cool and the climatic conditions poor for germinating the seed, consequently many of the varieties did not germinate for more than a month after seeding, and in many plats the percentage of germination was quite low. In the case of the larger plats seeded with a drill the 60 pounds of seed used proved too small a quantity for the most satisfactory results. Under favorable conditions for germination and stooling 60 pounds per acre might prove sufficient upon summer-fallow land, but to meet all emergencies we are inclined to favor a heavier seeding. As at Yuba City the season proved altogether too late for satisfactory results with such varieties as Kharkov, Turkey, and Crimean. On the San Joaquin Valley station it will be necessary to summer- fallow, especially when the winter varieties are planted, and it is altogether probable that this will prove true with other varieties if any satisfactory yields are obtained. Summary of Plantings at Modesto, 1905-6. Standard varieties of common and durum wheats 370 U.S. Department of Agriculture hybrids 72 Kansas hybrids 66 Barleys 12f7 Oats ._ 22 Spelt 1 Rye 3 Emmer _ _ 2 Einkorn 1 Corn 1 Total _ _ 665 The general scheme adopted at Modesto is the same as that at Yuba City. CLASS I. NURSERY PLANTINGS, MODESTO, 1905-6. Class I (a). — Of the plantings under this class the following table presents the important features of the more promising varieties: 300 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION. 2 o o CO < I O H 02 H P O H <) x H P P cc W P - o CO O » H C5 M t> M CO & M H < p Ph o p" P3 •« P « H CO PQ Eh ^ S « rt oJ 3 t- bo aj s- a> > t-i C CD Fh o OOOO»OCNCCC0(NO»ail0©00O(N©NtCi)nco'* >cncn 05 OS QO 05 05 Oi 05 OS OS CD CD CD CD CD CI CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD i CD CD 'CD a> 03 CO £ d X5 X3 X3 X> X5 X5 X3 03X5X3 03X3X5X3X3X5 03X5X5X5X5X5X3 03 X5 \ 03 03 03X5X3X5X3X5X3X3X3 03 O +* C P5.2 CO a> oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo O a> fig U3CO^^UD^OCC>COeOCOiHTf,c c^ 1 c-3 o3 co o3. 03 0) (^ bO P P-.: 03 03-0 to C o .Sffl o « § ' ' C C P J o3 03 03 S'S^'LL'S 5 Pfe: w>x1 ^ at cio. 83 S.-3-i ° p^ ^ cS^' a S 2 » o o o p p a-si: ma §t3-S-S^ as* "/xj t33 Ss 5 " «.5 ^ 3.2 o3 o3 3 o o o ^x d 3 S r* ^ « S-^iJ o o co«^ O^H P " «3 c3 33^0 s3 :- -P. p ^ P a u P o a 03 o3 P T3 03 ^ 4) O ^T3XJ 'S'-P ® S^ o 03 P. ,5 03 03 43 3Sw CM ,4 T 1 WHN HNNHNCO »H iH Cq^OOOOCDCNCOC£iTtitOC©^OOi^COCOCOTtqCOTtC35 OJMM^NINCNaOOOOOOOOHHHH^eCOlOOOOOO CM(N^(NNCS(NNCSCSeicN(NNCN(NCqNC3200QOOiQOO5O5O5O5O5CbC35O5 ' iO o O lO ' Oi Ol Oi C5 no oo ■* « cc n oo r- 'O5OiOiO5C7505O505i | rt* CO CD C5 05 Oi fcU) 3 •l-l S3 a> M Oh 02 I P. 02 ,0 ,£2 ,0 X2 -O -Q -C rQ -O -Q X3 „Q o3 -O -Q .Q X! pQ ,Q ,£5 03 rO 33 03 X3 -O ; gSJ2£iJ2£) o3 ^ c3 03 -D ,£> c3 ^5 -O 03 03 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOC ooooooooooooooooooooooooc pooooooooooooooooooo DOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00000«NNNCNCO(NTtl^^©^r)(Ot^lflNia-*C003'-IHacONh>i-lTjiOO(NT)tH(NCOCDCDCO a aa 3 33 o o o q O O g g'O'O'O'O'Ofl O O C3 O O « Oljlj Ot3 » O O O O'O'O UOOOOOO'O'OOO'dOOO ^ T^'d aa^i? o ! ! . "5> ! i ! i i V i ! ! i i ! -° '•::!:: : ■ • ! & ' ! tf :;::::; i ; ; : ; c p B i . i ! 1 ! J 3 3 • i_ o c 00 •— 3^: 1 H -. * • CO CP 3 Oh S ! 3 03 03 — 53 .5 PQ aj^ >~,3^-2 Ph>->COH -HCN O ^ i— ( HHH id kO iC CMCN it- u.j ^^ uj u^i uu **~> trj ir^ *-^ thh CO Ot> O *-*" » *^ 00 O CM 00 ~^ H-HCOf*-*r»OiaOO^N^l005C35C»00000'H-HH^H-iiN(NCOCOCCffi iO»OlOlf3lOiCiOCDC0t>-NNt^I^I^WNN00cea0000000MX00X000000WCO00CO CNC<> > > 302 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. Class I (b), Modesto. — Upon the basis set forth in previous pages of this bulletin the following named grains have been selected for centgener plantings at Modesto 1906-7, and the plan set forth on pages 281-282 will be followed for their improvement by selection: Wheats. 1181. Japanese No. 4 2507. (From New Zealand) 1442. Kharkov 293/04. California Gem 1494. Arnautka Early Baart 1596. Fretes V.A C.207. Schiddam 1698. Allora V.A C.208. Samaur de Mars 1732. Fish Head Minn. 66. Power's Fife 1746. King's Early Minn. 163. Glyndon 2227. Chul Australian (1906) 2246. Kubanka Club (S. L.) 2247. Velvet Don Propo (1906) 2397. Red Winter Sonora (1906) 2398. Galgalos Barleys. Rice Oats. 194. Telli 337. Algerian 195. White Smyrna 339. Appier Rust Proof Chevalier 442. Dun Common California 451. California Class I (c), Modesto. — A number of crosses of high gluten wheats upon our common stocks from selected plants were made at Modesto this year, the complete list being set forth in tabular form below. These hybrids will be used as the basis for selection and further work in hybridizing. The list of crosses made at the Modesto station follows: TABLE XII. List of Crosses Made at Modesto, Cal., 1905-6, Giving Number of Grains Obtained from Each Cross. Female Plant. Male Plant. Number of Grains Obtained. Number. Name. Name. Number. 212/02 1494 1558 Fretes 3 Club... 3 Arnautka... 3 Club.. _ 3 Turkey 3 Club 3 Bluestem j Fretes. _ _. i Bluestem i Arnautka i Bluestem i : Club ..: : Fretes ._ : Club : Arnautka : Club 212/02 1494 1558 212/02 1494 1558 9 18 25 32 12 1494 : Turkey : Fretes _ : Bluestem : Arnautka : Bluestem z Turkey _. 9 7 15 1 11 21 Kansas Hybrids at Modesto. — Sixty-six of the Kansas hybrids were grown at the Modesto station, all in row plantings. They were seeded December 11, 1905, but in most cases germination did not take place for at least a month. The final stand obtained was good, but the vigor only fair. On March 6th the plants were still all very small and those of spreading nature had made no upright growth at all. Although both season and soil conditions were decidedly against the best growth of these hybrids, a number of them give promise of being desirable wheats. Below is presented a tabulation of some of the more promising. CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 303 *-. ^ to fl ^ d P os p£'3£ a P *-i os P^ a> 2; fc miooooxa)^^©*oM^N»oooooomoooowo 03t>OUroOOTj<'^CD®0'>OCOO®t^'^t^ffiOOOQ00505ro , HOOCNffi o o 02 <3 H I o H H Q o os H p p 02 w a p - « o fa H 02 a H H o 02 M H < p fa 03 a 02 fa be • •P ^ Oh 000(N©NCNN^(N»NOCD(NONCO©®CNC>]00©©TjtNOO COMCO«MMMCOCC&NM^"lNCOmCOCN«COCOMmWWr)(«lOl' O O CO o oS P T3 cv O P o o co oS P *^ ^ CO CD X CD ** SI to 3 oS oS OS CO CO CO CO CO CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO OJ I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I wcsicjcjc}cociwc4 CNCNWOWNNCOWlNiOOiNOOOOOCCiflCCiONinONCNHN C^O5CXOiOiOiO5O50OO5O5O5O5O5c3iO5O0a0O5a)XO5O5O3O535O5C» £>£i 03^ c3 03^2 03-0,0,0,0 c3 ,0 JO .O X! ,0 03,0,0,0 c3 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 OOQOOO OOOOOO OOOOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO -<*■*■<»* •<& <-* cs ^COTT^rt<^C^(NTfiT*tc>?00COC»c>)C oS 55 o hR3«)0)O 02^ ^ Si U •« 3 3 a> tf H P M^J Ih S- . 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CLASS II. FIELD PLANTINGS AT MODESTO, 1905-6. In general, the same remarks as made under the corresponding head for Yuba City will hold for the field plantings at Modesto. The yields were in all cases very low —lower than at Yuba City. On page 306 is a table showing varieties that made the more favorable showing. There are a few varieties of which special mention should be made. These are Fretes 1596, Red Winter 2397, Minn. 66, Minn. 163, Galgalos 2398, Ventura Agricultural Co. 207 and 208, Velvet Don 2247, Yellow Gharnovka 2096, Chul 2227, Kubanka, and Early Baart. Although none of these were high in yield, they made a favorable showing and are worthy of further field trial. The general appearance of these varieties was good throughout the season, their yield as compared with other varieties good, and the appearance of the grain after threshing, favorable. Early Baart was especially favorable on account of the quick growth. All of the durums made a favorable showing. The following list of grains were determined upon for introduction into the field tests under Class II: 1437. Crimean Dietz Amber 1494. Arnautka Rice 1558. Turkey Mealy 1561. Theiss Early Pearl 1580. Girgeh Minn, , 66. Power's Fife 1596. Fretes Minn. 163. Glyndon 1597. Medeah Minn, ,169. Haynes' Bluestem 1698. Allora Minn. 146. Bolton's Bluestem 1699. Canning Downs Gold Coin 1704. Pootung English Master 1746. King's Early Philippino 1733. Dawson's Golden Chaff V. A. C. 208. Saumaur de Mars 2096. Yellow Gharnovka V. A. C. 209. Dattel 2227. Chul Early Baart 2239. Beloglina Bobs 2246. Kubanka Little Club (S. L). 2247. 2337. Velvet Don Black Emmer Sonora (1906) Australian ((1906) 2391. Propo(1906) 2397. Red Winter Washington Bluestem 2398. Galgalos Red Russian Golden Gate Club CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 305 CD I o o oo ■ rrt f* « ^ S +j 0J P»_^ P— I fl a> O o o O 03 t-COOO t- lOONtOffliOOi >iO CO CD ' QO Oi OS CD CO O CO CO CO ^ CO iO(D'*N(NOO©'*«N ■ CNCOCNcOCOCOTriCOCOCOCO CN COCO CO CO coco CN> ooowgooo ■C "O T3 co -^ T3 T3 T3 : : :3h i : CO Fh s I— 1 d MH 03 > Ph 03 03 iJO t/j O c O u 03 H H £ bfi DQ fcn (-1 e .^-i C ^ 03 0J 0J £ CA r O CO^CN^-KNi-I^^H^H^H^^^-l-Hi-l'^ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i i i i i i T i i i i i i i i i Ir^OOCNCO'— HOt- OOTfOiOiOiOiCliO OO CO CO CO CO CO CJO a -d Ph I ft cc a o a a o o I o 306 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. CD I o C5 o CO < CO I o H CO W p. o H CQ 03 03.Q o hi 03 co S hi o 03 t3 co." 0) 03 g K ;e 03 CO O 03 03 O « 03 O CO CD " 73 03 03 hi co 2 03 oS hi C5 f-> 3 O hi Q 03 a O o CD CO O •<*< CD CN "JO 05 co 00 ^ 35 OS CN i^OOS i —« O 35 C5 iOCNOOOOOOO KNNCfiOONHCNO'H CO 00 O 00 CM CD (M rt" CO ■* JO CO Tft CO i 00 O O CN i CO "* CO CO iOOONO *OOCC T* CO CO CO CN CO CO CO coco CNI ICOCOITJICOCOICOCOCOCOCNI I I 100 1 I CO.-H 1-4 CN -H CN CN CN CN CN CD CO X 00 35 35 35 35 iCO '35 lOMiOiOMOtOlOiOOOOO'MlO '3535350000003535353535353535 e3.Q,Q,0,0,0.fic3o3eiJo3o3o3c3.QcJc3c3o3o3o3.fi OOO < OO O' O O OO O i O O O OO' oooooooooo oooooooooo 'f ONWfCM?DN T*»COCNCNCNCN35COt^i-lt-CN,-l , lOlO^'iOTf*Tf hi Q5 CO hi 03 a 03 q ro grt ;3 hi 03 s .2* CO 03 2 ai> -ts J> i— i "^ Ji *0 o3 1 COP" o3 a)^~Tl a _:" t-o r ~ ' ' ^h 03 03 CJ O^V-o dOC-"«"or2^ o>tfoa.ococoPHHqwp^cooM ■!— I li u co CD C •<— o3 tC M 1^ 00 tO CD O O CN CN eococD'Nir^t— t^oocj -OOcd CJ50505CNCN'^C5505rH - J J CN i-iCNCNCNCNOICNgg^K^CN CD hi , o "Tfl ■ co • CN CN 60 a •t-H o3 03 hi Ph I A CO CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS. 307 CLASS III. SPECIAL EXPERIMENTS, MODESTO, 1905-6. Experiment A. Fertilizers for Wheat. The material used on each of these plats was prepared by thoroughly pulverizing and mixing. In the case of nitrate of soda, one-half of the total amount was applied in the fall mixture, and the other half was used as a top dressing. On April 28th the plats were first seeded with Theiss 1561 wheat. On December 15, 1905, at the rate of 60 pounds per acre. This made such a poor stand that on February 26th the plats were thoroughly disked and seeded with Kuban ka at the rate of 70 pounds per acre. The results are set forth below: TABLE XVI. Results of Expeeiment A, Modesto, 1905-6. Fertilizer Used. Plat Number. Yield per Acre: Bushels. No fertilizer (check plat) . ._ 6 lbs. sulfate of potash ... 30 lbs. ammoniated bone superphosphate ..[ 6 lbs. sulfate of potash .\ 30 lbs. ammoniated bone superphosphate I 10 lbs. nitrate of soda ) 30 lbs. ammoniated bone superphosphate ) lu lbs. nitrate of soda . __ > 6 lbs. sulfate of potash ._ _..) No fertilizer (check plat)_._ 26}^ lbs. Thomas phosphate ._ 6 lbs. sulfate of potash 10 lbs. nitrate of soda ._ .. . 30 lbs. ammoniated bone superphosphate ^ 6 lbs. sulfate of potash I 10 lbs. nitrate of soda [ 1323^ lbs. hydrated lime J 132^ lbs. hydrated lime. 30 lbs. ammoniated bone superphosphate .... .... 30 lbs acidulated bone black 6 lbs. sulfate of potash ._. . 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 7.66 3.33 2 66 8.33 7.00 7.00 8.33 12.66 7 00 11.33 9.66 Experiment B, Modesto, 1905-6. This experiment was conducted along the same lines at Modesto as at Yuba City, certain of the varieties being the same in each place and others different. The results at Modesto are set forth in the following tables: 4— bul 185 308 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION. CO I o OS C f- v. 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